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Ringed, Golden and Kentish are all species of which bird?	Kentish Plover - Whatbird.com Kentish Plover Copyright © 2004 - 2017 Mitch Waite Group PHOTOS Photos we are missing. CONSERVATION STATUS The Kentish Plover has a very large range with localized populations found along the coasts and in some inland areas of western Europe, northern Africa, parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the caucus region, the Middle East, central, southern and eastern Asia, and the Americas. This small plover occurs in coastal lagoons, salt pans, dunes, sandy shores, and mudflats. The Kentish Plover has an estimated global population of 300,000 - 460,000, is not included on the IUCN Red List, and is evaluated as Least Concern. IBIRD EXPLORER GENERAL posted on May 13, 2013 07:47 AM PHOTO SHARING AND DISCUSSION posted on January 01, 2017 02:57 PM BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY posted on June 12, 2016 09:03 PM SUMMARY Overview Kentish Plover: Small shorebird with dark gray legs, short black bill, and white underparts. Brown upperparts, pale-brown and black wings with white stripe. White and black striped collar, pale-red-brown crown and nape. White forehead and throat with black eyeline. Brown eyes. Tail black in center and white on sides. "pyur-ree-et pyur-ree-et", "toeeet" INTERESTING FACTS Breeding birds located in warmer climates are usually sedentary. Birds located northern and inland are migratory and spend their winters south to the tropics. Pairs are usually monogamous over several years. Polyandry and polygyny occasionally occurs if one of the parents leaves early in the season or if a parent hatches the young or loses brood early. They breed on brackish inland lakes and sandy coasts. They are not usually found on fresh water. A group of plovers has many collective nouns, including a "brace", "congregation", "deceit", "ponderance" and "wing" of plovers. SIMILAR BIRDS This map shows how this species is distributed across the Palau islands. FAMILY DESCRIPTION Lapwings and Plovers (Charadriidae) ORDER The taxonomic order CHARADRIIFORMES (pronounced kah-RAH-dree-ih-FOR-meez) is composed of waterbirds such as the auks, gulls, long-toed Jacanas, and the plovers. FAMILY TAXONOMY In the lapwings and plovers family, Charadriidae (pronounced kar-ad-RYE-uh-dee), there are sixty-seven species in ten genera distributed nearly worldwide. SOUTH PACIFIC-PALAU Nine species in three genera have occurred in the South Pacific and Palau. All are migrants. NORTH AMERICA There are eighteen species of lapwings and plovers in three genera in North America. Members of this family include the well- known Killdeer, the pale Piping Plover, and the golden-plovers. KNOWN FOR The Killdeer is known for its distraction displays around its nest. Adult Killdeers noisily feign a broken wing to attract the attention of anyone or anything that comes too close to their nests. PHYSICAL Plovers are small birds with rounded, pigeon-like heads, long, pointed wings for fast flight, and except for the long-tailed Killdeer, short tails. They have fairly long legs with short toes and rather short bills. COLORATION Dull colors such as brown, gray, black, and white are the most frequent colors seen in lapwings and plovers plumages. Dark colors are usually found on the upperparts and white on the underparts with several species having black markings on the head and neck. Exceptions are the handsome breeding plumages of the Black-bellied Plover and golden-plovers (these show black on the underparts), and the Eurasian Dotterel with rufous underparts. GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT The lapwing and plover family occurs throughout North America in non-forest habitats. The most common species, the Killdeer, occupies almost any sort of bare or sparsely vegetated ground from extensive lawns to parking lots and baseball fields. The Mountain Plover of the short grass prairie also prefers little vegetation but is much more particular in habitat choice and much less common. Other plover species occur in wet fields, beaches, mud flats, and salt pans. MIGRATION Plovers are mostly long distance migrants that winter from the southern United States to Argentina in South America. HABITS Lapwings and plovers form pairs during the breeding season, but occur in flocks during migration and winter. At all times of the year, members of this family have a distinctive mode of foraging whereby they take a few quick steps, then pause to stoop and pick an insect from the ground. CONSERVATION The Piping Plover is considered to be near threatened as its populations have declined in much of its range because of disturbance and development of the beaches, sandy shorelines, and sand bars this species requires. INTERESTING FACTS The Semipalmated Plover gets its name from having partially webbed feet, a feature this small bird makes use of by occasionally swimming in the water. The golden-plovers undertake incredible migrations; the Pacific Golden-Plover to Hawaii and other Pacific islands from its Alaskan breeding grounds, and the American Golden-Plover from the Arctic tundra to the pampas of Argentina. TERMINOLOGY	Plover
Which summer visitor to Britain has varieties including Marsh, Grasshopper and Willow?	Waders (Plovers) Photo Gallery by Wong Tsu Shi at pbase.com Order CHARADRIIFORMES Waders Borneo is visited in the non-breeding season by large number of Palaearctic waders. They breed in northern or eastern or central Asia and winter in southern and South-East Asia or even further south in the Moluccas or northern Australia. Only one wader (the Malaysian Plover) is known to breed in our area. The rest sweep down in Aug and Sep, some remaining with us through the winter, others passing on further south. They are walking and running birds of small to medium size, often with long legs, and they are essentially birds of open country. Nearly all of them are more or less closely associated with water and wet places; some prefer the open beaches and mudflats of the coast and islands; others (Common Sandpipers, Little Ringed Plover) are birds of the rivers; others again (Wood Sandpiper, Snipe) prefers marshes and wet padi fields; a few (Grey and Golden Plovers, Snipe) may be found on dry ground where there is short grass, They are mostly birds of rapid flights with quick wing-action, the wings being usually rather pointed and appearing angled in flight because they are not extended to the full. The legs are extended beneath the tail in flight. The summer and winter plumages of waders often differs conspicuously. The time of moulting being very erratic, adults in nearly complete winter and nearly complete summer plumages may be seen together, and, as the juvenile are often more or less distinct from either, field identification of some species is often rather puzzling. (Smythies, The Birds of Borneo, 1999) Photographed Species	i don't know
The SYRIZA party won the general election in which European country?	Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election - BBC News Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election 26 January 2015 Close share panel Media captionThe BBC's Gavin Hewitt: "Syriza's supporters celebrated into the evening" Anti-austerity Syriza party has won Greece's general election, putting the country on a possible collision course with the EU over its massive bailout. With nearly 75% of the votes counted, Syriza is projected to win 149 seats, just two short of an absolute majority, though that number could change. Left-wing party leader Alexis Tsipras, who wants to renegotiate Greece's debt, said "the Greeks wrote history". The governing centre-right New Democracy has come a distant second. Outgoing Prime Minister Antonis Samaras has admitted defeat and phoned Mr Tsipras to congratulate him. Syriza's result will send shockwaves through Europe, the BBC's Gavin Hewitt in Athens reports. Media captionSyriza leader Alexis Tsipras: "Today the people of Greece wrote history" A majority of voters in Greece have essentially rejected a core policy for dealing with the eurozone crisis as devised by Brussels and Berlin, our correspondent adds. In Germany, Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann said he hoped "the new Greek government will not make promises it cannot keep and the country cannot afford". The election result is expected to be one of the main issues during Monday's meeting of 19 eurozone finance ministers. Belgium's representative Johan Van Overtveld was quoted by VRT network as saying that Greece "must respect the rules of monetary union", although he added that there was room for some - but not much - flexibility. British Prime Minister David Cameron - whose country is not a member of the eurozone - said the result of the Greek election would "increase economic uncertainty across Europe". Meanwhile, the euro fell to $1.1098 against the dollar - the lowest level in more than 11 years. 'Thing of the past' Addressing his jubilant supporters in front of Athens' university, Mr Tsipras said Greek voters gave Syriza "a clear, powerful mandate". Image copyright AP Image caption A large crowd gathered outside the headquarters of the Syriza party in Athens Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Crowds celebrated the victory late into the night in the capital Image copyright AP Image caption Supporters of Prime Minister Antonis Samaras of New Democracy watched with dismay "You are an example of history which is changing... Your mandate is undoubtedly cancelling the bailouts of austerity and destruction. "The troika for Greece is the thing of the past," he added, referring to the country's biggest international lenders - the European Union, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Central Bank (ECB). He also promised to negotiate a fair and mutually beneficial financial solution. Mr Tsipras earlier vowed to reverse many of the austerity measures adopted by Greece since a series of bailouts began in 2010. At the scene: BBC's Chris Morris in Athens On Klathmonos Square, the flags were flying high, supporters of Syriza were singing and dancing, there were hugs and tears and broad beaming smiles. This was an extraordinary victory for the radical left in Greece - probably beyond its own expectations. Alexis Tsipras will now try to lead an anti-austerity revolution, backed by a strong democratic mandate. He said in his victory speech that he is willing to negotiate with Greece's European partners. The question is: how much are they prepared to compromise with him? Syriza victory: A turning point? For his part, Mr Samaras said earlier: "The Greek people have spoken and I respect their decision," pointing out that he had inherited a "hot potato" on coming into office and that he and his party had done much to restore his country's finances. The result is being closely watched outside Greece, where it is believed a Syriza victory could encourage radical leftist parties across Europe. "There is an ongoing thriller surrounding the absolute majority," said Michalis Karyotoglou, head of Singular Logic, the software group monitoring the voting process for the interior ministry. Media captionOutgoing Prime Minister Antonis Samaras said he had been obliged "to take difficult steps" to bring security to his country Either way however, partial results from Greece's election commission showed a clear Syriza lead. With most votes counted, Syriza is polling 36%, while New Democracy is on 28%. Another five parties - including the far-right Golden Dawn and centrist The River - are expected to be represented in the 300-member parliament. The proportion of votes won by smaller parties will have a large impact on whether Syriza can gain the required 151 parliamentary seats to govern with an absolute majority. Who are Syriza and what do they stand for? Image copyright Getty Images An acronym meaning the "Radical Coalition of the Left", Syriza was formed in 2004 as an umbrella group Led by 40-year-old Alexis Tsipras The party first came to prominence following the 2008 Greek riots It promises an end to Greece's painful austerity measures and wants to renegotiate its debt Markets worry about a Greek debt default and a possible exit from the eurozone, though Syriza says it wants to keep the euro	Greece
Which organisation was depicted as a carthorse in the cartoons of David Low?	Greece election: Alexis Tsipras hails 'victory of the people' - BBC News BBC News Greece election: Alexis Tsipras hails 'victory of the people' 21 September 2015 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Media captionAlexis Tsipras: "The people gave a clear mandate for us to continue to battle in and out of the country" Greece's Alexis Tsipras has said his left-wing Syriza party has a "clear mandate" after winning a second general election in less than nine months. But he said Greeks faced a difficult road and recovery from financial crisis would only come through hard work. Syriza won just over 35%, slightly down on its previous result and still short of an overall majority. But it will renew its coalition with the nationalist Independent Greeks. Opposition New Democracy gained 28%. Far-right Golden Dawn came in third with 7%, slightly up on January's poll. Syriza was first elected in January on an anti-austerity mandate, but was forced to accept tough conditions for Greece's third international bailout. Media captionVoters say the election result will not make a difference to life in Greece Sunday's snap election was called after Mr Tsipras lost his majority in August. Some of his MPs who had opposed the new bailout conditions split to form a new party, but it has failed to get into parliament. Turnout was low. Analysis: Paul Moss, BBC News, Athens Image caption Syriza supporters in central Athens It has been raining heavily in Athens, a drenching downpour that left one Greek observer looking at the skies, and wryly suggesting that the gods were angry at Sunday's election result. And it is hard to avoid the suggested symbolism, not of heavenly wrath but of a country where the summer seems to have ended abruptly, and where the celebrations of Syriza supporters last night have now given way to the harsh reality their re-elected government must face. It has agreed to tough austerity measures insisted on by the IMF and European Union, and now these must be implemented - cuts to pensions, rises in taxes and an end to some of the regulation and financial allowances that have kept many professions protected. Farmers have already been readying their tractors for road blockades; some of the unemployed are contemplating their own protests. The new government's honeymoon will be a short one. "I feel vindicated because the Greek people have a clear mandate to carry on fighting inside and outside our country to uphold the pride of our people," Mr Tsipras told supporters in Athens. "In Europe today, Greece and the Greek people are synonymous with resistance and dignity. Image copyright AFP Image caption Syriza supporters were jubilant as their party won its second election in a year Image copyright Reuters Image caption Greek citizens are likely to face further austerity Mr Tsipras was joined at the celebrations by Independent Greeks leader Panos Kammenos. "Together we will continue the struggle we began seven months ago," Mr Tsipras said. Among the challenges facing Mr Tsipras will be satisfying international creditors that Greece is meeting the terms of the latest bailout package worth up to €86bn ($97bn, £61bn). It involved more austerity for ordinary Greeks. Creditors carry out a review in October and there is still some opposition from within Syriza. The European Commission on Monday urged Syriza to press on with reforms. "There is a lot of work ahead and no time to lose," spokesman Margaritis Schinas told reporters. Jeroen Dijsselbloem, who heads the Eurogroup meetings of eurozone finance ministers, said he was "ready to work closely" with the new Greek government. European Council President Donald Tusk said in a letter to Mr Tsipras that many of the biggest challenges facing the EU were the same as those facing Greece "including the refugee crisis and the creation of sustainable growth and jobs". The Greek electoral system means the party with the largest number of votes wins a bonus of 50 seats - and Syriza will have 145 seats in the 300-seat parliament, only four fewer than in Mr Tsipras's January victory. The Independent Greeks party, which is anti-austerity but agrees with Syriza on little else, won 10 seats. New Democracy won 75, Golden Dawn 18. Mr Tsipras won despite voters' rejection of austerity in a July referendum. New government's priorities In first 100 days: Cut wage and pension costs again, but less than in previous five years (2% increase in workers' pension contributions, 2% increase in pensioners' national insurance contributions) Reform early retirement: Decide which categories will qualify for it (and revamp whole pension system before January) Recapitalise banks and set timetable for lifting capital controls Hold more talks on debt repayments with EU-IMF lenders, with goal of debt relief deal in January Adopt more tax reforms: farmers to see income tax double and fuel subsidy scrapped; new penalties for tax evasion (VAT increase was passed in July; corporation tax was raised by 3%, to 29%) Privatise more than half of state electricity network (regional airports and much of road network already privatised) Liberalise closed professions, eg removing taxi drivers' fixed tariffs Reinstate charges in state health service originally scrapped by Syriza (eg €5 charge for visit to doctor) (Source: Dimitrios Syrrakos, Manchester Metropolitan University)	i don't know
What astronomical feature is sometimes called ‘The Way of St John’?	Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic’s Resource List « Astronomical Society The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP), one of the oldest and most respected science education organizations in the U.S., has announced that Michael Bennett is the 2016 recipient of its Andrew Fraknoi Supporters Award. The Fraknoi Award recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to the ASP and its mission. Michael Bennett began his career in astronomy education at the age of 16 when he got a job as an usher at the Morrison Planetarium in San San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. He worked in the planetarium field for many years, acquiring a master's degree in science education along the way. After a detour into high-tech marketing, he continued to teach at various community colleges. Bennett currently serves as the volunteer Director of the ASP's Advisory Board. Michael Bennett joined the ASP in 1995 as head of the society's newly-formed education department and served as ASP's Executive Director from 2000 to 2007. Under his leadership, the ASP's education and public outreach initiatives greatly expanded and new initiatives were added. Bennett established a 20-year partnership between the SETI Institute and the ASP to bring the results of NASA SOFIA's infrared studies of the sky to scientists and the public. In a partnership with NASA JPL, Bennett also helped the ASP launch the NASA Night Sky Network -- an active community of amateur astronomy clubs across the nation that look to the ASP for support as they engage the public in astronomy activities. Almost 25 years later, the ASP provides over 500 member clubs in the Night Sky Network with on-line resources, tools, training, and kits. Michael Bennett remains one of the ASP's most avid and enthusiastic champions. He is a tireless advocate of the society, helping garner the donations and gifts allowing the ASP to support amateurs, professional researchers, science educators, and astronomy enthusiasts of every kind all over the world. [caption id="attachment_6185" align="alignnone" width="257"] Katherine Johnson after receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Photo Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls. Click image for high-resolution version.[/caption] The Arthur B.C. Walker II Award recognizes outstanding achievement by an African American in astronomy and for actively promoting diversity in science. Katherine Johnson celebrates her 98th birthday in August. Her family will accept the award on her behalf on October 22, 2016 during the ASP's Annual Awards Gala in Burlingame, California. Katherine Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2015. About Katherine Johnson Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson (born August 26, 1918) is a space scientist and mathematician who made major contributions to aeronautics for NASA’s space programs from 1953 to 1986. Known for the accuracy of her orbital calculations, she determined the trajectory for Project Mercury and the 1969 Apollo 11 flight to the Moon. [caption id="attachment_6186" align="alignnone" width="238"] Katherine Johnson at NASA in 1966. Photo credit: NASA. Click on image for a high-resolution version.[/caption] When NASA used electronic computers for the first time to calculate John Glenn's orbit around Earth, Glenn insisted that she verify the computer's numbers. NASA dedicated the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia on May 5, 2016. This occurred on the 55th anniversary of Alan Shepard's historic rocket launch and splash down, which Katherine Johnson helped make possible through her orbital calculations. After retiring from NASA, Johnson dedicated herself to inspiring young people to pursue careers in science, mathematics, and engineering. About Dr. Arthur B.C. Walker II Arthur B.C. Walker II (1936 – 2001), Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University, was a renowned and highly respected aerospace engineer and solar physicist. While at Stanford, Arthur was an active member of the Center for Space Science and Astrophysics and chaired the Astronomy Program from 1977 until 1980. His most significant contribution to academic life at Stanford was mentoring under-represented graduate students in science, namely women and African Americans. Among these students was Sally Ride, the first female U.S. astronaut. He was also a leader of the African-American community at Stanford and the longest serving member of the advisory committee for the Afro-American studies program. He served as a role model for many of the young African-American assistant professors including Condoleeza Rice. President Ronald Reagan selected Dr. Walker (along with Neil Armstrong and other luminaries) to chair the most important committee in the history of the U.S. space program, the commission investigating the space shuttle Challenger explosion. NASA recognized his lifetime of service during a combined meeting of the National Conference for Black Students and the National Society of Black Physicists in 2001. Dr. Walker’s devotion to science and service encouraged and promoted African Americans to enter physics as a profession at all levels. About the Arthur B.C. Walker II Award The ASP's Arthur B.C. Walker II Award has been established to honor an outstanding scientist whose research and educational efforts substantially contributes to astronomy and who has (1) demonstrated a substantial commitment to mentoring students from underrepresented groups pursuing degrees in astronomy and/or (2) been instrumental in creating or supporting innovative and successful STEM programs designed to support underrepresented students or their teachers. The Arthur B.C. Walker II Award also includes an “Arthur B.C. Walker II Scholarship” which the recipient gives to a student of their choice. In addition, and perhaps even more important than the financial benefit, the prestigious scholarship from the ASP will help support the student’s academic and career goals. About The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) The ASP is a 501c3 nonprofit organization whose mission is to use astronomy to increase the understanding and appreciation of science and to advance science and science literacy. The ASP connects scientists, educators, amateur astronomers and the public together to learn about astronomical research, improve astronomy education, and share resources that engage learners of all kinds in the excitement and adventure of scientific discovery. Current ASP programs and initiatives support college faculty, K-12 science teachers, amateur astronomy clubs, science museums, libraries, park rangers, and girl scouts to name a few. Through its annual awards, ASP recognizes achievement in research, technology, education, and public outreach. The awards include the ASP’s highest honor, the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal awarded since 1898 for a lifetime of outstanding research in astronomy. The Bruce Medal has gone to some of the greatest astronomers of the past century, including Arthur Eddington, Edwin P. Hubble, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, and Vera Rubin. The ASP also presents the Klumpke-Roberts Award for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy. Awardees include Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, and the Hubble Heritage Project. [caption id="attachment_6060" align="alignnone" width="120"] Prof. Ian McLean[/caption] The Maria and Eric Muhlmann Award recognizes recent significant observational results made possible by innovative advances in astronomical instrumentation, software, or observational infrastructure. The 2016 recipients of the Muhlmann Award are Prof. Ian McLean (University of California Los Angeles) and Prof. Charles ‘Chuck’ Steidel (California Institute of Technology) for their roles as Co-Principal Investigators on the Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE) imager, a revolutionary low-resolution multi-object near-infrared spectrograph on the Keck 10-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i. [caption id="attachment_6062" align="alignnone" width="120"] Prof. Charles ‘Chuck’ Steidel[/caption] MOSFIRE is ideally suited for studying galaxy clusters at moderate redshift, and the initial results of large surveys using this instrument are fundamentally changing our understanding of these galaxy clusters. The increase in the number of objects that can be studied simultaneously, and the significantly improved sensitivity over previous instruments, is transformative for the study of faint, moderate-redshift galaxies. Prof. McLean was responsible for the design and construction of the instrument in his laboratory at UCLA. Prof. Steidel provided much of the scientific motivation and case for MOSFIRE and is using it to lead the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey, which is designed to investigate the interchange of baryons between galaxies and the intergalactic medium in the redshift range 1.8<z<3.0, corresponding to the peak of cosmic star formation. MOSFIRE also enables other investigations of the stellar populations, dust content, and physical conditions within the interstellar medium of typical star-forming galaxies at these epochs. [caption id="attachment_6059" align="alignnone" width="120"] Dr. Chris Impey (Image credit: Jeff Smith/University of Arizona)[/caption] Awarded to an individual or individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy, the Klumpke-Roberts Award for 2016 goes to Dr. Chris Impey, University Distinguished Professor of Astronomy and Associate Dean at the University of Arizona College of Science. For more than 27 years Dr. Impey has been successfully popularizing science via his classes at the university, public talks, articles, and books. He has written numerous popular science books plus two introductory textbooks for college-level astronomy that have sold more than 100,000 copies. His courses have been recognized for their innovative style and approach to making science accessible to the students. Dr. Impey has pioneered the teaching of massive open online classes (MOOCs) that reach thousands of students around the world. His YouTube channel supports astronomy video content with more than 500 subscribers and more than a million views. His mentoring of undergraduate and graduate students has produced a generation of inquisitive young astronomers. In 2008, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific presented Dr. Impey with the Richard H. Emmons Award for excellence in college astronomy teaching. Dr. Caitlin M. Casey (Assistant Professor, U. of Texas at Austin) writes: “Chris has dedicated much of his career to the public understanding of astronomy, not least due to his outstanding teaching record, authorship of several popularized astronomy books and introductory astronomy textbooks, [and] giant online presence, but also his infectious enthusiasm for science and dedication to sharing it with everyone.” [caption id="attachment_6057" align="alignnone" width="120"] Dr. Rachael L. Beaton[/caption] The Robert J. Trumpler Award is presented to a recent recipient of a PhD degree in North America whose research is considered unusually important to astronomy. The 2016 Trumpler Award is given to Dr. Rachael L. Beaton, who completed her PhD in December of 2014 at the University of Virginia. Dr. Beaton’s research has focused on “near-field cosmology,” revealing how the structure and evolution of nearby galaxies can provide insight into cosmological processes. Her work has fundamentally contributed to our understanding of stellar populations and galaxy dynamics in the Local Group of galaxies. She is best known for her research on the Andromeda galaxy (Messier 31), including the discovery and characterization of M31’s central bar through near-infrared imaging. This provided key information on the dynamics of a galaxy considered to be the closest sibling of the Milky Way. Dr. Beaton also led the creation of an extensive photometric catalog upon which all papers in the SPLASH (Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo) collaboration have depended. As her more than 30 refereed publications and 1,200 citations attest, the breadth of Dr. Beaton’s work is extraordinary. Dr. Beaton also has a deep commitment to teaching and outreach, winning numerous accolades including the “All-University Graduate Teaching Award.” Collaborator Dr. Guhathakurta (Lick Observatory) writes, “Rachael is highly intelligent, creative, motivated, and extremely hard working. She is mature well beyond her years and is a first-rate researcher.” [caption id="attachment_6061" align="alignnone" width="120"] Dr. Caroline Simpson[/caption] The Richard H. Emmons Award — established by Jeanne and Allan Bishop in honor of her father, Richard Emmons, an astronomer with a life-long dedication to astronomy education — is awarded annually to an individual demonstrating outstanding achievement in the teaching of college-level introductory astronomy for non-science majors. The 2016 recipient is Dr. Caroline Simpson, a Professor in the Department of Physics at Florida International University (FIU) where she has taught several large courses (with 150-plus students) to non-science majors each semester since1996. Dr. Simpson is strongly interested in reforming science education and has incorporated the latest inquiry-driven pedagogical techniques into her classes, including collaborative learning methods, learning assistants, and laboratory activities. She was instrumental in helping develop a new student observatory for astronomy education — the Stocker AstroScience Center at FIU’s Modesto Maidique Campus. Dr. Simpson was one of the developers and first instructors of FIU’s Great Ideas in Science course, a multidisciplinary science course for non-majors. She laid the foundation for an interactive course and helped spread instructional reform across the sciences, a challenge that required confronting faculty and their often lecture-driven instructional stances. She also led a skeptical department into online teaching by designing and teaching two introductory astronomy courses for non-majors. This enables FIU to reach a population of students who might not otherwise be able to take courses. Her excellence extends beyond the classroom to include being a strong advocate for students and instructional excellence at FIU. [caption id="attachment_6056" align="alignnone" width="120"] Ms. Jacqueline Barge[/caption] The Thomas J. Brennan Award is given to an individual demonstrating excellence in the teaching of astronomy at the high school level in North America. Ms. Jacqueline Barge, a science teacher and planetarium program coordinator at the Walter Payton College Preparatory High School in Chicago, Illinois, is the recipient of the 2016 Brennan Award. Jacqueline has spent her 25-year career in the Chicago Public Schools, working with students whose experience is with a night sky that gives no hint of the unimaginable vastness beyond the glow from city streetlights. Jackie has brought the universe into the hands of countless numbers of urban students by communicating the possibilities for exploring space using imaging software, databases, remote telescopes, apps, and other tools. It is easy to see her excellence as she motivates a group of students to do extracurricular research throughout the year and then takes them to the Jet Propulsion Lab in a culmination project with NASA/IPAC. Whether she is with a visiting class of elementary students, teaching in one of her high school classes, or participating in a teacher training workshop, she always has wisdom to pass on. One of her supporters writes: “I have often thought that Jackie is so exceptional that she could work anywhere — a suburban district, a museum, or in a beautiful natural setting where the sky is clear. Apart from her considerable talents, I genuinely admire Jackie for the dedication as a public school teacher in a district in need of exceptional teachers.” [caption id="attachment_6058" align="alignnone" width="120"] Gena Crook[/caption] Established by Wayne Rosing and Dorothy Largay, the Las Cumbres Amateur Outreach Award honors outstanding educational outreach by an amateur astronomer to K-12 children and the interested lay public. The 2016 award is given to Gena Crook of the Von Braun Astronomical Society (VBAS) of Huntsville, Alabama, in recognition of her tireless efforts in promoting astronomy since 2001. In addition to being a mathematics instructor at the University of Alabama Huntsville, Gena serves as the VBAS’s Director of Education and Programs and as a NASA Night Sky Network (NSN) Coordinator. She actively promotes and incorporates NSN materials into multiple presentations, including the more than 15 planetarium programs she has written. She has supported numerous VBAS outreach events in the local community such as International Observe the Moon Night at the US Space and Rocket Center, stargazing at Bridgestreet shopping center, Earth Day at Hayes Nature Preserve, and a campout at the Huntsville Madison County Botanical Garden. Gena is registered as an Astronomy Merit Badge Counselor with the Boy Scouts of America, and during the summer of 2012, she inspired young readers to go out and look at the stars by making presentations, on behalf of the VBAS, at eight regional libraries for their summer reading program. About the ASP Since its humble beginnings in 1889 as a membership society for professional and amateur astronomers, the ASP has evolved into one of the most recognized and well-respected nonprofit astronomy organizations in the country. The ASP is dedicated to bringing together professionals, amateurs, educators, and enthusiasts for the purpose of increasing the understanding of astronomy and improving how we teach that knowledge to others. Boasting a diverse portfolio of astronomy education initiatives funded by NASA and the NSF, professional research journals and publications, and annual awards designed to recognize the achievements of professional and amateur astronomers as well as the work done by formal and informal educators, the ASP is unique in its mission to foster science literacy through the wonder and excitement of astronomy. The ASP is headquartered in San Francisco, and is financially supported by donations, grants, corporate sponsorships, subscriptions, member dues, and retail sales.	Milky Way
On what TV series was Virgil the pilot of two and Alan the pilot of three?	Into The Constellation Of Sagittarius - Milkyway Into The Constellation Of Sagittarius - Milkyway Taken by Bill Metallinos on August 1, 2016 @ Corfu, Greece Click photo for larger image Into the constellation of Sagittarius - Milkyway From the 10th National Annual Star Party of Greek Amateur Astronomers at mountain Parnon. Special thanks to the Astronomical Union of Sparta! text wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittari ... stellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is Sagittarius.svg (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling-back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius. As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellations brighter stars form an easily recognizable asterism known as the Teapot. The stars δ Sgr (Kaus Media), ε Sgr (Kaus Australis), ζ Sgr (Ascella), and φ Sgr form the body of the pot; λ Sgr (Kaus Borealis) is the point of the lid; γ2 Sgr (Alnasl) is the tip of the spout; and σ Sgr (Nunki) and τ Sgr the handle. These same stars originally formed the bow and arrow of Sagittarius. Marking the bottom of the teapots handle (or the shoulder area of the archer, are the bright star (2.59 magnitude) Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sgr), named Ascella, and the fainter Tau Sagittarii (τ Sgr). To complete the teapot metaphor, under good conditions, a particularly dense area of the Milky Way can be seen rising in a north-westerly arc above the spout, like a puff of steam rising from a boiling kettle. The Milky Way is at its densest near Sagittarius, as this is where the galactic center lies. As a result, Sagittarius contains many star clusters and nebulae. Nebulae Sagittarius contains several well-known nebulae, including the Lagoon Nebula (Messier 8), near λ Sagittarii; the Omega Nebula (Messier 17), also known as the Horseshoe Nebula or Swan Nebula, near the border with Scutum; and the Trifid Nebula (Messier 20), a large nebula containing some very young, hot stars. The Lagoon Nebula (M8) is an emission nebula that is located 5,000 light-years from Earth and measures 140 light-years by 60 light-years (1.5°). Though it appears grey in telescopes to the unaided eye, long-exposure photographs reveal its pink hue, common to emission nebulae.[8] It is fairly bright, with an integrated magnitude of 3.0. The Lagoon Nebula was discovered independently by John Flamsteed in 1680, Guillaume Le Gentil in 1747, and Charles Messier in 1764. The central area of the Lagoon Nebula is also known as the Hourglass Nebula, so named for its distinctive shape. The Hourglass Nebula has its shape because of matter propelled by Herschel 36. The Lagoon Nebula also features three dark nebulae catalogued in Barnards Catalog. The Lagoon Nebula was instrumental in the discovery of Bok globules, as Bart Bok studied prints of the nebula intensively in 1947. Approximately 17,000 Bok globules were discovered in the nebula nine years later as a part of the Palomar Sky Survey; studies later showed that Boks hypothesis that the globules held protostars was correct. The Omega Nebula is a fairly bright nebula; it has an integrated magnitude of 6.0 and is 4890 light-years from Earth. It was discovered in 1746 by Philippe Loys de Chésaux; observers since him have differed greatly in how they view the nebula, hence its myriad of names. Most often viewed as a checkmark, it was seen as a swan by George F. Chambers in 1889, a loon by Roy Bishop, and as a curl of smoke by Camille Flammarion. The Trifid Nebula (M20, NGC 6514) is an emission nebula in Sagittarius that lies less than two degrees from the Lagoon Nebula. Discovered by French comet-hunter Charles Messier, it is located between 2,000 and 9,000 light-years from Earth and has a diameter of approximately 50 light-years. The outside of the Trifid Nebula is a bluish reflection nebula; the interior is pink with two dark bands that divide it into three areas, sometimes called lobes. Hydrogen in the nebula is ionized, creating its characteristic color, by a central triple star, which formed in the intersection of the two dark bands. M20 is associated with a cluster that has a magnitude of 6.3. The Red Spider Nebula (NGC 6537) is a planetary nebula located at a distance of about 4000 light-years from Earth. NGC 6559 is a star forming region located at a distance of about 5000 light-years from Earth, in the constellation of Sagittarius, showing both emission (red) and reflection (bluish) regions. The grouping of the Lagoon Nebula, the Trifid Nebula, and NGC 6559 is often called the Sagittarius triplet. In addition, sever	i don't know
On a French restaurant menu, what part of an animal is ‘cervelle’?	Slow Travel France - Food and Menu Glossary, translations of French terms to English agneau (de lait): lamb (young-milk fed) aiglefin, ï¿½glefin: haddock aigre: sour aigrelette (sauce): a sour or tart sauce aiguillettes: thin slivers, usually of duck breast ail: garlic aile: wing of poultry or game bird aile et cuisse: white meat (aile), dark (cuisse), usually chicken aï¿½oli: garlicky blend of eggs and olive oil aligot: mashed potatoes with fresh Cantal cheese and garlic alose: shad alose ï¿½ l'oseille: shad or other fish in light hollandaise garnished with sorrel aloyau: loin area of beef alummettes: puff pastry strips, also fried matchstick potatoes amande: almond anchoiade: puree of anchovies, olive oil, vinegar anchois: anchovy andouillette: smaller chitterline (tripe) sausage aneth: dill ballotine: usually poultry, boned, stuffed, rolled banane: banana bar: fish, similar to bass Barbarie (canard de): breed of duck barbue: brill, fish related to turbot baron: hindquarters - lamb, rabbit, etc. barquette: small pastry shaped like a boat basilic: basil basquaise: Basque-style, usually with ham or tomatoes or red peppers bavaroise: cold dessert, rich custard with cream and gelatin bavette: skirt steak beatilles: dish combining various organ meats bï¿½casse: woodchuck belon: prized, flat-shelled plate oyster Bercy : fish-stock-based sauce thickened with flour, butter, shallots, white wine berrichonne: garnish of braised cabbage, glazed baby onions, chestnuts, bacon betterave: beet beurre noisette: lightly browned butter biche: female deer bifteck: steak (can be tough) bigarade: orange sauce Billy Bi, Billy By: cream of mussel soup biscuits ï¿½ la cuillï¿½re: ladyfingers blanc (de poireau): white part of leeks blanc (de volaille): usually breast of chicken blanquette: veal, lamb, chicken, or seafood stew w/rich white sauce blette: Swiss chard bleu: bloody rare, usually for steak blinis: small pancakes boeuf ï¿½ la mode: beef marinated and braised in red wine w/carrots, mushrooms, onions boeuf au gros sel: boiled beef, with vegetables and coarse salt boissons (non) comprises: drinks (not) included bombe: molded, layered ice cream dessert bonne femme: home style, meat with bacon, potatoes, mushrooms, onions bonne femme (fish): with shallots, parsley, mushrooms, potatoes bonne femme (sauce): white wine sauce with shallots, mushrooms, lemon juice bordelaise: Bordeaux-style, also brown sauce of shallots, red wine, bone marrow bouchï¿½e: tiny mouthful, bite-size boudin: technically meat sausage, any sausage-shaped mixture boudin blanc: white sausage (veal, chicken, or pork) boudin noir: pork blood sausage bouillabaisse: Mediterranean fish soup bouillon: light soup or broth boulette: meatball or fishball bourdaloue: hot poached fruit, sometimes wrapped in pastry bourguignon(ne): Burgundy-style, often with wine, onions, mushrooms, bacon bouribut: spicy red wine duck stew bourride: fish stew braiser: to braise, cook meat by browning, then simmering brandade (de morue): warm garlicky purï¿½e of salt cod, cream & sometimes mashed potatoes brebis (fromage de): sheep bretonne: in the style of Brittany, dish served with white beans bretonne (sauce): white wine sauce with carrots, leeks, celery brioche: buttery, egg-enriched yeast bread broche (ï¿½ la): spit-roasted brochet: pike brouillï¿½(e)(s): scrambled, usually eggs brulï¿½(e): literally, burned; dark caramelization brunoise: tiny diced vegetables bugnes: sweet fried doughnuts or fritters buisson: literally bush; presentation (classically, crayfish) bulot: large sea snail cabï¿½cou: small round goat cheese cabillaud: fresh cod Caen (ï¿½ la mode de): usually cooked in calvados and white wine or cider cafï¿½ (crï¿½me) (au lait): coffee (with cream) ( with hot milk) cafï¿½ Liï¿½geois: iced coffee served with whipped cream, sometimes ice cream cagouille: small snail cervelas: garlicky pork sausage, or seafood sausage cervelles: brains, of calf or lamb chair: fleshy portion of poultry or meat champï¿½tre: rustic, simple presentation champignon: mushroom (de bois) wild, (de Paris) cultivated, (sauvage) wild champignons ï¿½ la grecque: tiny mushrooms cooked with lemon, olive oil, spices chanterelle: pale, curly-capped wild mushroom chantilly: sweetened whipped cream chapon de mer: fish in the scorpion family charcuterie: cold cuts, sausages, terrines, pï¿½tï¿½s, also shop selling these chariot (de desserts): dessert cart charlotte: molded dessert with ladyfingers, custard, fruit compote; cold or hot charolais: light-colored cow that produces high-quality beef chartreuse: dish of braised partridge and cabbage; also a liqueur chasse: the hunt chasseur: sauce with white wine, shallots, mushrooms, tomatoes, herbs chï¿½taigne: chestnuts chaud-froid: cooked poultry dish served cold, usually covered with sauce, aspic chaudrï¿½e: fish stew, sometimes with potatoes chausson: filled pastry turnover, sweet or savory chemise (en): wrapped in pastry chevreuil: young deer chï¿½vre: goat cheese chicorï¿½e: curly endive chiffonnade: shredded, herbs and vegetables, usually green chinchard: type of fish choix (au): a choice, usually may choose from several offerings choron: Bï¿½arnaise sauce with tomatoes chou: cabbage chou vert: curly green savoy cabbage choucroute: sauerkraut; also dish of sauerkraut, sausages, bacon, pork, potatoes chou-fleur: cauliflower chous (pï¿½te ï¿½): creampuff (pastry) choux de Bruxelles: brussels sprouts ciboulette: chive cidre: cider, apple, or pear citron: lemon citron pressï¿½: fresh lemonade citron vert: lime citronnelle: lemon grass (oriental herb) citrouille: pumpkin, gourd civet: stew of game thickened with blood civet de liï¿½vre: jugged hare; stewed hare thickened with blood clafoutis: tart, made with crepe batter and fruit (usually black cherries) claires: oysters (sometimes put in beds and fattened up before market) clamart: garnish of peas clï¿½mentine: small tangerine, from Morocco or Spain cloute: studded with cochon (de lait): pig (suckling) cochonnaille: pork products, usually an assortment of sausages or pï¿½tï¿½s (1st course) cocotte: casserole or cooking pot coeur: heart compote: stewed fresh or dried fruit concassï¿½(e): coarsely chopped confit: duck, goose, or pork cooked & preserved in its own fat confit: also fruit or vegetables preserved in sugar, alcohol, or vinegar confiture: jam confiture de vieux garï¿½on: varied fresh fruits macerated in alcohol congeler: to freeze congre: eel or fish similar to eel contre-filet: sirloin taken above the loin, tied for roasting, braising, grilling convives (la totalitï¿½ des): all those gathered at a single table copeaux: shavings coq (au vin): mature rooster stewed in wine coque: tiny mild-flavored clam-like shellfish coque (ï¿½ la): soft cooked egg, or anything served in a shell coquelet: young, male chicken coquille St Jacques: sea scallop corail: egg sac found in scallops, spiny lobster or crayfish corbeille (de fruits): basked (of fruit) coriandre: coriander cï¿½te d'agneau: lamb chop cï¿½te de boeuf: beef blade or rib steak cï¿½te de veau: veal chop cotelette: thin chop or cutlet cotriade: Brittany-style fish stew with butter, potatoes, onions, herbs cou d'oie (de canard): neck skin of goose, stuffed like a sausage couer de filet: thickest (and best) part of beef filet (usually chï¿½teaubriand steaks) coulis: puree or raw or cooked vegetables or fruit coullibiac : hot Russian pï¿½tï¿½, usually filled with salmon and covered with brioche coupe: cup; dessert served in goblet courge: squash or gourd couronne: ring or circle, usually of bread couteau: knife crapaudine: preparation of grilled poultry or game bird, backbone removed crï¿½cy: carrot garnish, or carrot-based dish crï¿½me chantilly: sweetened whipped cream crï¿½me fouettï¿½e: whipped cream crï¿½me patissiï¿½re : custard filling for pastries and caked crï¿½me plombiï¿½res: custard filled with fresh fruit and egg whites crï¿½pinette: small sausage patty wrapped in caul fat cresson: watercress crï¿½te de coq: cock's comb creuse: elongated, crinkle-shelled oyster crevette grise: tiny soft-fleshed shrimp that remains gray when cooked crevette rose: small firm fleshed shrimp that turns red when cooked criste-marine: edible algae croque-madame: toasted ham and cheese sandwich topped with an egg croque-monsieur: toasted ham and cheese sandwich croquette: ground meet, fish, fowl or vegetables bound with eggs or sauce croquettes: usually coated in crumbs and deep fried crottin (de chavignol): firm goat cheese croustade: usually small, pastry-wrapped dish (e.g., filled with fruit) croute (en): in pastry croute de sel (en): in a salt crust cru(e): raw cruditï¿½s: raw vegetables crustaces: crustaceans cuillï¿½re (ï¿½ la): to be eaten with a spoon cuisse de poulet: chicken drumstick cuisson: cooking cuissot: haunch of veal, venison, or wild boar cuit(e): cooked cul: haunch or rear, usually of red meat cure-dent: toothpick dariole: usually a garnish in a cylindrical mold darne: a slice or steak from fish, often salmon dattes: dates daurade: dorade or sea bream, similar to porgy dï¿½cortiquï¿½(e): shelled or peeled dï¿½gustation: tasting or sampling dï¿½jeuner: lunch dï¿½lice: delight, usually used to describe a dessert demi-deuil: poached (usually chicken) with truffles inserted under skin. Also could be sweetbreads with a truffled white sauce demi-glace: concentrated beef base dï¿½sossï¿½(e): boned diable: with a peppery (often mustard based) sauce dieppoise: dieppe style, white wine, mussels, shrimp, mushrooms, cream digestif: after-dinner drink - liqueur discretion (ï¿½ la): on menu usually refers to wine without limit, at customer's discretion dodine: cold, boned stuffed duck dos: back, also refers to meatiest portion of fish dos et ventre: back and front; both sides (usually fish) douceurs: sweets or desserts duglere: white, flour-based sauce with shallots, white wine, tomatoes, and parsley duxelles: chopped mushrooms and shallots sautï¿½ed in butter, mixed with cream eau du robinet: tap water ï¿½cailler: to scale fish, also an oyster opener or seller ï¿½chalotes: shallots ï¿½chine: spare ribs ï¿½crevisse: freshwater crayfish ï¿½ffiloche: frayed, thinly sliced ï¿½glefin, aiglefin: haddock ï¿½mincï¿½: thin slice, usually of meat encornet: small squid endive: chicory or Belgian endive entrecï¿½te: beef rib steak entrecï¿½te mï¿½itre d'hotel: with herb butter entrecï¿½te marchand de vin: with sauce of red wine and shallots entrï¿½e: first course entremets: sweets ï¿½paule: shoulder of veal, lamb, mutton, pork ï¿½pi de mais: ear of sweet corn ï¿½pices: spices escabeche: sardines or marinated raw fish (vinegar or lemon juice and herbs) escalope: thinly slices meat or fish, usually cut at an angle escargot: land snail escargot ï¿½ l'alsacienne: simmered in Riesling, baked with garlic and parsley butter stuffing escargot de Bourgogne: land snail prepared with butter, garlic, and parsley escargot petit-gris: small land snail espadon: swordfish estofinado: fish stew from Auvergne w/dried cod, eggs, garlic, cream estouffade: stew of beef, pork, onions, mushrooms, orange zest, red wine estragon: tarragon ï¿½tï¿½: summer ï¿½trille: small crab ï¿½tuvï¿½: cooked in own juice, braised ï¿½ventail (en): cut into fan shape (vegetables or fish) faï¿½on (ï¿½ ma): my way (of preparing a dish) faisan(e): pheasant farandole: rolling cart, usually of desserts or cheese farci(e): stuffed feu de bois (au): cooked over a wood fire feuille de chï¿½ne: oak-leaf lettuce feuille de vigne: vine leaf feuilletage (en): (in) puff pastry feuillete au foie gras: puff pastry layered with sausage and foie gras (extravagant first course) fï¿½ves: broad beans or favas ficelle (ï¿½ la): tied with a string; also small, thin baguette figue: fig financiï¿½re: madeira sauce with truffle juice fines de claire: elongated crinkle shelled oysters (fattened up in beds) flageolets: small, pale green kidney-shaped beans flagnarde, flaugnarde: hot fruit-filled batter cake flamande (ï¿½ la): flemish style, usually with cabbage, carrots, potatoes, bacon flambe: flamed flamiche: savory tart with rich bread dough crust flamiche aux poireaux: leek and cream tart flan: sweet or savory tart or crustless custard pie flanchet (de veau): flank (of veal) fletan: halibut fraise des bois: wild strawberry framboise: raspberry frappe: drink served very cold or with ice frï¿½mis: (quivering); barely cooked (oysters) friandises: sweets, petit fours fricadelles: fried minced meat patties fricandeau: thinly sliced veal or rump roast, braised with vegetables, white wine fricassï¿½(e): ingredients braised in wine with butter and/or cream added; stewed frisï¿½e : curly, usually endive frit(es): french fries fritons: coarse pork rillettes or minced spread (includes organ meats) fritot: small organ meat fritter friture: frying; also refers to preparation of small fried fish (ex. smelts) froid(e): cold fromage blanc: smooth low-fat cheese, similar to cottage cheese fromage de tï¿½te: head cheese, usually pork fromage maigre: low-fat cheese fruit de la passion: passion fruit fruits confits: preserved fruits; generally refers to candied fruits fruits de mer: seafood gayettes: small sausage made with pork liver and bacon gelï¿½e: aspic geniï¿½vre: juniper berry genoise: sponge cake germiny : garnish of sorrel; sorrel and cream soup gï¿½sier: gizzard gibelotte: fricassï¿½e of rabbit in red or white wine gibier: game gigot: leg, usually of lamb (d'agneau) gigot de mer: a preparation; usually large pieces of monkfish (lotte), oven-roasted gigue (de): haunch (of) certain game meats gingembre: ginger girolle: delicate, pale, orange wild mushroom glace: ice cream glacï¿½(e): iced, crystallized or glazed glaï¿½ons: ice cubes gougï¿½re: cheese flavored chou pastry (puff) goujonnettes: generally describes small slices of fish, ex sole, usually fried goujons: small catfish; or any small fish; or small piece; breaded & fried gourmandises: sweetmeats gousse (d'ail): clove (of garlic) graine de moutarde: mustard seed graisse: fat graisserons: crisply fried pieces of duck or goose skin; cracklings grand veneur: usually a brown sauce for game, with red currant jelly granite: water ice gras-double: tripe baked with onions and white wine gratin: crusty-topped dish; also refers to a casserole gratin dauphinois: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/cream and sometimes cheese gratin savoyard: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/bouillon, cheese, butter gratinï¿½(e): having a crusty, browned top; also onion soup grattons: crisply fried pieces of pork, goose or duck skin; cracklings gratuit: free grecque (ï¿½ la): cold vegetables, usually mushrooms, marinated in oil, lemon, water grelot: small white bult onion grenade: pomegranate grenouille (cuisses de): frog legs gribiche (sauce): mayonnaise with capers, cornichons, and herbs grillade: grilled meat griotte: shiny, slightly acidic reddish black cherry grive: thrush grondin: type of ocean fish used in fish stews such as bouillabaisse gros sel: coarse sale hachis: minced or chopped meat preparation hareng: herring haricot blanc: white bean; usually dried haricot de mouton: stew of mutton and white beans haricot rouge: red kidney bean; also preparation of red beans in red wine haricot vert: green bean, usually fresh hiver: winter hochepot: thick stew, usually oxtail homard: lobster hongroise (ï¿½ la): Hungarian-style, usually with paprika and cream hors-d'oeuvre: appetizer; also can refer to a first course huile: oil huile de pï¿½pins de raisins: grape seed oil huitre: oyster hure de porc: head of a pig or boar; usually headcheese preparation hure de saumon: a salmon "headcheese", prepared with salmon meat, not the head ile flottante: classically layered cake covered w/whipped cream, w/custard sauce ile flottantes: floating island of meringue in crï¿½me anglaise imperatrice (ï¿½ l'): usually rice pudding dessert with candied fruit indienne (ï¿½ l'): East Indian style, usually with curry powder infusion: herb tea jambon: ham; also refers to thigh or shoulder of meat, usually pork jambon cru: usually salt cured or smoked ham that has been aged but not cooked jambon de Bayonne: raw, dried, salt-cured ham jambon de Paris: lightly salted, cooked ham, very pale in color jambon de York: smoked, English-style ham, usually poached jambon d'oie (canard): breast of fattened goose (duck), smoked or salted or sugar cured jambonneau: pork knuckle jambonnette: boned and stuffed knuckle of ham or poultry jardiniï¿½re: garnish of fresh cooked vegetables jarret de veau: stew of veal shin Jï¿½sus de morteau: smoked pork sausage from the Franche-Comte jeun(e): young julienne: slivered vegetables (sometimes meat) jus: juice kir: crï¿½me de cassis and white wine (usually, sometimes red) kir royal: crï¿½me de cassis and champagne kougelhopf : sweet, crown-shaped Alsatian yeast cake w/almonds and raisins lotte: monkfish or angler fish; a large firm-fleshed ocean fish, rich in flavor lou magret: breast of fattened duck loup (de mer): Mediterranean fish, also known as bar, similar to striped bass lyonnaise (ï¿½ la): in the style of Lyon, often garnished with onions macï¿½doine: diced mixed fruit or vegetables macï¿½rer: to steep, pickle or soak mï¿½che: lamb's lettuce, a tiny, dark green lettuce madeleines: small tea cakes magret de canard (d'oie): breast of fattened duck (or goose) maigre: thin, non-fattening maison (de la): of the house, or restaurant maï¿½tre d'hï¿½tel: head waiter; also compound butter maltaise: orange-flavored hollandaise sauce mange-tout: literally, eat it all; podless green bean, snow pea, type of apple mangue: mango maniï¿½re (de): in the style of maquereau: mackerel maraichï¿½re (ï¿½ la): market-garden style; dish or salad that includes various greens marbrï¿½(e): marbled marc: distilled residue of grape skins or other fruit after they've been pressed marcassin: young wild boar marchand de vin: wine merchant; also a sauce made with red wine, meat stock, shallots marchï¿½: market marï¿½e (la): literally the tide; usually used to indicate that seafood is fresh marennes: flat-shelled, green-tinged plate oysters; village where raised mareyeur: wholesale fish merchant mariniï¿½re (moules): mussels cooked in white wine with onions, shallots, butter, herbs marjolaine: marjoram; also, multilayered chocolate and nut cake marmite: small covered pot; also a dish cooked in a small casserole marquise (au chocolat): rich chocolate mousse cake marron: large chestnut matelote (d'anguilles): freshwater fish stew (or of eels) mauviette: wild meadowlark or skylark mï¿½daillon: round piece or slice mï¿½lange: mixture or blend mï¿½li-mï¿½lo: an assortment of fish and/or seafood, usually served in a salad melon de cavaillon: small cantaloupe-like melon mï¿½nagï¿½re (ï¿½ la): in the style of a housewife (simply prepared), onions, potatoes, carrots menthe: mint menthe poivrï¿½e: peppermint menu d'affairs: (businessman's) - avoid - cell phones menu de la mer: seafood menu menu dï¿½gustation: tasting menu menu du marchï¿½: fresh ingredients picked up by chef at market that day menu du terroir: regional menu menu gastronomique: extravagant or richly luxurious specialties mets: dish or preparation mets selon la saison: seasonal preparation meuniï¿½re (ï¿½ la): fish seasoned, floured, fried in butter, served with lemon and parsley meurette: in, or with, a red wine sauce; also a Burgundian fish stew meurette: red wine sauce w/mushrooms, onions, bacon, carrots miel: honey mignonette: small cubes, usually of beef; also refers to coarsely ground peppercorns mijotï¿½(e) (plat): simmered (dish or preparation) mille-feuille: refers to puff pastry mimosa: garnish of chopped hard cooked egg yolks minute (ï¿½ la): prepared at the last minute mirabeau: garnish of anchovies, pitted olives, tarragon and anchovy butter mirabelle: yellow plum mirepoix: cubes of carrots and onions, or mixed vegetables in braising for flavor miroton (de): slices (of); also stew of meats flavored with onions mitonnï¿½e: a simmered soup-like dish mode (ï¿½ la): in the style of moelle: beef bone marrow moka: refers to coffee; coffee-flavored dish montagne (de): from the mountains montmorency: garnished with cherries morceau: piece or small portion morille: wild morel mushroom morue: salted or dried and salted codfish mouclade: creamy mussel stew; sometimes flavored with curry moule: mussel moule de parques: Dutch mussels; usually fattened in beds moule d'Espagne: large mussel, often served raw as part of seafood platter moules mariniï¿½res: mussels cooked in white wine, shallots, butter, herbs moules-frites: snack of steaming bowl of mussels, French fries w/mayonnaise mousse: light, airy mixture; sweet or savory mousseline: ingredients lightened with whipped cream or egg whites (sauces) mousseron: tiny, delicate, wild mushroom moutarde (ï¿½ l'ancienne en): mustard (coarse grained) mouton: mutton mulet: mullet, a rustic-flavored ocean fish mure: blackberry museau de porc (boeuf): vinegared pork (beef) muzzle myrtille: type of blueberry nage (ï¿½ la): aromatic poaching liquid (served in) nantua: sauce of crayfish, butter cream and truffles; also garnish of crayfish nappe: covered; as with a sauce nature: refers to simple, unadorned preparations navarin: refers to lamb or mutton navet: turnip niï¿½oise: w/tomatoes, onions, anchovies, olives nid: nest nivernaise: in the style of nevers, with carrots and onions noilles: noodles noisette: also refers to small round piece (such as potato) browned in butter noix: walnut; nut; nut sized normande: refers to fish or meat cooked with apple cider or calvados; or sauce of seafood, cream, mushrooms normande: also dessert with apples, usually served with cream nouilles ï¿½ l'alsacienne: noodles, usually with butter and cream nouveau (nouvelle): new or young nouveautï¿½: a new offering noyau: stone or pit oeuf ï¿½ la coque: soft-cooked egg oeuf brouillï¿½: scrambled egg oeuf dur: hard-cooked egg oeuf en meurette: poached egg in red wine sauce oeuf mollet: egg simmered in water for 6 minutes oeuf poche: poached egg oeuf saut ï¿½ la poï¿½le: fried egg oeuf sur le plat: fried egg oeufs ï¿½ la neige: (in the snow) sweetened whipped whites poached in milk/in custard oeufs au jambon: eggs and ham offert(e): offered; free or given oie: goose omble chevalier: member of trout family with firm flaky flesh from white to deep red omelette: aux fines herbs; au fromage (cheese); au jambon (ham) onglet: cut similar to beef flank steak; biftek, and entrecote (can be tough) oreilles (de porc): ears (of pig) orties: nettles ortolan: tiny wild bird (now protected) os: bone pastis: refreshing long, cool drink; anise liqueur or flavor w/ice and water pastise: anise liqueur pï¿½te: pastry dough pï¿½te ï¿½ choux: cream puff pastry pï¿½te brisï¿½e: pie pastry pï¿½te sablï¿½e: sweeter, richer than pï¿½te sucrï¿½e pï¿½te sucrï¿½e: sweet pie pastry pï¿½tï¿½: molded, spiced, minced meat, baked and served hot or cold pï¿½tï¿½ en croute: pate baked in pastry crust pï¿½tisserie: pastry pï¿½tissier: pastry chef patte: paw, foot, or leg or bird or animal patte blanche: small crayfish paupiette: thin sice of meat, usually beef or fish, filled, rolled, then wrapped pavï¿½: thick slice of boned beef or calve's liver; also king of pastry paysan(ne) (ï¿½ la): country style; garnish of carrots, turnips, onions, celery, bacon peau: skin pï¿½che melba: poached peach with vanilla ice cream and raspberry sauce pï¿½cheur: usually refers to fish preparations pelure: peelings, such as truffles, used for flavorings perce-pierre: samphire, edible seaweed perche: perch, finely flavored fresh water fish perdreau: young partridge pï¿½rigourdine (ï¿½ la): sauce, usually with truffles and foie gras persil: parsley petit dï¿½jeuner: breakfast petit-pois: small green peas petits fours: tiny cakes and pastries petits-gris: small land snail petoncle: tiny scallop, similar to bay scallops pets de nonne: small, dainty fried pastry pibale: small eel, also called civelle piï¿½ce: portion or piece pied de mouton: meaty, cream-colored wild mushroom; also sheep's foot pied de porc: pig's foot pigeonneau: young pigeon or squab pignons: pine nuts, or pignoli pilau, pilaf: rice booked with onions and broth piment (poivre) de Jamaï¿½que: allspice piment doux: sweet pepper pince: claw; also tongs used when eating snails or seafood pintade: guinea fowl pipï¿½rade: basque dish of peppers, onions, tomatoes, and often scrambled eggs pipï¿½rade au jambon: above served on slice of ham piquant(e): sharp or spicy tasting pique: larded; studded pissaladiï¿½re: a flat open-face tart garnished with onions, olives, anchovies pissenlit: dandelion (leaves) pistil de safran: thread of saffron pistou: sauce of basil, garlic, olive oil; also a rich vegetable soup pithiviers: classic puff pastry dessert filled with almond cream plat: a dish plateau de fruits de mer: seafood platter (raw & cooked combined) plates cï¿½tes: part of beef ribs usually used in pot-au-feu pleurote: oyster mushroom plombiï¿½res: dessert of vanilla ice cream, candied fruit, kirsch, whipped cream pluches: leaves of herbs or plants, generally used for garnish pochï¿½(e): poached pochouse: freshwater fish stew prepared with white or red wine poï¿½lï¿½(e): pan-fried pointe (d'asperge): tip (of asparagus) poire: pear poireau: leek poires belle hï¿½lï¿½ne: poached pears served on vanilla ice cream with hot chocolate sauce pois: peas poitrine: breast (of meat or poultry) poitrine demi-sel: unsmoked slab bacon poitrine fumï¿½e: smoked slab bacon poivrade: peppery brown sauce of wine, vinegar, and cooked vegetables (strained) poivre: pepper poivre frais de Madagascar: green peppercorns poivre noir: black peppercorns poivron (doux): sweet bell pepper polenta: cornmeal cooked with butter and cheese pommade (en): usually refers to a thick, smooth paste pomme: apple pomme en l'air: caramelized apple slices usually served with blood sausage pommes (de terre): potatoes pommes ï¿½ la vapeur: steamed or boiled potatoes pommes ï¿½ l'anglaise: boiled potatoes pommes allumettes: very thin fries 1/4 x 2-1/2 pommes boulangï¿½re: potatoes cooked with the meat; gratin with onions, sometimes bacon pommes dauphinoise: basked dish of sliced potatoes w/milk, garlic, cheese pommes dauphine : mashed potatoes mixed with chou pastry, shaped into balls & fried pommes duchesse: mashed potatoes with butter, egg yolks, nutmeg garnish pommes en robe: potatoes cooked with skins on pommes frites: French fries pommes gratinï¿½es: baked dish of potatoes, browned, often with cheese pommes lyonnaises: potatoes sautï¿½ed with onions pommes paillï¿½s: potatoes cut into julienne strips, then fried pommes pont-neuf: classic fries, cut 1/2 x 2-1/2 pommes soufflï¿½es: small thin slices of potato fried twice (inflate like pillows) porc (carrï¿½ de): pork (loin) porc (cï¿½te de): pork (chop) porcelet: young suckling pig ramequin: small individual casserole, also small tart rapï¿½(e): grated or shredded rascasse: scorpion fish rave: root vegetables - celery, turnip, radish ravigote: thick vinaigrette sauce w/vinegar, white wine, shallots, herbs, mayo rï¿½chauffer: to reheat reine-claude: greengage plum reinette: fall and winter variety of apple rï¿½moulade: sauce of mayo, capers, mushrooms, herbs, anchovies, gherkins rillettes (d'oie): minces spread of pork (goose), or duck, fish, rabbit rillons: usually pork belly, cut up and cooked 'til crisp rince doigt: finger bowl ris de veau: veal sweetbreads riviï¿½re: river riz ï¿½ l'imperatrice: cold rice pudding with candied fruit riz complet: brown rice rognonnade: veal loin with kidneys attached rognons: kidneys service (non) compris: service (not) included serviette: napkin sirops: flavored syrup w/mineral water, seltzer, lemon soda (bar or cafe) smitane: sauce of cream, onions, white wine and lemon juice soissons: dried or fresh white beans sole normande: sole poached in cider, garnished with mussels, shrimp, cream sauce sorbet: sherbet souffle: light sweet or savory mixture, served hot or cold steack: beef steak stockfish: salted and air-dried codfish succes au pralin: meringue cake flavored w/caramelized almonds, layered w/butter cream sucre: sugar suprï¿½me: a veal- or chicken-based white sauce thickened with flour and cream suprï¿½me: a boneless breast of poultry or a fillet of fish tablier de sapeur: tripe that is marinated, breaded, and grilled tagine: spicy North African stew of veal, lamb, chicken, or pigeon with veg tanche: tench, a freshwater fish with mild, delicate flavor tapenade: blend of black olives, anchovies, capers, olive oil, lemon juice tarama: mullet roe, often made into a spread of the same name tart tatin: caramelized upside-down apple pie tartare: chopped raw beef, seasoned and garnished with raw egg, etc. tarte: tart; open-face pie or flan, usually sweet tarte au fromage: cheesecake tartine: open-face sandwich; buttered bread tasse: cup tendrons: cartilaginous meat cut from beef or veal ribs terrine: earthenware container; also mixture cooked in the container tï¿½te de veau (porc): head of veal (pork), usually used in headcheese thï¿½: tea tian: earthenware gratin dish; also vegetable mixture cooked in dish tiï¿½de: lukewarm tilleul: lime or linden blossom herb tea timbale: small mold; mixture prepared in mold topinambour: Jerusalem artichoke toulousaine: Toulouse-style; usually with truffles or sweetbreads; cock's combs, etc. tournï¿½dos: center portion of beef filet, usually grilled or sautï¿½ed tournï¿½dos rossini: sauteed tournedos garnished with foie gras and truffles tourteau: large crab with large claws full of deliciously sweet meat tourtiï¿½re: shallow cooking vessel; also pastry dish filled w/spples and/or prunes tranche: slice travers de porc: spare ribs tripes ï¿½ la mode de Caen: beef tripe, carrots, onions, leeks, spices, cooked w/cider and brandy tripoux: mutton tripe trompettes des mort: dark brown "horn of plenty" mushrooms tronï¿½on: cut of meat or fish (sliced from widest part) truffe (truffï¿½[e]): truffle (with truffles) truite: trout truite saumonï¿½e: salmon trout tuile: literally, tile; delicate almond-flavored cookie turban: usually mixture or combination of ingredients cooked in ring mold turbot(in): turbot (small turbot) considered the finest of fish (and most expensive) vacherin: dessert of baked meringue, with ice cream and cream; also a cheese vallï¿½ d'ange: region of Normandy; also garnish of cooked apples and cream vanille: vanilla vapeur (ï¿½ la): steam(ed) veau: veal velouteï¿½: veal or chicken based sauce thickened with flour venaison: venison	Brain
Which state of the USA has land borders with Georgia and Alabama?	Slow Travel France - Food and Menu Glossary, translations of French terms to English agneau (de lait): lamb (young-milk fed) aiglefin, ï¿½glefin: haddock aigre: sour aigrelette (sauce): a sour or tart sauce aiguillettes: thin slivers, usually of duck breast ail: garlic aile: wing of poultry or game bird aile et cuisse: white meat (aile), dark (cuisse), usually chicken aï¿½oli: garlicky blend of eggs and olive oil aligot: mashed potatoes with fresh Cantal cheese and garlic alose: shad alose ï¿½ l'oseille: shad or other fish in light hollandaise garnished with sorrel aloyau: loin area of beef alummettes: puff pastry strips, also fried matchstick potatoes amande: almond anchoiade: puree of anchovies, olive oil, vinegar anchois: anchovy andouillette: smaller chitterline (tripe) sausage aneth: dill ballotine: usually poultry, boned, stuffed, rolled banane: banana bar: fish, similar to bass Barbarie (canard de): breed of duck barbue: brill, fish related to turbot baron: hindquarters - lamb, rabbit, etc. barquette: small pastry shaped like a boat basilic: basil basquaise: Basque-style, usually with ham or tomatoes or red peppers bavaroise: cold dessert, rich custard with cream and gelatin bavette: skirt steak beatilles: dish combining various organ meats bï¿½casse: woodchuck belon: prized, flat-shelled plate oyster Bercy : fish-stock-based sauce thickened with flour, butter, shallots, white wine berrichonne: garnish of braised cabbage, glazed baby onions, chestnuts, bacon betterave: beet beurre noisette: lightly browned butter biche: female deer bifteck: steak (can be tough) bigarade: orange sauce Billy Bi, Billy By: cream of mussel soup biscuits ï¿½ la cuillï¿½re: ladyfingers blanc (de poireau): white part of leeks blanc (de volaille): usually breast of chicken blanquette: veal, lamb, chicken, or seafood stew w/rich white sauce blette: Swiss chard bleu: bloody rare, usually for steak blinis: small pancakes boeuf ï¿½ la mode: beef marinated and braised in red wine w/carrots, mushrooms, onions boeuf au gros sel: boiled beef, with vegetables and coarse salt boissons (non) comprises: drinks (not) included bombe: molded, layered ice cream dessert bonne femme: home style, meat with bacon, potatoes, mushrooms, onions bonne femme (fish): with shallots, parsley, mushrooms, potatoes bonne femme (sauce): white wine sauce with shallots, mushrooms, lemon juice bordelaise: Bordeaux-style, also brown sauce of shallots, red wine, bone marrow bouchï¿½e: tiny mouthful, bite-size boudin: technically meat sausage, any sausage-shaped mixture boudin blanc: white sausage (veal, chicken, or pork) boudin noir: pork blood sausage bouillabaisse: Mediterranean fish soup bouillon: light soup or broth boulette: meatball or fishball bourdaloue: hot poached fruit, sometimes wrapped in pastry bourguignon(ne): Burgundy-style, often with wine, onions, mushrooms, bacon bouribut: spicy red wine duck stew bourride: fish stew braiser: to braise, cook meat by browning, then simmering brandade (de morue): warm garlicky purï¿½e of salt cod, cream & sometimes mashed potatoes brebis (fromage de): sheep bretonne: in the style of Brittany, dish served with white beans bretonne (sauce): white wine sauce with carrots, leeks, celery brioche: buttery, egg-enriched yeast bread broche (ï¿½ la): spit-roasted brochet: pike brouillï¿½(e)(s): scrambled, usually eggs brulï¿½(e): literally, burned; dark caramelization brunoise: tiny diced vegetables bugnes: sweet fried doughnuts or fritters buisson: literally bush; presentation (classically, crayfish) bulot: large sea snail cabï¿½cou: small round goat cheese cabillaud: fresh cod Caen (ï¿½ la mode de): usually cooked in calvados and white wine or cider cafï¿½ (crï¿½me) (au lait): coffee (with cream) ( with hot milk) cafï¿½ Liï¿½geois: iced coffee served with whipped cream, sometimes ice cream cagouille: small snail cervelas: garlicky pork sausage, or seafood sausage cervelles: brains, of calf or lamb chair: fleshy portion of poultry or meat champï¿½tre: rustic, simple presentation champignon: mushroom (de bois) wild, (de Paris) cultivated, (sauvage) wild champignons ï¿½ la grecque: tiny mushrooms cooked with lemon, olive oil, spices chanterelle: pale, curly-capped wild mushroom chantilly: sweetened whipped cream chapon de mer: fish in the scorpion family charcuterie: cold cuts, sausages, terrines, pï¿½tï¿½s, also shop selling these chariot (de desserts): dessert cart charlotte: molded dessert with ladyfingers, custard, fruit compote; cold or hot charolais: light-colored cow that produces high-quality beef chartreuse: dish of braised partridge and cabbage; also a liqueur chasse: the hunt chasseur: sauce with white wine, shallots, mushrooms, tomatoes, herbs chï¿½taigne: chestnuts chaud-froid: cooked poultry dish served cold, usually covered with sauce, aspic chaudrï¿½e: fish stew, sometimes with potatoes chausson: filled pastry turnover, sweet or savory chemise (en): wrapped in pastry chevreuil: young deer chï¿½vre: goat cheese chicorï¿½e: curly endive chiffonnade: shredded, herbs and vegetables, usually green chinchard: type of fish choix (au): a choice, usually may choose from several offerings choron: Bï¿½arnaise sauce with tomatoes chou: cabbage chou vert: curly green savoy cabbage choucroute: sauerkraut; also dish of sauerkraut, sausages, bacon, pork, potatoes chou-fleur: cauliflower chous (pï¿½te ï¿½): creampuff (pastry) choux de Bruxelles: brussels sprouts ciboulette: chive cidre: cider, apple, or pear citron: lemon citron pressï¿½: fresh lemonade citron vert: lime citronnelle: lemon grass (oriental herb) citrouille: pumpkin, gourd civet: stew of game thickened with blood civet de liï¿½vre: jugged hare; stewed hare thickened with blood clafoutis: tart, made with crepe batter and fruit (usually black cherries) claires: oysters (sometimes put in beds and fattened up before market) clamart: garnish of peas clï¿½mentine: small tangerine, from Morocco or Spain cloute: studded with cochon (de lait): pig (suckling) cochonnaille: pork products, usually an assortment of sausages or pï¿½tï¿½s (1st course) cocotte: casserole or cooking pot coeur: heart compote: stewed fresh or dried fruit concassï¿½(e): coarsely chopped confit: duck, goose, or pork cooked & preserved in its own fat confit: also fruit or vegetables preserved in sugar, alcohol, or vinegar confiture: jam confiture de vieux garï¿½on: varied fresh fruits macerated in alcohol congeler: to freeze congre: eel or fish similar to eel contre-filet: sirloin taken above the loin, tied for roasting, braising, grilling convives (la totalitï¿½ des): all those gathered at a single table copeaux: shavings coq (au vin): mature rooster stewed in wine coque: tiny mild-flavored clam-like shellfish coque (ï¿½ la): soft cooked egg, or anything served in a shell coquelet: young, male chicken coquille St Jacques: sea scallop corail: egg sac found in scallops, spiny lobster or crayfish corbeille (de fruits): basked (of fruit) coriandre: coriander cï¿½te d'agneau: lamb chop cï¿½te de boeuf: beef blade or rib steak cï¿½te de veau: veal chop cotelette: thin chop or cutlet cotriade: Brittany-style fish stew with butter, potatoes, onions, herbs cou d'oie (de canard): neck skin of goose, stuffed like a sausage couer de filet: thickest (and best) part of beef filet (usually chï¿½teaubriand steaks) coulis: puree or raw or cooked vegetables or fruit coullibiac : hot Russian pï¿½tï¿½, usually filled with salmon and covered with brioche coupe: cup; dessert served in goblet courge: squash or gourd couronne: ring or circle, usually of bread couteau: knife crapaudine: preparation of grilled poultry or game bird, backbone removed crï¿½cy: carrot garnish, or carrot-based dish crï¿½me chantilly: sweetened whipped cream crï¿½me fouettï¿½e: whipped cream crï¿½me patissiï¿½re : custard filling for pastries and caked crï¿½me plombiï¿½res: custard filled with fresh fruit and egg whites crï¿½pinette: small sausage patty wrapped in caul fat cresson: watercress crï¿½te de coq: cock's comb creuse: elongated, crinkle-shelled oyster crevette grise: tiny soft-fleshed shrimp that remains gray when cooked crevette rose: small firm fleshed shrimp that turns red when cooked criste-marine: edible algae croque-madame: toasted ham and cheese sandwich topped with an egg croque-monsieur: toasted ham and cheese sandwich croquette: ground meet, fish, fowl or vegetables bound with eggs or sauce croquettes: usually coated in crumbs and deep fried crottin (de chavignol): firm goat cheese croustade: usually small, pastry-wrapped dish (e.g., filled with fruit) croute (en): in pastry croute de sel (en): in a salt crust cru(e): raw cruditï¿½s: raw vegetables crustaces: crustaceans cuillï¿½re (ï¿½ la): to be eaten with a spoon cuisse de poulet: chicken drumstick cuisson: cooking cuissot: haunch of veal, venison, or wild boar cuit(e): cooked cul: haunch or rear, usually of red meat cure-dent: toothpick dariole: usually a garnish in a cylindrical mold darne: a slice or steak from fish, often salmon dattes: dates daurade: dorade or sea bream, similar to porgy dï¿½cortiquï¿½(e): shelled or peeled dï¿½gustation: tasting or sampling dï¿½jeuner: lunch dï¿½lice: delight, usually used to describe a dessert demi-deuil: poached (usually chicken) with truffles inserted under skin. Also could be sweetbreads with a truffled white sauce demi-glace: concentrated beef base dï¿½sossï¿½(e): boned diable: with a peppery (often mustard based) sauce dieppoise: dieppe style, white wine, mussels, shrimp, mushrooms, cream digestif: after-dinner drink - liqueur discretion (ï¿½ la): on menu usually refers to wine without limit, at customer's discretion dodine: cold, boned stuffed duck dos: back, also refers to meatiest portion of fish dos et ventre: back and front; both sides (usually fish) douceurs: sweets or desserts duglere: white, flour-based sauce with shallots, white wine, tomatoes, and parsley duxelles: chopped mushrooms and shallots sautï¿½ed in butter, mixed with cream eau du robinet: tap water ï¿½cailler: to scale fish, also an oyster opener or seller ï¿½chalotes: shallots ï¿½chine: spare ribs ï¿½crevisse: freshwater crayfish ï¿½ffiloche: frayed, thinly sliced ï¿½glefin, aiglefin: haddock ï¿½mincï¿½: thin slice, usually of meat encornet: small squid endive: chicory or Belgian endive entrecï¿½te: beef rib steak entrecï¿½te mï¿½itre d'hotel: with herb butter entrecï¿½te marchand de vin: with sauce of red wine and shallots entrï¿½e: first course entremets: sweets ï¿½paule: shoulder of veal, lamb, mutton, pork ï¿½pi de mais: ear of sweet corn ï¿½pices: spices escabeche: sardines or marinated raw fish (vinegar or lemon juice and herbs) escalope: thinly slices meat or fish, usually cut at an angle escargot: land snail escargot ï¿½ l'alsacienne: simmered in Riesling, baked with garlic and parsley butter stuffing escargot de Bourgogne: land snail prepared with butter, garlic, and parsley escargot petit-gris: small land snail espadon: swordfish estofinado: fish stew from Auvergne w/dried cod, eggs, garlic, cream estouffade: stew of beef, pork, onions, mushrooms, orange zest, red wine estragon: tarragon ï¿½tï¿½: summer ï¿½trille: small crab ï¿½tuvï¿½: cooked in own juice, braised ï¿½ventail (en): cut into fan shape (vegetables or fish) faï¿½on (ï¿½ ma): my way (of preparing a dish) faisan(e): pheasant farandole: rolling cart, usually of desserts or cheese farci(e): stuffed feu de bois (au): cooked over a wood fire feuille de chï¿½ne: oak-leaf lettuce feuille de vigne: vine leaf feuilletage (en): (in) puff pastry feuillete au foie gras: puff pastry layered with sausage and foie gras (extravagant first course) fï¿½ves: broad beans or favas ficelle (ï¿½ la): tied with a string; also small, thin baguette figue: fig financiï¿½re: madeira sauce with truffle juice fines de claire: elongated crinkle shelled oysters (fattened up in beds) flageolets: small, pale green kidney-shaped beans flagnarde, flaugnarde: hot fruit-filled batter cake flamande (ï¿½ la): flemish style, usually with cabbage, carrots, potatoes, bacon flambe: flamed flamiche: savory tart with rich bread dough crust flamiche aux poireaux: leek and cream tart flan: sweet or savory tart or crustless custard pie flanchet (de veau): flank (of veal) fletan: halibut fraise des bois: wild strawberry framboise: raspberry frappe: drink served very cold or with ice frï¿½mis: (quivering); barely cooked (oysters) friandises: sweets, petit fours fricadelles: fried minced meat patties fricandeau: thinly sliced veal or rump roast, braised with vegetables, white wine fricassï¿½(e): ingredients braised in wine with butter and/or cream added; stewed frisï¿½e : curly, usually endive frit(es): french fries fritons: coarse pork rillettes or minced spread (includes organ meats) fritot: small organ meat fritter friture: frying; also refers to preparation of small fried fish (ex. smelts) froid(e): cold fromage blanc: smooth low-fat cheese, similar to cottage cheese fromage de tï¿½te: head cheese, usually pork fromage maigre: low-fat cheese fruit de la passion: passion fruit fruits confits: preserved fruits; generally refers to candied fruits fruits de mer: seafood gayettes: small sausage made with pork liver and bacon gelï¿½e: aspic geniï¿½vre: juniper berry genoise: sponge cake germiny : garnish of sorrel; sorrel and cream soup gï¿½sier: gizzard gibelotte: fricassï¿½e of rabbit in red or white wine gibier: game gigot: leg, usually of lamb (d'agneau) gigot de mer: a preparation; usually large pieces of monkfish (lotte), oven-roasted gigue (de): haunch (of) certain game meats gingembre: ginger girolle: delicate, pale, orange wild mushroom glace: ice cream glacï¿½(e): iced, crystallized or glazed glaï¿½ons: ice cubes gougï¿½re: cheese flavored chou pastry (puff) goujonnettes: generally describes small slices of fish, ex sole, usually fried goujons: small catfish; or any small fish; or small piece; breaded & fried gourmandises: sweetmeats gousse (d'ail): clove (of garlic) graine de moutarde: mustard seed graisse: fat graisserons: crisply fried pieces of duck or goose skin; cracklings grand veneur: usually a brown sauce for game, with red currant jelly granite: water ice gras-double: tripe baked with onions and white wine gratin: crusty-topped dish; also refers to a casserole gratin dauphinois: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/cream and sometimes cheese gratin savoyard: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/bouillon, cheese, butter gratinï¿½(e): having a crusty, browned top; also onion soup grattons: crisply fried pieces of pork, goose or duck skin; cracklings gratuit: free grecque (ï¿½ la): cold vegetables, usually mushrooms, marinated in oil, lemon, water grelot: small white bult onion grenade: pomegranate grenouille (cuisses de): frog legs gribiche (sauce): mayonnaise with capers, cornichons, and herbs grillade: grilled meat griotte: shiny, slightly acidic reddish black cherry grive: thrush grondin: type of ocean fish used in fish stews such as bouillabaisse gros sel: coarse sale hachis: minced or chopped meat preparation hareng: herring haricot blanc: white bean; usually dried haricot de mouton: stew of mutton and white beans haricot rouge: red kidney bean; also preparation of red beans in red wine haricot vert: green bean, usually fresh hiver: winter hochepot: thick stew, usually oxtail homard: lobster hongroise (ï¿½ la): Hungarian-style, usually with paprika and cream hors-d'oeuvre: appetizer; also can refer to a first course huile: oil huile de pï¿½pins de raisins: grape seed oil huitre: oyster hure de porc: head of a pig or boar; usually headcheese preparation hure de saumon: a salmon "headcheese", prepared with salmon meat, not the head ile flottante: classically layered cake covered w/whipped cream, w/custard sauce ile flottantes: floating island of meringue in crï¿½me anglaise imperatrice (ï¿½ l'): usually rice pudding dessert with candied fruit indienne (ï¿½ l'): East Indian style, usually with curry powder infusion: herb tea jambon: ham; also refers to thigh or shoulder of meat, usually pork jambon cru: usually salt cured or smoked ham that has been aged but not cooked jambon de Bayonne: raw, dried, salt-cured ham jambon de Paris: lightly salted, cooked ham, very pale in color jambon de York: smoked, English-style ham, usually poached jambon d'oie (canard): breast of fattened goose (duck), smoked or salted or sugar cured jambonneau: pork knuckle jambonnette: boned and stuffed knuckle of ham or poultry jardiniï¿½re: garnish of fresh cooked vegetables jarret de veau: stew of veal shin Jï¿½sus de morteau: smoked pork sausage from the Franche-Comte jeun(e): young julienne: slivered vegetables (sometimes meat) jus: juice kir: crï¿½me de cassis and white wine (usually, sometimes red) kir royal: crï¿½me de cassis and champagne kougelhopf : sweet, crown-shaped Alsatian yeast cake w/almonds and raisins lotte: monkfish or angler fish; a large firm-fleshed ocean fish, rich in flavor lou magret: breast of fattened duck loup (de mer): Mediterranean fish, also known as bar, similar to striped bass lyonnaise (ï¿½ la): in the style of Lyon, often garnished with onions macï¿½doine: diced mixed fruit or vegetables macï¿½rer: to steep, pickle or soak mï¿½che: lamb's lettuce, a tiny, dark green lettuce madeleines: small tea cakes magret de canard (d'oie): breast of fattened duck (or goose) maigre: thin, non-fattening maison (de la): of the house, or restaurant maï¿½tre d'hï¿½tel: head waiter; also compound butter maltaise: orange-flavored hollandaise sauce mange-tout: literally, eat it all; podless green bean, snow pea, type of apple mangue: mango maniï¿½re (de): in the style of maquereau: mackerel maraichï¿½re (ï¿½ la): market-garden style; dish or salad that includes various greens marbrï¿½(e): marbled marc: distilled residue of grape skins or other fruit after they've been pressed marcassin: young wild boar marchand de vin: wine merchant; also a sauce made with red wine, meat stock, shallots marchï¿½: market marï¿½e (la): literally the tide; usually used to indicate that seafood is fresh marennes: flat-shelled, green-tinged plate oysters; village where raised mareyeur: wholesale fish merchant mariniï¿½re (moules): mussels cooked in white wine with onions, shallots, butter, herbs marjolaine: marjoram; also, multilayered chocolate and nut cake marmite: small covered pot; also a dish cooked in a small casserole marquise (au chocolat): rich chocolate mousse cake marron: large chestnut matelote (d'anguilles): freshwater fish stew (or of eels) mauviette: wild meadowlark or skylark mï¿½daillon: round piece or slice mï¿½lange: mixture or blend mï¿½li-mï¿½lo: an assortment of fish and/or seafood, usually served in a salad melon de cavaillon: small cantaloupe-like melon mï¿½nagï¿½re (ï¿½ la): in the style of a housewife (simply prepared), onions, potatoes, carrots menthe: mint menthe poivrï¿½e: peppermint menu d'affairs: (businessman's) - avoid - cell phones menu de la mer: seafood menu menu dï¿½gustation: tasting menu menu du marchï¿½: fresh ingredients picked up by chef at market that day menu du terroir: regional menu menu gastronomique: extravagant or richly luxurious specialties mets: dish or preparation mets selon la saison: seasonal preparation meuniï¿½re (ï¿½ la): fish seasoned, floured, fried in butter, served with lemon and parsley meurette: in, or with, a red wine sauce; also a Burgundian fish stew meurette: red wine sauce w/mushrooms, onions, bacon, carrots miel: honey mignonette: small cubes, usually of beef; also refers to coarsely ground peppercorns mijotï¿½(e) (plat): simmered (dish or preparation) mille-feuille: refers to puff pastry mimosa: garnish of chopped hard cooked egg yolks minute (ï¿½ la): prepared at the last minute mirabeau: garnish of anchovies, pitted olives, tarragon and anchovy butter mirabelle: yellow plum mirepoix: cubes of carrots and onions, or mixed vegetables in braising for flavor miroton (de): slices (of); also stew of meats flavored with onions mitonnï¿½e: a simmered soup-like dish mode (ï¿½ la): in the style of moelle: beef bone marrow moka: refers to coffee; coffee-flavored dish montagne (de): from the mountains montmorency: garnished with cherries morceau: piece or small portion morille: wild morel mushroom morue: salted or dried and salted codfish mouclade: creamy mussel stew; sometimes flavored with curry moule: mussel moule de parques: Dutch mussels; usually fattened in beds moule d'Espagne: large mussel, often served raw as part of seafood platter moules mariniï¿½res: mussels cooked in white wine, shallots, butter, herbs moules-frites: snack of steaming bowl of mussels, French fries w/mayonnaise mousse: light, airy mixture; sweet or savory mousseline: ingredients lightened with whipped cream or egg whites (sauces) mousseron: tiny, delicate, wild mushroom moutarde (ï¿½ l'ancienne en): mustard (coarse grained) mouton: mutton mulet: mullet, a rustic-flavored ocean fish mure: blackberry museau de porc (boeuf): vinegared pork (beef) muzzle myrtille: type of blueberry nage (ï¿½ la): aromatic poaching liquid (served in) nantua: sauce of crayfish, butter cream and truffles; also garnish of crayfish nappe: covered; as with a sauce nature: refers to simple, unadorned preparations navarin: refers to lamb or mutton navet: turnip niï¿½oise: w/tomatoes, onions, anchovies, olives nid: nest nivernaise: in the style of nevers, with carrots and onions noilles: noodles noisette: also refers to small round piece (such as potato) browned in butter noix: walnut; nut; nut sized normande: refers to fish or meat cooked with apple cider or calvados; or sauce of seafood, cream, mushrooms normande: also dessert with apples, usually served with cream nouilles ï¿½ l'alsacienne: noodles, usually with butter and cream nouveau (nouvelle): new or young nouveautï¿½: a new offering noyau: stone or pit oeuf ï¿½ la coque: soft-cooked egg oeuf brouillï¿½: scrambled egg oeuf dur: hard-cooked egg oeuf en meurette: poached egg in red wine sauce oeuf mollet: egg simmered in water for 6 minutes oeuf poche: poached egg oeuf saut ï¿½ la poï¿½le: fried egg oeuf sur le plat: fried egg oeufs ï¿½ la neige: (in the snow) sweetened whipped whites poached in milk/in custard oeufs au jambon: eggs and ham offert(e): offered; free or given oie: goose omble chevalier: member of trout family with firm flaky flesh from white to deep red omelette: aux fines herbs; au fromage (cheese); au jambon (ham) onglet: cut similar to beef flank steak; biftek, and entrecote (can be tough) oreilles (de porc): ears (of pig) orties: nettles ortolan: tiny wild bird (now protected) os: bone pastis: refreshing long, cool drink; anise liqueur or flavor w/ice and water pastise: anise liqueur pï¿½te: pastry dough pï¿½te ï¿½ choux: cream puff pastry pï¿½te brisï¿½e: pie pastry pï¿½te sablï¿½e: sweeter, richer than pï¿½te sucrï¿½e pï¿½te sucrï¿½e: sweet pie pastry pï¿½tï¿½: molded, spiced, minced meat, baked and served hot or cold pï¿½tï¿½ en croute: pate baked in pastry crust pï¿½tisserie: pastry pï¿½tissier: pastry chef patte: paw, foot, or leg or bird or animal patte blanche: small crayfish paupiette: thin sice of meat, usually beef or fish, filled, rolled, then wrapped pavï¿½: thick slice of boned beef or calve's liver; also king of pastry paysan(ne) (ï¿½ la): country style; garnish of carrots, turnips, onions, celery, bacon peau: skin pï¿½che melba: poached peach with vanilla ice cream and raspberry sauce pï¿½cheur: usually refers to fish preparations pelure: peelings, such as truffles, used for flavorings perce-pierre: samphire, edible seaweed perche: perch, finely flavored fresh water fish perdreau: young partridge pï¿½rigourdine (ï¿½ la): sauce, usually with truffles and foie gras persil: parsley petit dï¿½jeuner: breakfast petit-pois: small green peas petits fours: tiny cakes and pastries petits-gris: small land snail petoncle: tiny scallop, similar to bay scallops pets de nonne: small, dainty fried pastry pibale: small eel, also called civelle piï¿½ce: portion or piece pied de mouton: meaty, cream-colored wild mushroom; also sheep's foot pied de porc: pig's foot pigeonneau: young pigeon or squab pignons: pine nuts, or pignoli pilau, pilaf: rice booked with onions and broth piment (poivre) de Jamaï¿½que: allspice piment doux: sweet pepper pince: claw; also tongs used when eating snails or seafood pintade: guinea fowl pipï¿½rade: basque dish of peppers, onions, tomatoes, and often scrambled eggs pipï¿½rade au jambon: above served on slice of ham piquant(e): sharp or spicy tasting pique: larded; studded pissaladiï¿½re: a flat open-face tart garnished with onions, olives, anchovies pissenlit: dandelion (leaves) pistil de safran: thread of saffron pistou: sauce of basil, garlic, olive oil; also a rich vegetable soup pithiviers: classic puff pastry dessert filled with almond cream plat: a dish plateau de fruits de mer: seafood platter (raw & cooked combined) plates cï¿½tes: part of beef ribs usually used in pot-au-feu pleurote: oyster mushroom plombiï¿½res: dessert of vanilla ice cream, candied fruit, kirsch, whipped cream pluches: leaves of herbs or plants, generally used for garnish pochï¿½(e): poached pochouse: freshwater fish stew prepared with white or red wine poï¿½lï¿½(e): pan-fried pointe (d'asperge): tip (of asparagus) poire: pear poireau: leek poires belle hï¿½lï¿½ne: poached pears served on vanilla ice cream with hot chocolate sauce pois: peas poitrine: breast (of meat or poultry) poitrine demi-sel: unsmoked slab bacon poitrine fumï¿½e: smoked slab bacon poivrade: peppery brown sauce of wine, vinegar, and cooked vegetables (strained) poivre: pepper poivre frais de Madagascar: green peppercorns poivre noir: black peppercorns poivron (doux): sweet bell pepper polenta: cornmeal cooked with butter and cheese pommade (en): usually refers to a thick, smooth paste pomme: apple pomme en l'air: caramelized apple slices usually served with blood sausage pommes (de terre): potatoes pommes ï¿½ la vapeur: steamed or boiled potatoes pommes ï¿½ l'anglaise: boiled potatoes pommes allumettes: very thin fries 1/4 x 2-1/2 pommes boulangï¿½re: potatoes cooked with the meat; gratin with onions, sometimes bacon pommes dauphinoise: basked dish of sliced potatoes w/milk, garlic, cheese pommes dauphine : mashed potatoes mixed with chou pastry, shaped into balls & fried pommes duchesse: mashed potatoes with butter, egg yolks, nutmeg garnish pommes en robe: potatoes cooked with skins on pommes frites: French fries pommes gratinï¿½es: baked dish of potatoes, browned, often with cheese pommes lyonnaises: potatoes sautï¿½ed with onions pommes paillï¿½s: potatoes cut into julienne strips, then fried pommes pont-neuf: classic fries, cut 1/2 x 2-1/2 pommes soufflï¿½es: small thin slices of potato fried twice (inflate like pillows) porc (carrï¿½ de): pork (loin) porc (cï¿½te de): pork (chop) porcelet: young suckling pig ramequin: small individual casserole, also small tart rapï¿½(e): grated or shredded rascasse: scorpion fish rave: root vegetables - celery, turnip, radish ravigote: thick vinaigrette sauce w/vinegar, white wine, shallots, herbs, mayo rï¿½chauffer: to reheat reine-claude: greengage plum reinette: fall and winter variety of apple rï¿½moulade: sauce of mayo, capers, mushrooms, herbs, anchovies, gherkins rillettes (d'oie): minces spread of pork (goose), or duck, fish, rabbit rillons: usually pork belly, cut up and cooked 'til crisp rince doigt: finger bowl ris de veau: veal sweetbreads riviï¿½re: river riz ï¿½ l'imperatrice: cold rice pudding with candied fruit riz complet: brown rice rognonnade: veal loin with kidneys attached rognons: kidneys service (non) compris: service (not) included serviette: napkin sirops: flavored syrup w/mineral water, seltzer, lemon soda (bar or cafe) smitane: sauce of cream, onions, white wine and lemon juice soissons: dried or fresh white beans sole normande: sole poached in cider, garnished with mussels, shrimp, cream sauce sorbet: sherbet souffle: light sweet or savory mixture, served hot or cold steack: beef steak stockfish: salted and air-dried codfish succes au pralin: meringue cake flavored w/caramelized almonds, layered w/butter cream sucre: sugar suprï¿½me: a veal- or chicken-based white sauce thickened with flour and cream suprï¿½me: a boneless breast of poultry or a fillet of fish tablier de sapeur: tripe that is marinated, breaded, and grilled tagine: spicy North African stew of veal, lamb, chicken, or pigeon with veg tanche: tench, a freshwater fish with mild, delicate flavor tapenade: blend of black olives, anchovies, capers, olive oil, lemon juice tarama: mullet roe, often made into a spread of the same name tart tatin: caramelized upside-down apple pie tartare: chopped raw beef, seasoned and garnished with raw egg, etc. tarte: tart; open-face pie or flan, usually sweet tarte au fromage: cheesecake tartine: open-face sandwich; buttered bread tasse: cup tendrons: cartilaginous meat cut from beef or veal ribs terrine: earthenware container; also mixture cooked in the container tï¿½te de veau (porc): head of veal (pork), usually used in headcheese thï¿½: tea tian: earthenware gratin dish; also vegetable mixture cooked in dish tiï¿½de: lukewarm tilleul: lime or linden blossom herb tea timbale: small mold; mixture prepared in mold topinambour: Jerusalem artichoke toulousaine: Toulouse-style; usually with truffles or sweetbreads; cock's combs, etc. tournï¿½dos: center portion of beef filet, usually grilled or sautï¿½ed tournï¿½dos rossini: sauteed tournedos garnished with foie gras and truffles tourteau: large crab with large claws full of deliciously sweet meat tourtiï¿½re: shallow cooking vessel; also pastry dish filled w/spples and/or prunes tranche: slice travers de porc: spare ribs tripes ï¿½ la mode de Caen: beef tripe, carrots, onions, leeks, spices, cooked w/cider and brandy tripoux: mutton tripe trompettes des mort: dark brown "horn of plenty" mushrooms tronï¿½on: cut of meat or fish (sliced from widest part) truffe (truffï¿½[e]): truffle (with truffles) truite: trout truite saumonï¿½e: salmon trout tuile: literally, tile; delicate almond-flavored cookie turban: usually mixture or combination of ingredients cooked in ring mold turbot(in): turbot (small turbot) considered the finest of fish (and most expensive) vacherin: dessert of baked meringue, with ice cream and cream; also a cheese vallï¿½ d'ange: region of Normandy; also garnish of cooked apples and cream vanille: vanilla vapeur (ï¿½ la): steam(ed) veau: veal velouteï¿½: veal or chicken based sauce thickened with flour venaison: venison	i don't know
Who was the mother of the English kings Richard I and John?	Richard the Lionheart - The Crusades Updated February 02, 2016. Richard the Lionheart - Early Life: Born September 8, 1157, Richard the Lionheart was the third legitimate son of King Henry II of England. Often believed to have been the favorite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard had three older siblings, William (died in infancy), Henry, and Matilda, as well as four younger, Geoffrey, Lenora, Joan, and John. As with many English rulers of the Plantagenet line, Richard was essentially French and his focus tended to lean toward the family's lands in France rather than England. Following the separation of his parents in 1167, Richard was invested duchy of Aquitaine. Well educated and of dashing appearance, Richard quickly demonstrated skill in military matters and worked to enforce his father's rule in the French lands. In 1174, encouraged by their mother, Richard, Henry (the Young King), and Geoffrey (Duke of Brittany) rebelled against their father's rule. Responding quickly, Henry II was able to crush this revolt and captured Eleanor. With his brothers defeated, Richard submitted to his father's will and asked forgiveness. His greater ambitions checked, Richard turned his focus to maintaining his rule over Aquitaine and controlling his nobles. Ruling with an iron fist, Richard was forced to put down major revolts in 1179 and 1181-1182. During this time, tension again rose between Richard and his father when the latter demanded that his son pay homage to his older brother Henry. Refusing, Richard was soon attacked by Henry the Young King and Geoffrey in 1183. Confronted by this invasion and a revolt of his own barons, Richard was able to skillfully turn back these attacks. Following the death of Henry the Young King in June 1183, Henry II ordered John to continue the campaign. Seeking aid, Richard formed an alliance with King Philip II of France in 1187. In return for Philip's assistance, Richard ceded his rights to Normandy and Anjou. That summer, upon hearing of the Christian defeat at the Battle of Hattin , Richard took the cross at Tours with other members of the French nobility. In 1189, Richard and Philip's forces united against Henry and won a victory at Ballans in July. Meeting with Richard, Henry agreed name him as his heir. Two days later, Henry died and Richard ascended to the throne. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey in September 1189. Richard the Lionheart - Becoming King: Following his coronation, a rash of anti-Semitic violence swept through the country as Jews had been barred from the ceremony. Punishing the perpetrators, Richard immediately began making plans to go on crusade to the Holy Land . Going to extremes to raise money for the army, he finally was able to assemble a force of around 8,000 men. After making preparations for the protection of his realm in his absence, Richard and his army departed in the summer of 1190. Dubbed the Third Crusade, Richard planned to campaign in conjunction with Philip II and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire . Richard the Lionheart - The Crusades: Rendezvousing with Philip at Sicily, Richard aided in settling a succession dispute on the island which involved his sister Joan and conducted a brief campaign against Messina. During this time, he proclaimed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, to be his heir, leading his brother John to start planning a revolt at home. Moving on, Richard landed in Cyprus to rescue his mother and future bride, Berengaria of Navarre. Defeating the island's despot, Isaac Komnenos, he completed his conquest and married Berengaria on May 12, 1191. Pressing on, he landed in the Holy Land at Acre on June 8. Arriving, he gave his support to Guy of Lusignan who was fighting a challenge from Conrad of Montferrat for the kingship of Jerusalem. Conrad was in turn backed by Philip and Duke Leopold V of Austria. Putting aside their differences, the Crusaders captured Acre that summer. After taking the city, problems again arose as Richard contested Leopold's place in the Crusade. Though not a king, Leopold had ascended to the command Imperial forces in the Holy Land after the death of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190. After Richard's men pulled down Leopold's banner at Acre, the Austrian departed and returned home in anger. Soon after, Richard and Philip began arguing in regard to the status of Cyprus and the kingship of Jerusalem. In poor health, Philip elected to return to France leaving Richard without allies to face Saladin's Muslim forces. Pushing south, he defeated Saladin at Arsuf on September 7, 1191, and then attempted to open peace negotiations. Initially rebuffed by Saladin, Richard spent the early months of 1192 refortifying Ascalon. As the year wore on, both Richard and Saladin's positions began to weaken and the two men entered into negotiations. Knowing that he could not hold Jerusalem if he took it and that John and Philip were plotting against him at home, Richard agreed to raze walls at Ascalon in exchange for a three-year truce and Christian access to Jerusalem. After the agreement was signed on September 2, 1192, Richard departed for home. Shipwrecked en route, Richard was forced to travel overland and was captured by Leopold in December. Imprisoned first in Dürnstein and then at Trifels Castle in the Palatinate, Richard was largely kept in a comfortable captivity. For his release, the Holy Roman Emperor , Henry VI, demanded 150,000 marks. Richard the Lionheart - Later Years: While Eleanor of Aquitaine worked to raise the money, John and Philip offered Henry VI 80,000 marks to hold Richard until at least Michaelmas 1194. Refusing, the emperor accepted the ransom and released Richard on February 4, 1194. Returning to England, he quickly forced John to submit to his will, but did name his brother his heir supplanting his nephew Arthur. With the situation in England in hand, Richard returned to France to deal with Philip. Constructing an alliance against his former friend, Richard won several victories over the French during the next five years. In March 1199, Richard laid siege to the small castle of Chalus-Chabrol. On the night of March 25, while walking along the siege lines, he was struck in the left shoulder by an arrow. Unable to remove it himself, he summoned a surgeon who took out the arrow, but severely worsened the wound in the process. Shortly thereafter gangrene set in and the king died in his mother's arms on April 6, 1199. Richard's legacy is largely mixed as some point to his military skill and willingness to go on crusade while others emphasize his cruelty and neglect for his realm. Though king for ten years, he only spent around six months in England and the remainder in his French lands or abroad. He was succeeded by his brother John. Selected Sources	Eleanor of Aquitaine
In which English county is Buckfast Abbey, famed for its tonic wine?	Biography of Richard the Lionheart Richard the Lionheart from a 12th-Century Codex. Public Domain Updated October 20, 2015. Richard the Lionheart was born on September 8, 1157, in Oxford, England. He was generally considered to be his mother's favorite son, and has been described as spoiled and vain because of it. Richard was also known to let his temper get the better of him. Nevertheless, he could be shrewd in matters of politics and was famously skilled on the battlefield. He was also highly cultured and well-educated, and wrote poems and songs. Through most of his life he enjoyed the support and affection of his people, and for centuries after his death, Richard the Lionheart was one of the most popular kings in English history. Richard the Lionheart's Younger Years Richard the Lionheart was the third son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine , and although his eldest brother died young, the next in line, Henry, was named heir. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World Thus, Richard grew up with little realistic expectations of achieving the English throne. In any case, he was more interested in the family's French holdings than he was in England; he spoke little English, and he was made duke of the lands his mother had brought to her marriage when he was quite young: Aquitaine in 1168, and Poitiers three years later. In 1169, King Henry and King Louis VII of France agreed that Richard should be wed to Louis's daughter Alice. This engagement was to last for some time, although Richard never showed any interest in her; Alice was sent from her home to live with the court in England, while Richard stayed with his holdings in France. Brought up among the people he was to govern, Richard soon learned how to deal with the aristocracy. But his relationship with his father had some serious problems. In 1173, encouraged by his mother, Richard joined his brothers Henry and Geoffrey in rebelling against the king. The rebellion ultimately failied, Eleanor was imprisoned, and Richard found it necessary to submit to his father and receive a pardon for his transgressions. Duke Richard In the early 1180s, Richard faced baronial revolts in his own lands. He displayed considerable military skill and earned a reputation for courage (the quality that led to his nickname of Richard the Lionheart), but he dealt so harshly with the rebels that they called on his brothers to help drive him from Aquitaine. Now his father interceded on his behalf, fearing the fragmentation of the empire he had built (the "Angevin" Empire, after Henry's lands of Anjou). However, no sooner had King Henry gathered his continental armies together than the younger Henry unexpectedly died, and the rebellion crumpled. As the oldest surviving son, Richard the Lionheart was now heir to England, Normandy, and Anjou. In light of his extensive holdings, his father wanted him to cede Aquitaine to his brother John , who had never had any territory to govern and was known as "Lackland." But Richard had a deep attachment to the duchy. Rather than give it up, he turned to the king of France, Louis's son Philip II, with whom Richard had developed a firm political and personal friendship. In November of 1188 Richard paid homage to Philip for all his holdings in France, then joined forces with him to drive his father into submission. They forced Henry -- who had indicated a willingness to name John his heir -- to acknowledge Richard as heir to the English throne before hounding him to his death in July, 1189. Richard the Lionheart: Crusader King Richard the Lionheart had become King of England; but his heart wasn't in the sceptred isle. Ever since Saladin had captured Jerusalem in 1187, Richard's greatest ambition was to go to the Holy Land and take it back. His father had agreed to engage in Crusade along with Philip, and a "Saladin Tithe" had been levied in England and France to raise funds for the endeavor. Now Richard took full advantage of the Saladin Tithe and the military apparatus that had been formed; he drew heavily from the royal treasury and sold anything that might bring him funds -- offices, castles, lands, towns, lordships. In less than a year after his accession to the throne, Richard the Lionheart raised a substantial fleet and an impressive army to take on Crusade. Philip and Richard agreed to go to the Holy Land together, but not all was well between them. The French king wanted some of the lands that Henry had held, and that were now in Richard's hands, which he believed rightfully belonged to France. Richard was not about to relinquish any of his holdings; in fact, he shored up the defenses of these lands and prepared for conflict. But neither king really wanted war with each other, especially with a Crusade awaiting their attention. In fact, the Crusading spirit was strong in Europe at this time. Although there were always nobles who wouldn't put up a farthing for the effort, the vast majority of the European nobility were devout believers of the virtue and necessity of Crusade. Most of those who didn't take up arms themselves still supported the Crusading movement any way that they could. And right now, both Richard and Philip were being shown up by the septuagenarian German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa , who had already pulled together an army and set off for the Holy Land. In the face of public opinion, continuing their quarrel was not really feasible for either of the kings, but especially not for Philip, since Richard the Lionheart had worked so hard to fund his part in the Crusade. The French king chose to accept the promises that Richard made, probably against his better judgment. Among these pledges was Richard's agreement to marry Philip's sister Alice, who still languished in England, even though it appeared he had been negotiating for the hand of Berengaria of Navarre. Prev	i don't know
Which Disney character’s sidekick was Timothy Q Mouse?	Timothy Q. Mouse \| Disney Fan Fiction Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Timothy Q. Mouse is the deuteragonist in Disney's 1941 hit feature film, Dumbo . He was voiced by Edward Brophy in the film, Corey Burton in House of Mouse and Chris Edgerly in the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Contents [ show ] Personality Throughout the film, Timothy's primary goal is to make Dumbo rich and famous and rescue his mother. He is very clever and extremely caring for Dumbo. He understands Dumbo is crushed that his mother is away from him and tries not to push him too hard. He has a New York accent. Appearances Dumbo In the film, Timothy doesn't appear until after Dumbo's mother is taken away. Timothy goes to cheer Dumbo up after he sees how badly the elephants are treating him. At first, Dumbo doesn't trust Timothy, but Timothy proves that he's a nice guy. Timothy and Dumbo soon become friends and Timothy tells Dumbo in order to get his mother out he must become a star. So they tried, during the "Pyramid of Pachyderms" act, and it was a disaster. Dumbo then becomes a clown and Timothy cheers him up by helping him visit his mother. Mrs. Jumbo and Dumbo are happy to see each other, but the visit is short and Timothy must take Dumbo back to the circus grounds. Meanwhile, clowns are drinking and a bottle of champagne drops into Dumbo's drinking water. Both Timothy and Dumbo drink the water and begin seeing Pink Elephants , but later they find themselves awakening on top of a tree. On the tree, they meet a group of crows who bully Dumbo about being on top of a tree. The crows begin wondering how Dumbo got up there and everybody gets the idea that Dumbo is to be a flying elephant. Timothy firmly believes Dumbo is capable of flight, but the crows simply ridicule both the mouse and elephant. Furious, Timothy soundly rebukes them for their thoughtless attitude. The crows, now humbly chastised, give a "magic" feather to Timothy in order to help Dumbo fly. After Dumbo learns to fly, he becomes very famous and his mother was able to come live with him like Timothy had predicted and afterward Timothy became Dumbo's official manager. House of Mouse Timothy has recurring appearances on the television series House of Mouse . He appears with Dumbo, the crows, and the Pink Elephants and many other famous Disney characters. Timothy's most notable appearance is where Donald and Daisy accidentally release the Pink Elephants and Timothy scares them away, saving the club. Ever in "Donald wants to Fly" teaches Donald how to Fly like with the "Elephants", and in "Pete's House of Villains" leading to said "We want Mickey!", etc. Disney Parks Timothy in Jubilation In the Disney Parks , Timothy is not a meetable character but has many statues. Timothy is also seen in Disneyland along with Dumbo as he flies over the Sleeping Beauty Castle . Timothy and Dumbo also represent the Disney Fantasy cruise ship . Timothy appears at the top of the Dumbo attraction. Timothy originally held a whip but it was later changed into the magic feather. Timothy is seen in Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic . He appears in the Bubble Disney montage. In Jubilation, Timothy can be seen holding what appears to a small whip. Timothy is seen in Dumbo's hat during the Flights of Fantasy Parade . Gallery The Disney Wiki and Disney Fan Fiction Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Timothy Q. Mouse . Trivia Timothy is the second "sidekick character" in the animated features, after Jiminy Cricket . It is believed that he is able to communicate with humans, as he managed to convince the Ringmaster about Dumbo's stunt. Timothy was a character which inspired people to create another mouse character almost like him known as Mouse in Goliath II . The animation of Timothy scaring the Gossipy elephants was recycled for use in Goliath II for the scene with the Mouse scaring the elephant herd.	Dumbo
Whose sayings are collected in the hypothetical Q document or Q source?	Dreams Do Come True! 10 Hard Working Disney Characters Interest-Based Ads © Disney. All Rights Reserved. Content provided on this site is for entertainment or informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical or health, safety, legal or financial advice. Click here for additional information. Bring Your Kid to Work Day: Disney Characters that Worked Hard to Achieve Dreams Liz Cerezo April 25 is Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day . Have you ever done this with your children? My husband has! He works at the post office, and my kids loved getting a behind-the-scenes look at how our mail system works. Yeah, daddy was the man that day. As for me, I was just pleased that they were able to see how hard their dad works in order to provide for them. That’s one of the reasons why showing your children where you work is such a good experience. Essentially, they’ll see first-hand what needs to be done in order to achieve success and have their dreams come true. And the same can be said for Walt Disney! Through his years of hard work and dedication, he was able to give all of us the wonderful world of Disney. In honor of Walt Disney and all of you successful parents out there, I rounded up a list of inspiring Disney characters who worked hard to achieve their own dreams! Disney Characters That Worked Hard to Achieve Their Dreams 1 of 11 Carl from “Up” 2 of 11 Dream: In honor of his late wife Ellie, Carl set off to visit the mythic Paradise Falls — a lost land in South America that they had once dreamed of visiting together. Effort: In the film, it wasn't easy for Carl to make it to this mythic land. First, he had to escape his hometown before the authorities could send him off to a nursing home. Then once on his adventure, he had to learn to get along with an unexpected 8-year-old traveling companion all while overcoming an evil villain. But through perseverance and a bit of ingenuity, Carl not only made it to Paradise Falls, but he gained a friendship like no other. Mulan from “Mulan” 3 of 11 Dream: Mulan dreamed of not only saving her aging father from being forced to serve in the Chinese army but desperately wanted to bring her entire family honor. Effort: In order to keep her father from serving against the Huns, Mulan dressed up as a man and joined the army in his stead. She endured tests of physical and emotional strength during her journey, but she was ultimately able to save both her father and the Imperial City from the invading army — bringing honor to her father and ancestors. Walter from “The Muppets” 4 of 11 Dream: Walter aimed to reunite The Muppets and save their studio from a greedy oil tycoon. Effort: In the film, Walter tirelessly works to raise $10 million to restore Muppet Studios to its former glory. He runs into hardships getting the estranged Muppets back together for another show as well as getting television networks to pick up their telethon idea. Without his dedication to the cause and quick-thinking, he would have never been able to save the studio like he did. Tiana from “The Princess and the Frog” 5 of 11 Dream: After the death of her father, Tiana aims to make their shared dream come true by opening up a restaurant. Effort: To eventually get her own business up and running, Tiana works hard at saving money by working at two different restaurants. However, she's met with hardship when she's outbid by wealthier investors and is unexpectedly turned into a frog by an evil witch doctor. Through courage and resourcefulness, Tiana is eventually able to make her restaurant a dream come true. Marlin from “Finding Nemo” 6 of 11 Dream: After his wife is eaten by a barracuda, overprotective father Marlin's one dream is to keep his son, Nemo, safe. Effort: After Nemo is captured by a Sydney-bound boat, Marlin does everything it takes to bring his son back home. From overcoming his own fears to traveling long distances to battling and overcoming dangerous sea creatures, Marlin's determination helped him bring his son safely home. Woody from “Toy Story 3” 7 of 11 Dream: After Andy becomes too old to play with his toys, Woody's dream is to be played with again. Effort: In the film, Woody encountered many struggles from Lotso Bear and his gang when trying to escape Sunnyside Daycare Center. However, his leadership skills and perseverance ultimately paid off and helped him and his fellow toys make it to Bonnie's home to be played with again. Rapunzel from “Tangled” 8 of 11 Dream: Rapunzel's only dream was to see the mysterious floating lights that she glimpsed out of her tower window once a year. Effort: While Rapunzel was locked up for almost 18 years, her only glimpse of the outside world was a yearly sighting of floating lights. Little did she know that those floating lanterns were a memorial celebration for her, the lost princess. She sets off on an adventure to see the floating lanterns up close, and along the way she discovers her freedom, her past, and and true love. Nothing, not even momma drama, stood in her way of making her dreams come true. Timothy Q. Mouse from “Dumbo” 9 of 11 Dream: Dumbo's sidekick, Timothy Q. Mouse, hoped to make Dumbo a top act in the circus. Effort: Timothy worked hard to build Dumbo's self-confidence and convince the circus director that his big-eared pal was worthy of a spot in the circus. It was through Timothy's faith in his friend along with the help of a "magic feather" that helped Dumbo's confidence take hold and turned him into a famed member of the circus. Merida from “Brave” 10 of 11 Dream: Merida dreams of being able to choose her own path in life instead of getting married to whomever her parents choose. Effort: Talk about working hard to make a change! Merida stood up against tradition and worked hard to change the marriage customs in her land. While the botched spell that was cast on her mother could have torn the family apart, her bravery and perseverance helped them reunite and ultimately made her and her mother's bond stronger than ever. Milo from “Mars Needs Moms” 11 of 11 Dream: Milo wants to get his mom back from Martians who came to Earth to take her away. Effort: In the film, Milo's ingenuity helps him stowaway on a spaceship and travel all the way to Mars just to rescue his mother. He is met with many struggles — from being unable to breathe in the Martian atmosphere to Martian troops teaming up on him — but his bravery and steadfastness pay off and his mother is saved. Photo Source: Walt Disney Studios and Pixar Studios Article Posted 4 years Ago Share this article	i don't know
What was the Roman name for York?	York's ancient origins The City of York ORIGIN OF YORK The Roman name for York was Eboracum, based on a native British name for the ancient site. It is thought that the root of the early name was Eburos, an Ancient British personal name, which suggests that the site was founded by someone called Eburos. An alternative view is that the name is based on the Ancient British word Eburos meaning Yew, a sacred Celtic tree from which the personal name Eburos derives. In Roman times there was a tribe in Gaul called the Eburorovices, who were the 'Warriors of the Yew Tree'. When the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the north from Germany and Denmark in the sixth century they made Eboracum the capital of Deira, a Northumbrian sub-kingdom. Eboracum was corrupted by Anglo-Saxon speech into Eoforwic meaning 'wild boar settlement'. The Anglo-Saxons confused the Celtic word 'Ebor' meaning yew tree with their own word 'Eofor' meaning 'wild boar'. In 865 AD the Danes captured the North and in 876 Halfdene the Dane made Eoforwic the capital of the Viking Kingdom of York . Later in 918 AD a mixed race of Norwegian-Irish Vikings settled at York and for many years York was subordinated to the Viking stronghold at Dublin. Viking influence can still be detected in the street names of York, where the suffix 'gate' as in Stonegate or Goodramgate derives from the Old Norse 'gata' meaning road or way. Stonegate follows the course of a Roman road through the city and Goodramgate is named after Guthrum, a Viking leader. Above: Bootham Bar and York Minster from an old postcard The Vikings interpreted Eoforwic, the Anglo-Saxon name for York as Jorvik. The change of the Saxon f to a Viking V occured in other words in the English language such as the Anglo Saxon word 'Seofan' which was changed by the Vikings into its modern form 'Seven'. In the late Viking period it is thought that the name Jorvik was shortened to something resembling its present form, York and in the medieval age the name York was generally used, although an independent form 'Yerk' is known to have existed at this time. One of the problems of studying York's name is that many early records are written in Latin and thus use the Roman name Eboracum in periods when Eoforwic or Jorvik were used in every day speech. Today the early forms of York's name are still well known and although the Viking Kingdom of York no longer exists, its natural successor Yorkshire - 'the county of York' still takes its name from this ancient city. Search the site	Eboracum
In Yorkshire dialect, which animal is known as an attercop?	The Romans Arrive: History of York The Romans Arrive York ’s history truly begins with the Romans. The city was founded in about AD 71 when the 5,000 men of the Ninth Legion marched from Lincoln Eboracum, as the Romans called York , was born. More than a quarter of a century had passed from the Romans establishing a province in southern Britain . So what prompted the move north? It seems a royal love triangle may be the unlikely answer. Northern England at the time was largely populated by the Brigantes, a loose confederation of Celtic tribal groups. Their Queen, Cartimandua, favoured working with the Romans, unlike her estranged husband Venutius. According to the first-century historian Tacitus, when they separated Venutius first took up arms against the Queen and then against her Roman protectors. These skirmishes led to the Romans building fortifications on the frontier between their province and Brigantes, including a fort near Rotherham . When Cartimandua took her husband’s former armour bearer as her lover, the conflicts escalated. The queen was captured by Venutius’s forces and only rescued after fierce fighting in AD69. It was time for the invaders to impose their authority on the troublesome northerners, and in around AD71, the Roman Governor of Britain Quintus Petilius Cerealis led his troops northwards from Lincoln to invade the lands of the Brigantes. Why If anywhere exemplifies the Romans’ skill at identifying the perfect site for a fortress, York is it. When the Ninth Legion arrived in what was to become Eboracum there wasn’t much to see. No evidence has been found for a permanent native settlement in the heart of York prior to the Romans, so they would most likely have found before them little more than meadowland. Within a few generations they would have transformed unromantic countryside into the capital of the north. York had undoubted advantages for the task in hand. It was the ideal spot to launch attacks against Brigantian resistance in the North York Moors and the Pennine valleys. The site might also have lain on the boundary between the Brigantes and the Parisi, another tribe who lived to the East – making it a sort of neutral territory from which to supervise the natives. Being the spot where the river Foss joins the river Ouse gives York an obvious strategic appeal. Men and supplies could be transported from the North Sea to the settlement via the Ouse. York also offered ease of land transport. It sits on a ridge which the Romans used it as their main approach to the city. This route is still largely followed by the main road, the A64, today. The Romans chose to site their fortress not on the higher land but down between the two rivers. What they lost in height they gained by the defensive advantage of having the rivers on both sides. Besides, it stood on a slightly raised plateau which would have been more prominent in Roman times when rivers were as much as three metres lower than they are today.	i don't know
Which 12 century Cistercian abbey stood just outside Ripon?	Walking Into the Past at Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire — BucketTripper Walking Into the Past at Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire September 6, 2012 By Karen Warren Leave a Comment The ruins of Fountains Abbey (photo credit: Karen Warren, c 2012) Visiting Fountains Abbey is like peeling away layers of history. Are we exploring the 12th century Cistercian Abbey that became the wealthiest foundation in Europe, or the monastery that was plundered by Henry VIII, or the ruin that became part of an 18th century estate? Or are we just enjoying a walk in a 21st century park in the rolling North Yorkshire countryside? In reality, of course, it is all of these, and more. We visited on a sunny August morning when the park was full of visitors: families making the most of the school holidays, holiday makers and people enjoying a day off work. The park is huge – 800 acres in total – and it manages to remain peaceful while accommodating the crowds. Many visitors have stopped off at first base – piling into the adventure playground and the children’s exhibition area. A Wealthy Cistercian Monastery We pass the sign advertising forthcoming events at Fountains – craft workshops, open air theatre and family activities – then head towards the abbey. It is an impressive sight, a great stone skeleton nestling in a valley. It can only hint at past glories, but I try to flesh it out in my imagination as we walk through the vast cellarium, where the lay brothers (whose labour brought wealth to the abbey while the monks studied and prayed) lived, ate and slept. It was a mostly silent order, so any sounds must have echoed eerily from the high vaulted ceiling. The ruins are a paradise for children, with steps and passageways everywhere, and the silence is punctuated by their shrieks as they run around and explore. We walk round the cloisters, used by the monks for exercise and meditation, as well as to store the annual harvest of wool that made the abbey so rich. The fleeces were sold to visiting merchants from Italy: even in the Middle Ages Fountains was a magnet for overseas visitors. Georgian water gardens (photo credit: Karen Warren, c2012) Outside the abbey, people are sunbathing or picnicking on the grass. These are the gardens of Studley Royal, landscaped in the 18th century with the ruined abbey as a focal point. We walk alongside the river, past woodland and towards the Georgian water gardens. It would have been a very different landscape in the Middle Ages: not just covered with sheep, but also used for mining and quarrying. UNESCO World Heritage Site The whole park is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, because the natural beauty of the Yorkshire countryside and the ruins of the abbey have been blended with the landscaped gardens to create a ‘harmonious whole.’ It is also a recognition that the grounds influenced later garden design across the whole of England. The crescent shaped pools of the water gardens are surrounded by the remains of temples and statues. Restoration work is taking place: a notice board tells us that a lot of ‘detective work’ is being done, to find out what the gardens were really like in the 18th century. The church is full of carved and painted animals (photo credit: Karen Warren, c2012) On to the mediaeval deer park, where the deer are keeping a low profile as this is the breeding season. Beyond is the High Gothic Victorian St Mary’s Church and the Jacobean Fountains Hall, which are both part of the UNESCO inscription. We spend some time inside the church, where we amuse ourselves by searching for carved and painted animals. Finally, we take a long last look at the gardens and the abbey in the distance before heading off home. Practicalities Fountains Abbey is around 4 miles from Ripon in North Yorkshire. Buses run regularly from Ripon between April and October, and there is a large car park if you prefer to drive. For the energetic, there is footpath access from Ripon. Guided tours are available in the summer. The property includes shops, restaurant and a tearoom.	Fountains Abbey
What is the occupation of famous Hawaii resident ‘Dog’ Chapman and his wife Beth?	Location About Brown Hare Cottage A very warm welcome to Brown Hare Cottage, a bijou one-bedroom hideaway within walking distance of World Heritage site Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal. With its sleepy hamlet location and gorgeous views of the surrounding countryside, it’s perfect for couples and solo travelers aching to un-plug and relax. Set in an old converted farm building, Brown Hare cottage is a cosy and very comfortable holiday home with a fantastic location. Inside you’ll find a well-proportioned open plan living space housing the lounge, dining area and kitchen. Everything within easy reach and absolutely perfect for anyone with reduced mobility… The décor is one of neutral soft tones, where everything has been carefully chosen to maximise the sense of tranquility in the cottage. Soft grey walls, hand-painted furniture and a comfy sofa combine to create a space you’ll want to retreat back to after a busy day’s sight-seeing. There’s an LCD TV & DVD Player in here and Wi-Fi is provided if you need to catch up online. The neat kitchen comes equipped with a gas hob, oven/grill, dishwasher and everything else you will need to rustle up something yummy. And you’ll arrive to some home-made cake to get you started! Chunky wooden work-tops and cream units are joined by a smart slate floor underneath. The dining table sits by the window affording lovely uninterrupted views of the Yorkshire countryside. With little traffic passing by, throw open the window to hear the clip-clop of horses trotting up the road or the call of curlews sweeping by. And so to bed…This romantic Yorkshire Cottage has a rather funky king-size bed with back-lit mood lighting giving the room a cosy feel. This room also enjoys those lovely open views to the front. The house bathroom features a walk-in shower and WC. Outside there’s a private sheltered garden complete with a picnic bench, perfect for those lazy summer lunches over a bottle of wine, or two. Plenty of off-road parking too. Local Area Brown Hare Cottage has a beautiful location set in the rolling green countryside of Nidderdale, just four miles outside the ancient City of Ripon. It offers the peace and tranquillity of the Yorkshire Dales countryside with the delights of cosmopolitan Harrogate less than half an hour away. With miles of stunning walks and mountain bike trails literally from the doorstep, the cottage is heaven for lovers of all things outdoors. And for eats you’ll find no shortage of excellent gastro pubs and restaurants in the area, including the Michelin-Starred Yorke Arms and fantastic Timble Inn only half an hour away by car. Nearby Ripon offers more options for eats as well as boasting a Thursday market, Cathedral, numerous coffee shops, pubs, restaurants and a nice collection of independent shops to explore. This area of Yorkshire has enough historical sites to keep you busy for a week with Ripley Castle, Newby Hall and Norton Conyers. And of course the world famous Fountains Abbey and the adjoining Studley Royal Water Garden are both within walking distance. Three miles west of Ripon, this World Heritage site is deservedly one of the National Trust’s most visited locations. As well as the spectacular ruins of a 12th Century Cistercian abbey, the grounds are home to an Elizabethan Mansion, a medieval deer park and some of the most romantic vistas in the country. There’s also Ripon Cathedral. Smaller than its close neighbour, York Minster, Ripon Cathedral is still an awe inspiring site. In addition, every night for at least 450 years, the Ripon Hornblower has sounded the curfew at 9.00pm from all 4 sides of the obelisk in the market place, come rain or shine, followed by a 15 minutes history of the ceremony and the city – not to be missed! If you are partial to a flutter, Ripon Race Ground has around 15 meets from April to early September. Known as ‘Yorkshire’s Garden Racecourse’ it has a distinct atmosphere harking back to a bygone era - traditional tea-rooms and bandstands sit alongside the champagne bar. Harrogate is an absolute must if you’re staying here. Encircled by its famous ‘Stray’ or ‘200 acres’ of horseshoe shaped grassland, the Victorian Spa town of Harrogate has a bright and breezy open air feel and is characterised by its impressive floral displays. And as you would expect of such a bustling upbeat town, Harrogate boasts over 300 bars and restaurants together with all the shops, cinemas, parks and gardens you could ever wish for. Head a few miles in the opposite direction and you will find Pateley Bridge, a charming little market town very typical of this area of Yorkshire. The Main Street is peppered with cafes, restaurants, local stores and a quality butchers – everything you need to stock up for your stay. You’ll also find the self-proclaimed ‘Oldest Sweet Shop in England’ here dating back to the early 1800s - little has changed inside since then. Pateley Bridge sits at the heart of the breathtaking Nidderdale landscape, itself an AONB and immediately adjacent to the Yorkshire Dales National Park. There are bags of local attractions and stunning natural sights within easy driving distance including the much-loved Brimham Rocks, just a few miles from the cottage. So lots of options for day trips! Reviews	i don't know
Which musical instrument was based on the Portuguese ‘draguinha’?	ATLAS of Plucked Instruments - Europe West Tube flamenco guitar The flamenco guitar is usually quite similar in size and appearence to the classical guitar (see guitars early ). In general the difference will be that it is slightly lighter and therefore sounds a bit sharper (less sustain). The typical flamenco guitar will have "golpeadors" - some kind of protection (scratch plate) of the front, because part of the playing is tapping with the right hand ringfinger on the front. This scratch plate can be bright white, or nowadays just clear plastic. The placing of the golpeadors is not standard : sometimes more around the top of the soundhole, and sometimes on both sides (left and right). To make the guitar lighter, friction pegs were prefered to the normal guitar machines, but are now rare. The sides and back of the body are often made of lighter coloured wood, like cypress (or sycamore). The playing is usually quite virtuous, with left hand pulling-off and hammering-on for superfast passages, and right hand rolling fingers, damping with the hand, tapping on the front, etc. Often a capodastre is used, to ease the use of open strings when playing in other modes to ease the singers voice. Flamenco is a style of singing and dancing, which seems to have origins in Indian ragas, but also with lots of Arabian influence. For more information about Spanish instruments, see Tamborileros (in Spanish). Tube guitarro / guitarrico The guitarro is a small sized instrument with the shape of a guitar, but not like a requinto, and more like a cavaquinho or ukulele. The guitarro is used in the areas of Aragon, La Mancha, Andalusia and Murcia, and on the Baleares. They all belong to the same type, but there are small local variaties and much depends on the maker. Sometimes it is called guitarrico (in Aragon) or tiple (on Menorca); on Palma de Mallorca : guitarró Mallorqui. The guitarro is made like a miniature guitar, and properly varnished, not rustic like many ukuleles. The fretboard is flat with the front. Often the top of the front has an overlay of different wood. It can have tuning machines or tuning pegs from the back. Although originally the strings were made of gut, nowadays nylon is used. The guitarro may have just 4 or 5 single strings, but sometimes the 3 middle courses are double. The tuning is often like a guitar/ukulele : b' f#' d'' a'' e'', or : d" g" c" e" a". See for the local varieties in Spain : Tamborileros , and for the Baleares : see Musicasa . guitarrico Tube bandurria The bandurria is a small mandolin-like instrument, but differently tuned, and used for the popular Rondalla music. The bandurria can also be found in other countries : mainly in South America, but surprisingly also on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia ). The bandurria is made like a guitar, but in a teardrop shape, with a flat back. The neck is very short and the strings run over a saddle on the glued-on bridge (in guitar-style), but then continue to a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. It has 6 double metal courses, and is tuned in 5-5-5-5-5 (frets): g#g# c'#c'# f'#f'# b'b' e''e'' a''a'' It is the smallest instrument of the Rondalla group, which also includes a (normal 6-string) guitar, a standing bass and a laud (bigger, and tuned an octave lower than the bandurria - see under). Playing is with a plectrum, mainly playing the melody lines. Tube laud The laud is the bigger size bandurria, used to play in Rondalla music. The shape is very typical for this instrument. A similar instrument is played on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia ) and Cuba (see AmericaCentral ). The laud is made like a guitar, with a flat back. The body has often a wavy outline on the sides, but you can also find them in a teardrop shape. The soundholes are usually two f-holes with a central teardrop, but nowadays they also make them with a guitar-like round soundhole. As with the bandurria the strings run over a saddle on the glued-on bridge, then through holes in the bridge to a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. The string length of a laud is about double that of the bandurria, so it is one octave lower. It has 6 double metal courses, tuned in 5-5-5-5-5 : G#G# c#c# f#f# bb e'e' a'a' The laud is played with a plectrum, playing chords and riffs in the Rondalla. top Portugal In Portugal the (Spanish) guitar is quite popular; however here it is called viola (when played with the guitarra portuguesa) or guitarra classica (in solo concerts). In Brazilian Portuguese it is called violão. The electric guitar is always called guitarra. Besides these six-string guitars, there exists another guitar-like instrument, which is also called viola, but this instrument has 5 metal courses and comes with many different names, refering to the locality where it is in use. These instruments were almost extinct, but quite recently there seems to be a revival and all the types of violas can easily be bought again. You will notice that it is sometimes difficult to establish the name of the specific viola, as (apart from the decoration) the peghead may be different/similar, the soundhole may be different/similar, and the shape of the bridge may be different/similar. Usually only the number of strings and the arrangement of the thickness of strings makes it clear which viola it is. Some alternative models are shown. The peghead of most instruments can be either flat (with friction pegs or with machine-tuners from behind) or slotted (like a guitar), with maybe a strip of mirror in the middle, or with a special tuning machine like the guitarra portuguesa. It usually depends on the maker, but the cheaper versions usually have the guitar-style slotted head. Another typical detail of the violas is the special bridge, which has a separate strip of wood in front of the real bridge. Most violas are strummed to accompany singing. Notice that all violas have a 3/4 size equivalent, called requinto. A typical detail for ALL Portuguese instruments is the lack of purfling to protect the edge of the soundboard : the decorative inlay lines are always a bit away from the edge, leaving the edge itself unprotected. For information and pictures of all kinds of Portuguese plucked instruments see the nice website of José Lucio (in Portuguese). Many pictures here come from that website and from his book. example : bought via internet from Acousticmelo, Portugal 2015 L=790 B=400 H=90mm scale 445mm Tube Lisboa type guitarra portuguesa The (Spanish) guitar is in Portugal called the viola (see under). The guitarra is a mandolin shaped instrument, which is a descendant of the English guitar. The special - very typical - peghead with tuningmachines are based on the ones used by the 18th century English guitar maker Preston, and by some German Waldzittern. The guitarra is made like a guitar, with a flat back and a round soundhole. The fingerboard is raised above the front, and usually quite rounded. It may have a small scratchplate next to the soundhole. The tuninghead is always made with a special type of tuning machines (almost solely found on Portuguese instruments). By turning the top screw, the hook (on which the end of the string is fastened) slides up and down to tune the string. From the back of the machines the peghead has a kind of sickle shape. The metal strings run from the loop on the tuning machines over a rather high loose bridge (made of wood or plastic) to a row of pins on a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. There are two main kinds of guitarra : the Lisboa and the Coimbra type. The difference is the tuning, size and the end of the peghead. guitarra de Lisboa : Tube viola braguesa This is the most well-known viola of Portugal : the viola braguesa, which is typical of northwestern Portugal around the town of Braga, between the Douro and Minho Rivers. So it is also called viola da Braga. All violas are made like a normal guitar, but the fretboard stops at the edge of the body, and is flush with the soundboard. The sound hole of a viola braguesa is usually a half circle with two teardrops on top, but some may have a normal round sound hole. The bridge has a decorative "mustache", with two glued-on leaves on both sides. The tuning head could have the vague shape of a three-foil, but (as with all Portuguese instruments) it can also be made either like the guitarra portuguesa (Coimbra-style, with its typical tuning machines), or with friction pegs, or slotted with normal guitar-like tuning machines. It all depends on the maker. The bridge is very typical for all violas : the strings run first over a loose thin piece of wood (the actual bridge), then through gaps in the glued-on bridge and are then turned back and fixed with loops to pins (screws) on the bridge. The number of pins is not necessarily the number of strings, but is usually six. Tuning of the viola braguesa is in 5-courses: c'c, g'g, a'a, d'd', g'g' (this is like the Coimbra-style guitarra tuning, omitting the highest course). Tube viola amarantina The viola amarantina is called after the northern town of Amarante in Minho Province. It seems not much used anymore. This viola has two heart shaped soundholes, and is the only viola with the fingerboard continuing in the soundboard (but still flush with it). The frets above the tenth fret are shorter, and are only under the highest strings. The bridge is similar to the viola braguesa, with two glued-on leaves on both sides. This makes it different from the similar looking viola de diz cordes of Cape Verde and from the viola da terra used on the Azores , which both have a straight bridge. Usually there is also some inlay decoration beneath the bridge, in the shape of a flower with leaves. The tuning of the 5 metal strings of the viola amarantina is in 5 courses : d'd a'a b'b e'e' a'a' (like the guitarra tuning - see viola braguesa). Tube viola campaniça This viola is from the area of Baixo Alentejo, mainly in the region of Vila Verde de Ficalho. The viola campaniça has a tight slim waist and 10 strings, so it looks much like the viola beiroa, but it misses the short strings. It usually has some decoration of three stylised leaves under the bridge. The bridge has some extensions, ending in a square star shape. Nowadays the round soundhole is decorated with star-like inlay. The tuning head is flat, with friction pegs or machine tuners. Often there are still 12 of them, but only 10 are used for the 5 double courses (originally the 4th and 5th course were triple). The tuning of the 5 double courses of the viola campaniça is quite special : c'c f'f c'c' e'e' g'g'. Playing is usually picking with only the thumb, and mainly to accompany singing. The viola campaniça seems to be still in popular use. Tube cavaquinho The cavaquinho [pronounced : kah-vah-keen-you] is the small guitar of Portugal. It is made like a small Spanish guitar, but the soundhole, bridge and tuning head may follow any of the types mentioned above under the violas and guitarra. The fingerboard is flush with the front. Sometimes the top of the front is covered with different coloured wood like a scratchplate. Although it is the same size as a ukulele, notice that the 4 strings are made of metal, and tuned sometimes like a' a' c#'' e'', or like d' b' g'' d''. The cavaquinho is the grandfather of the ukulele : it first went to Madeira (in 1854, to become the braguinha) and then on to Hawaii (in 1879) to become the ukulele. Tube banjolim This instrument is the Portuguese banjo and comes in different sizes and with a different number of strings (often with different names, like viola banjo / banjolim / banjola / banjo de acordes / banjo trompete. There are banjos of cavaquinho-size with 4 single strings; a larger one with 4 single strings is a kind of tenor banjo : (banjo de acordes). With 4 double strings and the size of a mandolin : the banjolim; a larger one with 4 double strings, the size of a mandola : the banjola. With 6 strings as a guitar-like banjo : the viola banjo. They are all used for folk music. Usually the body of these banjo's is made of a round wooden box (side and back), in which the "drum" with the metal rim and the skin front, are fixed with a screw. The body of the banjo trompete (which is about the same size as the banjolim,) is made of metal (front and side together), with a wooden back. Tube timple On the west coast of Africa (near Morocco) are the (Spanish) Canary Islands. Here a special kind of cavaquinho exists : the 5 string timple. It is mainly made and used on the island of Lanzarote, and has similarities with the 16th century renaissance guitar. The timple has a strong vaulted back (which can also be found on the Mexican vihuela and some South American charangos). The peghead is either with friction pegs (from the back) or with tuning machines. There are only 7 frets, and the fingerboard is flush with the front. It has a glued-on bridge. It has 5 nylon strings and the tuning is like a renaissance lute : 5-4-5-5 (halftones) : g' c'' e' a' d''. It is played by strumming chords, to accompany singing, usually in large folk groups, with guitars. the vaulted back of the timple Tube braguinha On the Portuguese island of Madeira (just north of the Canary islands, more towards Portugal) they use three typical plucked instruments, that differ from the mainland Portuguese instruments. Note especially that the extra strip in front of the bridge is not used on the Madeira instruments. The smallest of the three guitar-like instruments is a type of cavaquinho, with the name braguinha (or braguinã) - in fact "little braga" (see viola de braga). It is also called machete, or machete de braga. It seems to have arrived on the island from Portugal in 1854 and was taken to Hawaii in 1879, where it became the ukulele (but with the tuning of the rajão - see under). The construction of a braguinha is like a tiny guitar, with a flat back and 4 metal strings. The tuning head can be flat with friction pegs from the back, or open like a guitar, with tuning machines. Sometimes the top half of the front is covered with different wood, like a scratchplate, but often it looks like a small rajão, so also with a raised fingerboard. The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The tuning of the 4 metal strings is d' g' b' d'' (the 5-string banjo tuning). The braguinha is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing. rajão The rajão is the slightly bigger relative of the braguinha, with 5 courses. The rajão is made like a small guitar, with a raised fingerboard. It has friction pegs from the back or normal guitar-like tuning machines (2x3). The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. It has 6 metal strings in 5 courses : the first course is double. The tuning is guitar-like : d' g' c' e' a'a' . The rajão is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing. The short story about the birth of the ukulele is that both the braguinha and the rajão sailed in 1879 to Hawaii. Here the ukulele developed, by getting its size from the braguinha, and its tuning from the rajão. For the full story see : Coolhanduke , and for the ukulele see AmericaNorth . Tube viola de arame (da Madeira) On Madeira they use besides the normal guitar (called violão) the viola, here with 9 metal strings in 5 courses (the second course is a single string). The viola de arame (or viola da Madeira) looks quite a lot like a normal spanish guitar (but a bit smaller and more slender), with a raised fingerboard and a glued-on bridge (so no separate strip, although you may see them on some older models). The tuning head can be flat, with friction pegs from behind, or slotted like a guitar, with tuning machines on both sides. The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The 9 strings are tuned in 5 courses in open G : gG dD gg b d'd'. Sometimes all the courses are double. Tube viola da terra On the Portuguese islands of the Azores (northwest of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean) two special violas exist. One is the viola da terra, mainly found on the island São Miguel (although I have also seen it in shops on other islands), so another name for it is viola Micaelense. With the two heart shape soundholes the viola da terra looks quite similar to the viola amarantina, but it has 12 strings (not 10). The separate fingerboard is inlayed in the soundboard and the bridge ends in bird-like figures. It has a flower-like (or the more expensive models : a harp-like) inlay beneath the bridge. The tuning head can be any shape of a viola, and sometimes it has a narrow strip of mirror in the middle. It has 12 metal strings, in 5 courses in a kind of open g-tuning : aaA d'd'd gg bb d'd'. The viola da terra is mainly used to accompany singing in large groups with other stringed instruments. When played solo, only the thumb is used to pluck. Left is an example I saw in a shop in São Miguel in 2011. I was told that due to the high humidity of the Azores, the better instruments are nowadays made on mainland Portugal. Right another (older) viola da terra I bought via eBay in 2004. This example instrument was probably made in USA, where many Azoreans emigrated to. For lots of information see this weblog (in Portuguese). Note that a quite similar viola is used on the Cape Verde Islands (see under). Tube viola da terceira This viola is typical of the Azorean island of Terceira, and thus called viola da Terceira, or viola Terceirense. It comes in a version with 15 strings and one with even 18 strings. This viola is the only one with more than 5 courses. The viola da Terceira is quite guitar-like, (also in size and tuning) with a raised fingerboard. Tuning is with friction pegs from behind, or with normal guitar-like tuning machines. The bridge has no "mustaches" (and no pins), but decorative square blocks on both sides. Other decoration on the front is inlay flowers beneath the bridge. 15-string viola da terceira example : bought from the maker Marcos Costa, Ponta do Sol, Santo Antão, Cabo Verde, 2006 L=560 B=180 H=75mm scale 360mm cavaquinho The republic of Cape Verde ("Cabo Verde") is a collection of small vulcanic islands off the coast of central Africa; therefore it should have been on the Africa page. However, I have put it on this page of West Europe, as it has more relations with the Portuguese instruments than the African ones. Music on Cape Verde (which sounds very much like Brazilian and/or Portuguese music) is made in small groups with a guitar (violão), a violin, a (10 string) viola and a small cavaquinho. All the instruments are locally made, mainly on the island of São Vicente with the town Mindelo. The cavaquinho on Cape Verde is usually more like the bigger size cavaquinho from Brazil (or even larger !), than the slender one from Portugal (although the string length for all is more or less the same). On the island Santo Antão I saw some smaller ones (see the example) which are more the size of the Portuguese cavaquinho. The cavaquinhos are made like a small guitar, and have 4 metal strings with the tuning : d g' b' d'' (so no re-entrant tuning). Most of the instruments have white lines around the body and around the soundholes. Just a few also have scratchplates (like the example). The bridge is not like the Portuguese cavaquinho with an extra strip of wood, but like the spanish guitar. The neck is much wider than the cavaquinhos from Brazil or Portugal. The cavaquinhos are used to accompany singing by strumming and occasional a short solo. Selection of instruments by the local maker Aniceto Gomes (in Mindelo) : a 12-string guitar, a cavaquinho, a viola de 10 cordas, two violãos; in the back: two bandolims, a cavaquinho, and a banjolim. (picture from his website) Tube viola de dez cordas Music on Cape Verde (which sounds very much like Portuguese and/or Brazilian music) is made in small groups with a guitar (violão), a violin, a (10 string) viola and a small cavaquinho. All the instruments are locally made. The guitar (violão) looks usually very much like the normal spanish (or classical) guitar, with nylon strings. It often plays repeated riffs or bass-lines. The rhythm strumming of chords in this group is done by the cavaquinho and the viola de dez cordas, both with metal strings. The viola de dez cordes ("10-string guitar") is made like a slightly smaller guitar. It has two heart-shaped soundholes, so it looks very much like the viola da terra from the Azores; however it has only 10 metal strings in 5 courses, instead of 12. The difference with the similar looking viola amarantina from Portugal (also with 10 strings) is the shape of the bridge, which resembles the one of the viola da terra. The tuning is guitar-like : aa dd' gg bb e'e'. The viola de dez cordas is only used for strumming. Tube Irish bouzouki In Ireland folk music is very popular, and is often played in pubs; mainly using all kinds of acoustic instruments that are easy to carry about, like violins and flutes. The plucked instruments include (of course) the mandolin, the small tenor banjo (in mandolin tuning) and the (steelstring) guitar. From the Greek bouzouki developed (with some influence from a long neck cittern) the irish bouzouki. Sometimes also called Irish cittern, or Celtic cittern, but nowadays those names refer to a 5 course instrument (see page cittern ). The irish bouzouki is made with the body of a flat back mandolin. It has a long guitar-neck, and a small loose bridge. The 8 metal strings in 4 courses run over a loose wooden bridge to a mandolin-like string fastener at the edge of the body. Tuning varies between players : guitar-like, or mandolin-like, or some open tuning (like A D a d), etc. The irish bouzouki is used (like all other plucked instruments in Irish music) to accompany each other and occasionally get a solo part. For a discussion about the confusion of the names of all related mandolins and cittern - see thesession ). For lots of information about the Irish bouzouki see Han's website .	Ukulele
What was the title of the only UK number 1 hit single by B Bumble and the Stingers?	Unusual Instruments Even YOU Can Learn to Play Unusual Instruments Even YOU Can Learn to Play May 27, 2014 by Jill Liphart Music is ancient. Humans have been making music with their voices and with instruments for approximately the last 37,000 years. During that time, musical instruments have evolved from cave men banging rocks and sticks together to the Zeusaphone. The Zeusaphone is an instrument based on Nicola Tesla’s invention the Tesla coil. This instrument uses high frequency, low voltage electricity to create both music and a spectacular light show. What if these instruments just don’t quite catch your interest? Are there other options? Check out these unusual instruments and see what it takes to step outside the music box. Ukulele The ukulele is typically considered as a Hawaiian instrument. This is not exactly the true origin of this little guitar like instrument. The ukulele is an adaptation of a Portuguese instrument called a machete de braga or simply a machete. In August of 1879 Portuguese immigrants from the island of Maderia docked their ship Ravenscrag in Honolulu. To celebrate their safe arrival the Portuguese immigrants brought out their machetes and played in the streets. Three of the immigrants were cabinet makers. These three craftsmen, Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are credited with the creation of the ukulele. An appreciation of the instrument quickly caught on, even with the Hawaiian royal family. The interest of the royalty gave rise to the tradition of making the ukulele out of Koa wood, which is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Koa wood is typically associated with royalty and Hawaiian pride. Soon after the machete made its way to Hawaii local craftsmen adapted the instrument and created a slightly different tuning that made the instrument easier to play. The word ukulele literally translates to “jumping flea” in English. The ukulele has enjoyed and on and off popularity during its relatively short history. Currently it is very popular among school children and adults. The ukulele is a relatively easy instrument to learn to play. The ukulele is inexpensive when compared to most other stringed instruments. It is small enough to be easily transportable, and it is fun! Harmonica The humble harmonica traces its roots all the way back to ancient China and an instrument called the Sheng. The sheng is one of the oldest Chinese instruments dating back to around 1100 BCE and is the first documented free-reed instrument. The development of the harmonica then takes us from ancient China to Nineteenth Century Germany. A young German named Christian Fredich Ludwig Buschmann is credited with the invention of the first harmonica. He is also credited with the invention of the accordion but there are some arguments against that one. The original harmonica was created as a pocket tuning device for a much larger musical instrument invented by Buschmanns’ father called a terpodion. Matthias Hohner, a German clockmaker by trade, started making harmonicas in 1857. His business originally consisted of himself, his wife and one employee. Currently Hohner is still the most widely recognized harmonica maker in the world. The company has expanded greatly and now makes guitars, ukuleles, banjos and kazoos. What kind of music is played on the harmonica? Most people associate the harmonica with music that is uniquely American such as blues and American folk music. While the harmonica is a large part of these music styles it is not limited to them. The harmonica is an amazingly versatile instrument and can be played in many different styles. The harmonica is a wonderful instrument for people that want to learn to play an instrument but don’t have a lot of money to spend. Good harmonicas are cheap, exceptionally portable, and again just plain fun to play! Banjo The banjo got its start in Africa. It came to America from African slaves in the 17th century that tried to re-create instruments from their homelands. The original instrument from Africa was called the banjar and consisted of a hollowed out, half gourd with an animal skin stretched tightly over the opening. Three or four strings, made of horse hair or gut, were strung on a flattened stick and tightened with smaller sticks at the end. There were no frets in the early days of the banjos’ existence. In the southern plantations the materials needed to build a banjar were readily available and the instrument was very popular among the slaves. Early in the 1800’s some whites began to learn to play the banjo and the instruments popularity began to grow. Over the last 200 years the banjo has continued to develop and change. Currently there are three main styles of banjo, the plectrum banjo, the tenor banjo and the 5 string banjo. Each style of banjo lends itself to different styles of music and different techniques. The 5 string banjo is an excellent place to start learning and the “up-picking” style will allow the musician to transition to other popular styles easily. Chromatic Autoharp The chromatic autoharp is a stringed instrument that has keys, called dampers, which stop the sound coming from any other strings besides the ones wanted for the cord being played. Although the name autoharp may cause people to assume this instrument is a harp it is actually a corded zither. The story of the invention of the autoharp is actually quite interesting and has its fair share of intrigue. In 1882 Charles Zimmerman, a German immigrant living in Philadelphia, was awarded a US patent for an instrument he called an autoharp. Unlike modern autoharps, Zimmerman’s design was symmetrical and the felt covered bars moved horizontally on the strings instead of vertically. It appears that Zimmerman never commercially manufactured his patented design. At that same time K.A. Gütter in Germany was given a British patent for an instrument he called a Volkszither. After a trip to Germany, Zimmerman returned to Philadelphia and began to manufacture an instrument that closely resembled Gütter’s volkszither design under the patent he was originally given for his autoharp design. While Gütter’s design became very popular, Zimmerman is usually given credit for the invention of the instrument. Modern day autoharps have either 36 or 37 strings and can be strung in either the diatonic or the chromatic scales. The diatonic autoharp is excellent for chordal accompaniment and can even be used to play some fiddle tunes by skilled players. The chromatic autoharp can be used to play many bluegrass and folk melodies. The autoharp is relatively easy to learn as a rhythm instrument and many students find a great deal of joy in learning to play more complex melodies. Unusual Musical Instruments Learning to play a musical instrument is good for you. It helps you stay healthy both mentally and emotionally and it keeps your brain working quickly as you age. Consider learning to play one of these unusual instruments as a way to set your inner musician free. The ukulele and the harmonica are excellent choices for those that need an inexpensive instrument that can go anywhere easily. The banjo and the chromatic autoharp are great choices for those that can handle a larger instrument and really want to devote themselves to mastering a unique new skill. Whatever instrument you choose, remember that becoming a virtuoso does not happen overnight. Musical instruments take practice and a good instructor can make the process of learning to read and play music even more enjoyable.	i don't know
What is the surname of the character who sings ‘Boy For Sale’ in the musical ‘Oliver!’?	Oliver! the Musical London Palladium - Opened 8 Dec 1994, closed 21 Feb 1998 Cast: Jonathan Pryce, Sally Dexter 2009 London Revival Theatre Royal Drury Lane - Opened 14 Feb 2009, closed 8 Jan 2011 Cast: Rowan Aitkinson, Jodie Prenger (winner of BBC’s I’d Do Anything – search for the stars of Oliver!) What was your favourite production? Add your thoughts in the comments box Synopsis Twitter Synopsis: Greedy orphan runs away and becomes a pickpocket under watchful eye of criminal mastermind. Buxom girlfriend’s defense leads to murder. Add your own Twitter style synopsis (140 characters only!) in the comments box The show opens in a workhouse, where boys line up to be fed their daily portion of gruel, wishing for something more, “Food, Glorious Food”. As Mr Bumble and Widow Corney teach the boys to be thankful to God, young Oliver Twist is dared to ask for more food. Bumble is shocked by the request (“Oliver”) and decides that the boy is trouble and needs to leave the workhouse, selling him to an undertaker, “Boy For Sale”, not before suggesting his amorous advances to Widow Corney, “I Shall Scream”. At the undertakers parlour he is warned against behaving badly as Mr Sowerberry tells him “That’s Your Funeral”. Alone, Oliver wishes for a happier life and sings “Where is Love?”. He decides to run away to London, and dashes off in the middle of the night. As he arrives in bustling Victorian London he is greeted by the Artful Dodger, a boy his age who earns a living by pick pocketing on the streets. Dodger introduces him to his way of life and says ‘Consider Yourself’ one of the gang. He leads him back to see Fagin, the crook who runs the thieves kitchen. In Fagin’s den, Oliver is surprised at the number of boys working for him. They teach him that “You’ve Got to Pick a Pocket or Two” in order to survive. Whilst Fagin looks after the boys, they are all under the watchful eye of sinister robber Bill Skyes, whose girlfriend Nancy is sympathetic to the gang. Nancy tells Oliver that “It’s a Fine Life” if he is happy to have nothing. The boys are playful towards Nancy and her friend Bet, telling them that “I’d Do Anything”. Fagin has enough of their games and send them out to the streets to pick pocket, getting them to bring back whatever they can find, but “Be Back Soon”. Whilst on the rob Oliver gets into trouble when he makes a failed attempt at trying to take Mr Brownlow’s wallet. He tries to escape but is captured by the police. Act II opens at the Three Cripples Arms where Nancy works as a barmaid. She sings an old drinking song “Oom pa Pa” to entertain the guests. Bill Sykes arrives and reminds everyone why they should fear “My Name”. He is furious to hear that Oliver has been captured and concocts a plan with Fagin and Dodger to get him back. Alone, Nancy admits that she will do anything for Bill, despite his violent nature “As Long As He Needs Me”. Over at Mr Brownlow’s house in Bloomsbury, Oliver is being cared for by the Doctor and Housemaid who sings “Where is Love? (reprise)” to him. They discuss his condition and send him out to run an errand. Oliver is taken in by the beauty of Bloomsbury that opens out in front of him, “Who Will Buy?” As the crowds disperse, Nancy appears to try and get Oliver back and they kidnap him, taking him back to the thieves kitchen. Nancy argues with Bill about the plan (“It’s a Fine Life Reprise”) and he beats her. Fagin questions his future and whether or not he should continue life as a thief, (“Reviewing the Situation”). Over at the workhouse, Mr Bumble and the now married Mrs Bumble discover a locket that belonged to Oliver’s mother Agnes. They realise that he may have wealthy connections, and journey to find the boy (“Oliver (reprise)”. Mr Brownlow throws the pair out, but recognises the picture in the locket to be his daughter, meaning that Oliver is in fact his grandson. He swears to find the boy and look after him for good. Nancy visits Mr Brownlow and tells him she will bring Oliver to him that night on London Bridge. She knows she is going against Bill’s wishes, but wants to help the boy have a better life, (“As Long As He Needs Me Reprise”). Bill catches wind of the plan and rushes to London Bridge to meet Nancy and Oliver. He intercepts the meeting and beats Nancy to death as she struggles. A chase ensues across London until the police track Bill down and shoot him. Oliver is reunited with his grandfather and they both mourn the death of Nancy. Fagin and Dodger decide it is time to move on with their life of crime (“Reviewing the Situation Reprise”) as the curtain falls. Songs You’ve Got To Pick-A-Pocket Or Two Rum Tum Tum It’s A Fine Life I’d Do Anything As Long As He Needs Me, Where Is Love (Reprise) It’s A Fine Life (Reprise) Reviewing The Situation As Long As He Needs Me (Reprise) London Bridge	Bumble
Which country is bordered by Italy, Austria, Croatia and Hungary?	Oliver! (Broadway Production, 1963) \| Ovrtur There are no additional song lists. Trivia & History Michael Goodman is heard as The Artful Dodger on the cast recording of this production, which was recorded during the pre-Broadway tryout. By the time the production reached Broadway, David (aka Davy) Jones (a replacement in the role from the London production) was playing the role. Bruce Prochnik , playing the title role, was another London replacement who came to Broadway in the role he had played in London. Prior to playing the role on Broadway, Prochnik had played Oliver in a 13-part British television dramatization of the Dickens novel. In that television production, Willoughby Goddard played Mr. Bumble, the same character he would play in the Broadway production of the musical. Goddard seems not to have appeared in the London production of the musical. Four original London cast members were in the Broadway cast: Georgia Brown as Nancy, Danny Sewell as Bill Sikes, Hope Jackman as Mrs. Corney, and Barry Humphries as Mr. Sowerberry. Humphries was not originally supposed to be in the Broadway production. He joined the company during the pre-Broadway tour, replacing Frederic Warriner in the role. For at least part of the pre-Broadway tour, Sowerberry's song, "That's Your Funeral," which he sings with Mrs. Sowerberry and Mr. Bumble, was not in the show. This explains why it is not on the Broadway cast recording. As mentioned above, the recording was made during the pre-Broadway tryout. The song was in the production when it reached Broadway.	i don't know
Which town stands at the confluence of the rivers Thames and Kennet?	On the river On the river On the river Waterways have always been important to Reading. The town owes its existence to its location on the Thames and the Kennet Rivers, and has seven miles of unspoilt river frontage. The centre of the town is close to the confluence of the two rivers with the town’s history and present revolving around them. The River Kennet The Kennet flows through the centre of today’s town centre, bisecting the Oracle and providing riverside dining opportunities. It then flows past the ruins of Reading Abbey on its journey east with a weir and pumping station (now a restaurant) before it meets the Thames. The River Thames The Thames is a few hundred metres north of Reading town centre, beyond the Great Western Mainline. A short walk under the station subway and across Vastern Road brings you to the south bank. The new pedestrian bridge links you to leafy Caversham and beyond. Make the most of the rivers Today, both rivers play an important part in the town’s leisure time. Rowing clubs dot the banks of the Thames, narrow boats and other craft are up and down and through the locks; The Thames Path takes walks through the heart of Reading while there are great walks to pubs and cafes both east and west of Reading on both the Kennet and Thames. River cruises are available from near Caversham Bridge on the Thames. The annual Waterfest celebrates the town’s water heritage Caversham Court Gardens is an historic Thameside garden listed on the English Heritage Gardens Register. Regenerated thanks to a major Heritage Lottery Grant, the 17th and 19th Century features of the garden have come back to life. Christchurch Bridge is the newest bridge over the whole stretch of the Thames. Linking leafy Caversham to the town centre, this pedestrian and cycle bridge is winning architectural awards. You can play bowls on an island in the middle of the Thames Join a canoe club to see the town from the river Thames Valley Park is a popular recreation area east of the city centre Sonning Village is a pleasant 4 mile walk east of Reading along the river. Stop at Sonning Lock for coffee and cake on the island. As part of a weekend break, a leisurely afternoon cruise to nearby Henley, Mapledurham or Beale Park is a highlight, or enjoy the action of the various regattas, canoe races and other events which are a regular feature of the summer months. You may even make the river your base for the weekend by renting a cruiser or barge for a few nights and exploring the best of the Thames from the water.	Reading
In 1972 John Hicks became the first Briton to win which of the Nobel Prizes?	Reading - Towns & Cities on the River Thames Reading Click to enlarge images below: Type: Towns & Villages Ask anyone who has visited recently and they will tell you about the shopping, the restaurants and the nightlife. Talk to someone who has lived here a while and they will praise the beautiful stretches of river, the acres of parkland and ancient woodland. Reading is surprising in so many ways: Michelin Star restaurants; over eight hundred listed buildings and monuments; boutique hotels; a world-renowned red-brick university; family friendly museums; two National Trails and two great rivers on our doorstep. Famous as one of the UK’s top ten retail destinations, Reading offers so much more than superb shopping. The Forbury Gardens, is the town’s floral heart, beautifully laid out next to the monumental ruins of Reading Abbey, and the peaceful towpaths of the Kennet and Avon Canal, where you will find Reading Gaol and the Oscar Wilde gates. There is so much to intrigue and inspire, including mile upon mile of unspoilt Thames frontage, where you can walk, take a cruise, feed the swans or watch elite rowers in training. You can also walk from the Thames along Kennet Mouth to find yourself at Blake’s Lock, where you can see the Riverside Museum and relax in a waterfront restaurant that started life as a Victorian pumping station. Nothing stands still for long in Reading, and that is as it should be in a town that enjoys a pivotal location in the South East, at the romantic heart of Royal Berkshire. With Heathrow just 30 minutes away, Reading is easy to find from all parts of the world. 6 Things to do In Reading Reading Museum - The museum's collections span the famous Roman eagle from Silchester to the capital from Reading Abbey and an amazing collection of Huntley & Palmer biscuit tins. The current exhibition, On Track, celebrates the important place that the railway has played in Reading's history since 1840. Visit a Church - Reading's churches include the most complete example of Franciscan architecture in Britain; Pugin's very first church design and the famous Pugin screen. The Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology - Discover more about Greek mythology and life through images on our many vases. Find out how Odysseus escaped the Cyclops cave or study scenes of warriors going into battle. See everyday and extraordinary objects, from the small oil bottles that athletes wore around their wrists to a mask of the terrifying Gorgon Medusa, including a fascinating funerary boat, jewellery, grave offerings and a mummified cat's head. Caversham Court Gardens - On the banks of the Thames, Caversham Court is a garden of national importance and listed in the English Heritage 'Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England'. It dates back to the 12th century and was refurbished and re-opened in 2009. Go shopping - Reading offers a mix of independent and high street stores with plenty of choice at The Oracle or Broad Street and the new IKEA. Take a boat trip - Why not take a boat trip to Henley with Salters Steamers , boats leave from Caversham Bridge? Or Thames Rivercruise offers a combined boat trip with a visit to Mapledurham House & Watermill Cruises on Saturdays, Sundays & Bank Holidays from April until September, departing from the Thameside Promenade, Caversham. During the Summer Holidays there is also a daily round trip. Museum of English Rural Life MERL houses one of England's most fascinating collections relating to life and work in the... 0.71 miles away Riverside Museum at Blake's Lock New Riverside Museum at Blake's Lock tells the story of Reading's two rivers - Kennet and Thames. 0.74 miles away Caversham Boat Services offers a personal service to boaters of all types. Regular maintenance and... 0.75 miles away We are a family firm that has provided first-class hospitality on the Royal River Thames for over... 0.76 miles away The perfect venue on the Upper Thames. 0.89 miles away The Thames & Kennet Marina is based just outside Reading in a nature reserve and incorporates a... 1.2 miles away Cruise the Kennet & Avon Canal with Kennet Cruises. 2.1 miles away Mapledurham Watermill The last working corn and grist watermill on the Thames with parts dating from the 15thC. Flour... 3.48 miles away An Elizabethan manor house alongside the River Thames, containing paintings, oak staircases, and... 3.48 miles away The Museum of Berkshire Aviation Aircraft, archives, photographs, related aviation items and uniforms housed in an historic hangar... 3.92 miles away The Herb Farm and Saxon Maze Specialist herb nursery and plant display garden; cottage garden plants and old-style roses. Barn... 4.13 miles away Hennerton Golf Club Former 9-hole course expanded to 18 holes in June 2006. PGA professional tuition, pro shop, society... 5.9 miles away Grey's Court Garden An intimate family home and peaceful estate set in the rolling hills of the Chilterns. This... 6.41 miles away Our contemporary, award winning building is situated on the banks of the River Thames, a short walk... 6.46 miles away Explore Midsomer countryside from the river with Hobbs of Henley. 6.47 miles away An art gallery specialising in contemporary and modern British art with between 8 and 10... 6.51 miles away	i don't know
Which was the first European country to be led by a president?	James Monroe - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Google Early Years James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia , to Spence Monroe (1727-74), a farmer and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730-74). In 1774, at age 16, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He cut his college studies short in 1776 to join the Continental Army and fight for independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). Did You Know? Monrovia, the capital of the West African country Liberia, is named after James Monroe. As president, Monroe supported the work of the American Colonization Society to create a home for freed African slaves in Liberia. During the war, Monroe saw action in battles in New York , New Jersey and Pennsylvania . He was wounded at the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, in 1776, and was with General George Washington (1732-99) and his troops at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, during the difficult winter of 1777 to 1778. During his time with the army, Monroe became acquainted with Thomas Jefferson , then the governor of Virginia. In 1780, Monroe began studying law under Jefferson, who would become his political mentor and friend. (Over a decade later, in 1793, Monroe bought a farm, named Highland, located next to Monticello , Jefferson’s Charlottesville, Virginia, estate.) The Virginia Politician Following his military service, Monroe embarked on a career in politics. In 1782, he became a delegate in the Virginia Assembly and the following year was chosen as a Virginia representative to the Congress of the Confederation, America’s governing body from 1781 to 1789. In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), the teenage daughter of a New York merchant. The couple had two daughters and a son who died as an infant. While in Congress, Monroe supported the efforts of fellow Virginia politician (and the future fourth U.S. president) James Madison (1751-1836) to create a new U.S. constitution. However, once written, Monroe felt the document gave too much power to the government and did not sufficiently protect individual rights. Despite Monroe’s opposition, the Constitution was ratified in 1789, and in 1790 he took a seat in the U.S. Senate, representing Virginia. As a senator, Monroe sided with Madison, then a U.S. congressman, and Jefferson, then the U.S. secretary of state, both of whom were against greater federal control at the cost of state and individual rights. In 1792, Monroe joined forces with the two men to found the Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) and the Federalists who were fighting for increased federal power. A Leader at Home and Abroad In 1794, President George Washington (1732-99) appointed Monroe as minister to France, in an effort to help improve relations with that nation. At the time, France and Great Britain were at war. Monroe had some initial success in strengthening Franco-American ties; however, relations soured with the November 1794 signing of the controversial Jay’s Treaty, an agreement between the U.S. and Britain that regulated commerce and navigation. Monroe, who was critical of the treaty, was released from his post by Washington in 1796. Monroe resumed his political career in 1799, when he became governor of Virginia. He held this office for three years until President Thomas Jefferson requested that Monroe return to France to help negotiate the purchase of the port of New Orleans . In France, Monroe learned that French leader Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) wanted to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (the land extending between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico to present-day Canada), not only New Orleans, for $15 million. Monroe and the U.S. minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, did not have time to gain presidential approval for such a large purchase. Instead, they approved and signed the Louisiana Purchase agreement themselves in 1803 and effectively doubled the size of the United States. Monroe, who garnered acclaim for the Louisiana Purchase, then became the minister to Great Britain and drafted a treaty that would help strengthen the bonds between Britain and the U.S. Jefferson, however, did not approve the treaty because it did not stem Britain’s practice of capturing American sailors for its own navy. Monroe was upset by Jefferson’s actions and his friendship with both Jefferson and his secretary of state, Madison, soured. In 1808, still angry about how his treaty was handled by Jefferson and Madison, Monroe ran for president against Madison. He lost. However, the ill feelings between the two men did not last. In 1811, Madison asked Monroe, who was once again governor of Virginia, to be his secretary of state. Monroe agreed, and proved to be a strong asset to Madison as America battled Britain in the War of 1812 . During his tenure as secretary of state, which lasted until March 1817, Monroe also served as secretary of war from 1814 to 1815. The previous holder of that post, John Armstrong, was forced to resign following the burning of Washington, D.C. , by the British in August 1814. The “Era of Good Feelings” In 1816, Monroe ran for president again, as a Democratic-Republican, and this time handily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King (1755-1827). When he was sworn into office on March 4, 1817, Monroe became the first U.S. president to have his ceremony outdoors and give his inaugural address to the public. The new president and his family could not take up immediate residence in the White House , because it had been destroyed by the British in 1814. Instead, they lived in a home on I Street in Washington, until the rebuilt White House was ready for occupancy in 1818. Monroe’s presidency ushered in what was known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The U.S. had a new sense of confidence from its various victories during the War of 1812 and was growing quickly and offering new opportunities to its citizens. Additionally, fighting between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was finally beginning to ebb. One issue Monroe had to contend with during his first term in office was deteriorating relations with Spain. Conflicts arose between the U.S. military in Georgia and pirates and Native Americans in the Spanish-held territory of Florida . In 1819, Monroe was able to successfully address the problem by negotiating for the purchase of Florida for $5 million, further expanding U.S. territories. With all the expansion came significant money troubles. Speculators were borrowing large sums of money to purchase land to sell to settlers and banks were leveraging assets they did not have in order to loan the money. This, along with diminished trade between the U.S. and Europe, led to a four-year economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1819. Slavery was also becoming a contentious issue during Monroe’s presidency. The North had banned slavery, but the Southern states still supported it. In 1818, Missouri wanted to join the Union; the North wanted it to be declared a free state while the South wanted it to be a slave state. Finally, an agreement was made allowing Missouri to join the Union as a slave state and Maine to join as a free state. The Missouri Compromise soon followed, outlawing slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the parallel 36°30′ north, excluding the state of Missouri. Although Monroe did not think Congress had the constitutional authority to impose such conditions on Missouri’s admission to the Union, he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 in an effort to avoid civil war. A Second Term and the Monroe Doctrine In 1820, though the U.S. economy was suffering, Monroe ran unopposed and was elected to a second term as president. During this term, he wanted to exert the growing power of the U.S. in the world arena and make a statement of support for free governments in the Americas. Monroe was helped greatly with foreign policy by his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848). With Adams’ assistance, Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 with what became known as his Monroe Doctrine , which in part developed out of his concern that European powers would want to re-establish Spanish control of South America. In this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary. In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere with European territories or any wars among them. The Monroe Doctrine was well received and became an important tool in later disputes over American territory. In addition, Monroe continued to lead the U.S. in expanding westward across the continent. He helped build transportation infrastructure and laid the foundation for America to become a world power. Five states entered the Union during Monroe’s time in office: Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821). Later Years In 1825, Monroe left office and retired to Virginia, where he helped preside over a new state constitution in 1829. After his wife died in 1830, Monroe moved in with his daughter in New York City , where he died on July 4, 1831, at age 73. His passing came exactly five years after the deaths of fellow presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams (1735-1826). In 1858, Monroe’s body was re-interred at the Hollywood Cemetery in his home state of Virginia. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	France
Who was the first English king given the title Defender of the Faith?	EUROPA - The Founding Fathers of the EU Europa ECAS Login Create an ECAS account The Founding Fathers of the EU Konrad Adenauer \| Joseph Bech \| Johan Willem Beyen \| Winston Churchill \| Alcide De Gasperi \| Walter Hallstein \| Sicco Mansholt \| Jean Monnet \| Robert Schuman \| Paul-Henri Spaak \| Altiero Spinelli The following visionary leaders inspired the creation of the European Union we live in today. Without their energy and motivation we would not be living in the sphere of peace and stability that we take for granted. From resistance fighters to lawyers, the founding fathers were a diverse group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. Beyond the founding fathers described below, many others have worked tirelessly towards and inspired the European project. This section on the founding fathers is therefore a work in progress. Konrad Adenauer a pragmatic democrat and tireless unifier The first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, who stood at the head of the newly-formed state from 1949-63, changed the face of post-war German and European history more than any other individual. A cornerstone of Adenauer's foreign policy was reconciliation with France. Together with French President Charles de Gaulle a historic turning point was achieved: in 1963 the one-time arch-enemies Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, which became one of the milestones on the road to European integration. Transcript Konrad Adenauer, speaking on 2 July 1966 in Metz If we succeed in creating an organisation that allows the French to see everything that goes on in steel manufacturing and coal mining in Germany – and if, in turn, the Germans can see what's happening in these fields in France – then this system of mutual control is the ideal way to pursue a policy based on trust. Konrad Adenauer spricht am 2. Juli 1966 in Metz Wenn es uns gelingt, eine Organisation zu schaffen, die den Franzosen gestattet, alles das zu sehen, was auf dem Gebiete der Fabrikation von Stahl und der Förderung von Kohle in Deutschland vor sich geht und, wenn umgekehrt, die Deutschen sehen, was in Frankreich vor sich geht, dann ist diese gegenseitige Kontrolle das beste Mittel, um eine Politik zu treiben, die sich auf Vertrauen gründet. Joseph Bech how a small country can play a crucial role in European integration Joseph Bech was the Luxembourgish politician that helped set up the European Coal and Steel Community in the early 1950s and a leading architect behind European integration in the later 1950s. It was a joint memorandum from the Benelux countries that led to the convening of the Messina Conference in June 1955, paving the way for the European Economic Community. Transcript Joseph Bech, speaking in Strasbourg in 1968 Why did we really launch the European project after the Second World War? Because we thought it imperative to build a new Europe, one in which France and Germany could be reconciled. And we find that at least in this area – which was a key area, since peace in Europe depends on it – we created the idea of a united Europe, the embodiment of the struggle for a united Europe. Joseph Bech parle en 1968 à Strasbourg Pourquoi est-ce qu’en réalité nous avons voulu faire l’Europe au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ? Nous pensions qu’il fallait absolument créer une Europe nouvelle afin de permettre, dans ce cadre nouveau, de réconcilier la France et l’Allemagne. Et constatons que tout au moins dans ce domaine qui était un domaine essentiel, puisque c’est la paix en Europe qui en dépend, nous avons fait l’idée européenne ou l’un des motifs, l’un des objectifs de la lutte pour l’Europe unie a été atteint. Johan Willem Beyen a plan for a common market The international banker, businessman and politician Johan Willem Beyen was a Dutch politician who, with his 'Beyen Plan', breathed new life into the process of European integration in the mid-1950s. Beyen is one of the lesser-known members of the group of Founding Fathers of the EU. Amongst the people who knew him he was admired for his charm, international orientation and social ease. Transcript Winston Churchill speaking on 19 September 1946 in Zurich …we must re-create the European family in a regional structure called, it may be, the United States of Europe, and the first practical step will be to form a Council of Europe. If at first all the States of Europe are not willing or able to join the union we must nevertheless proceed to assemble and combine those who will and those who can. Alcide De Gasperi an inspired mediator for democracy and freedom in Europe From 1945 to 1953, in his roles as Italian Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister, Alcide De Gasperi forged the path of the country’s destiny in the post-war years. Time and time again he promoted initiatives aimed at the fusion of Western Europe, working on the realisation of the Marshall Plan and creating close economic ties with other European countries, in particular France. Transcript Alcide De Gasperi, speaking on 12 January 1951 in Strasbourg If we do no more than create common administrations – without going as far as creating a higher, central authority that embodies, crystallises and nurtures national political authority, shaping it into a higher form – then the risk is that European institutions will seem bereft of warmth or higher ideals, when set aside the vitalities of nation states. They might even come to be perceived as an oppressive and needless straitjacket, like their precursors in the Holy Roman Empire during its decline. Alcide De Gasperi parle le 12 janvier 1951 à Strasbourg Si nous ne bâtissons que des administrations communes sans qu'il y ait une volonté politique supérieure vérifiée par un organisme central, dans lesquels les volontés nationales se rencontrent, se précisent et se réchauffent dans une synthèse supérieure, nous risquons que cette activité européenne, comparée aux vitalités nationales particulières, paraisse sans chaleur, sans vie idéale. Il pourrait même apparaître à certain moment un harnachement superflu et peut être oppressif, tel que le Saint-Empire Romain apparu à certaine période de son déclin. Walter Hallstein a diplomatic force propelling swift European integration Walter Hallstein was the first President of the European Commission from 1958 to 1967, a committed European and a decisive proponent of European integration. As President of the European Commission, Hallstein worked towards a rapid realisation of the Common Market. His energetic enthusiasm and powers of persuasion furthered the cause of integration even beyond the period of his presidency. During his mandate, the integration advanced significantly. Transcript Walter Hallstein speaking on 2 March 1953 in Strasbourg What propels us is known well enough – there is an indestructible sense of European identity. Only with a strong, united Europe can Europeans – and the world – really thrive. A splintered Europe will become the Balkans of the world, a standing invitation to others to interfere in our affairs. If we are to be heard, we must speak with one voice. And to that end, we would be best advised not to over-dramatise the occasional focus on individual balancing measures, or accumulations of them. Walter Hallstein spricht am 2. März 1953 in Straßburg Was uns vorwärts treibt, ist zur Genüge bekannt: Es gibt ein unzerstörbares europäisches Selbstgefühl. Nur mit einem starken, einigen Europa können die Europäer - und kann die Welt - wirklich gedeihen. Ein zersplittertes Europa wird zum Balkan der Welt werden und zur ständigen Einladung an andere, sich in seine Angelegenheiten einzumischen. Es muss mit einer Stimme sprechen, um gehört zu werden. Nichts ist darum unangebrachter, als die von Zeit zu Zeit eintretende Konzentration auf einzelne Ausgleichsvorgänge oder ihre gelegentliche Kumulierung zu dramatisieren. Sicco Mansholt farmer, resistance fighter and a true European Sicco Mansholt was a farmer, a member of the Dutch resistance during the Second World War, a national politician and the first European Commissioner responsible for Agriculture. Mansholt's ideas laid the basis for the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, one of the most prominent policies since its founding days. Having witnessed the horrors of the Dutch famine at the end of the Second World War, Mansholt was convinced that Europe needed to become self-sufficient and that a stable supply of affordable food should be guaranteed for all. Transcript Sicco Mansholt – 10 December 1968, Brussels The Commission has just explained to the Council of Ministers its views on what needs to happen in Europe's agricultural sector over the next 10 years. It informed the Council that first a memorandum will be submitted regarding how agriculture is structured, in the broadest sense of the term. The measures involved are so far-reaching, not just financially but also structurally, that the Commission feels a memorandum is appropriate. Sicco Mansholt in gesprek op 10 december 1968 in Brussel De Commissie heeft dus zojuist aan de ministerraad een uiteenzetting gegeven van wat zij meent dat in de komende 10 jaar moet gebeuren in de Europese landbouw. Zij heeft dus meegedeeld dat er in de 1ste plaats een memorandum zal worden overgelegd ten aanzien van de agrarische structuur in de ruimste zin van het woord. Het zijn zulke ingrijpende maatregelen, niet alleen financieel diep ingrijpend maar ook structureel diep ingrijpend, dat zij meent dat de vorm van een memorandum de juiste is. Jean Monnet the unifying force behind the birth of the European Union The French political and economic adviser Jean Monnet dedicated himself to the cause of European integration. He was the inspiration behind the 'Schuman Plan', which foresaw the merger of west European heavy industry. Monnet was from the Cognac region of France. When he left school at 16 he travelled internationally as a cognac dealer, later also as a banker. During both world wars he held high-level positions relating to the coordination of industrial production in France and the United Kingdom. Transcript Jean Monnet, speaking in Strasbourg in 1951 The decisions by this first European body – the High Authority – are implemented in our 6 countries as if they were one. This is one of the critical changes made under this venture, and at the same time, a test of its success. This first common market, the first supranational institutions – Europe is beginning to unite! Jean Monnet parle en 1951 à Strasbourg Les décisions de ce premier exécutif européen qu’est la Haute Autorité, sont exécutées dans nos six pays comme s'ils n’en faisaient qu'un. C'est là une des transformations essentielles que réalise notre entreprise et le test de sa réussite. Ce premier marché commun, ces premières institutions supranationales, c'est l'Europe qui commence à s'unir. Robert Schuman the architect of the European integration project The statesman Robert Schuman, a qualified lawyer and French foreign minister between 1948 and 1952, is regarded as one of the founding fathers of European unity. In cooperation with Jean Monnet he drew up the internationally renowned Schuman Plan, which he published on 9 May 1950, the date now regarded as the birth of the European Union. He proposed joint control of coal and steel production, the most important materials for the armaments industry. The basic idea was that whoever did not have control over coal and steel production would not be able to fight a war. Transcript Robert Schuman makes his declaration on 9 May 1950 in Paris In championing the cause of a united Europe for over 20 years, France's main goal has always been to secure peace. Europe did not unite – and so we had war. And now European integration will not happen overnight, nor in a single guise. It will be built through concrete achievements, that first create solidarity on the ground. To this end, the French government intends to place the entire Franco-German production of coal and steel under a common High Authority. Robert Schuman donne sa déclaration le 9 mai 1950 à Paris En se faisant depuis plus de 20 ans le champion d'une Europe unie, la France a toujours eu pour objet essentiel de servir la paix. L'Europe n'a pas été faite, nous avons eu la guerre. L'Europe ne se fera pas d'un coup, ni dans une construction d'ensemble. Elle se fera par des réalisations concrètes, créant d'abord une solidarité de fait. Le gouvernement français propose de placer l'ensemble de la production franco-allemande de charbon et d'acier sous une haute autorité commune. Paul-Henri Spaak a European visionary and talented persuader 'A European statesman' – Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak's long political career fully merits this title. Spaak was a leading figure in formulating the content of the Treaty of Rome. At the 'Messina Conference' in 1955, the six participating governments appointed him president of the working committee that prepared the Treaty. Transcript Paul-Henri Spaak, speaking in Strasbourg on 11 December 1951 in Paris ... some may be barely aware of the relevance and usefulness of this venture – but for a number of us, the task before us is of the utmost import and urgency. I admire those who can stay calm, given the present state of Europe. The temptation is there to be terribly unforgiving, if our hand were not stayed so much by the parliamentary process ... but then look at the period we've just lived through! Paul-Henri Spaak parle le 11 décembre 1951 à Paris …alors que certains sont à peine touchés par l'intérêt et l'utilité de notre besogne, pour un certain nombre d'entre nous ce que nous aurions à faire ici c'est une chose vitale et d'une urgente nécessité. J'admire ceux qui peuvent rester calme dans l'état actuel de l'Europe. On pourrait être terriblement cruel si nous n'étions pas forcé d'être aussi parlementaire.., mais tout de même retournez-vous un peu sur les années qui viennent de s'écouler! Altiero Spinelli an unrelenting federalist The Italian politician Altiero Spinelli was one of the fathers of the European Union. He was the leading figure behind the European Parliament's proposal for a Treaty on a federal European Union - the so-called 'Spinelli Plan'. This was adopted in 1984 by an overwhelming majority in the Parliament and provided an important inspiration for the strengthening of the EU Treaties in the 1980s and '90s.	i don't know
Which aristocratic title derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon term for ‘warrior’?	Meaning of Baron: The contemporary use of the given name Baron is a transferred use of the surname Baron, which derives from the aristocratic title of nobility Origin and meaning of Baron 05 The meaning of Baron is "Young warrior". Its origin is "Norman". Another meaning of Baron is "An aristorcatic title similar to Duke or Earl". Its origin is "English". This name is mostly being used as a boys name. Last year it ranked 1,323rd in the U.S. Social Security Administration list of most popular baby boy names.	Earl
Which musical instrument represents the duck?	Regia Anglorum - The Fyrd (Army) in Anglo-Saxon England - Part 1 Regia Anglorum \| What's On \| Joining \| Bookings \| Index \| Contact \| Wychurst - Our Permanent Site \| Members Area The Anglo-Saxon Fyrd c.400-878 AD Vikings assailing a Burh. It is thought that this image from a 12th century manuscript was illuminated at Bury St. Edmunds, and shows it is thought Thetford under attack. The Old English word fyrd is used by many modern writers to describe the Anglo-Saxon army, and indeed this is one of its meanings, although the word here is equally valid. In its oldest form the word fyrd had meant "a journey or expedition". However, the exact meaning of the word, like the nature of the armies it is used to describe, changed a great deal between the times the first Germanic settlers left their homelands and the time of the battle of Hastings. The Anglo-Saxon period was a violent one. Warfare dominated its history and shaped the nature of its governance. Indeed, war was the natural state in the Germanic homelands and the patchwork of tribal kingdoms that composed pre-Viking England. Chieftains engaged in a seemingly endless struggle against foreign enemies and rival kinsmen for authority, power and tribute. Even after Christianity had supplied them with an ideology of kingship that did not depend on success in battle these petty wars continued until they were ended by the Viking invasions. From 793AD until the last years of William the Conqueror"s rule, England was under constant threat, and often attack, from the Northmen. In order to understand the nature of the armies that fought in these battles, many historians in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century looked to classical authors, particularly the 1st century Roman Author Tacitus. Tacitus, in his book Germania, gives much detail of how the German tribes organised their military forces, and many historians used the fact that the tribes Tacitus was writing about were the forebears of the early Germanic invaders to explain the nature of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd. But are the tribal customs of barbarian people really a good basis for the nature of a nation removed by almost 1000 years? More recent research has shown that the nature of the fyrd changed a great deal in the 969 years between the time of Tacitus" writing and the battle of Hastings. For many years there was much debate amongst scholars as to whether the fyrd consisted of nobleman warriors who fought for the king in return for land and privileges (peasants farmed and aristocrats fought), or whether the fyrd consisted of a general levy of all able bodied men in a ceorl (peasant) based economy. In 1962 C.W. Hollister proposed an ingenious solution: there had been not one but two types of fyrd. There had been a "select fyrd", a force of professional, noble land-owning warriors, and a second levy, the "great fyrd" - the nation in arms. This view, because of its elegant simplicity, soon achieved the status of orthodoxy amongst most historians, and is the view put forward in many of the more general books on the period published today. However, continued research has shown this view to be incorrect. Hollister coined the terms "great fyrd" and "select fyrd" because there was no equivalent terminology in contemporary Old English or Latin. Current research shows that the Anglo-Saxon fyrd was a constantly developing organisation, and its nature changes as you go through the Anglo-Saxon period. From what little we know of the customs and nature of the early German settlers in this country, we can be fairly sure that much of what Tacitus wrote about the first century Germans still applied to their fourth, fifth and early sixth century descendants. The early tribes were military in nature, consisting mainly of free warrior families and tenant farmers, free and unfree, ruled by a tribal chief or king. These tribes were often grouped together in nations, sometimes under the rule of a "high-king". Tacitus tells us: "They choose their kings for their noble birth, their leaders for their valour. The power even of the kings is not absolute or arbitrary. As for the leaders, it is their example rather than their authority that wins them special admiration - for their energy, their distinction, or their presence in the van of fight..... "No business, public or private, is transacted except in arms. But it is the rule that no-one shall take up arms until the tribe has attested that he is likely to make good. When the time comes, one of the chiefs or the father or a kinsman equips the young warrior with shield and spear in the public council. This with the Germans is the equivalent of our toga - the first public distinction of youth. They cease to rank merely as members of the household and are now members of the tribe. Conspicuous ancestry or great services rendered by their fathers can win the rank of chief for boys still in their teens. They are attached to the other chiefs, who are more mature and approved, and no one blushes to be seen thus in the ranks of the companions. This order of companions has even its different grades, as determined by the leader, and there is intense rivalry among the companions for the first place by the chief, amongst the chiefs for the most numerous and enthusiastic companions. Dignity and power alike consist in being continually attended by a corps of chosen youths. This gives you consideration in peace time and security in war. Nor is it only in a man's own nation that he can win fame by the superior number and quality of his companions, but in neighbouring states as well. Chiefs are courted by embassies and complimented by gifts, and they often virtually decide wars by the mere weight of their reputation. "On the field of battle it is a disgrace to the chief to be surpassed in valour by his companions, to the companions not to come up to the valour of their chief. As for leaving a battle alive after your chief has fallen, that means lifelong infamy and shame. To defend and protect him, to put down one's own acts of heroism to his credit - that is what they really mean by "allegiance"'. The chiefs fight for victory, the companions for their chief. Many noble youths, if the land of their birth is stagnating in a protracted peace, deliberately seek out other tribes, where some war is afoot. The Germans have no taste for peace; renown is easier won among perils, and you cannot maintain a large body of companions except by violence and war. The companions are prodigal in their demands on the generosity of their chiefs. It is always "give me that war-horse" or "give me that bloody and vicious spear". As for meals with their plentiful, if homely, fare, they count simply as pay. Such open-handedness must have war and plunder to feed it." We know from other parts of Tacitus" writings that the tribes farmers supported chief and his warriors in return for protection from the depravations of enemy tribes. At need, the chief was able to call out all able bodied freemen in defence of the tribes lands, although usually he relied only on his warrior "companions". These companions were fed and housed by the chief, and would receive payment in war-gear and food (the only use of precious metals by the Germans in Tacitus"s time was for trading with the Roman Empire). Manuscript Cotton.Claudius.B.IV from the British Library. This was drawn around 1000AD, and is a translation of the Old Testament that was partly translated by ï¿½lfric. Another illustration from the same work is in the chapter on Anglo-Saxon law . It displays some rather odd pieces of equipment such as the 'Phrygian Hats' as helmets and only the King wears mail, which is unrealistic How were these companions equipped? Again Tacitus can help us here: "Only a very few use swords or lances. The spears that they carry - frameae is the native word - have short and narrow heads, but are so sharp and easy to handle, that the same weapon serves at need for close or distant fighting. The horseman asks no more than his shield and spear, but the infantry have also javelins to shower, several per man, and they can hurl them to a great distance; for they are either naked or only lightly clad in their cloaks. There is nothing ostentatious in their turn out. Only the shields are picked out with carefully selected colours. Few have body armour; only here and there will you see a helmet of metal or hide. Their horses are not distinguished either for beauty or for speed, nor are they trained in Roman fashion to execute various turns. They ride them straight ahead or with a single swing to the right, keeping the wheeling line so perfect that no one drops behind the rest. On general survey, their strength is seen to lie rather in their infantry, and that is why they combine the two arms in battle. The men who they select from the whole force and station in the van are fleet of foot and fit admirably into cavalry action. The number of these chosen men is exactly fixed. A hundred are drawn from each district, and 'the hundred' is the name they bear at home." This seems to be a misunderstanding by Tacitus because, although the hundred was a land division, it is unlikely, given the size of armies at the time, that each would send 100 warriors. However, from this description it would seem that the warriors were primarily infantry with a small amount of cavalry support. They would generally be armed only with spear(s) and shield, although a few of the greatest/most well off might possess a sword, helm or, rarely, body armour. Archaeology bears this out, and probably most of the swords, helms and mailshirts originated within the Roman Empire, reaching the Germans either by trade or as spoils of war. The relative commonness and scarcity of the various types of arms and armour is well borne out by finds from sacrificial bogs where votive offerings of the arms and armour of defeated enemies were often made. In these finds shields and spears (and surprisingly often bows and arrows) are by far the most common, with swords, helms and armour all being much rarer. Up until the fourth century most of these swords, helms and mailshirts are of Roman type, although from the fifth century onwards distinctly German type swords become more common. By the time of the invasion of Britain in the fifth century the Germans had become so heavily dependant on their infantry that one British writer tells us that "they know not the use of cavalry." The armies coming to this country were usually far smaller than their Roman predecessors. Most of the accounts tell of the armies arriving in only two or three ships, and as ships of this time generally carried no more than 50-60 men, most of these armies probably only numbered 100-200 men. Despite the small size of these armies, the Germans were able to carve themselves out many small kingdoms, killing, driving off or enslaving the native population as they went, but it should be remembered that they did not always have things their own way. This was the time of Arthur who, through his use of Roman cavalry tactics against the Germanic infantry, was able to defeat the invaders so heavily, they were unable to advance any further for almost fifty years. However, by the end of the sixth century the Germanic, or as they were then starting to call themselves, Anglo-Saxon invaders had taken over much of lowland Britain and carved out many small Kingdoms of varying strengths and hierarchies much as they had had in Germany. War was endemic to the kingdoms of sixth, seventh and eighth century Britain. An Anglo-Saxon ruler of this period was above all else a warlord, a dryhten, as the Old-English sources put it. His primary duty was to protect his people against the depredations of their neighbours and to lead them on expeditions ( fyrds) of plunder and conquest. As we hear in Beowulf (who lived at this time) about Scyld (literally 'shield'), the mythical founder of the Danish royal line: "Scyld Sceafing often deprived his enemies, many tribes of men, of their mead-benches. He terrified his foes; yet he, as a boy, had been found as a waif; fate made amends for that. He prospered under heaven, won praise and honour, until the men of every neighbouring tribe, across the whale's way, were obliged to obey him and pay him tribute. He was a good king!" Scyld was a good king because he was lord of a mighty war-band that profited from his leadership. As long as he lived, his people were safe and he enjoyed tribute from the surrounding tribes. This portrait is no mere convention of a heroic genre. Even the early Anglo-Saxon monks, when writing about the Anglo-Saxon kings of this time, show that this was not an heroic ideal, but the way a king ruled. It is noteworthy that the early sources use the language of personal lordship to express the obligations owed a king. When Wiglaf followed Beowulf into combat against the dragon, he did not speak of his duty to "king and country," but of the responsibility of a retainer to serve and protect his lord. In fact, amongst the early Anglo-Saxons a king was simply the lord of the nobles. Even the term cyning [king] literally only means "of the kin" and denoted a member of the royal line, while the office of king was expressed by the titles hlaford [loaf- or land-lord] and dryhten [war-lord]. The æþeling who was chosen for the office of king was merely the member of the royal line who could command the largest war-band. This fact helps to explain the many "civil wars" which took place in the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, and why a king who gained his position by force could so quickly be accepted by his subjects. A scene depicting Psalm 27 in the Harley Psalter, showing an army and their camp A seventh or eighth century king most often came to his throne through violence or through the threat of violence, and kept his crown by warding off domestic and foreign rivals. Peace was simply the aftermath of one war and the prelude to another. In violent times such as these, it was necessary that a king secure (in the words of the Beowulf poet) "beloved companions to stand by him, people to serve him when war comes." But what obliged men in seventh century England to attend a king"s army, and what sort of men were they? As the kingdoms developed in England the ceorl (peasant) had come to receive a more important position than in the Germanic homelands, but did he replace the nobleman in forming the bulk of the king"s army (a view held by many nineteenth and early twentieth century historians). Careful study of contemporary sources has shown that although the ceorl, as a freeman, had the right to bear arms, he would rarely have joined the king"s fyrd. The word fyrd had, by this time, acquired a distinctly martial connotation, and had come to mean "armed expedition or force." It is clear that the king"s companions or, to use the Old English term, Gesiþas were still drawn from aristocratic warrior families, but now the gift-giving seen in earlier times had undergone something of a change. Now, in addition to war-gear, gifts of valuable items (a lord is often referred to as a "giver of rings" in literature) were given too, or most sought after of all, land. In Anglo-Saxon England a gift was not given freely, and a gift was expected in return in the form of service. When a warrior took up service with a lord he was required to "love all that his lord loved, and to hate all that he hated." Neither gift was "complete" - gift and counter-gift sustained one another. For example, although it was customary for a warrior to receive an estate for life (either his own or his lord"s), it was not a certainty. If one failed in his duty to the king the royal grant could be forfeited. Thus the king"s gift was as open-ended as his retainers counter-gift of service; the former was continually renewed and confirmed by the latter. To receive land from one"s lord was a sign of special favour. A landed estate was a symbolic as well as an economic gift. It differed from other gifts in that its possession signified a new, higher status for the warrior within the king"s retinue. Consequently, by the seventh century we see the emergence of different classes of warrior noble - the geoguþ (youth) and duguþ (proven warrior). The former were young, unmarried warriors, often the sons of duguþ, who, having as yet no land of their own, resided with their lord, attending and accompanying him as he progressed through his estates, much as the "companions" of Tacitus" day had done. The well known settlement of West Stow near Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk may well have represented an estate of the type which would have been granted to a duguþ. When a gesiþ of this sort had proved himself to his lord"s satisfaction, he received from him a suitable endowment of land, perhaps even the land his father had held from the lord. This made him into a duguþþ. He ceased to dwell in his lord"s household, although he still attended his councils; rather, he lived upon the donated estate, married, raised a family, and maintained a household of his own. In order to improve his standing the duguþ would often raise military retainers of his own, probably from amongst the more prosperous ceorls on his estates (this is how the name geneat [companion] originated to describe men from the top portion of the cierlisc class) and other geoguþ who had not yet sworn themselves to some other lord. These estates are often referred to a scir (shire) in the early records. This military following was known as the lord"s hearþweru or hirþ [household or "hearth" troops]. When a king assembled his army, the duguþ were expected to answer his summons at the head of their retinues, much as they would attend his court in time of peace. The fyrd would thus have been the king"s household warriors (gesiþ) augmented by the followings of his landed retainers (duguþ). If a warrior did not answer the king"s summons, he could be penalised, as King Ine"s laws show: 51. If a gesiþcund mon [nobleman] who holds land neglects military service, he shall pay 120 shillings and forfeit his land; [a nobleman] who holds no land shall pay 60 shillings; a cierlisc [peasant] shall pay 30 shillings as penalty for neglecting the fyrd. This clause does not prove that the early Anglo-Saxon fyrd was made up of peasant warriors, as some historians argue. Rather, it shows that some peasants fought alongside the nobility when the king summoned his army. These ceorls were the peasants in the service of the king, or in the service of one of his duguþ. When an Anglo-Saxon king of the sixth to eighth century chose to war, his retainers would follow him into battle, not out of duty to defend the "nation" or the "folk," but because he was their lord. Similarly, their own men, also obliged by the bond of lordship, fought under them. The size of these armies was quite small; King Ine defined the size of an army in his law code: 13. §1. We use the term "thieves" if the number of men does not exceed seven, "band of marauders" [or "war-band"] for a number between seven and thirty-five. Anything beyond this is an "army" [here] Although the exact size of armies of this time remain unknown, even the most powerful kings could probably not call upon warriors numbering more than the low hundreds. Certainly in the late eighth century the æþeling (prince) Cyneherd considered his army of eighty-four men sufficiently large to attempt to seize the throne of Wessex. When Centwine became king of the West Saxons in 676AD, he drove his rival kinsman, Cï¿½dwalla, into exile. The exiled nobleman sought refuge in the "desert places of Chiltern and the Weald" and gathered about himself a war-band. In time his following grew so large that he was able to plunder the lands of the South Saxons, and kill their king in the process. After nine years of brigandage, he turned back to Wessex and began to "contend for the kingdom." The king"s resources were no match for Cï¿½dwalla"s, and when they met in battle the West Saxon fyrd was decisively defeated. It seems most likely that Cï¿½dwalla"s victory was the triumph of one war-band over another, rather than the conquest of a "nation." Time and again we are told in the sources that a new king had to defend his kingdom with tiny armies. Later in their reigns, these same kings having survived these attacks made "while their kingdoms were still weak," are found leading great armies. After all, victory meant tribute and land, and these in turn meant that a king could attract more warriors into his service. How were these warriors equipped? Unfortunately, our only written sources for this period are the heroic tales such as Beowulf and the Finnesburh Fragment, etc., but these are remarkably consistent in their descriptions. From the Finnesburh Fragment we hear: "…Birds of battle screech, the grey wolf howls, spears rattle, shield answers shaft. …Then many a thegn, laden in gold, buckled on his sword-belt. …The hollow shield called for bold men"s hands, helmets burst; …Then Guþere withdrew, a wounded man; he said that his armour was almost useless, his byrnie [mail-shirt] broken, his helmet burst open." In Beowulf we hear many references to arms and armour such as: "Then Hrothgar"s thane leaped onto his horse and, brandishing a spear , galloped down to the shore; there, he asked at once: "Warriors! Who are you, in your coats of mail , who have steered your tall ship over the sea-lanes to these shores? .... Never have warriors, carrying their shields , come to this country in a more open manner. Nor were you assured of my leader"s approval, my kinsmen"s consent. I have never set eyes on a more noble man, a warrior in armour, than one among your band; he"s no mere retainer, so ennobled by his weapons." ... The boar crest, brightly gleaming, stood over their helmets : superbly tempered, plated with glowing gold, it guarded the lives of those grim warriors. ... Their byrnies were gleaming, the strong links of shining chain-mail chinked together. When the sea-stained travellers had reached the hall itself in their fearsome armour, they placed their broad shields (worked so skilfully) against Heorot"s wall. Then they sat on a bench; the brave men"s armour sang. The seafarer"s gear stood all together, a grey tipped forest of ash spears; that armed troop was well equipped with weapons. .... in common we all share sword , helmet, byrnie, the trappings of war." These descriptions are borne out by archaeology. Male burials in the pagan period were often accompanied by war gear. On average around 47% of male burials from the pagan period contain weapons of some sort. This figure has often been used to argue for the idea of a "nation in arms", but has conveniently overlooked the fact that although spears were found in just over 86% of the accompanied burials, shields were found in only 44%. As we have seen earlier, and as the literary evidence bears out, spear and shield made up the basic war-gear of an Anglo-Saxon warrior. It should be borne in mind that, although the spear was used in battle, it was also a tool of the hunt. Many of the interred spears probably represent hunting tools rather than weapons. As we start to look at other types of weapon, we find they are far less common than the spear and shield. Swords are found in only about 12% of accompanied burials, axes in about 2% and seaxes (traditionally, the knife from which the Saxons derive their name.) only about 4%. This makes for an interesting comparison with the Saxons" continental homelands where some 50 - 70% contained seaxes. Armour and helmets, whilst not unknown are decidedly rare and are usually only found in the richest of burials. Certainly in archaeology they seem to be far rarer than in literature, although the few examples we have agree remarkably well with the literary descriptions. This apparent rarity of armour and helmets may have more to do with burial customs than the scarcity of these items at the time. It appears that the pagan Anglo-Saxons believed in some warrior heaven, similar in nature to the Viking Valhalla. The grave goods were what they would need in this afterlife, and in order to fight the warrior needed weapons, but if death was only a "temporary setback", why give them armour that could be far better used by their mortal counterparts? It would seem likely from these sources that the kings and more important noblemen would possess a coat-of-mail and a crested helmet, a sword, shield and spear(s). Noblemen of middling rank may have possessed a helm, perhaps a sword, and a shield and spear(s). The lowest ranking warriors would have been equipped with just a shield and spear(s), and perhaps a secondary weapon such as an axe or seax. The advent of Christianity in the seventh century was to bring about a change in the fyrd which would totally change its nature by the middle of the ninth century. As Christianity spread the monasteries needed land on which to build, and as we have already seen land tended to be given only for the lifetime of the king. However, the monasteries needed a more secure arrangement than just the hope that the king"s successor would maintain the donation. This was achieved through the introduction of a Roman system known as ius perpetuum, or as the Anglo-Saxons called it bocland [bookland]. Under this system the king gave the land to the Church in eternity, and the grant was recorded in writing [the book] and witnessed by important noblemen and churchmen so that the land could not be taken back in future. Although book-land was foreign in origin, it flourished in England because the notion a man gave so that he might receive was anything but foreign to the pagan English. Book-land must have struck early Christian kings as a reasonable demand on the part of the Church. A Christian king gave a free gift to God in hope of receiving from Him an eternal gift - salvation. Whilst nothing that he could give to the Lord would be sufficient, for no man could be God"s equal, just as no retainer could hope to be the equal of his lord, a king could at least respond with an eternal terrestrial gift, a perpetual grant of land and the rights over it. This exchange of gifts confirmed the relationship of lordship that existed between a king and his Lord God in the same way as the relationship between a gesiþ and his lord. How did book-land impinge upon the early fyrd arrangement? On the simplest level, what was given to the Church could not be used to endow warriors. As time went by more and more land was booked to the church, and many of the kings noblemen became disgruntled. Some of the noblemen offered to build abbeys and become the abbot on their land in return for the book-right, and this was often granted even if the noblemen did not keep his end of the bargain. The holders of these early books, both genuine and spurious, enjoyed their tenures free from all service, including military service. And by giving the land in book-right, the king had removed it permanently from his control. The kings faced a dilemma. This dilemma was first solved by the Mercian kings of the mid-eighth century, when King Æþelbald decreed that all the churches and monasteries in his realm were to be free from "all public renders, works and charges, reserving only two things: the construction of bridges and the defence of fortifications against enemies." By the latter part of the eighth century book-right was being granted to secular as well as ecclesiastical men. In order to maintain his fyrd, King Offa of Mercia further refined Æþthelbald"s decree by giving land free of all service "except for matters pertaining to expeditions [fyrd], and the construction of bridges and fortifications, which is necessary for the whole people and from which none ought to be excused." By the mid ninth century these "common burdens" (as they were often referred to) were being demanded in all the kingdoms. In short the idea of military service as a condition of land tenure was a consequence of book-right. Under the traditional land-holding arrangement a stipulation of this sort would have been unnecessary - a holder of loanland from the king was by definition a king"s man, and his acceptance of an estate obliged him to respond with fidelity and service to his royal lord. Book-land tenure, a hereditary possession, was quite a different matter, for such a grant permanently removed the land from the king"s control without assuring that future generations who owned the property would recognise the king or his successors as their lord. By imposing the "common burdens", the king guaranteed military service from book-land and tied the holders of the book securely to the ruler of the tribe. By this time the terms geoguþ and duguþ were being replaced by dreng (young warrior) and thegn (one who serves). The dreng still attended the king directly, whilst the thegn was usually the holder of book-land. By now, the term scir usually denoted more than just a single estate, and the thegn who held the scir was usually referred to as an ealdorman. Many of the lesser thegns within the scir would have held their land from the ealdorman in addition to those who held land directly from the king. Related articles on this subject:	i don't know
Which of his Peter’s relatives is represented by the bassoon?	Peter's grandfather \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Peter's grandfather is one of the main characters in Disney 's 1946 animated short, Peter and the Wolf , a segment of the 1946 animated feature film, Make Mine Music . Contents Background Personality Grandpa seems a bit rough, but it is because of the fact that he is living in Russia 's cold winter with a dangerous wolf running about and a grandson who thinks he can best the creature with a popgun. Appearances Make Mine Music He only appears toward the beginning of the segment. He stops Peter from going off to find the dastardly wolf with a popgun, spanks him, and tells him that if he tries to go after the wolf, he could very well end up getting eaten. To scare Peter further, he makes a wolf's evil fangs from his beard to show his grandson the shadow puppet of the wolf on the wall. Peter turns around and tries to shoot it, but tricking him, he easily grabs his grandson's cap and popgun from him and storms off. However, when Grandpa falls asleep in his chair by the warm fireplace, Peter manages to get back his cap and popgun and sneak outside. Trivia Grandpa is represented in the music by a bassoon. In the children's book based off the Make Mine Music segment, it is revealed that after Peter returns, having successfully captured the wolf, Peter's grandfather is pleased with him and is glad to see him safe, despite his disobedience. Peter also promises to listen to and never disobey his grandfather again. Gallery	Grandparent
On which Scottish island group is the Ring of Brogar stone circle?	Peter Sellers - Biography - IMDb Peter Sellers Biography Showing all 77 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (4) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (48) \| Personal Quotes (14) \| Salary (1) Overview (4) 5' 8½" (1.74 m) Mini Bio (1) Often credited as the greatest comedian of all time, Peter Sellers was born to a well-off English acting family in 1925. His mother and father worked in an acting company run by his grandmother. As a child, Sellers was spoiled, as his parents' first child had died at birth. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force and served during World War II. After the war he met Spike Milligan , Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine , who would become his future workmates. After the war, he set up a review in London, which was a combination of music (he played the drums) and impressions. Then, all of a sudden, he burst into prominence as the voices of numerous favorites on the BBC radio program "The Goon Show" (1951-1960), and then making his debut in films in Penny Points to Paradise (1951) and Down Among the Z Men (1952), before making it big as one of the criminals in The Ladykillers (1955). These small but showy roles continued throughout the 1950s, but he got his first big break playing the dogmatic union man, Fred Kite, in I'm All Right Jack (1959). The film's success led to starring vehicles into the 1960s that showed off his extreme comic ability to its fullest. In 1962, Sellers was cast in the role of Clare Quilty in the Stanley Kubrick version of the film Lolita (1962) in which his performance as a mentally unbalanced TV writer with multiple personalities landed him another part in Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove (1964) in which he played three roles which showed off his comic talent in play-acting in three different accents; British, American, and German. The year 1964 represented a peak in his career with four films in release, all of them well-received by critics and the public alike: "Dr. Strangelove," for which he was Oscar nominated, "The Pink Panther," in which he played his signature role of the bumbling French Inspector Jacques Clouseau for the first time, its almost accidental sequel, "A Shot in the Dark," and "The World of Henry Orient." Sellers was on top of the world, but on the evening of April 5, 1964, he suffered a nearly fatal heart attack after taking amyl nitrites (also called 'poppers'; an early type of Viagara-halogen combination) while engaged in a sexual act with his second wife Britt Eckland. He has been working on Billy Wilder's "Kiss Me, Stupid" (1964). In a move Wilder later regretted, he replaced Sellers with Ray Walston rather than hold up production. By October 1964, Sellers made a full recovery and was working again. The mid-1960s were noted for the popularity of all things British, from the Beatles music (who were presented with their Grammy for Best New Artist by Sellers) to the James Bond films, and the world turned to Sellers for comedy. "What's New Pussycat" (1965) was another big hit, but a combination of his ego and insecurity was making Sellers difficult to work with. When the James Bond spoof, "Casino Royale" (1967) ran over budget and was unable to recoup its costs despite an otherwise healthy box-office take, Sellers received some of the blame. He turned down an offer from United Artists for the title role in "Inspector Clouseau" (1968), but was angry when the production went ahead with Alan Arkin in his place. His difficult reputation and increasingly erratic behavior, combined with several less successful films, took a toll on his standing. By 1970, he had fallen out of favor. He spent the early years of the new decade appearing in such lackluster B films as "Where Does It Hurt?" (1972) and turning up more frequently on television as a guest on "The Dean Martin Show" and a Glen Campbell TV special. Inspector Clouseau came to his rescue when Sir Lew Grade expressed an interest in a TV series based on the character. Clouseau's creator, writer-director Blake Edwards, whose career had also seen better days, convinced Grade to bankroll a feature instead, and "Return of the Pink Panther" (1975) was a major hit in the summer of "Jaws" and restored both men to prominence. Sellers would play Clouseau in two more successful sequels, "The Pink Panther Strikes Again" (1976) and "The Revenge of the Pink Panther" (1978), and Sellers would use his newly rediscovered clout to realize his dream of playing Chauncey Gardiner in a film adaptation of Jerzy Kosinski's novel "Being There." Sellers had read the novel in 1972, but it took seven years for the film to reach the screen. "Being There" (1979) earned Sellers his second Oscar nomination, but he lost to Dustin Hoffman of "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979). Sellers struggled with depression and mental insecurities throughout his life. An enigmatic figure, he often claimed to have no identity outside the roles that he played. His behavior on and off the set and stage became more erratic and compulsive, and he continued to frequently clash with his directors and co-stars, especially in the mid-1970s when his physical and mental health, together with his continuing alcohol and drug problems, were at their worst. He never fully recovered from his 1964 heart attack because he refused to take traditional heart medication and instead consulted with 'psychic healers'. As a result, his heart condition continued to slowly deteriorate over the next 16 years. On March 20, 1977, Sellers barely survived another major heart attack and had a pacemaker surgically implanted to regulate his heartbeat which caused him further mental and physical discomfort. However, he refused to slow down his work schedule or consider heart surgery which might have expanded his life by several years. On July 25, 1980, Sellers was scheduled to have a reunion dinner in London with his Goon Show partners, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe. However, at around 12 noon on July 22, Sellers collapsed from a massive heart attack in his Dorchester Hotel room and fell into a coma. He died in a London hospital just after midnight on July 24, 1980 at age 54. He was survived by his fourth wife, Lynne Frederick, and three children: Michael, Sarah and Victoria. At the time of his death, he was scheduled to undergo an angiography in Los Angeles on July 30 to see if if he was eligible for heart surgery. His last movie, The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980), completed just a few months before his death, proved to be another box office flop. Director Blake Edwards ' attempt at reviving the Pink Panther series after Sellers' death resulted in two panned 1980s comedies, the first of which, Trail of the Pink Panther (1982), deals with Inspector Clouseau's disappearance and was made from material cut from previous Pink Panther films and includes interviews with the original casts playing their original characters. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ashley G. Mackinnon Spouse (4) His ability to change his voice and appearance Often infused his comic characters with an undercurrent of deep melancholy Often worked with Blake Edwards and Stanley Kubrick . Often ad-libbed some of the most memorable lines his characters say in his films Trivia (48) Father, with actress Britt Ekland , of actress Victoria Sellers . Ranked #84 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Born at 6:00am-BST Interred at Golders Green Crematorium, London, England, UK. Sellers, Spike Milligan , Michael Bentine and Harry Secombe performed on BBC Radio as "The Goon Show" in the early 1950s. Claimed to have had a near-death experience during a heart attack in 1964, in which he saw Heaven and he met an angel who told him that it was not his time to die yet. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to drama. First actor to be nominated for a single Academy award (best actor) for a film in which he potrayed three different characters in the same film: Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964). Sellers was the first male to appear on the cover of Playboy Magazine, in April 1964 Was a vegetarian. Father, with Anne Howe, of Michael Sellers and Sarah Sellers . His third wife, Miranda Quarry, is now "The Countess of Stockton." Turned down the role of George Webber in Blake Edwards ' 10 (1979) ( George Segal was cast instead but eventually replaced by Dudley Moore ). Sellers made a cameo appearance but it wound up being cut out. His "Goon Show" records, and other comedy recordings from the 1950s and early 1960s, were produced by George Martin , before he worked with The Beatles . He was voted the 41st Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. Died at 12:26am - BST after being in a coma for more than 30 hours after suffering a massive heart attack. Mel Brooks considered him for - and he expressed interest in - the role of "Leo Bloom" in The Producers (1967), but nothing ever came of it, and the role eventually went to Gene Wilder . However, Sellers was instrumental in the success of the film. After its release, he happened, almost by accident, to see a private screening of it and was so impressed that the next day he took out two full-page newspaper ads at his own expense proclaiming that it was one of the greatest comedies he had ever seen. This exposure helped promote the film at a critical time when it appeared that it was destined to sink without a trace. Is portrayed by Geoffrey Rush in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004). At the time of his death, he was due to undergo an angiography in preparation for potential heart surgery in Los Angeles on July 30. One afternoon the doorbell rang in Sellers' London flat. As he was busy in his study, his wife Anne went to the door, where she was handed a telegram. The message: "Bring me a cup of coffee. Peter". Late one night, following a disappointing day wrestling with a troublesome scene in one of the Pink Panther films, director Blake Edwards was roused by a call from Sellers. "I just talked to God!" he exclaimed, "and he told me how to do it!" The next day Edwards humored Sellers - and the result was an unmitigated disaster. "Peter," Edwards suggested, "next time you talk to God, tell him to stay out of show business!". Died a few days after filming a "Barclays Bank" commercial, which was never aired. His performance as Dr. Strangelove in Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) is ranked #75 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. His performance as Inspector Jacques Clouseau in the "Pink Panther" franchise is ranked #67 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. His performance as Chance the Gardener in Being There (1979) is ranked #49 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. At the time of his death, Sellers was set to play Inspector Clouseau again in "Romance of the Pink Panther". The script had been written by Sellers and Jim Moloney and the film was to be directed by Clive Donner . Pamela Stephenson was to have played the female lead. Also in the pipeline were the leads in Lovesick (1983) and Unfaithfully Yours (1984). Both these roles were taken over by Dudley Moore . At the time of his death, he left the bulk of his estate - cash, cars, houses and art amounting to £4.5 million - to fourth wife Lynne Frederick . He left his son Michael and his daughter Sarah from his first marriage to actress Anne Howe only £800 each. "It was a calculated and considered act. Even his lawyers blushed when they told me," Michael said. Sellers had married Frederick, who was known primarily as David Frost 's girlfriend (and subsequently his wife after Sellers' death), in 1977. Reportedly Sellers was in the process of excluding her from his will in the time immediately preceding his death by heart attack in 1980. A drug addict and an alcoholic herself, Frederick died at age 39 and all income from Sellers' estate, including royalties from movie profit-sharing deals, was inherited by her daughter with third husband Barry Unger. Together with Nicolas Cage ( Adaptation. (2002)) and Lee Marvin ( Cat Ballou (1965)), and José Ferrer ( Moulin Rouge (1952) Sellers is the only actor with an Oscar nomination for playing multiple characters in a film (in ( Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), he plays three characters, Group Captain (G/C) Lionel Mandrake, President Merkin Muffley and Dr. Strangelove). Marvin is the only one who actually won one for a double role. Became friends with the group The Beatles , and visited them at Abbey Road Studios. Was given a tape of rough mixes from the "White Album", which was auctioned (and bootlegged) after his death. He was one of the favorite actors of Elvis Presley who always had Sellers' Pink Panther films with him on the airplane while he was on tour. Prince Charles had been a fan of Sellers since "The Goon Show". In 1975, after he had seen The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) in Montreal, he wrote to Sellers that he'd laughed so hard he had wet the dress of the woman in the next seat. Before his death he spoke very highly of Robin Williams and Steve Martin , both considered that a great honor. Was an amateur photographer and camera nut for most of his life. Served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. His father was Protestant and his mother was Jewish. He attended St. Aloysius College, a Roman Catholic School. He was fitted with a pacemaker in 1977 for his failing heart. Claimed in a 1980 interview with Rolling Stone that he had fathered a son by a girlfriend while serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, and abandoned them. Shirley MacLaine said of him, "Past lives leaking through and confusing him in this life.". In addition to dubbing Alfonso Bedoya in The Black Rose (1950), he also dubs the Chinese actor Ley On . He also provided the voice of an off-screen Winston Churchill in The Man Who Never Was (1956), and at least two other briefly-heard voices in that film. An oft-repeated rumor suggests that he also dubbed a few lines for Humphrey Bogart in Beat the Devil (1953), but this is harder to confirm. He was best known for his portrayal of the hapless, accident-prone Inspector Clouseau from the Pink Panther movies. A final film in the franchise was to be called "Romance of the Pink Panther", but Sellers died before it could be made. He is the primary influence on Sacha Baron Cohen . An English Heritage blue plaque can be found at his place of birth on the corner of Southsea Terrace and Castle Road in Southsea. What was the family home is above a Chinese restaurant. Married Britt Ekland after knowing her for only 10 days. Author Jackie Collins based the character "Charlie Brick" on Sellers in her book "Sinners". He worked with Peter O'Toole , Woody Allen , Ursula Andress and Burt Bacharach on both What's New Pussycat (1965) and Casino Royale (1967). Sellers was widely considered by industry professionals (particularly Blake Edwards ) to be mentally ill with no real personality of his own. He habitually assumed the personalities of the characters he portrayed, morphing into another one in a following role. People that knew him intermittently over years were baffled by his transformations. As an actor, Sellers could be brilliant with a strong script, but he often accepted sub-par projects and inferior roles which would wreck havoc in his personal life. Lived in Gstaad, Switzerland during the last six years of his life. He was a great friend of the British actor Jon Pertwee , who was also known for many comedy parts. Personal Quotes (14) If you ask me to play myself, I will not know what to do. I do not know who or what I am. There used to be a me behind the mask, but I had it surgically removed. To see me as a person on screen would be one of the dullest experiences you could ever wish to experience. I'm a classic example of all humorists - only funny when I'm working. Women are more difficult to handle than men. It's their minds. I writhe when I see myself on the screen. I'm such a dreadfully clumsy hulking image. I say to myself, "Why doesn't he get off? Why doesn't he get off?" I mean, I look like such an idiot. Some fat awkward thing dredged up from some third-rate drama company. I must stop thinking about it, otherwise I shan't be able to go on working. [on Blake Edwards ' smash hit 10 (1979)] I turned down the lead role many, many times. I just didn't feel I was right for the part. I'm a very ambitious person. I don't believe by any means that I've even begun to do what's inside me. I have a burning sort of fire inside me to do certain things which I know I'm going to do. I'm going to defeat all these berks that are around me and I'm going to do it. I mean, I have a name of being very difficult, I'm not difficult at all, I just cannot take mediocrity, I just cannot take it on any level. You only know what happiness is once you're married. But then it's too late. [on Goldie Hawn ] In the fullest possible meaning of the word, she is so nice. [on Sophia Loren ] I was never in love with any woman as deeply as I was with Sophia. [April 1969, interview in "Nova" magazine] When I look at myself I see a person who strangely lacks what I consider the ingredients for a personality. [on developing a role for the screen] I walk around, trying different accents, feeling my way to the character. I stare at my own image in the mirror every morning, waiting for the other fellow - the man I'm going to play - to emerge and stare back at me. I am waiting for the stranger to come into my life. When it happens, I have this flush of happiness. Most actors want to play "Othello", but all I've really wanted to play is Chance the Gardener. I feel what the character, the story is all about is not merely the triumph of a simple man, an illiterate. It's God's message again that the meek shall inherit the earth. Salary (1)	i don't know
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by a reaction to which substance?	About coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis - Coeliac UK About coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis About coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis Coeliac disease is a lifelong autoimmune disease caused by a reaction to gluten 1 in 100 people have the condition Symptoms include bloating, diarrhoea, nausea, wind, constipation, tiredness, sudden or unexpected weight loss (but not in all cases), hair loss and anaemia Once diagnosed, it is treated by following a gluten-free diet for life Dermatitis herpetiformis is the skin manifestation of coeliac disease. What is coeliac disease? Coeliac disease (pronounced see-liac and spelled celiac in other countries) is a lifelong autoimmune disease . It is caused by the immune system reacting to gluten . How common is coeliac disease? Coeliac disease is common and affects one in 100 people. However only 24% who have the condition have been diagnosed which means there are currently nearly half a million people who have coeliac disease but don’t yet know. If a first degree family member (such as mother, father, sister or brother) has the condition then the chances of having it increase to one in ten. What causes coeliac disease? Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction of the immune system to gluten – a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. When someone with coeliac disease eats gluten, their immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the small intestine. What are the symptoms of coeliac disease? Symptoms range from mild to severe, and can include bloating, diarrhoea, nausea, wind, constipation, tiredness, mouth ulcers, sudden or unexpected weight loss (but not in all cases), hair loss and anaemia . If you think you could have coeliac disease, take our online assessment at isitcoeliacdisease.org.uk What is the treatment for coeliac disease? Once diagnosed, the only treatment for coeliac disease is a gluten-free diet. Gluten is found in wheat, barley and rye. Some people are also sensitive to oats . Once gluten is removed from the diet, you should start to feel much better. What is dermatitis herpetiformis? Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is the skin manifestation of coeliac disease which occurs as a rash that commonly occurs on the elbows, knees, shoulders, buttocks and face, with red, raised patches often with blisters. It affects around one in 3,300 people.	Gluten
Who is missing from this musical quintet: Keeble, Kemp, Norman, Kemp and…?	holvita™ Health - Autoimmune diseases - Colostrum and Coeliac's disease Colostrum and Coeliac's disease What is Coeliac's disease Coeliac disease is an auto-immune condition of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed people, caused by antibodies attacking its own cells and it is not an allergy. In the case of colic disease the attack is provoked by gluten, a protein found in grains (wheat, barley and rye). People with coeliac condition can also react to oats. Coeliac disease is not an allergy. It is an auto-immune disease, which means that the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues. For people withï¿½coeliac disease this attack is triggered by gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. The enzyme tissue called transglutamin modifies the gliadin (a gluten found in wheat), and the immune system attacks the bowel tissue causing an inflammatory reaction. The tissue of the small intestine is flattened and this interferes with the absorption of nutrients. It is recommendedthat gluten be avoided to calm down the inflammation, but while this condition is caused by a reaction to wheat protein, it is not a wheat allergy. Symptoms of Coeliac's disease Bloating, diarrhoea, nausea, wind, tiredness, constipation, anaemia, mouth ulcers, headaches, weight loss, hair loss, skin problems, short stature, depression, infertility, recurrent miscarriages and joint/bone pain. Some symptoms may be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or wheat intolerance, while others may be put down to stress, or getting older. As a consequence, it can take some time before an accurate diagnosis is sought, or made. Following diagnosis and commencement of the gluten-free diet these symptoms cease. Because of the inflammation and changes in the bowel, the body cannot absorb nutrients, minerals and the vitamins soluble in fat such as A, D ,E, and K. This could lead to development of further symptoms like anaemia and calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and vitamin D malabsorption. How holvita™ colostrum can help people with Coeliac's disease Colostrum contains over 82 components working together to support our body. One from the group of immune-factors with anti-inflammatory properties is lactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF); it is a multifunctional, iron-binding protein with anti-pathogenic properties and it provides immediate defence, mainly at musoses[linings of the intestine]. It has calming effect on the inflamed intestinal wall and it helps to improve the intestinal flora and uptake of nutrients. People with coeliac disease may benefit from taking colostrum because it may help them with the inflammation and improve the uptake of nutrients in the case of malnutrition. Proline-Rich-Polypeptide (PRP), another immune-factor in colostrum, is a powerful regulator of the immune system; it can help people with coeliac disease, caused by over-active immune system, decrease its attacks on the intestinal wall. By calming down the immune system the swelling of intestinal lining reduces and the utilising of nutrients will increase. This may lead to improvement in energy level and lessen the pain. (Dr Zoltan Rona) Growth factors (IGF I and II ï¿½ insulin like growth factors) found in colostrum help all cells regenerate; they may help people with coeliac disease to regenerate the cells in the intestinal wall, damaged by inflammation and increase the uptake of nutrients. Growth factors also helping with regeneration of all body cells, improving thefunction of all other organs. (Playford RJ) Taking holvita™ colostrum may be beneficial to people with coeliac disease as it can help to reduce inflammation and help with regeneration of the digestive system as well as regulate the immune system resposne to allergens. ^ Back to top References Dr. Zoltan Rona; "PRP from colostrum can work as a regulatory substance of the thymus gland. It has been demonstrated to improve or eliminate symptomatology of both allergies and autoimmune diseases (MS, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, myasthenia gravis). PRP inhibits the overproduction of lymphocytes and T-cells and reduces the major symptoms of allergies and autoimmune disease: pain, swelling and inflammation." The American Journal of Natural Medicine, March 1998. Playford RJ, Macdonald CE, Johnson WS; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 72, No. 1, 5-14, July 2000. Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Link here Purup, S, Vestergaard, M, Pedersen, O, Sejrsen, K. (2007) Biological activity of bovine milk on proliferation of human intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Research 74(1):58-65. Bovine milk contains a number of biologically active components that affect growth development of human intestinal tissue. The degree of activity depended on the stage of lactation. Ghosh S, Playford RJ. Bioactive components for the treatment of gastroinstwestinal disorders. Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 June; 104(6): 547-56. Review. Drs. Tortora, Funke & Cast; Microbiology "Clinical studies show that IgE (Immunoglobulin), found in bovine colostrum, may be responsible for regulating allergic response."	i don't know
Which capital city was previously known as Edo or Yedo?	Yedo - definition of Yedo by The Free Dictionary Yedo - definition of Yedo by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Yedo Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . To•ky•o To′ky•o•ite`, n. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Japanese capital , Tokio , Tokyo , Yeddo , capital of Japan , Edo Hondo , Honshu - the central and largest of the four main islands of Japan; between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean; regarded as the Japanese mainland Nihon , Nippon , Japan - a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building	Tokyo
What was the name of the oil tanker wrecked off the Isles of Scilly in 1967?	Edo \| Word Edo at Open Dictionary of English by LearnThat Foundation Usage examples (29) The period in between, some two hundred thirty years, is commonly called the Edo period. Edo is the old name of Tokyo, before it became the capital. “mae” is the Japanese word for front, like you said. The Art of the Book in Edo and Meiji Japan, 1615-1912 He went to Edo, which is now known as Tokyo, to work and study under a master poet. Kyoto and Tokyo (then known as Edo). As unable to accompany his lord he remained in Edo. Built the first day Little Edo district was established. My father, doubtless warned by the crowd, fled from Edo. Thus began the brutal progress across Edo in full daylight. Surely the thieves by this time were at the other end of Edo. O'Kiku written into the history of Edo and the Yoshida Goten. His service brought him in the train of his lord's progress to Edo. Suzuki the plebeian merely suffered stripes and banishment from Edo. By nightfall, Michael and Dom Coqui sat on a park bench in Little Edo. The business of the day was long over in this business section of Edo. Once he had looked upon banishment from Edo as the limit of his punishment. Good old-fashioned Edo-style sushi is not likely to disappear any time soon. It turned its head east overlooking Little Edo and marched in that direction. The deepening of the beds of the Kanda and Edo Rivers had drained the marshes. Iyeyasu's advent to Edo the shore line ran close to the inner moat of the castle. The Otokodaté, or chivalrous band, were indeed needed in this state of early Edo. Give them but the opportunity in the disorder of Edo, and the sword will be drawn. It's worth remembering, though, that Edo society grew stagnant and ended in turmoil. It would appear that the giant robot is heading in the direction of Little Edo District. This is Japan at the end of the feudal Edo period, retouched by a painter and entrepreneur. Iyemitsu slept the night at Edo castle, owing to the valour and strength of Ishikawa Hachiémon. One day, two years ago when he was eighteen, tourists from Japan arrived in Little Edo, a young couple. The Great Edo Hot Spring Story opens March 1, and will be Tokyo's most spectacular hot-spring fantasyland for at least two months. In a small park in Little Edo, the cherry blossoms bloomed, and the fragrance of the grass and plants brought calm and serenity.	i don't know
Which musical takes place in the Kit Kat Club?	Mega Essays - Kit Kat Club Depiction of Cultural & Political Life in Germany up to 1933 The film cabaret shows the extremes of cultural and political life in Germany up to 1933 by the representation of Jews, women, the clubs, goals of life, as well as the representation of the communists, the Nazis, and general Hindenburg suggests that Weimar Germany's hedonism and indulgence by it's s... Wordcount: 943 Night 'How do the cabaret songs and routines comment on the social issues which are the background for the story of Cabaret?'Satirical on every level, Bob Fosse's 1972 film Cabaret redefines the previously accepted genre of the musical. Using the songs and routines as cunning tools of social commentary th... Wordcount: 1776 Overweight Americans Essay: Why do we in this country have a health problem with "overweight Americans"? Commercial ads provide pills, machines, clubs, diets and surgery, however, we are still the fattest population of people throughout the world. Why this is the reality and what suggestions can you provide to make us... Wordcount: 702 Cabaret CabaretCabaret provides for its audience an animated and a uniquely exciting dramatization of Berlin, Germany just before the Second World War. The story of many Germans living in an uncertain world is shown through just a few characters. Life is a cabaret, or so the famed song goes. After watching... Wordcount: 1423	Cabaret
Homo naledi, an early form of human life, was discovered in which African country?	Cabaret on Broadway - Roundabout Theatre Company Roundabout Theatre Company SHOP Cabaret Golden Globe® nominee Sienna Miller (American Sniper, After Miss Julie) is Sally Bowles alongside Tony® winner Alan Cumming (“The Good Wife,” Roundabout’s The Threepenny Opera) as the Emcee in Sam Mendes (Skyfall, American Beauty) and Rob Marshall's (Nine and Chicago, the films) Tony-winning production of Cabaret, also starring Tony nominees Danny Burstein (Follies) and Linda Emond (Death of a Salesman). Welcome to the infamous Kit Kat Klub, where the Emcee, Sally Bowles and a raucous ensemble take the stage nightly to tantalize the crowd––and to leave their troubles outside. But as life in pre-WWII Germany grows more and more uncertain, will the decadent allure of Berlin nightlife be enough to get them through their dangerous times? Come hear some of the most memorable songs in theatre history, including “Cabaret,” “Willkommen” and “Maybe This Time.” Right this way, your table’s waiting at Cabaret, John Kander, Fred Ebb and Joe Masteroff's Tony-winning musical that the New York Post calls “one for the ages.”	i don't know
Which ’60s film gave Disney their first ‘Best Picture’ Oscar nomination?	2008 Academy Awards® Winners and History Kung Fu Panda (2008) Actor: SEAN PENN in "Milk," Richard Jenkins in "The Visitor," Frank Langella in "Frost/Nixon," Brad Pitt in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Mickey Rourke in "The Wrestler" Actress: KATE WINSLET in "The Reader," Anne Hathaway in "Rachel Getting Married," Angelina Jolie in "Changeling," Melissa Leo in "Frozen River," Meryl Streep in "Doubt" Supporting Actor: HEATH LEDGER in " The Dark Knight ," Josh Brolin in "Milk," Robert Downey, Jr. in "Tropic Thunder," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Doubt," Michael Shannon in "Revolutionary Road" Supporting Actress: PENELOPE CRUZ in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona," Amy Adams in "Doubt," Viola Davis in "Doubt," Taraji P. Henson in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Marisa Tomei in "The Wrestler" Director: DANNY BOYLE for "Slumdog Millionaire," Stephen Daldry for "The Reader," David Fincher for "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Ron Howard for "Frost/Nixon," Gus Van Sant for "Milk” 2008 represented the continued rise of smaller studios and development companies, proven by the dominance of the Best Picture-winning independent film Slumdog Millionaire. The low-budget film was made for only $15 million, had no American superstars, lots of foreign-language dialogue, and it struggled to find a distributor. It also had a 'feel-good' theme and romantic sub-plot, a song/dance finale, an Oscar-winning song "Jai Ho," while at the same time exhibiting the extreme poverty of India. Its major competitor, the big-budget The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, was produced by a major studio (a co-production between Warner Bros. and Paramount), featured major stars, an extensive marketing campaign, a well-respected director, and expensive CGI-effects. And it suffered a record loss among films with 13 nominations -- it had the fewest wins for any film with that many nods. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, a Warner Bros./Paramount Film co-production Frost/Nixon, from Universal The Reader, from The Weinstein Company Slumdog Millionaire, from Fox Searchlight All five titles of the Best Picture-nominated films referred to the film's characters (this also occurred in 1964), and were mostly tales from the past. The Best Picture winner became more strongly favored as the Oscar season progressed: director Danny Boyle's dark horse crowd-pleasing Slumdog Millionaire (with 10 nominations and 8 wins), based on the novel Q and A by Vikas Swarup, about an impoverished, 18 year-old orphaned slum thief Jamal Malik (Dev Patel) who is arrested for cheating (presumably due to his unsavory, lower-class background), when only one question away from winning the top prize of 20 million rupees in the Indian version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire"; the film's other wins included Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song ("Jai Ho"); [Note: Slumdog Millionaire was only the fifth film in the past 50 years to win without any acting nominations, repeating the feat of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) , Braveheart (1995), The Last Emperor (1987), and Gigi (1958). It was one of only eleven films in all of Academy history that have won Best Picture without receiving a single acting nomination.] The other Best Picture nominees were: director David Fincher's sweeping 2 3/4ths hour, big-budget fantasy epic The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (with 13 nominations and only 3 wins, including Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Art Direction), based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1922 jazz age short story (from Eric Roth's screenplay from a screen story by Roth and Robin Swicord) that followed the life of 'curious' everyman Benjamin Button (Brad Pitt) and was set in New Orleans - the title character was born in his 80s and aging in reverse, growing younger rather than older; the film was one of the most nominated films in Academy history, and had the largest box-office revenue of the five nominees, just over $100 million, although it lost in most of its categories - [Note: Out of eight films from the past with thirteen nominations, five films have won Best Picture, including: Gone With the Wind (1939) , From Here to Eternity (1953) , Forrest Gump (1994), Shakespeare in Love (1998) and Chicago (2002). Those that lost were: Mary Poppins (1964), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) .] director Gus Van Sant's Milk (with 8 nominations and 2 wins, including Best Actor and Best Original Screenplay), a historical biography about California's first openly-gay, openly-elected public official, mayoral aide Harvey Milk (Sean Penn) who was assassinated alongside San Francisco's mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber) director Stephen Daldry's The Reader (with 5 nominations and 1 win), the story of a young German teen Michael Berg's (David Kross and Ralph Fiennes) complex relationship with an illiterate train conductor/ex-Nazi concentration camp guard Hanna Schmitz (Best Actress-winning Kate Winslet) in the 1950's, and his dealing with her past decades later, based on Bernhard Schlink's best-selling and controversial 1995 novel director Ron Howard's Frost/Nixon (with 5 nominations and no wins), an adaptation of the successful Tony-winning Broadway drama about the famous series of interviews of Richard Nixon (Frank Langella) conducted by British talk show host David Frost (Michael Sheen) that aired on May 19, 1977, during which Frost memorably had Nixon admitting complicity in the Watergate scandal ("When the President does it, it's not illegal") For the first time in three years, all five Best Picture directors were nominated for Best Director – a rare occurrence! This happened only four other times in Oscar history: 1957, 1964, 1981, and 2005. The nominated directors included two first-time nominated directors, one of whom won the Best Director Oscar: 52 year-old British director Danny Boyle (with his first nomination and win) for Slumdog Millionaire, who had previously directed such films as Trainspotting (1996), A Life Less Ordinary (1997), and 28 Days Later (2002) The four other Best Director nominees included: 46 year-old former music video director David Fincher (with his first nomination) for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, after directing such films as Se7en (1995), Fight Club (1999), Panic Room (2002), and Zodiac (2007) 54 year-old Ron Howard (with his second directorial nomination) for Frost/Nixon, previously winning two Oscars: Best Picture (as producer) and Best Director for A Beautiful Mind (2001) 47 year-old Stephen Daldry (with his third nomination) for The Reader, previously nominated for Billy Elliott (2000) and The Hours (2002) - he became the first director ever to receive Best Director nominations for his first three films 56 year-old Gus Van Sant (with his second nomination) for Milk, previously nominated for Good Will Hunting (1997) All of the nominated Animated Feature Films were CGI creations. The winner was the overwhelming favorite: Wall-E (Disney Pictures/Pixar Animation) (with six nominations and this sole Oscar win), Pixar's 9th film and their 4th Best Animated Feature Film Oscar win -- a science fiction tale about a lonely garbage-compacting robot Wall-E stranded on post-apocalyptic, trash-laden Earth who encounters a sleek metallic female robot Eve who seeks plant life to signal a colony ship's return after 700 years of exile [Note: It tied with Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the most nominated animated film.] The other two nominees in the category were: Bolt (Walt Disney Pictures), about dog actor Bolt (voice of John Travolta) who believes the science fiction/action television show he stars in is real, and learns he has no superpowers when lost from the set Kung Fu Panda (Dreamworks Animation), a martial arts comedic fantasy about a slovenly, fat kung fu-obsessed giant panda named Po (voice of Jack Black) who is thrust unwittingly into the role of Dragon Warrior to save the countryside from a dangerous villain snow leopard Tai Lung (voice of Ian McShane) A bit of an upset occurred in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. The overwhelming favorite was the animated documentary Waltz With Bashir (Israel) (the Golden Globe winner for Best Foreign Language Film), the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film. But the category was won by Departures (Japan) (aka Okuribito), a film about an unemployed cello player who became a mortician preparing bodies (and "assisting departures") for funerals and burials. It was the first Japanese film to ever win a competitive Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. [Note: Three Japanese films were previously given honorary Oscars before the official category of Best Foreign Language Film was created in 1956 - Rashomon (1950, Jp.), Gate of Hell (1953, Jp.) (aka Jigokumon), and Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954, Jp.).] There were nine first-time nominees in the 20 acting performance slots. Five of the acting nominees were previous winners: Sean Penn, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Meryl Streep and Marisa Tomei. Sean Penn became the ninth actor in Academy history to win a second Best Actor Oscar. All four Oscar-winning performers this year: Penn, Winslet, Ledger, and Cruz, had been nominated at least once before, something that hadn't happened since 1994. The Best Actor winner was: 48 year-old Sean Penn (with his fifth nomination – all for Best Actor -- winning for Mystic River (2003) and now for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide, and was killed in 1978 at the same time as the assassination of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber), in Milk; Penn was also previously nominated for Dead Man Walking (1995), Sweet and Lowdown (1999), and I Am Sam (2001) The other Best Actor nominees were: 61 year-old Richard Jenkins (with his first nomination and his first leading role) as lonely widower college professor Professor Walter Vale, who finds two squatters (Haaz Sleiman, Danai Jekesai Gurira) living in his little-used Manhattan apartment, in writer/director Tom McCarthy's The Visitor (2007) (the film's sole nomination - the film debuted in Canada in 2007, but was Oscar eligible only after its 2008 US release) 71 year-old Frank Langella (with his first nomination) for his reprised Tony-award winning role (in 2007) as shamed ex-President Richard Nixon who was a talk show guest on Frost on America, where he battled wits with host David Frost (Michael Sheen, reprising his stage role as well), in Frost/Nixon [Note: Langella is the second actor to be nominated for Best Actor for playing Nixon (Anthony Hopkins was also nominated for Nixon (1995) but lost to Nicolas Cage for Leaving Las Vegas (1995)) 45 year-old Brad Pitt (with his second nomination, previously nominated for his supporting role in 12 Monkeys (1995)) for his role as Benjamin Button, who is born an elderly man and grows younger through the years, in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 56 year-old Mickey Rourke (with his first nomination) as Randy "The Ram" Robinson, a broken-down, formerly famous 80s headliner pro wrestler who now fights in the small circuit 20 years later; the role is best known for his inspiring closing speech ("I'm still standing here and I'm The Ram"), in Darren Aronofsky's The Wrestler (with 2 nominations including Best Supporting Actress, and no wins); [Rourke had been a longtime Oscar snub, being overlooked for such roles as Diner (1982), Rumble Fish (1983), The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984), 9 1/2 Weeks (1986), Angel Heart (1987), and Barfly (1987).] The Best Actress nominees included two oft-nominated Oscar favorites - Meryl Streep and Kate Winslet, with the latter winning her first Oscar: 33 year-old British actress Kate Winslet (with her 6th nomination, her 4th Best Actress nomination and her first win!) for her role as Hanna Schmitz, an illiterate train conductor/ex-Nazi concentration camp guard who had an affair with a fifteen year old boy, in The Reader; Winslet was previously nominated in a leading role for Titanic (1997), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and Little Children (2006), and in a supporting role for Sense and Sensibility (1995) and Iris (2001) [Note: With her sixth nomination, Winslet became the youngest individual (at age 33) to have six Oscar nominations. She was one year younger than Bette Davis who (at age 34) received her sixth for Now, Voyager (1942) ] The other Best Actress nominees included: 26 year-old actress Anne Hathaway (with her first nomination) as Kym, a recovering drug addict who is given a day pass from her rehabilitation clinic to attend her sister Rachel's (Rosemarie DeWitt) wedding, in Rachel Getting Married (its sole nomination); Hathaway had memorably been snubbed for her supporting role in Brokeback Mountain (2005) 33 year-old actress Angelina Jolie (with her second nomination, having won for her supporting role in Girl, Interrupted (1999)) for her role as real-life Christine Collins, a desperate Los Angeles single mother during the Great Depression whose son vanishes, and is given another boy who is claimed to be the missing son by the corrupt police department, in director Clint Eastwood's Changeling (with three nominations and no wins) 48 year-old Melissa Leo (with her first nomination), the former NBC-TV star of Homicide: Life on the Street, in her role as Ray Eddy, a struggling, cash-needy lower-class single mother of two in upstate New York who becomes involved in a people-smuggling ring across the US/Canadian border in an attempt to avoid losing her home, in the independent drama Frozen River (with two nominations and no wins) 59 year-old Meryl Streep (with her astonishing 15th nomination - an all-time record, and her 12th Best Actress nomination (tying her with Katharine Hepburn), and a winner in 1979 and 1982) for her role as Sister Aloysius Beauvier, the suspicious, domineering strict head of a Bronx Catholic school in New York City in the 1960s who believes that progressive new priest Father Brendan Flynn (Philip Seymour Hoffman) is a pedophile, in writer/director John Patrick Shanley's adaptation of the Broadway play Doubt (with five nominations and no wins, including Best Screenplay Adaptation, Best Supporting Actor, and two Best Supporting Actress nominations) The Best Supporting Actor winner was the heavily-favored 28 year-old deceased Australian actor Heath Ledger (with his second nomination, following a Best Actor nomination for Brokeback Mountain (2005)) as the wildly psychotic villain, The Joker, in Christopher Nolan's moody cape-and-cowl superhero sequel The Dark Knight (with 8 nominations and only 2 wins, including Best Sound Editing); this was the seventh posthumous nomination in Academy history (won only once previously by Peter Finch). The other Best Supporting Actor nominees were: 40 year-old Josh Brolin (with his first nomination after being snubbed for lead roles in No Country for Old Men (2007) and this year's President Bush biopic W.) as conservative former fireman Dan White, an alcoholic who is married with children (and possibly closeted gay), elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors along-side openly-gay Harvey Milk; he later murders Milk along with Mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber) in 1978 during a drunken tirade, in Milk 43 year-old Robert Downey, Jr. (wth his second nomination, following his Best Actor nomination for Chaplin (1992)), in the over-the-top comedic role as obsessive, faux-black white Australian Method actor Kirk Lazarus who has medical surgery to transform himself into a black man to completely immerse himself in a dark-horse role in a Vietnam war movie, in Ben Stiller's comedy Tropic Thunder (its sole nomination) 41 year-old Philip Seymour Hoffman (with his third nomination, following a win for his lead role in Capote (2005) and nominated supporting role in Charlie Wilson's War (2007), this year's only back-to-back nominee) as Father Brendan Flynn, a progressive priest in 1960s New York City whose keen interest in his Bronx Catholic school's first black student inspires suspicion from its head nun (Meryl Streep), in Doubt 34 year-old Michael Shannon (with his first nomination) as John Givings, an unstable mathematician and wrongfully-interred mental institution patient who makes brutally honest, incisive observations about his unhappily-married neighbors and hosts Frank and April Wheeler (Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet reunited in their first pairing since Titanic (1997)) and his parents during a dinner party in 1950s Connecticut, in Sam Mendes' Revolutionary Road (with 3 nominations) The Best Supporting Actress winner was: 34 year-old Spanish-born actress Penélope Cruz (with her second nomination and first win) as Maria Elena, a newly-divorced, crazy Spanish artist/temptress, who experienced a menage a trois with her ex-husband painter/lothario Juan Antonio (Javier Bardem) and inquisitive, traveling American photographer Cristina (Scarlett Johansson), in Woody Allen's Vicky Cristina Barcelona (its sole nomination and win) [Note: Cruz previously had a lead nomination for Volver (2006, Sp.) when she became the first Spanish woman to be nominated for a Best Actress Academy Award for a non-English speaking role; with her win, she became the first Spanish-born actress to win an Oscar] [Note: Cruz' win joined her with two other Woody Allen actresses who have won Best Supporting Actress Oscars: Dianne Wiest (twice) for Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Bullets Over Broadway (1994), and Mira Sorvino for Mighty Aphrodite (1995); she was, in fact, the 4th 'Woody Allen' actress to receive an Oscar, if Diane Keaton's Annie Hall (1977) Best Actress Oscar win was also counted; other 'Woody Allen' actresses with Supporting Actress nominations (nine in total) include: Maureen Stapleton for Interiors (1978), Mariel Hemingway for Manhattan (1979), Judy Davis for Husbands and Wives (1992), Jennifer Tilly for Bullets Over Broadway (1994), and Samantha Morton for Sweet and Lowdown (1999)] [Note: Cruz became one of many actors/actresses to receive a nomination for a role performed in two different languages, following after, for example, Ingrid Bergman's Swedish language-role in Autumn Sonata (1978), Robert DeNiro's Sicilian in The Godfather Part II (1974) , Meryl Streep's Polish/German in Sophie's Choice (1982), and Benicio Del Toro's Spanish in Traffic (2000). Sophia Loren's Italian in Two Women (1960) (aka La Ciociara), Roberto Benigni's Italian in La Vita è bella (1997) (aka Life is Beautiful), and Marion Cotillard's French in La Vie En Rose (2007) were fully in one language.] [Note: If Woody Allen had been nominated for Best Original Screenplay, it would have been his 15th Best Original Screenplay nomination.] The remaining Best Supporting Actress nominees included two nominees for Doubt: 34 year-old Amy Adams (with her second nomination, following her supporting nod for Junebug (2005)) as sensitive and innocent novitiate Sister James, in Doubt 43 year-old Viola Davis (with her first nomination) in a 12-minute scene as African-American Mrs. Miller, the conflicted mother of a student who is suspected of being sexually-abused by a new Catholic priest (nominee Philip Seymour Hoffman) at his 1960s New York City school, in Doubt 38 year-old Taraji P. Henson (with her first nomination) as African-American Queenie, a New Orleans nursing-home employee who rescues abandoned old man-child Benjamin Button and adopts him ("You are as ugly as an old post but you're still a child of God"), in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 44 year-old Marisa Tomei (with her third nomination, following her semi-controversial win for her supporting role in My Cousin Vinny (1992), and her supporting role nomination for In the Bedroom (2001)) as Cassidy, a middle-aged, tattooed exotic stripper and single mother who forms a bond with has-been wrestler Randy Robinson (fellow nominee Mickey Rourke), in The Wrestler Doubt became the 4th film in Academy history to receive 4 acting nominations WITHOUT a Best Picture nomination. The other three were: My Man Godfrey (1936) , I Remember Mama (1948) , and Othello (1965). Jerry Lewis, who was never nominated for an Academy Award, was presented with the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Although Doubt had tied the record for four acting nominations, it did not receive either a Best Director or Best Picture nomination and came away empty-handed. Christopher Nolan's box-office blockbuster and popular summer hit - the despairing comic book Batman tale The Dark Knight scored eight nominations (mostly technical areas, and scored two wins for Best Supporting Actor and Best Sound Editing), but was devoid of a Best Picture or Best Director nomination. It became the most nominated superhero film in Academy Award history. [Note: Dreamgirls (2006) also had eight nominations without a nomination for Best Picture or Best Director.] Although Jonathan Demme's innovative and critically-hailed Rachel Getting Married had a single acting nomination (and lost), it had no other nominations (specifically Best Director or Best Picture, and Rosemarie DeWitt's supporting role). And most glaringly, there were no nominations for actor/director Clint Eastwood, either for his dramatic role in Gran Torino or for his directing of Changeling. Remarkably, Slumdog Millionaire was lacking in any acting nominations (for Dev Patel and Freida Pinto), fairly rare for a Best Picture-winning film. Director Darren Aronofsky was denied an Oscar nomination for The Wrestler, and the film's nominations were unsuccessful. And Oliver Stone's biopic W. starring Josh Brolin as President George W. Bush was devoid of any Oscars' recognition - and it was a surprise that Brolin was nominated for his supporting role in Milk instead. Unfortunately, there were no acting nominations for Saul Dibb's splendid 18th century costume drama The Duchess (with two nominations and one win (Best Costume Design) and Best Art Direction), although they were deserved for Keira Knightley as the title character - a witty and attractive 17 year-old naive aristocrat Georgiana Spencer, who was set up and then trapped in an emotionally-distant, arranged marriage with callous, loathsome, but regal and powerful Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish (Ralph Fiennes). Best Animated Feature Film winner Wall-E was not nominated for Best Picture (although it had six nominations total and only one win), thereby preserving Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the only animated feature to be nominated for the top Oscar. Wall-E's six nominations tied it with Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the most-nominated animated film. It was a surprise to have Kate Winslet nominated for her lesser role in The Reader (which then became a momentous first Oscar win for her), rather than as a Best Actress candidate for her husband/director Sam Mendes' Revolutionary Road, and that her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio for the latter was un-nominated for his portrayal of Winslet's husband. Two glaring acting omissions included Sally Hawkins for her role as North London schoolteacher Poppy in Mike Leigh's Happy-Go-Lucky, and Kristin Scott Thomas as released and ravaged murder convict Juliette Fontaine in writer/director Philippe Claudel's debut French film I've Loved You So Long, as well as nominations for Jeffrey Wright (as Muddy Waters) and Beyonce Knowles (as Etta James) for their performances in writer/director Darnell Martin's fictionalized musical biopic of the 1950s-60s Chicago-based Chess Records saga, Cadillac Records. In addition, Michelle Williams was left out for her role as struggling, downtrodden and broke drifter Wendy with her dog Lucy, in director Kelly Reichardt's Wendy and Lucy. Three other performances were overlooked: Benicio del Toro as the revolutionary Ernesto 'Che' Guevara in Steven Soderbergh's two-part epic biopic Che, Philip Seymour Hoffman as regional theater director Caden Cotard staging his magnum opus in New York City in first-time director Charlie Kaufman's black comedy Synechdoche, New York, and James Franco as Harvey Milk's (Sean Penn) pre-election gay lover Scott Smith in Milk. There was some question about Brad Pitt's nomination for his CGI-assisted role as the title character in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, when his role as unscrupulous gym trainer Chad Feldheimer in the Coen Brothers' Burn After Reading was more memorable, while Pitt's co-star Cate Blanchett was ignored for her role as Benjamin Button's romantic soulmate Daisy. Many critics were surprised by the blatant snub-omission of Bruce Springsteen in the Best Original Song category (he won the Golden Globe Award) for the theme song (in the closing credits) for The Wrestler.	Mary Poppins
What was the name of the ‘Lucky Rabbit’ in an early Disney animated film?	2008 Academy Awards® Winners and History Kung Fu Panda (2008) Actor: SEAN PENN in "Milk," Richard Jenkins in "The Visitor," Frank Langella in "Frost/Nixon," Brad Pitt in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Mickey Rourke in "The Wrestler" Actress: KATE WINSLET in "The Reader," Anne Hathaway in "Rachel Getting Married," Angelina Jolie in "Changeling," Melissa Leo in "Frozen River," Meryl Streep in "Doubt" Supporting Actor: HEATH LEDGER in " The Dark Knight ," Josh Brolin in "Milk," Robert Downey, Jr. in "Tropic Thunder," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Doubt," Michael Shannon in "Revolutionary Road" Supporting Actress: PENELOPE CRUZ in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona," Amy Adams in "Doubt," Viola Davis in "Doubt," Taraji P. Henson in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Marisa Tomei in "The Wrestler" Director: DANNY BOYLE for "Slumdog Millionaire," Stephen Daldry for "The Reader," David Fincher for "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Ron Howard for "Frost/Nixon," Gus Van Sant for "Milk” 2008 represented the continued rise of smaller studios and development companies, proven by the dominance of the Best Picture-winning independent film Slumdog Millionaire. The low-budget film was made for only $15 million, had no American superstars, lots of foreign-language dialogue, and it struggled to find a distributor. It also had a 'feel-good' theme and romantic sub-plot, a song/dance finale, an Oscar-winning song "Jai Ho," while at the same time exhibiting the extreme poverty of India. Its major competitor, the big-budget The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, was produced by a major studio (a co-production between Warner Bros. and Paramount), featured major stars, an extensive marketing campaign, a well-respected director, and expensive CGI-effects. And it suffered a record loss among films with 13 nominations -- it had the fewest wins for any film with that many nods. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, a Warner Bros./Paramount Film co-production Frost/Nixon, from Universal The Reader, from The Weinstein Company Slumdog Millionaire, from Fox Searchlight All five titles of the Best Picture-nominated films referred to the film's characters (this also occurred in 1964), and were mostly tales from the past. The Best Picture winner became more strongly favored as the Oscar season progressed: director Danny Boyle's dark horse crowd-pleasing Slumdog Millionaire (with 10 nominations and 8 wins), based on the novel Q and A by Vikas Swarup, about an impoverished, 18 year-old orphaned slum thief Jamal Malik (Dev Patel) who is arrested for cheating (presumably due to his unsavory, lower-class background), when only one question away from winning the top prize of 20 million rupees in the Indian version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire"; the film's other wins included Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song ("Jai Ho"); [Note: Slumdog Millionaire was only the fifth film in the past 50 years to win without any acting nominations, repeating the feat of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) , Braveheart (1995), The Last Emperor (1987), and Gigi (1958). It was one of only eleven films in all of Academy history that have won Best Picture without receiving a single acting nomination.] The other Best Picture nominees were: director David Fincher's sweeping 2 3/4ths hour, big-budget fantasy epic The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (with 13 nominations and only 3 wins, including Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Art Direction), based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1922 jazz age short story (from Eric Roth's screenplay from a screen story by Roth and Robin Swicord) that followed the life of 'curious' everyman Benjamin Button (Brad Pitt) and was set in New Orleans - the title character was born in his 80s and aging in reverse, growing younger rather than older; the film was one of the most nominated films in Academy history, and had the largest box-office revenue of the five nominees, just over $100 million, although it lost in most of its categories - [Note: Out of eight films from the past with thirteen nominations, five films have won Best Picture, including: Gone With the Wind (1939) , From Here to Eternity (1953) , Forrest Gump (1994), Shakespeare in Love (1998) and Chicago (2002). Those that lost were: Mary Poppins (1964), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) .] director Gus Van Sant's Milk (with 8 nominations and 2 wins, including Best Actor and Best Original Screenplay), a historical biography about California's first openly-gay, openly-elected public official, mayoral aide Harvey Milk (Sean Penn) who was assassinated alongside San Francisco's mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber) director Stephen Daldry's The Reader (with 5 nominations and 1 win), the story of a young German teen Michael Berg's (David Kross and Ralph Fiennes) complex relationship with an illiterate train conductor/ex-Nazi concentration camp guard Hanna Schmitz (Best Actress-winning Kate Winslet) in the 1950's, and his dealing with her past decades later, based on Bernhard Schlink's best-selling and controversial 1995 novel director Ron Howard's Frost/Nixon (with 5 nominations and no wins), an adaptation of the successful Tony-winning Broadway drama about the famous series of interviews of Richard Nixon (Frank Langella) conducted by British talk show host David Frost (Michael Sheen) that aired on May 19, 1977, during which Frost memorably had Nixon admitting complicity in the Watergate scandal ("When the President does it, it's not illegal") For the first time in three years, all five Best Picture directors were nominated for Best Director – a rare occurrence! This happened only four other times in Oscar history: 1957, 1964, 1981, and 2005. The nominated directors included two first-time nominated directors, one of whom won the Best Director Oscar: 52 year-old British director Danny Boyle (with his first nomination and win) for Slumdog Millionaire, who had previously directed such films as Trainspotting (1996), A Life Less Ordinary (1997), and 28 Days Later (2002) The four other Best Director nominees included: 46 year-old former music video director David Fincher (with his first nomination) for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, after directing such films as Se7en (1995), Fight Club (1999), Panic Room (2002), and Zodiac (2007) 54 year-old Ron Howard (with his second directorial nomination) for Frost/Nixon, previously winning two Oscars: Best Picture (as producer) and Best Director for A Beautiful Mind (2001) 47 year-old Stephen Daldry (with his third nomination) for The Reader, previously nominated for Billy Elliott (2000) and The Hours (2002) - he became the first director ever to receive Best Director nominations for his first three films 56 year-old Gus Van Sant (with his second nomination) for Milk, previously nominated for Good Will Hunting (1997) All of the nominated Animated Feature Films were CGI creations. The winner was the overwhelming favorite: Wall-E (Disney Pictures/Pixar Animation) (with six nominations and this sole Oscar win), Pixar's 9th film and their 4th Best Animated Feature Film Oscar win -- a science fiction tale about a lonely garbage-compacting robot Wall-E stranded on post-apocalyptic, trash-laden Earth who encounters a sleek metallic female robot Eve who seeks plant life to signal a colony ship's return after 700 years of exile [Note: It tied with Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the most nominated animated film.] The other two nominees in the category were: Bolt (Walt Disney Pictures), about dog actor Bolt (voice of John Travolta) who believes the science fiction/action television show he stars in is real, and learns he has no superpowers when lost from the set Kung Fu Panda (Dreamworks Animation), a martial arts comedic fantasy about a slovenly, fat kung fu-obsessed giant panda named Po (voice of Jack Black) who is thrust unwittingly into the role of Dragon Warrior to save the countryside from a dangerous villain snow leopard Tai Lung (voice of Ian McShane) A bit of an upset occurred in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. The overwhelming favorite was the animated documentary Waltz With Bashir (Israel) (the Golden Globe winner for Best Foreign Language Film), the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film. But the category was won by Departures (Japan) (aka Okuribito), a film about an unemployed cello player who became a mortician preparing bodies (and "assisting departures") for funerals and burials. It was the first Japanese film to ever win a competitive Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. [Note: Three Japanese films were previously given honorary Oscars before the official category of Best Foreign Language Film was created in 1956 - Rashomon (1950, Jp.), Gate of Hell (1953, Jp.) (aka Jigokumon), and Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954, Jp.).] There were nine first-time nominees in the 20 acting performance slots. Five of the acting nominees were previous winners: Sean Penn, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Meryl Streep and Marisa Tomei. Sean Penn became the ninth actor in Academy history to win a second Best Actor Oscar. All four Oscar-winning performers this year: Penn, Winslet, Ledger, and Cruz, had been nominated at least once before, something that hadn't happened since 1994. The Best Actor winner was: 48 year-old Sean Penn (with his fifth nomination – all for Best Actor -- winning for Mystic River (2003) and now for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide, and was killed in 1978 at the same time as the assassination of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber), in Milk; Penn was also previously nominated for Dead Man Walking (1995), Sweet and Lowdown (1999), and I Am Sam (2001) The other Best Actor nominees were: 61 year-old Richard Jenkins (with his first nomination and his first leading role) as lonely widower college professor Professor Walter Vale, who finds two squatters (Haaz Sleiman, Danai Jekesai Gurira) living in his little-used Manhattan apartment, in writer/director Tom McCarthy's The Visitor (2007) (the film's sole nomination - the film debuted in Canada in 2007, but was Oscar eligible only after its 2008 US release) 71 year-old Frank Langella (with his first nomination) for his reprised Tony-award winning role (in 2007) as shamed ex-President Richard Nixon who was a talk show guest on Frost on America, where he battled wits with host David Frost (Michael Sheen, reprising his stage role as well), in Frost/Nixon [Note: Langella is the second actor to be nominated for Best Actor for playing Nixon (Anthony Hopkins was also nominated for Nixon (1995) but lost to Nicolas Cage for Leaving Las Vegas (1995)) 45 year-old Brad Pitt (with his second nomination, previously nominated for his supporting role in 12 Monkeys (1995)) for his role as Benjamin Button, who is born an elderly man and grows younger through the years, in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 56 year-old Mickey Rourke (with his first nomination) as Randy "The Ram" Robinson, a broken-down, formerly famous 80s headliner pro wrestler who now fights in the small circuit 20 years later; the role is best known for his inspiring closing speech ("I'm still standing here and I'm The Ram"), in Darren Aronofsky's The Wrestler (with 2 nominations including Best Supporting Actress, and no wins); [Rourke had been a longtime Oscar snub, being overlooked for such roles as Diner (1982), Rumble Fish (1983), The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984), 9 1/2 Weeks (1986), Angel Heart (1987), and Barfly (1987).] The Best Actress nominees included two oft-nominated Oscar favorites - Meryl Streep and Kate Winslet, with the latter winning her first Oscar: 33 year-old British actress Kate Winslet (with her 6th nomination, her 4th Best Actress nomination and her first win!) for her role as Hanna Schmitz, an illiterate train conductor/ex-Nazi concentration camp guard who had an affair with a fifteen year old boy, in The Reader; Winslet was previously nominated in a leading role for Titanic (1997), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and Little Children (2006), and in a supporting role for Sense and Sensibility (1995) and Iris (2001) [Note: With her sixth nomination, Winslet became the youngest individual (at age 33) to have six Oscar nominations. She was one year younger than Bette Davis who (at age 34) received her sixth for Now, Voyager (1942) ] The other Best Actress nominees included: 26 year-old actress Anne Hathaway (with her first nomination) as Kym, a recovering drug addict who is given a day pass from her rehabilitation clinic to attend her sister Rachel's (Rosemarie DeWitt) wedding, in Rachel Getting Married (its sole nomination); Hathaway had memorably been snubbed for her supporting role in Brokeback Mountain (2005) 33 year-old actress Angelina Jolie (with her second nomination, having won for her supporting role in Girl, Interrupted (1999)) for her role as real-life Christine Collins, a desperate Los Angeles single mother during the Great Depression whose son vanishes, and is given another boy who is claimed to be the missing son by the corrupt police department, in director Clint Eastwood's Changeling (with three nominations and no wins) 48 year-old Melissa Leo (with her first nomination), the former NBC-TV star of Homicide: Life on the Street, in her role as Ray Eddy, a struggling, cash-needy lower-class single mother of two in upstate New York who becomes involved in a people-smuggling ring across the US/Canadian border in an attempt to avoid losing her home, in the independent drama Frozen River (with two nominations and no wins) 59 year-old Meryl Streep (with her astonishing 15th nomination - an all-time record, and her 12th Best Actress nomination (tying her with Katharine Hepburn), and a winner in 1979 and 1982) for her role as Sister Aloysius Beauvier, the suspicious, domineering strict head of a Bronx Catholic school in New York City in the 1960s who believes that progressive new priest Father Brendan Flynn (Philip Seymour Hoffman) is a pedophile, in writer/director John Patrick Shanley's adaptation of the Broadway play Doubt (with five nominations and no wins, including Best Screenplay Adaptation, Best Supporting Actor, and two Best Supporting Actress nominations) The Best Supporting Actor winner was the heavily-favored 28 year-old deceased Australian actor Heath Ledger (with his second nomination, following a Best Actor nomination for Brokeback Mountain (2005)) as the wildly psychotic villain, The Joker, in Christopher Nolan's moody cape-and-cowl superhero sequel The Dark Knight (with 8 nominations and only 2 wins, including Best Sound Editing); this was the seventh posthumous nomination in Academy history (won only once previously by Peter Finch). The other Best Supporting Actor nominees were: 40 year-old Josh Brolin (with his first nomination after being snubbed for lead roles in No Country for Old Men (2007) and this year's President Bush biopic W.) as conservative former fireman Dan White, an alcoholic who is married with children (and possibly closeted gay), elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors along-side openly-gay Harvey Milk; he later murders Milk along with Mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber) in 1978 during a drunken tirade, in Milk 43 year-old Robert Downey, Jr. (wth his second nomination, following his Best Actor nomination for Chaplin (1992)), in the over-the-top comedic role as obsessive, faux-black white Australian Method actor Kirk Lazarus who has medical surgery to transform himself into a black man to completely immerse himself in a dark-horse role in a Vietnam war movie, in Ben Stiller's comedy Tropic Thunder (its sole nomination) 41 year-old Philip Seymour Hoffman (with his third nomination, following a win for his lead role in Capote (2005) and nominated supporting role in Charlie Wilson's War (2007), this year's only back-to-back nominee) as Father Brendan Flynn, a progressive priest in 1960s New York City whose keen interest in his Bronx Catholic school's first black student inspires suspicion from its head nun (Meryl Streep), in Doubt 34 year-old Michael Shannon (with his first nomination) as John Givings, an unstable mathematician and wrongfully-interred mental institution patient who makes brutally honest, incisive observations about his unhappily-married neighbors and hosts Frank and April Wheeler (Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet reunited in their first pairing since Titanic (1997)) and his parents during a dinner party in 1950s Connecticut, in Sam Mendes' Revolutionary Road (with 3 nominations) The Best Supporting Actress winner was: 34 year-old Spanish-born actress Penélope Cruz (with her second nomination and first win) as Maria Elena, a newly-divorced, crazy Spanish artist/temptress, who experienced a menage a trois with her ex-husband painter/lothario Juan Antonio (Javier Bardem) and inquisitive, traveling American photographer Cristina (Scarlett Johansson), in Woody Allen's Vicky Cristina Barcelona (its sole nomination and win) [Note: Cruz previously had a lead nomination for Volver (2006, Sp.) when she became the first Spanish woman to be nominated for a Best Actress Academy Award for a non-English speaking role; with her win, she became the first Spanish-born actress to win an Oscar] [Note: Cruz' win joined her with two other Woody Allen actresses who have won Best Supporting Actress Oscars: Dianne Wiest (twice) for Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Bullets Over Broadway (1994), and Mira Sorvino for Mighty Aphrodite (1995); she was, in fact, the 4th 'Woody Allen' actress to receive an Oscar, if Diane Keaton's Annie Hall (1977) Best Actress Oscar win was also counted; other 'Woody Allen' actresses with Supporting Actress nominations (nine in total) include: Maureen Stapleton for Interiors (1978), Mariel Hemingway for Manhattan (1979), Judy Davis for Husbands and Wives (1992), Jennifer Tilly for Bullets Over Broadway (1994), and Samantha Morton for Sweet and Lowdown (1999)] [Note: Cruz became one of many actors/actresses to receive a nomination for a role performed in two different languages, following after, for example, Ingrid Bergman's Swedish language-role in Autumn Sonata (1978), Robert DeNiro's Sicilian in The Godfather Part II (1974) , Meryl Streep's Polish/German in Sophie's Choice (1982), and Benicio Del Toro's Spanish in Traffic (2000). Sophia Loren's Italian in Two Women (1960) (aka La Ciociara), Roberto Benigni's Italian in La Vita è bella (1997) (aka Life is Beautiful), and Marion Cotillard's French in La Vie En Rose (2007) were fully in one language.] [Note: If Woody Allen had been nominated for Best Original Screenplay, it would have been his 15th Best Original Screenplay nomination.] The remaining Best Supporting Actress nominees included two nominees for Doubt: 34 year-old Amy Adams (with her second nomination, following her supporting nod for Junebug (2005)) as sensitive and innocent novitiate Sister James, in Doubt 43 year-old Viola Davis (with her first nomination) in a 12-minute scene as African-American Mrs. Miller, the conflicted mother of a student who is suspected of being sexually-abused by a new Catholic priest (nominee Philip Seymour Hoffman) at his 1960s New York City school, in Doubt 38 year-old Taraji P. Henson (with her first nomination) as African-American Queenie, a New Orleans nursing-home employee who rescues abandoned old man-child Benjamin Button and adopts him ("You are as ugly as an old post but you're still a child of God"), in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 44 year-old Marisa Tomei (with her third nomination, following her semi-controversial win for her supporting role in My Cousin Vinny (1992), and her supporting role nomination for In the Bedroom (2001)) as Cassidy, a middle-aged, tattooed exotic stripper and single mother who forms a bond with has-been wrestler Randy Robinson (fellow nominee Mickey Rourke), in The Wrestler Doubt became the 4th film in Academy history to receive 4 acting nominations WITHOUT a Best Picture nomination. The other three were: My Man Godfrey (1936) , I Remember Mama (1948) , and Othello (1965). Jerry Lewis, who was never nominated for an Academy Award, was presented with the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Although Doubt had tied the record for four acting nominations, it did not receive either a Best Director or Best Picture nomination and came away empty-handed. Christopher Nolan's box-office blockbuster and popular summer hit - the despairing comic book Batman tale The Dark Knight scored eight nominations (mostly technical areas, and scored two wins for Best Supporting Actor and Best Sound Editing), but was devoid of a Best Picture or Best Director nomination. It became the most nominated superhero film in Academy Award history. [Note: Dreamgirls (2006) also had eight nominations without a nomination for Best Picture or Best Director.] Although Jonathan Demme's innovative and critically-hailed Rachel Getting Married had a single acting nomination (and lost), it had no other nominations (specifically Best Director or Best Picture, and Rosemarie DeWitt's supporting role). And most glaringly, there were no nominations for actor/director Clint Eastwood, either for his dramatic role in Gran Torino or for his directing of Changeling. Remarkably, Slumdog Millionaire was lacking in any acting nominations (for Dev Patel and Freida Pinto), fairly rare for a Best Picture-winning film. Director Darren Aronofsky was denied an Oscar nomination for The Wrestler, and the film's nominations were unsuccessful. And Oliver Stone's biopic W. starring Josh Brolin as President George W. Bush was devoid of any Oscars' recognition - and it was a surprise that Brolin was nominated for his supporting role in Milk instead. Unfortunately, there were no acting nominations for Saul Dibb's splendid 18th century costume drama The Duchess (with two nominations and one win (Best Costume Design) and Best Art Direction), although they were deserved for Keira Knightley as the title character - a witty and attractive 17 year-old naive aristocrat Georgiana Spencer, who was set up and then trapped in an emotionally-distant, arranged marriage with callous, loathsome, but regal and powerful Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish (Ralph Fiennes). Best Animated Feature Film winner Wall-E was not nominated for Best Picture (although it had six nominations total and only one win), thereby preserving Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the only animated feature to be nominated for the top Oscar. Wall-E's six nominations tied it with Beauty and the Beast (1991) as the most-nominated animated film. It was a surprise to have Kate Winslet nominated for her lesser role in The Reader (which then became a momentous first Oscar win for her), rather than as a Best Actress candidate for her husband/director Sam Mendes' Revolutionary Road, and that her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio for the latter was un-nominated for his portrayal of Winslet's husband. Two glaring acting omissions included Sally Hawkins for her role as North London schoolteacher Poppy in Mike Leigh's Happy-Go-Lucky, and Kristin Scott Thomas as released and ravaged murder convict Juliette Fontaine in writer/director Philippe Claudel's debut French film I've Loved You So Long, as well as nominations for Jeffrey Wright (as Muddy Waters) and Beyonce Knowles (as Etta James) for their performances in writer/director Darnell Martin's fictionalized musical biopic of the 1950s-60s Chicago-based Chess Records saga, Cadillac Records. In addition, Michelle Williams was left out for her role as struggling, downtrodden and broke drifter Wendy with her dog Lucy, in director Kelly Reichardt's Wendy and Lucy. Three other performances were overlooked: Benicio del Toro as the revolutionary Ernesto 'Che' Guevara in Steven Soderbergh's two-part epic biopic Che, Philip Seymour Hoffman as regional theater director Caden Cotard staging his magnum opus in New York City in first-time director Charlie Kaufman's black comedy Synechdoche, New York, and James Franco as Harvey Milk's (Sean Penn) pre-election gay lover Scott Smith in Milk. There was some question about Brad Pitt's nomination for his CGI-assisted role as the title character in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, when his role as unscrupulous gym trainer Chad Feldheimer in the Coen Brothers' Burn After Reading was more memorable, while Pitt's co-star Cate Blanchett was ignored for her role as Benjamin Button's romantic soulmate Daisy. Many critics were surprised by the blatant snub-omission of Bruce Springsteen in the Best Original Song category (he won the Golden Globe Award) for the theme song (in the closing credits) for The Wrestler.	i don't know
In which series did Jeff Stewart play the character Reg Hollis for over 24 years?	Actor Jeff Stewart is unrecognisable from his straitlaced Bill character Reg - Mirror Online Celebs Actor Jeff Stewart is unrecognisable from his straitlaced Bill character Reg Looking every inch the eccentric thespian, former Bill star Jeff Stewart would stump most fans asked to put a name to his fuzzy face. Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Looking every inch the eccentric thespian, former Bill star Jeff Stewart would stump most fans asked to put a name to his fuzzy face. Behind the wacky hair and quirky clothes it is none other than bumbling former Sun Hill favourite PC Reg Hollis. Smiling Jeff was snapped in his big yellow shades as he waited at a London bus stop after a night out at the theatre. A fan said: “It was hard to believe this was in fact PC Reg Hollis. “He was really nice and chatty and said he comes into town a couple of times a week to go to the theatre. “He gets the bus home to Kingston upon Thames.” It has been a year of turmoil for Aberdeen-born Jeff, 53. In January he was told his £150,000-a-year contract at The Bill was not going to be renewed. The producers’ decision followed Jeff’s suspension from the ITV1 drama after an outburst at one of the directors just before last Christmas. After serving 24 years on the nation’s biggest cop show, Jeff was shattered. He slashed his wrists in his room on the set of The Bill in South London but then called for help and was patched up in hospital, recovering later in The Priory clinic. A statement he released said: “I love being an actor. My work as an actor is my life, and the thought of this suddenly changing had an extremely serious effect on me. “I am feeling much better now and am progressively improving. “I very much appreciate the kind messages of support from the public and people in the business.” Rumours of a return to The Bill proved unfounded. It was revealed in 1996 that Jeff and girlfriend Katy Kass, daughter of Joan Collins and 17 years his junior, visited seedy London bondage clubs. Miss Collins was reported as saying he had “corrupted” Katy. Jeff refused to comment at his home yesterday. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	The Bill
Which UK TV series starring Olivia Colman was remade as Gracepoint in the USA?	The Bill - The Complete Series 2 DVD 1985 1984: Amazon.co.uk: Jeff Stewart, Ralph Brown, Ronny Cush, Peter Ellis, Tony Scannell, John Michael Phillips, Eric Richard: DVD & Blu-ray By D. Evans VINE VOICE on 25 Sept. 2005 Format: DVD Maintaining the gritty, documentary feel of the first series, the second series of The Bill first broadcast in 1985, was the point at which the series started to become a hit with audiences. Featuring famous characters such as Jim Carver, Bob Cryer, Reg Hollis, and early favourites like Roy Galloway, this series is far superior to any of the episodes broadcast in recent years. Indeed in presenting a realistic look at modern Policing, the programme did not even kill off a regular until 1990, a far cry to today when several characters seem to die every year. The personal lives of the regulars is also less emphasised during this era, with the only real storyline to veer in this direction, being the divorce of DI Roy Galloway, and how this impacts on his role at Sunhill station. Fans of Burnside will be pleased to see him making an apperance, even if his name was Tommy rather than Frank back then. There is much humour to also be found in the series, particularly in the episode The Chief Super's Party, a party which Burnside decides to gatecrash. As with many other 1980's Police dramas, such as Bergerac, Juliet Bravo, and Dempsey and Makepeace, the early years of The Bill are fondly recalled by many fans, and this is certainly worth investing in.	i don't know
Horse Racing. Traditionally the flat racing season begins and ends at which racecourse?	Horse Racing; \| achandler2015 Racing Flat; Lincoln: family , Horse Racing; DONCASTER Racecourse is getting ready to start the flat season in style with the prestigious Betway Lincoln weekend. The famous fixture traditionally marks the start of Britain’s flat season and has long been a highlight of the Town Moor racing calendar, attracting thousands of race-goers each year looking to enjoy a top class sporting and social occasion. The Betway Lincoln, a famous Heritage Handicap over a straight mile, takes pride of place on Saturday 02 April at 3.45pm, with the first race scheduled for 2pm. Seven races will take place across the opening day, with the final race getting started at 5:30pm. Racegoers will also be able to stay behind to enjoy some evening musical entertainment from top impersonator, Elvis2 . The race was originally run at Lincoln Racecourse and the venue introduced the Lincoln Spring Handicap at a new fixture in March 1853. The first two runnings were over 1½ miles, and it was shortened to a mile in 1855. The summer race ended when the meeting was temporarily discontinued in the 1850s. The spring version was renamed the Lincolnshire Handicap in 1860. The race continued to be held at Lincoln until 1964. It was transferred to Doncaster in 1965, following the closure of its former venue and from this point, it was known as the Lincoln Handicap. On the second day of the Lincoln weekend, (Sunday 03 April), families will also be able to enjoy a spring day out as part of the racecourse’s first family themed event of the year at the Easter Family Fun Day. Admission is free for children and there will be entertainment for all the family including fairground rides, a colouring competition, kids disco, Doncaster’s favourite Mr Dan and much more. Kieran Gallagher, executive director at Doncaster Racecourse, said: “The Lincoln weekend is always a highlight of the racing calendar as it kick starts the flat season in scintillating style. “It is set to be a really popular weekend at the racecourse for both parents and children alike and aside from lots of off the course activity, we have a packed schedule of races lined up which are sure to entertain the parents. I would urge people to book tickets in advance to avoid disappointment.” Tickets to the Betway Lincoln and Easter Family Fun Day start at £8.50 per person. achandler2015 Racing Horse Racing; Now in it’s 4th year, the OLBG Mares’ Road to Cheltenham 2016 kicked off at Wetherby’s annual bet365 Charlie Hall meeting on 31st October 2015. Giving mares and fillies a platform to showcase their talents, the OLBG Mares’ Road has been building in momentum since 2012 and culminates each year in the Grade 1 OLBG Mares’ Hurdle at Cheltenham Festival. “The aim of OLBG’s sponsorship from the beginning was to help increase the quality and value of mares in National Hunt racing. We’ve now taken this further and developed a respected series solely for mares and fillies,” said Stefanie Reeve, Sponsorship Manager of OLBG. “The OLBG Mares’ Road to Cheltenham is the result of investment and hard work from OLBG and many parties, including racecourses, trainers and of course the mares themselves.” OLBG.com Mares Hurdle, Wetherby, Saturday 31st October 2015 – 2 mile Listed hurdle OLBG.com Mares Hurdle, Kempton, Monday 23rd November 2015 – 3 mile 1/2 furlong Listed Hurdle OLBG.com Mares Hurdle, Ascot, Saturday 16th January 2016 – 3 mile Grade 2 Hurdle OLBG.com Mares Hurdle, Doncaster , Saturday 23rd January 2016 – 2 mile Grade 2 Hurdle OLBG.com Mares Hurdle, Warwick, Saturday 13th February 2016 – 2 miles 3 furlongs Listed Hurdle, OLBG Mares Hurdle (Registered as the David Nicholson Mares Hurdle), Cheltenham, Tuesday 15th March 2016 – 2 mile 4 furlong Grade 1 Hurdle OLBG.com – Let’s Beat the Bookies OLBG is the place to find horse racing tips as well as tips for a wide variety of other sports. Download their Sports Betting Tips App to get 100% free access to all of these tips on the go to help you Beat the Bookies. Share this: achandler2015 Racing Horse Racing; The 2015 British flat racing season will climax next month with the Betfred November Handicap at Doncaster Racecourse. Argus has been chalked up as the 6/1 favourite for the Betfred November Handicap by the sponsors after 40 horses were entered for the final major handicap of the Flat season at Doncaster on Saturday. Ralph Beckett’s lightly-raced colt was a well backed winner over course and distance last month and heads the betting from Penhill and Seamour at 10/1. Betfred spokesman Andrew Griffiths said: “Argus boasts the perfect profile for the November Handicap and is the one to beat off the back of landing a gamble on Town Moor last month.” Smad Place was a cosy winner on his seasonal reappearance over fences at Kempton this afternoon and has been cut to 14/1 (from 20/1) by Betfred for the Hennessy Gold Cup. Betfred November Handicap – sponsors bet: 6 Argus; 10 Penhill, Seamour; 12 Awake My Soul, Green Light, Litigant, Mistiroc, Super Kid; 14 Ladurelli, Low Key; 16 Cousin Khee, Esteaming; 20 Agent Gibbs, Buonarroti, Craggaknock, Eton Rambler, First Mohican, Giantstepsahead, Latenightrequest, Off Art, Only Orsenfoolsies, Pearl Castle, Storm Force Ten; 25 Barwick, Blue Hussar, Handiwork, Instant Karma, Manhattan Swing, Multellie, Paddys Motorbike, Stock Hill Fair, Villa Royale, Zand; 33 Bazooka, Shrewd, Swnymor, Trimoulet; 40 Captain Navarre, Two Jabs; 50 Tyrsal. ¼ 1-2-3-4 The traditional end of season finale gets underway on Saturday, November 7 and will be the last opportunity of the season to witness British Flat racing in all its glory. As well as enjoying seven quality races, racegoers will be able to see Cock O’ the North awarded to the Northern-based jockey who rides the most winners at the end of the flat season. Following an action-packed day of racing at the Town Moor venue there will be a variety of live entertainment on offer, including food, drink and an energetic performance in the exhibition hall from Big Party Band , who will play tracks from well-known artists such as The Kings of Leon, Amy Winehouse, Madonna and Chaka Khan. There will also be the chance to take on former world champion Dennis Taylor in a pool challenge and win tickets to the prestigious 2016 Betfred World Snooker Championship in Sheffield. Kieran Gallagher, executive director of Doncaster Racecourse said: “The November Handicap is always a firm favourite on the racing calendar and a great way to end the flat season. It will combine quality racing with exciting entertainment in a relaxed, fun environment. “The crowning of Cock O’ The North is always a popular event and the appearance of snooker legend Dennis Taylor is sure to create a real buzz around the place.” Share this: achandler2015 Racing Horse Racing; DONCASTER Racecourse is making final preparations for a prestigious racing fixture which regularly showcases future champions of the sport. Racing Post Trophy Day , the final Group 1 event of the British Flat Racing season, gets underway on Saturday October 24, and following the 2013 victory by Kingston Hill, which went on to win last year’s St Leger, race-goers can expect to be thrilled by some top class racing action at Town Moor. Kieran Gallagher, executive director at Doncaster Racecourse, said: “Racing Post Trophy Day is synonymous with high quality racing and offers race-goers the chance to witness the future champions of British Horse racing as they battle it out for the coveted Group 1 Racing Post Trophy. Kingston Hill rode to victory in the feature race in 2013 and then went on to win the St Leger in 2014, so we could well see some of next year’s English Classic winners making an appearance. “All eyes will be on Doncaster favourite Andrea Atzeni who will be looking to make a hat-trick of wins after riding Kingston Hill to victory in 2013 and Elm Park in 2014.” Racing Post Trophy Day is the second day of a two day meeting which gets underway on Friday October 23. The fixture is the penultimate Flat meeting of the Town Moor calendar which culminates with the Betfred November Handicap on November 07, which will see the presentation of the Cock O’ The North awarded to the Northern based jockey who rides most winners between the Lincoln meeting and the end of the flat season. Racing Post Trophy Day will also see the crowning of the ‘ Go Racing in Yorkshire Best Dressed Lady 2015 ’. The competition will bring together nine winners from the county’s ‘Best Dressed Lady’ competitions held between May and September, including Doncaster’s very own Best Dressed Lady, Kirsty Booth. They will battle it in the style stakes for the chance to claim the coveted title and a package of prizes including the chance to become the face of Go Racing in Yorkshire’s 2016 campaign, a luxury two night spa break and a piece of vintage jewellery. Judging will take place in the parade ring after the second race which is due off at 2:35pm. Other off-the track highlights include a performance by the Richie Muir Band who will take to the stage in the Exhibition Hall to entertain guests after racing On Racing Post Trophy Day gates open at 12pm and the first gets underway at 2.00pm, the race card concludes at 5.30pm. Share this:	Doncaster
The Bible, Which psalm begins “The Lord is my shepherd …”?	Hats off to the start of the Flat season Tue, Mar 18, 2014 ONE OF Yorkshire's leading sporting venues has launched a campaign that pays tribute to the current trend for flat caps, marking the return of horse racing's Flat season which gets underway with the famous William Hill Lincoln Handicap at the end of the month. The Doncaster Racecourse team is ringing in the season by championing the flat cap, recently sported by celebrities including David Beckham and Justin Timberlake and synonymous with Yorkshire gentlemen, by donning striking William Hill-branded flat caps to mark the two-day William Hill Lincoln meeting and the start of Britain's turf flat racing season on Saturday, March 29. During the opening day of the Lincoln racegoers will be encouraged to join in with the flat cap wearing trend by the William Hill Hat Squad who will be giving out 1000 exclusive limited edition flat caps. People will be invited to upload photos of themselves wearing their caps to the William Hill Twitter page using the designated hashtag #TheFlatIsBack - the best ones will get reTweeted and punters could win an iPad mini! Mark Spincer, managing director of Doncaster Racecourse, said: "The start of the Flat season is about to get underway with the prestigious William Hill Lincoln, so we thought we'd have a bit of fun and start a campaign to encourage people to embrace the flat cap trend and celebrate all things Yorkshire. I hope that plenty of people get involved in donning the fetching headwear on the day." The Town Moor course said goodbye to its National Hunt fixtures, which this year saw many high-profile horses including Annie Power and Rock On Ruby make appearances, with the William Hill Grimthorpe Chase earlier this month culminating a great jump racing season. Doncaster is now getting ready to stage the two-day William Hill Lincoln, which ends on Sunday, March 30. The William Hill Lincoln - a famous Heritage Handicap over a straight mile which traditionally begins the new flat season - takes pride of place as the feature race of the meeting, with the first race scheduled for 1.30pm. Seven races will take place across the opening day, with the final race getting started at 5pm. Mr Spincer added: "The Lincoln, which officially marks the start of the flat season, is always a hugely popular meeting, and this year's raceday looks set to be no exception. We're expecting a strong line- up of horses entered over the two days and it is shaping up to be a really thrilling weekend of racing to get the Flat season underway. "There is always huge advance demand for our feature racedays. After all of the excitement of the Cheltenham Festival, we're expecting Lincoln to be a busy meeting, so it will be more important than ever to book early." William Hill Lincoln tickets are available now starting at £7.50. For more information or to buy tickets, visit www.doncaster-racecourse.co.uk or call 01302 304200.	i don't know
Which village do Rupert Bear and his companions inhabit?	On My Bookshelf – Rupert Bear \| Dispatches From the Former New World Dispatches From the Former New World Posted on May 19, 2016 by dispatchesfromtheformernewworld Strictly speaking this book is no longer on my bookshelf, though for many years it lived with a collection of old children’s books in my daughter’s former bedroom. Back in the 1980’s when my children were small my mother brought it with her on one of her visits from England. I assumed, wrongly as it turned out, that she had permission to give it away. The truth came out quite by chance. A couple of years ago my brother Paul (aka Frank Key the creator of Hooting Yard ) visited me for Thanksgiving. As I drove him to the airport for his journey home the subject of Rupert Bear randomly came up in conversation, as such things are wont to do when we are together. “I don’t know what happened to my Rupert Annual,” lamented Paul, “I’ve searched for it for years.” I hated to speak ill of the dead, but I had to confess our mother’s nefarious scheme to spirit Rupert out of the country and into the hands of her grandchildren. “I think I have it,” I said. If there had been time I’m sure my brother would have insisted we turn back to the house so he could recover his beloved book at once. The next best thing was my proposal to email him a photo of the cover so he could verify if it was indeed the Rupert Annual he remembered. If so, I promised to return it. The answer came yes, it was his 1964 Rupert Annual, now offered for sale online at prices over 100 pounds. Of course its value to my brother could not be measured in monetary terms. Rupert Bear began life as a Daily Express comic strip in 1920 and the first Annual came out in 1936. The original creation of Mary Tourtel, it was taken over by Alfred Bestall in 1935. He illustrated Rupert and his world for thirty years, until he was well over ninety, giving us the now iconic image of Rupert with his red sweater, yellow checked trousers, and matching scarf. Rupert lives in the idealized English village of Nutwood and, like the Hobbits of the Shire, leaves the safety of his home for adventures in faraway exotic lands. Bestall also devised the classic Rupert story format. The comic strip illustrations have no speech bubbles. Instead the story is told underneath in rhyming couplets and beneath the verse there is a longer prose version. This makes the books ideal for children of all ages. I always enjoyed reading the verse to my children when they were very young, and later on they could read the longer stories for themselves. The world of Nutwood includes both animal and human characters. Rupert’s animal pals include Algy Pug, Podgy Pig, Ferdy Fox, and my personal favorite, Bill Badger. The humans of Nutwood have come under modern day criticism as stereotypes, especially the Chinese girl Tiger Lily with her “conjuror” father. But it is the settings of some of Rupert’s adventures that have caused most controversy. The imaginary magical lands he visits include Coon Island inhabited by people known as little “Coons” illustrated in an extreme racially stereotypical style. (Thankfully the 1964 Annual stories take place in other locales or I could not have read them to my children). Indeed, while most of the Rupert stories are innocent and charming animal adventures, they do reflect the times in which they were written. It is easy to see Rupert as a typical English public schoolboy of the era heading off to foreign lands with unquestioning imperialist and colonialist attitudes. But lest we get carried away, as a recent writer in The Guardian did calling Beatrix Potter’s work “a primer for navigating the merciless currents of amoral capitalism,” let us remember that they are stories about an imaginary bear. Of course I had to return the Rupert Annual to its rightful owner but I found it surprisingly difficult. Rupert was part of my childhood too. Perhaps his adventurous spirit rubbed off on me. Like Rupert I left the safety of home for a faraway exotic land, America. There I read his adventures to my children who fell asleep to the soothing cadence of rhyming couplets. Before Christmas I got out the special Bodleian wrapping paper I keep for gifts of books (seen below). I carefully wrapped the Rupert Annual after slipping the following poem inside. As befits the subject I wrote it in rhyming couplets and if sometimes the rhymes are a little strained, well they are in Rupert too, that’s part of its charm. (At least that’s my excuse).	Nutwood
Which 1746 battle was the last fought on British soil?	Stuart Trotter, The man who took on Rupert Bear, Warwickshire Life - People - Warwickshire Life Stuart Trotter, The man who took on Rupert Bear, Warwickshire Life 23:44 07 February 2010 Stuart Trotter Stuart Trotter carries a huge responsibility. Not only does he have to keep thousands of children happy but he also has to live up to the exceedingly high expectations of the Rupert Bear Fan Club. Stuart Trotter carries a huge responsibility. Not only does he have to keep thousands of children happy but he also has to live up to the exceedingly high expectations of the Rupert Bear Fan Club. He tells Jane Sullivan about the scariest day of his life. Photographs by Cheryl Doshi. The years of my childhood were marked by Rupert Bear. Every year from about the age of five I received a new Rupert Bear Annual. I have one in front of me now from 1969 (yes, I've kept them!) and as I flick through the pages many of my childhood reading memories come flooding back. There's the story about Rupert and the Whistlefish in which Rupert and Sailor Sam are transported to a far-off Royal Kingdom filled with terrible noise until the Whistlefish is returned to its rightful place. There's the mischievous Raggety a naughty woodland creature who has the Spring Imps in a spin. Rupert's friends Bill the Badger, Algie Pug and Pong Ping make their appearance along with Constable Growler. Rupert's parents were reassuringly solid and politically incorrect. Mr Bear in tweed suit spent his time (as 1960s dads did) reading his paper and smoking his pipe in a comfy armchair while Mrs Bear, in her blue gingham apron, bustled around the house. The thing with Rupert - and the reason children loved him - was that despite his ordinary existence some very extraordinary things happened to him. "It wasn't all sweetness and light," says Stuart Trotter, Rupert's new illustrator. "Nutwood was a very dangerous place - there was magic and imps, and a lot of very dark characters lurking around." Yes, it was a dangerous place - and that's why children loved the little bear and his adventures. They escaped into a world where good always overcame evil and everyone was home in time for tea - or at least in time for bedtime cocoa. And the grown-ups never believed the adventurers. For Mrs Bear always thought Rupert was making things up, as she tells Sailor Sam at the end of the Whistlefish story: "Now, now Mr Sam," she says. "I always knew that sailors were given to telling fairy stories, but you really shouldn't get my Rupert to back you up in them!" Rupert is only two years shy of his 90th birthday. He's six years older than Winnie-the Pooh and eight years ahead of the young whippersnapper Mickey Mouse. Rupert is the OAP of the children's comic characters and he's still a popular lad. The cartoon still runs in The Daily Express (although the strips that appear today are re-prints of old cartoons) and sales of the annual are very respectable at over 50,000 a year in this country. This year's annual is Stuart Trotter's first. He follows in hallowed footsteps. The late great Alfred Bestall is probably Rupert's best-known (and loved) illustrator. He had the job from 1935 to 1965 and drew over 270 of the Rupert bear strips. He was awarded an MBE in 1985. Unfortunately he was too unwell to collect his MBE and Prince Charles wrote to him on his 93rd birthday: "I have heard that you were sadly unable to receive your MBE from the Queen recently. I wanted to send you my congratulations on your award and to wish you a very happy birthday with many happy returns. As a child I well remember your marvellous illustrations of Rupert Bear." Taking on Rupert was always going to be a hard act to follow as Stuart Trotter admits. "When I took on the job Egmont, who are the publishers, invited me to go to the annual fan club convention at Warwick Castle. I took along some samples of art work that I'd done and it seemed to be very well received." Encouraged by that Stuart produced the annual - 68 pages of drawings plus endpages and covers. At the next Fan Club Convention Stuart was again invited to show his work to the fans. Was it scary? "Tell me about it! It was one of the scariest things I've ever done," he says. "I was so worried about it the week before. I didn't know what reception I would get. They might hate it. I lost a lot of sleep." And no wonder. The Rupert Bear Fan Club doesn't like it when their bear gets 'made over' as reactions to a 'younger, cuddlier' Rupert designed for pre-school children revealed. When 'cuddly' Rupert was shown to the Rupert Bear convention there was a 'sharp intake of breath'. Steady on fans! (My personal reaction was 'Yuck!' to me cuddly Rupert Bear looks like some mutant from cartoonland that hasn't quite been finished- needless to say we don't have permission to publish the picture here but you can see it at rupertbear.com). The 'classic' Rupert fans were treated to an early peek of Stuart's front cover at this year's annual get-together - Rupert in trademark red pullover and yellow and black scarf holding an orange ice-lolly. There was applause from the fans and intense relief for Stuart. As only the fourth regular illustrator in the whole history of the books how did Stuart Trotter get the job? Needless to say he's been a fan from childhood. Brought up in the Alfred Bestall era he declares they are his favourites (although he admits to great admiration for John Harrold who had the job for 20 years from the mid-1990s). Stuart is from a mining village in County Durham. His father worked for the National Coal Board while his mother was a housewife. He doesn't remember a time when he wasn't drawing. "I always had a pencil in my hand ...always drawing." He trained in graphic design at Coventry University - or Poly as it was then - and quickly discovered that illustrating was his forte. His first major children's book was as illustrator on Portland Bill in the early 80s. "After that the majority of my work has been in children's book publishing." He's had some plum jobs. He illustrated the Animals of Farthing Wood, written by Colin Dann, he's done some Enid Blyton covers, Postman Pat, Read with Me Ladybird Books, even Winnie-the-Pooh. Surely not Winnie-the-Pooh? After all only the great E.H. Shepard can lay claim to being the illustrator for the great Pooh? In fact, Stuart is one of many Winnie-the-Pooh illustrators. "I went on a Disney course in London to learn how to draw Pooh in the Disney-accepted way," he confides. "There's loads of us all over the world in Los Angeles, Tokyo, New York, Europe. We are accredited Disney artists, approved by Disney to draw Winnie-the-Pooh." Rupert came about when he was doing some work for Simon & Schuster around five years ago and was asked to do some Rupert Bear samples. "Nothing came of it so I put them away. Then Egmont got the Rupert Bear contract. I was already working for them on other projects so I got the Rupert samples out and sent them in..." The rest, as they say, is history. But it's not going the change Stuart's life. He lives in the village of Marton near Rugby with his wife Vicki, deputy head at Bawnmore Infant School, who he met at Coventry Poly. "Now that's what I call a hard job. Keeping a classroom of five years olds entertained all day ...I couldn't do it," says Stuart. The Trotter children have left home. Son Edward, 20, is studying philosophy at Sheffield and is in a band called Coin Operated Boy. Daughter Lily, 23, is a designer for the Oxford University Press. Stuart tells me that he spends all day, every day, drawing and painting. That's when he's not nipping out to the woods with Tilly the family dog. A big development was setting up Rockpool Children's Books to publish, first, his own work and now those of other artists and writers. When we met he was preparing for the Frankfurt Book Fair - one of the biggest book publishing events in the world. "I have to be there," he says. "If you're not at Frankfurt, you're not visible and people forget you." It's through Frankfurt that Stuart has signed publishing deals to syndicate his work abroad and he's now published in Australia, the USA, Korea and Italy. Despite his globetrotting Stuart is still happiest at home in the Warwickshire countryside. "I love Marton the wonderful countryside and walks. To Eathorpe and Wappenbury; over the top, great views, to the Friendly Inn in Frankton; the disused Leamington Spa to Rugby railway line south of Marton. Beautiful. And I do like Warwick Castle, great memories from when our children were young and not so young." But it's not all beautiful in the world of Stuart Trotter. There is one building he is itching to demolish. "The chimney at Cemex in Long Itchington. If that went the views from Barratts Hill in Marton would be of untarnished rural Warwickshire countryside for virtually 360 degrees." Of course no cement chimneys would ever be allowed to encroach on the world of Nutwood and Rupert Bear - and that's just how the fans, this one included, like it. For more information about Stuart Trotter visit www.rockpoolchildrensbooks.co.uk . Rupert Bear fans should visit www.rupertthebear.org.uk	i don't know
Which 1715 battle was the last fought on English soil?	The Last Battle on English Soil, Preston 1715 eBook by Jonathan Oates - 9781317026402 \| Kobo Show more Show less Whilst much has been written about the Jacobites, most works have tended to look at the Rebellion of 1745, rather than the earlier attempt to reinstate the Stuart dynasty. As such this book provides a welcome focus on events in 1715, when Jacobites in both England and Scotland tried to oust George I and to replace him with James Stuart. In particular it provides a detailed narrative and analysis of the campaign in the Lowlands of Scotland and in the north of England that led to the decisive battle at Preston and ended the immediate prospects of the Jacobite cause. Drawing upon a wealth of under-utilised sources, the work builds on existing research into the period to give weight to the community and individual dimensions of the crisis as well as to the military ones. Contrary to popular myth, the Jacobite army contained both English and Scots, and because it surrendered almost intact, an analysis of the surviving list of Jacobite prisoners captured in the North West England reveals much information about their origins, occupations, unit structure and, sometimes, religion, as well as the quality of the soldiers’ arms and equipment, their experience and that of their leaders. Through this study of the last major battle to be fought on English soil, a clearer picture emerges of the individuals and groups who sought to mould the direction of the freshly created British state and the dynasty that should rule it. Buy the eBook	Preston
Who, at Dettingen in 1743, became the last King of England to lead his troops in battle?	In pictures: The Last Battle – Stories from the Streets of 1715 in Light, Sound and Performance \| Blog Preston Fulwood library is on the market – and it’s not cheap! In pictures: The Last Battle – Stories from the Streets of 1715 in Light, Sound and Performance Posted on - 16th November, 2015 - 7:00pm \| Author - Paul D. Swarbrick \| Posted in - Arts , City Centre , Events , History , Preston City Centre , Preston History , Preston Minster , Reviews Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Some unusual and spectacular sights and sounds prevailed in Church Street, Preston on Sunday evening of 15 November 2015. To commemorate The Last Battle of England due to the Jacobite uprising which took place in Preston. 300 years ago the last battle on English soil took place. In November 1715 , Jacobite and Government armies fought on the streets of Preston, building barricades and setting fire to buildings. This free event was hosted by ‘ They Eat Culture ‘, an organisation with a direct creative intervention into the cultural life of Preston and developed alongside Lancashire Archives and Cultural Services, local historical societies and community and cultural organisations. “Great night in Church Street Preston tonight. Re-enactments, music, theatre, and no rain!” Karen Anne Doyle of the Preston Historical Society was there to witness the spectacular event and to take photographs to record the re-enactment of the battle which took place in Church Street, Preston. Karen remarked on the powerful visual effects and how well the event was organised: “The atmosphere was quite electric and you could feel the tension of what the Prestonians of that time in 1715 must have experienced. “I was immensely impressed in the way that it had all been put together and to witness it all in such an incredible re-enactment was truly marvellous!” “The way in which the stories were told and the singing performances were all excellent family entertainment and gave a real insight into the historical proceedings of the battle and how it must have been for the townspeople”. Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Karen Anne Doyle Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: Peter Gilroy Wilkinson And, more pictures from PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Re-enactment on Chuch Street, Preston, Lancashire – 1715 Last Battle on English Soil Pic: PR1 Media Productions Don’t forget: There are still a few events taking place concerning the 1715 Battle of Preston: Tuesday 17 and Thursday 19 November 12.30pm – 1.30pm Reflections on Rebellion – History, Myth and the Jacobites Talks and debate with historians from UCLan The Harris, Market Square, Preston PR1 2PP No charge Sunday 21 November 9.30am – 4.00pm The Jacobite Rising of 1715 Study Day University of Central Lancashire	i don't know
After which extensive region of Europe is a rare but distinct local species of lynx named?	Mediterranean Basin species - videos, photos and facts \| ARKive Popular Mediterranean Basin species Mediterranean Basin The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most biologically rich regions on Earth. Located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa, it includes a great variety of habitats, from pine forests and high mountain ranges to scrublands and dramatic coastlines. The region is home to a huge diversity of terrestrial species, from the iconic olive tree to the charismatic Iberian lynx , and the Mediterranean Sea supports a rich variety of marine life.	Iberian Peninsula
If a player ruffs in a trick-taking card game, what kind of card will have been played?	Lynx pardinus (Iberian Lynx, Pardel Lynx, Spanish Lynx) Home » Lynx pardinus (Iberian Lynx, Pardel Lynx, Spanish Lynx) Lynx pardinus Iberian Lynx, Spanish Lynx, Pardel Lynx French – Lince Ibérico Taxonomic Notes: Was previously considered conspecific with Lynx lynx by some authorities, but is currently accepted as a distinct species on the basis of both genetics (Johnson et al. 2006, Eizirik et al. submitted) and morphology (Werdelin 1981, Wozencraft 2005). Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U. Contributor(s): Fordham, D. & von Arx, M. Justification: After six decades of decline and pronounced range contraction, between 2002 and 2012 population size of the Iberian Lynx has continuously increased to 156 mature individuals in the two remaining wild subpopulations (Simón et al. 2012). Likewise the area of occupancy experienced a three-fold increase to reach 1,040 km2. One subpopulation contains 68% of all mature individuals. Twelve mature individuals survive in two additional localities where reintroductions are currently under way (Simón et al. 2012). As a result of the increasing population size, the Iberian Lynx no longer qualifies for Critically Endangered status and is therefore listed as Endangered under criterion D. The improved status of this species is all due to intensive ongoing conservation actions. Detailed demographic projections suggest that future range expansion and population increase depend upon continued reintroductions. In the absence of reintroductions, a marked decline would quickly re-occur and extinction is predicted to occur within 35 years (Fordham et al. 2013). Major future threats include uncertainty about the identity and intensity of environmental drivers on lynx prey in regions where conservation efforts are currently concentrated, and uncertainty about the suitability of these regions for lynx under future climate change (Fordham et al. 2013). Previously published Red List assessments: 2008 – Critically Endangered (CR) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: The Iberian Lynx is restricted to two separate regions of southwestern Spain, namely eastern Sierra Morena and the coastal plains west of the lower Guadalquivir. These isolated subpopulations have been named by Simón et al. (2012) as Andújar-Cardeña and Doñana-Aljarafe, respectively. Two new nuclei are being founded though reintroduction 30 km southwest (Guadalmellato) and northeast (Guarrizas), respectively, of the existing Sierra Morena subpopulation, and contained a few breeding females in 2012 (Simón 2013). Five additional sites in four Spanish regions (Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Murcia) and Portugal are being prepared for reintroduction; the first release in Portugal happened in late 2014 (Iberlince LIFE project 2014). Countries occurrence: ♦ Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Population [top] Population: The extensive survey by Guzmán et al. (2004), carried out primarily during 2001, yielded an estimate of 26-31 breeding territories which could correspond to a maximum of 62 mature individuals. According to estimates produced in the framework of successive European Union LIFE Nature conservation projects, population size tripled from 52 mature individuals in 2002 to 156 in 2012 (Simón et al. 2012, Simón 2013). Current Population Trend: Habitat and Ecology [top] Habitat and Ecology: The Iberian Lynx is a strict feeding specialist; the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) accounts for 80-99% of its diet (Ferreras et al. 2010). The Iberian Lynx is also a habitat specialist that breeds only in Mediterranean shrubland containing dense rabbit populations (Palomares et al. 2000, Palomares 2001). Threshold rabbit densities for lynx reproduction are 4.5 ind./ha during the annual population peak and 1.0 ind./ha during the annual trough (Palomares et al. 2001). Productive breeding territories also contain a high density of scrub-pasture ecotones which favour both ecological conditions for rabbits and a structure suitable for lynx hunting (Palomares 2001, Fernández et al. 2003). Other essential habitat elements include natural cavities that are used as natal dens (Fernández et al. 2002, 2006). On the other hand, forestry landscapes, farmland or other open land devoid of native shrubs are rarely used by resident lynx (Palomares et al. 1991) but occasionally used by subadults during natal dispersal (Palomares et al. 2000). Systems: Threats [top] Major Threat(s): During the 20th century hunting and trapping were major sources of mortality associated with predator control and exploitation of wild rabbits (Rodríguez and Delibes 2004). Whereas the importance of this factor as a threat for Iberian Lynx has decreased (Ferreras et al. 2010), during the last years some lynx have been shot or caught with illegal traps (Iberlince LIFE Project 2014). Road casualties typically produce several losses each year (Simón et al. 2012, Iberlince LIFE Project 2014), as the length of paved or widened roads, as well as average traffic loads, have significantly increased in and around lynx areas (Ferreras et al. 2010). Homogenization of mosaic cultural landscapes due to agricultural and silvicultural intensification during the 20th century conceivably contributed to lynx decline (Rodríguez and Delibes 2002, Ferreras et al. 2010). Continued trends of abandonment of marginal livestock farming and loss of small game, sometimes followed by afforestation, further reduce the amount of potentially suitable habitat for reintroduction. Without viable land uses, maintaining suitable mosaic landscapes for the Iberian Lynx would require enduring and expensive intensive management (Rodríguez 2013). Even in landscapes with suitable structure and subject to intensive conservation management, rabbit abundance exhibits large temporal variability closely tracked by the probability of lynx breeding (Palomares et al. 2001, Fernández et al. 2007, Iberlince LIFE project undated). Effective population size does not exceed 25 for each isolated subpopulation (Casas-Marcé et al. 2013), announcing further losses of genetic diversity and accumulation of inbreeding through genetic drift. Indeed, persistent small population size over lynx generations, especially in the lowlands of the Doñana region, have produced signs of both demographic and genetic deterioration, including biased sex-ratios, decreased age of territory acquisition and litter size, and increased mortality due to disease and other natural causes (Palomares et al. 2012). Lowered demographic and genetic performance could positively interact in the form of an extinction vortex (Palomares et al. 2012). As a manifestation of global change, human-assisted spread of virulent diseases affecting European Rabbits had catastrophic effects on Iberian Lynx populations in the past (Ferreras et al. 2010). Although rabbits could eventually develop resistance, viral diseases remain a recurrent threat as the arrival of new strains may cause again a lasting depression of food availability for the Iberian Lynx. Moreover, the prevalent rabbit lineage in southwestern Iberia, where rabbit restocking and other conservation measures take place, might be more vulnerable to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) than the northeastern lineage (Real et al. 2009). For example, a new RHD strain has been blamed for an annual 62% decrease in productivity (average number of kittens per territorial female) in Andújar-Cardeña subpopulation (Iberlince LIFE project, undated). Likewise, diseases affecting felids also spread, sometimes with the help of uncontrolled pets that become feral or visit lynx areas from nearby towns. For example, in 2007 a feline leukaemia outbreak killed a substantial fraction of lynx in Doñana (López et al. 2009, Palomares et al. 2011a). Finally, detailed models combining ecological niche and metapopulation dynamics show that, without intensive intervention, climate change will rapidly decrease lynx populations and would probably lead to Iberian Lynx to extinction within 35 years (Fordham et al. 2013). Conservation Actions [top] Conservation Actions: Conservation actions undertaken during the last decade have been reviewed by Ferreras et al. (2010), Palomares et al. (2011b) and especially Simón et al. (2012). The main goal of habitat management is increasing prey density. Food management includes supplementation of rabbits within enclosures and boosting wild rabbit populations. Attempts to augment rabbit numbers are carried out basically through restocking in or out predator-proof enclosures, but also acquiring rabbit hunting rights or enhancing pastures and refuge for wild rabbits. Other important resources for lynx that may be in short supply in some localities, such as cavities usable as breeding dens or artificial water spots, are provided. Management is applied to sites where suboptimal habitat quality may preclude settlement of subadults born nearby. Although hunting or trapping might not be as important a mortality factor as it was in the past, lynx areas are regularly monitored for illegal traps. Measures for traffic calming and some crossing facilities have been implemented especially in road black spots. Awareness campaigns systematically performed in and around lynx areas as well as in reintroduction sites warn about the drastic effects of poaching on small populations, and informs on the conservation benefits and ecosystems services associated with Iberian Lynx preservation. Parallel education programmes target schools and the general public, which may be also engaged as volunteers. Several NGOs and public administrations acquire rights on specific land uses, or help landowners to maintain their properties compatible with the conservation of the Iberian Lynx by compensating economic losses in which owners incur as a result of conservation action. Some adult lynx have been translocated in order to alleviate the effects of inbreeding in the Doñana subpopulation. Additional wild individuals have been translocated some 30 km away as founders of two ongoing reintroduction attempts in Sierra Morena. A few captive-born individuals have also been used in reintroductions, after the first births of the captive-breeding programme took place in 2005 (Vargas et al. 2009). To date the ex situ conservation programme for the Iberian Lynx have produced over 270 individuals, and as the captive population has been built, captive-born animals are expected to be regularly used for reintroduction (Iberian Lynx Ex-situ Conservation Programme 2014). Recent models show that, to be effective, reintroductions should take into account the joint effects of climate change, prey abundance and habitat connectivity (Fordham et al. 2013). The Iberian Lynx is fully protected in Spain and Portugal, listed on CITES Appendix I, and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and Annexes II* and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Future actions Two main avenues can be envisaged for lynx conservation, namely consolidation of existing populations and recolonization, either natural or assisted. Continued intensive management, mainly in the form of habitat enhancement and increased prey density (Ferreras et al. 2010, Simón et al. 2012), has been suggested to resist the progressive effects of an extinction vortex whose symptoms can be noted at least in the Doñana population (Palomares et al. 2012). Other components of intensive management include reduction of mortality rates from road casualties or game management (Rodríguez and Delibes 2004), and prevention of disease outbreaks transmitted by domestic animals or wildlife reservoirs (Millán et al. 2009). Natural recolonization requires increasing the chances for floaters to survive and establish in large areas surrounding occupied nuclei (Rodríguez and Delibes 2003, Palomares et al. 2011b, Rodríguez et al. 2012). These areas may be too large for intensive species-based management to be an option, but a shift to area-based, softer management could be considered. Such management could include tax incentives for small game management, reduced transportation, industrial or urban developments, enforcement of regulations on predator control, and awareness campaigns directed to local people. Regarding assisted recolonization, so far wild lynx made the bulk of founders for reintroduced populations. Continued extraction of wild lynx might not be sustainable in the long term if consolidation of existing nuclei is aimed and if extractions reduce the chances of natural colonization by surplus dispersing lynx. Individuals produced by the captive breeding programme may progressively increase their proportion in the groups of founders. This may be accompanied by an improvement of the performance (survival and eventually reproduction) of released captive-bred individuals, perhaps by raising them in semi-natural conditions. Design of the genetic composition of founders should alleviate the markedly low genetic diversity of wild populations (Casas-Marcé et al. 2013). Adaptive selection of new reintroduction sites should also consider both present and forecast ecological suitability (Fordham et al. 2013). Citation: Rodríguez, A. & Calzada, J. 2015. Lynx pardinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T12520A50655794. . Downloaded on 19 January 2017. Disclaimer:	i don't know
Which card game, Spanish for basket, was devised in Uruguay in 1939?	About: Canasta About: Canasta An Entity of Type : Thing , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Canasta (/kəˈnæstə/; Spanish for "basket") is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of seven cards of the same rank and "go out" by playing all cards in their hand. It is the only partnership member of the family of Rummy games to achieve the status of a classic. Property abstract Canasta (von span. canasta: Korb) ist ein Kartenspiel für vier Personen in zwei Partnerschaften; es existieren auch Varianten für zwei, drei, fünf oder sechs Personen. Laut der Schilderung von Philip E. Orbanes in The Canasta Story wurde Canasta im Jahre 1939 vom Rechtsanwalt Segundo Santos und seinem Bridge-Partner im Jockey Club in Montevideo, dem Architekten Alberto Serrato, entwickelt. Anfang der 1940er verbreitete es sich bald über Uruguay und Argentinien. Josefina Artayeta de Viel brachte das Spiel nach New York, über die USA gelangte das Spiel nach Großbritannien und auf den europäischen Kontinent. In den 1950er Jahren war Canasta neben Bridge das am häufigsten gespielte Kartenspiel. John R. Crawford und Oswald Jacoby, zwei hervorragende Bridge- und Backgammon-Spieler, verfassten vielgelesene Werke zur Spielstrategie. Um für ihre Bücher zu werben, forderten sie im Jahre 1950 zum Great Canasta Challenge Match heraus, in dem sie Sam Fry und Theodore Lightner besiegten. Binnen weniger Jahre entstanden unzählige Varianten, die bekannteste Abart ist Samba-Canasta mit drei Paketen. Die folgende Beschreibung stützt sich auf die Official Canasta Laws, welche der angesehene New Yorker Regency Whist Club gemeinsam mit Spielexperten aus Südamerika in den Jahren 1949/51 verfasste und von den National Canasta Laws Commissions der USA und Argentinien herausgegeben wurden. (de) La canasta o rummy-canasta es un juego de naipes, variante del rummy. El objetivo del juego es crear grupos de cartas del mismo valor, para luego finalizar jugando o descartando todas las cartas de la mano. (es) Canasta (/kəˈnæstə/; Spanish for "basket") is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of seven cards of the same rank and "go out" by playing all cards in their hand. It is the only partnership member of the family of Rummy games to achieve the status of a classic. The game of Canasta was devised by Segundo Santos and Alberto Serrato in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1939. In the 1940s the game quickly spread in myriad variations to Chile, Peru, Brazil and Argentina, where its rules were further refined before being introduced to the United States in 1948, where it was then referred to as the Argentine Rummy game by Ottilie H. Reilly in 1949 and Michael Scully of Coronet magazine in 1953. The game quickly became a card-craze boom in the 1950s providing a sales avalanche of card sets, card trays and books about the subject. (en) La Canasta est un jeu qui se joue avec deux jeux de 54 cartes, soit 108 cartes (2 × 52 cartes + 2 × 2 jokers). La Canasta se pratique généralement à quatre joueurs, rangés en deux équipes de deux, mais elle peut également se jouer à 2, 3, 5 ou 6 joueurs. (fr) La canasta è un gioco di carte che si gioca in 2, 3 o 4 (in questo caso a coppie) con 162[senza fonte] carte francesi (3 mazzi + 2 jolly per mazzo). Sembra che il gioco sia originario dell'Uruguay e che si sia diffuso in Occidente dopo il 1940; in ogni caso è di provenienza spagnola visto che in spagnolo canasta significa "cesto" o "paniere". Una delle peculiarità della canasta è che lo svolgimento del gioco avviene in silenzio: non sono concesse comunicazioni tra compagni ad eccezione che nel momento della chiusura. Quanto viene illustrato in seguito si applica a una partita di canasta a coppie; è possibile giocare anche in due e le regole non cambiano. Come carte "rosse" si intendono quelle di cuori o di quadri; come carte "nere" si intendono quelle di fiori o di picche. (it) Canasta (in de Rotterdamse volksmond ook 'Canava' genoemd) is een kaartspel, waarbij minimaal 2 spelers nodig zijn. Wanneer het spel door 4 spelers wordt gespeeld dan spelen de 2 personen tegenover elkaar samen. Er zijn verschillende spelregels in gebruik. Indien voor het eerst met andere mensen wordt gespeeld, wordt het aangeraden eerst de spelregels door te nemen om onduidelijkheden te voorkomen. (nl) カナスタとはトランプゲームの一種である。ラミーやセブンブリッジと同系統のゲームであり、手札の数字をそろえて公開することで点数を獲得し、合計を競うが、通常のラミーとは異なり、数値の連続は組み合わせとみなさない。また上がるためには7枚以上のカナスタという組み合わせが必要になる。通常2組のトランプを使い、ワイルドカードの使い方や得点計算のしかたが独特である。 (ja) A canasta, que no Brasil é também chamada de canastra ou tranca, é um jogo de cartas para dois a quatro jogadores (quatro jogadores jogam a pares). É jogado com 2 baralhos e 4 jokers . O seu objetivo é fazer canastas (sete cartas iguais, como por exemplo 7 quatros, ou 4 cartas iguais mais jokers (bestões) ou dois (bestinhos), ganhando pontos e acabando as cartas que se têm na mão. O jogo vai-se repetindo até que um dos jogadores (ou pares) alcance o número de pontos acordado, geralmente os 5000 pontos. As regras gerais do jogo são semelhantes ao buraco, com exceção das citadas abaixo: obs: Ternos refere-se a carta número 3, duke ou bestinho refere-se a carta número dois, que no buraco chama-se coringa. (pt) Kanasta – popularna wieloosobowa gra karciana. (pl) Канаста (от исп. canasta — корзинка) — карточная игра, зародившаяся в начале XX века в Южной Америке, предположительно в Уругвае. В 50-е годы игра проникла в США, где стала популярной, а после уже попала в Европу. Существует несколько вариантов канасты, наиболее распространёнными из которых являются два — классическая канаста и американская канаста.Обычно в канасту играют вчетвером, пара на пару, хотя существуют возможность игры вдвоём, втроём (каждый за себя) и вшестером (три пары). Для игры используются две полные колоды с джокерами. Смысл игры состоит в накоплении на руках и последующей выкладке на стол комбинаций карт. Комбинациями в канасте считаются сочетания карт одного ранга — три и более (три девятки, четыре дамы и т.д.), которые могут быть дополнены двойками и джокерами, которые в этой игре имеют особое значение, причём количество двоек и джокеров в комбинации не должно превышать половины (например, допустима комбинация две пятёрки и джокер, но не допустима пятёрка и два джокера). Игра состоит из нескольких розыгрышей, целью которых является получение наибольшего числа очков за выложенные на стол комбинации. Для окончания розыгрыша нужно, чтобы один из игроков сбросил все карты при наличии в своей выкладке или выкладке партнёра комбинации из семи карт, которая и называется канастой. (ru) La canasta o rummy-canasta es un juego de naipes, variante del rummy. El objetivo del juego es crear grupos de cartas del mismo valor, para luego finalizar jugando o descartando todas las cartas de la mano. (es) La Canasta est un jeu qui se joue avec deux jeux de 54 cartes, soit 108 cartes (2 × 52 cartes + 2 × 2 jokers). La Canasta se pratique généralement à quatre joueurs, rangés en deux équipes de deux, mais elle peut également se jouer à 2, 3, 5 ou 6 joueurs. (fr) カナスタとはトランプゲームの一種である。ラミーやセブンブリッジと同系統のゲームであり、手札の数字をそろえて公開することで点数を獲得し、合計を競うが、通常のラミーとは異なり、数値の連続は組み合わせとみなさない。また上がるためには7枚以上のカナスタという組み合わせが必要になる。通常2組のトランプを使い、ワイルドカードの使い方や得点計算のしかたが独特である。 (ja) Kanasta – popularna wieloosobowa gra karciana. (pl) Canasta (/kəˈnæstə/; Spanish for "basket") is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of seven cards of the same rank and "go out" by playing all cards in their hand. It is the only partnership member of the family of Rummy games to achieve the status of a classic. (en) Canasta (von span. canasta: Korb) ist ein Kartenspiel für vier Personen in zwei Partnerschaften; es existieren auch Varianten für zwei, drei, fünf oder sechs Personen.Laut der Schilderung von Philip E. Orbanes in The Canasta Story wurde Canasta im Jahre 1939 vom Rechtsanwalt Segundo Santos und seinem Bridge-Partner im Jockey Club in Montevideo, dem Architekten Alberto Serrato, entwickelt. Anfang der 1940er verbreitete es sich bald über Uruguay und Argentinien. Josefina Artayeta de Viel brachte das Spiel nach New York, über die USA gelangte das Spiel nach Großbritannien und auf den europäischen Kontinent. In den 1950er Jahren war Canasta neben Bridge das am häufigsten gespielte Kartenspiel. (de) La canasta è un gioco di carte che si gioca in 2, 3 o 4 (in questo caso a coppie) con 162[senza fonte] carte francesi (3 mazzi + 2 jolly per mazzo).Sembra che il gioco sia originario dell'Uruguay e che si sia diffuso in Occidente dopo il 1940; in ogni caso è di provenienza spagnola visto che in spagnolo canasta significa "cesto" o "paniere".Una delle peculiarità della canasta è che lo svolgimento del gioco avviene in silenzio: non sono concesse comunicazioni tra compagni ad eccezione che nel momento della chiusura. (it) Canasta (in de Rotterdamse volksmond ook 'Canava' genoemd) is een kaartspel, waarbij minimaal 2 spelers nodig zijn. Wanneer het spel door 4 spelers wordt gespeeld dan spelen de 2 personen tegenover elkaar samen.Er zijn verschillende spelregels in gebruik. Indien voor het eerst met andere mensen wordt gespeeld, wordt het aangeraden eerst de spelregels door te nemen om onduidelijkheden te voorkomen. (nl) A canasta, que no Brasil é também chamada de canastra ou tranca, é um jogo de cartas para dois a quatro jogadores (quatro jogadores jogam a pares). É jogado com 2 baralhos e 4 jokers . O seu objetivo é fazer canastas (sete cartas iguais, como por exemplo 7 quatros, ou 4 cartas iguais mais jokers (bestões) ou dois (bestinhos), ganhando pontos e acabando as cartas que se têm na mão. O jogo vai-se repetindo até que um dos jogadores (ou pares) alcance o número de pontos acordado, geralmente os 5000 pontos.As regras gerais do jogo são semelhantes ao buraco, com exceção das citadas abaixo: (pt) Канаста (от исп. canasta — корзинка) — карточная игра, зародившаяся в начале XX века в Южной Америке, предположительно в Уругвае. В 50-е годы игра проникла в США, где стала популярной, а после уже попала в Европу. Существует несколько вариантов канасты, наиболее распространёнными из которых являются два — классическая канаста и американская канаста.Обычно в канасту играют вчетвером, пара на пару, хотя существуют возможность игры вдвоём, втроём (каждый за себя) и вшестером (три пары). (ru)	Canasta
Of which aluminium oxide mineral are ruby and sapphire among the coloured varieties?	4 Ways to Play Canasta - wikiHow The Basics 1 Know each card's value. In order to understand the scoring system, you'll need to know the value of the cards. They are consistent within the game. Jokers are with 50 points 2's and Aces are 20 points 8's through Kings are 10 points 4's through 7's are five points Black 3's are used as "block" cards; when discarded, the next player cannot pick up the pile for that turn. Black 3's can be placed down for points if and only if the player is going out and has no other card in his or her hand to be discarded. When used in this manner, black 3's are worth five points The value of the meld is determined by the rank of the card within the meld. What's a meld, you ask? 2 Make melds. A meld is a group of cards (3 minimum) that each have the same rank. The initial meld in a hand must be worth at least 50 points (though this value increases as the game progresses. Upon reaching 1,500 points, the player must have a meld of at least 90. At 3,000 points, the player must have a meld of 120). Melds can include several groups of cards. For example, if you need to have a meld of 90 for a hand, and you have three 5's, 7's, and aces, you can place all of these cards down for a total of 90 points. Once you have your first meld down, you're free to meld in whatever combinations you see fit. Each meld must have a least two natural cards (no wilds, etc.) Jokers and 2's are wild and can be any value (except 3's) A meld of 7 is a "Canasta." They must have at least 4 natural cards. A natural Canasta has no wilds and is worth 500 points, as opposed to a "dirty" Canasta, which has at least one wild card in it and is worth 300 points. 3 Get excited about red 3's. They are treated as bonus cards, and are scored separately from melds at 100 points each. If a player has a red 3 in his or her hand, it must be laid on the table at the start of his turn, and the player draws a replacement card from the draw pile in addition to the regular draw of two cards he or she just made. If a player draws a red 3 from the draw pile, it is laid on the table and the player draws another card. Failure to do so penalizes a team 500 points. Melds cannot be made of red 3's, though if you have 7, you're pretty set. 4 Know how to go out. This ends the hand. When you get rid of all your cards (after you have at least two Canastas), it is known as "going out." If you have a partner, you must ask them if you can go out. If they say "no," the game must continue. If you can go out all on one turn (getting rid of all your cards in one go), that is known as a "concealed hand." This is worth 200 points, instead of going out on the regular, which is just 100. Method Playing the Game 1 Pair into partners. Partners to play canasta can be chosen and the dealer determined by drawing cards from a spread deck as in contract bridge, with the 2 highest draws and 2 lowest draws partnering, and the highest draw choosing the dealer. 2 Deal 11 cards to each player. You will be working with 2 decks (both with jokers). The remaining 64 cards become the draw pile, or stock. 3 Turn the top card of the draw pile face up and place it next to the draw pile. This card forms the discard pile, or pack. Players may, in turn, draw the top card from either the stock or the pack. If a player takes the top card from the discard pile, he also takes the cards underneath it. Throughout the game, you see cards come and go that you want. You'll have to determine whether taking the whole pile is worth the few cards you want. If the card turned over is a red 3 (3 of hearts, 3 of diamonds) or a wild card (joker or deuce), the discard pile cannot be taken (it's "frozen"). 4 Give each player a turn, going clockwise around the table. A turn consists of drawing a card from the draw pile or taking the discard pile, attempting to create or add to an existing meld and discarding a card (unless the player has no cards left after melding). As discussed previously, a meld consists of 3 or more cards of the same rank (e.g., all kings, all jacks, all 10s). No more than 3 of the cards in a meld can be wild cards (jokers or deuces), and wild cards cannot be melded by themselves. A meld of 7 or more cards is a canasta; each team must complete at least 1 canasta before its players have gotten rid of all the cards in their hands (gone out). Red 3s (3 of hearts, 3 of diamonds) cannot be included in a meld, and black 3s (3 of spades, 3 of clubs) can only be melded by themselves but only if this permits the player to go out. Players can add only to their own or their partner's melds, not to an opponent's meld. A player can take the discard pile instead of drawing a card from the discard pile only if he or she can use the pile's top card in a new or existing meld in that turn. A player can prevent the next player from taking the discard pile by discarding a black 3 or wild card to end his or her turn. 5 Evaluate the total value of the cards in the first meld each team makes. Each card has a point value, as described below. The first meld must be 50 points. As the scores progress, the first meld's value increases. If a team's total score is from 0 to 1,495 points, their initial meld must be worth at least 50 points. If their total is from 1,500 to 2,995, it must be worth at least 90. If their total is over 3,000, it must be worth at least 120. (However, if the team has a negative score, the minimum is reduced to 15.) Only the top card from the discard pile, if it is taken to make the initial meld, may be counted toward making the minimum. Until a team can make an initial meld that meets the minimum value, including or excluding the pack's top card, neither player can take the discard pile. If a player plays an initial meld that fails to meet the minimum, the cards must be taken back and the team's minimum is raised by 10 points. 6 Continue play until the stock is exhausted or all players have gone out. If no one has gone out by the time all the cards in the stock have been drawn, play continues as long as someone can take the top card of the discard pile and put it with a new or existing meld. However, no player down to a single card can take a discard pile of a single card. 7 Score all the cards played. Each team scores points for the cards in all the melds it has made. Points are also awarded for having red 3s, making canastas and going out. Scores are added to scores accumulated in previous rounds. Each canasta made without wild cards (natural canasta) earns 500 points, while each canasta made with wild cards (mixed canasta) earns 300. A player who goes out by melding all his or her cards in 1 turn (concealed) earns 200 points, while a player going out after melding on several successive turns (unconcealed) earns 100 points. Red 3s score 100 points each; if a team has all 4 red 3s, they earn 800 points. However, if a team has red 3s but no melds, they are penalized 100 points for each red 3. Subtract the total value of any cards remaining in a team's hands from their total score. 8 See if either team has reached 5,000 points. The first team to do so wins. If neither team has done so, the cards are shuffled and the previous 6 steps are repeated. Method Two-Handed & Three-Handed Canasta 1 For two-handed Canasta, deal 15 cards to each player. Two-handed canasta otherwise plays by the same rules as 4-handed canasta, except for the following differences: When drawing from the draw pile, a player takes 2 cards but discards only a single card. A player must make 2 canastas before going out. 2 For three-handed Canasta, deal 13 cards to each player. Three-handed canasta may be played under the same rules as 4-handed canasta, or with the rule modifications described in the following step. 3 Establish the stock and pack as in 4-handed canasta. However, each player draws 2 cards from the stock and discards 1, as in 2-handed canasta. Whichever player first takes the discard pile plays as the lone player, while the other 2 partner against him until the round ends. If no one can take the discard pile, each player scores separately. If a player goes out before the discard pile is taken, that player becomes the lone player and the other 2 become partners. The lone player scores only his or her own total, while each partner in the partnership scores for any melds or canastas made as well as for any red 3s played, provided one of the partners has melded. 4 Award the win to the first player to score 7,500 points. Do not allow any player to go out before first making 2 Canastas. If someone is always winning, you may want to issue the other players a handicap. Method Strategy 1 Keep an eye on the discard pile. Knowing just what cards and how many are up for grabs is key to recognizing when you should act and when your opponent probably will. Throughout the game, you'll see which cards they're going for -- if you're throwing them what they want, they'll surely make their move. If the discard pile is full of low cards, you may not want to take it. They're worth so few points in the long run that it may not be worth it. You could always force your opponent to take the deck, in a manner of speaking. If you have a card you know they need, throw it down. Can they resist picking up the giant pile of subpar cards? Probably not. 2 Keep your deuces and jokers...for a while. These are great cards -- they have a lot of value. But if you're nearing the end of the game, the last thing you want is to be stuck with them in your hand. They have a lot of value in the negative direction if you don't lay them on the table. And you'll end up kicking yourself if you could've played them. If you think your opponent is about to go out (or you're nearing the end of the deck and you've established the game will end), get rid of them. It's better to do what you can now than be stuck with hundreds of points to get docked later. Quite obviously, this is one of the reasons the concealed Canasta is so powerful. 3 Don't put down your melds as soon as you can. You may feel proud and want to show off the points you're accruing, but this isn't the best strategy. Laying down your cards is literally showing your hand -- your opponents have a better way of hurting you, by withholding the cards you need. And once more, a surprise attack in Canasta is always best. This may keep you from using wild cards when you wouldn't really need to, if you just gave it more time. Other players are likely to throw down cards you need, allowing you to use your wild cards elsewhere. 4 If your opponent has just "taken the pack," go out as soon as possible. For one reason or another, they just took the pile and now are holding 25 cards in their hand. Great. Now it's your time to get the heck out of Dodge. The number of points in their hand will automatically negate whatever points you don't have sitting on the table. As long as you have one Canasta, you're good. But if you don't, sorry -- not an option. You must have one Canasta before you go out (or when you go out). Community Q&A If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Video Tips A number of rule variations for playing Canasta exist. Most of these are named for the area where the variation originated, such as Bolivia, Oklahoma or Brazilian canasta. Many of the variations allow the ability to meld card sequences (such as 4-5-6, etc.) of the same suit. A sequence of 7 cards is sometimes called a "samba." Things You'll Need 2-4 players Two decks of cards, with jokers (3 decks for some of the variations that incorporate melding sequences) Score pads and pencils	i don't know
After which famous Venetian is Venice’s international airport named?	Venice Marco Polo International Airport Hotels Near the Airport Venice Marco Polo Airport (IATA: VCE, ICAO: LIPZ) is an airport located on the Italian mainland 4.3 nautical miles (8.0 kilometres; 4.9 miles) north of Venice, Italy, in Tessera, a Frazione of the Comune of Venice nearest to Mestre. The airport was named after the Venetian traveller Marco Polo, whose book introduced Central Asia and China to Europeans. With 8.4 million passengers having passed through the airport in 2013, it is the fifth busiest airport in Italy. A modern terminal was opened in 2002, but it is already at full capacity. It handles all scheduled and charter flights, including some long-haul flights to North America and the Middle East. Venice Marco Polo Airport is connected to the nearby railway station of Venice-Mestre and to the bus terminal of Venice-Piazzale Roma by scheduled bus services, and to Piazza San Marco by water taxi. Local Time: 08-Jan-2017 08:38 PM © Copyright 2017, Airport-Venice.com, not the official airport website	Marco Polo
Which Venetian cocktail of peach purée and prosecco is named after a local artist?	Venice Marco Polo Airport Top 11 Free Sights Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE) What you need to know before arriving or departing at Venice's international airport, including advice on reaching the city by boat, bus, or taxi. By Durant Imboden For many foreign visitors, flying to Italy means booking a ticket to Milan or Rome. And that's a shame, because Venice's Marco Polo International Airport is often a more convenient gateway. Why? Distance to the city center is one reason. The Piazzale Roma is just 20 minutes away by land taxi or airport bus , and the Lido, the Piazza San Marco, and other locations in the historic center are easy to reach via the Alilaguna airport boat . ABOVE: An aerial view of Venice's international airport, which is built on the edge of the Venetian Lagoon. INSET BELOW: An Emirates jet arrives in Venice, and a ticket counter for Venice's public bus and boat services. Marco Polo Airport is also more manageable in size than its counterparts in Milan and Rome, although it can feel like a Third-World airport if you're departing on a weekend or on a day when thousands of passengers have been disgorged by cruise ships. Consider yourself fortunate if you arrive or depart on a clear day, when views from the air can be breathtaking. You'll see the Dolomites, the Adriatic, and the Venetian Lagoon. You'll see land that's submerged at high tide, suggesting a Northern Italian version of Atlantis. And if you're on the right side of the plane, you'll see the city itself, with instantly recognizable landmarks like the Campanile di San Marco and the Grand Canal. Arriving at VCE If you're renting a car, you'll find rental counters in the arrivals lounge. Other services include free luggage carts, public telephones, baggage storage, toilets, tourist information, hotel bookings, currency exchange, and tickets for local and regional transportation. (See the links to the Marco Polo airport's Web site on the next page if you have questions about passenger services.) For information on ground transportation, use the "Also see" navigation links below. You may also find our aerial photo map helpful, although some of Google's satellite details may not be up to date. Warning: If you have a luggage problem, filing a claim can be a frustrating experience . Not long ago, one of our suitcases didn't arrive on an Air France from Paris, and we had to stand in line for more than three hours to make a report.	i don't know
Which Italian dish, translating roughly as fried, resembles an omelette or crustless quiche?	Chef Home - The Egg The Egg Links to this Site The Egg, A Culinary Swiss Army Knife Has there ever been an ingredient more universally loved? Has there ever been one so wrongly maligned? Is there in the world of ingredients one that comes close to the egg in terms of its flexibility and usefulness - one whose role is central to quite so many foods both sweet and savory? Every great cooking culture cherishes the egg and has its own culinary masterpieces derived from it. Cakes Biscotti These are but a few of the miraculous and marvelous foods made possible by the unique qualities of the egg. Without the egg, food would be much more boring and much less tasty. The Omelet Not long after I had read Madeline Kamman's recipe for cooking the omelet I had the chance to enjoy an omelet or two in Paris. I had always loved the American version of eggs stuffed with sauteed vegetables, cheese, and other goodies, but I found the original Parisian style omelet was a whole different animal. The pan is heated to a high temperature and the omelet is cooked quickly. The Parisian omelet develops a light, airy texture and a golden, crispy crust - both of which are lacking in the traditional American omelet. The first step in omelet preparation is to decide on what ingredients will make the filling. Here are some ideas: spinach, red onion, feta cheese spinach, mushroom, gruyere cheese asparagus, bacon, mornay sauce broccoli, provolone, ham Cook all the stuffing ingredients except the cheese. The potatoes will need to be steamed, boiled, or microwaved in advance. Spinach, mushrooms, onion, peppers, bacon, or tomato can be sauteed. Use a different pan than the omelet will be made in, because the eggs can stick to any fond left by the saute. Heat a clean, heavy 10 inch omelet pan for three minutes. Meanwhile whisk three eggs with a fork for about a minute. Then heat them in the microwave for 30 seconds on high. When the pan is hot, add a teaspoon of olive oil and quickly swirl it around the pan to coat the bottom. Add the eggs and shake the pan back and forth over the flame fairly vigorously for twenty or thirty seconds. You will see bubbles forming underneath the eggs which will move to the edges with shakin . Shaking helps the eggs to sear instead of steaming. It helps mix things up, and it promotes gentle browning After about 45-60 seconds, lower the flame to medium. At about 90 seconds tilt the pan and let the liquid egg ooze to the edge. Slowly change the tilt of the pan so that the egg runs around the outer edge, cooking and sticking as it does. When there is no more runny egg, add the cooked ingredients and fold the omelet over on itself. We have not addressed how to use the cheese. That's because each cheese benefits from a different treatment. The feta will will be crumbled into the other sauteed ingredients while the omelet pan is heating. Melting cheeses like gruyere or swiss can be grated onto the omelet while it is open and broiled for 30 - 60 seconds. Or they can be grated on the top of the folded omelet and the omelet microwaved for 30 seconds. This method of making an omelet is so popular and important that there is a pan named for it, an omelet pan. The omelet cooked in this way is a dish I could enjoy three or four times a week. And I cannot say this of any other food. The omelet is among the greatest foods in the culinary pantheon. Scrambled Eggs At the risk of starting a food fight, I am going to advocate cooking the scrambled egg quickly. I'll explain why a little later. Heat a heavy 9 or 10 inch non-stick pan for 2 minutes on medium heat. Meanwhile, beat 2 eggs with a fork for about a minute, add a tablespoon of water and beat a little longer. Melt 1 tsp butter in the hot pan, quickly swirling it around. Put the eggs in a bowl and microwave for about 15-25 seconds - just enough to warm them to 90-110F. Add the warmed eggs to the heated pan. Shake the pan with the left hand and scrape the eggs off the bottom of the pan with a broad, flat spatula. The idea is to scrape as much of the bottom surface of the pan as posible as quickly as possible, then wet that surface with eggs as quickly as possible and scrape again. In about 10 to 15 seconds the eggs will be mostly cooked. Flip any uncooked surfaces quickly in contact with the pan. Then, within less than 20 seconds of starting, remove the eggs from the pan. There may be small patches that look uncooked, but they will quickly cook via residual heat. This approach produces light, fluffy, custardy eggs with extreme alacrity. Lower pan temperatures produce creamier eggs, higher pan temperatures produce fluffier eggs. Remember, if you cook eggs by this method, that it will take about a minute between batches for the pan to heat up again. The reasoning for this approach is twofold. Firstly I am impatient and like my food to be done quickly. But the second is that I like my scrambled eggs to be creamy and have a fine-grained, custardy consistency. I really loathe eggs that have hard grains and watery tears. The method is tricky, and it will sometimes produce slightly rubbery eggs, but these are still much better than curdled, weepy ones. This technique takes its cue from material science. Throughout this science we learn that substances that change slowly from liquid to solid phase proceed to build up large, tightly bound crystals, squeezing impurities out toward the grain boundaries. Another case where this happens is with ice cream. When liquids are made to solidify quickly they make tiny crystals, or they make no crystals at all. Impurities have insufficient time to get squeezed out. Agitation helps in breaking up crystals. This is exactly what we are after. The microwave preheat is essential because it shortens the pan-heating process by 30 to 50 percent and increases custardy frothy qualities. What is the purpose of the added water? My theory is that it helps to separate egg protiens, making them take longer to link together and form a rubbery material. Ironically, adding water may retard the formation of watery eggs. But without any water, this method works well. The Quick Fried Egg Each person has her own favorite version of the fried egg. I love eggs with warmed but runny centers. And I like the whites gently browned. Achieving this balance requires some patience and resourcefulness. First, select a good, heavy non-stick pan that is roughly eight or nine inches across. A calphalon commercial omelet pan would be ideal. But before you start, if you want toast or potatoes or bacon, start and finish them before heating the pan for the eggs. Heat the pan on high heat for 2 minutes. (Use a timer) Add a pat of butter. Swirl to wet the surface Add the two eggs. add a pinch of salt. Cook for about a minute, until the white is browned. Flip. Cook for 20-30 seconds. Serve on toast. The beauty of this egg is that the white, which is normally rubbery and tasteless takes on the delicious tastes of things browned, including brown butter. And the yolk which always gets icky and grainy when solid, remains liquid. It's particularly good soaking into nice brown toast or English muffin. The Fritatta The fritatta is really a sort of crustless quiche. Eggs are mixed up and put in a layer that is between 1/2 and 1 inch thick into which have been put some precooked or blanched vegetables, and/or cooked meat. Whereas the omelet benefits from having two or three added ingredients - or sometimes more, the fritatta seems best with just one or two. Whereas the omelet benefits from having fully flavored vegetables, the fritatta often works best with more subtly flavored ones. Some of the best ingredients for fritattas are: Shredded yellow squash Diced, steamed onion and mozarella Blanched broccoli Spinach The smallest of fritattas will contain six eggs. First, prepare the other ingredients, between 1/4 and 1/2 a cup per person (cooked). Next, break some eggs - about three per person - and beat them until just uniformly mixed. Add the other ingredients to the eggs, add a little salt, and pepper. Feel free to add one other minor ingredient. Here are some ideas: A few dashes of tamari added to the broccoli A little fresh basil added to the onion A little nutmeg grated into the spinach Some finely chopped dried tomato added to the yellow squash. Place the mixture in a lightly buttered pan. Six eggs will cook well enough in a 9 or 10 inch omelet pan. If you want the center a little softer or the outside a little darker, use an 8 inch pan. Heat without stirring over medium low heat. After four to seven minutes, the top surface will begin to solidify. What happens next is a matter of both skill and taste. Some will choose to flip the whole thing. This poses a number of technical challenges but it may produce a more uniform surface. An alternative is to finish the fritatta in the oven or under a broiler. Fritattas are often served cooled and cut into wedges. Tomato salsa is an ideal item to serve with them. This is an ideal light meal for a summer evening. Sushi chefs frequently serve there own style of fritatta which they serve with tamari and sushi nori. Deviled Eggs The deviled egg is a classic egg preparation. Several decades ago this was the fingerfood to serve at any social event. And as with any food done too often it fell out of style. One reason for this was simply that it was, in fact, done too often. But the other reason was that it was, too frequently, not done well. Since that day we have rediscovered mustard. And very recently we have found available powders of various smoked peppers: chipotle chile and smoked paprika. In short, the dull blandness and unctous qualities of the primitive deviled egg have been redeemed by spicy hot, vinegar, and smoky flavors. There are other possibilities that admit celery seed, shallots, or other things. Put 2 inches of water in a 4 quart saucepan and bring to a boil Use tongs to place 12 eggs in the water. Cover, lower heat to medium . Cook eggs for 17 minutes. Use a timer. Remove and place in a colander Run cold water over the eggs for five seconds each. Place in refrigerator and chill for at least 2 hours. Halve the eggs and scrape out the cooked yolks Place yolks in a small bowl and mash carefully with a fork Add 2 Tablespoons spicy brown mustard 1/4 tsp turmeric freshly ground black (or white) pepper Mix thoroughly, smashing any remaining lumps of yolk with a spoon. Put the yolk mixture back into the eggs. If you have a pastry bag or know how to make one by cutting the end off a paper cone and want to make things look really pretty, by all means use this. If you don't have a pastry bag, a spoon wil work. Sprinkle the deviled eggs with Smoked Spanish Paprika, available from Penzey's . I f you want to be fancy, these would look great topped with salmon or sevruga (caviar) eggs. Some green or black olives would be nice with this as well. It may be 13 steps, but each is easy and quick. The results will make you wonder why we ever stopped eating these little delicacies. Migas Having had real migas perhaps twice in my life, I hardly qualify as an expert on the subject. But I have gradually worked out a system of creating an egg dish that involves corn tortillas that vaguely resembles the original and satisfies my own desires for a substantial breakfast dish. Heat a heavy 10 inch pan under high heat for 2-3 minutes. Meanwhile, grate 4 oz Asagio or Sharp Cheddar Cheese. Cut or break 3 corn tortillas into strips. Beat three eggs in a ceramic or glass bowl. Add 1 tbs olive oil to the hot pan. Arrange the corn tortilla strips quickly, to cover the bottom of the pan. There should be enough to just more than cover. Arrange the stragglers crosswise so they touch all the other strips, push together. Microwave the beaten eggs for 35 seconds, and remix with fork. Turn the tortilla strips, they should be just lightly golden brown. Arrange quickly to cover the bottom of the pan. Add the egg. Sauces Cakes & Muffins The frothy eggwhite is one of the culinary world's remarkable items. It is the basis for nougat, biscotti, and the top half of a lemon meringue pie. The story is that in order to get the best frothy egg whites you have to use a copper bowl. In this field of esoterica I am not an expert. I have gotten reasonably satisfactory results using a stainless steel bowl, a whisk, and a bit of cream of tartar. I am told by reliable sources that all plastic bowls do not work - though I am skeptical about the reason usually given. Those who use eggs in desert baking will already have or will want a Kitchen Aid mixer. Home cooks are frequently happy with the Artisan, a compact stand mixer that fits under a counter, but delivers ample power for a host of mixing chores. Making a cake from scratch, for instance, is a chore one ought not take on without a stand mixer. And only the brave will undertake to make meringue this way. Readmitting the Egg to the Culinary Pantheon For centuries the egg was revered in every civilized country as a major pillar in the temple of cooking. Then, back in the bad old 1980's the egg suffered bad press in the US. Not because it does or ever did anything bad, but because people who didn't know any better thought that it might. Specifically, high blood cholesterol levels were seen to corellate to heart disease and eggs have a lot of cholesterol. The assumed link was that eating cholesterol caused high blood serum cholesterol, and that the elevation caused by diet caused heart disease. But even back then medical scientists had a hard time believing that dietary cholesterol caused atheroschlerosis. Paraphrasing friend of a friend who was one such medical researcher 'Firstly, cholesterol in foods breaks down in the digestive tract, it's not absorbed directly out of foods; secondly, the deposits occur in a space between the outer and inner wall of a vein or artery. If cholesterol were precipitating out of the blood, it would appear on the inner surface, not within the wall itself. Both facts suggest against cholesterol in foods being to blame for atheroschlerosis.' Turns out that the body is much better at fabricating harmful cholesterol from saturated animal fats than it is from the digestive components of cholesterol. In other words, animal fat causes cholesterol, not dietary cholesterol. And eggs don't contain much animal fat. Nor is there convincing evidence yet that lowering blood serum cholesterol per se actually decreases mortality from heart disease. This, despite clinical trials of unprecedented size aimed at proving exactly this fact. In other words. The cholesterol in eggs almost certainly has no negative effect in any person. Even the die-hard proponents of the 'eggs are bad' idea admit that in people with normal levels of cholesterol, eggs cause no harm. But the picture for eggs is even better. Eggs are one of natures best sources of lecithin. Lecithin is used in cooking to emulsify. This is why the egg yolk is used to make mayonnaise. In technical terms lecithin binds together hydrophylic and hydrophobic materials powerfully. In other words, it is used to mix oil and water. And this makes it a powerful tool in helping the body transport fats. There are now a number of maveric health authorities who suggest eggs might be an effective tool in managing heart disease. My wife eats two or three eggs a day, does not eat red meat, dairy, or sweet food and her LDL cholesterol is so low it is almost alarming. Furthermore, shickens fed the right foods produce eggs high in omega-3 fats and vitamin E. Omega 3 fats are linked to good mental health and coronary health. And the USDA's own dietary recommendations fall short in one vital nutrient - vitamin E. Shortage of vitamin E almost certainly does have a negative effect on cardio-vascular health. Finally, EITHER we eat high protien foods which may or may not contain cholesterol and which may or may not affect our cholesterol levels - depending on how much fat they contain - OR we eat high carbohydrate foods which almost always will increase our triglyceride levels. The dirty little secret of medical science is that elevated triglyceride levels are at least as dangerous as elevated cholesterol levels in heart disease. So sometimes choosing an egg instead of a slice of toast or a bowl of cereal or a croissant or a muffin may prove to be a powerful step in avoiding heart disease. The evidence against the egg is less damning than is the evidence against the muffin. Read more about this if you can, in Gary Taubes' famous NYT Article "What if it was all a big, fat Lie?" Just so we are clear, we see the consumption of whole grain foods - especially ones high in soluable fiber such as oats - as being essential to sustaining good health. We are not advocating the elimination of grains, just a focus on whole grains , moderation, and balance. Chipotle Mayonnaise There is a quality to the leading national brand of mayonnaise that is ideally suited to a host of culinary purposes. It is almost perfect as a sandwich spread or as a component of deviled eggs, or tuna or chicken salad. But there are times when one wishes to make a mayonnaise with a flavorful punch or with a slightly thinner and saucier consistency. Sometimes one wants a mayonnaise that delivers more vinegar or lemon flavor. Or one wishes to integrate chipotle pepper or some other flavor into mayonnaise. One approach is to mix these things with existing mayonnaise. But another is to just make mayonnaise from scratch. This chipotle pepper mayonnaise is well suited as a sauce for salmon or crabcakes. It can work also with shrimp or swordfish, although the latter usually needs herbal and vegetable flavors more than heat. In this case celery seed and chervil can be substituted for chipotle and ancho pepper. 1) Separate one egg into yolk and white. 2) Place in the bowl of a food processor 1 egg yolk	Frittata
In a Scotch Woodcock, scrambled egg is spread with a paste made from which fish?	Chef Home - The Egg The Egg Links to this Site The Egg, A Culinary Swiss Army Knife Has there ever been an ingredient more universally loved? Has there ever been one so wrongly maligned? Is there in the world of ingredients one that comes close to the egg in terms of its flexibility and usefulness - one whose role is central to quite so many foods both sweet and savory? Every great cooking culture cherishes the egg and has its own culinary masterpieces derived from it. Cakes Biscotti These are but a few of the miraculous and marvelous foods made possible by the unique qualities of the egg. Without the egg, food would be much more boring and much less tasty. The Omelet Not long after I had read Madeline Kamman's recipe for cooking the omelet I had the chance to enjoy an omelet or two in Paris. I had always loved the American version of eggs stuffed with sauteed vegetables, cheese, and other goodies, but I found the original Parisian style omelet was a whole different animal. The pan is heated to a high temperature and the omelet is cooked quickly. The Parisian omelet develops a light, airy texture and a golden, crispy crust - both of which are lacking in the traditional American omelet. The first step in omelet preparation is to decide on what ingredients will make the filling. Here are some ideas: spinach, red onion, feta cheese spinach, mushroom, gruyere cheese asparagus, bacon, mornay sauce broccoli, provolone, ham Cook all the stuffing ingredients except the cheese. The potatoes will need to be steamed, boiled, or microwaved in advance. Spinach, mushrooms, onion, peppers, bacon, or tomato can be sauteed. Use a different pan than the omelet will be made in, because the eggs can stick to any fond left by the saute. Heat a clean, heavy 10 inch omelet pan for three minutes. Meanwhile whisk three eggs with a fork for about a minute. Then heat them in the microwave for 30 seconds on high. When the pan is hot, add a teaspoon of olive oil and quickly swirl it around the pan to coat the bottom. Add the eggs and shake the pan back and forth over the flame fairly vigorously for twenty or thirty seconds. You will see bubbles forming underneath the eggs which will move to the edges with shakin . Shaking helps the eggs to sear instead of steaming. It helps mix things up, and it promotes gentle browning After about 45-60 seconds, lower the flame to medium. At about 90 seconds tilt the pan and let the liquid egg ooze to the edge. Slowly change the tilt of the pan so that the egg runs around the outer edge, cooking and sticking as it does. When there is no more runny egg, add the cooked ingredients and fold the omelet over on itself. We have not addressed how to use the cheese. That's because each cheese benefits from a different treatment. The feta will will be crumbled into the other sauteed ingredients while the omelet pan is heating. Melting cheeses like gruyere or swiss can be grated onto the omelet while it is open and broiled for 30 - 60 seconds. Or they can be grated on the top of the folded omelet and the omelet microwaved for 30 seconds. This method of making an omelet is so popular and important that there is a pan named for it, an omelet pan. The omelet cooked in this way is a dish I could enjoy three or four times a week. And I cannot say this of any other food. The omelet is among the greatest foods in the culinary pantheon. Scrambled Eggs At the risk of starting a food fight, I am going to advocate cooking the scrambled egg quickly. I'll explain why a little later. Heat a heavy 9 or 10 inch non-stick pan for 2 minutes on medium heat. Meanwhile, beat 2 eggs with a fork for about a minute, add a tablespoon of water and beat a little longer. Melt 1 tsp butter in the hot pan, quickly swirling it around. Put the eggs in a bowl and microwave for about 15-25 seconds - just enough to warm them to 90-110F. Add the warmed eggs to the heated pan. Shake the pan with the left hand and scrape the eggs off the bottom of the pan with a broad, flat spatula. The idea is to scrape as much of the bottom surface of the pan as posible as quickly as possible, then wet that surface with eggs as quickly as possible and scrape again. In about 10 to 15 seconds the eggs will be mostly cooked. Flip any uncooked surfaces quickly in contact with the pan. Then, within less than 20 seconds of starting, remove the eggs from the pan. There may be small patches that look uncooked, but they will quickly cook via residual heat. This approach produces light, fluffy, custardy eggs with extreme alacrity. Lower pan temperatures produce creamier eggs, higher pan temperatures produce fluffier eggs. Remember, if you cook eggs by this method, that it will take about a minute between batches for the pan to heat up again. The reasoning for this approach is twofold. Firstly I am impatient and like my food to be done quickly. But the second is that I like my scrambled eggs to be creamy and have a fine-grained, custardy consistency. I really loathe eggs that have hard grains and watery tears. The method is tricky, and it will sometimes produce slightly rubbery eggs, but these are still much better than curdled, weepy ones. This technique takes its cue from material science. Throughout this science we learn that substances that change slowly from liquid to solid phase proceed to build up large, tightly bound crystals, squeezing impurities out toward the grain boundaries. Another case where this happens is with ice cream. When liquids are made to solidify quickly they make tiny crystals, or they make no crystals at all. Impurities have insufficient time to get squeezed out. Agitation helps in breaking up crystals. This is exactly what we are after. The microwave preheat is essential because it shortens the pan-heating process by 30 to 50 percent and increases custardy frothy qualities. What is the purpose of the added water? My theory is that it helps to separate egg protiens, making them take longer to link together and form a rubbery material. Ironically, adding water may retard the formation of watery eggs. But without any water, this method works well. The Quick Fried Egg Each person has her own favorite version of the fried egg. I love eggs with warmed but runny centers. And I like the whites gently browned. Achieving this balance requires some patience and resourcefulness. First, select a good, heavy non-stick pan that is roughly eight or nine inches across. A calphalon commercial omelet pan would be ideal. But before you start, if you want toast or potatoes or bacon, start and finish them before heating the pan for the eggs. Heat the pan on high heat for 2 minutes. (Use a timer) Add a pat of butter. Swirl to wet the surface Add the two eggs. add a pinch of salt. Cook for about a minute, until the white is browned. Flip. Cook for 20-30 seconds. Serve on toast. The beauty of this egg is that the white, which is normally rubbery and tasteless takes on the delicious tastes of things browned, including brown butter. And the yolk which always gets icky and grainy when solid, remains liquid. It's particularly good soaking into nice brown toast or English muffin. The Fritatta The fritatta is really a sort of crustless quiche. Eggs are mixed up and put in a layer that is between 1/2 and 1 inch thick into which have been put some precooked or blanched vegetables, and/or cooked meat. Whereas the omelet benefits from having two or three added ingredients - or sometimes more, the fritatta seems best with just one or two. Whereas the omelet benefits from having fully flavored vegetables, the fritatta often works best with more subtly flavored ones. Some of the best ingredients for fritattas are: Shredded yellow squash Diced, steamed onion and mozarella Blanched broccoli Spinach The smallest of fritattas will contain six eggs. First, prepare the other ingredients, between 1/4 and 1/2 a cup per person (cooked). Next, break some eggs - about three per person - and beat them until just uniformly mixed. Add the other ingredients to the eggs, add a little salt, and pepper. Feel free to add one other minor ingredient. Here are some ideas: A few dashes of tamari added to the broccoli A little fresh basil added to the onion A little nutmeg grated into the spinach Some finely chopped dried tomato added to the yellow squash. Place the mixture in a lightly buttered pan. Six eggs will cook well enough in a 9 or 10 inch omelet pan. If you want the center a little softer or the outside a little darker, use an 8 inch pan. Heat without stirring over medium low heat. After four to seven minutes, the top surface will begin to solidify. What happens next is a matter of both skill and taste. Some will choose to flip the whole thing. This poses a number of technical challenges but it may produce a more uniform surface. An alternative is to finish the fritatta in the oven or under a broiler. Fritattas are often served cooled and cut into wedges. Tomato salsa is an ideal item to serve with them. This is an ideal light meal for a summer evening. Sushi chefs frequently serve there own style of fritatta which they serve with tamari and sushi nori. Deviled Eggs The deviled egg is a classic egg preparation. Several decades ago this was the fingerfood to serve at any social event. And as with any food done too often it fell out of style. One reason for this was simply that it was, in fact, done too often. But the other reason was that it was, too frequently, not done well. Since that day we have rediscovered mustard. And very recently we have found available powders of various smoked peppers: chipotle chile and smoked paprika. In short, the dull blandness and unctous qualities of the primitive deviled egg have been redeemed by spicy hot, vinegar, and smoky flavors. There are other possibilities that admit celery seed, shallots, or other things. Put 2 inches of water in a 4 quart saucepan and bring to a boil Use tongs to place 12 eggs in the water. Cover, lower heat to medium . Cook eggs for 17 minutes. Use a timer. Remove and place in a colander Run cold water over the eggs for five seconds each. Place in refrigerator and chill for at least 2 hours. Halve the eggs and scrape out the cooked yolks Place yolks in a small bowl and mash carefully with a fork Add 2 Tablespoons spicy brown mustard 1/4 tsp turmeric freshly ground black (or white) pepper Mix thoroughly, smashing any remaining lumps of yolk with a spoon. Put the yolk mixture back into the eggs. If you have a pastry bag or know how to make one by cutting the end off a paper cone and want to make things look really pretty, by all means use this. If you don't have a pastry bag, a spoon wil work. Sprinkle the deviled eggs with Smoked Spanish Paprika, available from Penzey's . I f you want to be fancy, these would look great topped with salmon or sevruga (caviar) eggs. Some green or black olives would be nice with this as well. It may be 13 steps, but each is easy and quick. The results will make you wonder why we ever stopped eating these little delicacies. Migas Having had real migas perhaps twice in my life, I hardly qualify as an expert on the subject. But I have gradually worked out a system of creating an egg dish that involves corn tortillas that vaguely resembles the original and satisfies my own desires for a substantial breakfast dish. Heat a heavy 10 inch pan under high heat for 2-3 minutes. Meanwhile, grate 4 oz Asagio or Sharp Cheddar Cheese. Cut or break 3 corn tortillas into strips. Beat three eggs in a ceramic or glass bowl. Add 1 tbs olive oil to the hot pan. Arrange the corn tortilla strips quickly, to cover the bottom of the pan. There should be enough to just more than cover. Arrange the stragglers crosswise so they touch all the other strips, push together. Microwave the beaten eggs for 35 seconds, and remix with fork. Turn the tortilla strips, they should be just lightly golden brown. Arrange quickly to cover the bottom of the pan. Add the egg. Sauces Cakes & Muffins The frothy eggwhite is one of the culinary world's remarkable items. It is the basis for nougat, biscotti, and the top half of a lemon meringue pie. The story is that in order to get the best frothy egg whites you have to use a copper bowl. In this field of esoterica I am not an expert. I have gotten reasonably satisfactory results using a stainless steel bowl, a whisk, and a bit of cream of tartar. I am told by reliable sources that all plastic bowls do not work - though I am skeptical about the reason usually given. Those who use eggs in desert baking will already have or will want a Kitchen Aid mixer. Home cooks are frequently happy with the Artisan, a compact stand mixer that fits under a counter, but delivers ample power for a host of mixing chores. Making a cake from scratch, for instance, is a chore one ought not take on without a stand mixer. And only the brave will undertake to make meringue this way. Readmitting the Egg to the Culinary Pantheon For centuries the egg was revered in every civilized country as a major pillar in the temple of cooking. Then, back in the bad old 1980's the egg suffered bad press in the US. Not because it does or ever did anything bad, but because people who didn't know any better thought that it might. Specifically, high blood cholesterol levels were seen to corellate to heart disease and eggs have a lot of cholesterol. The assumed link was that eating cholesterol caused high blood serum cholesterol, and that the elevation caused by diet caused heart disease. But even back then medical scientists had a hard time believing that dietary cholesterol caused atheroschlerosis. Paraphrasing friend of a friend who was one such medical researcher 'Firstly, cholesterol in foods breaks down in the digestive tract, it's not absorbed directly out of foods; secondly, the deposits occur in a space between the outer and inner wall of a vein or artery. If cholesterol were precipitating out of the blood, it would appear on the inner surface, not within the wall itself. Both facts suggest against cholesterol in foods being to blame for atheroschlerosis.' Turns out that the body is much better at fabricating harmful cholesterol from saturated animal fats than it is from the digestive components of cholesterol. In other words, animal fat causes cholesterol, not dietary cholesterol. And eggs don't contain much animal fat. Nor is there convincing evidence yet that lowering blood serum cholesterol per se actually decreases mortality from heart disease. This, despite clinical trials of unprecedented size aimed at proving exactly this fact. In other words. The cholesterol in eggs almost certainly has no negative effect in any person. Even the die-hard proponents of the 'eggs are bad' idea admit that in people with normal levels of cholesterol, eggs cause no harm. But the picture for eggs is even better. Eggs are one of natures best sources of lecithin. Lecithin is used in cooking to emulsify. This is why the egg yolk is used to make mayonnaise. In technical terms lecithin binds together hydrophylic and hydrophobic materials powerfully. In other words, it is used to mix oil and water. And this makes it a powerful tool in helping the body transport fats. There are now a number of maveric health authorities who suggest eggs might be an effective tool in managing heart disease. My wife eats two or three eggs a day, does not eat red meat, dairy, or sweet food and her LDL cholesterol is so low it is almost alarming. Furthermore, shickens fed the right foods produce eggs high in omega-3 fats and vitamin E. Omega 3 fats are linked to good mental health and coronary health. And the USDA's own dietary recommendations fall short in one vital nutrient - vitamin E. Shortage of vitamin E almost certainly does have a negative effect on cardio-vascular health. Finally, EITHER we eat high protien foods which may or may not contain cholesterol and which may or may not affect our cholesterol levels - depending on how much fat they contain - OR we eat high carbohydrate foods which almost always will increase our triglyceride levels. The dirty little secret of medical science is that elevated triglyceride levels are at least as dangerous as elevated cholesterol levels in heart disease. So sometimes choosing an egg instead of a slice of toast or a bowl of cereal or a croissant or a muffin may prove to be a powerful step in avoiding heart disease. The evidence against the egg is less damning than is the evidence against the muffin. Read more about this if you can, in Gary Taubes' famous NYT Article "What if it was all a big, fat Lie?" Just so we are clear, we see the consumption of whole grain foods - especially ones high in soluable fiber such as oats - as being essential to sustaining good health. We are not advocating the elimination of grains, just a focus on whole grains , moderation, and balance. Chipotle Mayonnaise There is a quality to the leading national brand of mayonnaise that is ideally suited to a host of culinary purposes. It is almost perfect as a sandwich spread or as a component of deviled eggs, or tuna or chicken salad. But there are times when one wishes to make a mayonnaise with a flavorful punch or with a slightly thinner and saucier consistency. Sometimes one wants a mayonnaise that delivers more vinegar or lemon flavor. Or one wishes to integrate chipotle pepper or some other flavor into mayonnaise. One approach is to mix these things with existing mayonnaise. But another is to just make mayonnaise from scratch. This chipotle pepper mayonnaise is well suited as a sauce for salmon or crabcakes. It can work also with shrimp or swordfish, although the latter usually needs herbal and vegetable flavors more than heat. In this case celery seed and chervil can be substituted for chipotle and ancho pepper. 1) Separate one egg into yolk and white. 2) Place in the bowl of a food processor 1 egg yolk	i don't know
At which London Underground station is there a Blue Plaque honouring Willie Rushton?	Seaside town Worthing split over honouring Oscar Wilde \| Culture \| The Guardian Close This article is 8 years old The sea air, gentle promenades and grand mansions made Worthing, on the Sussex coast, a fashionable retreat for the Victorian Londoner. Among them, in the summer of 1894, was one of the country's most famous writers, Oscar Wilde . He was staying in the seaside town when he wrote his celebrated play The Importance of Being Earnest and even named its protagonist, Jack Worthing, in its honour. It is a connection the town has long been proud of: there is a festival staged in Wilde's name along with a local newspaper column, and a blue plaque marking his lodgings. But now a new history of the town has stirred up a deep controversy by questioning whether Worthing is right to pay homage to a man of "reprehensible" character. Chris Hare, a respected historian and former university lecturer, has just published Worthing, a History: Riots and Respectability in a Seaside Town. In it he points out that Wilde, a homosexual man married with children, had a documented taste for seducing teenage boys. At least one of his victims, a 14-year-old newspaper delivery boy named Alphonso, had to flee Worthing when the scandal of his relationship with Wilde became public knowledge. "This role model, a man preying on teenage boys with little or no education - I don't think that would be regarded as heroic today. I think it would be regarded as smutty and reprehensible," said Hare. It was the year after his Worthing summer that Wilde became involved in a court case with the father of his long-time lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, whom the writer sued for criminal libel. But the battle culminated with Wilde being jailed for homosexuality. The people of Worthing were so embarrassed by the scandal that no local newspaper would even refer to the case. But Hare said the negative publicity reflected badly on the town and set it on a path that left it destined to forever sit in the shadow of its cosmopolitan neighbour, Brighton, 10 miles to the east. A few London families, priced out by housing booms or looking for a gentler pace of life, have moved south into Worthing's Victorian villas, but over-enthusiastic town planners who demolished much of the 19th-century architecture decades ago have left the town with little more than a patchy elegance. Even in summer its pebbly beach and grand pier lose out to the sandy seafront with the trendy cafes at nearby Littlehampton. But, according to Hare, it was a combination of typhoid, riots and then Oscar Wilde who finally ruined the town's reputation to the point of no return. "There had been riots against Salvation Army attempts to close pubs and then there was the typhoid, so Worthing had been desperate for good publicity. When Wilde arrived, he was a godsend," said Hare. But now, even the future of Wilde's blue plaque, hung on the red bricks of a block of uninspiring modern flats, next to a petrol station, is being questioned. Steven Stevens, a prominent local figure who last year fought a campaign against a lap dancing club in Worthing, is unhappy that the link with Wilde brings in "the wrong sort of people". "This town is going downhill tremendously fast and people feel so strongly that we have to stand up and fight against that," he said. "This was a beautiful area and we shall have no truck with remembering the likes of Oscar Wilde and all the worst things in life. I myself would fight tooth and nail for any campaign to erase a link between Worthing and a child abuser." But although several others backed his view among shoppers in Worthing's town centre last week, even more felt he was a central part of the seaside community's history. Roger Oakley is Conservative councillor for Selden ward where Wilde's plaque is. "We have a colourful history and whatever errors Wilde made, he is part of that. We acknowledge him but I'm not sure he is put on a pedestal here by anyone who knows anything about his private life. If the majority of the public who live in the area felt offended by the plaque, then I would certainly have to consider the issue but I don't think there is that significant majority. I can understand strong views on the issue but my personal view is that we should accept our history and it would be wrong to ignore it." Michael Seeney, of the Oscar Wilde Society, agreed. "Whatever one's view about Wilde's life he is undisputedly famous and widely honoured," he said. Blue plaques • A street in Mayfair, London, boasts next-door plaques commemorating two internationally renowned musicians: Jimi Hendrix, the iconic guitarist, and the composer George Frideric Handel. • Willie Rushton, the satirist, comedian and actor, is commemorated by a plaque at Mornington Crescent underground station in recognition of the famous word game played on BBC Radio 4's I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue • The novelist George Orwell has a plaque on his former house in Kentish Town, north London. But plans for a second, on a site in Southwark's Tooley Street where he lived while researching Down and Out in Paris and London, were scuppered in 2004 by a public vote.	Mornington Crescent
To which US state is the Green Mountains section of the Appalachians confined?	. . MORNINGTON CRESCENT Northern Line (Charing Cross branch) LONDON TUBE RAMBLES WALK (about 1½ miles, but allow pottering time) A wander past an old cigarette factory guarded by cats, a circular piano factory and some of the glorious buildings round Regent's Park - ending up at Camden Market. The station itself is one of the Edwardian red tiled ones. It has been refurbished, but period details have been carefully preserved. The ticket hall sports a blue plaque commemorating Willie Rushton, who immortalised the game Mornington Crescent on the BBC’s ‘Just a Minute’ . As you come out of the station look left across Hampstead Road and you will see one of the finest Art Deco buildings in London, the old Carreras factory, now offices (Greater London House). Cross over the main road to get a closer look. The building dates from 1928 and apart from its amazing appearance is remarkable for being the first pre-stressed concrete factory in Britain and the first to have air-conditioning installed. Moreover, the company was the first to provide full welfare provision for its employees. Following an unfortunate conversion into offices in the 1960’s, the facade of the building was restored to its full splendour in the 1990’s and now its dream-like Egyptian style frontage is a joy. Two giant black cats – the Carreras trademark - guard the entrance, while more cats gaze down from under the eaves. When it opened in 1928 this was the largest cigarette factory in the world. The unusual décor was inspired by the discovery in 1920 of Tutankamun’s tomb plus the temple of Bubas the cat-headed goddess. After paying your respect to the felines, walk back towards the Tube and left into Mornington Crescent itself. Dating from the 1820’s it is quite a modest affair, though there are some delicate iron balconies. It seems an odd place to build a factory - apparently the communal garden was sold off by the borough council – the residents of the time can’t have been too pleased. Before entering the crescent, glance right towards Camden High Street where you will see a statue of Richard Cobden , the nineteenth-century statesman and advocate of Free Trade. After a few steps turn into Arlington Road on the right, go left down Mornington Street, cut short by the widening of the Euston railway line. Continue, crossing Mornington Terrace, and go over the railway, noting the handsome lamps as you step onto the bridge. Turn right into Park Village East, a slightly odd stretch of road running parallel to the railway. It was begun by John Nash in 1824 as an extension to the area of grand buildings round Regent’s Park. The cream stuccoed houses are described in the names which appear as reliefs on the facades as ‘cottages’ and established the concept of the comparatively small suburban villa. From here it is only a few minutes walk to the junction of Parkway and Prince Albert Road. The horse that prances gracefully by the York and Albany pub on the corner recalls the indoor riding school (built 1892) that operated next door at No.1 Park Village East. Go left along the road signed Gloucester Gate , noticing the curiously sunken back gardens of the Park Village houses as you go over the bridge. Cross Albany Street. At Regent's Park turn left to Outer Crescent where things get very splendid - there is a majestic terrace with imposing statue-topped pediments at either end. You can access the park from here, but as this end (North East) is not the most interesting and is a long walk to the cafes, gardens, boating lake, etc., I have not included the park itself in this route. Retrace your steps, cross over Gloucester Gate and go back in the direction of Park Village, passing the graceful bronze figure of a milkmaid. This is the Matilda drinking fountain (named after one Matilda Kent who presented it to the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association in 1878). Continue as far as Prince Albert Road. (If you wish to visit the Zoo and/or the Regent’s Canal, under ten minutes away, turn left here.) To resume the Mornington Crescent trail, continue walking on to Gloucester Avenue. Cross over carefully and go past North Bridge House School to the Parkway – a pleasantly busy street which has a good mix of small independent shops, cafes and pubs with interesting frontages - the Spread Eagle in particular has unusual windows. When you have explored this area, return to Gloucester Avenue/Oval Road. After a few metres turn right into Gloucester Crescent where you will find vast buildings erected in the late 1840’s. They lack the elegance of the Nash designs, being heavy Italianate terraces and linked villas with somewhat clumsy tower-like structures. The writer Alan Bennett wrote ‘The Lady in The Van’ while living here. It was based on the real-life story of a woman who, with his permission, lived in a van parked in his front garden for fifteen years. At the very end of the Crescent the scene changes and there are several Victorian industrial buildings – all converted to modern use now. The most striking of these is the old Collard & Collard piano factory – a large circular (technically polyagonal) building dating from 1851 which ceased production in the 1920’s. There were several piano factories near the canal, providing Victorians with the means for home entertainment. You are now in Oval Road again. Turn right and soon you will see yet another surprising building – a pirates castle! Built in 1977, this is a canalside venue for community groups where the young can enjoy water based activities such as rowing, canoeing and kayaking. Continue to Gilbey's Yard, named after the local wine and spirit merchants who manufactured Gilbey's London Dry Gin. There was once a large goods yard here which stretched all the way to the Round House in Chalk Farm Road. Note the old railway lines. You may wonder why there is a series of circular cast-iron grilles sunk in the cobbles. These provided ventilation for the remarkable horse tunnels below, constructed to give safe passage to the working animals to and from their stables. Don't miss the sign 'Engines must not enter this shed' on the red brick Interchange Warehouse (1905). Return to the bridge. Before going down the (steep) steps* by the 'castle' to the towpath have a look at the stone gateway marked 'LMS'. This refers to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway who owned the adjoining warehouse (now apartments). When you reach the canal, turn left, passing the LMS building. The small bridge you will soon cross goes over a vaulted area in the Interchange Warehouse where goods were unloaded from the canal. Next comes Camden Lock and the famous markets. Part of this complex once provided stabling for the railway horses mentioned above - there was even an equine hospital. Further details can be found in the Camden Town entry. *Those wanting a quicker way to the Underground, or wishing to avoid the steps down to the canal, can access the market, canal or Tube via a turning off Gloucester Terrace, Inverness Street (marked ‘Inv. St’ on the map.) This leads to Chalk Farm Road. Turning right will take you to Camden Town Underground station, go left to find the markets and canal. Photos:(Click on photos to enlarge) Mornington Crescent Tube Station/Old Cigarette factory The Black Cat	i don't know
Which confection approximates to what in Scotland is called tablet?	Scottish Confectionary \| Chocolate Makers in Scotland\| Producers of Sweets, Chocolates and Confectionary in Scotland Scottish Confectionery Products Chocolate Makers and Sweetie Producers! The Scots have always had a fondness for sweets and confectionery. Childhood and teenage years can often be recaptured with the mention of toffees, fudges, tablet, macaroons, Edinburgh rock, butterscotch and puff candy. No summer holiday or special occasions was complete without some delicious, lipsmaking, teeth destroying treat! The Scottish Tablet Pantry The award winning Scottish Tablet Pantry sells a range of Scottish tablet and fudges based on traditional recipes handed down through the generations. Based in Dunfermline the Scottish Tablet Pantry won two Great Taste Gold Stars in 2014 for their Traditional Scottish Tablet. They are extremely proud to be following the tradition and method of their original recipes. The result? Melt in your mouth, handmade Scottish Tablet & Fudge that you can buy online or at their store. The Scottish Fudge Pantry specialises in a range of decadent flavours and produces a delicious selection of Artisan Luxury Fudges made from the finest of creams and ingredients 11 Threave Loan, Dunfermline, Kingdom of Fife KY11 8FN Tel : 01383 730 928 An Gleann Scottish Tablet Famous for its malt whiskies and magical landscapes, Islay and the neighbouring Island of Jura have inspired the range of gourmet butter, chocolate and malt whisky flavoured tablets from An Gleann. Similar in confection terms to traditional fudge, Scottish tablet has different consistency and texture. As advocates of 'slow' food, An Gleann tablet is handmade in small batches using the best quality and where possible, locally sourced ingredients. It contains no artificial colour, flavour or preservative and as such is a 'fresh' food which made to order. An Gleann, Port Charlotte, Argyll, The Isles, Loch Lomond, Stirling and Trossachs PA48 7UE Tel : 01496 860220 Argo's Bakery Argo's Bakery produce Orkney fudge at their wholesale/retail bakery firm located in Orkney. In their bakery they produce some of the finest bread, cakes and biscuits found in the Islands, made daily by their artisan bakers the traditional way, using only the finest ingredients. In 1999 they launched a new bread made from Beremeal and in 2000 to complement their range of products made from Bere they have launched an Orkney Bere Biscuit. Recently Argos Bakery launched their Orkney Fudge using the traditional recipe which has become a firm favourite with visitors and Orkney residents. Cairston Road, Stromness, Orkney KW16 3JW Tel : 01856 850245 Border Tablet Award-winning Border Tablet was established in 1998 by husband and wife team Charlie and Vi Graham in Langholm, Dumfries and Galloway. It is made from a delicious recipe handed down to Vi by her mother, Janey, who learned the art of tablet-making in the 1920's. All the tablet is hand-made using no machinery or modern day additives/ preservatives. Charlie and Vi have resisted requests to add flavours to their produce, preferring to let the natural flavours speak for themselves. 11 Holmwood Drive, Langholm, Dumfries and Galloway DG13 0PX Tel : 01387 381 224 Cocoa Mountain Cocoa Mountain Ltd is a small gourmet chocolate enterprise based at Durness in northerly Sutherland. Cocoa Mountain already as awards from Eat Scotland in the 2009 Scotland Food and Drink Excellence Awards as well as a raft of glowing customer testimonials on its web site. Offering a unique brand of chocolate truffles, chocolate coated fruit bars and other goodies to food lovers and tourists alike, Cocoa Mountain deserves to be recognised for their innovative and toothsome truffle combinations 8 Balnakeil, Durness, Highlands IV27 4PT Tel : 01971 511233 Gardiners of Scotland Gardiners of Scotland is a long established family run business, which specialises in a wide range of Scottish traditional confectionery products. From fudges and butterscotch to specialist flavours, including a range of the finest scotch whisky fudge, our products appeal to every taste. Turfholm, Lesmahagow, Glasgow and The Clyde Valley ML11 0ED Tel : 01555 894155 Everything for those with a sweet tooth, particularly if you have a liking for Scottish sweeties. 14 West High Street, Creiff, Perthshire PH7 4DL Tel : 01764 654303 Hebridean Toffee Manufacturing luxurious hand-made Scottish tablet in the Hebridean toffee factory overlooking the harbour and Kisimul Castle in Castlebay, Isle of Barra. Heart Hebrides, Castlebay, Outer Hebrides HS9 5XD Tel : 01871 810 898 Hot Chocolates Biz From the heart of our Edinburgh kitchen we produce luxury handmade chocolates, made to our own secret recipes. All our chocolates are gluten free and with the exception of the champagne and strawberry truffle are suitable for vegetarians. We do use nuts, dairy and oats in our handmade truffles. We make our truffles using 100% Belgian high grade quality chocolate. 40/8 Littlejohn Road, Edinburgh, Edinburgh and The Lothians EH10 5GJ Tel : 0131 477 9902 Isle of Skye Fudge Company Isle of Skye Fudge Company makes this delicious Scottish tablet in a small lochside kitchen on the rugged northwest of Skye, using a traditional family recipe. Choose 'Original' for a traditional tablet taste, or made with 'Talisker' Single Malt Whisky to capture the essence of Skye. Latest addition to the range is 'Drambuie', the famous Skye recipe liqueur based on the finest Scotch malt whisky with a hint of heather honey and herbs. Lochview House, Dunvegan, Highlands IV55 8ZH Tel : 01470 521293 John Miller & Sons "Sweets are first tasted by the eye, but flavour is the heart and soul of all confectionery" John Millar 1826-1896 Thistle Business Park, Broxbourne, Edinburgh and The Lothians EH52 5BB Tel : 01506 855252 Lime Tree Larder Freshly made to order, our luxury and exclusive handmade chocolates are created using the finest Belgian couverture. Auchencloigh Farm, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire and Arran KA25 7LJ Tel : 01505 685258 Sugar And Spice Sugar & Spice is an Alladin's cave of handmade chocolates, delicious fudges, old fashioned Scottish favourites, Lucky Tatties, Edinburgh Rock and Coconut Macaroon as well as Scottish Food Hampers, Arran liqueurs and more. The famous Geraldo luxury Ice cream is made on the premises using whole milk and double cream from the local dairy and fresh fruit, where possible, to produce a smooth and very rich, creamy Scottish ice cream 26-28 Main Street, Largs, Ayrshire and Arran KA30 8AB Tel : 01475 675200 The Galloway Fudge Company The Galloway Fudge Company is located in the beautiful Scottish countryside where our delicious Fudges, Traditional Scottish Butter Tablet & Macaroon Bars are all freshly made in the kitchen of our home. We use only quality ingredients, including the locally produced Lockerbie butter. Everything we make is Gluten Free and all of our products (except our 'Galloway Gourmet' Marshmallows) are also suitable for Vegetarians. Manderley, Auldgirth, Dumfries and Galloway DG2 0SA Tel : 01387 740685 The Highland Chocolatier Iain Burnett, the Highland Chocolatier, is an award-winning artisan chocolatier of rare quality. Trained under Master Chocolatiers of the Belgian, Swiss and French schools, Iain creates his own renowned range of fresh cream chocolate truffles and spectacular chocolate wedding cakes. It took 3 years and over 120 fine adjustments for Iain to be satisfied with his own truffle recipe - the now famous Velvet Truffles! Legends of Grandtully, Between Pitlochry & Aberfeldy, Perthshire PH9 0PL Tel : 01887 840775 The Highland Truffle Company A wide range of chocolate confectionery: alcoholic and non-alcoholic truffles, nut-based chocolates, mint chocolates, various chocolate creams, marzipan, gingers, violet and rose creams, and single-origin chocolate bars packed in boxes or cello bags. The fudge and tablet is packed in cello bags, and everything is available packed for foodservice 16 Pinefield Parade, Elgin, Highlands IV30 6AG Tel : 01343 552 200 The Star Rock Shop Our speciality, hand made traditional Scottish sweets, have been made here in our shop in Kirriemuir since 1833. 25 The Roods, Kirriemuir, Angus and Dundee DD8 4EZ Tel : 01575 572579	Fudge
The title of which musical was inspired by and describes a Marc Chagall painting?	Not So Humble Pie: Scottish Tablet Scottish Tablet Happy Monday everyone! Thanks for the comments on the pies over the weekend. I've chosen three pies as finalists and will be baking them for my family over the next several days. It was very hard to choose the three, I would really like to bake several more but there actually is a limit on pies that this household can consume in a week. As for everyone else, I have a nice surprise for my readers. I will be hosting a big giveaway soon. I'll post details about that later this week so, you know… stay tuned. (Don't worry, it will require absolutely no baking.) So last week I was experimenting with Scottish tablet. I tried this slightly grainy butterscotch fudge-like confection in Edinburgh last month. I really liked it, so I bought a small bag and took it home to recreate in my own kitchen. I figured since the candy was a bit grainy it would be easy to produce. I was so wrong. As I learned from following a few Scottish tablet recipes, bad overly gritty tablet is easy to make. Making tablet where the texture is just right, isn't so simple. Apparently tablet, like almost every other homemade candy requires a lot of care and special attention. So after making tablets that were too gritty and burning through a great deal of sugar, butter and cream I decided to take a different approach to the confection... Scottish tablet recipes vary little in terms of ingredients but the instructions for making the tablet is often really vague (as far as candy making goes). Let me demonstrate: Pour and allow to cool Yikes, right? Don't worry, I'll do better than this below. Rather than just blindly trying new recipes I tried to apply a little logic and fix the recipe and method so that I could recreate my Edinburgh tablet. After all, testing tablet recipes could burn through a 50lb bag of sugar very, very quickly. My initial problems with crystallization were due to a wealth of seed crystals no doubt lurking in my first batch. The recipes I had didn't provide adequate moisture to dissolve the sugar before it started to caramelize. So naturally, I decided to use more liquid. The recipes didn't call for standard candy making practices, like washing down the sides of the pot, etc. At first I assumed this was because of the desired grit in the confection, so I gave it a shot. Now I know better. I decided I would cook this candy like I would any other crystallization prone candy. I wanted to further inhibit crystallization. Tablet traditionally relies on fat to act as its interfering agent. Calling for glucose or corn syrup would probably be sacrilegious here, so I decided to up the fat content adding additional fat--and rich flavor--in the form of heavy cream. I gathered from all the recipes calling for beating the candy by hand after cooking, that is where crystallization should take place. You can create crystals just by agitating a sugar solution. This is why many of my candy recipes call for you to stop stirring after a certain point. So I was going to aim for a mixture with no seed crystals and then hope agitation alone can give me the appropriate degree of crystallization. So with a new recipe and a new set of procedures, I hit the kitchen. The result: Perfection. To my humble reader, Sleepwalker, who asked about tablet a few months ago. Hopefully you have better luck with my recipe and instructions. Not So Humble Scottish Tablet Yields about 100 pieces (A little over 3lbs) 911 grams (2lbs) granulated sugar 113 grams (1/2 cup) unsalted butter (melted) 115 grams (1/2 cup) whole milk 128 grams (1/2 cup) heavy cream 396 grams (1 can) sweetened condensed milk teaspoon of vanilla (optional) Tools: One VERY large heavy bottom pot. I prefer to use my large non-stick 8qt stock pot for this recipe. The initial mixture may not look like much but it will easily double in volume, so plan accordingly. I also prefer to use non-stick for moderate temperature making candy as it is the easiest to wash down and the candy doesn't stick to the sides and bottom and this helps prevent crystallization. You will also need a long handled wooden spoon and a candy thermometer, unless you're proficient with the cold water test. Also have a pastry brush and cup of water handy so you can wash down the sides of the pan. Grease a 13"x8" pan with a little butter or non-stick spray. To begin, combine the sugar, butter, heavy cream and milk over medium low heat. Stir constantly with a wooden spoon, remove any sugar crystals or splatters from the sides of your pan with the damp pastry brush (do this throughout the entire process) and slowly bring to a boil. This will take a while (10 minutes) and you will be tempted to turn up the heat, please don't. Rushing candy making is a surefire way to get bad results. Once the mixture is boiling and the sugar has completely dissolved--you can double check this by dipping a teaspoon into the mixture, let it cool and then rub the syrup between your fingers. If you can detect no grit in the syrup you're good to go--you can add the condensed milk. Once you get it to a boil, stir and allow to simmer for a minute. You want to make sure you've dissolved all that sugar. Bring the mixture back to a boil over medium-low heat. The mixture will begin to increase in volume and turn a blond color. You can stop stirring now. Take your wooden spoon over to the sink and run it under some cold water to cool. Wash the spoon as it will probably be gritty from the first stage of this recipe. Set the spoon aside. Use it occasionally to stir the mixture gently to make sure it is caramelizing evenly and to scrape any build up around the edge of the pot. Cooking away. Note the immaculately clean sides of the pan. That's right. I'm working that damp pastry brush today. Getting darker. Note the small 'crusties' forming at the edge of the pan. Scrape those off and stir them into the mixture. If you have crusties sticking to your spoon, rinse them off. The mixture will slowly get darker and darker. Over medium-low heat this will take a while, so plan for this step to take a minimum of 20 minutes. Once it hits 240°F it is done (this is the firm end of the soft ball stage). (For help with calibrating your candy thermometer read the comments here .) Remove the pot from the heat. You can add vanilla at this time, being careful as it will bubble up. Mind the steam when adding the vanilla. Now we're going to beat the mixture to encourage proper crystallization. Grab your wooden spoon and mix vigorously. For at least 10 minutes. This is going to make your arm very, very sore, but if you're eating this tablet you're going to need the burn because you're dealing with about 9000 calories (really) in this pot. Beat this for 10 minutes. Are you tough enough? The mixture is going to start smooth and creamy, like a thin caramel sauce. After mixing it for about 5 minutes you'll notice that it is thicker and the glossy shine has a bit of a texture to it (this is the small crystallization you're looking for). If you look closely you'll see it. Like a caramel sauce with a very very fine grit (think: mini hourglass sand). Continue to mix, until the mixture has thickened and cooled slightly but is still pourable. Pour the mixture into your prepared pan. Smooth the surface and remove any air bubbles by tapping the pan on the counter top a few times. Allow to cool for several hours before cutting (or scoring so you can break it later). Fresh cut tablet. Not as dry as the Edinburgh stuff, but the texture is spot on. The tablet I had in Edinburgh was a bit drier than this fresh made batch, but that seemed reasonable since the Edinburgh tablet had been sitting out for a who knows how long. This tablet, after sitting in a jar for four days, is developing the exact same texture as the store bought stuff. A light crumble, dense, moist, slight grain and a rich butterscotch. Very good stuff.	i don't know
What term describes a sheepdog trial event in which each competitor controls two dogs?	Project MUSE - Bringing Up Babe Susan McHugh - Bringing Up Babe - Camera Obscura 17:1 Camera Obscura 17.1 (2002) 149-187 Bringing Up Babe Can or should we understand the "anthropological" model of aesthetic practices as separate from Babe? And what methodologies will address these concerns? —Sylvia Kolbowski, "Questions for Feminism" The 1995 film Babe (dir. Chris Noonan, US) culminates with the consolidation of a community in which social boundaries separating animals, machines, and humans are not erased but significantly reconfigured. The barnyard society shifts from an anthropological system, organized around the singular human, to a nonanthropocentric network, from which the human farmer becomes no less inseparable than the farm animals and machines. Moreover, Babe suggests that the formation of this network depends on the engagement of humans and other animals with a specific visual technology—television—for the purpose of cross-species communication. In this respect, Babe's barnyard network approximates Donna Haraway's ideal "cyborg community" while at the same time offering an important corrective to thinking about such machine-organism integration from a human standpoint. 1 Through [End Page 149] the film's multiple and fragmentary narratives, anthropocentric cyborg systems become broken down into component parts, shattering the illusion of individuated agency whereby an organism becomes a "self" only on the model of a singular human being. Rather than positioning Babe as simply imaging cyborgs, I want to invoke the way in which cyborg theory suspends the value of the human in relation to technology in order to trace a similar displacement enacted along the boundaries of technology and animals. By looking at the key role of television in the reconsolidation of these component parts into a singular system that emphasizes interdependence, this essay explores how Babe's social construction of agency frames larger questions about the role of visual media in constructing nonhumans as historical subjects. Tracing the disjointed development of both narrative and character within Babe, I examine in this essay how the barnyard animal on television becomes a crucial site for investigating more than how cross-species relations become galvanized through shared experiences with technologies. Because the film postulates that specifically visual technologies shape reading practices that are necessary to nonanthropocentric conceptions of nonhuman agency, I argue that Babe positions television as intensifying rather than resolving conflicts between biological narratives (particularly those of gender) and stories of machine-mediated group belonging. In this respect, Babe uses television to historicize human-centered concepts of hybrid machine-organism agency (like Donna Haraway's cyborg) and to produce in their stead a collective of simulacral animals, or what I term animalacra. 2 As my reading of the film will show, animalacra emerge not as humans pretending to be animals, machines pretending to be animals (or humans), or animals pretending to be humans (or machines), but as animals pretending to be other animals in such a way that humans and machines are implicated. Framing this film about how a pig learns to be sheepdog (or "sheep-pig"), the film's broad range of barnyard animalacra often overtly puts species boundaries under erasure. Some animal characters thrust different species' identifications on other [End Page 150] animals, such as the sheep who protest their harassment by dogs they term "wolves." But more systematic challenges to biological schemas come from animals who clearly cultivate their own alternate identifications, notably the duck who pretends to be an alarm clock, which to him is a "mechanical rooster," or a machine that pretends to be an animal. Instead of a Darwinian, ever receding "origin" of species, these active border crossings involve machines in ways that foreground a range of connections between animal identities and human uses for animals. Within this spectrum, television emerges as the key technology by which barnyard animals gain power since it serves as the mediating ground between highly localized, individuated house pets and interchangeable, nomadic rodents, profoundly undermining the originary authority of the human. In this way, Babe's complicated approach to technology—as both an economic factor (as it is represented in the film) and as visual media (as they are represented both in and by the film)—points the way to a particular postmodern path, the end of human-centered history. Critically departing from a tradition exemplified by George Orwell's 1946 novel Animal Farm, Babe implicates visual technologies in the construction as well as the regulation of divisions of labor, gender, sex, and species. 3 Orwell's novel, a parable of European totalitarianism in the first half of the twentieth century, depicts the violent takeover of a British farm by its animals. Human attempts to regain the farm, rebuffed at first, eventually succeed as certain pigs exploit the "stupidity" of the other animals, becoming in every respect indistinguishable from their human oppressors "to the creatures outside." 4 While machines are portrayed as both helpful and hurtful in each text, the use of machines to do work has a distinctly negative valence in Animal Farm. The never completed windmill, symbol of a technological utopia, fails to deliver the animals from exploitation as workers and instead becomes the means by which the pigs divide the farm labor inequitably. Painting, the sole visual technology imagined in the novel, nominally reinforces these divisions, serving as a means by which pigs manifest their power over other animals. 5 At the end, what makes Orwell's pigs indistinguishable from humans [End Page 151] is their coterminous dependence on and mystification of technology as a means of production, in relation to which the other animals become naturalized neo-Luddites. What is important to this discussion is not simply the generic or stylistic difference between these texts, but also the veritable sea change they gauge in the role of technology in production and in utopian thinking. Babe differs profoundly from Animal Farm by simultaneously thematizing and baring the device, that is, by presenting visual technologies as means of production as well as of revolution. By assuming panspecies, visual media literacy throughout, Babedisables the human power of self-determination made available through visual technologies by depicting these technologies as employed to produce the collective fiction of the worker as an individual. Whereas Orwell's novel reconfigures but does not displace the individual (human, nation, animal) at the center, and therefore typifies modernist approaches to agency, 6 Babe operates as a postmodern deconstructive text, depicting individuals and centers as "necessary failures" that, as Fredric Jameson explains, "inscribe the particular postmodern project back into its context, while at the same time reopening the question of the modern itself for reexamination." 7 At the end of the film, television frames the space in which barnyard animals both escape deadly objectification as essentially meat and engage in their own subject-formations outside the limited terms of human being or existence. While the assumption that Babe is a postmodern text structures this analysis, in itself the claim that Babe is postmodern does not help explore how the text paradoxically creates certain universalizing structures in order to combat the encroachment of other universalizing structures. Powerfully connecting animals, visual media, and simulation, the animalacra of Babe pick up where Haraway's cyborg leaves off, negotiating the "non-centered" or "collective" component that Jameson posits as the "psychic subject" of postmodernism. 8 But the gains animalacra achieve in subordinating the illusion of isolated individuality to collective animal life as it circulates through visual media have a limit in this [End Page 152] text, namely the reinscription of absolute gendered differences. Concluding by closely examining how the film's female characters become excluded from this televisually constituted barnyard collectivity, I want to suggest some ways in which the film's playful exploration of noncentered, nonhuman subjectivity also pessimistically imagines feminist relations to global capitalist forms, identity forms, and liberatory political forms alike. 9 Babes in Arms, Legs, and Wings: Constructing Animalacra In its formal qualities as well as its narrative, Babe unsettles the individual pig's bildungsroman condensed in the slogan, "The talking pig who made it big." 10 The precarious position occupied by the film's title animal, Babe the sheep-pig, points to the ways in which the barnyard animal's experience is not merely unaccountable through the concept of the "individual." More importantly, it outlines two critical problems: that we need to learn how to read animals as something besides individuals and that there are specific formal traits in the film that allow us to do so. Babe's uses of visual technologies offer a means of accounting for animal agency as mediating extreme poles of abjection (whether as food, vermin, or zoo attractions) and subjectification within the all-too-human terms of "pet" identities. Perhaps most striking on a first viewing of the film is the way that it overtly involves its audience in the conflicted construction of the animal-individual. By haphazardly combining different modes of imaging in its barnyard characters, at the formal level Babe structures social agency as a construction site. The apparent constructedness of the film extends the limits of the animal film genre by imperfectly (even excessively obviously) inscribing filmic machinery into the animal subject. Customarily, three film technologies effectively negate each other as ways of representing animals in film: live action, puppetry, and animation. Each of these technologies, when used exclusively to depict an animal in film, bears the burden of masking the labor involved in effecting this kind of performance. Within this hybrid narrative [End Page 153] form, the labor of asserting an identity within a diegetic community becomes sublimated as the labor of asserting an identity to an extradiegetic community, so that the animal body appears consistent, if not "real," to the viewer. By instead implementing all of these technologies with a startling disregard for the conventions of continuity editing, Babe foregrounds the labor of identity performance. The bared devices of the film disrupt automatic identification between human viewers (who see the animals as bricolage) and diegetic humans (who see the animals as "real" individuals) and thereby invite the viewer to read no individual as the film's center. Instead, it asks the audience to follow several interdependent communities as they emerge through the film. Only the most willing suspension of viewers' disbelief blocks the recognition of Babe's constructedness. The integration of puppets, live animals, and animatronic manipulations often stretches the narrative seams, so that viewers easily isolate aberrations in the continuity of the film's editing to locate instances of each form of technology. The puppets' movements often lack fluidity, and the textures of the puppet bodies look all the more artificial as they are juxtaposed with photo-realistic animal fur and feathers. The parts of the live animals manipulated by animatronics move in a different color scheme, especially noticeable when they simulate the lip movements of English. Most obviously, the "bad-wig pig" shots—the long, toupee-like dark hairs growing from the live pig's head, which are inexplicably missing from the head of the puppet pig—disrupt the continuity of the film even within scenes. The destabilization of the animal subject, so common in film media where nonhuman organisms of similar shapes and colors continue to be used interchangeably, becomes even more apparent here because the colors and shapes have not been carefully matched within individuated beings, let alone within or across species. 11 The film's erratically integrated formal properties underscore how it approaches the animal as a different kind of subject—one that in Teresa de Lauretis's terms is "not unified but rather multiple, and not so much divided as contradicted." 12 But they also call into question the notion that depth or "experience" [End Page 154] is the defining property of "social beings" (18); the messy formal configuration of animal agency in Babesuggests instead the ways in which visual media animals confound inner/outer dichotomies of the self. While the combination of methods used to depict the animal subject certainly affiliates Babe's animals with their older kin in Jim Henson's Creature Shop (consider the sharp contrast of Kermit the Frog's stick-propelled arms and Big Bird's totally human-inhabited body on the children's television show Sesame Street), the mixture of media in the film represents a revolutionary breakthrough in the Muppet tradition. These contradicting configurations of animal subjects lead to erasures of personal and political as well as organic and mechanistic distinctions within the narrative, pointing to the potential for development of nonindividuated as well as nonanthropocentric conceptions of agency. 13 The hybrid technological genealogy of these creatures—technologically connecting them to predecessors not only in the Muppet movies but also in the television programs Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, and now the animated Muppet Babies—offers a framework for understanding their constant (re)turns to television. 14 And this network of affiliations becomes all the more important in light of Babe's ruptures of its own narrative configurations of space and time. Mirroring the perceptual process whereby subjectivity emerges through visual narrative, coherent subjectivity remains contested within the world of the film's fiction as well. The opening line of the film announces these ambiguous narrative boundaries: "This is the story of an unprejudiced heart and how it changed our valley forever." Viewers can guess that the heart in question belongs to the title character; but the locations of both the valley and the omniscient narrator (voice-over by Roscoe Lee Brown) describing it remain unsolved mysteries throughout the film. This disembodied voice speaks with the smug authority of an unreliable narrator, filling in some blanks while merely calling attention to others. This doubled movement of specifying while eroding the grounds of specification is accomplished through juxtaposition in the opening sequence, a montage of piglet images over which [End Page 155] the narrator speaks. The voice, describing theirs as "lives spent in a cruel and sunless world," undercuts the appearance of primal unity embodied in the piglets nursing at their mothers' teats. The technologies structuring these pigs' environment emerge abruptly and with a conflicted character, even more directly disrupting the domesticity of this scene. Humans operate malevolent and benevolent mechanical devices—an electric cattle prod to take away the mothers and a mechanical piglet feeder to replace them—while the narrator explains that the pigs' passive submission to these machinations grounds their belief that being taken away means being sent to hog heaven. 15 In case viewers do not make the cognitive leap between these images and the structure of agribusiness, the animals' understanding becomes invalidated for the viewer by the narrator's choice of construction: the repetition of "they thought" couches what follows as the description of an operative myth (in lieu of a "they were" construction that would not invite directly the viewer's criticism of this account). The generic categories "human" and "pig" that the narrator uses to describe the figures on the screen further reinforce the viewer's sense of dislocation. The maintenance of character anonymity throughout this opening sequence allows the narrator the freedom to mystify, but this structure of storytelling also sets up his omniscience as suspicious. Belying the narration of the opening sentence, nothing seems remarkable about any of the characters in the beginning of the film, since, apart from species specifications, they function interchangeably. For the viewer, the rupture of place enacted in this sequence prompts questions of space and time to take precedence over those of identity. First-time viewers ask, "Where does this take place? When does this take place?" Taking into account the key function of the off-screen abattoir here, an overarching question emerges from the narrative structure to overtake them: what happens to place and time when the "who" that might ground them is best characterized as a component part and not an individual? Without being depicted or named, the figure of the slaughterhouse hovers at the edges, allowing viewers imaginatively to deform the porcine bodies being prodded offscreen, to [End Page 156] push them into the more familiar plastic packaging of bacon and ham. Within the narrative, this instability of bodily form contributes to the specially selected piglet's ignorance of his place in the human world and establishes his escaping his own death on the assembly line as radically contingent. Judged a worthless runt, the piglet is otherwise arbitrarily selected to become part of a carnival attraction raising money for presumably human charity. The anonymity of these humans without faces and pigs without names becomes multiplied, not dispelled, as the plot thickens. Later viewers learn from the mouth of this piglet that even his name signifies interchangeability: "Our mom called us all the same. . . . She called us all 'Babe.'" His generic name describes what the viewer has seen—identical pink piglets—while at the same time establishing our perception of this subject as unstable. Agency as it is acted out in the disjointed form of Babe becomes all the more apparently a conflicted process of individuation from and envelopment within the barnyard world. In contrast, the high-tech equipment suggests nothing ambiguous about the historical frame of reference of this story; the machines declare that the story can only take place in the late twentieth century. Yet the temporal and spatial features do not contrast so much as play against one another. The machines are so familiar and so casually integrated into the characters' lives that, even more readily than the behind-the-scenes machinery that enables the animal characters to speak recognizably to human viewers, the machines in the film escape notice as time-bound. Instead, a more radical disjuncture created by the plain-style clothing worn by the human farmers and the fantastic, gothic architecture of the sets matches the mythic tone of the narration to make time less specific as space becomes increasingly localized. Expanding Jameson's sense that the foregrounding of space in favor of time is a defining feature of the postmodern, I link the rupture of space and time to the production of the visual media animal in this film. Moreover, as the disembodied, omniscient narrator's singular story gives way to an episodic narrative structured by animal narrators, the film structurally connects the visual media animal [End Page 157] to television. Further undermining the authority of the omniscient narrator, giggling mice destabilize the linear, chronological development of the story as well as its spatial configuration by erratically appearing in cue card-like segues. The mice move from within the scenes to a space "outside" and back again, reading aloud intertitles that are lines from the coming scenes, which are formatted like a novel's chapter titles. Setting up a competing narrative structure, the mice deliberately encourage the viewer's interpretive movement away from the conventional narrator's mythical, heroic reading of events and toward conflicted, multiple readings. Unlike the singular narrator, however, whose voice remains disembodied throughout, the mice travel through the film's landscape and bring viewers to the scaffolding over it. Although no characters interact with these mice, often the transition between scenes spotlights them, blacking out the rest while training the viewer's gaze to their minor place within the scene. These tight focuses on the mice serve as a constant reminder of the visual construction of point of view, a heavy-handed use of framing that significantly stresses technology in the mice's occupation of a special narrative place. Since no one in the story appears to notice them, and since the story already has a narrator, one might ask what the mice are doing in and around the narrative. Serving no straight dramatic purpose, the mice situate the farm as a middle ground between the egocentric interiority of the human home at its center and the schizophrenic exteriority of the rodent fringes as well as between the consumption and the production of visual media. They therefore introduce the idea that the world of the farm fosters different social integrations with technologies and, in turn, different possibilities for social agency. For instance, their half-time rendition of the song "Blue Moon" works to suture a loud night scene with one of quiet dawn. But it also presents the mice as literate in American popular culture. Arguably, in singing this song, the mice demonstrate not only literacy in radio or film but also "their future dépassementin television," and so announce the production of animalacra both [End Page 158] at the margins of the cinematic text and as a transformative interface between visual media forms. 16 Diegetically naturalized as providing background music to a display of fireworks, the narrative function of the mice's performance (providing closure to the scene) works at odds with the questions their performance raises: Are they narrating the story while it happens? Are the mice singularly free to roam in and out of the story's real time? What time does the narrator, along with the other characters, inhabit in relation to the mice? And, perhaps most importantly, how are these differences in narrative structure articulating (and articulated through) differences between film and television media? In addition to destabilizing narrative time, their performance in this sequence also draws attention away from how their place in the scene assumes their ability to engage communications technologies in order to create a collective identity. Presenting the mice as an undifferentiated trio, this performance repeats the strategy of human musicians in music videos to circulate a popular group identity. More obviously, by reading aloud the intertitles throughout the film, these giggling mice configure a kind of narrative structure that both permits and destabilizes the development of the story. As a formal device reminiscent of the vaudeville stage and early cinema, the intertitles they read seem archaic and contribute to confusion concerning the historical time frame of the story. However, in disrupting both the ideological setup and the critique of this ideology in the film, the mice's use of these intertitles empties out their suturing value in the narrative. Instead this entrenchment of the mice on the fringes of the narrative echoes their marginalization within the farm economy, for which they stake out the borderland of the wild animal. Yet it also collapses the margins onto the center by suggesting the ways in which they control the emergence of a story of television within a film about a pig. The laughter of the mice as they repeat lines spoken by others openly encourages the viewer to be critical of what the narrators say. 17 As the lines borrowed by the mice are uttered within the action of the story, they reinforce the human-animal, dominance [End Page 159] -based hierarchies initially structuring farm life. Yet the giddy tone adopted by the mice in their preemptive use of the lines—as introductions of the sequences in which they occur—anticipates how Babe the pig comes to his own terms with these hierarchies. The parodic utterance of these lines by the mice thus prefigures Babe's resistance to the anthropological hierarchy adumbrated by the unknown narrator and enforced by the sheepdogs. As echoes that precede their origins, the mice's mimicry occurs illogically before the lines' utterance in the real time of the story. With this disruption of narrative continuity, the mice cultivate a nonhuman perspective from which to critique human- centered agency forms in this text. For example, the first two intertitles, "Pigs Are Definitely Stupid" and "The Way Things Are," are the border collie bitch Fly's lines, uttered to Babe the pig with an earnestness that indicates her faith in their truth-value. But hearing these lines as already spoken in jest encourages viewers to question what motivates Fly to (re)iterate them as aphorisms. What purpose do they serve each time? When delivering these lines, Fly describes and also enforces the fundamental barnyard rule that the purpose of stupid animals on the farm is to eat and then to be eaten. Like the functionalist primatologists critiqued by Haraway and the pigs of Orwell, whose rhetoric Fly appears to adapt, Fly mystifies her own position of power by presenting her ideology as the effect and not the cause of an anthropocentrically ordered farm community. In these conversations between Babe and Fly, the animatronic mouth movements call the viewer's attention to the contrived magic of a common, interspecies language as well as to the human-centered power dynamic structuring these conversations. 18 Her partner, the border collie Rex, clarifies the hypocrisy of their position in his declaration, "To each creature its own destiny, and every animal in its proper place." Having established the human-sanctioned proper place of his own kind of animal at the top, the invocation of "destiny" here ironically proves to be founded on the dog's sense of his own "descent from ancient [End Page 160] bloodlines." In a trial sequence as familiar as Rex's message, he invokes human manipulation of their gene pool, a trait common to all of these domesticated animals, to argue, like Animal Farm's barnyard tyrants, that "some animals are more equal than others." 19 Babe's dissatisfaction with these declarations inspires his polite refutation of them; through his questioning of the rules, it becomes clear that Babe does not share the dogs' sense of anthropocentric reality. What is not so apparent in this sequence is the dependence of the dogs' understanding of "the way things are" on their extension of their internal, canine, and filial loyalties to a singular sense of agency that divides them from the rest of the animals. Babe's transgressions of the laws laid down by the dogs point toward a different sense of agency that shifts the terms of social place from bloodlines to performance. Babe casts doubt on the order of things on the farm, and this doubt intensifies through the development of his friendships with Ferdinand the duck and Maa the ewe. These creatures, called "stupid" by the dogs, give voice to the oppositional view that the humans and dogs are "savages": Ferdinand speaks for all of these animals at the bottom of the farm's food chain as he declares that the dogs' version of "'the way things are' stinks." A formal rupture punctuates this counternarrative since the characters expressing dissent from the dogs' rule appear through the puppet performances that are most loosely integrated with animatronic technology. In this way, the film not only formally marks animals considered food for the human bosses as dissidents, but it also narratively configures all those who oppose the anthropocentric order as fellow travelers. Forestalling the formation of a unified oppositional ontology within the narrative, Babe's interactions with Maa and Ferdinand remain abrupt and accidental. Ferdinand speaks his mind and flies away from the fate of becoming Christmas dinner only to have another duck eaten in his place, and Maa bemoans the abuses of canine "savages" on the farm only to be killed by a pack of feral dogs in the field. Stigmatized in scenes that involve sickness and death, these exchanges with social mavericks contrast [End Page 161] with the regular, didactic conversations between Babe and the "cuddly" border collies. With this weighted juxtaposition of interspecies social patterns, escape from the dogs' order of things, let alone the unified construction of a new order, seems untenable. Considering the ideological parallel between these foodstuff animals and the exploited animals in the Orwell text, I read the oppositional positions staked by Maa and Ferdinand as doomed precisely because they offer no alternative model of social agency to the self. In other words, these characters languish insofar as they remain committed to the binary agency system of animal resources and human capitalism constituted by the dogs' Orwellian paradigm. But their visual construction foregrounds the alternate system that the mice introduce and that Babe puts in play. In spite of Maa's and Ferdinand's inability to imagine themselves outside this paradigm, their singular visual construction—their abruptly puppetlike physical variations from the photo-realistic characters—separates them from the self-center of the anthropocentric system. Maa's contradictory validations of herself through racializing articulations of her superior breed status within her species— like Babe's early claim that he is "Large White" (instead of "a Large White pig")—signals the animals' initial conditioning to the role of representatives of commodity categories and not to the role of members actively constituting groups. 20 Asserting individuality at the expense of working for systemic change, Maa inverts the dogs' referents of "savages" and "civilized folk" only to amplify the inequities of agency within the dominance paradigm to which she is merely incipient mutton. An old, sick sheep, Maa demonstrates the imaginative limits of the system that objectifies her, just as Ferdinand recycles the logic of the dogs when he perceives machines as usurping individual animals' places. As I will explain below, engagements with television signal and enact a change in the barnyard animals' relationships with technology, but only after the film spells out the consequences of simple identification between machines and livestock. The first micronarrative of farm life, Ferdinand's failed attempt to destroy the "mechanical rooster" (the alarm clock) that he feels [End Page 162] threatens his place on the farm, opens this critique of the anthropocentric ideology's structuring of direct competition between machine and animal. Through the duck's story, it becomes clear that the machine-replaceable individual's only effective form of resistance is to divest from the individualist ideology of place. In response to his imminent slaughter by the humans, Ferdinand attempts to appropriate a human-sanctioned place on the farm. Thinking that the clock replaced the rooster, he tries to replace the clock only to reposition himself as a more likely food product, rather than working to disrupt the system through which place is established. He does not recognize the greater power of opposition that he presents by reading his own actions—that he has "become indispensable" by upstaging the rooster each morning— differently from the humans, who find in his crowing a more pressing reason to dispense with him. The indiscriminate butchering of another duck, Rosana, in his place further undermines the authority of each animal's assertions of a singular place on the farm. Ferdinand mourns Rosana, but, because he continues "to look out for number one," he too exploits her death to his own advantage. With her death, he knows that his life is slightly extended. However, Rosana's death also shows that the human decision to make "duck [à] l'orange" for Christmas dinner was not simply an act of revenge in response to Ferdinand's challenge to their authority. Just as the alarm clock he destroys is replaced by another alarm clock, so Ferdinand's averted death becomes that of another duck. The component quality of place in the system that emerges through Ferdinand's story develops a key overlap between the modernist system of human-individualist hierarchy framed by the dogs and the emergent postmodern one that routs the dominant human sense of self. But, to make this shift, the animal must reckon with the ways in which forms of social agency have come to be inflected by technologies, particularly visual technologies. The failure of his assertions of individuality marks as obsolete Ferdinand's early egotistical constructions of his own subjectivity. But his integration of technology in his attempts to play "mechanical rooster" makes room for other ideas of agency. [End Page 163] Although he resists being constituted as a component part, his own contradictory logic compels him to view the alarm clock as his and the rooster's superior, and thus as an animal replacement. Ultimately, Ferdinand's inability to stay away from the farm, culminating in a circular flight "outta here," signals an emergent consciousness that, as Haraway writes of the cyborg, "any finally coherent subject is a fantasy, and that personal and collective identity is precariously and constantly socially reconstituted." 21 Watching television alongside the other barnyard animals in the final sequence, Ferdinand appears at the end to be willfully integrated into the farm community, systematically included if not clearly ideologically converted to the precession of animalacra. It Takes a Farm to Raise a Pig: Television and Televisions of Animalacra Television plays a central role in the displacement of the human center of Babe, providing the means by which the animals deform the isolated, individual self and formulate from its components a new communal sense of agency. In short, direct engagement with television as a communicative visual medium both signals a change in characters' self-perception within the narrative and mobilizes a nonanthropocentric critique of the ideology of self with broader implications. Rather than simply overthrowing the human as a symbol of power, the animals of Babe incorporate the human into their network, radically altering the representational status of all elements in the new system. As the story unfolds, the human characters are articulated first through the animal, which in turn literally and figuratively relies on visual media in order to be articulated. In Walter Benjamin's terms, the machine- and animal-mediated human loses its "aura"—its uniquely self-referential condition of production—under these conditions of mechanical reproduction. 22 Hastening the deconstruction of the human by filtering it through conflicting animal perspectives that in turn are filtered through a pastiche of visual media, Babe moves beyond oppositionally casting the human as antithetical to the farm [End Page 164] animal-machines and instead posits human intersections with animals in terms of animalacra through television. The reticence of the principal human character, Farmer Hoggett (James Cromwell), enables him to elude definitive self-characterization and shifts the burden to visual media animals to illuminate Hoggett's relation to his world. 23 Generally referred to as "the Boss" by the animals, Hoggett seems defined by a characteristic silence that makes him more like a typical animal subject than any of the animal characters in the film, encouraging other humans (including viewers) to overlook him. But, particularly through Hoggett's uses of television, his actions come to contradict others' descriptions of him. Hoggett's silence invites misreading even within the diegesis and also cultivates a point of departure from Orwellian assumptions about humans' oppressive and self-serving engagements with technology. A telling textual moment occurs when, from his children's discussion of their gift of a fax machine as an attempt to satisfy his "need to modernize," Hoggett's attention drifts to Babe in the barnyard. Misrecognizing Hoggett's silence, his son-in-law (Paul Goddard) assumes agreement with his own assessment that Hoggett has let his farm fall behind the times. A particular relationship with animals seems at stake as the son-in-law points to Hoggett's driving horse as an exemplary "outdated" technology, but the farmer's quietness drapes a veil of isolation around Hoggett that visual media animals will help him tear off. But, in this early scene, Hoggett is mediated through the unsympathetic vision of his human peers, so that the farmer appears to be anthropocentrist, concealing his power over a nonhuman system whose adherents, like the dogs, enforce even as they claim only to observe its omnipotence. Nothing Hoggett does before this point contradicts the assumption that he lays down the farm's laws self-consciously to ensure his own dominance. But as his son-in-law echoes Ferdinand the duck in articulating the theme of self-reliance, the origin of the rules governing Hoggett's farm proves unrecoverable. While his son-in-law's criticisms attempt to position Hoggett as an [End Page 165] incontrovertibly incompetent farmer, Hoggett's turning his attention away from his son-in-law's speech and toward the pig's action—practicing herding by separating chickens in the barnyard—drives a wedge into the seemingly impenetrable anthropocentrist ideology. The son-in-law's dismissal of Hoggett as eccentric is echoed later in Hoggett's wife Esme's (Magda Szubanski) more direct ridicule and is intensified when she expresses fear for Hoggett's sanity; yet these bullying tactics appear to set him more firmly against the rigidly human-centered system for which they stand. The discussion ends with Hoggett not responding to the criticisms of other humans, and the film cuts to the scene in which Hoggett begins training Babe as a shepherd. Given this opportunity, the pig moves laterally, forging a new place for himself on the farm through the cooperation of his companions. 24 In direct response to demands placed on them by the market, Hoggett, the pig, and the sheep frame a new system of determining place on the farm as well as in the world. 25 With his language-intensive method of herding the sheep, Babe complements Hoggett's soft-spoken demeanor, opening and strengthening tenuous communication lines across species boundaries. The success of this method does not knock the dogs out of their place (as Rex fears) so much as it provides a method of shepherding that relies more on cross-species cooperation than on the dominance of one by another species. When Babe's attempt to mimic the dogs' aggressive herding technique fails, Babe is told by the laughing Maa that, in order to herd sheep effectively, "all a nice young pig like you need do is ask." Like his escape from the butcher block, the pig's unprecedented achievement as a shepherd depends only in part on his individual merit. More importantly, Babe succeeds because he employs the same communications network manipulated by the dogs to establish their authority over all of the animals, expanding the system to include the language of the sheep. In order for Babe's courteous use of language (instead of physical aggression) to secure more than just a place for himself off the dinner table, this performance needs to be broadcast to [End Page 166] human and animal communities in a way that makes available and apparent the new arrangement of humans, animals, and technologies. Although the gains of the new system are apparent to those immediately involved, its broader, socially transformative qualities remain to be seen, so to speak, at this point in the film. The sheep receive directions without being bitten or frightened, and they also learn to bargain collectively with dogs instead of blindly following their orders. Hoggett gets the help he needs in collecting the sheep for shearing, while his injured dogs can convalesce. However, Hoggett, as a successful border collie breeder as well as former championship competitor, chooses to share with others the greatness that he recognizes in the pig. Babe's incredible shepherding success prompts Hoggett to employ him to challenge the national system of sheepdog competition that authorizes the blood of champion components in the global shepherd economy. With the help of the farm community, Babe makes the term sheep-pig viable outside his own experience by performing as a sheep-pig on television, thereby altering the breeding stakes and potentially the name of "sheepdog" competitions by reconfiguring, and not replacing, the dogs' part in the shepherding process. In short, Babe's performance as a sheepdog competitor on television in the film enacts a paradigm shift that mutually implicates the economies of spectatorship and agribusiness in the production of animalacra, enabling humans and animals to see themselves and each other via visual technologies to promote more equitable interspecies relations. But the pig can mobilize this shift only by aligning himself with the human in a way that redefines the human as another kind of animal, one whose individual needs become subordinated to those of the new barnyard order. Precisely at the moment when Hoggett threatens to be most legible as a single subject, the film makes visible the complex communications network contributing to his singular subjectivity. For reasons I will spell out in the final section of this essay, this reconstitution of Hoggett—significantly—is precipitated by his wife's brief departure from the farm with the Country Women's Group; immediately after she [End Page 167] leaves, Hoggett deliberately breaks the rules of the farm by letting Babe into the house to watch television with him. Having proven his worth as a sheepdog, Babe gains this special privilege of the house pets, defying the dogs' law that food animals belong in the barnyard, and in the process entering the place of visual media reception. While this move at first seems to position Hoggett as momentarily transgressing the dominance order of the farm, the gesture also signals the integral role of television in the displacement of the human from the farm community's center. A different, unspoken rule seems broken as Hoggett starts using machines for panspecies ergonomic purposes in this sequence. Throughout the film, Hoggett's increasingly mechanized additions to the barnyard gate indicate that he has no more fear of machines than of animals. But only through this sequence, in which he sends his first fax (to avoid lying as he enters his "Pig" in the Grand National Sheepdog Championship) and invites his animals to watch television with him, does Hoggett defy the other characters' assumptions that he shares their anthropocentric and modern values. Following the establishing shot over his shoulder, the film's viewers are integrated into this circuit by watching television alongside Hoggett, Babe, and Fly. Bringing this pivotal member of the barnyard community into the house to watch television, Hoggett's individual dominance begins to look like an effect of his animals' subservience. This scene positions television as pivotal in the erasure of individuated identity not only at the human level but also at the animal level. Immediately following this prefiguring of a radical human, animal, and televisual democracy, another house pet, Duchess, the "bad cat bearing a grudge," shatters Babe's trust in Hoggett. She tells him that "pigs don't have a purpose except to get eaten by people," a sentiment that, as it is confirmed later by Fly, reinforces the idea that the human conceives only to harness animal agents in the service of humans' needs. Perceiving the futility of the attempt to define and to fend for himself as an individuated subject under these conditions, Babe, King Lear-like, wanders off alone, spending a stormy night exposed to the elements [End Page 168] until Hoggett and the dogs find him shivering in the graveyard in the morning. The individual's "last stand" in the film mobilizes even the resistant Rex in the common cause, subsequently taken up again by Babe, so that even Babe's failed attempt to fend for himself galvanizes the farm community. But the symbolic death of Babe's isolated self leaves him despondent, requiring more than just the attentions of the vet and the dogs. To get Babe back on his hooves in time to command a broader audience, Hoggett must show his commitment to the dissolution of human dominance, embodied in his song and dance. Placing the animals as viewing subjects and Hoggett as the object on display, Hoggett's performance in the "If I Had Words" sequence functions in the narrative as more than simple role reversal. This crucial scene establishes human accountability to the other organisms participating in the farm system, securing the textual deconstruction of anthropocentrism. 26 Hoggett, through self-dissolution more than self-abasement, convinces Babe that the pig's role as shepherd on the farm overrides his efficacy as human food. Serving as a corrective to Ferdinand's attempts to fashion himself as a worker rather than dinner for the humans, this sequence reinvents the farm community explicitly in terms of visual and performative reciprocity. With the animals united by their mutual respect for Hoggett and Babe, and with the latter ready for competition, the final unforeseen obstacle—Babe's initial inability to communicate with the strange sheep at the show grounds—arrives as a test of the integrity of this rearrangement of the barnyard's component parts. For the narrative to come to fruition, it is not enough for the animal characters to act like other animals: they have to communicate through television as animalacra. Converted to the new model of interdependence, Rex returns to the sheep at home to ask for assistance. Exacting a promise of civility from him, the Hoggett flock divulges the "password," a chant that sounds more appropriate to the rituals of a fraternal order than to a species-specific language, so that Babe can perform on television definitively to transform "the way things are" on the farm [End Page 169] and in the world at large. Like the song "Beasts of England," 27 the sheep's password consists of only English words and indicates that community becomes legitimated through performed rituals, not biologically inherited essences. But unlike its Orwellian counterpart, the password is an Internationale of sorts, promoting a more open sense of collective life as its performance ensures Babe's successful transformation of a national site of competition into a gateway to a newly constituted global order. 28 Like the songs of Hoggett and the mice, the method of the password's conveyance is more significant to the narrative than its content. Running back and running out of time, Rex leaps aboard a moving truck—significantly, the electric company repair truck that restarts the television in the Hoggett house—and so makes Babe's victory dependent on visual media circuits. Simultaneously, Hoggett's wife Esme in her hotel room and the animals back in the barnyard discover Babe on television and watch together as Rex runs onto the field to bring the words that will enable Babe to win the championship. Through the dog, the truck, the electric wires, and the television, a synchronization connects various audiences—the barnyard audience, the show grounds audience, the Country Women's Group audience, and even the film's audience—across species and technological boundaries. Implicated in the process of legitimating an animal's success at pretending to be another animal through television, all see themselves and each other in the different light of animalacra. By correlating the film's disjointed and contradictory visual devices with its similarly inconsistent narrative structure (particularly its juxtaposition of an omniscient narrator with unruly mice and intertitles), and these, in turn, with its characters' disjointed and contradictory narratives of human dominance, I have elaborated how Babe positions visual media animals as transformative within and to the narrative. The film's resolution hinges on a cyborg moment, one that we can attribute only to a communicative network of animals and machines. But, because the film constructs this moment, which signals a replacement of family ties with alliance bonds, as preeminently visual [End Page 170] (a television broadcast that levels the barnyard hierarchies), the film configures the cyborg moment as an animalacral production. The film's happy ending, derived from this achievement, is diegetically attributed to the emotive nature of the pig, but it is constructed for the viewer as the product of a visual media- integrated—and laterally collective—process. Thus, in Babe, the title character—a sheep-pig—depends on a visual communications network explicitly incorporating animals alongside machines to disengage another system that threatens to transform him into pork. Through this elevation of the binary terms of individuation to the systems of subject-construction, I begin to account for why Babe, although clearly working against the interests of the meat industry by depicting animals who proclaim that they do not want to be eaten, remains indeterminate on the question of animals as commodities. So, in defiance of the visual cues that the film's ending is unexpectedly, "unprecedented[ly]," and overwhelmingly happy, I conclude by contemplating at what cost animalacra figure a happy ending. While the text implies that animalacra move out of the screen to change the world, I turn now to examine its structuring limitations, specifically to look at the ways in which the development of this nonanthropocentric and noncentered collectivity depends on the subversion of certain human hierarchies and the reinforcement of others. 29 Barnyard Gender Troubles, or "That'll do, pig" Babe wields visual technologies radically to challenge the fixity of species identity but curiously leaves gendered identities largely unchallenged. Instead, as the film breaks down barriers between species and technology to produce animalacral circuitry, it also positions these new forms in ways that complement the old, rigidly hierarchical institution of lines between genders. Although the reinvented barnyard system at the end incorporates all members of the farm community, degrees of equality seem measured in inverse proportion to degrees of gender marking. By implying that gender marks a limit to integration with technology, the film [End Page 171] indirectly approaches Animal Farm's conclusion; that is, it quietly suggests that some animalacra "are more equal than others." However, because this inequality remains implicit, in this respect it more clearly approximates the "post-gender world" that Haraway imagines encircling the cyborg. Whereas in Haraway's theory of technologically integrated life gender becomes superseded by the cyborg, in Babe's vision of collectively and technologically enabled animal agency, gender troubles the erasure of individuated identity forms. 30 As a resistant but no less integrated component of animalacral identification, gender marks the work (as) in progress toward nondominating forms of collective life. The character Babe poses a singular formal problem in this light. The pig is clearly referred to with male pronouns throughout. But the female human actor, Nancy Cartwright, supplies his voice, just as she does for television cartoon boy Bart Simpson. "And it's not for nothing that Babe's gender remains fluid and ambiguous throughout the film," as one reviewer notes. 31 This primary evasion of stable gender identification, although never explicitly acknowledged in the film, intensifies Babe's identity crises and complicates the immediate resolution of these crises through domestic attachments. That the border collies' pups are sold off the farm provides Babe with the opportunity to bond with Fly and apparently to defy the oedipal narrative trajectory implicit in her claim that "everyone has to leave their mother." Yet he is simultaneously re-oedipalized in this act of defiance; Babe, whose forced separation from his mother opens the narrative, asks and is allowed by Fly to call her "Mom," a circular departure from being mothered that stabilizes the pig's identity in relation to a gendered maternal body, while at the same time unsettling stable species identification. This strange fulfillment for mother and child of mutual lack, uneasily overseen by the default father, Rex, whose law of canine dominance in the name of the human is thus precariously reaffirmed, oddly renaturalizes the relationship of Babe and Fly as oedipal. But this return also colonizes familial structures in ways that eventually delegitimate Rex's "human" authority. In this [End Page 172] respect, it exemplifies how, in the animalacral model, a utopian vision engages the existing social forms of gender that Haraway's cyborg utopia, suturing technology and the individual form, explicitly avoids. 32 Instead, Babe's domesticated animal-machine interfaces directly challenge the system that divides animals to prop up the human forms of the individual on the shoulders of animal laborers, commodities, and nomads. As animalacra, Babe negotiates collective identities that displace the absolute authority of the human individual, enabling gendered forms to flash up and short-circuit its wishful thinking. Viewed thus, Fly's cross-species performances as mother and shepherd contribute to an image of this conflicted working mother and house pet as also caught between systems. Fly's narrative place is limited to being a mediator of needs and jealousies, and, for playing this hybrid shepherding/mothering role, she is respected, affirmed, and included by Babe as well as rejected, bitten, and perhaps permanently disabled by Rex. But I think it significant that only when she asserts herself as an advocate of Babe and Hoggett (as she becomes part of the animalacral order) can she disrupt Rex's pattern of abuse. In pointed contrast, Maa, the sheep whose name clearly identifies her with mothering and whose staunch, singular species identification precludes the possibility of working to change her future as food, is distanced from direct participation in the collective animalacra. At the end, the sheep agree to give Rex the password "for Maa's sake." But, because she is dead by this point, there is no way to know whether she would have sanctioned this trust in canine "wolves." Maa's premature death enables her co-optation into the collective project; moreover, this invocation of her memory as the sheep's motivation for entering the animalacral circuit retroactively constructs Maa's death as necessary to the narrative. Her all-too-timely demise, therefore, traces a familiar and fatal connection between female gendering and commodification. This connection raises the problem of why, in addition to being the most puppetlike characters, the film's only corpses are also female. How does the mobilization of animalacra [End Page 173] involve the destruction of gendered bodies, especially those engaged in mothering? And how do these connections compare with the postgender utopia envisioned in Haraway's avowedly feminist conception of the cyborg? 33 Again it proves instructive to consider how Babe configures the human as well as the animal first and foremost in terms of performativity. Mrs. Hoggett, the fat woman whose multifarious claim to mothering is reinforced in her constant expressions of concern with feeding her daughter, grandchildren, husband, and cat, exemplifies the sense that the domestication of gendered bodies, specifically the separation of females from active market roles, begins and ends with fatally flawed mothering. Her interest in the pig's eating habits portrays her as exploiting her mothering habits for her own material advantage. She constantly talks of Babe in terms of "big, juicy hams" and other body parts being rendered into food and possibly winning her prizes at the county fair. 34 Needless to say, throughout the film, Mrs. Hoggett is constantly eating or discussing the animals as food. Not surprisingly, of all the inhabitants of the farm, Mrs. Hoggett becomes the most tenuously transformed component of the animalacral circuit. In the final sequence, she physically obscures, adamantly denies, and eventually bursts into cathartic tears at the sight of Babe and her husband on television. While her choking on a cookie and fainting with her teacup in hand here seems calculated to provide comic relief, these actions nevertheless secure a linkage of autocratic authority, physically large women, and limitless oral appetites that position her within the tradition of the female grotesque. This sequence, placing her in a hotel room with a group of other women, provides the apex of a specifically oral and de-eroticizing but no less feminizing portrait of her. Ham-handed, to say the least, this scene of her integration to the model of animalacra clearly hinges on the redemptive qualities of Babe's winning performance. But it also depends on her physical movement away from the farmhouse, the place that aggravates the potent connections between mothering, objectification, and commodification. [End Page 174] Lest my point be lost, I reiterate that these menacing images of the female do not emerge against a utopian picture of the visual media animal as postgendered. Instead they qualify the animalacral model as prescribing identity forms derived from function, whether in relation to the individual human center or the noncentered barnyard community. In this way, I read another story of interspecies relations emerging from Mrs. Hoggett's relationship with her feminized feline. The housecat Duchess's identification with Mrs. Hoggett inspires a different sort of oppositional rhetoric from those outlined above. Whereas the rest of the animals refer to Farmer Hoggett as the "Boss" and his spouse as the "Boss's wife," the cat inverts these terms, referring, when she speaks, to the "Boss" (meaning Mrs. Hoggett) and the "Boss's husband." This feline/female identification, while certainly citing a long tradition of "cinematic femme fatales," also makes an animalacral intervention into this tradition. 35 Against conventional narrative incorporations of the animal to gender the human individual in ways that compromise her authority, Babe pairs woman and cat to provide a powerful means of struggling with the pig for barnyard power on his own collective terms. While Babe sharply limits this intervention by stacking the deck against the feline/female duo, it imagines the greatest challenge to animalacra as coming not from the singular male farmer shadowed by dogs, but rather from the woman and cat whose doubled performance similarly displaces biological hierarchies. 36 Taking into account how Fly's mediating role as working mother partially counteracts this double-edged demonization/ victimization of female characters, I read the emphasis on Mrs. Hoggett in the final reconciliatory image as productively aligning the visual performance of gender and species to confound the originary claims of both the anthropocentric and the androcentric individual. 37 The problematic dimensions of this image further inscribe the noninnocence of performed identity roles, suggesting ways in which this final use of television need not be rejected, but must nonetheless be thought through nonoptimistically. [End Page 175] Situated amid these conflicting models, the last line of the film, which is spoken by Hoggett to Babe, resounds with sinister echoes: "That'll do, pig." 38 However gently or affectionately Hoggett delivers the line, it is an order, and pig, although zoologically correct as a generic term of address for this particular animal, also carries pejorative, female-sexual connotations, suggesting that Babe's feminine coding legitimates a possible restoration of the human order of dominance. 39 The line "That'll do, pig" invokes the menace of human domination, of what happens when a revolutionary break with anthropocentrism is foregone in favor of a reform that leaves humans at the center. And, what is worse, in this movement the human becomes not postgender so much as it becomes distinct from that which is marked as both feminine in gender and species. This encroachment on Babe's collective power signals a larger foreclosure of the film's potential to use visual media animals to situate individuating culture (what others might call "nature") as a production indebted to institutional culture (what others might call "culture"). Through this final invocation of the pig, interspecies culture approaches gendering as a simultaneous affirmation and stigma. In this way, Babe moves far away from Animal Farm to stake out a "post-benefits world" where the human takes the credit for the collective labor of the barnyard community and momentarily, perhaps condescendingly, bestows it on the pig. 40 However, to dismiss Babe in this way is to disclaim as well the power of the animalacral elements that I have been at pains to draw out in this analysis of how the film uses television to figure identity performance as collective work. And at least one group of animalacra remains aloof from the problems of human dominance. The mice, watching Babe and Hoggett on television with the other animals at the end, never directly interact with the film's characters in any other way. Instead of postgender or postspecies, I read these animalacra as deliberately disengaging all hierarchical discourses in order to anchor identificatory ambiguity to economic flux through technological integration. In other words, the animalacral circuit represents a change across layers of [End Page 176] the diegetic world, staking out a fleeting sense of unity and group achievement that amplifies as it transmits these changes to extradiegetic worlds. While it all depends on the performance of Babe the pig, reinscribing his central positioning in the narrative (reflected in his name, which is also the film's title), the emergence of the barnyard community as a noncentered subject through the film complicates the absolute and oppositional separation of central humanist ideologies of species, race, gender, nationality, and labor from a periphery of nonindividualizing, fragmenting economies of animalacra. I read this central instability—what might be construed as the failure of the film to cultivate either a completely individual or totally schizophrenic sense of agency—as Babe's greatest strength. By learning to read all of the dimensions of this film, no matter how flawed we consider the means and ends of its utopian vision, we get a better sense of how visual media animals inflect the psychic subject of postmodernism. Susan McHugh is Marion L. Brittain Fellow of Writing in the School of Literature, Communication, and Culture at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She has published articles in Critical Inquiry, Society and Animals, and South Atlantic Review. Presently she is preparing a manuscript titled "Animal Cultures: Domesticated Animals and Visual Narrative." Notes For rigorous and challenging responses, I thank Richard Dienst, CoryAnne Harrigan, Lynne Joyrich, Andrew J. Kunka, Vincent B. Leitch, Deborah M. Mix, Patrick O'Donnell, Arkady Plotnitsky, Gabrielle Schueler, Siobhan B. Somerville, Joseph S. Walker, and Sharon Willis. 1 . As Donna Haraway's more recent work clarifies, her primary concern in theorizing machine-organism communicative circuits is to situate human-engineered animals in familial relations that both upset discrete boundaries between species and reinscribe humans in dominant roles. See Haraway, Modest_Witness @ Second_Millennium. FemaleMan ©_Meets_OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience (New York: Routledge, 1997), 119-21. 2 . My neologism animalacra foregrounds distinctions between animal representation and simulation. Jean Baudrillard's elaboration of the difference between the "real" order of representation and the "hyperreal" order of simulation suggests that the latter have come to subsume the former: "It is no longer a question of a false representation of reality (ideology) but of concealing the fact that the real is no longer real, and thus of saving the reality principle." Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 12-13. Fleshing out the ontological shift grounding such a formation, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari develop the effects of this distinction on models of agency in which terms like "man" and "nature" are replaced by "a process that produces the one within the other," a process enacted by an expansive concept of "machines, all of species life." Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 2. Hence I define animalacra as both "simulacra" (in Baudrillard's sense, copies without originals) and "desiring-machines" (2), the agents or "organ-machines" that "cling to" or are "pinned onto" the "body without organs" (11) that in turn serves as "the element of antiproduction coupled with the process, a full body that functions as a socius" (10). 3 . Attempts to read Babe within this tradition invariably conclude that it is a failure. See, for instance, Philip Kemp, who argues that Animal Farmis "a much more trenchant farmyard fable" by downplaying Babe's multiple and significant points of departure from this tradition. Review of Babe, Sight and Sound 5 (1995): 40. 4 . George Orwell, Animal Farm (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946), 128. 5 . From the novel's single mention of "a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint" (104), both film versions of Animal Farm construct more elaborate animal relationships with visual technologies. Joy Batchelor and John Halas's film version (UK, 1954)—the first British feature-length animated film—imagines the animals becoming increasingly visually literate as part of their construction of a new animal-centered social order. Whereas they initially recoil from an image of their former master Jones, unable to distinguish the real from its representation, the pigs by the end use this technology for propaganda, plastering the farm with increasingly anthropomorphic images of themselves with medals and clothes. Citing Babemost obviously by adding a frame story featuring a border collie mother who looks like a clone of Fly, John Stephenson's animatronic film version of Animal Farm (US, 1999) imagines the pigs making Stalinist propaganda films. He precariously contains this revolutionary image—animals making movies—by conflating increasing visual and technological literacy with human identification. Like Babe, Stephenson's film integrates multiple animal-simulation technologies through principal characters also crafted by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. 6 . See Cecelia Tichi, Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), xii. Tichi historically situates a modernist interpretive approach to systems analysis, which treats a system's constituents as connected parts, as the context in which cultural shifts toward postmodern deconstructive models occur. The modernist interpretive approach mechanizes the animal only to maintain the human in a central role as designer or engineer, reconfiguring but not displacing the human individual at its core, and therefore works at odds with the cross-species model that emerges through Babe. 7 . Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), xvi. 8 . Jameson puts forth "the logical possibility, alongside both the old closed, centered subject of inner-directed individualism and the new non-subject of the fragmented or schizophrenic self, of a third term which would be very precisely the non-centered subject that is part of an organic group or collective" (Postmodernism, 345). Jameson's qualification of the "non-centered subject" as "organic" resists easy integration with Haraway's cyborg, which, she insists, marks a shift from assuming a holistic organism to negotiating "biotic components." See Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 161. 9 . On the imperative of materialist feminist scholarship to foreground the persistent problem of naturalizing categories of social difference as universal equivalents, see Lauren Berlant, "'68, or Something," Critical Inquiry 21 (1994): 130. 10 . This phrase is appended to publicity materials for Mark Lewis's film Gordy (US, 1995), not Babe, and suggests a key point of divergence in the history of the talking-animal film. Whereas Gordyfollows the Francis the Talking Mulefilms (1950-56) and the Mr. Ed television series (1960-66) by limiting animal speech to assimilation to human culture, Babe takes the very different path forged by Charles A. Nichols and Iwao Takamoto's film Charlotte's Web (US, 1973) and the Green Acres television series (1965-71) by "translating" pan-animal speech into English. As viewers of Babe, we hear English-language exchanges among the animals, but when diegetic humans overhear these exchanges, we all hear animal noises. 11 . I should add that the human animal alone in this film is rendered exclusively through live-action film. While it could be argued that this special treatment opens a transparent space for viewer identification that reaffirms the anthropocentric individual, I follow instead Scott McCloud's argument that photo-realism invites viewer disidentification, to conclude that the consistently live-action form of the human characters creates a fixed landscape against which animalacra emerge as agents actively cultivating and performing identification. See McCloud, Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art (Northampton, MA: Kitchen Sink, 1993), which explores the relationship between realism and abstraction in the cartoon medium. See also W. J. T. Mitchell, The Last Dinosaur Book: The Life and Times of a Cultural Icon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), in which Mitchell suggests that this eminently imperfect form of the visual media animal enhances its special relationships with technology: "The jerky, robotic movements . . . do not, curiously enough, detract from their realism, but fit perfectly with their role as embodiments of machine technologies" (171). 12 . Teresa de Lauretis, Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory, Film, and Fiction (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 2. 13 . See Joan Scott, "The Evidence of Experience," in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michelle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), who develops this processual theory of the self by explaining that "it is not individuals who have experience, but subjects who are constituted through experience" (401). Scott develops the parallel between de Lauretis's idea of experience and Raymond Williams's definition of it in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 126, by elaborating Gayatri Spivak's explanation of the "subject-effect"; Scott notes that Spivak emphasizes "inquiry into the process of subject-construction" (403) as the means of recognizing "a metalepsis, . . . the substitution of an effect for a cause" (Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics [New York: Methuen, 1987], 204; quoted in Scott, 413). Moreover, through the concept of animalacra, I posit this process as self-reflexive, such that the illusion of the individual can be deconstructed in ways that foster a new sense of the social as the effect, and not the cause, of the perception of animals as visual constructions. 14 . See Richard Dienst, Still Life in Real Time: Theory after Television (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994). In his discussion of what happens when we think of cinema through Martin Heidegger's concept of "Ge-stell," or enframing (113), Dienst argues, "This surpassing and submerging of the proper space and time of visual objects can be thought, for us, only through television" (122). 15 . On the latent violence of this image, see Marjorie Garber, "Reflections," in The Lives of Animals, by J. M. Coetzee, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 82. Garber suggests that this scene is violent in its presentation of technology, comparing "the mechanical milking spigot that descends" to "a bomb" falling on the suddenly motherless pigs. 16 . Dienst, Still Life, 120. 17 . The notable exception to the mice's tendency to cite only lines spoken by other characters is the intertitle "Pig of Destiny." The last of their segues, this unrecoverable line poses problems for my argument. Who would speak it within the text? Is the singular "pig" or the invocation of "destiny" primarily motivating the mice's laughter? What, besides the giddiness of its utterance, relegates this line to the margins of the text? Reading the mice as animalacra, I propose that this significantly singular and last intertitle shifts the terms of the mice's textual supplementarity, from supplying the voice(s) that dominate the written or graphic text to being the voices dominated or supplanted by graphism in this final instance. On this point, see the critique of Jacques Derrida's model of supplementarity in Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, 202-3. 18 . As a point of contrast, see Marjorie Garber, Dog Love (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996). Here she argues that the animatronic element makes Fly's "maternal advice all the more appealing for being delivered, quite credibly, from her own mouth," and likens the increased pathos of the Babe-Fly exchanges to that of the Rex-sheep exchange, which "is made more poignant and more comical by the visible 'conversation' that appears to take place between them" (102). But I think that this credibility argument depends heavily on Garber's later claim that, in contrast to the adoptive arachnid mother of the pig in E. B. White's novel Charlotte's Web (New York: Harper and Row, 1952), Fly is "more cuddleable," selected to be visually appealing (Garber, Dog Love, 228). My focus on the repetitions of Fly's lines aims instead to show how Fly's advice gets received as commandments and, by extension, how her "cuddly" mothering is also smothering, promoting the dictatorial power of the human over meat animals like Babe. 19 . Orwell, Animal Farm, 123. 20 . In contrast to Lavon Fulwiler, who argues that "this attention to such minutiae as the breeds of the animals heightens their nonhuman traits and so strengthens the distinction between the nonhuman and the human beings" ("Babe: A Twentieth-Century Nun's Priest's Tale?" Conference of College Teachers of English Studies 60 [1996]: 97), I think that the animals' breed-specific bodies point to human intervention, both historically through involvement in animal sexual selection and immediately through multimedia imaging. 21 . Haraway, Simians, 148. 22 . Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken, 1968), 221. 23 . Dick King-Smith's Babe the Gallant Pig (New York: Crown, 1995), the film's source novel, describes him with appropriate succinctness: "Farmer Hoggett . . . never wasted his energies or his words" (11). King-Smith's 1995 novel is a reprint of his 1983 The Sheep Pig. 24 . Sylvia Kolbowski uses "post-species" lateralization as a metaphor for human assimilation to "a post-benefits world" ("Questions of Feminism: 25 Responses," October 71 [1995]: 49), but I position this instance of animal lateralization in Babeas a metonym for resistance to the systemic devaluation of labor (as one among many animal "resources") in terms of a commodity in globalized markets. 25 . As I will show, the emphasis on communications in the new system indicates the transition that Haraway describes between "organic" and "cybernetic" divisions of labor, a shift "that subverts naturalistic coding" on both sides (Simians, 161-62). 26 . See Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), from which my usage of deconstruction derives. Risking "a threatening loss of control" and a "radical annihilation of the metaphor of selfhood and of the will," Hoggett's genuflecting rhetoric deconstructs the order of dominance, which according to de Man structures the ideology of the individual, rendering the direction of dependence utterly undecidable (296). 27 . Orwell, Animal Farm, 22-23. 28 . The absence of clear national identification within the film amplifies the password's international (and perhaps postnational) echoes as well. In King-Smith's novel Babe the Gallant Pig, the password is conveyed in a Yorkshire accent (97) and, alongside the description of the sheepdog trial competitors "from the North and from the West, from Scotland, and Wales, and Ireland" (107), secures the unnamed British location of the story. While Orwell's novel is clearly set in England, Halas and Batchelor's animated film version stages the song as animal noises sung to the tune of the Internationale, thereby extending its frame of reference in much the same way as the film version of Babe does to the sheep's password. 29 . See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990). Like the performance of gender in bimorphic sexual cultures, Babeand Butler alike suggest, cross-species performance operates as a "subversion" of hierarchies "from within the terms of the law" (93). But, as Butler later argues (Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" [New York: Routledge, 1993]), the construction of resistance to discrete species identification as "subversion" on the one hand enables the separation of social function from bodily form. On the other hand, it limits the range of potential functions to socially intelligible forms: "What does it mean to have such [censoring or prohibiting] uses [of the 'I'] repeated in one's very being, 'messages implied in one's being,' as Patricia Williams claims, only to repeat those uses such that subversion might be derived from the very conditions of violation?" (123). The erasure of the gendered terms of the individual sharpens the focus on the species critique of this agency form only to cover over the ways in which gendering sets the boundaries around (by establishing the norm of) the human form (Butler, Bodies, 8). 30 . Haraway, Simians, 150. 31 . "A Couple of Furry Black and White Pets Sitting Around Talking about Babe," Cinéaste 22.2 (1996): 18. 32 . Haraway describes the cyborg as "embedded in non-oedipal models with a different logic of repression," modeling it as specifically separate from domestically gendered roles—that is, figuring the divestment from oedipal economies by eradicating, rather than salvaging, familial structures: "The cyborg . . . has no truck with bisexuality, pre-oedipal symbiosis, unalienated labor, or other seductions to organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all of the powers of the parts into a higher unity" (Simians, 150). However, gender becomes eradicated within the cyborg model, which assumes "the utopian dream of the hope for a monstrous world without gender" (181). So it seems that an overarching purpose of this model is to imagine (yet without figuring any means of movement from) reproductive to regenerative social structures. Thus Haraway's cyborg diverges from Babe's animalacra because it remains fixed in terms of a generic individual at the nexus of biological and mechanical components, obliterating rather than negotiating gender as a key term of social difference. 33 . Contextualizing the "posthuman," N. Katherine Hayles, in How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), similarly asks, "What do gendered bodies have to do with the erasure of embodiment and the subsequent merging of machine and human intelligence in the figure of the cyborg?" (xii). She further suggests that gender and species marking work together to expose the seams that defer completion of the posthuman fantasy of the "human being . . . seamlessly articulated with intelligent machines" (3). 34 . Serving as a constant reminder that Hoggett initially acquires Babe at the county fair, Mrs. Hoggett's fantasies of triumphantly returning to this scene with the pig's body also subtly contribute to the film's mutation of what Peter Stallybrass and Allon White term "historical transformations" of the pig's rural cultural status "from the ambivalent low of the fair to the [urban, modern, and] unambivalent low of the slum." See their chapter, "The Fair, the Pig, Authorship," in The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 49. On the "difficult" question of how this ambiguity operates as "inversion" through the figure of the pig in modern fiction, see White's essay, "Pigs and Pierrots: The Politics of Transgression in Modern Fiction," Raritan 2.2 (1982): 56-57. 35 . "A Couple of Furry Black and White Pets," 18-19. 36 . As one review emphasizes, this female/feline identification stakes out another facet of the film's construction of agency in terms of performativity: "Simply by virtue of the fact that the female gender and feline species are so obviously 'performing' their roles, what with our obsessive grooming and the like, we expose the very fragility of those roles, thus posing a threat to the phallocentric order" ("A Couple of Furry Black and White Pets," 19). Given the centrality of meat eating to Babe's challenge to social order, I would add that the female/feline connection more broadly threatens an order that Derrida terms "carnophallogocentric." See Jacques Derrida, "'Eating Well,' or the Calculation of the Subject," in Points . . . : Interviews, 1974-1994, ed. Elisabeth Weber, trans. Peter Connor and Avital Ronell (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), 280. 37 . In this way, the film structures visual media animals to confound assertions, such as Butler's, that "the matrix of gender relations is prior to the emergence of the 'human'" (Bodies, 7), challenging it with the less popular (if no less deterministic) idea, articulated by Baudrillard, that the human species is the "principle of exclusion" linking "the chain of discriminations" that organizes Western cultures. See Jean Baudrillard, Symbolic Exchange and Death, trans. Iain Hamilton Grant (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1993), 125. 38 . See Trey Parker and Matt Stone's "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig," Comedy Central, 10 September 1997; later released as "An Elephant Fucks a Pig," on South Park, vol. 3 (US, 1997), which recycles this line in ways that underscore how displaced social hierarchies are reconfigured, not eradicated, in animalacra. The two plot lines of this episode converge in this line's tentative reassertion of imperiled, US, white, male authority. One story follows a group of boys as they undertake a science fair project on genetic engineering by mating the Vietnamese potbellied pig named Fluffy with an African elephant, and the other traces the trauma to another boy, Stan, as his friends discover that he is being constantly beaten by his older sister Shelly. Fluffy's boy owner, Eric Cartman, ends the episode by ambiguously saying, "That'll do, pig." Here the line refers not only to the closing image of animal sodomy (Fluffy has given birth to the prizewinning transgenic creature whose face indicates that it was fathered not by the elephant but by the boys' queer teacher, Mr. Garrison), but also to the image of chastised female power in the form of Shelly, who temporarily stops terrorizing her brother. 39 . For a focused and illuminating etymological history of pig, see Stallybrass and White, "The Fair," 44-45. 40 . Kolbowski, "Questions for Feminism," 49. You have access to this content Free sample	Brace
Which character in The Archers kept a Staffordshire bull terrier called Captain?	Dog News, December 4, 2015 by DN Dog News - issuu issuu The Dog News Top Ten List & CC All Breed points Flash re Two Mo Best In Shows ade South D b Clu Kennel ou Thank y Judges ard Dr. Ger Penta & Anne Ms. Lee n Batema Dog News 3 Dog News Contents • December 4, 2015 10 Editorial 14 Babbling: Ever Been Lost In The Jungle? By geir flyckt-pedersen 18 Brace Yourself: Why A Petition To Split A Breed Makes No Sense By andrew brace 22 Question Of The Week By Matthew H. Stander 26 Marxisms: Low Entry Breeds By Sid Marx 30 ‘Tis The Season: Gifts For Dog Lovers By carlotta Cooper 34 Bests Of The Week 38 Ten Questions Asked of Daniel Chavez 42 Interview With Jerry Klein, DVM, American Kennel Club Chief Veterinary Officer By Sharon Pflaumer 44 Military Dog, Guide Dog, Circus Dog, Ships’ Dog, Herder, Truffle Sniffer And A Pretty Darned Good Hunting Retriever, Too: The Standard Poodle By mj Nelson 48 A Thought To Consider: Skin In The Game By Seymour Weiss 52 The 2015 Thanksgiving Cluster By peggy wampold 56 Dog Shows of Central Florida By Sharon sakson 60 True North: A Report From Canada By allison foley 64 The Road To The Roses: Samoyed National Specialty in Louisville, Kentucky By heather LoProto 68 Very Important Dog People: Luciane Peixoto, Painter, Sao Paolo, Brazil By agnes buchwald 72 Judges’ Choice: The Bulldog courtesy of the kennel gazette 76 Off The Leash: Exciting Numbers And Anxiety Relieving Dogs By Shaun Coen 78 Dragon In Sheep’s Clothing by Yossi Guy 80 National Dog Show Ratings, Blue Buffalo/Purina, Term Limits And More By matthew h. stander 90 Rain Or Shine, It’s All About Bloodhounds: American Bloodhound Club’s 2015 National Specialty By camille McArdle 100 French Bulldog Club of America National Specialty By Virginia Rowland 110 Gibraltar Internation By desmond J. Murphy 120 Kortrijk 2015 By karl donvil 130 The Gossip Column By eugene z. zaphiris 132 Click: Mid-Ohio Cluster By booth photography 136 Click: The Way We Were: Santa Ana Valley Club 1995 By eugene z. zaphiris 141 Letters To The Editor 138 handlers directory • 140 classified advertising & subscription rates • 142 advertising rates DOG NEWS (ISSN 0886-2133) is published weekly except the last two weeks in December by Harris Publications, 1115 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10010. Periodical Postage paid at New York. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to DOG NEWS, 1115 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10010 4 Dog News All advertisements are copyrighted and owned by DOG NEWS, Harris Publications, unless received camera-ready. Permission to reprint must be requested in writing. PUBLISHER C O V E R S T O RY • D E C E M B E R 4 , 2 0 1 5 • V o l u me 3 1 , I ss u e 4 8 STANLEY R. HARRIS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EUGENE Z. ZAPHIRIS CREATIVE DIRECTOR SEAN KEVIN GAFFNEY ADVERTISING MANAGERS SHAUN COEN Y. CHRISTOPHER KING ACCOUNTING STEPHANIE BONILLA SALES REPS Leslie Simis [email protected] GENERAL TELEPHONE 212 807.7100 x588 FAX NUMBER: 212 675.5994 EMAIL ADDRESS [email protected] www.dognews.com facebook.com/dognewsmagazine twitter: @dognewsmagazine SUBSCRIPTIONS Ian Miller 212 462.9624 Contributing Editors Sharon Anderson • Andrew Brace Agnes Buchwald • Shaun Coen Carlotta Cooper • Geoff Corish Michael Faulkner • Merry Fitzgerald, DVM Denise Flaim • Geir Flyckt - Pedersen Allison Foley • Yossi Guy Ronnie Irving • Roz Kramer John Mandeville • Sidney Marx Linda More • Desmond J. Murphy M. J. Nelson • Sharon Pflaumer John Shoemaker • Kim Silva Matthew H. Stander • Sari Brewster Tietjen Patricia Trotter • Connie Vanacore Nick Waters • Seymour Weiss Dog News Photographers Chet Jezierski • Perry Phillips Kitten Rodwell • Leslie Simis The Dog News Top Ten List CC System 6 Dog News DOG NEWS is sent to all AKC approved Conformation Judges with more than one breed every week and have adjudicated at a licensed AKC show within the past three years on a complimentary basis. No part of this publication can be reproduced in any form without written permission from the editor. The opinions expressed by this publication do not necessarily express the opinions of the publisher. The editor reserves the right to edit all copy submitted. The Dog News Top Ten List 8 Dog News The Dog News Top Ten List - All Breed Dog News 9 Akc Governance Suggestions Part Two Last week’s opening Editorial began as a general attempt to discuss the need for an overhaul of AKC’s Constitution and Bylaws. If AKC were starting afresh today as a brand new organization it is difficult to imagine any rational person coming up with the structure and governance that has evolved into what now exists at AKC. Nonetheless these pages categorically reject the notion as written and supported by certain electronic periodicals and others that AKC is beyond saving as an organization. These are defeatist and negative attitudes that ignore not only the vibrant past successes and traditions established through over 100 years of devotion to the purebred dog and the dog generally but which ignore the future possibility for AKC to expand its place for the future of dogs throughout America and internationally as well. These pages believe strongly in the need for and the ability to return to the vibrant, special sort of organization, which was formulated to protect the welfare and well being of the dog- purebred and otherwise. Perhaps a democratic type approach is not the answer in the running of a business as unique as is the AKC. One thing that has been suggested is to look into the possibility of restructuring the membership into an individual membership instead of the club of clubs as presently exists. It is claimed that the issues related to the structure and governance of AKC have been discussed many times over the years both internally and with outside counsel for AKC however nothing has ever been publicly stated or explained within these areas except some 17 years ago. Jim Crowley’s Letter To The Editor in this issue clearly explains those issues. Apparently a few years ago AKC did look at some type of individual memberships as part of a Strategic Planning exercise, which was coordinated by the then COO Darrell Hendricks. Again there was no public report as the decision was eventually made not to pursue it with Mr. Hendricks’s abrupt and unexplained departure from the position he held albeit for such a short period of time. Why not to have pursued it was never explained however these pages have learned that the Hendricks report would not have replaced member clubs and that the membership would not have been a voting membership. It would have been more like a booster or support situation. Having only individual members instead of member clubs would be an option, which would require a Bylaw change approved by 2/3 of the Delegates. That is not something AKC saw any chance of being approved by the Delegates. For years in the early 20th century AKC had both member clubs and individual Associate members. The Associate members elected a fixed number of individuals who served as Delegates representing the Associate members. Why not reinstate that today? The individual Associate membership was eventually amended out of the Bylaws because of elitist and expensive demands and perks they were seeking however it is the belief of these pages that in today’s society that kind of elitist thinking would no longer be a problem. Let’s face it both The Kennel Club in the UK and the CKC to our North have individual members and while AKC shares many common problems with both the fact is that TKC for sure seems more responsive to the needs and wants of its constituents in ever so many more cases than does our own AKC. Time for positive change--you bet there is if the Delegates would only go along with it. You as club members have the power to force your Delegate to vote for positive change. For Sure Geir Is Right!!! In this week’s DOG NEWS the ever wise Geir Flyckt- Pedersen questions “The Jungle of Rules” under which Conformation Judges are forced to operate in judging dogs most of which have little if any bearing upon the quality of the dogs themselves. AKC seems more and more preoccupied by outside the ring perceptions of how people react than the ability of the judge to find the right exhibit to put up. The blowing up of these trivialities and questioning the honesty of the judges’ decisions due to complaining losing exhibitors is an attempt to micromanage the running of our dog world, which in the long run is more detrimental to the sport than helpful to the image of the conformation world. Let’s face it our sport is a sport of losers in that more people lose on a given day than those who win! Nonetheless the emphasis must be on what goes on in the ring not on perceptions of what goes on out of the ring. And Geir’s questioning of the mentoring procedure adopted under the new Judging Approval Process indicates a lack of success many people predicted would happen. People watch a breed for ten minutes, tick off the boxes and gain Andy Warhol’s “15 minutes of fame” and lo and behold are now eligible to judge the breed! The new person to head Dr. Garvin’s Canine College has yet to be announced, as of this writing, but let’s hope that she is an experienced and knowledgeable dog person--up to Mr. Flyckt-Pedersen’s standards say. Was he considered for the job at all-what a fine choice he would have been presuming there was a good job description available for all to have seen. Editorial 10 Dog News The Syndrome Of Borrowing A Dog An article in THE NEW YORK TIMES of Tuesday November 17 by a Jennifer Jolly endorsing an app which sets up people to borrow a dog “for an overnight dose of dog companionship” compared by that writer to an Uber-type matchmaking service is one of the most demeaning and unacceptable forms of dog to people relationships these pages have read about in a long, long time. Hardly a new idea but wel- comed by the animal rights leaning NY TIMES is shocking at best. Using a 5 month-old Frenchie as its prime example of matchmaking Ms. Jolly and her newspaper make a farce of people and their relationships with pets. These pages have already written Ms. Jolly condemning these callous practices and urge you to Google the article and to bombard both she and her newspaper to reverse its stand in this matter. Whoever Would Have ‘Thunk’ It One of the leading judges in the UK, indeed it’s only all-breed approved Judge, took an advert in a catalogue in which she announced, “Sadly we will not be exhibiting at this year’s show due to the choice of judge...” Where would that fit into AKC’s CODE OF SPORTSMANSHIP? Obviously it would not. But get this, the Judge then went on to place the advert on her Facebook page. The Drakesleat Kennel prefix is one of the most famous in the world and its owner, Zena Thorn Andrews, as a Judge is internationally well known and acclaimed. As reported in the English weekly DOG WORLD, Mrs. Andrews reaction to the furor caused by the advert was to say, “I only stated the fact as to why I had not entered our dogs. I said nothing bad about the judge...” The Kennel Club in the UK is quoted as saying the matter had been brought to its consideration and it was being considered! What a potential can of worms this kind of advertising could open in the States! Thought For The Week Many if not most of you will be reading these words around your set-ups in Orlando. These are 6 long days of shows and events--too long in the opinion of these pages! However most of you must want this kind of experience and event else why would you be there with which to begin? Keep in mind our joint obligations are to the safety and welfare of the dogs in our charge. These pages know and are aware of the care and concern the great majority of you have for each and every dog present. Keep up that care and good work and in the long run we will overcome the arguments of those animal rightists set out to destroy our hobby and our love for the purebred dog. Have a great AENC experience. CC All Breed System through 10/31/15 12 Dog News The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed Dog News 13 EVER BEEN LOST IN THE JUNGLE…?? By Geir Flyckt-Pedersen I think some of us at times may be lost- and some might even have experienced the scare of being lost in a real jungle, but The Jungle I refer to here is the one that affects us all, judges or exhibitors alike in this sport we all love so dearly: The Jungle of Rules for Conformation Judges and Exhibitors. Just recently we witnessed a show where, due to some connection with the second days Best in Show judge no less than four of the previous day’s group winners would have had to be excused if they repeated their success on this very day! All big winners with impressive records and CVs- but the complicated situation never materialized as none of them reached the final!! Then of course the question came up: Was this proper judging or were the group judges in any way influenced by the situation? Honestly, we will never find out, but I hope their decisions were based on the dogs in front of them- as the final line up was still of the highest caliber. But there will always be that question mark…. I have always wondered who initiated this multitude of incomprehensible and not always very sensible rules. Even if I have just celebrated my 10th year as a resident of this country I am still an immigrant who has experienced rules and regulations for our special field in no less than 3 other countries-but no system can match the rulebook over here. In the past I have mentioned that it was not unusual in Scandinavia that a person officiated as a judge in one ring while “next door” his wife or handler was competing with his own dogs. Did this situation in any way improve his chances to win? I don’t think so- and on occasions rather the contrary. It is my impression that many rules here are influenced by suspicion of dishonest or corrupted minds. Of course there will be rotten eggs in every basket if you don’t possess the talent of sorting them out properly at an early stage. 14 Dog News The more rules, the more conflicts and reasons to question a number of situations at most shows and a lot of trivialities are being blown up out of all proportions. The first time I think I came across a really nonsensical rule was as a spectator at a local show, when applauding a group winner I was told: ”You’re an AKC judge, you’re not allowed to do that”??????? My only question is: WHY? Then another senseless situation where a good friend of mine who happens to also be a judge helped his son (who happens to be a handler) load his van at a show, just to be reprimanded by the field rep….and told that was inappropriate behavior. Then of course I happened to ask an exhibitor the age of his dog. Whereupon my steward called me over and told me I could not do that myself, but have the steward ask the question for me??? It is also kind of a contradiction that when you start judging you are being instructed to be in command and charge of your ring. While at the same time you (at least as a provisional) are under the scrutiny of a field rep. Those of us who happen to be males have a strict dress code, jacket, tie, tie-clip etc. but what about the dress code for women?? I have never witnessed any kind of reprehension for lack of suitable dress, but if a person cannot judge the way they’re dressed themselves-what does that say about their own judgment???? Coming from a world where I think judges in general are considered to be competent, honest individuals which is also reflected in the grading system-and it is up to the judge if a dog is of champion quality- and can also gain a title without ever beating another dog… Senseless you might say? Yes, but how many times in your life have you watched majors created by “fillers” without any merits??? I once overheard a judge being told off for having paid a visit to the grooming area to speak with a handler who had no dogs entered under him that weekend. Then all the restrictions for judges and family members regarding showing during a circuit even if judging only one of the days- and even if judging only one breed. I can fully understand that the rulebooks will try to give the best possible image of what’s going on at a dog show - but there are so many restrictions, which in themselves indicates that these judges aren’t always so trustworthy. Then of course weighing and measuring is quite a procedure here compared to what we learnt in Europe. Here you have to ask for a wicket or scale and follow certain procedures, which I think in many cases judges find too time consuming and just don’t do it. In Europe you were handed your own measuring stick, were told how to use it- and from then on you were on your own. You made your decision based on the result, just as any other decision you made during the day it was irreversible. I am so happy that in this country we are so much more relaxed when it comes to enhancing a dog’s color or coat structure, which would get you crucified in Europe. But there must be a limit to what is acceptable. Although Europe officially has a no-tolerance attitude to this problem I feel certain it is still done, although rather discreetlybut if you as a judge have any objection- it is your decision. In my opinion the ruling and attempt to “micromanage” the running of our dog world is more detrimental than helpful to our image. Believing as the authority that the people you have granted permission to judge at your shows, awarding championship points, etc. are of such a quality that their judging ability, integrity and not least knowledge are totally trustContinued on page 84 Andrew ” Reserve Best in Show Thank you Judge Mr. William E. Usherwood The Number One* Old English Sheepdog • A Top Ten** Herding Dog Multiple Best in Show & Best in Specialty Show Gold Grand Champion Lambluv’s Sultry Sensation Always Owner Breeder Handled Owned By: Kay Richardson & Jeré Marder Handled By Jeré Marder The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed points CC System Dog News 15 The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed points Dog News 17 Why A Petition to Split A Breed Makes No Sense I t was worrying to learn that a group of Scandinavian breeders has launched a petition asking the British Kennel Club to recognise the ‘American Shetland Sheepdog’ as a separate breed to the Shetland Sheepdog. The link that has been published to the original petition seems to now be redundant but the gist of the original intention has already been widely discussed. At the outset let me stress that I am neither a vet nor a Shetland Sheepdog breeder, but as a judge of the breed who has judged it in many countries I am concerned that perceived differences in type should result in such a drastic and illogical proposal which many seem to be taking seriously. Before my British Sheltie friends start preparing the guillotine let me say that I am not of the opinion that all the Shetland Sheepdogs I have seen in the USA are wonderful. Some of them are different to what we are used to seeing in the UK, often having slightly alien heads and proportions, but I also believe that many opinions have been formed based on the style of grooming and presentation which can exaggerate the dog underneath the coat. (I often wonder how many people who are so vocal about American Shetland Sheepdogs have actually visited the USA and attended specialty shows.) However I have also seen several Shelties in the USA that are, to my eye, quite beautiful and which could easily hold their own in the UK show rings if they were judged impartially in the context of the British breed standard and not merely by their passport. There has been much talk of “British type” but if we look at the breed historically it is relatively young (first being registered in Lerwick in 1908 most records claim with the English Shetland Sheepdog Club being formed in 1914). In 1914 the Kennel Club recognised the Shetland Sheepdog as a separate breed and shortly after the first Champion emerged – Woodvold – though confusingly some historians claim that a dog named Clifford Pat was the first and Woodvold the second. Looking at the rather poor quality photographs that exist of Woodvold he looks rather different from the Shetland Sheepdog of today. The original Shelties 18 Dog News had been developed from local working collies and Icelandic Spitz dogs that arrived on fishing boats so, in common with so many of our “pure” breeds, the Sheltie’s origins were rather mixed and to a degree shrouded in mystery. What is both accepted and documented is the fact that the primitive Shelties were mixed with small Rough Collies to establish type, so much so that at one point the breed was actually called the Shetland Collie, this being rather shortlived after the Collie people objected strongly. If you study a variety of breeds that have become popular internationally it is obvious that type varies to a degree, just as it can do in the breed’s homeland. We have seen countless beautiful Shetland Sheepdogs in the UK of excellent type, who move well and who have much steadier temperaments than the breed once displayed, but at the same time we also see many boxy dogs that display Spitz traits and are very lacking when it comes to construction and movement. You can find good and bad wherever you choose to look. As regards Breed Standards, the American Shetland Sheepdog can be between 13 and 16 inches at the shoulder; our own Standard calls for an ideal of 14 inches for a bitch and 14½ inches for a male. Other than that size differential the American version actually describes the British Shetland Sheepdog in much more detail than our own Standard and is much more specific about individual faults. It would be true to say that, judged against their own American Standard, some winning dogs in the USA would be found rather wanting, but the same could be said for many other breeds, notably the English Springer Spaniel. For as long as I can remember By Andrew Brace there have been vague calls for the English Springer Spaniel and the American Springer Spaniel to be classified as two separate breeds but nothing has ever come of such suggestions. In truth, regardless of the minutiae of the Breed Standards, breeders, exhibitors and judges interpret them as they see fit and the breed seems to survive worldwide, albeit with marked differences depending on where one happens to be. We have seen breeders working with both English and American lines, trying to develop a dog that falls midway between the two, and sometimes these have met with success in the show rings. It is possibly in the Sporting Continued on page 88 Dog News 19 Dog News 21 Question of the week By Matthew H. Stander Thanksgiving Day saw two major National TV Stations air productions about dogs - NBC aired the Purina/Kennel Club of Philadelphia National Dog Show involving only the pure- bred dog immediately after the annual Macy’s Day Parade while later in the evening Fox aired a tribute to rescue dogs which encouraged adoption of an alleged eight million animals in this, a direct quote, “the country’s shelter system”. My question is whether you watched either program and if you did what you thought of Kurt Anderson I did watch the Purina/Philadelphia Kennel Club National Dog Show broadcast. I did not watch the Fox program. I thought the NBC broadcast was very well done and sends a much needed positive message about purpose-bred dogs to a large audience. Zane Smith On Thanksgiving evening I did watch four of the groups of the Philadelphia Kennel Club National show on TV. I thought the coverage was mediocre at best, and honestly lost interest and did not even finish watching it. I thought it was unfortunate that only certain dogs (breeds) were chosen to focus on examination and movement, while others were hardly seen, if at all. I was unaware of Fox rescue dog program, so I did not see it, although it would have been interesting to see what they were saying. James Phinizy Didn’t see much of the “National” dog show. Do not have cable or satellite: so, Fox was out and probably would not have watched anyway. I’ve been involved tangentially in the issue of animal rights, shelters, rescue and recycled rescues for over 25 years while in and out of the legislature. Like a lot of issues, there is more breast beating and posturing than real action. Loads of hypocrisy. Sadly, rescue has become a dollar sum game for all the proponents and opponents. The rescues are the “Syrian Refugees” of the animal world; too many people are making political points and money off strays. Sometimes I wonder if the rescue big wigs really care. Judy Colan I watched the National Dog Show & enjoyed it. I think because we are experiencing such a barrage of “save a dog from being put to sleep” & want to influence the general public something that the general public could relate to should be included when announcing each dog. Eliminate “this dog’s mother, etc., etc. and replace with some thing like “this dog is a therapy dog & visits nursing homes” or this dog or mother or father has accompanied his 7 year-old owner to school for show & tell or this dog or this dog or mother or father is an accomplished retrieving dog. Something that the general public could relate to. Also add something about health clearances. Keke Kahn The Philadelphia Dog Show, for many many years, was right up there at the top of most attended show and prestigious show in the dog show calendar. Not so anymore~~~ The TV on Thanksgiving is a big coup but they just do not attract the top winning dogs throughout the country and that is a shame. I remember when the show was huge and wonderful people were in charge of running it beautifully but they have passed on and it became so terribly expensive in the city that it had to change. Definitely a big disappointment but times also have changed and so has the dog game. I watched later in the evening to see Betty White hawking for another organization. They are called RESCUE and what a big shame it is for our own AKC not to have combatted this many years ago when it started. Our breeders are suffering due to rescue and designer dogs .... SAD SAD SAD. Kathi Brown It is a Thanksgiving tradition to view the Philadelphia Kennel Club Show. Having this regularly broadcast on a major network on a day when so many are at home with friends and family is an important event for our sport. It allows us to share our love for dogs. I did not watch the Fox evening broadcast as so much of such press is skewed and tends to be anti-breeder and purebred dogs. All the more reason for pursuing better and increased public information our breeds. Kelly Lockwood I did not watch the dog show after the parade. I am always busy cooking Thanksgiving dinner! I did happen to see the rescue dog tribute on Fox for just a few minutes. What I got out of it was that they have a lot of “stars” supporting the adoption of shelter dogs. Maybe the world of purebred dogs needs some “big name people” to get involved and support the world of purebred dogs. FYI- I sold a top ten beagle to Tom Brady and Gisele Bundchen this past spring. Julie L. Mueller Yes, I did watch both programs. The population of unwanted pets, dumped into the shelters, rescues and just left to run the streets, are created by a multitude of producers. This is not a new problem, but easily magnified by the media and unfortunately, many times breeders are portrayed as the reason why all of these dogs are in shelters and rescues. Yes, some of them are produced by “breeders” but the general public needs to be educated on the difference between someone who breeds strictly for profit and the breeder who produces dogs for only one reason, which is the betterment of their breed. And this proclamation of “ADOPT DON’T SHOP” is a catchy phrase, but couldn’t be further from the solution of the problem. Continued on page 92 22 Dog News * OUR SINCERE APPRECIATION TO JUDGE MRS. HOUSTON CLARK (PICTURED) AND TO JUDGES MR. GEORGE MURRAY AND MRS. SHARON ANN REDMER FOR GROUP & SPECIALTY WINS LAST WEEKEND! CC System 24 Dog News The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed points Dog News 25 arxism M s By Sid Marx This Judge’s Point Of View Low Entry Breeds There have been many articles written - some by me - on Type vs. Soundness and whether or when to withhold ribbons or points. To be honest, I don’t believe you can completely separate type and soundness. For me, in order for a dog to exhibit good breed type, she must move as the breed standard describes. Unfortunately, there are a lot of problems when we discuss movement. Let’s look at some of these judging issues. I start my ring by having all dogs come in, and just relax. I walk down the line, looking at expression. Then I have them go around to the area of the ring in which I will examine them individually. That way I start by getting an initial impression of side gait. For me, “side movement” and “down and back” tells us different things about the dog. If I see good front reach and rear drive that is proper for that specific breed (no, all breeds should not have tremendous reach and drive), it leads me to believe that when I put my hands on the dog, I should find good shoulder angulation matched equally with the rear. Of course, it doesn’t always hold up that the movement matches what you feel or vice versa. Side gait can also show the dog holding a strong topline (no, they should not all be level) head carriage, and silhouette. All of these factors are important to weigh when making a judging decision. Certainly it should be no surprise when a “hands examination” reveals good front and rear angulation resulting in proper reach and drive. However, there are many times that a dog that is straight in front and rear (yes, that is a form of balance) will also show good side movement. Conversely, it is not unusual, but still disappointing when my hands reveal good angulation, but the dog does not move as it is built. That is why a judge needs to use his hands, eyes, and brain to make a decision. I don’t understand how a judge can see the dog moving at her comfortable gait if the judge is looking at the corners of the ring. Obviously our rings are square (or rectangular). What might not be quite as obvious is that when a dog is turning a corner the length and ease of reach and drive - as well as the dog’s topline - is vastly different from when the dog is moving in a straight line. When any breed standard talks about movement the description is that of a dog moving in a straight line. So 26 Dog News what is the sense of watching a dog only on turns? I have often felt that the size and layout of our rings also contribute to some of the poor movement we see. At the extreme, consider the German Shepherd Dog. I never appreciated the movement I saw on almost all German Shepherds at all-breed shows until I attended a German Shepherd Dog National Specialty. Watching this wonderful breed move on sod in a ring the size of a football field was eye-opening. In this ring they could move as their structure and function dictates. It is truly unfair to judge this breed in some of the postage sized rings we see at many allbreed shows. When we consider the “down and back” many of the judges outside the ring (yes, the exhibitors) think that most breeds move the same. In fact, there are many differences. Some, like the West Highland White Terrier and the Miniature Schnauzer are almost exact opposites. There are other breeds that because of the breed’s function - many of the sighthounds for example - where (in my opinion) side gait shows us considerably more than down and back does, but that does not mean “going and coming” should be ignored. It should also be pointed out that many times a dog that is too long in the loin and short in chest can move well. That does not mean that the dog is built properly, because being short in “lung room” would not allow a dog to work very long. (The obvious outliers to this statement are the field Pointers who go all day long regardless of structure. They are moving on “heart,” not structure). So, a dog can move well, but still not represent breed type when silhouette, topline, and attitude are considered. There are areas in which Type and Soundness cross over, and sometimes seem to be in conflict. When we judge, and the dog in front of us is drastically lacking in many areas, we often make the decision to withhold first place or Winners awards. But should all breeds be treated alike? Sounds like a ridiculous question, but there may be more to it than what is apparent. In 2000, when the Spinone Italiano was first being accepted into the AKC, I discussed the breed with another judge. I was concerned about how incredibly unsound the breed was at that time, and thought I would often have to withhold ribbons when I judged the breed. The other judge reminded me that one of the functions of a good judge is to help a new breed establish “Breed Type” so they could then move forward to work on soundness and other issues. It was good advice then, and it is good advice now. That breed has improved dramatically, and the breeders who have helped this to happen should be commended. Let’s look at the Miscellaneous class. One of the breeds I have had the pleasure of judging in this class is the Dogo Argentino, and many of these have been of high quality. But what if I had a class of two, and both were of significantly poor quality? Should I withhold first place? If everything was always black and white, if both dogs are truly and obviously lacking in quality, wouldn’t I withhold a first place ribbon? But things are not always so cut and dried. We also want to acknowledge and support a Miscellaneous breed. So what’s the harm in giving a first place ribbon? Take this a step further. What about the low entry breeds that have limited gene pools? Some of these breeds - such as Sussex Spaniels, Dandie Dinmont Terriers, and Otterhounds - have been close to extinction at times. Even more important than low entries are the breeds with very low litters and registrations These breeds have a very limited gene pool. Doesn’t a judge have a responsibility to assist a breed’s continuance? If judges withhold ribbons from breeds that may not necessarily have owners with a burning desire to compete in the ring, are we then keeping them from wanting to continue in the breed? Will this further diminish the gene pool, and thereby result in even lesser quality? Let’s say I watch the class of (pick a low entry breed) move around the ring, and all I see is stilted, very limited movement. I examine the entry and find very rough shoulders, poor layback, and poor feet. There is no second thigh or proper angles behind. “Down and back” movement is very poor. Heads vary from fair to very poor. Or course, because there are so few of this breed, the entire entry may be only two or three. Do I withhold? Do I say, “I am sorry, folks, but the quality of this entry is not worthy of first place or points?” This is what I would do in a breed with normal entries/registrations. But with a breed with such breeding limitations do I have the additional responsibility of encouraging the breeders and owners? Should I just hand out the first place ribbon and move on to the next breed? Do I hand out the ribbons, and tell the exhibitors, “Thanks for bringing this entry out today, and for supporting the breed. I recommend that you continue to work on improving heads and structure. Stick with it. Thanks again.” I do one further thing when I judge low entry breeds. When I am fortunate enough to come across one or two of quality across the country, I do tell the handler/owner about the other good one I have seen and suggest he consider looking into a possible breeding of these two. So, judging is not as cut and dried as it may appear. What do you think? Dog News 27 Multiple Best In Show, Multiple Best In Specialty Show Platinum Grand Champion Imperious Hamitup Southern Belle e l l e b a n An No. 1 Bulldog Bitch - A Top Non-Sporting Dog * Best of Breed Gifts For Dog Lovers By Carlotta Cooper W atching the Philadelphia Kennel Club show on Thanksgiving (AKA the National Dog Show) and deciding what to do with leftover turkey are sure signs that the holiday season is upon us. Perhaps even more so than the rest of the general population, dog show exhibitors can find themselves without any shopping done at this time of year due to the demands of work, travel, grooming dogs, and the show ring. Yet you may need to give gifts to friends, fellow club members, and pet owners, not to mention family members who like to be occasionally thanked and appeased for your devotion to dogs. Fortunately, there are plenty of wonderful dog-themed gifts for the dog lovers in your life – and a nice bottle of wine for two or something equally thoughtful can go a long way toward setting things right with your significant other. Here are some gift ideas that you might consider for friends who are as dogcrazed as you are. Books about dogs The Dogs Writers Association of America https://dogwriters.org/ selects some of the best books in the country written about dogs each year, covering various categories. Authors and books honored in 2014 include Alice Lovejoy Carnahan, Wolfsong in Georgia: Memoirs of a German Shepherd Dog Family (Wolfsong Publishing) and Patricia F. Lehman, Boston Terrier (Animal Planet Dogs 101) (TFH Publications, Inc.) in the Single Breed category; Linda Case, M.S., Dog Food Logic (Dogwise Publishing) and Jean Hofve, D.V.M., and Celeste Yarnall, Ph.D., Paleo Dog: Give Your Best Friend Long Life, Healthy Weight, and Freedom From Illness (Rodale,Inc.) in the Health and Gen- eral Care category. 30 Dog News In the Training and Behavior category, Denise Fenzi & Deborah Jones, Ph.D. Dog Sports Skills, Book 2 Motivation (Fenzi Dog Sports Academy Publishing), Pat Miller, How to Foster Dogs (Dogwise Publishing), and Emma Parsons, Teaching the Reactive Dog Class: Leading the Journey from Reactivity to Reliability (Karen Pryor Clicker Training) were honored. The following books were honored in the Reference category: Adrienne Hovey, The Dog Trainer’s Resource 3 (Dogwise Publishing), Amy Shojai, Complete Puppy Care (Cool Gus Publishing), and Cat Warren, What the Books about the Human/ Animal Bond included Valerie Silver, Rescue Me: Tales of Res- cuing the Dogs Who Became Our Teachers, Healers, and Always Faithful Friends (Valerie Silver), Sherry Bennett Warshauer, For the Love of Kinsey (Publish America/America Star Books), and Nicole Wilde, Hit by a Flying Wolf (Phantom Publishing). Finally, books on any other topic included Leila Grandemange, Pawz and Pray, Short Reflections About God, Life, and the Dogs I Love! (Sunnyville Publishing), Kate J. Kuligowski, Our Most Treasured Tails, Sixty Years of Rescue (Our Guys Pub- Dog Knows: the Science and Wonder of Working Dogs (Touch- lishing Company), and Paris Permenter, DogTipper’s Texas with Dogs (Open Road Guides). In Fiction, Mystery, and Humor, Sheila Webster Boneham, The Money Bird (Llewellyn/Midnight Ink), Tracey Weber, Murder Strikes a Pose (Llewellyn/Midnight Ink), and Susan Wilson, A Man of His Own (St. Martin’s Press) were singled out. Many of these books would make interesting reading and good gifts for the dog lover in your life. Check with Amazon.com, DogWise, and other sites to find them. You can also find many outstanding books about showing and breeding dogs. Obviously there are some classic books such as Pat Trotter’s Born To Win, Breed To Succeed; George Alston’s The Winning Edge; Lynn Hall’s Dog Showing for Begin- stone, Simon & Schuster). Children’s books included Betsey Anderson, Maggie Goes to Maine (Maine Authors Publishing), Marsha Hall Brown, Show Dogs Escape to the Seashore (Archway, Simon & Schuster), Martin Deeley, Leo-The Incredible and Amazing Dog Star (Trafford), and Denise Fleck, Rescue Critters Pet First Aid for Kids (Thales r Co., LLC dba Rescue Critters). ners; Show Me! A Dog Show Primer by D. Caroline Coile Ph.D.; Tricks of the Trade by Pat Hastings, and others. Any breeder or exhibitor just starting out would be well-served by receiving some Continued on page 94 The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed 32 Dog News Dog News 33 BESTS WEEK Chesapeake Kennel Club of Maryland - Saturday Standard Poodle GCh. Gala Brighton Lakeridge Reflections of Me Judge Dr. Robert D. Smith Owners Ron & Debbie Scott Handler Kaz Hosaka South Dade Kennel Club - Saturday & Sunday Mastiff Ch. Goldleaf’s Trouble Coming Judge Dr. Gerard Penta Judge Ms. Lee Anne Bateman Owners Laura Watson & Pamela Winter Handler Terry Smith Conroe Kennel Club - Saturday Greater Swiss Mountain Dog GCh. Derby’s Toast With Gusto Judge Mr. Jon Cole Owner Sue Copeland Handler Scott Sommer Beaufort Kennel Club Boxer GCh. Mephisto’s Speak of the Devil Judge Mr. Joseph Gregory Owners Mrs. Pat Billhardt & Sergio Tenenbaum Handler Diego Garcia Worcester County Kennel Club Puli GCh. Fuzzy Farm If Not Now, When? Judge Mr. James R. White Owners Steve and Alice Lawrence Handler Alice Lawrence Ingham County Kennel Club - Saturday & Sunday German Shepherd Dog GCh. Lockenhaus’ Rumor Has It v. Kenlyn Judge Mr. William (Bill) Shelton Judge Mrs. Vicki Abbott Owners Deborah Stern, Pamela Buckles, Patti Dukeman, Pamela McElheney, & Kent Boyles Handlers Kent Boyles Yuma Kennel Club - Friday & Saturday Imperial Valley Kennel Club Pomeranian GCh. Hitimes What The Inferno Judge Mrs. Carolyn Alexander Judge Mrs. Janet Jackson Judge Mrs. Lesley Hiltz Owners Bonnie Bird & Udomsin Littlchalkun Handler Curtiss Smith Savannah Kennel Club – Saturday Beaufort Kennel Club - Monday Puli Ch. Cordmaker Mister Blue Sky Judge Mr. Dana Cline Judge Mrs. Gloria Geringer Owner J. Beaudoin, L. Pitts, P. Kelly & S. Huebner Handler Linda Pitts To report a AKC All Breed Best In Show or National Specialty Win Call, Fax or Email before 12:00 Noon Tuesday. Fax: 212 6755994 • Phone: 212 462-9588 Email: [email protected] 34 Dog News Dog News 35 36 Dog News CC System Dog News 37 Daniel Chavez BORN: TEMPE, AZ RESIDES: TEMPE, AZ MARITAL STATUS: SINGLE ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: GEMINI When did you start showing and how did that first show go? I started showing dogs in 2005, when I was 15 years old. I had a white standard poodle. Her grooming was far from competitive, but Madeline Patterson had me come over to her setup, to show me how to better band, scissor, and spray my dog up. I will always be thankful that she did that. How difficult was it to finish your championship? I never finished her, but she taught me a lot! Other than your own breed, what other breeds do you like? I can appreciate a beautiful example of almost any breed, but I love the coated, glamorous breeds. Which dog person of the opposite sex would you be? Definitely Taffe McFadden. How do you feel about AKC’s role in our sport? I think AKC is the foundation of our sport, I try to do my part by bringing in and encouraging new people. How many shows do you attend a year, and which three are your favorite ones? After recently taking a job in the investment management industry, I have decreased my show attendance greatly. My three favorites are still Palm Springs, poodle club of America, and Westminster. Who from dogs would you like to see on the television show “Duck Dynasty?” Tomoko Saeki. What things in the world of dogs bring you the greatest joy? Great friends, great dogs, and great laughs. What characteristics do you admire in others and strive to emulate? Loyalty and a sense of humor. If you could afford to host an elegant catered dinner party, name at least three dogs and/or people you would like to invite. Bill and Taffe Mcfadden, Kathy Bilicich Garcia and Brian Cordova, Jennifer Steven and Maripi Wooldridge, and Tomoko Saeki and Jaime Lee Larkman, Jenny Rangel and Andrew Peel- all the people who make me laugh! 38 Dog News Dog News 39 Jerry Klein, DVM, Is Appointed American Kennel Club Chief Veterinary Officer By Sharon Pflaumer O n October 6, 2015, the American Kennel Club (AKC) announced the appointment of its new Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO), Jerry Klein, DVM, who brings more than 35 years of experience in the field of veterinary medicine to the position. Dr. Klein, who will report to AKC Executive Secretary Jim Crowley, is assuming the role on a part-time consultancy basis. He will continue to act as the full-time Supervising Veterinarian at the Chicago Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Center, where he heads a critical care and emergency room team that treats more than 11,000 dogs (and cats) each year. Dr. Klein studied Zoology at Miami University where he received his undergraduate degree. He received his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from The Ohio State Photo By Andrew Collings University College of Veterinary Medicine. He is an active member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, and the Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Society. Dr. Klein also is a member of two breed clubs: the Afghan Hound Club of America and the Fox Terrier Club of Chicago. His love of dogs led him to conformation competition in his youth and, ultimately, motivated him to become an AKC Judge. Currently, he is licensed to judge all Terriers, Afghan Hounds and Salukis. During his 30-year tenure, his judging assignments have taken him to Australia, Japan, Canada, France, Sweden, Spain and England; and included such prestigious shows as Westminster Kennel Club and AKC Eukanuba National Championship. In the following interview, Dr. Klein discusses his new role as AKC CVO and how he plans to use it to support breeders as they address important issues like the breeding of the healthiest specimens possible and the stigma that has become attached to purebred dogs in recent years. “I am truly honored to serve as an advocate for healthy, well-bred, purebred dogs," says Dr. Jerry Klein, the AKC's new CVO. How do you view your role as the AKC’s new CVO? Dr. Klein: I believe my role is to promote and protect the good health and well-being of dogs. I will do that by participating in the development and implementation of AKC programs and materials relating to canine health. Additionally, I will serve as a spokesperson and policy leader for AKC’s many initiatives to enhance the health of dogs. Most importantly, I will work with breeders, the general public and the veterinary community to improve and preserve the health of all dogs. The Press Release announcing your appointment as CVO states that you will act as the AKC’s official policy leader surrounding the preexisting and enhanced health commitments of the AKC. It further states that you will serve as the organization's principle authority on canine health, veterinary policy and initiate relevant wellness campaigns. Would you please expand on this? Dr. Klein: I want to put a focus on the health of dogs and the good work of the AKC’s Canine Health Foundation. The AKC, like all responsible breeders, is committed to the good health and well-being of the dogs we breed. With all canine health issues, I think what we’re trying to do is develop objective criteria within the line of realism. As a veterinarian, I can tell you that all dogs whether they are purebred or not have health issues. We certainly see genetic tendencies toward specific health issues in certain breeds. Thanks to the fine work of the AKC’s Canine Health Foundation, we are not only identifying those genetic tendencies but also identifying causes and possible solutions. If I can help [the AKC] educate breeders, veterinarians and the general public about these findings; [then,] we will make the world a better place for all dogs and for the people who love them. Can you provide a more specific example of how you hope to improve canine health? Dr. Klein: I think a great example is the spay/ neuter issue. The American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation has funded 55 studies totaling $35 million. One of the studies it funded investigated whether or not there is a correlation between spaying and neutering at an early age and an increased risk of cancer and orthopedic issues in dogs. Nothing is all black and white at this point, but there are indications that early spaying and neutering may contribute to an increased risk of certain cancers and orthopedic issues at least among some breeds. Ideally, I will help develop some guidelines to educate breeders, veterinarians and the public about issues like this one. The more information everyone has, the better the decisions we can make about the health and well-being of our dogs. How else do you plan to support the breeding of the healthiest specimens possible? Dr. Klein: My role is to help educate breeders and the public about specific steps that can be taken to help improve the health of purebred dogs and, in fact, of all dogs. One thing I learned when I was young from other people who bred dogs is: when you know better, you do better. For example, with my own dogs, I never bred one before it was 2 years of age. That’s because health problems are more likely to become evident by 2 years of age. The March 2015 Chairman’s Report states “The [new AKC] website also will become the hub for our new health microsite – an education resource for breeders and owners. This will allow us to engage and educate a wide scope of breeders on best breeding practices and health screening . . . our new Chief Veterinary Officer will have an important role in this site, also.” Would you please elaborate on this? Dr. Klein: Our job as breeders is to make sure that we breed the best, possible dogs. My role as the AKC’s Chief Veterinary Officer is to help recognize if there is a problem, make certain that we try to take steps to mitigate it. Our microsite will provide information to breeders that will enable them to do that. I will be contributing to the information on this site. I live in the Wrigleyville neighborhood in Chicago. My neighbors have a variety of purebred dogs. On my block there is a Golden Retriever, a Vizsla, an Australian Terrier and a Wheaton Terrier. Their owners are good people, who chose purebred dogs because they love that particular breed and its characteristics. Not one of them has any intention of showing or breeding their dogs. Yet, each of these owners has every right in the world to get the best possible, healthiest representative of that particular breed. Our microsite will provide breeders, and pet owners with information to help increase the chances of that happening. What are some of the other goals you hope to accomplish as AKC CVO? Dr. Klein: I hope to help members of the fancy educate pet owners about the value of purebred dogs and the contributions of responsible breeders, exhibitors and judges; making all dogs healthy and reliable. I want to help the general public understand the importance of and many benefits of purebred dogs, as well as help them understand how these benefits can help them to make good decisions when deciding to add a dog to their family. As a breeder, I want to help breeders represent ourselves and the value of purebred dogs for pet owners. Pet owners don’t always appreciate how responsible breeders of purebred dogs devote their heart and soul to their dogs. Responsible breeders do this for the love of their dogs and their breed. How do you plan to address the stigma that has become attached to purebred dogs in recent years? Dr. Klein: When I was a kid, having “a dog with papers” was considered very desirable. Now, pet owners don’t always realize the value of purebred dogs and the reliability of a purebred dog’s characteristics. That reliability can help pet owners find a companion that best fits their family and their family’s lifestyle; making for a happier connection for all and increasing the likelihood for a lifelong, successful relationship. Educating the general public about the many benefits of purebred dogs will increase the chances of [them] finding the right animal for their family, whether purebred or not, and help them develop the life-long devotion to dogs that we’d like everyone with dogs to share. How else do you plan to support breeders on this issue? Dr. Klein: In my role as AKC CVO, I hope to serve as a booster for breeders, exhibitors, and judges of purebred dogs. We are all proud of what we do and we want the public to understand that responsible breeders stand behind each and every one of the dogs we breed. As a veterinarian, an owner, a breeder and a judge, I hope to represent all sides of the purebred dog and help educate pet owners about the importance of purebred dogs and the distinct differences between them and non-purebred animals. If I can somehow be a mediator for both sides; then, that’s what I’ll try to do. Is there anything you would like to add? Dr. Klein: I know the absolute devotion responsible breeders have to their breed and to their dogs. So, I am truly honored to serve as an advocate for healthy, well-bred, purebred dogs. By working together, we can make the world a better place for all dogs and for the people who love them. Dog News 43 THE STANDARD POODLE V ersatility is a commodity that is prized among people participating in performance activities with their dogs. If being able to do a lot of different things is the objective, it would be difficult to find a breed that has worn as many varied historical “hats” as the Standard Poodle. In addition to the above mentioned jobs Standard Poodles have been employed as hearing ear dogs, seizure warning dogs, cancer detection and therapy dogs and, on occasion as a fox “hound” and a draft or sled dog. According to the people who love the breed, they have yet to find a job or a sport that a Standard Poodle can’t do although they are quick to concede that the breed does some jobs better than others and you would be hard pressed to find any consensus among Poodle fanciers as to what they are best at. To some, it is the breed’s ability as a hunting dog that stands out. Lin Gelbmann who owns Tye (HRCH Ch Lemerle Silk Tie CD MH WCX UWCX HPCX), who has his master hunter title from AKC as well as a hunting retriever championship from the UKC, said she had been hunting, training and showing dogs for more than 40 years. “I owned and trained Labradors until about 15 years ago when I got my first Standard Poodle. My current master hunter Lab is probably my last one because Tye is as good in the pheasant and goose field as any Lab. Poodles are very smart. I think they have the ability, more than other breed, to problem solve. They are very focused on their owners and so they are very biddable as they have a desire to work with you and be with you.” For Debby DuBay, it’s the breed’s “cir- Lincoln, (Ch MACH 11 Ale Kai Lincoln on Fifth RN MXB4 MXC MXG MXS AX MJB4 MJC MJG MJS MXJ NAP NJP OJP NF OF T2B T2B2 CA CTC TDI) Debby DuBay’s Standard Poodle, is the second Standard Poodle to be invited to the AKC Agility Invitational and the only conformation champion SP to get this invitation. (Barry Rosen photo) 44 Dog News Military Dog, Guide Dog, Circus Dog, Ships’ Dog, Herder, Truffle Sniffer And A Pretty Darned Good Hunting Retriever, Too! By M.J. Nelson cus” dog history that is important as she and her dog Lincoln (Ch MACH 11 Ale Kai Lincoln on Fifth RN MXB4 MXC MXG MXS AX MJB4 MJC MJG MJS MXJ NAP NJP OJP NF OF T2B T2B2 CA CTC TDI) have qualified for the National Agility Championships for four consecutive years beginning in 2012. “Standard Poodles are extremely intelligent which makes them quick studies. They are biddable, athletic and versatile on top of being really smart. But, you have to know how a Standard Poodle thinks. Training a Standard Poodle for agility is much different than training, say, a herding breed for this sport. First, you must be smarter than your dog and I don’t mean to sound flippant when I say that. You have to be able to present the task you want your Poodle to do as one that he’ll love to do while making that activity fun. In addition, you cannot repeat or drill an exercise with a Standard Poodle. If they do it right the first time, their thought is ‘why would you want me to do it again? If you are making me do it again, I must not have done it correctly the first time.’ This is much different than my Miniature Poodle who wants to repeat and repeat and repeat. Also, most Standard Poodles are very proud, sensitive and do not take criticism well. I never criticize Lincoln–he always thinks he’s right anyway–and he competes with great joy and enthusiasm in the agility ring.” Continued on page 96 MacGregor (HR Ch Carlyn Hard Spun SH WCX UIC), one of Joyce Carelli’s Standard Poodles, after a successful duck hunt. Dog News 45 Breed Judge Mrs. Francine W. Schwartz Group Judge Mr. Robert Stein Breed Judge Mrs. Carolyn A. Herbel Group Judge Dr. Gerard C. Penta l e m r a C h t u r a l l A Gold GCh. e y a B e l o S V g n i d d i K l l Sti ist ith A Tw W l e m r Ca Hiline’s Sire: Ch. aye v Sole B ld o G ie h Pix . Allarut h C : m a D “JJ” is Co-Owned By Ruth Ziegler - “Allaruth” Yvonne B. Phelps - “Sole Baye” Carma Ewer - “Carmel” Los Angeles, CA, El Monte, CA, Sandy, UT 310 472-7993 • 626 448-3424 • 801 943-5077 46 Dog News Another Fabulous Weekend! Back-To-Back reserve Best in shows! JJ For The Number One Miniature Schnauzer Breed & All Breed Number Six Terrier* Reserve Best In Show Judge Mrs. Francine W. Schwartz Reserve Best In Show Judge Mrs. June A. Penta Thank you to all the Judges! The Dog News Top Ten List Handled Exclusively By Bergit & Hans Kabel Assisted by Shougo Sugiyama Sonoho Yamada Dog News 47 AThought To Consider Skin in the Game By Seymour Weiss T wo dog fanciers were chatting about a specialty that had recently been held. One lady attended; the other did not. Alice, the lady who did not, commented that she had nothing to show, that the show was not close to home and as a consequence she decided to pass. Kim, the lady who did make the trip, also had nothing entered but she went to see what was being shown and to get a handle on the general state of the breed at the time. She also attended to enjoy the social side of the Specialty. Ah, that Kim – depend on her not to miss a happening. Certainly, Alice saved herself time and energy and considerable expense by remaining home, but she did not get that up close and personal view of where her breed was right then. Of course, we all do things that seem right to us at a particular time. And, in all candor, whether any dog fancier participates in any activity or event related to the sport is an entirely personal choice. It’s one’s own business – pure and simple. However, it is not necessary to have a dog entered and shown to be vested in an event, to have skin in the game. Not every reward the dog sport offers is tangible. Being able to observe a ring full of your breed’s finest examples is very much a teachable moment. Looking at the competitors; considering their strengths and weaknesses as much as is possible without actually getting your hands on them is an experience that can stay with you for a very long time. And, if you allow it, the lesson of such observation will make you a better dog person. For the person who must have a dog in competition in order for the exercise to have any value, it is worth 48 Dog News considering that today’s win will soon become old news and usually carry meaning only to an owner, a breeder or a handler. There are all kinds of people with all kinds of agendas. The lasters, the fanciers whose interest goes beyond their own dogs and what they might gain all share one important attribute; they have a passion for their breed and the sport that goes beyond momentary, individual gratification. Many of us will attend an important show without an entry in order to scan the landscape for just the right dog to breed to our best bitch. Often, having a dog in competition makes it difficult to see exactly what’s out there and more than a few fanciers have lamented the lost opportunity to really focus on the potential stud dogs being shown while taken up with demands of personally exhibiting. Admittedly, if you decide to be part of ringside, reviewing the dogs before you will not give your dogs a shot at making breed history. But if you will think ahead to a breeding plan based on what you see, imagine the spectacular puppies grunting and wriggling in the whelping box of your mind. Who knows, you may breed the dogs everyone will be talking about next year. There is no reason not to think so if you’re positive. It isn’t even necessary to observe your own breed to be gratified by the sight of great dogs. If you look at dogs at the top of their respective breeds, there is much to learn and much to enjoy by absorbing the beauty of magnificent specimens. There they are, living, breathing examples of excellence. They are standing and moving and displaying all that makes them outstanding and sending chills down the spines of those who can appreciate them. You can’t get that feeling out of a photo. I believe it was the English poet John Donne who wrote that “No man is an island…” and we in the dog fancy would be well served to remember those words. Each of us is part of a larger community with hopes and dreams. We all want our dogs to succeed; no one enters to lose, but there is only so much room at the pinnacle. And to get to the pinnacle there must be concerted effort. The odyssey of a successful show dog starts with a well-thought-out breeding. That breeding may be a casual one-off or a step in a larger effort. It should never be a mating of convenience or a liaison with a big winner or, worst of all, breeding to get on the right side of the “right person.” Assuming a mating is successful, one must be able to accurately grade puppies once a litter is old enough. This is where we call upon that much prized asset, an eye for a dog. Admittedly, not everyone is so blessed, but one can always turn to one who is and draw from their counsel. It may be the owner of the stud, a handler with a track record or a colleague you can rely on. Always remember, though, running on a new hopeful is like taking out a boat. You can never be sure you won’t hit rough water before you reach your ultimate objective, so you always have to be prepared for setbacks and disappointments. If you would have skin in the game, expect the inevitable scrapes. Okay, assuming the puppy of your dreams measures up to your dreams you then have another important question to resolve. Who does the work? Will you DIY or seek out someone else to refine your diamond in the rough? If you decide to undertake the initial training to convert your whirling dervish into a biddable show dog, you have skin in the game from the outset. And this can give you profound satisfaction; you’ve done it yourself. Did you do it effectively? Hopefully, you did. You might want to seek out the help of someone you trust or simply engage a professional handler when your dog is ready. Whatever path you take, avoid the pitfall of putting the burden of your dog’s show ring fortunes on others to the point of being totally dependent and interfering with someone else’s plans for their own dogs. Having skin in the game is being independent enough to pilot your own ship. Look around you and you will see that everywhere in this crazy world we share, self-sufficiency is thriving. If you have yet to experience it, give it a shot. There’s nothing better. Thank you for reading. ZACK ” The Number One Bearded Collie in Breed Points Back-to-Back Group Wins National Dog Show 2014 - 2015 Saturday - Kennel Club of Philadelphia - Thank you Judge Ms. Sulie Greendale-Paveza Sunday – Kennel Club of Philadelphia – Thank you Group Judge Mr. Michael Faulkner and Reserve Best In Show Judge Mr. Espen Engh Best In Show, Multiple Reserve Best In Show, Multiple Best In Specialty Show Gold GCh., Can. Gold GCh. Dunhill Steeler Nation Sire: GCh. Tolkien Raintree Mister Baggins Dam: Ch. Dunhill Inspiration) Bred by Ray & Dr. Kathy Harrington Owned by Ray & Dr. Kathy Harrington & Val & Scott Shafer Exclusively handled by Katie Shepard • Assisted by Lexie Ditlow The Dog News Top Ten List Dog News 49 The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed 50 Dog News Dog News 51 The 2015 Thanksgiving Classic Cluster T By Peggy Wampold he 2015 Thanksgiving Classic Cluster in Springfield, Massachusetts (Holyoke, South Windsor, Windham County and Springfield Kennel Cubs) is now just a memory. The weather was exceptional for mid November in New England; cool at night but sunny and warm with bright blue skies (shirt sleeve weather) each day. As usual, Penny Kretchmer was there to greet the members of the four clubs as they walked into the Better Living Center early Tuesday morning to set up the show. The set up of the three buildings was completed Wednesday afternoon, just in time for the vendors and exhibitors to come in and set up their areas. The motor homes started coming in on Monday and by Wednesday afternoon their parking area was almost full. The cluster was dedicated to the Memory of John Saletnik, a member of Springfield Kennel Club for many years and a man who contributed so much to the success of the cluster through the years. There was a big void felt this year without his physical presence. In addition to John, South Windsor Kennel Club and Windham County Kennel Club dedicated their shows to the memory of Alice Berd, a long time member of both clubs and a much loved Springer Spaniel person, with a great sense of humor. Everyone who had the pleasure of knowing her has an Alice story. As in any cluster, there were a few glitches. Two of our judges cancelled out on Wednesday due to health reasons, but said they would be there on Friday. Unfortunately, this did not happen and they Continued on page 102 52 Dog News Bronze GCh. Star K’s Mile Hi Fire in the Sky, CGC . . . e s i m o r P f o l l , u F y k Little S “ “ n o i p m a h C d n a r G Bronze ! e g a f o s r a e y o han tw , s s e n t a e r G o t Maturing at less t Thank you Judge Col. Jerry Weiss Owners: Star K’s Mile Hi Show Dogs • Richard & Linda Stark Breeders: Richard & Linda Stark and Jo Ann Charnik Handlers: Heather and Zach Helmer Dog News 53 54 Dog News Dog News 55 Dog Shows of Central Florida Hernando County Kennel Club, Greater Ocala Dog Club & Seminole Dog Fanciers By Sharon Sakson Photos by Jenna Coleman W hen you move to Florida, you quickly learn that you will be showing upside-down to the way you showed in the north. In the north, shows move inside in November to the exhibition centers, onto cement floors until the end of April. Then comes the warm month of May and we’re back out on springy grass for summer and fall. In Florida, you show indoors on the cold cement of fairground halls June through the fall. You race from your air-conditioned car through 90-degree heat to the airconditioned, sometimes frigid spaces. Then comes the cooler month of October and we’re back outside again, on tough Florida grass. This year, the November 7 & 8 shows of Hernando County Kennel Club got hit with unusually hot weather, with temperatures going up to 89. (The TV weatherman said if it hit 90 it would be a record.) Exhibitors and dogs were happy to be back on the grass, but it was a little warm for men in suits. Brian Duggan flew from the cool temperatures of northern California to judge a provisional assignment in Irish Wolfhounds and the Central Florida Association of Saluki Hounds Supported Entry. After ten minutes, he was sweating in the sun, and received AKC rep Sidney Good’s blessing to judge coat- 56 Dog News less. Male exhibitors quickly followed. (We should note that Floridian Sidney Good was generous about the hot weather even though she herself never sweats and is always the most cool and collected observer on any showgrounds.) Hernando County’s show takes place at Florida Classic Park in Brooksville, a sprawling 50acre tract owned by several Florida kennel clubs and dedicated solely to dog shows. This year, the grounds were improved with the addition of a building that provided indoor men’s and women’s toilets, and a huge covered pavilion that sheltered the superintendent and dozens of grooming set-ups. For someone coming from the northeastern states, the idea of a dog club owning its own grounds is heaven. No one is going to toss you out. No chance of an anti-dog coalition kicking up a fuss. It’s a win- win situation because the county enjoys the income the dog show people bring in. On Saturday, Best in Show was the Skye Terrier, Ch. Cragsmoor Good Time Charlie, judged by Dr. Anne Gallant. He is a hometown boy in this area since he lives with his handler, Larry Cornelius, in Ocala. On Sunday, Cecilia Martinez awarded Best to the Pug, Ch. Hill Country’s Tag I’m It, handled by Esteban Farias. The weekend actually began on Friday with six breeds from the Florida Combined Specialties using the grounds. It was the first year they used AKC’s new policy of allowing two specialty shows on the same day, so there were Saluki, Akita, and Shetland Sheepdog Specialties in the morning and the afternoon. Boston Terriers, Poodles, and Afghans had one show on the day. Western Brooksville is surprising in that it is hilly in a state otherwise known for flatness. The showgrounds sit on a hill cooled by winds coming out of the forest. Exhibitors may not notice but motorcyclists went by continuously. This part of the state is great for motorcycle riding, because the Croom Motorcycle Area is just across the road, 2600-acres with miles and miles of trails for motorcycles and dirt bikes. They have a strict “No Pets” policy, but a few bikers came over to the showgrounds to dog-watch. Continued on page 106 The Number One* ASCOB And Number Two* Cocker Spaniel Group First - The National Dog Show Thank you Judge Mr. Michael Faulkner for this honor! Multiple Best In Show/Multiple Best In Specialty Show GCh. Blondheim’s Easy Matters Breeder/Owners - Sherry and Barry Blondheim • Presented by - Lisa Arnett The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed Dog News 57 ort By Allison Foley Wheat City Kennel and Obedience club is definitely a club that puts it all together. Held in a medium sized northern Manitoba town, population 46,000 people, this club manages to run four all breed dog shows in three days, with an entry that gets near their allowed limit. As well they combine with the agility club “Road Runners” who hold three licensed agility trials. Wheat City also holds 3 very competitive obedience trials as well as 3 all breed rally trials. The club rounded out the weekend by hosting a veteran sweepstakes and a puppy sweepstakes judged by up and coming permit judges from the area. Two Junior handling competitions finish the weekend with a show that has something literally for everyone with a dog and a wish to compete on any level. The shows are also held in the large Keystone Convention Complex. This complex has a gorgeous hotel, two full service restaurants. A bar. A hockey arena that is home to the Brandon Wheat Kings, an iconic Junior Hockey team. There are several large dirt floored arenas, (one was host to the Agility trials and one hosted a horse show) and then there were 4 cement floored barns where the conformation and Obedience/Rally trials were held. There was plenty of benching area for all exhibitors and a full bathing area. With weather in Brandon often being a “snow event” and even more often being cold it is a relief to not have to go outside if staying at the host hotel. Kudos to the members of Wheat City KOC for putting on a world class event in a small northern town most people outside of Canada have not even heard of. 60 Dog News More important to note is that on the same weekend there was a similar show held in the greater Toronto area. The show in Toronto also had 3 shows in 3 days and offered as well Obedience trials and Rally trials and a Junior handling competition for both Conformation and Obedience. So for arguments sake we can say that the shows offered similar events. Over the course of the 3 days the shows in the Northern Manitoba town had a conformation entry of 772 while the shows held just outside of Toronto, population 2.6 MILLION people had an entry of 699. For those that like math Brandon has 1.75% of the population of Toronto. So Toronto has approximately 50 times the population of Brandon. There is something to be said for the dog population in Canada where it is the smaller areas that continue to see a smaller decline in their overall entries. As the dog show year here in the True North comes to a close there are only 2 all breed conformation events left in the country. One in Brantford Ontario and one held in Kitchener Ontario. The last one is held every year the three days after Boxing day (December 27 28 29) Not only do many people consider this to be sacred family/holiday time but add in that in Canada no dogs can be shipped by cargo or taken as excess baggage on any flights from December 14 until January 6. So we begin again the argument as to whether this is “fair” to dogs competing for Top Dog status as they are shut out of this competition. With that in mind the top dogs in Canada as of November 30, 2015 according to Canuck Dogs are: 1 Giant Schnauzer Lowdown Remys Girl V Aerdenhout 2 Portuguese Water Dog Ch Claricreek Lusitano Oceano Atlantico 3 Standard Poodle Ch Dawin in Hot Pursuit 4 Irish Setter Ch Eltin’s Unequivocal Contender 5 Papillon Ch Marron’s Jimmy Coo 6 German Shepherd Dog Signature’s Harry Nile V Kridler 7 Siberian Husky Ch Snowmists Wind N’Reigning 8 Australian Shepherd Ch Copperridge’s Win Advisory 9 Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen Ch Auriga Peter Parker 10 Wire Fox Terrier Ch Foxheart’s Rough and Ready Dog News 61 Samoyed National Specialty, Louisville, KY TheRoad To TheRoses By Heather LoProto Photos by Robin Barkhaus, Connie Rudd, & Karen Brooks-Hodges D uring the week of Sept 21st, 2015 the Samoyed Club of America rolled into Louisville, KY for our 84th National Specialty, with an entry of 670 from 424 dogs. The theme of this year’s show was “The Road to the Roses”. A fitting name given that the location, the spacious Kentucky Expo Center and host hotel, the Crowne Plaza, were just down the road from Churchill Downs. Visitors arrived from more than 30 states and at least 5 countries. The week actually kicked off on Saturday with 2 days of all breed herding (yes Sammies can still herd) and a Fun Pack Hike on Sunday through Pope Lick Park, part of Louisville’s beautiful metropolitan park system. A second pack hike, this time to earn points toward a working title, was held on Monday in Beckley Creek Park, another park in the Parklands of Floyds Fork project. The weather cooperated all three days and allowed everyone to enjoy their time outside with the dogs. Monday also saw 2 other performance events taking place – an all-breed agility trial and our novice weight pull. We had a great turnout for both activities. Things really started to get into full swing on Tuesday with a Sammy only agility trial and the start of conformation judging. First up in the conformation ring was Futurity, judged this year by Ms. Heather Stevenson-Kelly. From the entry of 38, Heather picked Rapture ‘N Travelin’s Keep on Trekkin’ from the 6 – 9 month puppy dog class as her Grand Futurity winner. Next up were the Veteran Sweepstakes competitors which were judged by Mrs. Mary Kistner. The quality of the 36 entries (all at least 8 years old) was quite impressive. Mary’s winner came out the 12 year and older bitch class, CH Cold Smoke’s Piper Cub. Best of Opposite was GCH Saratoga of Northstar from the 8 to 10 Dog class. The day’s judging finished up with the “Elements of the Standard” competition. The judges were Liz Ballantine from Scotland, and from the States Jim Cheskawich and Judy Kovitch. Dogs could enter a variety of classes from Best Front and Best Rear, to Best Side Gait and Best Head (dog and bitch), etc. CH Metak’s Miss Demeanor won 4 of the 8 classes she was eligible for, more than any other entry. Tuesday closed with the Sanctioned Weight Pull that night. While on the topic of a working event I’d like to mention something new we did this year. Mary Wolf coordinated a new performance participation award – the Iron Troika. (A troika is a Russian sled pulled by three horses.) To earn the award, a dog needed to participate in at least 3 of the performance events – herding, weight pull, agility, obedience, pack hike, or rally. This award was conceived to encourage participation in the different events and highlight the versatility of the breed. Obedience and Rally competitions were held on Wednesday and Sweepstakes judging continued. In Puppy Sweepstakes Mary chose CH Continued on page 108 64 Dog News The 2016 Edition of The Dog News Annual Magazine Will Be Dedicated To The Breeder... This is the Perfect Opportunity to Highlight the Accomplishments of your Breeding Program! Whether It Be Stud Dog, Brood Bitch, Recent Champions & Grand Champions. Y L I l( 66 Dog News • Articles From Around The World of Pure-Bred Dogs with a special emphasis upon the health of your dog. • In addition, this issue will include the final stats of the 2015 Dog News Top Ten List. Our All Breed Rating System is the only National System to Award Points for Reserve Best In Show. That’s Where The Sport Starts And Ends. • The One Hundred Club - Those Dogs who have achieved 100 or more Best In Shows. Advertising Deadline: January 22, 2016 Publication Date: February 5, 2016 For information, please contact Dog News/D Magazine: 212 462-9588 [email protected] • [email protected] D #Jr Dog News 67 Very Important Dog People By Agnes Buchwald M y dear readers are used to follow my Rare Breeds of the World column, and know about my unconditional love for any dog. Rare breeds are one of my joys, the subject of research, and interest. Studying them allow me to learn geography, breed evolution, and preservation efforts amongst other interesting facts regarding our least known best friends. In the mean time I keep my VIDP column in my personal stash drawer, and only open it to bring to the limelight people who must (in my humble opinion) be better known and whose work and involvement with dogs would inspire other dog people. Recently my son called my attention to some dog paintings he saw on Facebook which impressed him very much, so I decided to take a peek, I fell in love, and went after the artist. Very few painters are able to detect the essence of a dog, cat, horse or human, these rather elusive glimpses, present in the eyes Continued on page 112 Luciane Peixoto Painter, Sao Paulo - Brazil “Something becomes art when it’s purely utilitarian or functional nature is altered for the purpose of enhancing its aesthetic qualities” —Anonymous 68 Dog News is Americaâ€™s #1 Bichon Frise Bitch! Reserve Best In Show Sincerest Thanks to Judge Mr. Dana Cline! Best In Show, Multiple Reserve Best In Show GCh. Blitzin Georgette Tres Jolie at DeMartini Owned by Donna DeMartini Handled by: Dennis & Katey Brown #4 overall, The Dog News Top Ten List All-Breed Dog News 69 Judges Choice - The Bulldog Reprinted with permission from The Kennel Gazette The Bulldog Club Incorporated is the oldest breed club in the world Interested to know more about the breed, Pat Brigden spoke to club secretary Chris Carberry, who opened the door to a fascinating history... 72 Dog News CC All Breed through 10/31/15 Dog News 75 T he results are in and the purebred dogs won. Well, the ratings are in, I should say, and the numbers speak for themselves and should bode well for the upcoming American Kennel Club/ Eukanuba National Championship coverage on FidoTV, provided that the general public finds out about this new strategic partnership and can access it on their cable provider. With the AENC just days away there has been absolutely no advertising campaign promoting this so-called strategic partnership between the AKC and FidoTV, a major oversight and another missed opportunity to present the sport of purebred dogs to the general public. The National Dog Show, as NBC’s coverage of the taped portions of the Kennel Club of Philadelphia is known, has the benefit not only of a major sponsor, Nestle Purina, but also of being on a widely available national network. Furthermore, it’s aided by a fabulous lead-in program, the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade. This year the parade drew a 12.6/27 share in households in the overnight metered markets, the highest mark for any entertainment telecast on broadcast TV this season, regardless of time of day. To put that number in perspective, the prime time high for the season thus far was the November 15 airing of “60 Minutes,” which drew a 12.5/19 rating, aided in large part by a National Football League lead-in. The parade audience this year most likely provided a boost to “The National Dog Show” audience, which scored a 5.8/13 rating in metered markets, up two percent from last year’s 5.7/13 and the second highest in 11 years. In the much coveted 18 – 49 age range, the dog show pulled in a 3.0 rating, its highest in the 13 years in which NBC has tracked local people meters, and up 15% from last year’s 2.6 rating. Perhaps even more surprising is that the following Friday evening, not typically a big TV night as it falls on a long holiday weekend and coincides with Black Friday shopping events, NBC rebroadcast the dog show in the prime time 8-10 pm slot, where it pulled in a 0.6/2 rating among that same coveted 18-49 age group and snared 3.79 76 Dog News Exciting Numbers and Anxiety Relieving Dogs f O f e th e lsa h By Shaun Coen million viewers. The top numbers for that time slot went to a broadcast of the classic Christmas cartoon Santa Claus Is Comin’ to Town, which grabbed a 1.1/4 rating share amongst the same age group. Other networks have taken notice that dogs bring in an audience. Last year the Fox network aired a program titled “Cause For Paws” featuring dogs available for adoption on Thanksgiving night that drew 6.73 million viewers and a 2.2 in the key 18-49 demographic in the 8 o’clock hour. The feeling then was that “Cause For Paws” was destined to become a staple in the Thanksgiving lineup. However, history didn’t quite repeat itself this year. The Fox special was called “The All-Star Dog Rescue Celebration” this time around and managed a mere 0.4/1 in 18-49 and 2.1 million viewers overall from 8 to 10 p.m., down sharply from the similar “adopt-a-thon” type event last year (1.3 in 18-49, 4.6 million viewers overall) when it aired immediately after the network’s NFL coverage. While the merits of the actual TV coverage of the National Dog Show continue to be debated, there is no denying the numbers that the event pulls in and anytime purebred dogs and their breeders are shone in a positive light it’s a cause for celebration. These numbers provide hope for hobby breeders and fanciers that the sport of purebred dogs can continue to thrive and that they can compete against the messages and tactics of the animal rights extremists who want to put an end to their existence. Hopefully, the AKC’s partnership with FidoTV can help in these areas too but enthusiasm has been tempered due to the lack of promotion for its inaugural event. With the Holiday Season officially upon us, there will be many requests in households across the world to add a dog to the family unit. The National Dog Show’s Thanksgiving telecast may cause an uptick in Internet searches for particular breeds to see if they would be compatible companions for those households. There are differing opinions about whether or not the holidays are a good time to add a new pet to the household. Some feel it’s too busy a time with multiple distractions, company, travel and dangers lurking in every nook and cranny while others feel it’s always a good time to add a pet, particularly a dog, to a household. Recent studies have shown that dogs can reduce the risk for allergies and asthma in children and a new report in Preventing Chronic Disease reveals that pet dogs could also lower the risk of childhood anxiety, depression and obesity. Researchers analyzed 643 children aged 4 to 10 between July 2012 and December 2013, with 57.5 percent of them having a pet dog. Twelve percent of the children with dogs tested positive for clinical anxiety compared with 21 percent of children without a dog. Reasons given for dogs reducing childhood anxiety include stimulating conversation with other people, easing separation anxiety and increasing oxytocin levels that reduce cortisol, the physiological responses to stress. Positive benefits of owning a dog for children include caretaking, which promotes a sense of responsibility and empathy, social interaction, companionship that promotes selfesteem, relieves stress, provides emotional support and an increase in exercise, all of which are believed to prevent obesity, depression and anxiety. In Australia and the United Kingdom studies have shown that dog ownership was associated with increased physical activity amongst children, while promoting walking and active play with a dog has proven an effective strategy to increase children’s physical activity. Pet ownership is associated with key indicators of cardiovascular health such as lower blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides and 28.4% of smokers said that knowing the adverse impact of cigarette smoke on pet health would motivate them to stop smoking. So, as if another reason was needed to add a dog to the household, just in time for the holidays, here it is, dogs are positively associated with healthy weight and mental health! Dog News 77 The emblem of Wales is the dragon. In heraldry it is a symbol of power, wisdom and one who has overcome an adversary. Kevin Evans (34) is among the leading figures in world sheepdog trials. The young man from Wales has been at the top of his sport for the past 7-8 years, winning Welsh, British and international titles with several dogs. He’s been on the Welsh team five times, but is not that competitive. He is confident, on the one hand, particularly when he’s at his element on a field with sheep and dogs. But on the other hand, he was not too eager to answer questions about himself. Kevin trains dogs, takes them to trials and then sells them. “It’s part of the farm. If someone offers you good money for a dog, you sell it,” he explains. Together with his father, he keeps ragon D in Sheep’s Clothing Story & Photos by Yossi Guy 78 Dog News around 400 heads of sheep from different breeds and around 20-30 dogs that he trains, mainly in order to sell to other trial contestants who want to start working with a trained dog instead of going through a lengthy process. Kevin’s top winning dogs are also in demand as studs. After owning his own construction enterprise, Kevin is now making a decent living off his work with the dogs. He is extremely passionate about his occupation and can definitely be said to be working at his hobby. With a lovely partner and beautiful baby boy, what more could a man want? How did you start out with dogs and trials? I was born into it. My father has a farm, has always had a lot of dogs. I was chucked in with dogs and sheep all around me. My father taught me how to work with the dogs. None of my mates were into this. I did play football and played for Wales as an under 15. But it wouldn’t work out on weekends when trials were on. My father took part in trials. Are there any dogs you wouldn’t sell? Mirk is a dog I wouldn’t sell. When he was 2, my father ran him at trials and he won, so he was up for sale and I wanted 3,000 for him. Three people came to see him and they offered less than we wanted, so I kept him. He’s been a Welsh team member 4 times. Won a lot of big championship trials here. He came in 6th in the World Championship in England in 2011, International Supreme Champion 2008, World Trial finalist in 2008. Once I decided to keep him he became part of my trialing team, he will never leave. He was very young when he won the international so he has a place in history and in my heart. Is he the best dog you’ve ever had? You could never say who’s the best, it depends on the courses. I had his litter brother, called Continued on page 126 Dog News 79 NATIONAL DOG SHOW RATINGS, BLUE BUFFALO/ PURINA, TERM LIMITS... e Photos of Western Michigan Cluster by Booth Photography T he so-called National Dog Show presented by Purina through the aegis of the Kennel Club of Philadelphia in a taped version of the event aired immediately after the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade is reported to have received a 5.8/13 in meteredmarket households and a 3.0/12 among viewers 18-49 in the local people meters. Final figures are due in later in the week but the early reported figures are said to be up 15 percent from last year, reaching the highest rating ever for the “National Dog Show” in the 13 years NBC has tracked it that way. These are pretty impressive early numbers since it was estimated that overall last year some 26 million homes watched all or a part of the dog show so you can only guess how high the new numbers will be! Why AKC has no presence on this show nor even any official representation is hard for e to comprehend. Furthermoe, it makes it an even Continued on page 134 Dog News 83 EVER BEEN LOST IN THE JUNGLE…?? Continued FROM page 14 worthy should be guaranteed. And if they cannot live up to the expectations they should simply be removed- or defrocked. A question I am frequently asked is how we can run shows in Europe without field reps the answer is quite easy. The way the entire system is set up, they are not needed. If you have any complaints you would normally send it with a fee to the Kennel Club in question- and eventually get a reply- and if any wrongdoings were detected it would be dealt with in due course. And the fact that there is no way of instant gratification- the complaints are rather thin on the ground. I recently was in Pennsylvania for a number of shows and witnessed all these people who are probably potential future judges intending to get as many boxes ticked during that weekend as possible- and I also had a few requests for ringside mentoring, which I politely refused due to lack of time. But I witnessed a number of people spending minutes ringside, being mentored, then had a form signed and moved on. This is not the way to create future knowledgeable, competent and trustworthy judges who can walk through this jungle without needing rules to command their every little move. So much has been said- and will always be said – about the best way to prepare new people for the task of judging dogs. A task don’t think anybody even after decades of experience will say is easy. (Well, I must mention my old friend, the late English handler Albert s w e N g o D The ialty, 2016 Spec All-Breed & Group Variety Dog Show Calendar in print form is now available: $15.00 per copy Order online: www.dognews.com/calendar or email: [email protected], Fax: 212-675-5994, or regular mail with coupon: Langley who declared: “I cannot see there is a problem judging dogs, you just put the best one first, then the second best, etc., etc. People make it sound so complicated…”) I wish we all had his gift and talent! I think the USA is the only country in the world where you can approach your first judging appointment without ever having set foot (other than as an exhibitor or steward) in the show ring. In Great Britain you must have proved your ability to run a ring by judging, in some cases, hundreds of classes- and in most European countries you will have served as an apprentice judge prior to your final exam. (In addition to the initial course in all aspects of the game from anatomy, movement, genetics, rules, etc., etc., which is a mandatory step in prior to entering the “ring stages”). But what you will also have been able to prove is your ability to handle people, dogs and pressure, which are areas where I think many still fail. No system is perfect, but I still don’t think that micro managing the world of dog show judges will benefit our sport in the long run. The more rules, the more reasons for conflicts and complaints. Even if I suspect that at the onset the opposite effect was the desired one. Conclusion: Make judges selection and qualifications harder and include realistic “ring time” so you can be confident they can handle that tough job of judging dogs. Including all the conflicts along the way. And please remove or at least review those rules that really make no sense. Until next time… The Dog News Specialty, All-Breed & Group Variety Show 2016 Dog Show Calendar CHECK ONE: CHECK ENCLOSED The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed Dog News 85 Dog News 87 Why A Petition to Split A Breed Makes No Sense Continued FROM page 18 Group that we find most examples of marked type differences in the native British gundog breeds. Just as we see English Springer Spaniels in the USA that are considerably removed from the ideal, so do we find many Irish and English Setters that would be regarded as somewhat extreme by the British purists. There are of course other breeds that have polarised – notably the Shih Tzu which is classified as a Toy in the USA but a Utility (Non Sporting) breed in the UK. The physical differences that have become established over the years are of course emphasised by more stylised presentation and grooming but that is merely superficial. Having pockets of a breed elsewhere which are somewhat “different” can sometimes be of help to breeders when they need to correct or improve specific points in their own stock and history has documented several examples of intelligent breeders doing just that. However, type differences tend to be accepted for what they are where they are without petitioning for separating a breed into two. To find such an extreme move actually happening we have to go back to 1946 when the American Kennel Club decided that the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel should be regarded henceforth as two separate breeds. When you look at the examples of Cocker Spaniels winning in the USA prior to separation I think it would be fair to say that their changes from the original were much more dramatic than any seen in Shetland Sheepdogs, English Springers or any other breed since. One of the strengths of the British dog world has always been its breeders, people who dedicate their life to their chosen breed and developing a strong line. The most successful breeders are those who do not see their geese 88 Dog News as swans, who recognise faults in their own stock and are prepared to look elsewhere for new blood which they can use to their advantage. We do not have breed wardens in this country; breeders still have great freedom of choice and I believe it is an insult to the intelligence to suggest that breeders do not know what is best for their own breeding programmes. Here in the UK we have seen many breeds changed for the better by the infusion of a little judiciouslyused American blood. Just look at Lhasa Apsos, Beagles and Standard Poodles for example to see how the importation of key American dogs has helped when these dogs have been used on bitches that have generations of intense breed type behind them. The result has been offspring that have movement, presence and star quality – yet still they maintain correct type - and they themselves then take their breed to the next level. Smart breeders have for many years looked across the Atlantic to see what is happening with their breed and have often imported new blood with good effect. The disappearance of quarantine has had a huge effect on the British show scene, notably at Crufts, and when outstanding American dogs have made the trip (often very successfully) they have made the cleverer British breeders sit up and look. That great bastion of British dogdom, the Terrier Group, has been particularly affected by the American presence when it is obvious that great dogs are being bred outside our sainted isles. Coincidentally I was just recently judging a huge entry of Shetland Sheepdogs in Finland and ended up making a 13 months blue merle male BOB who I considered to be outstanding. His dam was BOS and she apparently was bred from a bitch imported from Canada. Thanks to the wonders of the Finnish Kennel Club’s marvellous breeding database I have researched his pedigree as I was interested to find out what breeding was behind him because his maternal grand dam is the Canadian import, Finnish & Canadian Ch Grandgables Carnan’s Hush Hush. I was then fascinated to discover in his pedigree some wonderful longestablished British kennel names such as Shelert, Riverhill, Francehill, Deloraine, Rhinog, Janetstown, Scylla, Glenmist, Jefsfire, Herds, Myriehewe & Willowtarn ... these are some of the most famous kennel names in British Sheltie history, several of them being owned by people who would be considered by the most fervent advocates of “British type” to be doyennes of the breed. In my opinion he was a fine example of what can be produced when breeders are open-minded and breed intelligently, using the best of what is now available internationally. The last time I awarded Challenge Certificates to Shetland Sheepdogs in the UK was in October 2015. The winner of my Bitch Reserve CC was a Canadian import whilst my Best Puppy was a most exciting young male, imported from Australia but carrying a lot of American breeding. Of course I was judging these dogs to the British Breed Standard and had no idea how anything was bred, not that it would have mattered one jot. There has been mention of health problems being one of the reasons for this petition … surely if health problems do actually exist, cutting the gene pool in half would be totally counter-productive? Judges should be capable of assessing the dogs in front of them in the context of the Breed Standard that is in force in the country where they are judging based on the dogs’ physical merits without worrying – or even thinking - about what their ancestry happens to be. I am sure that this petition, if it does ever reach Clarges Street, will be dealt with intelligently and that the Shetland Sheepdog will continue to survive as one breed around the world. Muldoon Wins The 2015 American Bloodhound Club Top 20 Thank you Judges for awarding this honor to Muldoon Gold GCh. Badgershill Muldoon of Heather, MT, MTI AKC Judge Dr. Ronald Spritzer Breeder Judge Ms. Lynn Bailey Handler Judge Mr. Stephen Cabral And a special thanks to: Handler Larry, Fenner, CA & Breeder Aine Dorgan, Ireland Owned by Lyn Sherman, California Dog News 89 Rain Or Shine, It’s All About The Hounds! American Bloodhound Club’s 2015 National Specialty By Camille McArdle, DVM American Bloodhound Club President “R ain, rain, go away!” was the prevailing sentiment at the onset of the American Bloodhound Club’s 2015 National Specialty during the period October 25 – 30. The first few days of our Nationals are devoted to Mantrailing and Tracking Trials, obviously held outdoors. The incessant rain and strong winds presented quite a challenge not to the hounds but to the handlers and trail-layers! The rest of us were also hard put just to get our gear unloaded and into the hotel without getting drenched. This year’s event was located at the Holiday Inn and Eukanuba/Roberts Center, located in Wilmington, OH. This wonderful site is located in the middle of a triangle formed by Cincinnati, Columbus, and Dayton. There was plenty of open space around the site for walking dogs. Parking lots were also extensive. Dog handlers were thrilled to find the three large, completely fenced yards, one of them big enough for an agility trial, that the dogs enjoyed rain or shine. Being in crates for hours traveling, the hounds were delighted to run free, off leash, and make new friends in their usual rowdy way. The Roberts Center is set up very well for dog events. There are four large event halls with meeting rooms close by. One could walk a hound from the hotel room, through the lobby and along a walkway to the event hall. Our 70’ X 70’ ring still left plenty of room for vendors, a photo setup, rows of grooming spaces, and displays of large raffle items. A near-by room held the Bloodhound Boutique, allowing exhibitors to shop easily while still keeping an eye on the 90 Dog News ring. There was coffee in the lobby each morning and a bar and restaurant on site. The hotel staff was fabulous and accommodating, doing whatever they could to make our event a success. In spite of the rain and wind, 11 out of 18 Mantrailing attempts were passed, including two of three in the Mantrailing Excellent category. All four of the TD entrants qualified as well. A good hound is intrepid!! On Wednesday the fun included Obedience and Rally, then Futurity judging, an “itty-bitty puppy” match, a pumpkin carving contest, and the Top 20 event. Obedience always draws a crowd because some bloodhounds can be amusingly independent. Judge Debra Schneider had 13 in Obedience, including TWO braces, and 9 in Rally. One would think the handlers are gluttons for punishment but in some cases that is simply not true. A week after the National, the AKC website featured a video of Jan Rothwell very successfully working her brace of hounds. Futurity litters are nominated while in utero and individual puppies nominated prior to the age of four months. The Futurity entrants this year were judged by Eileen Peers of Cheshire, England. Eileen is an annual visitor to our National Specialties and absolutely loves the hounds. From her entry of 24, Mrs. Peers found “Barnaby” (Rosehill Rainbow of Gold Round My Shoulder) from the 12-15 month dog class as her Grand Futurity Winner. Our Top 20 event is judged by three individuals and their findings tallied by an outside auditor. The dogs were exhibited on Wednesday, while the spectators were treated to a huge dessert bar. Sensory overload in all directions!! This year’s judges were Ron Spritzer (AKC judge), Lynn Bailey (ABC breeder), and Stephen Cabral (handler). Everyone had to wait until Friday evening’s Annual Meeting to find out the results of the judging. Thursday started with Sweepstakes, judged by our own Bob Dowd, of Virginia. Bob had 13 Veterans and 41 youngsters to judge! Best Veteran Dog went to “Garth” (GCH Soonipi Friends in Low Places MLH) and Best Veteran Bitch was “Kitty” (GCH Heathers Cat on a Hot Tin Roof). These two hounds oozed breed type and soundness; they were a joy to watch and fabulous examples for our breeders to emulate. On the other end of the age spectrum Bob found “Selfie” (Flessner’s International Snapshot), a red bitch from the 12-18 month class, as his Grand Sweeps Winner. After lunch, Dr. Robert Indeglia began his judging with the class dogs. From an entry of 35, he selected Kathy Reid’s Canadian-bred Mason’s Ussard D’Lia Phail as Winners Dog from the Open class. Reserve went to Heather’s The Winner Takes All, also bred in Canada. Because the National this year includ- ed Halloween, the theme of the event was “Get your spook on!” Activities and decorations through the week revolved around this theme. On Thursday evening, after a presentation on bloat research (always a scary topic), ABC members had fun with a costume contest. We saw pirate dogs, Sherlocks, a flea circus, bumblebees, a ballerina, a deer hunter, a surgeon, and these were just the dogs! Humans appeared as Supergirl, Dorothy from Oz, and my personal favorite, human wine and cheese. Meanwhile, “Waldo” kept photobombing everyone’s pictures. All in good fun! Back to the show ring on Friday for more breed judging. We began with lumps in our throats for the 12 wonderful Veterans. Class bitches totaled 29. Dr. Indeglia selected Saka’s Hollywood Nights at Pacesetter from the Open class for Winners Bitch. Reserve was “Selfie”, which finished her championship. Then the judge began working his way through the 55 specials. For the third National in a row “Nathan” (GCH Flessner’s International S’Cess) was selected Best of Breed. This was also his retirement show, so it was a fitting way to go out. Best of Winners went to the WD. Best of Opposite was GCH Quiet Creek’s Kiss and Tell. Select Dog was GCH Badgershill Muldoon of Heather, MT, MTI, and Select Bitch was GCH Quiet Creek’s Double or Nothing for Heather. Judges Awards of Merit were: “Garth” (the Veteran Dog and also Best Owner-Handled), GCH Quiet Creek’s Limited Edition, GCH Flessners International Space Station at Honidge, GCH Hickoryhollow’s Candygram for Mongo, GCH Jo-Li’s Lollipop Guild, and the WB. This year’s National was dedicated to the memory of Cathy Brey-Marler, who passed away in May. Her presence was very strong, particularly during the banquet and Annual Meeting. Many items in the auction came from her estate and people were anxious to own these treasures, especially her own copies of the two editions of her book, The Complete Bloodhound. Not to be forgotten, the Top 20 Winner was announced at the banquet. Much to her complete surprise and joy, Lyn Sherman’s “Muldoon” (GCH Badgershill Muldoon of Heather, MT, MTI) had been selected for this honor. A hearty congratulations to all the winners, as well as to the many exhibitors and attendees who prioritized good sportsmanship and respect for one another and for the venue itself. Plans are well on their way toward the 2016 National, to be held in Chattanooga, TN. See you there! Dog News 91 Question of the week Continued FROM page 22 Sure, all of these dogs need homes, but preventing the next litter is equally important. I have been a professional groomer for almost 50 years, and I have managed to anger a considerable amount of customers that wanted to breed their pet, when I tell them “Susie” has no business being bred, and I offer a lengthy explanation. The point I am trying make here, is that it is everyone’s responsibility to educate the public, take every and any opportunity to explain to people what responsible dog breeding should be and how to go about getting a healthy pet for their family, a pet that will match their needs, personality and family members. The American Kennel Club recently asked the parent clubs to offer a Health Statement, to be displayed on their website. I was excited when I first started reading the letter, until this paragraph, “As far as the AKC Staff is concerned, this definitive statement will be the ultimate resource for the health policy of each Parent club. In fact, if the club’s “health statement” indicates that there are NO recommended tests, AKC.org will state that there are no recommended tests, even if the breed does have something listed in CHIC or even in COE.” In the eyes of the general public, The American Kennel Club is looked upon as the pure bred dog authority. The general public equates “AKC Late Answer To November 27 Question, Which format do you prefer AKC to use for its wholly owned and operated Dog Show held annually in December insofar as the Conformation competitions are concerned- should it be held as originally founded as an Invitational type event only or as the totally open Dog Show into which it has evolved? Mareth kipp Sorry, I was out of town until late last night. If you still have room for an answer, I like the idea of a totally open show. With all the specialties prior to the weekend, class dogs are already there. I always felt the “Invitational” format was elitist just by the nature of the invitation. We have enough difficulty getting new people involved in the sport and instead of opening our arms to them, we are in essence telling them they aren’t welcome. What a great venue to welcome all. Huge rings, great grooming spaces, to say nothing about the great weather. Let’s encourage everyone who wishes to enter, to have a spot for them. 92 Dog News registered” as the gold standard. And that by merely being a dog registered by The American Kennel Club, along with that registration is an automatic stamp of approval for quality. How many times have you heard a pet person say “He’s got his papers, he is AKC registered!” I would want AKC to validate that perception of AKC by the general public, in doing everything possible, by offering them every bit of information to make an educated and informed decision on how to acquire a healthy pure bred dog for their family pet. I understand that AKC relies on the parent club for a number of reason, but the general public has no idea what a parent club is. And there are a number of breeds who have and are suffering hereditary defects because the parent clubs, and breeders, were not honest and/or forthcoming about their breed’s problems. If we want to draw the general public back to “buy from a breeder”, the parent clubs, the breeders and AKC must make a case on the sound practices, health testing and advantages of buying from a responsible breeder. Cindy Knox I watched the National Dog Show. It was a dog show....the exposure was good for our sport. Flew out before the end but family when we landed asked the breed that won. Very non dog people so very good! Lots of curious questions. I must say that I question the number of dogs in the other program. How many are legitimate rescues from the U.S. and how many are in legitimate rescues instead of retail rescue? Jacqueline Gottlieb This response is limited......my arthritic fingers don’t type with ease or accuracy. While baking an apple pie I saw most of the NBC offering. The quality of the entry was impressive, although the lengthy commercials were distracting. You did get a brief glimpse of each dog in the group individually, but the close-ups were of only a very few. In the limited “dog time” the announcers did a decent job explaining breed characteristics and functions. All adding up to a limited plus for pure bred dogs. I was unaware of the existence of the evening broadcast, but would love to see a clarification of the “eight million”. How many of these are “Feline”? ANSWERED BUT DIDn’T WATCH SHOWS: Rod Herner This is the first time in many years that I have missed watching the National Dog Show. I was in transit to Thanksgiving dinner with my grandchildren in the Poconos. I do think that it is marvelous that the dog show has secured such a wonderful time slot just after the Macy’s Parade on NBC. I get more favorable comments about this show from my family, friends and grooming clients than from any other. The KC of Philadelphia members do it right by running many ads prior to the airing of the show. Kudos to all of them! Positive exposure like this is priceless! Jon Cole Sorry, did not see either program. I was flying. Joe Purkhiser Sorry, Thanksgiving was a family day for us. We watched neither of the programs. Jackson Secrets Sorry, I did not watch either, and I will just keep my thoughts to myself. Kerrie Kuper Have not watched either program, did record the National dog show for later viewing. Gary Doerge Sorry, but I was unable to watch either broadcast. I really should not comment without being fully informed. Merry Millner We were busy with family so we did not see either so I am afraid I am not much help!!!!! Robert Schroll As I only watch the Philadelphia dog show I don’t feel that I can comment on the question. William Taylor Sorry to be late in answering. Too much on my mind I guess. I did not see either of the programs so cannot give an opinion. Best In Show, Multiple Reserve Best In Show, Multiple Reserve Owner Handler Best In Show, Multiple Group Winner GCh. Remedi’s Churchill Downs e n o s y r e v u E s f e h s i u R ondeWrful Holiday Season! aW 2015 #2 Breed/#1 Breed Male Sussex Spaniel 2015 #2 OH Sussex Spaniel • 2015 #4 All Breed With limited showing & Owner Handled * * Much Appreciation To Those Judges Who Have Awarded Rufus’s Quality Breed Type & Movement. Owner ~ Mary Jo Marsh Breeder ~ Debbi Miller ~ remedisussexspaniels.org The Dog News Top Ten List Dog News 93 ‘Tis The Season: Gifts For Dog Lovers Continued FROM page 30 of these books as gifts. A few things have changed in ring protocol over the years but these books are still incredibly useful. If you’re at a dog show, you can often find vendors with some of these older books in good condition or you can find them online. Other gifts If you are looking for gifts for children, there are a multitude of great movies about dogs and most of them have made the transition to current viewing technologies. Milo & Otis, the Beethoven movies, The Incredible Journey and its remake Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey, Turner and Hooch, Lassie Come Home, A Dog of Flanders, The Biscuit Eater, The Call of the Wild, Marley & Me, Hachiko, 101 Dalmatians, Big Red (a personal favorite), and Old Yeller (if you can stand it). And who doesn’t love Lady and the Tramp? And there are more. Most of these movies are suitable for younger children or watching with parental guidance if the subject matter is too intense. There are lots of great purebred dogs in these movies, too. You can also find lots of breedthemed gifts online. I personally must own every item ever made that features a picture of an English Setter – an umbrella, coasters, jewelry, clothes, a blanket, pajamas, a tote bag, keychains, and the list goes on. I’m a sucker for breed items and I know a lot of other people are, too. They make great gifts and you can usually find something that fits your budget. If you decide to give a breed item as a gift, try to choose something that actually looks like the breed. I won a necklace at a raffle once that was supposed to be an English Setter and I swear it’s a Dalmatian. People know the difference when they have a breed. Gifts for dogs Your dog will certainly be expecting some special cookies or treats and maybe a few 94 Dog News new toys when he sees you opening your own presents. You can always make your dog some homemade dog cookies but if time is short, I always like cookies from Three Dog Bakery. I think they are my dogs’ favorite cookies but opinions may vary. You can usually find a good selection of extra special dog cookies and treats online and at boutique pet stores. If your dog’s toys are looking ratty and you have been repairing them, it’s definitely time for some new toys. (My dogs take every favorite toy to the backyard and sooner or later I forget to bring them inside so they get ruined.) Every dog is different but you can always find a good selection of stuffed (plush) animals, balls, chew toys, and other old favorites. If your dog is especially bad about ripping the stuffing out of toys, you might want to consider stuffing-free toys. There is less mess to clean up. Dogs arguably have just as much fun with a stuffing-free toy since they can still carry them around and tug on them as usual. Be sure to choose the chew toy that is best for your dog. Some dogs are more active chewers than others and can decimate a nice rubber ball in minutes. Balls should always be too large for your particular dog to swallow since this could lead to choking. People will probably always debate whether dogs should have rawhides and what kind. I believe the current thinking is that if you want to give your dog rawhides you should buy the ones that use USDA-inspected beef; and the rawhides should be sterilized. Also, you should watch and supervise while your dog chews. For safety reasons, take the chew away when it gets slimy so your dog doesn’t tear off little pieces and swallow them. You can put it in the freezer and let it re-harden so you can give it back to your dog in a day or two. This way he can continue to enjoy it without running the risk of choking on small pieces of the rawhide. Dental chews have become very popular for dogs in recent years. They come in different textures. Nubby chews, for instance, are said to help massage a dog’s gums. You can add doggy toothpaste to some dental chews – an easy way to get your dog to brush his teeth. There are lots of fun interactive toys for dogs, too, that can make a great gift. Toys like the Buster Cube requires your dog to roll it and play with it so it will dispense treats. Nina Ottoson puzzles are great for dogs. The dog has to figure out how the puzzle works and move particular pieces to find the treat. You can even make these puzzles more difficult as your dog figures out the easier levels. Of course, the best gift you can give your dog is usually just spending time with him. Whew! The days may be short, but there’s a lot to do. Christmas, Hanukkah, the winter solstice – whatever holiday you celebrate this time of year, they can all zap your energy. I hope you have a wonderful holiday season and get to spend some quality time with your dogs and loved ones. And, in the new year, may your girls have beautiful, healthy litters and all of your dogs win the ribbons you want. Dog News 95 THE STANDARD POODLE Continued FROM page 44 For Anita Justinus, who owns Isaac (Ch MACH Dassin Hillwood Soul Man CD BN RA MXS MJS XF T2B THD CGC ADD), the choice is also agility but she adds rally to the mix. “Poodles are very intelligent and the more experiences they have, the better companions they become. It is incredibly rewarding to see how easily they excel at many different activities. They are forever surprising us. They are not just pretty faces. They are energetic, athletic animals who want to please. Their success is due to their intelligence, work ethic and temperament. They are just a joy to teach!” “Poodles are probably the most versatile breed in the world and that’s saying a lot. They are smart and athletic. Some are driven, some are laid back, some are in between but all are very people focused and respond well to training. There literally is a place and activity for every type of Poodle. The breed has excelled in agility, the field, obedience, lure coursing, herding, barn hunt, tracking and as therapy dogs and each of these activities are appropriate for the spectrum of correct Poodle temperament. Poodles from the earliest time in the breed’s history were used to do whatever was needed by their owners and thus they became a jack-of-all-trades breed. I do field work, where we compete against a bar set very high by the specialist retriever breeds, Labradors, Goldens, Chesapeakes, etc, and conformation with my Standard Poodles. We tried agility but a slow handler with a fast dog is not a particularly good combination,” said Joyce Carelli, who owns MacGregor (HR Ch Carlyn Hard Spun SH WCX UIC) and Janie (SHR Ch Carlyn Calamity Jane JH NA WCX.) While the breed is known for its versatility, that doesn’t mean there aren’t issues that face Poodle owners participating in the various dog sports. “We have problems with water retrieves,” said Gelbmann. “This is not due to a lack of desire on the part of Poodles but mainly the result of fashion in the show ring which is producing a lot of Poodles that are very straight in the shoulder and 96 Dog News have long necks. I’m an AKC field judge and a rehab specialist and I’m also seeing this in Labradors as breeders of field Labs have become focused on breeding for speed. Upright shoulders, as opposed to a layback angle, reduce the dog’s ability to reach resulting in less efficient swimming ability. Shoulder injuries are the primary injury I’m seeing. In agility, the shoulder angle of a dog can also be a problem because the straighter the shoulder, the more prone the dog can be to shoulder stress and injury. Another issue is that Poodles have been bred away from their original purpose as duck dogs for many generations so they are not genetically hard-wired to hunt like most of the sporting breeds. However, this is changing as more Poodle owners are returning to the field. As long as we’re on the subject of conformation, a professional handler is a necessity if you plan to show a Poodle. The show ring is very political and it is difficult for most amateur handlers to get points on a dog. Also, maintaining the Poodle coat for the show ring requires meticulous care. If you do field work, Tye is the first of my dogs that was sent to a professional retriever trainer but you can’t send a Poodle to just any professional trainer because you cannot train a Standard Poodle the way you train a Labrador because of the Poodle’s intelligence. They won’t tolerate unclear or inconsistent training and they can outsmart you. Another reason for sending him to a pro is that it is an unfortunate fact that in order to be competitive in the hunt test program these days, particularly at the master level, a dog has to be trained every day. Most amateurs are not capable of maintaining that kind of schedule and that is especially true if you have a job and a family.” For Justinus, the issue was rally. “Because we are a team, a sport that is difficult for one member becomes difficult for the other. For us it has been rally. The first hurdle was to identify the problems. When we began rally practice Isaac had been thoroughly enjoying agility. In agility, he was encouraged to leave my side and perform an obstacle on his own. Rally Janie (SHR Ch Carlyn Calamity Jane JH NA WCX) hits the water with the kind of authority that all retriever owners like to see. In a Canadian wheat field, Tye (HRCH Ch Lemerle Silk Tie CD MH WCX UWCX HPCX) displays some of his master hunter abilities by tracking down and retrieving a wounded pintail drake for owner Lin Gelbmann. required him to contain his enthusiasm while he still performed at my side. This was difficult for him. You have to find the right balance between the dog and the handler. Our most problem sports are those that require self-control and/or repetition. Watching a successful team makes any sport look easy but we know that their success is the result of a lot of hard work, patience and love.” Carelli had a Standard Poodle that was just a so-so show dog until an interesting answer was found. “Some dogs are much more enthusiastic about one activity or another. We had one who needed just a few more points to finish her chamContinued on page 98 Dog News 97 THE STANDARD POODLE Continued FROM page 96 pionship. While the opportunities to finish her just seemed to drag on and on, she was totally bored sitting at home so we started doing agility and field work with her in full show coat, mind you. She loved the field work so much I convinced her handler to take a dried duck wing in the show ring to use as bait to get her excited about showing because prior to that, she wasn’t the most animated dog in the ring. The duck wing worked like a dream with her. I wouldn’t be surprised if Ann Rairigh still has the wing in her tack box. One problem has always been that if you want a dog to have both a conformation and a field title, training for field activities has to take a back seat until you can shave their hair off. What this means is that you are almost always showing the dog first, usually during their first two years, and doing field work later. Unfortunately, this is also a critical training time for field work and you can never make that up that loss later in the dog’s life. However, we continue to do field work with our Poodles because we believe it is an important way to avoid the kind of show/field split we’ve seen with other sporting breeds. Field bred Labradors look nothing like the description in their standard and Goldens are just as split. Cockers in the show ring look totally different from those in the field and the list goes on and on. Unless we want that to happen to Poodles, it is important we maintain their historical function along with their physical Tye is also very good at finding and flushing upland birds. For Isaac (Ch MACH Dassin Hillwood Soul Man CD BN RA MXS MJS XF T2B THD CGC ADD) and his owner Anita Justinus, agility was a breeze but issues surfaced when they switched to rally. A successful team makes any sport look easy but their success is the result of a lot of hard work, patience and love as Isaac shows doing the weave poles on an agility course. 98 Dog News appearance. Breeding to our written standard, which, by the way, is a great one, will keep the breed looking and performing admirably in the future.” “A Poodle that meets the standard should have the correct conformation for all the things the breed has historically done–hunting, swimming, jumping, retrieving, running, just being a great overall athlete,” said DuBay. “These abilities correlate in the various titles that are available. When Poodles are titled in more than one discipline, it also affirms and strengthens a particular blood line.” Standard Poodle fanciers face several challenges, not the least of which, according to Carelli, are health issues. “We are cursed with various health problems, some of which can be tested for and some cannot. It is imperative that breeders be brutally honest about their breeding stock if we want to see a healthy breed in the next ten to 20 years. The second issue we face is structural. Front assemblies have been a problem for some time and poor feet are starting to creep in as well. Dentition and bites, critical for retrieving work, cannot be ignored or just fixed to pass on to the next generation.” “As I see it, we face three major problems,” said Gelbmann. “The first is the breed’s reputation. They are seen as frilly show dogs with goofy haircuts. In fact, they have wonderful temperaments, are very loyal to their owners and they make great family members. The second is that the breed is unknown to most hunters. For someone who wants a hunting dog but doesn’t want to have to sweep up a lot of dog hair, a Poodle is a great solution. Finally, the growing popularity of “doodles.” It is important to remember that these ‘designer dogs’ are still just mutts. The doodle hybrids are genetic wild cards and you never know what personality or physical characteristics will surface in them. For example, if someone wants a nonshedding dog, get a purebred that is genetically programmed to not shed and has a known health history. Until multiple generations of breeding have eliminated the shedding gene, doodles shed.” Dog News 99 Photos by Chris Caviness Photography and cavinessphoto.com T he French Bulldog Club of Americaâ€™s 2015 National was held the second week of October at the Crowne Plaza Louisville Airport in Louisville, Kentucky. It included an Independent Specialty, followed by the National Specialty, which offered in addition to breed/sweepstakes completion, obedience and rally, and agility, and a 4 - 6 month Beginner Puppy Competition. The Crowne Plaza is a wonderful site for a National and has been used by other breed clubs in 2015 for their Nationals including the Samoyeds and Poms. The staff is very dog friendly and willing to work on any special issues/problems that may occur. I am sure they liked having as guests small shorthaired dogs. If there is one shortcoming at this location, there is not much place on the hotel property to walk a dog, but own100 Dog News ers found places behind the hotel to exercise their dogs. For people coming in RVs their vehicles were parked across the street from the hotel in the Expo property and arrangements could be made to rent golf carts to enhance navigation to and from the hotel. FBDCA was fortunate to have two very talented, hard-working co-chairs: Donna Stoffer and Dr. Schott Holmes. When Onofrio the show superintendent was unable to send a representative to the show, Scott stepped in and served as the Show Secretary. It was wonderful to have a number of hard working members from the Louisville area who helped us plan for the National and were very busy during the week of the show to make sure everything went smoothly: Billy Huntington, Robert Smith, Stephen Miller, Kathy White McNatt, David Johnson, Sandee White, Melanie Starr, Carol Oâ€™Bryant and Jason Huff. Special thanks to Susan Neidlinger, our show treasurer, and her husband who designed the beautiful logo. The hotel already has matting and FBDCA was able to get other ring equipment from the Louisville Kennel Club. We could not find a local club or training center to rent/loan us obedience and rally equipment so that had to be brought from Massachusetts. Agility was held off site at a local training center that had its own equipment. Judging started Monday with Obedience and Rally judged by Richard Strong. There were 23 entries in obedience and 29 in Rally. High in Trial from the Novice B class with a score of 194 was Ch. Rivertrace Ruff Rider BN owned by Suzanne J Lewitzke & Carol A Given. Frenchies really enjoy do- ing Rally, a number of classes were offered including Rally Pairs - where there were three entries; and Rally Tem where there were two entries. Highest Combined Score in Advanced B and Excellent B was MACH5 Brutus CDX RE MXC2 MJB3 OF CGC owned by Michelle Hrnchar. Monday evening the FBDCA Kentucky Derby Hat & Mint Julep Welcome Party drew a huge attendance and a lot of beautiful hats! The judging of the Independent Specialty started on Monday and concluded Tuesday. The judge was Paul Pearce, a breeder judge from England. Best of Breed was Gch Ch Qazara Ti Amo a brindle female breeder-owner handled by Diane Burvee. This showy female will be two in December. Best of Winners was a black masked fawn male from Canada from the Bred By class bred/owned by Karen Cram: Karendon’s Enviabull. Best of Opposite was Ch Makaodc Robobull Catatumbo cowed by James Dalton and the dog’s breeder from Venezuela Diego Celis, another young brindle born June 2014. Tuesday evening Cindy Stansell judged 4-6 month Beginner Puppy Competition. From an entry of 30 beautiful puppies she selected TX Star’s The Party Never Ends owned and exhibited by Nancy Shaw. On Wednesday, sweepstakes was judged by Joyce Mitchell form Lebanon, Oregon. She had an entry of 144 dogs, from which she selected Makaodc Ixora Robobull Fablehaft from the 6 to 9 month class bred and owned by Diego Celis from Venezuela Best in Sweepstakes, and Eltorro’s Beau Esprit Libre Best of Opposite, which was entered in the 12 months and under 15 months class. He is bred by Linda Maingot and owned by Diego Celis. Best Veteran in Specialty Sweepstake was awarded to CH Shore’s Looks R Everything owned by Marion Hulick, A Rosenstein & B Orr and Best of Opposite Sex in Vet- eran Specialty Sweepstakes: CH Suirac’s Deal Or No Deal owned by Debbie Lynn Ecarius. Agility was held off site on Wednesday. This was the 4th year that agility has been offered at an FBDCA National, the second time in an all-breed format (which makes the trial a profitable event). There were 15 French Bulldogs entered, accounting for 45 total runs. The trial was held in Flyods Knobs, IN at Flying Feet- a beautiful indoor dog facility in Louisville. Judge Laura English (IN) was a delight to work for through the four classes (FAST, T2B, Standard & Jumpers). The club sponsored High-Scoring Masters Agility awards for both Regular and Preferred divisions. Michelle Hrnchar & Brutus (MACH5 Brutus CDX RE MXC2 MJS3 OF) repeated their win in the Regular division from 2014. Newcomers Charlene Kaye & Blitzen (Steward of St. Nick’s Sleigh AXP AJP XFP) won the Preferred division. The French Bulldog winners were Michelle Hrnchar & MACH5 Brutus CDX RE MXC2 MJS3 OF CGC and Charlene Kaye with Blitzen (Steward of St. Nick’s Sleigh AXP AJP XFP). Blitzen is also Charlene’s service dog (she suffers from Multiple Sclerosis), and they were an inspiration to us all both in and out of the ring! We d n e s d ay evening was the Top Twenty. Congratulations to chair Becky Smith and her committee on putting on such an elegant and smooth running event. Judges were Robert Hutton all breed judge, Karen Cram breeder judge, and Vinny Schettino ‘mystery judge’. Winner was Gch Ch Highwood’s Guilty Pleasure owned by Sheryl Baird. Breeder’s choice was a local dog GCh Ch. Peche Mignon Elementary My Dear bred and co-owned by Robert Smith and Stephen Miller, and co-owned by Debra and Kenneth Mattingly. At the National in breed competition there was total of 364 dogs and 582 entries. Thursday morning, breeder judge Janice Pardue from Kingsburg, CA, judged the class dogs. This was Mrs. Pardue’s first assignment at a FBDCA National. She is a long time member of FBDCA Awards at the FRENCH BULLDOG National Best of Breed: GCh. JCRV-Klasse Warrior Raising The Banner Owned by Nancy Shaw and Handled by Larry Cornelius Best of Opposite Sex: GCh. Iacta Alea Est De La Bete Owned by Patricia Hearst-Shaw and Breeders Blake Hamman & Peter Photos Handled by Jodi Longmire Best Veteran: Ch. Shore Lookin’ Good Owned by Barbara Orr, Marion Hullick & Alexandra Rosenstein Winners Dog/Best of Winners: Karendon’s Enviable Bred/Owned by Karen E. Cram Winners Bitch: Simphuni Les Peches Et A La Creme Owned by Sandee White & Desmond Simpson Best Puppy: Rickly’s Wonton Kandu It To Bayouridge Owned by Rick Ly & Mary Klein Best Bred By Exhibitor: Karendon’s Enviable Bred/Owned by Karen E. Cram and a bitch she co-owned Ch Obsession dell Akiris won BOB at the 2000 FBDCA National. Thursday afternoon, Joe Gregory judged class bitches. He is very popular with French owners having previously judged the 1999 National. In the afternoon for those who didn’t need to stay at the hotel to show their dogs, there were afternoon trips to the Evan Williams Bourbon Tour and the Kentucky Derby Horse Museum offered. Friday morning Mrs. Pardue started by judging Junior Showmanship. Best Junior was Terrance D Waterhouse from the Open Senior class. Joe Gregory returned to judge 16 Veteran Bitches. Mrs. Pardue returned to judge Best of Breed - 77 dogs and 53 bitches were entered. Congratulations to all the winners and thank you to everyone who worked so hard to make this National a success. Next year the National will be held at the Alexis Park in Las Vegas. Dog News 101 The 2015 Thanksgiving Classic Cluster Continued FROM page 52 cancelled out for the rest of the weekend on Thursday. Both were judging full loads all four days, so this really caused some consternation replacing them on such short notice. Another judge did not make it for his Friday morning assignment. The cluster can always count on Tom Davies, Ed Lyons and Dorie Crowe to rise to the occasion and quietly and efficiently solve the problems. The cluster extends a big thanks and much gratitude to Fred Ferris (who gave up his weekend of golf), Jim Covey (who was on a busman’s holiday at the Cluster) and all of the judges who stepped up to the circumstance and took over the assignments in order for the shows to go off pretty much as scheduled. Meredith Johnson- Snyder was a great trooper and a committed dog show judge. She was bitten in the ring by an exhibit just before lunch on Friday and had to go to the Emergency Room. (The paramedic on duty at the show had to force her to go to the ER because she did not want to stop judging and miss her afternoon assignment.) After getting stitches, she returned and judged the next two days. She kept a smile on her face and not once did she lament about the incident. She is a true lady and 100% a dog person. I think most of you will remember the television show, “Dallas”. Remember when J.R. was shot and for the whole summer hiatus of the show, everyone asked the question of “Who shot J.R?” Well the question of the weekend and subject of much laughter was “Who took the basket of tea bags from the show hospitality table?” Unlike “Dallas”, we never found out and so it is a question that we will never have an answer to. Sunday night club members packed-up, put everything in the truck to go back to the storage shed and limped out of the building tired and exhausted, but with a sense of pride that their four clubs had put on another great cluster despite the minor inconveniences that they had to contend with. Much credit for a successful Cluster can be attributed to the Show Chairmen: Jane Wilkinson (Holyoke), Dennis Vendrillo (South Windsor), Ed Lyons (Windham County) and Tom Davies (Springfield) and the Cluster chair, who kept the shows successfully operational, despite the glitches. The chief stewards for the four days, Laurie Maulucci and Abby Patrizio, did a superb job of getting the stewards and keeping the rings running. Some of the stewards were held up in traffic on the second day of the cluster because the Interstate was shut down due to a bad accident and yet all of the rings were able to open on time and the show started on time, thanks to their good management. I only mention these glitches because they were small problems that could have been big ones if the cluster had not had very good, experienced and non-flappable show committees, show secretaries and AKC reps. working together. These little unforeseen problems can and do happen at every show at one time or another and when they do, all you can do is take them in stride, fix them and go on with the show. The Thanksgiving Classic Cluster did this most admirably. Obedience and Rally were in the Mallary Building. Kevin Thomas was chief steward for all four days. Beverly Haramut ran the Holyoke trials; Lee Gerrish did double duty for Windham County and South Windsor Kennel Clubs; and Laurie Merritt, and Joyce Lak ran Springfield Kennel Club’s trials. The cluster added a new special event this year hosting an AKC Obedience trial for the 4-H kids in the Better Living Center on Sunday. This was very well received by parents and kids. By doing this as a separate trial from the Obedience and Rally trials in the Mallary Building, the cluster was able to keep the costs to the clubs and the 4-H participants to a minimum. Jane Wilkinson was the show secretary. Nine 4-H exhibitors got their first leg towards an AKC title (six Beginner Novice A, two Pre-Novice and one Novice A). It is hoped that with the kids getting their first leg towards an Obedi- ence title, this will be an incentive for them to continue in Obedience competition. The judge was Donna Blews-Pappas, who donated her adjudication to the cause. I think there was an entry of 17. Several of the entrants said that they had wanted to enter an AKC Obedience Trial but were intimidated by the thought that they would be competing with adults. Maybe we should consider a junior’s program for Obedience, Rally and Agility just as we have in conformation. Friday, Canine Good Citizen and AKC Community Canine Advanced Good Citizenship Testing were offered; Laurie LaValle and Tibby Chase were the approved CGC evaluators. Eighteen dogs earned titles. On Saturday and Sunday there was a Well Dog Eye Clinic (Dr. Alexandra van der Woerdt was the examining Ophthalmologist) and an On-site Semen Collection offered by Dr. William Truesdale. Additionally, there was a Microchip Implant Clinic and an Auscultation Clinic. The cluster also again held a special feature for German Shepherd Dogs in memory of Fred Olsen. Specialty judges and a double ring were provided to the exhibitors. There was a large number of vendors, thanks to Roberta Davies, the vendor chair. In addition to the Owner Handler Series and the Four to Six Month Puppy Classes offered each day, the Thursday show offered Best Bred By, the Friday Show offered Best Puppy, the Saturday Show offered Best Veteran and the Sunday show hosted the Best of the Best, which I will tell you more about later. Barbara Ohmann and Pat Lejman were at the shows again this year with the AKC Booth. Barbara and Pat manned it together Thursday and Friday, but then Pat had to hold down the fort on Saturday and Sunday as Barbara was manning the “My Dog Can Do That” area. This has proven to be a very popular activity for the community. AKC sends e-mails to people who Continued on page 104 102 Dog News #7 overall, The Dog News Top Ten List - All Breed Dog News 103 The 2015 Thanksgiving Classic Cluster Continued FROM page 102 have recently registered a dog and invites them to come and participate. They do come, they do get interested and they seem to have a good time. Barbara has a list of training facilities in the New England area that she gives out to those interested in pursuing this activity. Everything done at the cluster is hosted by all four clubs, regardless of what day it takes place. The four cubs share in the work and the expense of the special events. On Saturday the cluster hosted a Junior Handling Competition for the 4-H kids as a Non-Regular Class so that they could show their Canine Partners. (Most of the dogs were pure bred and all were very obviously much loved by their young owners.) Forty-eight 4-H kids were entered and Michael Work was the judge. Ed Lyons was the Show Secretary for this event. On Sunday, we held the Obedience Trial for the 4-H kids as mentioned earlier. I strongly encourage all clubs to try to involve these youngsters in their shows. All of the 4-H clubs in New England were invited to come. The cluster has been doing this for several years and it has proven to be very popular. It brings in a new group of dog lovers, some of who have never been interested in AKC competition prior to this experience. Many clubs claim that their membership is aging out, here is a great resource. Please remember, when the kids get involved in an activity, so do their parents. Also, on Saturday was the Handlers of Tomorrow (HOT) clinic. The show shuts down for an hour at noon and all of the judges and their stewards go to lunch. The AKC Registered Handlers come into the rings and work with the kids in groups of three or four. Patty Proctor and her helpers organize this event and the kids and their parents love it. This is for all the young people, no age requirement, including the 4-H youngsters. It is a nice way to introduce the younger kids into our Junior Program and to help the older ones improve their handling skills. I think that Laurie Maulucci summed it up better than anything that I could say; “We had 68 juniors on Saturday attend the AKC/ RHP (Registered Handlers Program) clinic with their dogs. They received mentoring in the ring from the professional handlers who gave up their lunch break to spend time with the kids. The cluster clubs provide a boxed lunch for the kids, and then Jackets for Juniors invites them to browse the hundreds of items of clothing brought in on racks and take whatever they want at no charge. Words are inadequate 104 Dog News when attempting to describe the look on their faces.” They also are given a “goody bag”. The cluster does not have any junior events or classes on school days, so, as you can see, the Saturday and Sunday shows (when the cluster is not Thanksgiving weekend) are really jam packed with activities for our next generation of dog people. The four clubs sponsor the Northeast Junior Handler of the Year competition on Saturday. To be eligible to compete, a junior must have won a first place in two or more Open Classes at AKC member or licensed shows held between November 1, 2014 and October 31, 2015. They must be at least 9 years old at the time of each qualifying win and they must be a resident of CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, RI, VT. The first place winner receives a thousand dollar scholarship, second place, a five hundred dollar scholarship, third place, a three hundred dollar scholarship and fourth place receives a two hundred dollar scholarship for their higher education. The Northeast Junior Handler for 2015 was Colleen Longley handling her Tibetan Spaniel; 2nd place was awarded to Charlotte Gagliard handling her Pembroke Welsh Corgis; third place went to Joshua Frenia handling his Smooth Dachshund and fourth place went to Danielle Meyers handling her Rottweiler. Ed Lyons officiated. Congratulations to all. One of the highlights of our cluster each year is the awarding of the William J. Trainor Award. This is a very special award that the cluster gives out. Each year the member clubs of the cluster recognize someone that they feel has made outstanding contributions to the sport of dogs for “Meritorious Service to the Dog World Signifying the Ideals Manifested by William J. Trainor” and give them an award in Bill’s memory. Past winners have been Grace Brewin, the first recipient, followed by Wendell Sammet, Fred Olson, Dr. Robert Smith, Tom Davies, David and Peggy Wampold, Mari-Beth O’Neill, Virginia Perry Gardiner and Anna Goulet, Patty Proctor, Ed Lyons, Charlotte Clem McGowan, Penny Kretchmer, Ron Menaker, Rick Krieger, Barbara Ohmann, and John Ashbey. The person who received the award this year was most deserving and I think a credit to our dog world family. Carol Morse, steward extraordinaire. Bill used to say that you have to give back to the sport, you cannot just take from it and Carol certainly gives back to the sport in so many ways. She stewards for almost every show in the Northeast, she is always cheerful and always willing to pitch in and work. She is a very special lady. The cluster also recognized Michael Maulucci for all that he has done for our Jackets for Junior’s Program. (He owns several Battiston’s Cleaners in Avon and Farmington, CT). Michael takes all of the gently used clothing donated throughout the year and cleans each item, makes minor repairs, stores the clothing and then sends everything on racks to the show to be given out to the juniors. In short, he makes the Jacket for Juniors Program possible and the cluster is very appreciative of what he does for our juniors. The Best of the Best on Sunday night after Best in Show (mentioned earlier) is actually the Grace Brewin Memorial Competition and is one of my favorite cluster special events. To be eligible to compete, the dog has to be entered all four days, have won Best in Show at least one of the days or have won four group placements over the four days. All of the dogs are great dogs and the handlers are really competing against each other as to who can best sell their dog to the judge. Great dogs and great handlers, what more can I say. The judge this year was the talented Johnny Shoemaker, well known for his many sequined hats and he knows how to put on a great show. The judge is not announced prior to judging. The Top Dog of the Cluster was awarded to the Boxer, GCH Mephisto’s Speak Of The Devil handled by Diego Fernando Garcia. The pair got a rosette and a check for $500.00 and much applause. It was a very eventful and busy cluster weekend and the only way that all of the above could be accomplished was by the four clubs working together, sharing the work, sharing the expenses and sharing the headaches. Members of the four clubs worked all four days, not just for their club. I might tell you that in doing this, the members have gotten to be good friends and work together on everything, not just the cluster. They support each other in everything each club does. We need to all work together for the advancement of our sport and for the continuation of it. If you have not contacted your cable provider and asked them to carry the new FidoTV channel, I urge you to do so. Hopefully, we will see you all in Orlando. Dog Shows of Central Florida Continued FROM page 56 One hour north, the Greater Ocala Dog Club owns their own showgrounds, 40 acres of fields and forest on level ground in Marion County. Greater Ocala and Seminole Dog Fanciers Association did a four-show weekend. Greater Ocala Club president Phil Briasco was cool and smiling as he greeted the many out-of-state judges and exhibitors. On Thursday, Best in Show went to the Boxer from New York, Ch. Vixyo’s Golden Hammer, judged by Dr. Carol White-Moser. On Friday the 13th, winner of Best in Show was a smooth Dachshund bred, owned and handled by Arvind DeBraganca, Ch. Passport What Did You Say SS. Arvind said, “I was so happy my wife Joyce was there to see this win! This bitch has won other Bests, but we were always out of town. This time, Joyce was right at ringside. There were a lot of tears.” Saturday’s Best in Show went to Shih Tzu Ch. Hallmark Jolei Rocket Power owned by Patricia Hearst Shaw and Luke and Diane Ehricht, judged by the thoroughly nice Czech judge with the unpronounceable name, Attila Czegledi. On Sunday, the Boxer doubled his total by once again going Best, this time under Judge Dorothy Collier. A Whippet owned by local veterinarian Dr. Jennifer Brisbois came from Open Bitch 106 Dog News class to win a highly competitive Best of Breed on Saturday, then won the Hound Group, then went on to Reserve Best in Show! Every owner’s dream – all the way from Open Class to the Best in Show ring. A win like this keeps the dream alive for everyone. The bitch was shown by her breeder, Debbie Butt. After all those brilliant wins Saturday evening, the bitch had to be absent on Sunday from the competition because her hard-working owner was called in to perform emergency surgery on one of Debbie’s Border Collies. Anatolian Shepherd Dog fanciers organized to hold an unofficial supported entry on the weekend. 15 Anatolians were entered, a huge number for this very low entry breed. Deborah Grunnah’s Ch. Island Farm’s Heathrow won the breed Saturday and Patrea Pabst’s Ch. Alaturkay Demeter at Thunderpas won Sunday. While Anatolian entries at shows are low, the dogs have proven useful to owners of small dogs as well as farm owners. Debi Grunnah said that the dog’s most important job is as a livestock protector. While living in Wisconsin, she said, “coyotes suddenly invaded our horse farm and my neighbor’s horse farms. It was horrible. People were finding foals dead in the fields. I got my first Anatolian and we never had another problem. One day one of my neighbors called and said, ‘Your dog is over here.’ He was such a good livestock guardian that he decided to protect not only my horses but my neighbors’ horses, too.” Now Debi lives in Ocala, where in addition to coyotes, there are bobcats. But they are not a problem at Island Farm. “My Anatolians protect my horses and my Havanese,” she said. Anatolians have one unfortunate habit; they like to roam. Breeder Rollins Wykle came from Idaho to join the Florida Anatolian fanciers and explained how her invisible fence is set and reset by satellite so that she can form a barrier around her grazing cattle that will keep her five Anatolians in. She used to lose several baby calves every year to coyotes. Now that she has Anatolians, the tables are turned; her dogs have brought as many as four coyote carcasses at a time onto her porch, their offering to their owner. The Anatolian I bought to do the job came from a chicken farm near Tallahassee where her parents protect a flock from hawks. From almost the moment she arrived, Zevah started to patrol the property. She likes to lie on the highest knoll and keep watch over the small dogs. She constantly watches the trees, where the hawks hide. No bird of prey has dared to come down on the property since she arrived. She takes the job very seriously; if small dogs run out into the yard, she goes, too, even when she was trying to catch a nap on the kitchen floor. Dog News 107 TheRoad To The Roses Continued FROM page 64 Vanderbilt’s Yabba Dabba Do from the 12-15 month dog class as Best in Sweeps and 15-18 month bitch Ivory Storm’s Arctic Point as Best of Opposite from a strong entry of 102. There were a total of 50 entered in the various Working Sweepstakes classes and Best in Sweeps was awarded to Novice Dog class entry GCH Echo’s Prince of Denmark RN PT THD WS and Best of Opposite was GCH Oakbrook’s Cream of the Crop from the Advanced Bitch class. On Wednesday night the Breeder’s Education Committee put on a wonderful seminar presented by Dr. Margaret Root Kustritz, DVM, PhD, DACT. Dr. Kustritz presented on“Breeding / Whelping Complications/Whelping, Neonatal Care & the Stud Dog”. This committee does a great job every year of putting on an informative seminar and this year was no exception. The regular classes were kicked off on Thursday with the Dog classes being judged by breeder judge Sakura Moses. 65 dogs were entered to compete for Winners Dog. In the end Ubor Zane’s Silver Tourmaline, RN,CGC won the American Bred class and Winners Dog, along with the 5 points that come with it. 9 – 12 month old Kyser Bearr’s Galactic Guardian of Samkist went Reserve Winners Dog from American Bred – good enough for a 3 point major. Sakura also judged the Veteran Dog and Working Dog classes as well as the Stud Dog class which was won by CH Arctic Fox Get the Led Out. 108 Dog News During the lunch break on Thursday there was a special activity geared towards the younger attendees – Tiny Tot Showmanship. What was lacking in participation was made up for in cuteness as Brielle Nieman took Sachi through the patterns under the guidance of Debby Janhke. Also held on Thursday were the Parade of Titleholder and Parade of Repeat Performers (AKA the Rescue Parade). And the first of two days of health clinics saw owners getting cardiology checks and tattoos. Friday was another full day of judging as the girls took their turn in the ring under the discerning eye of Judge Pat Hastings. The bitch entry was substantially larger than the dogs at 116. When all was said and done Vanderbilt N Plrmist Kiss This was awarded Winners Bitch (and 5 pts) from the Open class and Hoof ‘N Paw’s Because The Knight At Moonstar getting Reserve (and her own 3 pts). Mrs. Hastings rewarded Ch. White Magic’s My Girl with the Best Brood Bitch ribbon and also judged a quality Veteran and Working entry. The other activities for the day were the judges education, a Junior Handling seminar presented by Mary NortonAugustus, and a CERF clinic. Friday finished with the annual auction banquet with yours truly serving as the evening’s auctioneer. The dinner was preceded by a Derby Hat contest which saw many unique creations competing for “Best in Show”. The bidding was lively and many very nice items went to new homes with the happy, successful bidders. The judging culminated with the Best of Breed competition on Saturday with breeder judge Jeanne Nonhof having the honor of deciding who was the best amongst the 71 dogs and 65 bitches entered. First up in the morning though was the Junior Handler competition which was won by Carly McNeillie. After many hours of judging and several rounds of cuts and more cuts, the dog that came out on top was GCH White Eagle’s The Sky’s the Limit for Alpine Glo. Best of Opposite was awarded to CH. Metaks Miss Demeanor. Selects went to GCH. Pebblesrun Play It Again Ham (D) and CH. Trailblazer’s Lasting Legacy (B). Best of Winners was the Winners Bitch, Vanderbilt N Plrmist Kiss This. Awards of Merit were given to GCH. Ala-Kasam’s Spirit Of The Snow (D), CH. Arctic Fox Get The Led Out (D), GCH. Articcross N Chatanika’s Ok Easy Does It (B), GCH. Daystar’s Pardon My French (D), GCH. Hawkwinds Emerald Storm,CA,CGC,RN,WS (B) (also our Best Veteran), GCH. Elfenbein Hudson Hornet,CGC (D), CH. Elfenbein Testarossa (B), CH. Polar Mist Kick’n Up A Storm (D), CH. Seadog’s Ocean Harbor (D), CH. Supernova Got My Mojo Workin (D), CH. Vanderbilt’s Fantasy Kiss (B), GCH. White Eagle’s Celectial Navigator (D), GCH. White Magic’s Gets The Girls (D), along with our Winners Dog Ubor Zane’s Silver Tourmaline, RN,CGC The week ended with our Annual Awards Banquet. Two of the honors handed out recognized members for their contribution to the club and the breed. The AKC Outstanding Sportsmanship Award was given to Gary Griffin for his contribution to the sport of purebred dogs and his embodiment of good sportsmanship. The Bob and Dolly Award is given to the individual or couple who has shown a long term love and commitment to the breed and to the club like that of the Award’s namesakes. This year there were actually two handed out. One to long time breeder, judge and general cheerleader for the breed Karen McFarlane. The other was given posthumously to Heidi Nieman, a respected breeder and mentor who was taken from us far too soon. It was a busy and fun filled week. Show Chair Jean Clough and her team did a wonderful job and put on a great show. We are looking forward to seeing everyone in Oregon next year. Dog News 109 Gibraltar By Desmond J. Murphy It was about the beginning of September that I got a message on Facebook from Lawrence Llamas asking if I might possibly be free for their dates. Immediately I reached for my calendar and was so pleased I had this weekend available. Another judge had to cancel and I could do all the breeds this person was scheduled to judge. This was one of only two weekends I had free for several months and going to Gibraltar would be a new experience for me. I always enjoy going to places in the world that I have never been before. The club wanted to purchase the airfare and I could approve of the routing. I quickly learned Gibraltar is a very difficult country to get to. The only airlines that fly into Gibraltar come out of England. Myself and two other English judges were the only judges that were able to fly into Gibraltar. All of the other judges had to fly into Malaga, Spain, which is about an hour and a half to two hours drive to Gibraltar, depending on the traffic at the border crossing. The whole country only has a population of roughly 29,000 and is still a British territory. It is only about a forty-five minute ferry ride across the ocean to Morocco. So many people do not even know where the country is exactly located, but most people recognize the saying "The Rock of Gibraltar". The whole country is less than six square kilometers. This is the only place in Europe where monkeys range free in a semi-wild state reflecting the Rock's rich natural history, which flourishes in a sub-tropical climate. It is actually located on the tip of the Iberian Peninsula, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and linked to the Spanish mainland by a narrow isthmus. It was decided the best way for me to get there would be from Newark to Heathrow and then on to Gibraltar. British Airways only has on flight a day from Heathrow to Gibraltar so it meant Monday night I would have to stay at a hotel at Heathrow. Going over we landed in Heathrow out on the tarmac and had to wait for busses to make a lengthy drive time to Terminal 5. My connection was out of Terminal 3, which meant another lengthily bus ride. If one has to make connections at Heathrow from one terminal to another they should have at least a two-hour connecting time period. I arrived around 4 PM on Thursday and cleared immigration fairly fast and was greeted by a charming member of the club to drive me to the hotel, which was less than a ten minute drive. The host hotel was the Sunborn Yacht Hotel in the bay. It was built as a hotel and it appears as a very luxurious ship. Everything about the hotel was Five Star. After traveling for so long and sleeping on the plane overnight, my first priority was a shower and fresh clothes. Around 7 PM, Andrew Brace arrived at the hotel and I was 110 Dog News summoned to the lobby to help with luggage due to his shoulder injury. I am sure he just felt I would be more entertaining than the bellboy. At 8 PM, Andrew and I and some of the committee met in the lobby for dinner. There were several wonderful restaurants within a one-minute walking distance of the hotel. Each evening we had dinner in a different restaurant and one night right in the hotel. All of them offered fabulous cuisine. Since the venue was about a five-minute walk from the hotel, the judges enjoyed a very nice lunch at the hotel. Friday morning Lawrence took Andrew and me to see the beautiful view from the Rock. We visited a charming couple who have recently started to breed White Swiss Shepherds. It is always refreshing to see new people coming into the sport with a fresh passion for the sport. Not being a breakfast eater, nor was Andres, we were quite hungry after our visit to the legendary Rock. Upon our arrival back at the hotel many of the other judges were arriving from their flights into Malago. Andrew Brace, Dan Ericisson, Hans Lethinen, Johan Juslin, Cathy and Sean Delmar, me and several others enjoyed a lovely lunch on the seventh deck. Being such an international group it was interesting to learn the news from different corners of the globe. Friday afternoon around 4 PM, several of the judges went off on an organized tour to see the Rock and the legendary monkeys. I walked around the surrounding beautiful area of the yacht and enjoyed being in such a perfect climate. I also walked over to the venue that was just several blocks away, which enabled me the next morning to guide the majority of the judges to the venue. Friday evening at 8 PM the judges and committee walked over to one of the fabulous nearby restaurants, which offered a private dining room for a very large group of guests. The appetizers kept arriving and arriving and it was difficult to save room for the entree. Thursday evening after a cocktail I had ordered some red wine with my meal. Since I was the only one drinking red, I was embarrassed not to finish the bottle, so Friday evening I was very careful to specifically order a glass of wine. Saturday morning at 9 AM all the judges met in the lobby to walk to the venue for 9:30 judging. Knowing the way, I became the leader of the pack. It has become the exception when a GPS is not needed to find a venue. Upon arriving at the venue, Lawrence and several others of the committee greeted us. Very promptly we were united with our appropriate stewards who assisted us with our rings. There were about six rings inside and very many outside. I was pleasantly surprised to have my ring start exactly on time. The only hold-ups INTERNATION 42nd & 43rd Dog Show were a few times to wait for an exhibit that usually was absent anyway. On Saturday I only had 86 dogs to judge. This consisted of about 20 Shar Pei of which the overall quality was very good. The winning BOB bitch can be competitive anywhere in the world today. Afghans had 14 and would be on a par with the average show in the States. There were 12 Whippets and I was surprised that the depth of quality was not a bit stronger. There was only 1 Greyhound. The rest of my assignment consisted of various Terrier breeds with small entries. There were 7 Bedlingtons and some of very good quality. Only 4 Norfolk, but 2 of them were top quality. Having an entry of only 86 dogs and no critiques to write, I was finished around one o'clock. I passed on the lovely lunch that was offered at the hotel in order to be able to watch the Bull Terrier and Mini Bull specialties. They call the specialties Monographics and several breeds offered these shows. Justine Monaghan, a lovely English lady now living in this area, judged these specialties. Bull Terriers had an entry of 45 and I believe Minis about 20. Having a tremendous passion for these two breeds, it was a great treat to be able to watch them. Spain has been known to produce good Bull Terriers, Minis and also Frenchies. There is a Spanish bred White Bull Terrier that has already done tremendous winning in the states. He won three BIS to finish his championship. At this show, there was good depth of quality in both Bull Terriers and Minis. The one big difference was that some of the Bull Terriers were shown in rather poor condition. Their coats were stained and had calluses on their legs. The top quality ones were shown in good condition. The judges were selected for BIS both nights by the exhibitors. When the exhibitors entered the show they cast a vote on which judge they wanted to judge BIS. It was certainly very unique. The very charming Hassi Assenmacher, from Germany, got the vote for Saturday and Andrew Brace, of England, for Sunday. Hassi is an extremely highly thought of lady who comes from Dobermans. Even though nearly all of the breed judging was finished by two o'clock the show did not end until close to 7 PM on Saturday. Like most shows in Europe, the finals consist of Best Brace, Best Breeder, Best Minor Puppy, Best Puppy, Best Veteran, etc. All the breeds compete in the final ring, they are not judged together at the group level. Time wise the only way this is possible is that all the finals and 10 FCI groups are prejudged in a separate ring. This way when they enter the main ring the judges can pull out just a few of them. Then judge them and place them very quickly. Here in the States as we are adding new breeds so quickly to each group, we will most likely have to prejudge the groups. I have been to shows here in the States where foreign judges have asked if they need to examine and move all the dogs. I believe most judges will agree as the group enters the ring that many of the dogs they realize are not competitive, especially when you have judged them at the breed level and awarded them BOB in very light competition. Hassi had a very nice final group of 10 group winners. Third place went to a Spanish Water Dog and second Best went to a Border Collie. It was no surprise the Yorkie was chosen as the BIS winner. This magnificent little Yorkie stole the show. I have never in my life seen a Yorkie that shows like this. Even if he was not as good as he is, Yorkie breeders should breed to him in hopes he might pass on his temperament. Saturday evening dinner was scheduled for 8:30 PM in the main dining room of the hotel. Once again it was an evening filled with wonderful cuisine and super company. Again many wonderful appetizers were served before we enjoyed a very lavish buffet. My Sunday assignment started with 61 Dobermans, then 38 Staffie Bulls and finished with 18 Yorkies. I was scheduled for two hours to judge the 61 Dobes, but was better than half an hour late when I finished them. To start with, it was a slow process to get them into the ring and lined up in catalogue order. This did not happen the previous day or the two breeds I judged after Dobes. I knew the vast majority of the Dobes would be European type dogs and would be so different from anything one sees in the Western Hemisphere or Asia. They are a much, much heavier type with very sloping toplines. The huge difference is the style in the way they are shown. The handlers, as a whole, do not set them up, but let them free stack focusing on double handlers. Most of them were not very well lead broken and it was very difficult to assess their movement. They all had wonderful temperaments to the point when trying to examine them, many wanted to jump on me or play with me. A few males did show some aggression towards other males. Nearly all of them were docked and cropped. I thought more of them would be shown with ears and tails. I was surprised that all the classes were separated by color. I judged all Black & Tans and awarded Best Black and then started to judge all the Reds. The winning Blacks and Reds competed for the final BOB winner. My eventual BOB was a dog that had a very pleasing head, nice square body and moved well in all directions. He was in super hard condition and showed to perfection. I suspected he might have been of American breeding, but learned he was bred in Argentina. He was not quite as much dog as some of the Argentinean males. Apparently he was BOW at our AKC/Eukanuba show this past year under Terry Hundt. Karl-Erik Johansson of Sweden judged Group 2 and being a European judge, I was surprised when he awarded him first in the group. I was told Hassi Assenmachaer, the Dobe expert from Germany, had only awarded him fourth in the Open Class the day before. I am sure most German judges would find him not to be enough dog. I greatly enjoyed judging the Staffie Bulls. There was a lot of depth of quality and some decisions were very close. It is a breed that is very consistent worldwide. One of the nicest things about judging this breed is that the dogs and exhibitors are always in an upbeat mood. They all, man and beast, enjoy their time in the ring. The last breed I judged over the weekend was Yorkies and it was such an extreme pleasure to judge the dog that went Best the night before. Having seen the way he could move, I knew he had to be made quite well. It was a treat to actually judge this dog. Such a beautiful head and expression, four good legs, dead level topline, correct color and texture of coat and nice spring of rib. The most outstanding feature is his super attitude either on the move or just standing on his own. Words cannot express what a great show dog he is. Sunday Andrew Brace had the honor of doing Best. Of the ten group winners from the night before, the lineup was a bit different. The Border Collie, Spanish Water Dog and Standard Poodle did not win their breeds. While in Milan for the World Show, I had the great fortune to see and go over a Chow that captivated me. Having first gotten involved with Chows close to fifty years ago, I feel he is one of the best I have ever seen. I was so pleased here in Gibraltar when Andrew made him BIS in such a tough final. I truly believe this dog should win at any level anywhere in the world today. Having owned and shown many top ones, I feel I am very hard to please and I cannot express just how much this dog thrills me. The very exciting Yorkie was the runner up for Best and the third Best was the Doberman. Many of us felt for third you could go several different ways, but the Chow and the Yorkie appeared to be the two favorites. I have to mention that the Chow has the most wonderful attitude and is shown in top coat and hard condition. Sunday night at 8:30 PM we all gathered at another wonderful restaurant for again a fabulous meal. Not having to get up early Monday morning made for a very relaxing evening. My flight was not until five on Monday afternoon so I was able to enjoy a leisurely Monday morning and have a nice lunch with Andrew. People ask me if I do not mind these long flights. Europe really is not much father than my going to the West Coast. Some Asian assignments that require better than twenty hours flying time each way are certainly not easy. As a student of dogs, I greatly appreciate the opportunities to judge overseas. First we get to see how dogs appear in their native lands and see just how much we in the States have improved or radically changed them. Two classic examples are Goldens and English Springers. It gives one a chance to discuss dogs with people who see breeds in a different light. It also makes us realize what the sport used to be like here in the States before we were driven by the rating systems. I do think as a whole exhibitors enjoy the shows more than the average person here does. I, myself, seem to have more fun in foreign lands. Lawrence Llamas and his hard working committee have to be congratulated on staging such a wonderful event. Everything about the entire weekend was done with great style. Dog News 111 Very Important Dog People Continued FROM page 68 or posture of the subject. Luciane Peixoto is certainly one of the few of the gifted ones who do this with great mastery. The sensibility of this young artist is present in every work she exposes. A native of Boa Vista, capital city to the small northern Brazialian State of Rondonia, nested in the heart of the Brazilian Amazon, 10 years ago Ms. Peixoto moved about 2,000 miles south to Mairiporã, a relatively calm city in the state of São Paulo, the most important industrial and commercial area in South America. The change was colossal, both in terms of population density and access to things only a pulsing, vibrant metropolis can offer like cultural events of all kinds. She chose a town close enough to the great city to allow easy reach of what it had to offer, but at the same time far enough to allow for a more suburban lifestyle, the single most important factor in choosing Mairiporã was that the city had no restrictions on how many animals can be kept in a residence. 112 dog news In her own words: “I discovered my inclination for drawing, and painting when still in elementary school. It was kind of funny and surprising for me as a little kid to perceive that I was doing naturally something which other kids could not do. My drawing and painting was spontaneous and I considered it a hobby and after classes pastime. I also had great interest in any kind of craftsmanship. I was only ten years old when I began to attend sewing, knitting and crocheting classes with much older ladies. I liked the classes and learned rapidly. I was glad to share my new skills with my classmates and school friends. Very soon my school’s director invited me to teach craft classes in exchange for paint, canvases and brushes, as well as other materials that I could use in my crafts. It was my symbolic salary. I loved all I’ve learned and I cherished my position as a teacher, but I had this continuous “call” in my mind, coming from the beloved “old classical painters” as Velazquez, Rembrandt, El Greco, and DaVinci. I spent days in museums wandering, mystified about how this great masters could do such incredibly marvelous work? Finally my future was defined, and the doors to my trade opened when I first met my art teacher, Prof. Mauricio Takiguthi. I was 15 years old and was having painting classes in a small art school close to home. One day my teacher sat with me for a conversation and told me she was sorry but her and the other teachers had nothing more they could teach me. I was very upset and left the room really disturbed. Trying to cool down I went to the office where I found some art books and magazines. Suddenly I saw “the one” that changed my life. It was a booklet with oil paintings of dogs all made by the same author: Mauricio Takighuti. I was so impressed that at night I dreamt about the picture of an amazing Doberman painting as real as I had never seen beContinued on page 114 * Very Important Dog People Continued FROM page 112 fore. Next morning I asked my sister to help me locate the artist. After a few days she found him and finally we called Mr. Takighuti. My sister Alessandra is always my great help. She is 8 years older than me and never doubted that I have both the talent and the capacity. Many times I became disappointed and hurt, wanting to stop, but she always gave me the reassurance to never give up. The artist was very kind and accepted to talk with us personally on a later date. I was happy and nervous but never expected the reaction I provoked when he realized how young I was. He was very clear explaining that his classes weren’t directed to young amateurs but only for professionals interested in perfecting their skills. He advised me that to become a student in his academy one had to have discipline, total dedication, and persistency, qualities expected to be found in older, mature people, not in a teen aged girl. I was so disappointed that I began to cry. My sister begged, insisted with the master to give me a chance. I was so desperate and sad, that the Professor ended up accepting to give me a chance. This happened about 10 years ago and after having passed all the phases and classes I am still there not as a student anymore but as a colleague, and a friend. In the academy I relax, exchange information with fellow artists, and have the chance to spend some quality time with my mentor and dear friend Mr. Takighuti. At my home I have music playing all the time while I work: Chopin, Vivaldi, Mozart, Paganini and other classic composers keep me company. 114 dog news We are three siblings my sister, who sings, my musician brother (for some time he had a small orchestra) and me, the painter. It is not easy to make a living from one’s art; my siblings use their skills as a hobby and are dedicated to other endeavors. My work is solitary and I am deeply concentrated, always focusing in the model. Painting has always been a private thing to me, I never had the feeling that it should be seen by anyone while at work, I paint because I need to paint. Professor Mauricio was a vital part at the first professional steps of my life. He always insisted that I should sell my paintings mainly because the artwork doesn’t really belong to the artist, artworks need to have their “feet”, they can’t be hidden in a dark atelier, and they must go to places where I could not take them by myself. When I am working the only company I allow in the atelier are my dogs and cats, they are with me not only when I work but always and everywhere. About 6 years ago, a few months before I got my first order, my father passed away. The person I most wanted to show that I succeeded was not here to see it. He and my mom gave us the liberty to choose whatever we wanted to do as long as it would make us happy. I always liked to dance and had ballet classes but never thought about ballet as my profession. Instead, martial arts make me happy. Since early age I had taekwondo, boxing, kungfu, and muay thai classes, but today I exercise at a Jiu Jitsu academy. I spend a long time seated in front of the canvas so I need some physical exercise to maintain myself in good shape. I inherited my insane love for animals from my dad. We always had animals at our home; birds, monkeys, dogs, cats, you name it. Dad gave me my first dog - a mutt – that I simply adored, later a Pinscher, followed by a Dachshund, a Husky, and a German Shepherd . At my 15th birthday my sister gave me a ChowChow, my companion until today. My animal’s well being is one of the most important factors of my life. When I began painting my first interest was the human figure, painting dogs came later after having all this full time contact with my own dogs. Painting dogs is my way to express my passion for them, always searching for perfection, knowing that this search never ends. Often a client brings a photo of my future subject. I prefer to take the photo, but it doesn’t always happens like that, but whenever possible I want to see the dog personally to check the coloring and the details of the coat’s quality. Thanks to the dogs I had the chance to meet people, who started as clients and today are dear friends, people such as Ana Paola Diniz, owner of the Malabo Kennel, my first client who has many of my paintings. Flavio Franco and Flavio Nobel from the Art Deco Kennel went from clients, to dear friends and part of my life. As you see the dog world captured my art and the dog people captured my heart. Every day I open my eyes I thank the Almighty for the gift of living with, for and from my art, painting people and animals in general, and especially dogs and cats.” Luciane Peixoto is a very special young lady. She lives comfortably in a house shared with a Chow-Chow, five English Toy Spaniels, a sixteen year-old Miniature Pinscher, and three cats. Dog News 115 Judges Choice - The Bulldog Continued FROM page 72 Continued on page 118 Thank you Breeder Judge Ms. Georjan Bridger Thank you Judge Mrs. Joan Luna Liebes Thank You Judge Mrs. Patricia A. Gabosch Our Appreciation to all the Judges and Dillinger’s fans for making 2015 a GREAT Year Best In Specialty - Reserve Best In Show - Multiple Group Winner GCh. Dachshire You Got Me Nantucket, SL Owner: Rhoda Weinman • Nantucket Island, MA Breeder: Cheryl Snedaker-Sims • AKC Breeder of Merit • Dachshire Dachshunds Presented by: Angela L. Lloyd • AKC Registered Handler • Assisted by: Erin Nesbitt • AKC Registered Apprentice The Dog News Top Ten List - All Breed Dog News 117 Judges Choice - The Bulldog Continued FROM page 116 118 Dog News Kortrijk2015 Story & Photos By Karl Donvil W ith 3231 entries nothing was alarming for the committee of one of the most successful shows of Belgium. For years this show has attracted over 3000 dogs from all over Europe and a lot from the United Kingdom. This year 23 countries were represented and 202 UK entries were counted. About half of the entries were Belgian dogs, France, nearby, had 842 entries, the Netherlands 368 and Germany 139. Two dogs were entered from Israel while the other countries had entered in general only a few dogs. If the committee would focus more on these countries, it would be possible to attract a thousand entries more. Maybe a special title could help. It is strange that so many countries are represented by only a couple of dogs, even when these countries are not that far away. Kortrijk is within easy reach with an important highway almost crossing the town. But I suppose the committee members have been thinking this over many times and it is probably not easy in a country known for not giving away Championship titles for free. In the committee many things have changed, although not visible for the exhibitor. Mr. Jose Misselyn died. He was the last founding member of this glorious club and show. Bruno Misselyn, his grandson, stepped aside as president due to his job, but he remains in the committee. The new president is Mr. JoĂŤl Vanlerberghe, who always was the driving spirit of the Show itself. The whole committee has always been very special as the majority are related to each other in a direct or more remote way. Mr. Vanlerberghe is very proud of his show and new things will appear for sure in the coming years. Kortrijk has often been a pioneer in cynology and that was the case again this edition. All results were collected and transferred by tablet directly from the rings and immediately put online. And it worked perfectly. But also the results of the finals in the main ring were online almost in real time. There was also a new entry gate for the visitors that use to visit the show in big numbers. Regarding visitors Kortrijk is the best known and most frequented show in Belgium. Visitors don't come only from the neighborhood but from all parts of the country, from France and from other countries too. The Eurodogshow is also one of the most popular and best known Continental shows in Britain and alike continentals dream to visit Crufts, UK dog people dream to participate in Kortrijk. Many visitors means many trade stands, 67! All these stand holders are glad to come and in general they all go home satisfied, happy to come back next year. This is the result of the popularity of this show and it's many visitors. Visitors are so important and too often forgotten. They contribute in the success of a show. Shows are meant to promote pure bred dogs. Exhibitors don't need 120 Dog News to be introduced to pure bred dogs, it's the common unfamiliar visitors that need to be attracted. Kortrijk is serving this purpose anyway! The big main ring was animated all day long with several demonstrations and side competitions like Fly Ball, Frisbee, Doggy Dance and Assistance dogs for disabled people. New was a demonstration of Hiatsu for dogs, a relaxing and pain relieving therapy. Due to a double booking part of the usual halls was not available and for this reason 6 rings were placed in hall XXL. Besides some exhibitors who were confused in finding these halls it caused no serious problems. Maybe the visitors were missing a part of the show because of this, but probably without being aware of it. It will be OK again next year. Kortrijk's international reputation is also projected in its international judging panel. Thirty-eight Judges were invited from no less than 17 different countries. Only 5 of them were Belgian judges. Thirty-eight is a lot but considering that 23 of them only judged one day of the weekend explains a lot. Together with the 15 judges who officiated both days, we have 53 equivalents to divide the 3231 entries, resulting in an average of 60.9 dogs /judge/ day, which is very good. Leuven had 85.5 entries/judge/day, which was outstanding, Luxembourg Autumn 64.65 and Libramont only 38. 60 Dogs/judge/day is well in the comfort zone. On Saturday Mme Anne Marie Class from France had a very nice entry of 86 dogs. She is specialized in big Molossers and breeder of Mastiffs herself, but here it were the 46 Dogues de Bordeaux that made the biggest contribution to her success. Mr. Van Hummelen from Belgium had 47 Leonberger, a very nice number. The second best score of Saturday came from Mr. Oskar Kelemen from Serbia. 45 Boxers, 53 Rottweilers, a number longtime not seen in Belgium, and a few other breeds made him finish the day after 128 judgings. With another 49 entries on Sunday he finished 4th in the weekend ranking. Mrs. Adrian Griffa from Italy was third with a total of 181. On Saturday she had no less than 138 dogs, the highest day-score of the weekend. Mr. Milan Krinke from the Czech Republic had an impressive number of Great Danes, 101. He was the best scoring judge of the weekend because Sunday gave him no time to relax with another 93 dogs to judge. A good result also for Mr. Goran BodegĂ¤rd from Sweden who had 124 dogs in total of which 75 on Saturday. Mr. Volker ShĂśn from Germany judged Malamutes, Akitas and Shibas and that was good for 87 entries. Mrs. Marja Talviite from Finland helped him judge Group 5 breeds. She had 134 entries on Saturday and 56 on Sunday. The 41 Miniature Spitzes were certainly responsible for these nice scores. Mr. Zeferino Silva from Portugal had the popular Chinese Cresteds, 48, and 51 Pugs and finished his weekend after inspecting 151 dogs. Mrs. Gitty Schwab from Luxembourg judged all the dachshunds, 70 in total. Mr. Guy Kips,also from Luxembourg, who judged on Sunday only, had 83 entries thanks to 66 Border Collies. All the Poodles were for Mr. Mikael Nilsson from Sweden. He had 73 in total. His compatriot Mrs. Brigitta Hasselgren judged all the Pinshers and Schnauzers and she had 75. Mrs. Nancy Liebes was invited from the States to judge 56 American Staffordshires. Tom Hehir from Ireland was given the Staffordshire Bull Terriers. He had 84 and along with a few other breeds he had the best score of Sunday, 109 entries. Derek Teylor from England, was asked to judge the Golden Retrievers. He had a good entry of 81. Mr. Thomasz Kuszyk from Poland had also 81 entries, his 52 whippets helped him to get this good score. A last remarkable score was for Mr. Roland Dierendonck from Belgium who managed to get 47 German Shepherd to Kortrijk and that is an unusually high number for a regular-all-breed -non-German-Shepherd-specialty-show. Mrs. Liliane De Ridder, Belgian all rounder, was on term to judge Best In Show of this prestigious big show. She had 61 Chihuahuas on Saturday and another 69 dogs on Sunday. A good average and relaxing enough to focus on her big task, judging the finals. All ten dogs were placed and all Saturday winners returned on Sunday to compete. All 3 best placed winners were winning dogs from Saturday that returned on Sunday for the finals. A Chihuahua shorthair took the 3rd place. It was "J-Megan My Pride And Joy", a 5 year-old Belgian bred bitch that was entered in Champion Class, where she defeated 24 opponents. Thus, Mrs. De Ridder gave the chance to Mr. Dirk Spruyt to make her Best of Group. JMegan was undoubtedly one of Mrs. De Ridder's favorites. Mr. Rigaux is the proud owner. "Minioso's Bear Balinor At Worthysway" is an American Akita Champion, UK bred and owned by Mr. Worthington, but living in Belgium and handled by Mrs. Nancy Daponte. This 3 year-old Champion Male had concurrence from 19 competitors, but Mr. Grunheid Jean-Louis from France gave him the ticket to go through and win his group under Mr. Vincent O'Brien from Ireland. And that left us with our winner, a Dachshund! Indeed, a decision that many enjoyed, as Dachshunds are often put somewhere behind, while Dachshunds are a breed that cannot hide faults under a big coat and that have an anomaly, short legs. Although Dachshunds have lots of fans, they have no glamorous appearance compared to many other breeds. And all this makes this win so nice, even courageous. His name "Ch. Gennarino Della Costa D'Amalfi" betrays its origin, being one of the few entries from Italy. He is 2 1/2 years old, bred by Julie Ruel and owned by De Taddeo Pascal. He is a Standard Rauhaar and it was Mrs. Gitty Schwab who judged him and also gave him the ticket of Best of Group. This win proves that even for a Dachshund it is worth coming back for the finals. Edition 53 of this show will be on 19 & 20 of November 2016. Follow all the news on www.eurodogshow.be and see you then. Dog News 121 Judges Choice - The Bulldog Continued FROM page 118 Continued on page 124 #9 overall, The Dog News Top Ten List - All Breed Dog News 123 Judges Choice - The Bulldog Continued FROM page 122 124 Dog News Spot, he was probably better but had less luck in the big competitions. How do you choose a dog? You look into the dog’s head, study the way they react with sheep. As a pup, you tend to go for something that you like the look of, not too hyper but sensible and solid. I don’t like a pup that’s all over you and clingy, but is happy to be calm and thinking. In training you teach them to listen properly, they need a strong head to obey all the commands. It’s the same with sportsmen, the ones that reach the top are mentally strong to work all the time. If a dog is not strong enough to take all the training, it will not turn out properly. At what age would you prefer to take a dog? At 5-7 months upwards. Other dogs never start till they’re 12 months. You never know. One of the dogs I have very high hopes for, I gave him away at 8 months, I got him back and gave him to someone else and he then started to work. Now he’s 14 months and perfectly trained, but that’s very uncommon. What about upbringing? You can spoil a pup, but at the end of the day, if they have it, the right upbringing is not that important but other dogs need to be introduced to sheep as puppies. You look for the natural instinct on the sheep and the ability to work without attacking them. Basically, you are just controlling the natural instinct, so when the dog shows his instinct, you introduce the stop and flank commands. The reward is letting the dog work. You introduce the commands with your body movements to the sheep. If you send the dog in a certain way, you close the other side and he learns through a repetitive, consistent process. You must give it the command at the right time so it really understands. 126 Dog News How many commands does a dog need to know? The basics are the stop, flanks, walk on (approach the sheep) and “that’ll do” to make it stop working. That’s mainly what farmers would use. For higher ranked work you probably have about three times those commands. It gets a lot more intricate. The basics are quite universal but not all people use the other commands but they are quite universal too. At what stage do you introduce whistling? You introduce whistling along with the oral commands, but I do it after they learn the oral commands. I have three sets of whistles so I can work three dogs together, even though they all have the same vocal commands. Every person has his own whistles – using the mouth or artificial whistles. When things are going well, I like to whistle, but if they are moving too fast or doing something wrong I use my voice to emphasize the reprimand. One of my dogs today was not listening very well so I shouted at him. What do you do with a dog that is too strong? I use a long line and a lot of body pressure. It’s more a question of connection with the dog. Many people chase their dog with a stick and shout, but that’s not a thing I do. You can put a lot of pressure to make the dog work properly but you have to know how to release pressure so they enjoy working. Is there anything about the dog’s conformation that interests you? You want a dog of the right build, the physical structure. Many people like prick ears. It’s the same with a girl, if you want. My perfect dog would be light boned, semi-coated dog with a tail that never moves. I’ve never found my perfect dog yet. I wouldn’t really want light colored eyes, but if it had all the other abilities you could overlook it. I don’t want a dog with a faulty mouth because I want to breed from good dogs. Continued FROM page 128 * The Dog News Top Ten List - All Breed Dog News 127 Clothing Continued FROM page 126 Is there any difference between males and females? No difference in work. However, everybody likes to find a good stud dog and a bitch just does her job. People are looking for good stud dogs because you can make a lot of money with them. I noticed your dogs don’t bark. If a dog barks at a trial it would be instant disqualification. What is the sheepdog trial world like? There are not too many youngsters. For many years I was one of the youngest, but now I’m 34 and there are younger people. Many start out in their teens and then stop for university, have a family and come back 20 years later. Most are in their 50s upwards. There are people in their 70s and even over 80. It’s not so physically difficult if you know what you are doing. Many people would rather not put the time and energy into training so they buy a finished dog from me. How do you choose which trial to take part in? You go for the important ones, nationals and international. During July, August and September you could go to a trial almost every day. I just pick out not more than one a week. Where are you in the ranking now? At last year’s world championship I was reserve World Champion. I was also reserve British Champion. I was beaten twice this year and last year. However, I am very consistent. I sleep well the night before a trial. In years gone by I was very nervous days before the date and would go sleepless the night before. In the competition itself you are in a zone of your own, focus on what you are doing. As soon as you walk to the post and your time starts you are definitely in a zone. Do you watch videos? Just recently, but I know every move of the run, every command, right through the run, for the next couple of weeks. Those important trials stick in your mind and you know what you’ve done right and what needs to be improved. What is the main difference when you’re judging? You make even less friends than as a competitor. Most people want to compete at the big trials, they don’t want to judge. Every judge has his own opinion. You have a set number of points for every element on the course. Sometimes, the top five may be split on about one point, so it’s up to the judge. Not anyone can become a judge. You cannot learn it just sitting round the table. You need to learn through experience. If you run well at trials and people know you understand what is needed to run a dog you might be approached to come and judge. I would rather compete than judge. Last week I judged the Scottish championship and the week before the Irish, and that’s a big honor. Are the trials in the States similar? Yes, the trials are similar and many Americans come to Europe for trials. I have been there several times conducting seminars. Do you think your son will follow in your footsteps? I hope not. My partner and my dad take the best dogs and I have to train them and run other dogs. I’d love to see him do it but I will not pressure him into it. The poor lad gets dragged to all the trials so he may get sick of it eventually. Where do you see yourself in 10 years time? Probably the same as I am now. All being well, I have a new farm, family and dogs and trialing and at the moment that’s my life. I am a builder by trade and until the last couple of years I had a building firm with a lot of employees. In 2008 I won the international which meant I did a lot of traveling to teach. People would ask me about dogs and could I find them what they wanted. That’s when it all took off. I was only keeping an eye on the builders, so when the dog business grew I have people working for me on that and have finished with building. 128 Dog News F LORIDA….RABIES CERTIFICATES! Remember you might be stopped as you enter the State of Florida, on your way to Orlando, to see if the dogs you are carrying have been inoculated and have current certificates. Florida enacted this new law of spot checking owing to the rabies breakout in racing Greyhounds. They are said to stop all vans, box trucks and rental vans. They do not stop motorhomes. If you are stopped and do not have the proper certificates there is a heavy fine. It is still not too late to order tickets for the WESTMINSTER THEATRE BENEFIT on Friday, February 12th to attend a performance of the new musical SCHOOL OF ROCK followed by dinner at the 21 CLUB. For information and reservations see the advertisement in this issue of DOG NEWS. Handler LARRY CORNELIUS continues to be sidelined as he recovers from retina reattachment surgery. Big news, with a major change of the dog shows on Long Island. The WESTBURY KENNEL ASSOCIATION is moving to Thursday, May 19th joining the back to back Friday and Saturday LADIES KENNEL ASSOICATION OF AMERICA and the Sunday, LONG ISLAND KENNEL CLUB. This makes a four-day weekend on one of the most picturesque show venues, Planting Fields, the old COE family estate in Oyster Bay. We were saddened to hear that Norwich Terrier breeder HELEN BRANN passed away. A former president of the Norwich & Norfolk Terrier Club of America (when those two breeds were under one parent club) she also was a successful breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses. In her professional life, she owned her own literary agency, representing some of the world’s most famous writers and people in the arts like STEPHEN SONDHEIM, FRAN LEBOWITZ, ROD MCKUEN and MAYA ANGELOU. DAVID RAMSEY, whose stamp on the Bedlington Terrier breed dominated the terrier group, passed away from the cancer that 130 Dog News he was fighting for some time. His Willow Wind prefix was on many a top winner. Sadly, his success was marred by controversy that brought a ten-year suspension. Not on the scene for the last decade, DAVID recently started to attend several dog shows, as his ten-year suspension had ended. Celebrating Birthdays… CAROL MILLAR, GARY DOERGE, DESI MURPHY, JUDY HARRINGTON, HARRIETTE BORSUCH, DOTTIE “THE CANDY LADY” DAVIS, GARY STEELE, BETSY CONWAY, POLLY LAMARINE, DONNA JOHNSTON, EVELYN RECHLER, BILL RECHLER, CLAIRE NEWCOMBE, CLINT LIVINGSTON, EVAN THRELFALL, PAUL SPECTOR, CATHI DIGIACOMO, ERIC RINGLE, BOB FUTH, JANE DOTY, SHARON KROGH, DAVID KROGH, PATTI PROCTOR, SAM MCDONALD, GWEN MEYER, ED THOMASON, HEATHER REKOW, ASHLEY CUZZOLINO, REMY SMITH-LEWIS, ADRIAN GHIONE, JESSY SUTTON, ROXANNE SUTTON, MARCELO SANTIAGO, DAWNE DEELEY, KIMBERLIE STEELEGAMARO, OSCAR QUIROS, JOHNNY SHOEMAKER, LORI LAWRENCE, KEKE KAHN, MARTI JOHNSON and last but not least MARGARET POINDEXTER. the Gossip column By Eugene Z. Zaphiris The Dog News Top Ten List - Breed & All Breed Dog News 131 NATIONAL DOG SHOW RATINGS, BLUE BUFFALO/PURINA, TERM LIMITS... M RE And Continued FROM page 80 more difficult task for AKC’s future telecast of its own show on FidoTV to reach a comparable audience in size and diversity although AKC’s program will be live as opposed to the taped version of NBC’s. FidoTV of course is in its infancy and I have seen no “pr” alerting the general public as to the existence of the pending broadcast by AKC or by the station itself. Candidly I cannot find nor get FidoTV but a friend of mine who watches it occasionally, more out of curiosity about AKC’s relationship with FidoTV than interest in the programming (I mean who really wants to watch any station 24/7 devoted to any single topic even if it is dogs--enough is enough I would think), has reported that so far there is a basic program theme of hooking people up with rescue dogs although of late some signs of change have occurred pushing the purebred dog as well. What direction this relationship will develop into will be interesting to watch particularly if AKC has the financial input into FidoTV I believe it has made. Nonetheless one has to be made aware of the existence of the AENC program before one can watch it. I will say Pat Cruz made a decent attempt at alerting a segment of the dog world to what is going on with FidoTV and the AENC. Whether this was her job or not really should not be the issue--at least she did something, which as far as I am aware has not done. It was reported on the Internet blog of “poisonedpets” that a major admission by Blue Buffalo in the lawsuit brought by Purina against them calls into question and seriously damages if not totally undermines Blue’s actual position and according to this report makes it sound as though the Judge MUST rule in favor of 134 Dog News Purina and against Blue. Here is what was reported in that blog. “Blue Buffalo admitted the truth in court yesterday: A “substantial” and “material” portion of Blue Buffalo pet food sold over the past several years contained poultry byproduct meal, despite pervasive advertising claims to the contrary. Blue Buffalo asked the Court for additional time to file an Amended Complaint in the litigation, naming its ingredient suppliers as Defendants. The admission came almost one year to the day when Purina filed a lawsuit against Blue Buffalo for false advertising after testing revealed the presence of poultry by-product meal in some of Blue Buffalo’s top selling pet foods. In its original suit, Purina alleged independent tests showed that Blue Buffalo uses chicken by-products, egg shells, rice hulls and artificial preservatives in its products — despite claims to the contrary. Blue Buffalo has continued to make claims in its advertising that none of its pet foods contains animal by-products thereby implying that Blue pet foods are healthier for pets than competitive foods that contain by-products. A lab report by Windsor Laboratories, which Purina submitted in the civil lawsuit, alleged several of Blue Buffalo’s pet foods contained poultry by-product meal which contained “between 22 and 24 % poultry byproduct meal, egg shell and raw feather.” The report then blasts the hell out of Blue that’s for sure. What the eventual verdict will be remains uncertain but these developments certainly are a major victory within the trial itself for the Purina organization. W ell the Delegates are due to vote at their meeting on whether or not to continue with term limits or to do away with them. While I am firmly against term limits in most situations and certainly 100% against them in the business world the language submitted in this instant has the immediate effect of benefiting two sitting Board Members so that they can run to remain on the Board in the election of the class of 2021 in 2017! Whether or not this was the intent of the Club submitting the change to do away with term limits or not this is one of the most egregious power attempts to preserve sitting board members’ seats ever perpetuated upon the Fancy! I urge all to reconsider a change in the existing language so that all Delegates are treated equally else to vote to continue the existing term limit language. s ‘ ’ parklEs #2 Toy Fox Terrier Breed #3 Toy Fox Terrier All Breed* #1 Toy Fox Terrier Bitch in both* 118 116 Bests of Breeds Breed and 15 13 Group Placements Best of Opposite at the 2015 National Specialty Best of Breed andand Group Opposite Third following day – Groupthe Third the following same entry!entry! day – great same great Best of Opposite 2013 and 2014 Eukanuba Best In specialty show Winner silver GCh. Barbary’s Gold N Jewels Susan and Steve Thibodeaux Cocoa, FL www.kallmeekennel.com A Tradition of Excellence Since 1978 CC System Dog News 135 A Special Thank You to Judge Mr. Wood Wornall for his continued support of Tesla. Number 1 Miniature Schnauzer Bitch All-Breed Multiple Group Placements Best In Specialty Show Thank you Judge Mr. Clay Coady for Tesla’s Group Placement GCh. KWiC Slick Uptown Chick Breeder / Co-Owner Kathy Colby KWiC Miniature Schnauzers Costa Mesa, California 951 203-9691 Number Eight Overall, The Dog News Top Ten List, C.C. through Oct 31, 2015 Owner & Handler & Groomer Denise Valverde Uptown Miniature Schnauzers Costa Mesa, California 562 760-6507 Dog News 139 12.15 140 Dog News Letters to the Editor EXPLORATORY CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE This letter from Mr. Crowley was in response to Matt Stander’s request for an explanation as to when this Committee was formed and is printed with Mr. Crowley’s permission. It was the Exploratory Constitution and Bylaws Committee formed in 1998.The committee members were: Ron Menaker, Chair, Edd Bivin, Ralph Del Deo, John Honing, C. Alan Nicks, Tom Powers, Stanley Saltzman, David Merriam as Board liaison, and Al Cheure, Jim Crowley and Bob Slay as staff liaisons. Later Nina Schaefer was added as the Chair of the Delegate bylaws committee, and John Ronald was added as the Chair of what was then the Delegate Strategic Planning Committee, which later became the Delegate Advocacy and Advancement Committee. It focused on the Bylaws sections regarding Governance and Disciple, as well as making many housekeeping recommendations. Among the many committee recommendations adopted effective in 2001 , which I remember, were: · Going from 12 to 13 Board members ( to avoid a repeat the 6-6 absolute deadlock that existed in the mid 90’s) · Term limits for Board members · Instead of requiring monthly Board meetings, there were to be at least 8 regular Board Meetings a year · The President made an ex officio non-voting Board member · Requiring someone to be off the AKC Board for a year before being eligible for employment with AKC or any AKC affiliate · Having disciplinary penalties imposed by Trial Boards, using Board approved guidelines, rather than the Board · Providing that a former AKC employee could never be appointed to a Trial Board and that someone would have to be off the AKC board for three years before being eligible to be on a Trial Board. · Having appeals from decisions of event committees heard by a Trial Board rather than by the AKC Board · Having appeals from Trial Board decisions heard by an Appeal trial Board rather than by the AKC Board · The Board was only to elect the 4 Executive officers ( President, COO, Executive Secretary, CFO), with the VPs appointed by the President. · Allowed for the suspension of some privileges, e.g. event privileges only, instead of the all or nothing suspension from all privileges regardless of the offence. Jim Crowley AKC november 2015 american kennel club President’s letter Each year, we celebrate the core of our sport at the AKC/Eukanuba National Championship (AENC): our breeders. The Best Bred-By Exhibitor in Show competition continues to make up a large percentage of the AENC entry, with cash prizes for the winners. We honor seven stellar breeding programs that have greatly contributed to the sport in our annual AKC Breeder of the Year presentation (read more about this year’s Group Honorees here). Parent Club breeders and members are the stars of the show at AKC Meet the Breeds®, where they generously donate their time to educate the public about their breed and the sport. We want to continue offering recognition and learning opportunities for our AKC breeders, the best of the best. This year, with our partners at EUKANUBA™ Dog Foods, we’re presenting the AKC/Eukanuba Canine Breeder Excellence Seminar, powered by Royal Canin and the Theriogenology Foundation, on Friday, December 11 at the Orange County Convention Center. All breeders are welcome, from first-timers to longtime fanciers. Presentations will cover reproductive nutrition, breeding methods to facilitate pregnancy, improving breeding success through the use of health databases and an overview of the rapidly increasing development of new genetic tests. For more information about the seminar, visit the Theriogenology Foundation website at http://bit. ly/1NHKrrK or contact Roberta Norris at roberta@ franzmgt.com or 334-395-4666. This year’s National Championship has drawn a record entry, so we hope you’ll be joining us. If you can’t, please tune in via livestream or the television broadcast. Coverage will be available on www.akc. org and live.eukanuba.com, and will be aired live on Saturday and Sunday evenings on FidoTV on DISH (channel 245; check your local listings). Hope you enjoy the show. Sincerely, Dennis B. Sprung President and CEO WEBINAR ON ITCHY DOGS Did you miss last week’s webinar on Itchy Dogs: Causes and Treatment Options with Dr. Andrew Hillier, BVSc, MANZCVS, DACVD, senior veterinary specialist at Zoetis? Good news! Vetvine, our partner in this educational series, has made the presentation available for on demand viewing. Free registration is required. In this highly informative and engaging webinar, dog lovers can learn about the causes of itch in dogs and what can be done to help reduce skin irritation and improve the quality of life for dogs with chronic skin disease. The three other webinars from our 2015 series are available on our website. Learn more about canine cancer, joint health in dogs, and the importance Dog News will consider all letters for publication but reserves the right to edit these as required. Letters will not be considered for publication unless full name and contact details are supplied, including telephone number. Letters may be mailed to Dog News 1115 Broadway NY, NY 10010 or emailed to [email protected]. of mental and physical stimulation in dogs by viewing them on demand. Thank you for joining us for this series. We look forward to bringing you more educational webinars in 2016! AKC Canine Health Foundation Raleigh, NC INVEST IN PROTECTING PUREBRED DOGS WITH AKC’S CANINE LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT FUND Investing for the future is the best way to protect against unknown risks that lie ahead. When it comes to you and your club’s charitable spending, few investments match the value of the Canine Legislative Support Fund. Donations to the AKC Canine Legislative Support Fund (CLSF) help furnish additional resources that help AKC expand the scope of influence of its Government Relations team and of purebred dog breeders, owners, and clubs through additional political, advocacy, and educational initiatives, including: Formal representation (lobbying) in Congress and key statehouses. Educational programs for legislators and the public about responsible and fair policies for dog breeding and ownership. Grassroots advocacy training for clubs and federations. The AKC Government Relations Legislative Conference. Development and delivery of online/downloadable and in-person advocacy presentations. Conference calls to help dog owners comply with new laws and regulations. The Bebout Award for Leadership in Canine Legislation, which recognizes federations and owner/breeder organizations actively involved in educating legislators and working to preserve the rights of responsible dog breeders and owners. Legislator of the Year Awards and other outreach to help you build bridges with your legislators. Grants and assistance for clubs participating in public education and advocacy initiatives. Assistance with state-wide lobby days. With political changes likely coming across the country next year, now is the best time to invest in a solid defense against animal extremism that threatens the future of our dogs. We hope your club will consider financially supporting the CLSF. It’s easy for you and/or your club to make a contribution to the Canine Legislative Support Fund: To make a contribution online, go to www.akc. org/clubpresidentschallenge and submit the required identification and payment information. To mail a contribution by check, download and complete this form; mail it with a check made to “AKC Canine Legislative Support Fund”; and send to 8051 Arco Corporate Drive, Suite 100, Raleigh, NC 27617. Sheila Goffe AKC Government Relations Dept. Dog News 141 AS OF JANUARY 1, 2015 Commercial Rate Card Available Upon Request 142 DogNews News 82 96 Dog Dog News A Celebration of America's Number Three Dog Amongst All Breeds Thank you, Judges!	i don't know
Which Asian island is shared between three separate sovereign states?	Southeast Asia travel guide - Wikitravel Cities[ edit ] These are nine of the most prominent cities in Southeast Asia: Bangkok — huge, bustling and cosmopolitan capital of Thailand with endless possibilities for nightlife, shopping and culture Jakarta — capital of Indonesia and the largest city in Southeast Asia. A diverse city, from the old houses of Batavia to modern megamalls. Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) — bustling metropolis and Vietnam 's largest city and southern economic centre Kuala Lumpur — the capital of Malaysia , grown from a small sleepy tin-mining village to a large and diverse metropolis with tons of shopping and nightlife Luang Prabang — UNESCO World Heritage City : most popular tourist destination in Laos : temples, colonial era architecture, vibrant night markets and an all-around laid-back vibe Manila — hectic and friendly capital of the Philippines Phnom Penh — rapidly developing capital of Cambodia , striving to reclaim "The Pearl of Asia" title it had before 1970 Singapore — modern, affluent city-state with a medley of Chinese, Indian and Malay influences Yangon (formerly the capital of Myanmar , Rangoon) — pagodas and fading colonial architecture, rapidly emerging from repression and poverty Other destinations[ edit ] We can not list every major non-city destination in Southeast Asia, so here is just a representative sample of ten of the more significant destinations outside of major cities: Angkor Archaeological Park — magnificent remains of several capitals of the Khmer Empire Bali — unique Hindu culture, beaches and mountains on the Island of the Gods Boracay — long white sand beaches and bustling nightlife Borobudur — one of the largest Buddhist temples in the world Rice terraces in Banaue , Philippines Tourism destination, the crater of Mount Bromo in East Java , Indonesia Southeast Asia is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, and for a reason: a tropical climate, warm (or hot!) all year around, rich culture, gorgeous beaches, wonderful food and last but not least, low prices. While its history and modern-day politics are complex, most of it is also quite safe for the traveller and easy to travel around in. History[ edit ] Pre-historic Southeast Asia was largely underpopulated. A process of immigration from India across the Bay of Bengal is referred to as the process of Indianization. Exactly how and when it happened is contested; however, the population of the mainland region largely happened through immigration from India . The Sanskrit script still used as the basis for modern Thai, Lao, Burmese and Khmer has its roots from this process. On the other hand, population of the archipelegos of East Timor, Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as Malaysia on the mainland is thought to have come about though immigration from Taiwan . Pre-colonial period[ edit ] Before the arrival of European invaders and colonists, Southeast Asia was home to several powerful kingdoms. Some of the more notable ones were the Funan and the Khmer Empire in northern Southeast Asia, as well as the Srivijaya, the Majapahit Kingdom and the Melaka Sultanate in the Malay Archipelago. European colonial era[ edit ] Southeast Asian history is very diverse and often tumultuous, and has to an important extent been shaped by European colonialism. The very term Southeast Asia was invented by American Naval strategists around 1940. Southeast Asia was prior to WWII referred to with reference to the colonial powers; farther India for Burma and Thailand , with reference to the main British colony of India, although Thailand was never formally colonized; Indochina referred to the French colonies of Cambodia , Vietnam and Laos , while Indonesia and parts of maritime Southeast Asia was referred to as the Dutch East Indies. Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore were known as British Malaya, while Sabah was known as British North Borneo. Sarawak , on the other hand was known as the Kingdom of Sarawak and ruled by a British family known as the White Rajahs. Brunei was also made into a British protectorate, with the British taking charge of its defence and foreign affairs. The Philippines was named the Spanish East Indies during the initial period of Spanish colonial rule, and later came to be known by its current name in honour of King Philip II of Spain, a name which stuck even after the islands were transferred from Spanish to American colonial rule. East Timor was colonized by Portugal for 273 years, then occupied by Indonesia for 27 years before becoming the first nation to gain independence in the 21st century. World War II was disastrous to Southeast Asia, and also saw the beginning of the end of European colonialism, as the European powers surrendered to Japan one by one in disgrace. By the end of 1942, the Japanese had conquered virtually the whole of Southeast Asia, with only Thailand remaining unconquered, as the Thais signed a treaty of friendship with the Japanese which allowed the Japanese to establish military bases in Thailand, and allowed Japanese troops free passage through Thailand. The Japanese occupation was a time of great hardship for many of the natives, as the Japanese took all the resources for themselves, and exploited many of the locals for their own gain. However, the Japanese occupation convinced many locals that the European powers were not invincible after all, and allowed the independence movements to gain pace. After the war, the decolonisation process started in Southeast Asia, with the Americans granting independence to the Philippines in 1946, while the British granted independence to Burma in 1948, followed by Malaya in 1957 and eventually Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo in 1963, which federated with Malaya to form Malaysia. After some ideological conflicts, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in 1965 and became a sovereign state. On the other hand, the Dutch and the French fought bloody wars in an effort to hold on to their colonies, most of which ended in humiliating defeats for the European colonial powers, eventually leading to the Indonesia gaining independence from the Dutch in 1949, and Indochina from the French, which became the three separate countries of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam in 1954. European colonialism came to an end in Southeast Asia in 1984, when Brunei was granted full independence by the British. Indonesia occupied East Timor in 1975 after it declared independence from the Portuguese following a coup in Portugal, and only left in 1999 following a United Nations referendum. East Timor was then occupied by a United Nations peacekeeping force, before finally becoming independent in 2002. For at least two thousand years (and to this day), Southeast Asia has been a conduit for trade between India and China, but large-scale Chinese immigration only began with the advent of the colonial era. In Singapore, the Chinese form a majority of the population, but there are substantial Chinese minorities, assimilated to varying degrees, across all countries in the region. In recent years, Southeast Asia is acknowledged as having a relatively high rate of economic growth, with Malaysia , Indonesia , Thailand and the Philippines often being called the "New Asian Tigers", and Vietnam also recording double digit growth rates in recent years. Nevertheless, despite being one of the most resource rich regions in the world (all Southeast Asian countries except Singapore are considered to be resource rich), widespread corruption means that poverty is still an issue in many countries, which much of the wealth concentrated in the hands of a few elite. Climate[ edit ] Southeast Asia is mostly tropical with some subtropical highlands in the North: the weather hovers around the 30°C mark throughout the year, humidity is high and it rains often. The equatorial parts of Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines, have only two seasons, wet and dry, with the dry season somewhat hotter (up to 35°C) and the wet season somewhat cooler (down to 25°C). The wet season usually occurs in winter, and the hot season in summer, although there are significant local variations. However, in Indochina (north/central Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar), the seasons can be broken down into hot, wet and dry, with the relatively cool dry season from November to February or so being the most popular with tourists. The scorching hot season that follows can see temperatures climb above 40°C in April, cooling down as the rains start around July. However, even in the "wet" season, the typical pattern is sunny mornings with a short (but torrential) shower in the afternoon, not all-day drizzle, so this alone should not discourage you from travel. Southeast Asia is also home to many mountains, and conditions are generally cooler in the highlands. In equatorial Southeast Asia, highland temperatures generally range from about 15-25°C. Some of the highest mountains in Indonesia, Vietnam and Myanmar are so high that snow falls every year, and Indonesia and Myanmar are even home to permanent glaciers. In Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore and parts of Indonesia (notably Sumatra and Borneo ) and the Philippines (notably Palawan ), haze from forest fires (usually set intentionally to clear land) is a frequent phenomenon in the dry season from May to October. Haze comes and goes rapidly with the wind, but Singapore's National Environment Agency has useful online maps [1] of the current situation in the entire region. Angkor , Cambodia Southeast Asia's culture is dominantly influenced by the Indians and Chinese as well as its colonizers. Thai, Burmese, Cambodian and Lao culture is heavily Indianized as well as Chinese-influenced in areas such as faith, folklore, language and writing. Malaysia and Indonesia are also influenced by the Indians, Malays and Chinese with a touch of Arab culture due to the large Muslim populations. Vietnam is the most Chinese-influenced country while Brunei's culture is Malay-influenced. East Timor's culture is influenced notably by the Portuguese and the Malays. Singaporean and Philippine cultures are the most diverse: Singaporean is a mix of Malay, Indian, Peranakan, British, American and Chinese cultures while the Philippines is heavily influenced by American, Spanish, Malay, Japanese, Portuguese and Chinese culture with less influence from the Indians, Mexicans and other Europeans, making it as the most westernized nation in the region. Religion[ edit ] Southeast Asia is religiously diverse. Malaysia , Indonesia and Brunei are predominantly Sunni Muslim, while East Timor and the Philippines are predominantly Roman Catholic. In northern Southeast Asia, Buddhism dominates, mostly of the Theravada variety, with the exception of Vietnam where the Mahayana variety dominates. However, religious minorities exist in every country. The ethnic Chinese minorities in the various countries practise a mix of different religions, including Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. Hinduism is still practised in parts of Indonesia, most notably Bali , as well as by a sizeable proportion of the ethnic Indian community in Malaysia, Singapore and Myanmar. The southern parts of Thailand are home to ethnic Malays who mostly practise Islam, while the island of Mindanao in the Philippines is also home to a sizeable Muslim community. Indonesia is also home to many Christians, most notably on Papua and the island of Sulawesi . In East Malaysia as well as more remote parts of various countries, various tribal religions are still widely practised. Talk[ edit ] Most of Southeast Asia's major languages are not mutually intelligible. English is a traveller's most useful language overall, although for longer stays in any Southeast Asian country (except Singapore and the Philippines), picking up at least some of the local language is useful, and essential outside the cities. There are also many Chinese in the area, although many Southeast Asian Chinese speak only southern languages like Cantonese or Minnan , and not Mandarin. Unlike in Africa and South America , with the exception of English and Portuguese, most of the colonial languages are no longer widely spoken, although in recent years, French has been experiencing a revival in Laos, Cambodia, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam. In addition, Spanish has also been experiencing a revival in the Philippines. Nevertheless, English remains the more practical non-native language for tourists in the other nations of the region. Get in[ edit ] Southeast Asia's touristy countries ( Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Thailand ) do not require visas from most visitors. Cambodia , Laos , Indonesia and East Timor offer visas on arrival at most points of entry. Vietnam offers Visa on Arrival for some nationalities, though some advance paperwork might be necessary. Myanmar requires advance paperwork and usually a visit to the embassy (easiest in Bangkok ) for most visitors. By plane[ edit ] The main international gateways to Southeast Asia are Bangkok (Thailand) and Singapore , with Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in third place and Jakarta (Indonesia) following suit. Manila (Philippines) also offers relatively good connections to other cities outside the region, particularly North America. Hong Kong also makes a good springboard into the region, with many low-cost carriers flying into Southeast Asian destinations. Rapidly expanding AirAsia flies out of its Kuala Lumpur hub and getting from one South East Asian city to another is often as easy as booking two separate AirAsia tickets and transiting through their Kuala Lumpur hub. AirAsia also operates secondary hubs in Bangkok and Jakarta. In addition, budget flights can be booked through the Jetstar and Tiger Airways hub in Singapore so always consider this as another option. By train[ edit ] The only railway line into Southeast Asia is between Vietnam and China , and consequently on to Russia and even Europe . There are no connections between Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries yet, although there are plans for links through both Cambodia and Myanmar onward to the existing Thailand - Malaysia network. By boat[ edit ] Southeast Asia is a popular destination for round the world cruises, and many of them make several stops in Southeast Asia with the option to go for shore excursions. Popular ports of call include Singapore , Langkawi , Penang , Tioman , Redang , Phuket , Nha Trang , Ha Long Bay , Ho Chi Minh City and Ko Samui . In addition, Star Cruises [2] also operates cruises from Hong Kong and Taiwan to various destinations in Southeast Asia. By bus[ edit ] Several Chinese cities, among which Nanning (which conveniently also has a Vietnamese embassy; buses by Yunde (云德; Yúndé) [3] bus company leave from Langdong Bus Station) and Kunming offer bus connections to Hanoi in Vietnam , stopping and transferring at the border. Get around[ edit ] With the exception of Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Thailand public transportation networks in Southeast Asia tend to be underdeveloped. However, due to reckless driving habits, driving is also usually not for the faint hearted. Most of the time, plane, bus or rail travel tends to be the best way of getting around. By plane[ edit ] Much of Southeast Asia is now covered by a dense web of discount carriers , making this a fast and affordable way of getting around. Bangkok , Jakarta , Kuala Lumpur and Singapore are the main hubs for discount airlines in the area. The larger multinational discount airlines and most national carriers are respectable, but some of the smaller airlines have questionable safety records, especially on domestic flights using older planes — do some research before you buy. Services along the main Jakarta - Singapore - Kuala Lumpur - Bangkok business corridor are extremely frequent, with frequencies almost like a bus service in the daytime, meaning that competition is stiff and prices are low if you book in advance. By bus[ edit ] Buses run throughout every country in Southeast Asia, connecting major cities and small towns. They can range from tiny minibuses which are crammed full of people and assorted other items, to large air-conditioned touringcars. Like anywhere, you get what you pay for. Some countries, such as Vietnam offer sleeper-buses with beds, and offer bus-passes which can be used to travel through the entire country with several stops. Thailand has the most extensive network, with relatively frequent and economical (albeit slow, compared to most buses) and generally reliable services. The main lines from Bangkok are north to Chiang Mai ; north-east via Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat) to Nong Khai and also east to Ubon Ratchathani ; east via Chachoengsao to Aranyaprathet and also south-east via Pattaya to Sattahip ; and south via Surat Thani (province) to Ko Samui , Ko Pha Ngan , Ko Tao and Hat Yai , through Malaysia via Butterworth , Kuala Lumpur , and Johor Bahru , to Singapore . The networks in Indonesia and Myanmar are more limited and decrepit and perhaps best experienced for their nostalgic value. Cambodia 's railways were badly hit by the civil war and have been going downhill ever since. The only remaining passenger service connects the capital Phnom Penh with the next-largest town Battambang , and takes longer to arrive than a reasonably determined cyclist. It is no longer possible to transit all the way through Cambodia to Thailand by rail. By boat[ edit ] International ferry links are surprisingly limited, but it's possible to cross over from Malaysia to Sumatra (Indonesia) and from Singapore to the Riau Islands (Indonesia) and Johor (Malaysia). Star Cruises [4] also operates a fleet of cruise ferries between Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, occasionally venturing as far as Cambodia, Vietnam and even Hong Kong. Domestic passenger ferries link various islands in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines , but safety regulations are often ignored, boats often overloaded, and sinkings are not uncommon. Be sure to inspect the boat before you agree to get on, and avoid boats that look overcrowded or too run down. By car[ edit ] Getting around continental Southeast Asia as well as intra-island travel in the various islands of Southeast Asia by car is possible, but definitely not for the faint hearted. While you can drive yourself around Singapore , Malaysia and Brunei without any major problems after giving yourself some time to get used to the relative lack of road courtesy, traffic conditions elsewhere range from just bad to total chaos. As such, it is advisable to rent a car with a driver, and not try to drive yourself around. Thaiwand Wall and Phra Nang Beach, Rai Leh , Thailand It's difficult to choose favorites from a region as varied as Southeast Asia, but picking one representative sight per country: The awe-inspiring temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia The eerie, continually erupting volcanoes of Mount Bromo in Indonesia The laid-back former royal capital of Luang Prabang in Laos The surreal mix of modernity and tradition in Malaysia's capital-to-be Putrajaya The literally thousands of ancient temples and stupas which make up the cityscape of Bagan , Myanmar The 2000-year-old rice terraces of Banaue , built onto the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the Batad indigenous people Adventure Activities[ edit ] Take a motorcycle tour across Cambodia or Vietnam - countries for some of the finest on and off-road riding in the World. Hike the jungles of Thailand or Borneo or the mountains of Northern Vietnam or the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia. Boat down the Mekong in Laos . Zipline through the jungle in Thailand or Laos . Wash and feed elephants near Chiang Mai . Jump down waterfalls at Kanchanaburi or Chiang Mai . Visit caves in Halong Bay . Watersports[ edit ] Scuba diving is a major draw for visitors to Southeast Asia, with the Philippines , Thailand , Malaysia and Indonesia all boasting world-class diving locations. Surfing is also an increasing popular sport especially in the Philippines and Indonesia , with Nias and Bali the top draws. Sailing becomes more popular especially in Southern Thailand Try wakeboarding at Southeast Asia's largest wakeboarding center in Camarines Sur in the Philippines . Explore the world's longest underground river the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan also in the Philippines . Massage[ edit ] Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia and Thailand , is well-known throughout the world for its traditional massages. While the conditions of massage parlours vary, those located in major hotels in touristy areas are usually clean, though you would generally pay a premium for them. Nevertheless, prices remain much lower than in most Western countries, with 1/2-hour massages starting from around US$10-20. Cycling[ edit ] Cycling throught peaceful countrysides in Indochina from Thailand to Vietnam along Mekong Delta to see the real local lifes, chatting with friendly local people on trip. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Chinese New Year decorations on sale in Singapore Every Southeast Asian country has its own currency. The US dollar is the official currency of East Timor , the unofficial currency of Cambodia and Laos , and (for larger payments) is widely accepted in some Southeast Asian cities. Euros are also widely accepted in the major cities, although rates are rarely as good as for dollars. Thai baht are widely accepted in Cambodia , Laos and Myanmar . As Singapore is considered to be the main financial centre of Southeast Asia, Singapore dollars would generally be accepted in major tourist areas if you're in a pinch (and are legal tender in Brunei), though the conversion rate might not be very favourable. Exchange rates for Southeast Asian currencies tend to be very poor outside the region, so it's best to exchange (or use the ATM) only after arrival. Alternatively, Singapore and Hong Kong have many money changers who offer competitive rates for Southeast Asian currencies, so you might plan to spend a night or two in transit for you to get your money changed. Costs[ edit ] Southeast Asia is cheap, so much so that it is among the cheapest travel destinations on the planet. US$20 is a perfectly serviceable daily backpacker budget in most countries in the region, while the savvy traveler can eat well, drink a lot and stay in five-star hotels for US$100/day. Some exceptions do stand out. The rich city-states of Singapore and Brunei , which boast some of the highest GDP per capita in the world, can be more than twice as expensive as their neighbors, while at the other end of the spectrum, the difficulty of getting into and around underdeveloped places like Myanmar , East Timor and the backwoods of Indonesia drives up prices there too. In Singapore in particular, the sheer scarcity of land drives accommodation rates up and you would be looking at more than US$150 per night for a four-star hotel. Shopping[ edit ] Southeast Asia is a shopping haven, with both high end branded goods and dirt cheap street goods. The most popular city for shopping in Southeast Asia is Bangkok , although Jakarta , Kuala Lumpur , Manila , Ho Chi Minh City and Singapore all have extensive arrays of exclusive shopping malls stocked with haute couture labels. On the other end of the spectrum, street markets remain a part of daily life (except in Singapore) and are the place to go for dirt cheap or counterfeit items. Some towns like Chiang Mai in Thailand and Ubud in Bali, Indonesia are well-known for enormous markets selling traditional artworks, and it's often possible to buy directly from local artists or have dresses, jewelry, furniture etc made to order. Bargaining[ edit ] Bargain in public markets and flea markets where prices aren't fixed, Southeast Asians actually will give you a bargain if you make them laugh and smile while naming your price, if they don't try saying bye bye and smile and maybe the vendor might change his mind and give you a discount. When bargaining for simple things like watches, sunglasses, and shoes remember that these are marked up indefinitely more than 400% and given you have the bargaining skill, can easily be brought down from 4,500 baht to 800 - 1000. If you can't seem to get them down to a reasonable price, then you're doing it wrong. Fruit at a street market, Thailand Rice is the main Southeast Asian staple, with noodles of all sorts an important second option. Fruit is available everywhere in all shapes and sizes. Mangoes are a firm favorite among travellers. The giant spiky durian, perhaps the only unifying factor between South-East Asia's countries, is infamous for its pungent smell and has been likened to eating garlic ice cream next to an open sewer. Street vendors or hawkers. Be careful of some, but most offer wonderful food at a very inexpensive cost. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Beer Lao, the unofficial national brew of Laos Rice-based alcoholic drinks — Thai whisky, Tuba, lao, tuak, arak and so on — are ubiquitous and potent, if rarely tasty. As a rule of thumb, local booze is cheap, but most countries levy very high taxes on imported stuff. Beers are a must try in Southeast Asia - check out San Miguel (Philippines), Singha (Thailand), Bir Bintang, Angker Beer (Indonesia) Tiger Beer (Singapore and Malaysia) and Beer Lao (Laos). Lager is by far the most popular style, although stout (esp. Guinness) is also popular and the larger cities have plenty of microbreweries and imported brews. Don't be surprised by the local habit of adding ice to your beer: not only does it help keep it cool, but it dilutes the often high alcohol content (6% is typical) as well. Hampered by heavy taxation and a mostly unsuitable climate, wine is only slowly making inroads, although you can find a few wineries in northern Thailand, Bali and Vietnam. Don't buy wine in a restaurant unless you're sure it's been kept properly, since a bottle left to molder in the tropical heat will turn to vinegar within months. Stay safe[ edit ] Virtually all of the traveller trail in Southeast Asia is perfectly safe, though there are low-level insurgencies in remote areas of Indonesia , Myanmar (of which some of the more turbulent states remain out of bounds for tourists), the Philippines and Thailand , and East Timor continues to be politically unstable. Terrorists in Indonesia have bombed several hotels and nightclubs frequented by foreigners in Bali and Jakarta , most recently the Marriott and Ritz Carlton in July 2009. Thailand 's southernmost states, especially in the border region with Malaysia have also been the scene of violence in recent years, and while tourists have not been specifically targeted, there have been several attacks on trains and three foreigners were killed in bombings in Hat Yai in 2006. Violent crime is a rarity in Southeast Asia, but opportunistic theft is more common. Watch out for pickpockets in crowded areas and keep a close eye on your bags when traveling, particularly on overnight buses and trains. There are multiple Islamist and jihadist groups in southeast Asia, such as Jemaah Islamiyah in Thailand, Mujahedeen KOMPAK,Laskar Jihad in Indonesia and Abu Sayyaf in the Phillipines.	Borneo
Which TV character referred to his wife as ’Er Indoors?	Southeast Asia travel guide - Wikitravel Cities[ edit ] These are nine of the most prominent cities in Southeast Asia: Bangkok — huge, bustling and cosmopolitan capital of Thailand with endless possibilities for nightlife, shopping and culture Jakarta — capital of Indonesia and the largest city in Southeast Asia. A diverse city, from the old houses of Batavia to modern megamalls. Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) — bustling metropolis and Vietnam 's largest city and southern economic centre Kuala Lumpur — the capital of Malaysia , grown from a small sleepy tin-mining village to a large and diverse metropolis with tons of shopping and nightlife Luang Prabang — UNESCO World Heritage City : most popular tourist destination in Laos : temples, colonial era architecture, vibrant night markets and an all-around laid-back vibe Manila — hectic and friendly capital of the Philippines Phnom Penh — rapidly developing capital of Cambodia , striving to reclaim "The Pearl of Asia" title it had before 1970 Singapore — modern, affluent city-state with a medley of Chinese, Indian and Malay influences Yangon (formerly the capital of Myanmar , Rangoon) — pagodas and fading colonial architecture, rapidly emerging from repression and poverty Other destinations[ edit ] We can not list every major non-city destination in Southeast Asia, so here is just a representative sample of ten of the more significant destinations outside of major cities: Angkor Archaeological Park — magnificent remains of several capitals of the Khmer Empire Bali — unique Hindu culture, beaches and mountains on the Island of the Gods Boracay — long white sand beaches and bustling nightlife Borobudur — one of the largest Buddhist temples in the world Rice terraces in Banaue , Philippines Tourism destination, the crater of Mount Bromo in East Java , Indonesia Southeast Asia is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, and for a reason: a tropical climate, warm (or hot!) all year around, rich culture, gorgeous beaches, wonderful food and last but not least, low prices. While its history and modern-day politics are complex, most of it is also quite safe for the traveller and easy to travel around in. History[ edit ] Pre-historic Southeast Asia was largely underpopulated. A process of immigration from India across the Bay of Bengal is referred to as the process of Indianization. Exactly how and when it happened is contested; however, the population of the mainland region largely happened through immigration from India . The Sanskrit script still used as the basis for modern Thai, Lao, Burmese and Khmer has its roots from this process. On the other hand, population of the archipelegos of East Timor, Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as Malaysia on the mainland is thought to have come about though immigration from Taiwan . Pre-colonial period[ edit ] Before the arrival of European invaders and colonists, Southeast Asia was home to several powerful kingdoms. Some of the more notable ones were the Funan and the Khmer Empire in northern Southeast Asia, as well as the Srivijaya, the Majapahit Kingdom and the Melaka Sultanate in the Malay Archipelago. European colonial era[ edit ] Southeast Asian history is very diverse and often tumultuous, and has to an important extent been shaped by European colonialism. The very term Southeast Asia was invented by American Naval strategists around 1940. Southeast Asia was prior to WWII referred to with reference to the colonial powers; farther India for Burma and Thailand , with reference to the main British colony of India, although Thailand was never formally colonized; Indochina referred to the French colonies of Cambodia , Vietnam and Laos , while Indonesia and parts of maritime Southeast Asia was referred to as the Dutch East Indies. Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore were known as British Malaya, while Sabah was known as British North Borneo. Sarawak , on the other hand was known as the Kingdom of Sarawak and ruled by a British family known as the White Rajahs. Brunei was also made into a British protectorate, with the British taking charge of its defence and foreign affairs. The Philippines was named the Spanish East Indies during the initial period of Spanish colonial rule, and later came to be known by its current name in honour of King Philip II of Spain, a name which stuck even after the islands were transferred from Spanish to American colonial rule. East Timor was colonized by Portugal for 273 years, then occupied by Indonesia for 27 years before becoming the first nation to gain independence in the 21st century. World War II was disastrous to Southeast Asia, and also saw the beginning of the end of European colonialism, as the European powers surrendered to Japan one by one in disgrace. By the end of 1942, the Japanese had conquered virtually the whole of Southeast Asia, with only Thailand remaining unconquered, as the Thais signed a treaty of friendship with the Japanese which allowed the Japanese to establish military bases in Thailand, and allowed Japanese troops free passage through Thailand. The Japanese occupation was a time of great hardship for many of the natives, as the Japanese took all the resources for themselves, and exploited many of the locals for their own gain. However, the Japanese occupation convinced many locals that the European powers were not invincible after all, and allowed the independence movements to gain pace. After the war, the decolonisation process started in Southeast Asia, with the Americans granting independence to the Philippines in 1946, while the British granted independence to Burma in 1948, followed by Malaya in 1957 and eventually Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo in 1963, which federated with Malaya to form Malaysia. After some ideological conflicts, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in 1965 and became a sovereign state. On the other hand, the Dutch and the French fought bloody wars in an effort to hold on to their colonies, most of which ended in humiliating defeats for the European colonial powers, eventually leading to the Indonesia gaining independence from the Dutch in 1949, and Indochina from the French, which became the three separate countries of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam in 1954. European colonialism came to an end in Southeast Asia in 1984, when Brunei was granted full independence by the British. Indonesia occupied East Timor in 1975 after it declared independence from the Portuguese following a coup in Portugal, and only left in 1999 following a United Nations referendum. East Timor was then occupied by a United Nations peacekeeping force, before finally becoming independent in 2002. For at least two thousand years (and to this day), Southeast Asia has been a conduit for trade between India and China, but large-scale Chinese immigration only began with the advent of the colonial era. In Singapore, the Chinese form a majority of the population, but there are substantial Chinese minorities, assimilated to varying degrees, across all countries in the region. In recent years, Southeast Asia is acknowledged as having a relatively high rate of economic growth, with Malaysia , Indonesia , Thailand and the Philippines often being called the "New Asian Tigers", and Vietnam also recording double digit growth rates in recent years. Nevertheless, despite being one of the most resource rich regions in the world (all Southeast Asian countries except Singapore are considered to be resource rich), widespread corruption means that poverty is still an issue in many countries, which much of the wealth concentrated in the hands of a few elite. Climate[ edit ] Southeast Asia is mostly tropical with some subtropical highlands in the North: the weather hovers around the 30°C mark throughout the year, humidity is high and it rains often. The equatorial parts of Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines, have only two seasons, wet and dry, with the dry season somewhat hotter (up to 35°C) and the wet season somewhat cooler (down to 25°C). The wet season usually occurs in winter, and the hot season in summer, although there are significant local variations. However, in Indochina (north/central Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar), the seasons can be broken down into hot, wet and dry, with the relatively cool dry season from November to February or so being the most popular with tourists. The scorching hot season that follows can see temperatures climb above 40°C in April, cooling down as the rains start around July. However, even in the "wet" season, the typical pattern is sunny mornings with a short (but torrential) shower in the afternoon, not all-day drizzle, so this alone should not discourage you from travel. Southeast Asia is also home to many mountains, and conditions are generally cooler in the highlands. In equatorial Southeast Asia, highland temperatures generally range from about 15-25°C. Some of the highest mountains in Indonesia, Vietnam and Myanmar are so high that snow falls every year, and Indonesia and Myanmar are even home to permanent glaciers. In Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore and parts of Indonesia (notably Sumatra and Borneo ) and the Philippines (notably Palawan ), haze from forest fires (usually set intentionally to clear land) is a frequent phenomenon in the dry season from May to October. Haze comes and goes rapidly with the wind, but Singapore's National Environment Agency has useful online maps [1] of the current situation in the entire region. Angkor , Cambodia Southeast Asia's culture is dominantly influenced by the Indians and Chinese as well as its colonizers. Thai, Burmese, Cambodian and Lao culture is heavily Indianized as well as Chinese-influenced in areas such as faith, folklore, language and writing. Malaysia and Indonesia are also influenced by the Indians, Malays and Chinese with a touch of Arab culture due to the large Muslim populations. Vietnam is the most Chinese-influenced country while Brunei's culture is Malay-influenced. East Timor's culture is influenced notably by the Portuguese and the Malays. Singaporean and Philippine cultures are the most diverse: Singaporean is a mix of Malay, Indian, Peranakan, British, American and Chinese cultures while the Philippines is heavily influenced by American, Spanish, Malay, Japanese, Portuguese and Chinese culture with less influence from the Indians, Mexicans and other Europeans, making it as the most westernized nation in the region. Religion[ edit ] Southeast Asia is religiously diverse. Malaysia , Indonesia and Brunei are predominantly Sunni Muslim, while East Timor and the Philippines are predominantly Roman Catholic. In northern Southeast Asia, Buddhism dominates, mostly of the Theravada variety, with the exception of Vietnam where the Mahayana variety dominates. However, religious minorities exist in every country. The ethnic Chinese minorities in the various countries practise a mix of different religions, including Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. Hinduism is still practised in parts of Indonesia, most notably Bali , as well as by a sizeable proportion of the ethnic Indian community in Malaysia, Singapore and Myanmar. The southern parts of Thailand are home to ethnic Malays who mostly practise Islam, while the island of Mindanao in the Philippines is also home to a sizeable Muslim community. Indonesia is also home to many Christians, most notably on Papua and the island of Sulawesi . In East Malaysia as well as more remote parts of various countries, various tribal religions are still widely practised. Talk[ edit ] Most of Southeast Asia's major languages are not mutually intelligible. English is a traveller's most useful language overall, although for longer stays in any Southeast Asian country (except Singapore and the Philippines), picking up at least some of the local language is useful, and essential outside the cities. There are also many Chinese in the area, although many Southeast Asian Chinese speak only southern languages like Cantonese or Minnan , and not Mandarin. Unlike in Africa and South America , with the exception of English and Portuguese, most of the colonial languages are no longer widely spoken, although in recent years, French has been experiencing a revival in Laos, Cambodia, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam. In addition, Spanish has also been experiencing a revival in the Philippines. Nevertheless, English remains the more practical non-native language for tourists in the other nations of the region. Get in[ edit ] Southeast Asia's touristy countries ( Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Thailand ) do not require visas from most visitors. Cambodia , Laos , Indonesia and East Timor offer visas on arrival at most points of entry. Vietnam offers Visa on Arrival for some nationalities, though some advance paperwork might be necessary. Myanmar requires advance paperwork and usually a visit to the embassy (easiest in Bangkok ) for most visitors. By plane[ edit ] The main international gateways to Southeast Asia are Bangkok (Thailand) and Singapore , with Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in third place and Jakarta (Indonesia) following suit. Manila (Philippines) also offers relatively good connections to other cities outside the region, particularly North America. Hong Kong also makes a good springboard into the region, with many low-cost carriers flying into Southeast Asian destinations. Rapidly expanding AirAsia flies out of its Kuala Lumpur hub and getting from one South East Asian city to another is often as easy as booking two separate AirAsia tickets and transiting through their Kuala Lumpur hub. AirAsia also operates secondary hubs in Bangkok and Jakarta. In addition, budget flights can be booked through the Jetstar and Tiger Airways hub in Singapore so always consider this as another option. By train[ edit ] The only railway line into Southeast Asia is between Vietnam and China , and consequently on to Russia and even Europe . There are no connections between Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries yet, although there are plans for links through both Cambodia and Myanmar onward to the existing Thailand - Malaysia network. By boat[ edit ] Southeast Asia is a popular destination for round the world cruises, and many of them make several stops in Southeast Asia with the option to go for shore excursions. Popular ports of call include Singapore , Langkawi , Penang , Tioman , Redang , Phuket , Nha Trang , Ha Long Bay , Ho Chi Minh City and Ko Samui . In addition, Star Cruises [2] also operates cruises from Hong Kong and Taiwan to various destinations in Southeast Asia. By bus[ edit ] Several Chinese cities, among which Nanning (which conveniently also has a Vietnamese embassy; buses by Yunde (云德; Yúndé) [3] bus company leave from Langdong Bus Station) and Kunming offer bus connections to Hanoi in Vietnam , stopping and transferring at the border. Get around[ edit ] With the exception of Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Thailand public transportation networks in Southeast Asia tend to be underdeveloped. However, due to reckless driving habits, driving is also usually not for the faint hearted. Most of the time, plane, bus or rail travel tends to be the best way of getting around. By plane[ edit ] Much of Southeast Asia is now covered by a dense web of discount carriers , making this a fast and affordable way of getting around. Bangkok , Jakarta , Kuala Lumpur and Singapore are the main hubs for discount airlines in the area. The larger multinational discount airlines and most national carriers are respectable, but some of the smaller airlines have questionable safety records, especially on domestic flights using older planes — do some research before you buy. Services along the main Jakarta - Singapore - Kuala Lumpur - Bangkok business corridor are extremely frequent, with frequencies almost like a bus service in the daytime, meaning that competition is stiff and prices are low if you book in advance. By bus[ edit ] Buses run throughout every country in Southeast Asia, connecting major cities and small towns. They can range from tiny minibuses which are crammed full of people and assorted other items, to large air-conditioned touringcars. Like anywhere, you get what you pay for. Some countries, such as Vietnam offer sleeper-buses with beds, and offer bus-passes which can be used to travel through the entire country with several stops. Thailand has the most extensive network, with relatively frequent and economical (albeit slow, compared to most buses) and generally reliable services. The main lines from Bangkok are north to Chiang Mai ; north-east via Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat) to Nong Khai and also east to Ubon Ratchathani ; east via Chachoengsao to Aranyaprathet and also south-east via Pattaya to Sattahip ; and south via Surat Thani (province) to Ko Samui , Ko Pha Ngan , Ko Tao and Hat Yai , through Malaysia via Butterworth , Kuala Lumpur , and Johor Bahru , to Singapore . The networks in Indonesia and Myanmar are more limited and decrepit and perhaps best experienced for their nostalgic value. Cambodia 's railways were badly hit by the civil war and have been going downhill ever since. The only remaining passenger service connects the capital Phnom Penh with the next-largest town Battambang , and takes longer to arrive than a reasonably determined cyclist. It is no longer possible to transit all the way through Cambodia to Thailand by rail. By boat[ edit ] International ferry links are surprisingly limited, but it's possible to cross over from Malaysia to Sumatra (Indonesia) and from Singapore to the Riau Islands (Indonesia) and Johor (Malaysia). Star Cruises [4] also operates a fleet of cruise ferries between Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, occasionally venturing as far as Cambodia, Vietnam and even Hong Kong. Domestic passenger ferries link various islands in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines , but safety regulations are often ignored, boats often overloaded, and sinkings are not uncommon. Be sure to inspect the boat before you agree to get on, and avoid boats that look overcrowded or too run down. By car[ edit ] Getting around continental Southeast Asia as well as intra-island travel in the various islands of Southeast Asia by car is possible, but definitely not for the faint hearted. While you can drive yourself around Singapore , Malaysia and Brunei without any major problems after giving yourself some time to get used to the relative lack of road courtesy, traffic conditions elsewhere range from just bad to total chaos. As such, it is advisable to rent a car with a driver, and not try to drive yourself around. Thaiwand Wall and Phra Nang Beach, Rai Leh , Thailand It's difficult to choose favorites from a region as varied as Southeast Asia, but picking one representative sight per country: The awe-inspiring temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia The eerie, continually erupting volcanoes of Mount Bromo in Indonesia The laid-back former royal capital of Luang Prabang in Laos The surreal mix of modernity and tradition in Malaysia's capital-to-be Putrajaya The literally thousands of ancient temples and stupas which make up the cityscape of Bagan , Myanmar The 2000-year-old rice terraces of Banaue , built onto the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the Batad indigenous people Adventure Activities[ edit ] Take a motorcycle tour across Cambodia or Vietnam - countries for some of the finest on and off-road riding in the World. Hike the jungles of Thailand or Borneo or the mountains of Northern Vietnam or the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia. Boat down the Mekong in Laos . Zipline through the jungle in Thailand or Laos . Wash and feed elephants near Chiang Mai . Jump down waterfalls at Kanchanaburi or Chiang Mai . Visit caves in Halong Bay . Watersports[ edit ] Scuba diving is a major draw for visitors to Southeast Asia, with the Philippines , Thailand , Malaysia and Indonesia all boasting world-class diving locations. Surfing is also an increasing popular sport especially in the Philippines and Indonesia , with Nias and Bali the top draws. Sailing becomes more popular especially in Southern Thailand Try wakeboarding at Southeast Asia's largest wakeboarding center in Camarines Sur in the Philippines . Explore the world's longest underground river the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan also in the Philippines . Massage[ edit ] Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia and Thailand , is well-known throughout the world for its traditional massages. While the conditions of massage parlours vary, those located in major hotels in touristy areas are usually clean, though you would generally pay a premium for them. Nevertheless, prices remain much lower than in most Western countries, with 1/2-hour massages starting from around US$10-20. Cycling[ edit ] Cycling throught peaceful countrysides in Indochina from Thailand to Vietnam along Mekong Delta to see the real local lifes, chatting with friendly local people on trip. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Chinese New Year decorations on sale in Singapore Every Southeast Asian country has its own currency. The US dollar is the official currency of East Timor , the unofficial currency of Cambodia and Laos , and (for larger payments) is widely accepted in some Southeast Asian cities. Euros are also widely accepted in the major cities, although rates are rarely as good as for dollars. Thai baht are widely accepted in Cambodia , Laos and Myanmar . As Singapore is considered to be the main financial centre of Southeast Asia, Singapore dollars would generally be accepted in major tourist areas if you're in a pinch (and are legal tender in Brunei), though the conversion rate might not be very favourable. Exchange rates for Southeast Asian currencies tend to be very poor outside the region, so it's best to exchange (or use the ATM) only after arrival. Alternatively, Singapore and Hong Kong have many money changers who offer competitive rates for Southeast Asian currencies, so you might plan to spend a night or two in transit for you to get your money changed. Costs[ edit ] Southeast Asia is cheap, so much so that it is among the cheapest travel destinations on the planet. US$20 is a perfectly serviceable daily backpacker budget in most countries in the region, while the savvy traveler can eat well, drink a lot and stay in five-star hotels for US$100/day. Some exceptions do stand out. The rich city-states of Singapore and Brunei , which boast some of the highest GDP per capita in the world, can be more than twice as expensive as their neighbors, while at the other end of the spectrum, the difficulty of getting into and around underdeveloped places like Myanmar , East Timor and the backwoods of Indonesia drives up prices there too. In Singapore in particular, the sheer scarcity of land drives accommodation rates up and you would be looking at more than US$150 per night for a four-star hotel. Shopping[ edit ] Southeast Asia is a shopping haven, with both high end branded goods and dirt cheap street goods. The most popular city for shopping in Southeast Asia is Bangkok , although Jakarta , Kuala Lumpur , Manila , Ho Chi Minh City and Singapore all have extensive arrays of exclusive shopping malls stocked with haute couture labels. On the other end of the spectrum, street markets remain a part of daily life (except in Singapore) and are the place to go for dirt cheap or counterfeit items. Some towns like Chiang Mai in Thailand and Ubud in Bali, Indonesia are well-known for enormous markets selling traditional artworks, and it's often possible to buy directly from local artists or have dresses, jewelry, furniture etc made to order. Bargaining[ edit ] Bargain in public markets and flea markets where prices aren't fixed, Southeast Asians actually will give you a bargain if you make them laugh and smile while naming your price, if they don't try saying bye bye and smile and maybe the vendor might change his mind and give you a discount. When bargaining for simple things like watches, sunglasses, and shoes remember that these are marked up indefinitely more than 400% and given you have the bargaining skill, can easily be brought down from 4,500 baht to 800 - 1000. If you can't seem to get them down to a reasonable price, then you're doing it wrong. Fruit at a street market, Thailand Rice is the main Southeast Asian staple, with noodles of all sorts an important second option. Fruit is available everywhere in all shapes and sizes. Mangoes are a firm favorite among travellers. The giant spiky durian, perhaps the only unifying factor between South-East Asia's countries, is infamous for its pungent smell and has been likened to eating garlic ice cream next to an open sewer. Street vendors or hawkers. Be careful of some, but most offer wonderful food at a very inexpensive cost. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Beer Lao, the unofficial national brew of Laos Rice-based alcoholic drinks — Thai whisky, Tuba, lao, tuak, arak and so on — are ubiquitous and potent, if rarely tasty. As a rule of thumb, local booze is cheap, but most countries levy very high taxes on imported stuff. Beers are a must try in Southeast Asia - check out San Miguel (Philippines), Singha (Thailand), Bir Bintang, Angker Beer (Indonesia) Tiger Beer (Singapore and Malaysia) and Beer Lao (Laos). Lager is by far the most popular style, although stout (esp. Guinness) is also popular and the larger cities have plenty of microbreweries and imported brews. Don't be surprised by the local habit of adding ice to your beer: not only does it help keep it cool, but it dilutes the often high alcohol content (6% is typical) as well. Hampered by heavy taxation and a mostly unsuitable climate, wine is only slowly making inroads, although you can find a few wineries in northern Thailand, Bali and Vietnam. Don't buy wine in a restaurant unless you're sure it's been kept properly, since a bottle left to molder in the tropical heat will turn to vinegar within months. Stay safe[ edit ] Virtually all of the traveller trail in Southeast Asia is perfectly safe, though there are low-level insurgencies in remote areas of Indonesia , Myanmar (of which some of the more turbulent states remain out of bounds for tourists), the Philippines and Thailand , and East Timor continues to be politically unstable. Terrorists in Indonesia have bombed several hotels and nightclubs frequented by foreigners in Bali and Jakarta , most recently the Marriott and Ritz Carlton in July 2009. Thailand 's southernmost states, especially in the border region with Malaysia have also been the scene of violence in recent years, and while tourists have not been specifically targeted, there have been several attacks on trains and three foreigners were killed in bombings in Hat Yai in 2006. Violent crime is a rarity in Southeast Asia, but opportunistic theft is more common. Watch out for pickpockets in crowded areas and keep a close eye on your bags when traveling, particularly on overnight buses and trains. There are multiple Islamist and jihadist groups in southeast Asia, such as Jemaah Islamiyah in Thailand, Mujahedeen KOMPAK,Laskar Jihad in Indonesia and Abu Sayyaf in the Phillipines.	i don't know
In a 1965 to 1975 sitcom, which actress’s character was mocked as a Silly Moo?	Till Death Us Do Part (TV Series 1965–1975) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Till Death Us Do Part 40min A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Creator: In line with his Tory leader Heath's declaration Alf is now working a three day week but is appalled to find Else is doing the same and she has not cooked him a dinner. This leads to her commenting ... 8.1 While boozing in the pub racist Alf makes Gran laugh by ridiculing the Pakistani, 'Paki-Paddy' who is drinking at the bar, but the laughter ceases when she tells him the strangely half-Irish, ... 8.0 Gran is very ill and Else is very concerned, while Alf is uncaring, they both visit the sick old lady. Alf believing Gran is not long for this world takes her dead husbands pocket-watch for himself, ... 7.7 a list of 24 titles created 15 May 2012 a list of 31 titles created 12 Jun 2015 a list of 45 titles created 05 Jul 2015 a list of 34 titles created 10 Aug 2015 a list of 34 titles created 10 months ago Title: Till Death Us Do Part (1965–1975) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Photos Alf and Elsie are getting old, Rita's left home, Elsie's confined to a wheelchair. Alf must now do battle with the Social Security system. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Carmel McSharry, Arthur English Albert Steptoe and his son Harold are junk dealers, complete with horse and cart to tour the neighbourhood. They also live amicably together at the junk yard. But Harold, who likes the ... See full summary » Director: Cliff Owen BBC Television comedy detailing the fortunes of Reginald Iolanthe Perrin. Disillusioned after a long career at Sunshine Desserts, Perrin goes through a mid-life crisis and fakes his own ... See full summary » Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Pauline Yates, John Barron Terry is divorced from his German wife and has a Finnish girlfriend Christina. At Thelma's suggestion they join her and Bob on a caravan holiday but due to a mishap the men get separated ... See full summary » Director: Michael Tuchner Bless This House centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, where travelling stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenagers: Mike (... See full summary » Stars: Sidney James, Diana Coupland, Sally Geeson The adventures of two "likely lads" ostensibly set in the North East of England (but filmed in Willesden Junction, London). Terry and Bob have been friends since childhood. Bob is the ... See full summary » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Don McKillop Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth Classic 1960s British comedy series about a middle aged man and his elderly father who run an unsuccessful 'rag and bone' business (collecting and selling junk). Harold (the son) wants to ... See full summary » Stars: Wilfrid Brambell, Harry H. Corbett, Frank Thornton Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants. Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Don Warrington, Frances de la Tour Ken Boon and Harry Crawford are two middle-aged ex-firemen who start out in business together, initially in Birmingham and later in Nottingham. During the seven series (1986-1992), Ken ... See full summary » Stars: Michael Elphick, David Daker, Neil Morrissey Accident-prone Frank Spencer fails to navigate the simplest tasks of daily life, while also trying to look after his wife and baby. Stars: Michael Crawford, Michele Dotrice, Jessica Forte George and Mildred Roper are forced to leave their home in South Kensington (as the landlords in Man About the House (1973)) when they receive a compulsory purchase order from the council. ... See full summary » Stars: Yootha Joyce, Brian Murphy, Norman Eshley Edit Storyline Alf Garnet is the original of the American TV character Archie Bunker of '"All in the Family" (1971)'. He is a profane, bigoted cockney constantly fighting against the system, his family and the younger generation. Written by Steve Crook <[email protected]> 22 July 1965 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Bis daß der Tod euch scheidet See more » Company Credits Black and White (26 episodes plus 1 short special)\| Color (28 episodes plus 1 short special) Aspect Ratio: Pilot episode was written as part of the BBC Comedy Playhouse series. See more » Connections "A milestone in TV history." 6 June 2004 \| by jamesraeburn2003 (Poole, Dorset) – See all my reviews A bigoted docker from East London, Alf Garnett, is always getting his family into trouble with his ramblings about race, religion and politics. This long running and extremely successful TV sitcom series created by writer Johnny Speight was also very controversial. Alf's racist and bigoted views often ensured that there was many complaints from angry viewers. Even though a lot of people find the show objectionable, it is still a milestone in British TV history because it changed the face of television in the way it said things and how it said them. The show rarely ever strayed beyond the tiny set of Alf's living room in Wapping (the walls used to wobble whenever Alf banged his fist against them in anger) and it was very weakly plotted but it ran for ten years and Alf Garnett was superbly portrayed by Warren Mitchell and Dandy Nichols was fine as his long suffering wife, Else, whom Alf referred too as the "silly moo". Anthony Booth (Tony Blair's father in law) played his son-in-law, Mike, a Labour supporter whom Alf called various names including "Shirley Temple" among other things because of his long hair. Una Stubbs played the daughter, Rita, who detested her father's bigoted ways, but at the same time retained an affection for him. Alf was a Tory and often conflicted with his son-in-law over the two different parties and they both supported different football teams, Alf was for West Ham and Mike for Liverpool. Everything that his family stood for, Alf was nearly always against. Dandy Nichols left before the last series and the storyline suggested that she had gone to live with her sister in Australia because she could no longer cope with her husband. Meanwhile, Patricia Hayes and Alfie Bass were brought in as his new neighbours, Bert and Min, Bert was Alf's drinking buddie and a fellow West Ham supporter, while Min was always poking her nose into Alf's business. The series ended in 1975, but a spin-off series entitled "Till Death" surfaced in 1981 with Alf and Else retiring to Eastbourne with Mike and Rita trying to keep him out of trouble. In 1985, another spin-off series entitled, "In Sickness And In Health" emerged with Alf and Elsie as OAP's, Mike and Rita have both left home, so it was up to Alf to care for his wheelchair bound wife and do battle with social security. This series ran until 1992, but within a year Nichols had died after years of ill health and Carmel McSharry took over as his new lodger, Mrs Hollingberry, whom Alf only respected for her cooking. After the series ended there have been occasional TV specials such as "In Thoughts Of Chairman Alf" and "An Evening With Alf Garnett". Johnny Speight died in 1998. In 1969, British Lion released a big screen spin-off of the series. It was occasionally funny and there were highlights such as Alf during the 1964 election and at the 1966 World Cup final. However, the script was sometimes unrepresentative of the show and it seemed comparatively tame compared to the original. The original cast was retained and it had a better crew behind the camera than one would normally expect of TV sitcom spin-offs. In 1972, a sequel entitled THE ALF GARNETT SAGA came out, but it was even more crude and out of character with only Mitchell and Nichols retained from the original cast. 17 of 19 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Dandy Nichols
What is the term for the strong magnetism associated with cobalt, nickel and iron?	Alf Garnett - Who is talking about Alf Garnett on FLICKR Tags: racismsexismandhomophobia wasbritishtelevisionsobadinthe1970s it’snowcustomarytosneerattheseventiestheerawasrifewithingrainedsexismandcasualracismwhichmakesitthegiftthatkeepsongivingforprogrammeslikechannel4’sitwasalrightinthe70s werethingssobadinthe1970s It was alright in the 70s (C4) is a smug and sneering look at some of the programmes on the BBC & ITV in less enlightened times. In sitcoms where men were louts and women were dolly birds. Nostalgic but hypocritical programme with modern celebrities displaying faux shock looking at programmes in the 70's where there was sexism, racism, and adult men attracted to "older" adult school girls. It’s now customary to sneer at the Seventies. The era was rife with ingrained sexism and casual racism, which makes it the gift that keeps on giving for programmes like Channel 4’s It Was Alright in the 70's. People were just more honest in those days. Most people would still be attracted to post-pubescent young adults, they just don't talk about it any more. The rise of Ukip shows that lots of people still have issues with too many foreigners in the country. The series “Professionals” had a scene where a busty blonde , had a hand grenade stuck in her bra, and Brodie the “professional” rushed to gallantly remove it and save her life!. One scene showed Terry Wogan hosting a beauty contest in the 70s'. He asked one of the contestants, how old are you. She said 16, and he replied you're a big girl for 16. A fair enough question, since she was about the same height as Sir Terry. However the no mark celebrities were doing their best open mouthed expressions at this perfectly reasonable remark. Objectification of women was the order of the day with boobs everywhere. Mink Coats on Sale of the Century...... And best of all smoking everywhere on TV in shows and panel games...Manikin Cigar adds on the box. Those of you like me who lived through it - was it really that bad ?. Yes, there was some bad stuff around, such as 'Crossroads'. Yes, there was racism, sexism, and homophobia on television then, but that was because it existed in the real world ( as it sadly does today ). The difference is that 1970's television was not afraid to tell the truth about the world we live in. Characters like 'Alf Garnett' were accurate depictions of small-minded bigots. We were invited to laugh at him, and that's how it should be. So get off your high horse, Channel 4. 1970's television standards have never been equalled, much less surpassed. www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kcyoSPCUxI THE much-discussed programme, It Was Alright in the 1970s (C4) was little more than an exercise in self-congratulation. A succession of smugly superior, politically-correct modern entertainers gasped and stretched their eyes at the racism, homophobia and sexism in 40-year-old editions of everything from Love Thy Neighbour to The Goodies. www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPQgnDP29ek The message was clear: how blessed we are to have arrived in 2014 in the sunlit uplands of respect and tolerance for all. But to compare TV's output in the 1970s with today's is pointless. TV is no longer the dominant medium in the home. vimeo.com/113223477 The internet unleashes a 24/7 tidal wave of paedophilia, sexism, gay-bashing, and racism worse than anything in the 1970s, plus every dodgy old TV programme you care to choose. It is perfectly possible, in the comfort of your lounge, to enjoy a night of hard-core porn, beheadings and even (if you must) the Black and White Minstrels. www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbldMCfjwq4 The 1970s is often regarded as the golden era of British sitcom. Well-remembered series include John Cleese and Connie Booth's farcical Fawlty Towers (1975, 1979), John Esmonde and Bob Larbey's self-sufficiency comedy The Good Life (1975–78). Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? (1973–74), a sequel to the earlier show, surpassed the original, while the same writers (Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais) provided Ronnie Barker with his most successful sitcom vehicle, Porridge (1974–77). Barker also starred (along with David Jason) in the very popular Open All Hours (1973, 1976–85), written by Roy Clarke. Clarke's long-running Last of the Summer Wine began in 1973 and ended in 2010, becoming the world's longest running sitcom. www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R36eXYk7Uo The commercial station ITV had popular successes with Rising Damp (1974–78, sometimes called the best of all ITV sitcoms), Man About the House (1973–76) and George and Mildred (1976–79). Rising Damp's star, Leonard Rossiter, also played the lead role in the BBC's highly popular The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79). www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxWng8gETZc The decline in cinema attendance in this period meant that many of these series were turned into cinema films; the first film version of On the Buses (1969–73) was the biggest hit at the British box office in 1971. According to Jeff Evans, On the Buses is a "cheerfully vulgar comedy" in which "leering and innuendo dominate." Some of the network's other ratings successes from this era are now 'politically incorrect' too. Series such as Love Thy Neighbour (1972–76) and Mind Your Language (1977–79, 1986), which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, were increasingly criticised over time. www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5yV-Voz-2k Comedies like Mind Your Language and Love Thy Neighbour would probably be banned today, the head of Ofcom has said Seventies comedies would not be allowed on television screens today because they were so racist and offensive, the outgoing head of Ofcom has said. www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1dakp4FT0w Ed Richards, who stands down as chief executive of the media watchdog at the end of this month, said programmes from a previous generation were no longer suitable for today’s more enlightened audiences. Although he did not name names, comedies like ‘Love Thy Neighbour’, ‘It Ain’t Half Hot Mum’ and ‘Mind Your Language’ have all been criticised in recent years for their racial stereotyping. www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB1XzdwjaLo In ‘Mind Your Language’ which ran from 1977 to 1986, Germans were represented as dour and humourless; the French as sexy and flirtatious and the Chinese as communist agitators. Are You Being Served? never had the courage of its own homophobia, but preferred to express it through double entendres, nods and winks. Why was Mr Humphries consorting with such a crew? The suggestion was that limp-wristed men like Mr H were always hanging out with such dodgy characters, doing things that right-thinking people would only read about in the News of the Screws. www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJlItzalJY 'Love Thy Neighbour' saw a black man referred to as ‘nig-nog’ and ‘Sambo’ while 'It Ain’t Half Hot Mum' regularly made jokes about the cultural differences between the Indians, Burmese and Japanese. The trouble with racist, sexist and homophobic humour is that it's hard to please everyone at once. Just ask the blokes at Top Gear. They've pinged the Mexicans, the Romanians and the gays. Muslims and disabled folks too. Of course, it's all just a bit of old fun - come on, where's your funny bone? - but the difference between a joke which makes you laugh and a joke which makes your blood run cold is the sometimes the distance between a split hair. Top Gear, the BBC's venerable motoring franchise, which has turned from a forum for test-driving cars into a multimillion-dollar global business spanning the internet, DVD and live events, has spent a lot of its life dancing in the grey space in-between. In the hands of a skilled comedian, that space is risky to navigate. In the hands of three ageing white guys, it's a powder keg of problems. And in 2013, going into its 19th season, Top Gear has become TV's own Duke of Edinburgh: trailing two steps behind and hopelessly out of touch. When Jim Davidson entered the Celebrity Big Brother house at the start of January, the comedian was under no illusions about his standing with the public. “I could cure Aids and give £1bn to women’s groups and people would still think I was a racist, sexist twat,” he said. An unrepentant old-school comic, condemned for spouting misogynist and homophobic views and long banished from prime-time television, Davidson appeared dated even before serious sexual allegations had threatened to end his career in disgrace. www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBVUX--pkWg But three weeks is a long time in reality TV, and Davidson, who started CBB as a rank outsider, emerged this week as the public’s choice after acting as a responsible “father figure” to the show’s younger, sex-obsessed contenders and displaying a hitherto undetected kinder, gentler persona. The cheeky cockney comic, who shot to fame in the late 1970s with a routine impersonating West Indians and who once joked about accidentally giving his third wife a “black eye”, had been transformed into a tweed-sporting 60-year-old, idolised by runner-up Dappy as an unlikely substitute for the father he lost as a teenager. www.youtube.com/watch?v=4m3ngnTWE8w The Davidson who was kicked off the ITV celebrity cooking show Hell’s Kitchen in 2007 after calling gay men “shirtlifters” has apparently given way to a more tolerant version, who will now be offered a return to peak-time television by his new benefactors at Channel 5. Meanwhile, ticket sales have soared for a 15-date Davidson tour which hits Basildon on Saturday night. A West End run is under discussion. But for many people, Davidson, a staunch admirer of Margaret Thatcher and notorious for singling out disabled people and ethnic minorities during his live shows, will always be a hate figure. Mary Whitehouse, Britain’s self-appointed moral guardian Mrs Whitehouse was ridiculed by some as being out of touch after she railed against broadcasters and artists whose work she felt was obscene. Mary Whitehouse was critical of comedians such as Benny Hill and his use of dancers; she described Dave Allen as "offensive, indecent and embarrassing" after a comic account of a conversation following sexual intercourse. In return, comedy writers during this era saw her as possessing humorous potential. The Goodies comedy team created an episode ("Gender Education", 1971) with the principal objective of irritating her. The Doctor Who series met with her heaviest disapproval between 1975 and 1977 during which time Philip Hinchcliffe produced the series. Mind your Language (1977-79), set in an evening class teaching English to assorted foreigners. Michael Grade commissioned it for LWT, and the show attracted some 18 million viewers, but in the event Grade was unhappy that it was reinforcing racial stereotypes. After much criticism, Grade axed the show at the end of the third series. The comedy Love Thy Neighbour (1972-76). Although since widely denigrated, in its day it was the most-watched show on British television. The show's premise was that a black couple move in next door to a white couple. The way in which the two husbands traded insults was thought to achieve some sort of balance, though while research turned up many black viewers who hated it, others considered it the funniest thing on television. Criticised as racist and politically incorrect, Powell remained not only proud of his creation but also defiant. "We did get letters complaining about Eddie Booth, the white neighbour, calling his black neighbour 'Sambo' or 'Nignog', but we never received any complaints about Bill Reynolds, the black neighbour, calling his white neighbour 'Honky' or 'Snowflake.' The truth is that the series reflected the public attitude of the time," Powell noted. Recent Updated: 11 months ago - Created by brizzle born and bred - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - brizzle born and bred Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by WEPidgeon - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - WEPidgeon Tags: cinema film dutch writing vintage movie de soldier star kino european postcard picture cine screen letter movies comedian actor postal postale cartolina 1964 carte soldaat postkarte filmstar ansichtskarte ansichtkaart rijk filmster postkaart briefkaart sparo artone tarjet gooijer briefkarte spanjersberg rijkdegooijer briefuitlacourtine Dutch postcard by Gebr. Spanjersberg N.V., Rotterdam (Sparo), no. 1111. Photo: Artone. The song Brief uit La Courtine (Letter from La Courtine) was written by Eli Asser and a hit in 1964. Actor, writer, comedian and singer Rijk de Gooyer (1925–2011) was one of the major stars of the Dutch cinema. From the 1950s until the early 1970s, he became well known in The Netherlands as part of a comic duo with John Kraaijkamp, Sr. Later he starred in successful Dutch films like De inbreker (1972) and Soldaat van Oranje (1977). He also appeared in international films such as The Wilby Conspiracy (1975) and Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979). He was winner of the renowned Dutch Gouden Kalf Award (Gold Calf) in 1982, 1995 and 1999. Rijk de Gooyer was born in Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1925 as one half of a fraternal twin. His father was a baker. At the end of World War II Rijk worked as an interpreter. Initially for the American 101st Airborne, later on for the British Field Security. One of his first screen credits was a part in the American TV series Secret File, U.S.A. (1955), filmed in the Netherlands for syndicated TV.He also played in the Dutch films Het wonderlijke Leven van Willem Parel/ The amazing life of Willem Parel (Gerard Rutten, 1955) featuring Wim Sonneveld, and Kleren maken de man/Clothes make the man (Georg Jacoby, 1957), starring Kees Brusse. From 1959 till 1961 de Gooyer studied at an actors school of the Ufa in Berlin. During these years, he would have worked for the CIA as an informant. In Germany, he appeared in the film Schachnovelle/Brainwashed (Gerd Oswald, 1960) starring Curd Jürgens. Back in the Netherlands, he played parts in the crime films Rififi in Amsterdam (Giovanni Korporaal, 1962) and De blanke Slavin/The White Slave (Rene Daalder, 1969), In the 1950s, he started a comic duo with Johnny Kraaijkamp. Thanks to their performances on TV, the duo became extremely popular. In the Johnny & Rijk shows, De Gooyer always played the part of the feeder, with Kraaijkamp providing the laughs. They split up in the 1970s, when De Gooyer focused more on his film career. Rijk de Gooyer played his first lead role as master safe-cracker Glimmie in the crime film De inbreker/The Burglar (Frans Weisz, 1972). Martin Smith at IMDb: “Rijk de Gooyer is at his best in this movie. Like in real life, Rijk is humorous, tough and resourcefully. John Blooming, a Dutch martial arts expert and trainer of the Dutch Olympic Karate team a long time ago, plays the role of the big, strong but not too bright sidekick very convincing. His massive appearance says more than words. I saw this movie many years ago and it always stuck in my mind.” The success of the film lead to other lead roles in thrillers like Naakt over de schutting (Frans Weisz, 1973) with Jon Bluming and Sylvia Kristel, and Rufus (Samuel Meyering, 1975) with Cox Habbema. He also played a supporting part in the British ant-apartheids thriller The Wilby Conspiracy (Ralph Nelson, 1975), starring Michael Caine and Sidney Poitier. Memorable is his role as a Gestapo agent in the war film Soldaat van Oranje (Paul Verhoeven, 1977). The film, starring Rutger Hauer and Jeroen Krabbé, became one of the most successful films of the Dutch cinema. Another masterpiece was Werner Herzog’s Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht/ Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979) with Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula. De Gooyer played a supporting role as a town official. He continued to appear regularly in Dutch and international films. His best films include Een vlucht regenwulpen/A flight of rainbirds (Ate de Jong, 1981), Vroeger kon je lachen/One Could Laugh in Former Days (Bert Haanstra, 1983) and Ciske de Rat/ Ciske the Rat (Guido Pieters, 1984). In 1982 he won the Golden Calf for Best Actor for all his works. Her continued to play excellent roles in interesting films like the Jewish drama Leedvermaak/Polonaise (Frans Weisz, 1989) and De avonden/Evenings (Rudolf van den Berg, 1989) as the father of Thom Hoffman. In 1995 he again won the Golden Calf for his role as a former vaudevillian who tries one last time to find the dignity of a legitimate role in Hoogste Tijd/The Last Call (Frans Weisz, 1995). De Gooyer was videotaped afterwards while he threw the award out of the window of a cab for the TV show Taxi (the Dutch version of Taxicab Confessions). His last Golden Calf, for Madelief, Krassen in het Tafelblad/Daisy (Ineke Houtman, 1998) was also thrown out on the street, this time by Maarten Spanjer who hosted Taxi. De Gooyer was also the lead in the TV series In voor- en tegenspoed/In Sickness and in Health (1991-1997), the Dutch version of Johnny Speight's sitcom franchise known in the UK as Till Death Us Do Part and in the US as All in the Family. De Gooyer played Fred Schuit, the Dutch equivalent of Alf Garnett or Archie Bunker. He won a Golden Film in 1997 for the role. His final film was Happy End (Frans Weisz, 2009). Rijk de Gooyer died in 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was 85. He was married to Tonny Domburg. Sources: AllMovie, Wikipedia and IMDb. Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by Truus, Bob & Jan too! - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Truus, Bob & Jan too! Tags: cinema film dutch television vintage movie de star tv kino european postcard picture cine screen actress movies comedian actor ronnie postal 1977 postale cartolina carte bierman postkarte filmstar ansichtskarte ansichtkaart rijk filmster postkaart briefkaart tarjet gooijer briefkarte rijkdegooijer doubleorquits ronniebierman quitteofdubbel Dutch postcard. Publicity still for the TV film Quitte of dubbel/Double or quits (Hank Onrust, 1977). Actor, writer, comedian and singer Rijk de Gooyer (1925–2011) was one of the major stars of the Dutch cinema. From the 1950s until the early 1970s, he became well known in The Netherlands as part of a comic duo with John Kraaijkamp, Sr. Later he starred in successful Dutch films like De inbreker (1972) and Soldaat van Oranje (1977). He also appeared in international films such as The Wilby Conspiracy (1975) and Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979). He was winner of the renowned Dutch Gouden Kalf Award (Gold Calf) in 1982, 1995 and 1999. Rijk de Gooyer was born in Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1925 as one half of a fraternal twin. His father was a baker. At the end of World War II Rijk worked as an interpreter. Initially for the American 101st Airborne, later on for the British Field Security. One of his first screen credits was a part in the American TV series Secret File, U.S.A. (1955), filmed in the Netherlands for syndicated TV.He also played in the Dutch films Het wonderlijke Leven van Willem Parel/ The amazing life of Willem Parel (Gerard Rutten, 1955) featuring Wim Sonneveld, and Kleren maken de man/Clothes make the man (Georg Jacoby, 1957), starring Kees Brusse. From 1959 till 1961 de Gooyer studied at an actors school of the Ufa in Berlin. During these years, he would have worked for the CIA as an informant. In Germany, he appeared in the film Schachnovelle/Brainwashed (Gerd Oswald, 1960) starring Curd Jürgens. Back in the Netherlands, he played parts in the crime films Rififi in Amsterdam (Giovanni Korporaal, 1962) and De blanke Slavin/The White Slave (Rene Daalder, 1969), In the 1950s, he started a comic duo with Johnny Kraaijkamp. Thanks to their performances on TV, the duo became extremely popular. In the Johnny & Rijk shows, De Gooyer always played the part of the feeder, with Kraaijkamp providing the laughs. They split up in the 1970s, when De Gooyer focused more on his film career. Rijk de Gooyer played his first lead role as master safe-cracker Glimmie in the crime film De inbreker/The Burglar (Frans Weisz, 1972). Martin Smith at IMDb: “Rijk de Gooyer is at his best in this movie. Like in real life, Rijk is humorous, tough and resourcefully. John Blooming, a Dutch martial arts expert and trainer of the Dutch Olympic Karate team a long time ago, plays the role of the big, strong but not too bright sidekick very convincing. His massive appearance says more than words. I saw this movie many years ago and it always stuck in my mind.” The success of the film lead to other lead roles in thrillers like Naakt over de schutting (Frans Weisz, 1973) with Jon Bluming and Sylvia Kristel, and Rufus (Samuel Meyering, 1975) with Cox Habbema. He also played a supporting part in the British ant-apartheids thriller The Wilby Conspiracy (Ralph Nelson, 1975), starring Michael Caine and Sidney Poitier. Memorable is his role as a Gestapo agent in the war film Soldaat van Oranje (Paul Verhoeven, 1977). The film, starring Rutger Hauer and Jeroen Krabbé, became one of the most successful films of the Dutch cinema. Another masterpiece was Werner Herzog’s Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht/ Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979) with Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula. De Gooyer played a supporting role as a town official. He continued to appear regularly in Dutch and international films. His best films include Een vlucht regenwulpen/A flight of rainbirds (Ate de Jong, 1981), Vroeger kon je lachen/One Could Laugh in Former Days (Bert Haanstra, 1983) and Ciske de Rat/ Ciske the Rat (Guido Pieters, 1984). In 1982 he won the Golden Calf for Best Actor for all his works. Her continued to play excellent roles in interesting films like the Jewish drama Leedvermaak/Polonaise (Frans Weisz, 1989) and De avonden/Evenings (Rudolf van den Berg, 1989) as the father of Thom Hoffman. In 1995 he again won the Golden Calf for his role as a former vaudevillian who tries one last time to find the dignity of a legitimate role in Hoogste Tijd/The Last Call (Frans Weisz, 1995). De Gooyer was videotaped afterwards while he threw the award out of the window of a cab for the TV show Taxi (the Dutch version of Taxicab Confessions). His last Golden Calf, for Madelief, Krassen in het Tafelblad/Daisy (Ineke Houtman, 1998) was also thrown out on the street, this time by Maarten Spanjer who hosted Taxi. De Gooyer was also the lead in the TV series In voor- en tegenspoed/In Sickness and in Health (1991-1997), the Dutch version of Johnny Speight's sitcom franchise known in the UK as Till Death Us Do Part and in the US as All in the Family. De Gooyer played Fred Schuit, the Dutch equivalent of Alf Garnett or Archie Bunker. He won a Golden Film in 1997 for the role. His final film was Happy End (Frans Weisz, 2009). Rijk de Gooyer died in 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was 85. He was married to Tonny Domburg. Sources: AllMovie, Wikipedia and IMDb. Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by Truus, Bob & Jan too! - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Truus, Bob & Jan too! Tags: cinema film dutch vintage movie de star kino european postcard picture cine screen movies comedian actor postal postale cartolina carte postkarte filmstar groot ansichtskarte ansichtkaart rijk filmster godfried postkaart briefkaart tarjet gooijer godfrieddegroot briefkarte rijkdegooijer Dutch postcard. Photo: Godfried de Groot. Actor, writer, comedian and singer Rijk de Gooyer (1925–2011) was one of the major stars of the Dutch cinema. From the 1950s until the early 1970s, he became well known in The Netherlands as part of a comic duo with John Kraaijkamp, Sr. Later he starred in successful Dutch films like De inbreker (1972) and Soldaat van Oranje (1977). He also appeared in international films such as The Wilby Conspiracy (1975) and Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979). He was winner of the Dutch Gouden Kalf Award (Gold Calf) in 1982, 1995 and 1999. Rijk de Gooyer was born in Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1925 as one half of a fraternal twin. His father was a baker. At the end of World War II Rijk worked as an interpreter. Initially for the American 101st Airborne, later on for the British Field Security. One of his first screen credits was a part in the American TV series Secret File, U.S.A. (1955), filmed in the Netherlands for syndicated TV.He also played in the Dutch films Het wonderlijke Leven van Willem Parel/ The amazing life of Willem Parel (Gerard Rutten, 1955) featuring Wim Sonneveld, and Kleren maken de man/Clothes make the man (Georg Jacoby, 1957), starring Kees Brusse. From 1959 till 1961 de Gooyer studied at an actors school of the Ufa in Berlin. During these years, he would have worked for the CIA as an informant. In Germany, he appeared in the film Schachnovelle/Brainwashed (Gerd Oswald, 1960) starring Curd Jürgens. Back in the Netherlands, he played parts in the crime films Rififi in Amsterdam (Giovanni Korporaal, 1962) and De blanke Slavin/The White Slave (Rene Daalder, 1969), In the 1950s, he started a comic duo with Johnny Kraaijkamp. Thanks to their performances on TV, the duo became extremely popular. In the Johnny & Rijk shows, De Gooyer always played the part of the feeder, with Kraaijkamp providing the laughs. They split up in the 1970s, when De Gooyer focused more on his film career. Rijk de Gooyer played his first lead role as master safe-cracker Glimmie in the crime film De inbreker/The Burglar (Frans Weisz, 1972). Martin Smith at IMDb: “Rijk de Gooyer is at his best in this movie. Like in real life, Rijk is humorous, tough and resourcefully. John Blooming, a Dutch martial arts expert and trainer of the Dutch Olympic Karate team a long time ago, plays the role of the big, strong but not too bright sidekick very convincing. His massive appearance says more than words. I saw this movie many years ago and it always stuck in my mind.” The success of the film lead to other lead roles in thrillers like Naakt over de schutting (Frans Weisz, 1973) with Jon Bluming and Sylvia Kristel, and Rufus (Samuel Meyering, 1975) with Cox Habbema. He also played a supporting part in the British ant-apartheids thriller The Wilby Conspiracy (Ralph Nelson, 1975), starring Michael Caine and Sidney Poitier. Memorable is his role as a Gestapo agent in the war film Soldaat van Oranje (Paul Verhoeven, 1977). The film, starring Rutger Hauer and Jeroen Krabbé, became one of the most successful films of the Dutch cinema. Another masterpiece was Werner Herzog’s Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht/ Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979) with Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula. De Gooyer played a supporting role as a town official. He continued to appear regularly in Dutch and international films. His best films include Een vlucht regenwulpen/A flight of rainbirds (Ate de Jong, 1981), Vroeger kon je lachen/One Could Laugh in Former Days (Bert Haanstra, 1983) and Ciske de Rat/ Ciske the Rat (Guido Pieters, 1984). In 1982 he won the Golden Calf for Best Actor for all his works. Her continued to play excellent roles in interesting films like the Jewish drama Leedvermaak/Polonaise (Frans Weisz, 1989) and De avonden/Evenings (Rudolf van den Berg, 1989) as the father of Thom Hoffman. In 1995 he again won the Golden Calf for his role as a former vaudevillian who tries one last time to find the dignity of a legitimate role in Hoogste Tijd/The Last Call (Frans Weisz, 1995). De Gooyer was videotaped afterwards while he threw the award out of the window of a cab for the TV show Taxi (the Dutch version of Taxicab Confessions). His last Golden Calf, for Madelief, Krassen in het Tafelblad/Daisy (Ineke Houtman, 1998) was also thrown out on the street, this time by Maarten Spanjer who hosted Taxi. De Gooyer was also the lead in the TV series In voor- en tegenspoed/In Sickness and in Health (1991-1997), the Dutch version of Johnny Speight's sitcom franchise known in the UK as Till Death Us Do Part and in the US as All in the Family. De Gooyer played Fred Schuit, the Dutch equivalent of Alf Garnett or Archie Bunker. He won a Golden Film in 1997 for the role. His final film was Happy End (Frans Weisz, 2009). Rijk de Gooyer died in 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was 85. He was married to Tonny Domburg. Sources: AllMovie, Wikipedia and IMDb. Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by Truus, Bob & Jan too! - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Truus, Bob & Jan too! Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by The Downstairs Lounge - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - The Downstairs Lounge Tags: geotagged 2015 uptonpark boleynground westhamunitedfootballclub newhamlondonborough londone13 panasonicdmctz35 Located on Green Street in Upton Park, this club had a huge hooligan following back in the 1970s and 1980s called the Inter City Firm (ICF) and also featured in the 2005 movie Green Street Hooligans (named after this street). Alf Garnett, the ultra-conservative, politically incorrect character from the BBC comedy series Till Death Us Do Part and In Sickness And In Health (played by Warren Mitchell) was an ardent fan of West Ham United. Taken on Monday 11th May Recent Updated: 1 year ago - Created by Gene Hunt - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Gene Hunt Recent Updated: 2 years ago - Created by littletriggers - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - littletriggers Recent Updated: 4 years ago - Created by friendsofthestars - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - friendsofthestars Tags: graffoto nolionsinengland wwwgraffotocouk thecottonfilm I'm boldly going to guess at a link between this piece and AD/SO's Anti Slavery International ..... piece On a similar theme, check out and support Leah Borromeo's (known to some as Monstris) Dirty White Gold film ps - love the way the feet protrude out onto the pavement on this piece, also amused at the resemblance of one of the characters to Warren Mitchell (Alf Garnett) Recent Updated: 4 years ago - Created by nolionsinengland - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - nolionsinengland Recent Updated: 4 years ago - Created by don pedro 93 - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - don pedro 93 Tags: door light blackandwhite bw london film window glass shop bar table person cafe chair nikon chairs iso400 interior naturallight cable scooter fisheye lambretta seats 400 tables inside 16mm coffe zenitar16mm siluet ilford caffe cafeshop nikonf5 nikonfilm coffemachine russianlens lambrettali150 notvespa club16 zenitar16mmfilm “Cable Cafe & Snack Bar [Brixton Road near Prima Road SW9] ‘A classic, traditional Italian-owned cafe in one of South London’s grittier neighbourhoods. Black leatherette settee-style seats, worn Formica-topped tables, Formica wall-panelling. A Formica-topped counter (with pine-effect front) plus traditional glass display cabinet. Wooden slat false-ceiling. An original mosaic-tiled shop front, old Pepsi sign, net curtains and Drury tea sign. The impressive reproduction Victorian wall-mural is a feast for the eyes. Also: colour photos of Italian landscapes, signed photos of Victoria Wood, Warren Mitchell (as Alf Garnett), and one of The Bill detectives!’ (Patrick Turland)” The cafe appears to have been closed now for a couple of years. Nikon F5 - Zenitar 16mm f2.8 @ f5.6 Ilford 400 Recent Updated: 5 years ago - Created by Subway eg - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Subway eg Tags: girls light people blackandwhite bw motion london film shop paper newspaper cafe nikon glow iso400 interior letters cable womens fisheye drinks alcohol ladys 16mm zenitar16mm ilford nikonf5 nikonfilm russianlens club16 zenitar16mmfilm “Cable Cafe & Snack Bar [Brixton Road near Prima Road SW9] ‘A classic, traditional Italian-owned cafe in one of South London’s grittier neighbourhoods. Black leatherette settee-style seats, worn Formica-topped tables, Formica wall-panelling. A Formica-topped counter (with pine-effect front) plus traditional glass display cabinet. Wooden slat false-ceiling. An original mosaic-tiled shop front, old Pepsi sign, net curtains and Drury tea sign. The impressive reproduction Victorian wall-mural is a feast for the eyes. Also: colour photos of Italian landscapes, signed photos of Victoria Wood, Warren Mitchell (as Alf Garnett), and one of The Bill detectives!’ (Patrick Turland)” The cafe appears to have been closed now for a couple of years. Recent Updated: 5 years ago - Created by Subway eg - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Subway eg Recent Updated: 5 years ago - Created by The Downstairs Lounge - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - The Downstairs Lounge The Crawling Eye, 1958 Poppet's film review: This was originally entitled "The Trollenberg Terror" (Trollenberg being the name of the mountain upon which all the action takes place). It is a great pity this film was renamed, as viewers are now cheated of the "OMG It's a muthafukin' giant eye!" moment. This is sadly replaced by a constant and nagging "Where's this eye then?!", because (in classic B-movie fashion) the monster is not revealed until the very end. But don't let this put you off. This film has lots going for it, mainly an interesting mix of characters, including: a scientist (played by a young Alf Garnett), a United Nations crime solver*, a journo, an annoying fainty psychic girl and a lots of really bad accents and silly hats. There are also cable cars in it, which is one of my favourite means of transport. For non UK residents - Alf Garnett was a racist, sexist TV character who captured the hearts of the nation. **This is what I want to be when I grow up. Recent Updated: 5 years ago - Created by poppet with a camera - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - poppet with a camera Recent Updated: 6 years ago - Created by The Downstairs Lounge - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - The Downstairs Lounge Tags: entertainment bbc racist unastubbs warrenmitchell alfgarnett johnnyspeight tilldeathusdopart britishtelevisionsitcom antonybooth bristolmusicarts Till Death Us Do Part was a British television sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1965 to 1968, 1970, and from 1972 to 1975. First airing as a Comedy Playhouse pilot, the series aired for seven series until 1975. Six years later, ITV continued the sitcom, calling it Till Death.... From 1985 to 1992, the BBC produced a sequel In Sickness and in Health. Created by Johnny Speight, Till Death Us Do Part centred on the East End Garnett family, led by patriarch Alf Garnett (Warren Mitchell), a reactionary white working-class man who holds racist and anti-socialist views. His gentle and long-suffering wife Else was played by Dandy Nichols, and his daughter Rita by Una Stubbs. Rita's bright but layabout husband Mike Rawlins (Antony Booth) is a socialist. The character Alf Garnett became a well known character in British culture, and Mitchell played him on stage and television up until 1998, when Speight died. In addition to the spin-off In Sickness and in Health, Till Death Us Do Part was re-made in many countries, from Brazil to Germany (Ein Herz und eine Seele), and Hong Kong (All in a Family), with the most notable remake being the long-running 1970s American series, All in the Family. Many episodes from the first three series are thought to no longer exist, having been wiped in the mid 70s as was the policy at the time. The series became an instant hit because, although a comedy, in the context of its time it did deal with aspects of working-class life comparatively realistically. It addressed racial and political issues at a difficult time in British society. The attitude of those who made the programme was that Alf's views were so clearly unacceptable that they were risible, but some considered the series uncomfortable and disturbing. Some were oblivious to the fact that Johnny Speight was satirising racist attitudes. Ironically, many who held similar opinions to the character enjoyed the show, perhaps missing the point that Alf's opinions were offensive and that they were being ridiculed. Mitchell imbued the character of Alf Garnett with an earthy charm that served to humanise Alf and make him likable. According to interviews he gave, the fact that some viewers overlooked Alf's views and regarded him as a rough diamond disappointed Speight. The show captured a key feature of Britain in the 1960s - the widening generation gap. Alf (and to a lesser degree his wife) represented the old guard, the traditional and conservative attitudes of the older generation. Alf's battles with his left-wing son-in-law were not just ideological but generational and cultural. His son-in-law and daughter (a supporter of her husband rather than an active protagonist) represented the younger generation. They saw the positive aspects of the new era such as relaxed sexual mores, fashions, music, etc. The same things were anathema to Alf - and indicative of everything that was wrong with the younger generation and the liberal attitudes they embraced. Alf was portrayed as the archetypal working-class Conservative. The subjects that excited him most were football and politics, though his actual knowledge of either was limited. He used language not considered acceptable for television in the 1960s. He often referred to racial minorities as "coons" and similar terms. He referred to his Liverpudlian son-in-law as "Shirley Temple" or a "randy Scouse git" (Randy Scouse Git as a phrase caught the ear of Micky Dolenz of The Monkees who heard it while on tour in the UK - and who co-opted it as the title of the group's next single - though their record label re-named it "Alternate Title" in the UK market to avoid controversy) and to his wife as a "silly moo" (a substitute for "cow" which was vetoed by the BBC's head of comedy Frank Muir). However, Michael Palin writes in his diary 16 July 1976 that Warren Mitchell told him that 'silly moo" wasn't scripted, "It came out during a rehearsal when he forgot the line "Silly old mare".' Controversially, the show was one of the earliest mainstream programmes to feature the swear word "bloody". The show was one of several held up by Mary Whitehouse as an example of the BBC's moral laxity. In a demonstration of Speight's satirical skills - on learning that Mary Whitehouse was a critic of the show - Speight created an episode where Alf Garnett was seen as a fan of Whitehouse. He was seen proudly reading her current book. "What are you reading?" his son-in-law asks. When he relates that it is Mary Whitehouse - his son-in-law sniggers. Alf's rejoinder is "She's concerned for the bleedin' moral fibre of the nation!" Ultimately "silly moo" became a comic catch phrase. Another Garnett phrase was "it stands to reason", usually before making some patently unreasonable comment. Alf was an admirer of Enoch Powell, a right-wing Conservative politician known particularly for strong opposition to the immigration of non-white races into the United Kingdom. Alf was also a supporter of West Ham United (a football club based in the East End) and known to make derogatory remarks about "the Jews up at Spurs" (referring to Tottenham Hotspur, a North London club with a sizeable Jewish following). This was a playful touch by Speight, knowing that in real life Mitchell was both Jewish and a Spurs supporter. In interviews, Speight explained he had originally based Alf on his father, an East End docker who was staunchly reactionary and held "unenlightened" attitudes toward black people. Speight made clear that he regretted his father held such attitudes - beliefs Speight regarded as reprehensible. Speight saw the show as a way of ridiculing such views and dealing with his complex feelings about his father. The series switched to colour in 1972 and Rita had a baby son, Micheal. Toward the end of the series Dandy Nichols fell ill and was unable to attend the live-audience recordings. The problem was solved by having her pre-record her lines which were then edited into the show. Eventually even this was too much and so in a later episode Else was seen leaving for Australia, to Alf's dismay. Patricia Hayes, who had been seen from time to time previously as next door neighbour Mrs. Reed, was given a first name Min and became a starring character along with her husband Bert, previously played by Bill Maynard and now by Alfie Bass. The show's rating began to suffer and in 1975, the series was dropped. The final episode, saw Alf lose his job and receive a telegram from Else asking for a divorce. As with most BBC sitcoms Till Death Us Do Part was recorded before a live studio audience. The programs were recorded onto 2 inch Quadruplex videotape. From 1966 to 1968 the show was both taped and transmitted in black and white. When the show returned in 1970 it was recorded the same way only in colour. The opening titles/end credits of the first colour episodes originally used the b/w sequence from the 60's tinted in red, as seen on UKTV Gold repeats in 2006. CAST www.youtube.com/watch?v=h36UigPqHqs&feature=related Warren Mitchell (born 14 January 1926) is an English actor who rose to initial prominence in the role of bigoted cockney Alf Garnett in the BBC television series Till Death Us Do Part (1965-1975) scripted by Johnny Speight. He holds both British and Australian citizenship and has enjoyed considerable success in stage performances in both countries. Mitchell was born Warren Misel in Stoke Newington, London. He is of Russian Jewish descent[1], but describes himself in interviews as an atheist who sometimes believes in God.[2] His father was a glass and china merchant. He was interested in acting from an early age, and attended the Gladys Gordon's Academy of Dramatic Arts in Walthamstow from the age of seven. He did well at school and read physical chemistry at University College, Oxford, for six months. There he met his contemporary Richard Burton, and together they joined the RAF in 1944. He completed his navigator training in Canada just as the war ended. Dandy Nichols (21 May 1907 – 6 February 1986) was an English actress most noted for her role as Else Garnett, the long-suffering wife of the racially bigoted and misogynistic character Alf Garnett in the BBC sitcom Till Death Us Do Part. Born Daisy Sander in Hammersmith, London, she started her working life as a secretary in a London factory. Twelve years later, after drama, diction and fencing classes, she was spotted in a charity show by a producer, who offered her a job in his repertory theatre company in Cambridge. During her early career on stage she acted under the name Barbara Nichols but later changed it to Dandy, her childhood nickname. When the Second World War broke out, she returned to office work but later undertook a six-week tour with ENSA. When the war was over, she returned to the theatre and also began appearing in films: usually comedies and invariably as a maid or char. Her successes in theatre include the Royal Court Theatre and Broadway productions of Home. Her big screen debut was in Hue and Cry, in 1947, followed with performances in Nicholas Nickleby, The Winslow Boy, The History of Mr Polly, Scott of the Antarctic, Mother Riley Meets the Vampire and Dickens' The Pickwick Papers. Una Stubbs (born 1 May 1937) is an English actress and former dancer who has appeared extensively on British television and less frequently in films or on the stage. She is particularly known for her roles in the sitcom Till Death Us Do Part and the children's series Worzel Gummidge. Una Stubbs was born at Hinckley, Leicestershire. She first appeared on television as one of The Dougie Squires Dancers on the British TV music show Cool for Cats in 1956. Her first major screen role was in Cliff Richard's 1963 film, Summer Holiday. A few years later, she made her breakthrough in television comedy, playing Rita Rawlins, the married daughter of Alf Garnett in Till Death Us Do Part. She also appeared in the short-lived sitcom Till Death... (1981), again playing Rita. From 1970 to 1972, Stubbs appeared on most editions of It's Cliff Richard! and It's Cliff! on BBC1, singing, dancing and acting along with the host and the weekly guests. When she took maternity leave from the show, her TV mother Dandy Nichols appeared on the show with Cliff to cover for her absence. She also appeared in the 1972 West End revue, Cowardy Custard, and two years later in the revue Cole, at the Mermaid Theatre. Stubbs featured in the Fawlty Towers episode "The Anniversary". She played Rita a third time in a few episodes of the BBC sitcom In Sickness and in Health (1985-92). But after 1986, she stopped appearing as Rita, due to technical arguments with the BBC. However, she played Rita a fourth time in the Granada series, A Word With Alf. Stubbs played Aunt Sally in the ITV children's series Worzel Gummidge opposite Jon Pertwee, and was for several years a team captain in the weekly game show Give Us a Clue. She had an ongoing role as Miss Bat in the TV series The Worst Witch and has appeared in shows such as Midsomer Murders, Heartbeat, Casualty, Keeping up Appearances and as Edith Pagett in ITV's 2006 adaptation of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple story Sleeping Murder. Stubbs has also appeared in The Catherine Tate Show playing various characters. On stage, Stubbs appeared in Noël Coward's "Star Quality" in 2001. She also appeared in La Cage Aux Folles at the Menier Chocolate Factory in 2008. Antony "Tony" George Booth (born 9 October 1931 in Liverpool, better known as Tony Booth) is an English actor, best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series Till Death Us Do Part. His daughter, Cherie, a prominent Queen's Counsel, is married to former Prime Minister Tony Blair. He is a cousin to the Booth family of 19th-century American actors. Booth was born into a working class family in Jubilee Road, Liverpool. His father was a merchant seaman during World War II, his mother was of Irish descent. He attended St Edmunds Infant's School and spent a year in hospital as a child with diphtheria. He then passed the 11 plus examination and attended St. Mary's College, Crosby where he was awarded a bursary to cover the cost of his books. Hopes that he could progress to university were dashed when he had to leave school and get a job after his father was badly injured in an industrial accident. He then worked as a clerk in a docklands warehouse and at the United States Consulate in Liverpool, before being called up for national service with the Royal Corps of Signals. Recent Updated: 6 years ago - Created by brizzle born and bred - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - brizzle born and bred The Unveiling of the Giles statue in Ipswich, not sure of the year but well attended. Photos from Andre's photo collection and put up in his memory. Recent Updated: 7 years ago - Created by Paranoid from suffolk - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Paranoid from suffolk Tags: pickofthecrap actuallythismaybelordbyronorshelley itmayevenbethe3rdearlofalfgarnett I hate waste! Ever given any thought to what happens to all those pixels when we crop a picture? Well I did, and I’ve recently started to save them. The croppings make wonderful picture frames and are a fantastic gift idea, and what with Christmas and a recession being just around the corner it could save you £££ and $$$. As you can see above I’ve brightened up this dull old etching of Lord Brian with a colourful border that I made using a shitty picture of the exterior of Woolworths. Tomorrow I shall be boarding a locomotive bound for our capitol city of London, where I will meet with retail giants “Shabbytat” and “World of Crap” [to name but two] who have shown more than just a small interest in my idea. I would like to invite all of my contacts to send me their best works for framing ……… lets all get rich together! Recent Updated: 8 years ago - Created by IC-UC - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - IC-UC Tags: street city uk bridge reflection slr london tower love water thames night digital reflections river ed paul lights town nikon key long exposure cityscape nightscape skyscrapers capital towers wharf maynards canary 1855mm 135 nikkor dslr expensive scape 2008 offices afs dx garnett riverscape ilovelondon d40x 56gii burpitt Doing it London style still... this quay is off Garnet Road, where the famous Alf Garnett of Till Death do us Part.. an old English comedy was filmed.. The fog just started to mist up around the top of the wharf as I was taking these shots.. looked great! Recent Updated: 8 years ago - Created by Mr Burpy - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Mr Burpy Tags: street city uk bridge reflection slr london tower love water thames night digital reflections river ed paul lights town nikon key long exposure cityscape nightscape skyscrapers capital towers wharf maynards canary 1855mm 135 nikkor dslr expensive scape 2008 offices afs dx garnett riverscape ilovelondon d40x 56gii burpitt Doing it London style still... this quay is off Garnet Road, where the famous Alf Garnett of Till Death do us Part.. an old English comedy was filmed.. The fog just started to mist up around the top of the wharf as I was taking these shots.. looked great! Recent Updated: 8 years ago - Created by Mr Burpy - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Mr Burpy An oldie from Rome, never tried it in b&w before - I liked the cinematic feel Recent Updated: 10 years ago - Created by Feldore - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Feldore Tags: sanfrancisco california old city usa man topf25 america interesting bravo securityguard unitedstates fav50 10 unitedstatesofamerica police fav20 cop eastbay fav30 bechtel policeabuse harrasment fav10 fav25 fav100 fav200 fav300 photographyisnotacrime fav40 fav60 fav90 canyouidentifythisman 50bealestreet 50bealest identitytheftclaims سكس fav80 fav70 superfave So I know that I write a lot about being harassed for my photography on the streets of San Francisco and for some this story may be getting old. I shoot every day though and at least once or twice a month have a run in with a security guard or authority figure of some sort somewhere. Typically I can resolve these episodes on my own amicably with the individual involved, but sometimes things go over the line. In the past year I've blogged about three of these incidents that crossed the line. One was when a security guard at One Bush was following me around the sidewalk trying to put his hand in front of my camera and not allowing me to shoot the building. Another was when the Sheriff's Department detained me and ran what I consider an illegal background check on me merely for shooting near the train tracks in Oakland. Another was when a particular nasty altercation took place between me and a security guard who came out of 45 Fremont middle finger a'blazin' to insist that I not shoot that building. But today's episode was the worst I've encountered so far. Ironically enough, it occurred once again outside of 45 Fremont Street. This was even after I spoke with a PR person from the Shorenstein owned property who apologized to me for my treatment and assured me that I would find a more tolerant atmosphere at that property in the future. Today, aqui-ali (another local Flickr photographer), helveticaneue (in from out of town) and I went out to do a bit of shooting. Since Aqui had a meeting down on 2nd Street later this afternoon we decided to head that way and shoot the Transbay Terminal. 45 Fremont was in our path and we were shooting some photos of it as we were walking by. It was then that the security guard there told us that we could not shoot the building. When I explained that we were in a public area and had a right to shoot the building he insisted and called another security guard over on his radio who also tried to get us to stop taking pictures of the building. I still refused as it is my right to shoot buildings in San Francisco from a public area. It was at this point that things went from bad to worse. At this point an individual came over who identified himself as a police officer and told us to get out of the plaza, off the sidewalk and to physically stand on the asphalt in the street where the cars were driving by. When I tried to object this individual (who was significantly larger than me) assaulted me and forcibly grabbed my arm quite hard and pulled me towards the street. When I freed myself from his grip I told him that I was going to take his photograph. He told me that I could not take his photograph and that if I did that I could "watch what would happen to my camera." I took his photograph anyways and that is him up there at the top of the story. Once he had us physically on the asphalt in the traffic off the sidewalk I once again asked him for his identification and asked to see his badge. He refused to provide me his identification and refused to show me his badge. It is my understanding that when someone identifies themselves as a police officer that I have a right to see their identification proving this fact. This prevents anyone from falsely impersonating police officers and abusing a false authority. I asked him at least five times to see his badge and he refused. He continued to confer with the security guards at the building though. click here to continue reading. Recent Updated: 10 years ago - Created by Thomas Hawk - View Copyright and permission to use should be sought to the author - Thomas Hawk	i don't know
Who discovered electromagnetic induction, so facilitating the transformer and dynamo?	Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law All contents are Copyright © 2016 by AspenCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Advertisement Home / Electromagnetism / Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Induction We have seen previously that when a DC current pass through a long straight conductor a magnetising force, H and a static magnetic field, B is developed around the wire. If the wire is then wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole. Air-core Hollow Coil The magnetic flux developed around the coil being proportional to the amount of current flowing in the coils windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing through them, the static magnetic field strength would be increased. Therefore, the magnetic field strength of a coil is determined by the ampere turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the greater the strength of the static magnetic field around it. But what if we reversed this idea by disconnecting the electrical current from the coil and instead of a hollow core we placed a bar magnet inside the core of the coil of wire. By moving this bar magnet “in” and “out” of the coil a current would be induced into the coil by the physical movement of the magnetic flux inside it. Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in the coil. Then by either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we can induce a voltage and current within the coil and this process is known as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic principal of operation of transformers, motors and generators. Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the 1830’s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a single loop of wire it induced an ElectroMotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage, and therefore a current was produced. So what Michael Faraday discovered was a way of producing an electrical current in a circuit by using only the force of a magnetic field and not batteries. This then lead to a very important law linking electricity with magnetism, Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. So how does this work?. When the magnet shown below is moved “towards” the coil, the pointer or needle of the Galvanometer, which is basically a very sensitive centre zero’ed moving-coil ammeter, will deflect away from its centre position in one direction only. When the magnet stops moving and is held stationary with regards to the coil the needle of the galvanometer returns back to zero as there is no physical movement of the magnetic field. Likewise, when the magnet is moved “away” from the coil in the other direction, the needle of the galvanometer deflects in the opposite direction with regards to the first indicating a change in polarity. Then by moving the magnet back and forth towards the coil the needle of the galvanometer will deflect left or right, positive or negative, relative to the directional motion of the magnet. Electromagnetic Induction by a Moving Magnet Likewise, if the magnet is now held stationary and ONLY the coil is moved towards or away from the magnet the needle of the galvanometer will also deflect in either direction. Then the action of moving a coil or loop of wire through a magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil with the magnitude of this induced voltage being proportional to the speed or velocity of the movement. Then we can see that the faster the movement of the magnetic field the greater will be the induced emf or voltage in the coil, so for Faraday’s law to hold true there must be “relative motion” or movement between the coil and the magnetic field and either the magnetic field, the coil or both can move. Faraday’s Law of Induction From the above description we can say that a relationship exists between an electrical voltage and a changing magnetic field to which Michael Faraday’s famous law of electromagnetic induction states: “that a voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the flux”. In other words, Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage, and in a closed circuit, a current. So how much voltage (emf) can be induced into the coil using just magnetism. Well this is determined by the following 3 different factors. 1). Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil – By increasing the amount of individual conductors cutting through the magnetic field, the amount of induced emf produced will be the sum of all the individual loops of the coil, so if there are 20 turns in the coil there will be 20 times more induced emf than in one piece of wire. 2). Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet – If the same coil of wire passed through the same magnetic field but its speed or velocity is increased, the wire will cut the lines of flux at a faster rate so more induced emf would be produced. 3). Increasing the strength of the magnetic field – If the same coil of wire is moved at the same speed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be more emf produced because there are more lines of force to cut. If we were able to move the magnet in the diagram above in and out of the coil at a constant speed and distance without stopping we would generate a continuously induced voltage that would alternate between one positive polarity and a negative polarity producing an alternating or AC output voltage and this is the basic principal of how a Generator works similar to those used in dynamos and car alternators. In small generators such as a bicycle dynamo, a small permanent magnet is rotated by the action of the bicycle wheel inside a fixed coil. Alternatively, an electromagnet powered by a fixed DC voltage can be made to rotate inside a fixed coil, such as in large power generators producing in both cases an alternating current. Simple Generator using Magnetic Induction The simple dynamo type generator above consists of a permanent magnet which rotates around a central shaft with a coil of wire placed next to this rotating magnetic field. As the magnet spins, the magnetic field around the top and bottom of the coil constantly changes between a north and a south pole. This rotational movement of the magnetic field results in an alternating emf being induced into the coil as defined by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is directly proportional to the flux density, β the number of loops giving a total length of the conductor, l in meters and the rate or velocity, ν at which the magnetic field changes within the conductor in meters/second or m/s, giving by the motional emf expression: Faraday’s Motional emf Expression If the conductor does not move at right angles (90°) to the magnetic field then the angle θ° will be added to the above expression giving a reduced output as the angle increases: Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Faraday’s Law tells us that inducing a voltage into a conductor can be done by either passing it through a magnetic field, or by moving the magnetic field past the conductor and that if this conductor is part of a closed circuit, an electric current will flow. This voltage is called an induced emf as it has been induced into the conductor by a changing magnetic field due to electromagnetic induction with the negative sign in Faraday’s law telling us the direction of the induced current (or polarity of the induced emf). But a changing magnetic flux produces a varying current through the coil which itself will produce its own magnetic field as we saw in the Electromagnets tutorial. This self-induced emf opposes the change that is causing it and the faster the rate of change of current the greater is the opposing emf. This self-induced emf will, by Lenz’s law oppose the change in current in the coil and because of its direction this self-induced emf is generally called a back-emf. Lenz’s Law states that: ” the direction of an induced emf is such that it will always opposes the change that is causing it”. In other words, an induced current will always OPPOSE the motion or change which started the induced current in the first place and this idea is found in the analysis of Inductance . Likewise, if the magnetic flux is decreased then the induced emf will oppose this decrease by generating and induced magnetic flux that adds to the original flux. Lenz’s law is one of the basic laws in electromagnetic induction for determining the direction of flow of induced currents and is related to the law of conservation of energy. According to the law of conservation of energy which states that the total amount of energy in the universe will always remain constant as energy can not be created nor destroyed. Lenz’s law is derived from Michael Faraday’s law of induction. One final comment about Lenz’s Law regarding electromagnetic induction. We now know that when a relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic field, an emf is induced within the conductor. But the conductor may not actually be part of the coils electrical circuit, but may be the coils iron core or some other metallic part of the system, for example, a transformer. The induced emf within this metallic part of the system causes a circulating current to flow around it and this type of core current is known as an Eddy Current. Eddy currents generated by electromagnetic induction circulate around the coils core or any connecting metallic components inside the magnetic field because for the magnetic flux they are acting like a single loop of wire. Eddy currents do not contribute anything towards the usefulness of the system but instead they oppose the flow of the induced current by acting like a negative force generating resistive heating and power loss within the core. However, there are electromagnetic induction furnace applications in which only eddy currents are used to heat and melt ferromagnetic metals. Eddy Currents Circulating in a Transformer The changing magnetic flux in the iron core of a transformer above will induce an emf, not only in the primary and secondary windings, but also in the iron core. The iron core is a good conductor, so the currents induced in a solid iron core will be large. Furthermore, the eddy currents flow in a direction which, by Lenz’s law, acts to weaken the flux created by the primary coil. Consequently, the current in the primary coil required to produce a given B field is increased, so the hysteresis curves are fatter along the H axis. Laminating the Iron Core Eddy current and hysteresis losses can not be eliminated completely, but they can be greatly reduced. Instead of having a solid iron core as the magnetic core material of the transformer or coil, the magnetic path is “laminated”. These laminations are very thin strips of insulated (usually with varnish) metal joined together to produce a solid core. The laminations increase the resistance of the iron-core thereby increasing the overall resistance to the flow of the eddy currents, so the induced eddy current power-loss in the core is reduced, and it is for this reason why the magnetic iron circuit of transformers and electrical machines are all laminated.	Michael Faraday
In which city is the Pitt Rivers Museum?	Generators and Dynamos Development and History of the component that made electricity first commercially feasible Dynamos and Generators convert mechanical rotation into electric power. Dynamo - a device that makes direct current electric power using electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term generator normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating current power . Generator - normally this term is used to describe an alternator which creates AC power using electromagnetism. Generators, Dynamos, and Batteries are the three tools necessary to create/store substantial amounts of electricity for human use. Batteries may have been discovered as early as 248 BC. They simply use chemical reaction to make and store electricity. Scientists experimented with the battery to invent the early incandescent lamp, electric motors and trains, and scientific tests. However batteries were not reliable or cost effective for any regular electrical use, it was the dynamo that radically changed electricity from a curiosity into a profitable, reliable technology. 1.) How it Works: Basic: First you need a mechanical power source like a turbine(powered by water falling), wind turbine, gas turbine or steam turbine. A shaft from one of these devices is connected to a generator to make power. Dynamos and generators work using the wild complex phenomena of electromagnetism. Understanding the behavior of electromagnetism, its fields and its effects is a large subject of study. There is a reason why it took 60 years AFTER Volta's first battery to get a good powerful dynamo working. We will keep things simple to help introduce you to the interesting subject of power generation. In the most basic sense a generator/dynamo is one magnet rotating while inside the influence of another magnet's magnetic field. You cannot see a magnetic field, but it is often illustrated using lines of flux. In the illustration above lines of magnetic flux would follow the lines created by the iron filings. The generator/dynamo is made up of stationary magnets (stator) which create a powerful magnetic field, and a rotating magnet (rotor) which distorts and cuts through the magnetic lines of flux of the stator. When the rotor cuts through lines of magnetic flux it makes electricity. But why? Due to Faraday's Law of Induction if you take a wire and move it back and forth in a magnetic field, the field pushes on electrons in the metal. Copper has 27 electrons, the last two in the orbit are easily pushed on to the next atom. This movement of electrons is electrical flow. See the video below showing how current is induced in a wire: If you take a lot of wire such as in a coil and move it in the field, you create a more powerful "flow" of electrons. The strength of your generator depends on: "l"-Length of the conductor in the magnetic field "v"-Velocity of the conductor (speed of the rotor) "B"-Strength of the electromagnetic field You can do calculations using this formula: e = B x l x v See the video to see all of this demonstrated: About the magnets: Above: a simple electromagnet referred to as a solenoid. The term "solenoid" actually describes the tubular shape created by the coiled wire. The magnets are usually not made of natural magnetite or a permanent magnet (unless it is a small generator), but they are copper or aluminum wire coiled around an iron core. Each coil must be energized with some power to make it into a magnet. This coil around iron is called a solenoid. Solenoids are used instead of natural magnetite because the solenoid is MUCH more powerful. A small solenoid can create a very strong magnetic field. Above: The coils of wire in the generators must be insulated. Generator failure is caused by temperatures rising too high which results in a breakdown of insulation and a short between to parallel wires. Learn more about wires > Terms: Also see our page on Induction . The Dynamo Dynamo is an older term used to describe a generator that makes direct current power. DC power sends electrons in only one direction. The problem with a simple generator is that when the rotor rotates it eventually turns completely around, reversing the current. Early inventors didn't know what to do with this alternating current, alternating current is more complex to control and design motors and lights for. Early inventors had to figure a way to only capture the positive energy of the generator, so they invented a commutator. The commutator is a switch that allows current to only flow in one direction. See the video below to see how the commutator works: The Dynamo consists of 3 major components: the stator, the armature, and the commutator. Brushes are part of the commutator, the brushes must conduct electricity as the keep contact with the rotating armature. The first brushes were actual wire "brushes" made of small wires. These wore out easily and they developed graphic blocks to do the same job. The stator is a fixed structure that makes magnetic field, you can do this in a small dynamo using a permanent magnet. Large dynamos require an electromagnet. The armature is made of coiled copper windings which rotate inside the magnetic field made by the stator. When the windings move, they cut through the lines of magnetic field. This creates pulses of electric power. The commutator is needed to produce direct current. In direct current power flows in only one direction through a wire, the problem is that the rotating armature in a dynamo reverses current each half turn, so the commutator is a rotary switch that disconnects the power during the reversed current part of the cycle. Self excitation: Since the magnets in an dynamo are solenoids, they must be powered to work. So in addition to brushes which tap power to go out to the main circuit, there is another set of brushes to take power from from the armature to power the stator's magnets. That's fine if the dynamo is running, but how do you start a dynamo if you have no power to start? Sometimes the armature retains some magnetism in the iron core, and and when it begins to turn it makes a small amount of power, enough to excite the solenoids in the stator. Voltage then begins to rise until the dynamo is at full power. If there is no magnetism left in the armature's iron, than often a battery is used to excite the solenoids in the dynamo to get it started. This is called "field flashing". Below in the discussion of wiring the dynamo you will notice how power is routed through the solenoids differently. There are two ways of wiring a dynamo: series wound and shunt wound . See the diagrams to learn the difference. Below, video of a small simple dynamo similar to the diagrams above (built in the 1890s): The Generator The generator differs from the dynamo in that it produces AC power. Electrons flow in in both directions in AC power. It wasn't until the 1890s that engineers had figured out how to design powerful motors, transformers and other devices which could use AC power in a way that could compete with DC power. While the alternator uses commutators, the generator uses a slip ring with brushes to tap the power off of the rotor. Attached to the slip ring are graphite or carbon "brushes" which are spring loaded to push the brush onto the ring. This keeps power consistently flowing. Brushes get worn down over time and need to be replaced. Below, video of slip rings and brushes, many examples from old to new: Since the time of Gramme in the 1860s it was figured out that the best way to build a dynamo/generator was to arrange magnetic coils around a wide circle, with a wide spinning armature. This looks different than the simple small dynamo examples you see used in teaching how the devices work. In the photo below you will see clearly one coil on the armature (the rest were removed for servicing) and other coils built into the stator. From the 1890s until today 3 phase AC power has been the standard form of power. Three phases is made through the design of the generator. To make a three phase generator you have to place a certain number of magnets on your stator and armature, all with proper spacing. Electromagnetism is as complex as dealing with waves and water, so you need to know how to control the field through your design. Problems include having your magnet unevenly attracted to the iron core, improper calculations of the distortion of the magnetic field (the faster it spins, the more the field is distorted), spurious resistance in the armature coils, and a myriad of other potential problems. Why 3 phase? if you want to know more about phases and why we use 3 phase, see our video with power transmission pioneer Lionel Barthold. 2.) A Brief History of Dynamos and Generators: The generator evolved from work by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in the 1820s. Once these two inventors discovered and documented the phenomena of electromagnetic induction, it lead to experimentation by others in both Europe and North America. 1832 - Hippolyte Pixii (France) built the first dynamo using a commutator, his model created pulses of electricity separated by no current. He also by accident created the first alternator. He did not know what to do with the changing current, he concentrated on trying to eliminate the alternating current to get DC power, this led him to create the commutator. 1830s-1860s - The battery is still the most powerful way to supply electricity for the various experimentation going on in that period. Electricity was still not commercially viable. A battery powered electric train from Washington DC to Baltimore failed, proving a gross embarrassment to the new field of electricity. After millions of dollars wasted steam still proved to be a better power source. Electricity still needed to prove to be reliable and commercially viable. 1860 - Antonio Pacinotti- Created a dynamo that provided continuous DC power 1867 - Werner Von Siemens and Charles Wheatstone create a more powerful, more useful dynamo which used a self powered electromagnet in the stator instead of the weak permanent magnet. 1871 - Zenobe Gramme sparked the commercial revolution of electricity. He filled the magnetic field with an iron core which made a better path for magnetic flux. This increased the power of the dynamo to the point were it was usable for many commercial applications. 1870s - There was an explosion of new designs in dynamos, designs ranged a wild assortment, only a few stood out as being superior in efficiency. 1876 - Charles F. Brush (Ohio) developed the most efficient and reliable dynamo design ever to that point. His inventions was sold through the Telegraph Supply Company. 1877 - The Franklin Institute (Philadelphia) conducts test on dynamos from around the world. Publicity from this event spurs development by others like Elihu Thomson , Lord Kelvin, and Thomas Edison . Above: Edison's Long Legged Mary, a commercially successful dynamo for his DC systems 1884 1878 - The Ganz Company begins to use AC generators in small commercial installations in Budapest. 1880 - Charles F. Brush had over 5000 arc lights in operation, representing 80 percent of all lamps world wide. The economic power of electrical age had begun. 1880-1886 - Alternating Current systems develop in Europe with Siemens, Sabastian Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, and others. DC dynamos reign supreme in the lucrative American market, many are skeptical to invest in AC. AC generators were powerful, however the generator alone was not the biggest problem. Systems for control and distribution of AC power needed to be improved before it could compete with DC on a market. 1886 - In the North American Market inventors like William Stanley , George Westinghouse, Nikola Tesla, and Elihu Thomson develop their own AC systems and generator designs. Most of them used Siemens and Ferranti generators as their basis of study. William Stanley was quickly able to invent a better generator after being unsatisfied with the Siemens generator he used in his first experiment . Above: Siemens AC generators used in London in 1885, in the US Edison was reluctant to jump into the AC power field while in Europe the technology was developing rapidly. 1886-1891 - Polyphase AC generators are developed by C.S. Bradly (US), August Haselwander (Germany), Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovsky (Germany/Russia), Galileo Ferraris (Italy), and others. AC systems which include better control and powerful electric motors allow AC to compete. 1891 - Three-Phase AC power proves to be the best system for power generation and distribution at the International Electro-Technical Exhibition in Frankfurt. The three-phase generator designed by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovsky used at the exhibition is seen at left. 1892 - Charles P. Steinmetz presents his paper to the AIEE on hysteresis. Steinmetz's understanding of the mathematics of AC power is published and helps revolutionize AC power system design, including large AC Generators. 1890s - Generator design is improved rapidly thanks to commercial sales and available money for research. Westinghouse, Siemens, Oerlikon, and General Electric develop the world's most powerful generators. Some generators still operate 115 years later. (Mechanicville, NY) Above: 1894 Elihu Thomson developed many AC generators for General Electric A later Westinghouse 2000 kW 270 Volt generator from after 1900 3. Videos	i don't know
In what field did Ernö Goldfinger, inspiration for the title Goldfinger, achieve eminence?	Brutalist Architecture: An Autoethnographic Examination of Structure and Corporeality \| Brockington \| M/C Journal Roy Brockington United Kingdom Roy Brockington is a Music graduate from Goldsmiths College, University of London, with primary areas of study including music history and historiography, musicology, and minimalism. His current research interests concern sociological and political movements and their effect on the arts, in particular, the eminence of socialism in post-WWII architecture. Roy holds a sales and marketing role in the music industry in London. Nela Cicmil University of Oxford United Kingdom Nela Cicmil is a postdoctoral researcher in Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. Currently she runs scientific experiments to investigate the brain cell signals that contribute to our sense of visual perception, and the cognitive processes that shape our decisions. Nela's research interests cover a wide range of additional topics, including body image, mathematics, and computer science. Brutalist Architecture: An Autoethnographic Examination of Structure and Corporeality Roy Brockington, Nela Cicmil Abstract Introduction: Brutal? The word “brutal” has associations with cruelty, inhumanity, and aggression. Within the field of architecture, however, the term “Brutalism” refers to a post-World War II Modernist style, deriving from the French phrase betón brut, which means raw concrete (Clement 18). Core traits of Brutalism include functionalist design, daring geometry, overbearing scale, and the blatant exposure of structural materials, chiefly concrete and steel (Meades 1). The emergence of Brutalism coincided with chronic housing shortages in European countries ravaged by World War II (Power 5) and government-sponsored slum clearance in the UK (Power 190; Baker). Brutalism’s promise to accommodate an astonishing number of civilians within a minimal area through high-rise configurations and elevated walkways was alluring to architects and city planners (High Rise Dreams). Concrete was the material of choice due to its affordability, durability, and versatility; it also allowed buildings to be erected quickly (Allen and Iano 622). The Brutalist style was used for cultural centres, such as the Perth Concert Hall in Western Australia, educational institutions such as the Yale School of Architecture , and government buildings such as the Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India. However, as pioneering Brutalist architect Alison Smithson explained, the style achieved full expression by “thinking on a much bigger scale somehow than if you only got [sic] one house to do” (Smithson and Smithson, Conversation 40). Brutalism, therefore, lent itself to the design of large residential complexes. It was consequently used worldwide for public housing developments, that is, residences built by a government authority with the aim of providing affordable housing. Notable examples include the Western City Gate in Belgrade, Serbia, and Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada. Brutalist architecture polarised opinion and continues to do so to this day. On the one hand, protected cultural heritage status has been awarded to some Brutalist buildings (Carter; Glancey) and the style remains extremely influential, for example in the recent award-winning work of architect Zaha Hadid (Niesewand). On the other hand, the public housing projects associated with Brutalism are widely perceived as failures (The Great British Housing Disaster). Many Brutalist objects currently at risk of demolition are social housing estates, such as the Smithsons’ Robin Hood Gardens in London, UK. Whether the blame for the demise of such housing developments lies with architects, inhabitants, or local government has been widely debated. In the UK and USA, local authorities had relocated families of predominantly lower socio-economic status into the newly completed developments, but were unable or unwilling to finance subsequent maintenance and security costs (Hanley 115; R. Carroll; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth). Consequently, the residents became fearful of criminal activity in staircases and corridors that lacked “defensible space” (Newman 9), which undermined a vision of “streets in the sky” (Moran 615). In spite of its later problems, Brutalism’s architects had intended to develop a style that expressed 1950s contemporary living in an authentic manner. To them, this meant exposing building materials in their “raw” state and creating an aesthetic for an age of science, machine mass production, and consumerism (Stadler 264; 267; Smithson and Smithson, But Today 44). Corporeal sensations did not feature in this “machine” aesthetic (Dalrymple). Exceptionally, acclaimed Brutalist architect Ernö Goldfinger discussed how “visual sensation,” “sound and touch with smell,” and “the physical touch of the walls of a narrow passage” contributed to “sensations of space” within architecture (Goldfinger 48). However, the effects of residing within Brutalist objects may not have quite conformed to predictions, since Goldfinger moved out of his Brutalist construction, Balfron Tower , after two months, to live in a terraced house (Hanley 112). An abstract perspective that favours theorisation over subjective experiences characterises discourse on Brutalist social housing developments to this day (Singh). There are limited data on the everyday lived experience of residents of Brutalist social housing estates, both then and now (for exceptions, see Hanley; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth; Cooper et al.). Yet, our bodily interaction with the objects around us shapes our lived experience. On a broader physical scale, this includes the structures within which we live and work. The importance of the interaction between architecture and embodied being is increasingly recognised. Today, architecture is described in corporeal terms—for example, as a “skin” that surrounds and protects its human inhabitants (Manan and Smith 37; Armstrong 77). Biological processes are also inspiring new architectural approaches, such as synthetic building materials with life-like biochemical properties (Armstrong 79), and structures that exhibit emergent behaviour in response to human presence, like a living system (Biloria 76). In this article, we employ an autoethnographic perspective to explore the corporeal effects of Brutalist buildings, thereby revealing a new dimension to the anthropological significance of these controversial structures. We trace how they shape the physicality of the bodies interacting within them. Our approach is one step towards considering the historically under-appreciated subjective, corporeal experience elicited in interaction with Brutalist objects. Method: An Autoethnographic Approach Autoethnography is a form of self-narrative research that connects the researcher’s personal experience to wider cultural understandings (Ellis 31; Johnson). It can be analytical (Anderson 374) or emotionally evocative (Denzin 426). We investigated two Brutalist residential estates in London, UK: (i) The Barbican Estate: This was devised to redevelop London’s severely bombed post-WWII Cripplegate area, combining private residences for middle class professionals with an assortment of amenities including a concert hall, library, conservatory, and school. It was designed by architects Chamberlin, Powell, and Bon. Opened in 1982, the Estate polarised opinion on its aesthetic qualities but has enjoyed success with residents and visitors. The development now comprises extremely expensive housing (Brophy). It was Grade II-listed in 2001 (Glancey), indicating a status of architectural preservation that restricts alterations to significant buildings. (ii) Trellick Tower: This was built to replace dilapidated 19th-century housing in the North Kensington area. It was designed by Hungarian-born architect Ernő Goldfinger to be a social housing development and was completed in 1972. During the 1980s and 1990s, it became known as the “Tower of Terror” due to its high level of crime (Hanley 113). Nevertheless, Trellick Tower was granted Grade II listed status in 1998 (Carter), and subsequent improvements have increased its desirability as a residence (R. Carroll). We explored the grounds, communal spaces, and one dwelling within each structure, independently recording our corporeal impressions and sensations in detailed notes, which formed the basis of longhand journals written afterwards. Our analysis was developed through co-constructed autoethnographic reflection (emerald and Carpenter 748). For reasons of space, one full journal entry is presented for each Brutalist structure, with an excerpt from each remaining journal presented in the subsequent analysis. To identify quotations from our journals, we use the codes R- and N- to refer to RB’s and NC’s journals, respectively; we use -B and -T to refer to the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower, respectively. The Barbican Estate: Autoethnographic Journal An intricate concrete world emerges almost without warning from the throng of glass office blocks and commercial buildings that make up the City of London's Square Mile. The Barbican Estate comprises a multitude of low-rise buildings, a glass conservatory, and three enormous high-rise towers. Each modular building component is finished in the same coarse concrete with burnished brick underfoot, whilst the entire structure is elevated above ground level by enormous concrete stilts. Plants hang from residential balconies over glimmering pools in a manner evocative of concrete Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Figure 1. Barbican Estate Figure 2. Cromwell Tower from below, Barbican Estate. Figure 3: The stairwell, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate. Figure 4. Lift button pods, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate. R’s journal My first footsteps upon the Barbican Estate are elevated two storeys above the street below, and already an eerie calm settles on me. The noise of traffic and the bustle of pedestrians have seemingly been left far behind, and a path of polished brown brick has replaced the paving slabs of the city's pavement. I am made more aware of the sound of my shoes upon the ground as I take each step through the serenity. Running my hands along the walkway's concrete sides as we proceed further into the estate I feel its coarseness, and look up to imagine the same sensation touching the uppermost balcony of the towers. As we travel, the cold nature and relentless employ of concrete takes over and quickly becomes the norm. Our route takes us through the Barbican's central Arts building and into the Conservatory, a space full of plant-life and water features. The noise of rushing water comes as a shock, and I'm reminded just how hauntingly peaceful the atmosphere of the outside estate has been. As we leave the conservatory, the hush returns and we follow another walkway, this time allowing a balcony-like view over the edge of the estate. I'm quickly absorbed by a sensation I can liken only to peering down at the ground from a concrete cloud as we observe the pedestrians and traffic below. Turning back, we follow the walkways and begin our approach to Cromwell Tower, a jagged structure scraping the sky ahead of us and growing menacingly larger with every step. The estate has up till now seemed devoid of wind, but even so a cold begins to prickle my neck and I increase my speed toward the door. A high-ceilinged foyer greets us as we enter and continue to the lifts. As we push the button and wait, I am suddenly aware that carpet has replaced bricks beneath my feet. A homely sensation spreads, my breathing slows, and for a brief moment I begin to relax. We travel at heart-racing speed upwards to the 32nd floor to observe the view from the Tower's fire escape stairwell. A brief glance over the stair's railing as we enter reveals over 30 storeys of stair casing in a hard-edged, triangular configuration. My mind reels, I take a second glance and fail once again to achieve focus on the speck of ground at the bottom far below. After appreciating the eastward view from the adjacent window that encompasses almost the entirety of Central London, we make our way to a 23rd floor apartment. Entering the dwelling, we explore from room to room before reaching the balcony of the apartment's main living space. Looking sheepishly from the ledge, nothing short of a genuine concrete fortress stretches out beneath us in all directions. The spirit and commotion of London as I know it seems yet more distant as we gaze at the now miniaturized buildings. An impression of self-satisfied confidence dawns on me. The fortress where we stand offers security, elevation, sanctuary and I'm furnished with the power to view London's chaos at such a distance that it's almost silent. As we leave the apartment, I am shadowed by the same inherent air of tranquillity, pressing yet another futuristic lift access button, plummeting silently back towards the ground, and padding across the foyer's soft carpet to pursue our exit route through the estate's sky-suspended walkways, back to the bustle of regular London civilization. Trellick Tower: Autoethnographic Journal The concrete majesty of Trellick Tower is visible from Westbourne Park, the nearest Tube station. The Tower dominates the skyline, soaring above its neighbouring estate, cafes, and shops. As one nears the Tower, the south face becomes visible, revealing the suspended corridors that join the service tower to the main body of flats. Light of all shades and colours pours from its tightly stacked dwellings, which stretch up into the sky. Figure 5. Trellick Tower, South face. Figure 6. Balcony in a 27th-floor flat, Trellick Tower. N’s journal Outside the tower, I sense danger and experience a heightened sense of awareness. A thorny frame of metal poles holds up the tower’s facade, each pole poised as if to slip down and impale me as I enter the building. At first, the tower is too big for comprehension; the scale is unnatural, gigantic. I feel small and quite squashable in comparison. Swathes of unmarked concrete surround the tower, walls that are just too high to see over. Who or what are they hiding? I feel uncertain about what is around me. It takes some time to reach the 27th floor, even though the lift only stops on every 3rd floor. I feel the forces of acceleration exert their pressure on me as we rise. The lift is very quiet. Looking through the windows on the 27th-floor walkway that connects the lift tower to the main building, I realise how high up I am. I can see fog. The city moves and modulates beneath me. It is so far away, and I can’t reach it. I’m suspended, isolated, cut off in the air, as if floating in space. The buildings underneath appear tiny in comparison to me, but I know I’m tiny compared to this building. It’s a dichotomy, an internal tension, and feels quite unreal. The sound of the wind in the corridors is a constant whine. In the flat, the large kitchen window above the sink opens directly onto the narrow, low-ceilinged corridor, on the other side of which, through a second window, I again see London far beneath. People pass by here to reach their front doors, moving so close to the kitchen window that you could touch them while you’re washing up, if it weren’t for the glass. Eye contact is possible with a neighbour, or a stranger. I am close to that which I’m normally separated from, but at the same time I’m far from what I could normally access. On the balcony, I have a strong sensation of vertigo. We are so high up that we cannot be seen by the city and we cannot see others. I feel physically cut off from the world and realise that I’m dependent on the lift or endlessly spiralling stairs to reach it again. Materials: sharp edges, rough concrete, is abrasive to my skin, not warm or welcoming. Sharp little stones are embedded in some places. I mind not to brush close against them. Behind the tower is a mysterious dark maze of sharp turns that I can’t see around, and dark, narrow walkways that confine me to straight movements on sloping ramps. “Relentless Employ of Concrete:” Body versus Stone and Height The “relentless employ of concrete” (R-B) in the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower determined our physical interactions with these Brutalist objects. Our attention was first directed towards texture: rough, abrasive, sharp, frictive. Raw concrete’s potential to damage skin, should one fall or brush too hard against it, made our bodies vulnerable. Simultaneously, the ubiquitous grey colour and the constant cold anaesthetised our senses. As we continued to explore, the constant presence of concrete, metal gratings, wire, and reinforced glass affected our real and imagined corporeal potentialities. Bodies are powerless against these materials, such that, in these buildings, you can only go where you are allowed to go by design, and there are no other options. Conversely, the strength of concrete also has a corporeal manifestation through a sense of increased physical security. To R, standing within the “concrete fortress” of the Barbican Estate, the object offered “security, elevation, sanctuary,” and even “power” (R-B). The heights of the Barbican’s towers (123 metres) and Trellick Tower (93 metres) were physically overwhelming when first encountered. We both felt that these menacing, jagged towers dominated our bodies. Excerpt from R’s journal (Trellick Tower) Gaining access to the apartment, we begin to explore from room to room. As we proceed through to the main living area we spot the balcony and I am suddenly aware that, in a short space of time, I had abandoned the knowledge that some 26 floors lay below me. My balance is again shaken and I dig my heels into the laminate flooring, as if to achieve some imaginary extra purchase. What are the consequences of extreme height on the body? Certainly, there is the possibility of a lethal fall and those with vertigo or who fear heights would feel uncomfortable. We discovered that height also affects physical instantiation in many other ways, both empowering and destabilising. Distance from ground-level bustle contributed to a profound silence and sense of calm. Areas of intermediate height, such as elevated communal walkways, enhanced our sensory abilities by granting the advantage of observation from above. Extreme heights, however, limited our ability to sense the outside world, placing objects beyond our range of visual focus, and setting up a “bizarre segregation” (R-T) between our physical presence and that of the rest of the world. Height also limited potentialities of movement: no longer self-sufficient, we depended on a working lift to regain access to the ground and the rest of the city. In the lift itself, our bodies passively endured a cycle of opposing forces as we plummeted up or down numerous storeys in mere seconds. At both locations, N noticed how extreme height altered her relative body size: for example, “London looks really small. I have become huge compared to the tiny city” (N-B). As such, the building’s lift could be likened to a cake or potion from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. This illustrates how the heuristics that we use to discern visual perspective and object size, which are determined by the environment in which we live (Segall et al.), can be undermined by the unusual scales and distances found in Brutalist structures. Excerpt from N’s journal (Barbican Estate) Warning: These buildings give you AFTER-EFFECTS. On the way home, the size of other buildings seems tiny, perspectives feel strange; all the scales seem to have been re-scaled. I had to become re-used to the sensation of travelling on public trains, after travelling in the tower lifts. We both experienced perceptual after-effects from the disproportional perspectives of Brutalist spaces. Brutalist structures thus have the power to affect physical sensations even when the body is no longer in direct interaction with them! “Challenge to Privacy:” Intersubjective Ideals in Brutalist Design As embodied beings, our corporeal manifestations are the primary transducers of our interactions with other people, who in turn contribute to our own body schema construction (Joas). Architects of Brutalist habitats aimed to create residential utopias, but we found that the impact of their designs on intersubjective corporeality were often incoherent and contradictory. Brutalist structures positioned us at two extremes in relation to the bodies of others, forcing either an uncomfortable intersection of personal space or, conversely, excessive separation. The confined spaces of the lifts, and ubiquitous narrow, low-ceilinged corridors produced uncomfortable overlaps in the personal space of the individuals present. We were fascinated by the design of the flat in Trellick Tower, where the large kitchen window opened out directly onto the narrow 27th-floor corridor, as described in N’s journal. This enforced a physical “challenge to privacy” (R-T), although the original aim may have been to promote a sense of community in the “streets in the sky” (Moran 615). The inter-slotting of hundreds of flats in Trellick Tower led to “a multitude of different cooking aromas from neighbouring flats” (R-T) and hence a direct sensing of the closeness of other people’s corporeal activities, such as eating. By contrast, enormous heights and scales constantly placed other people out of sight, out of hearing, and out of reach. Sharp-angled walkways and blind alleys rendered other bodies invisible even when they were near. In the Barbican Estate, huge concrete columns, behind which one could hide, instilled a sense of unease. We also considered the intersubjective interaction between the Brutalist architect-designer and the inhabitant. The elements of futuristic design—such as the “spaceship”-like pods for lift buttons in Cromwell Tower (N-B)—reconstruct the inhabitant’s physicality as alien relative to the Brutalist building, and by extension, to the city that commissioned it. Reflections The strength of the autoethnographic approach is also its limitation (Chang 54); it is an individual’s subjective perspective, and as such we cannot experience or represent the full range of corporeal effects of Brutalist designs. Corporeal experience is informed by myriad factors, including age, body size, and ability or disability. Since we only visited these structures, rather than lived in them, we could have experienced heightened sensations that would become normalised through familiarity over time. Class dynamics, including previous residences and, importantly, the amount of choice that one has over where one lives, would also affect this experience. For a full perspective, further data on the everyday lived experiences of residents from a range of different backgrounds are necessary. R’s reflection Despite researching Brutalist architecture for years, I was unprepared for the true corporeal experience of exploring these buildings. Reading back through my journals, I'm struck by an evident conflict between stylistic admiration and physical uneasiness. I feel I have gained a sympathetic perspective on the notion of residing in the structures day-to-day. Nevertheless, analysing Brutalist objects through a corporeal perspective helped to further our understanding of the experience of living within them in a way that abstract thought could never have done. Our reflections also emphasise the tension between the physical and the psychological, whereby corporeal struggle intertwines with an abstract, aesthetic admiration of the Brutalist objects. N’s reflection It was a wonderful experience to explore these extraordinary buildings with an inward focus on my own physical sensations and an outward focus on my body’s interaction with others. On re-reading my journals, I was surprised by the negativity that pervaded my descriptions. How does physical discomfort and alienation translate into cognitive pleasure, or delight? Conclusion Brutalist objects shape corporeality in fundamental and sometimes contradictory ways. The range of visual and somatosensory experiences is narrowed by the ubiquitous use of raw concrete and metal. Materials that damage skin combine with lethal heights to emphasise corporeal vulnerability. The body’s movements and sensations of the external world are alternately limited or extended by extreme heights and scales, which also dominate the human frame and undermine normal heuristics of perception. Simultaneously, the structures endow a sense of physical stability, security, and even power. By positioning multiple corporealities in extremes of overlap or segregation, Brutalist objects constitute a unique challenge to both physical privacy and intersubjective potentiality. Recognising these effects on embodied being enhances our current understanding of the impact of Brutalist residences on corporeal sensation. This can inform the future design of residential estates. Our autoethnographic findings are also in line with the suggestion that Brutalist structures can be “appreciated as challenging, enlivening environments” exactly because they demand “physical and perceptual exertion” (Sroat). Instead of being demolished, Brutalist objects that are no longer considered appropriate as residences could be repurposed for creative, cultural, or academic use, where their challenging corporeal effects could contribute to a stimulating or even thrilling environment. References Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Anderson, Leon. “Analytic Autoethnography.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35.4 (2006): 373-95. Armstrong, Rachel. “Biological Architecture.” Forward, The Architecture and Design Journal of the National Associates Committee: Architecture and the Body Spring (2010): 77-79. Baker, Shirley. “The Streets Belong to Us: Shirley Baker’s 1960s Manchester in Pictures.” The Guardian, 22 Jul. 2015. 16 Feb. 2016 < http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/jul/22/shirley-baker-1960s-manchester-in-pictures >. Biloria, Nimish. “Inter-Active Bodies.” Forward, The Architecture and Design Journal of the National Associates Committee: Architecture and the Body Spring (2010): 77-79. Brophy, Gwenda. “Fortress Barbican.” The Telegraph, 15 Mar. 2007. 16 Feb. 2016 < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3357100/Fortress-Barbican.html >. Carroll, Lewis. Alice in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1865. Carroll, Rory. “How Did This Become the Height of Fashion?” The Guardian, 11 Mar. 1999. 16 Feb. 2016 < http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/mar/11/features11.g28 >. Carter, Claire. “London Tower Blocks Given Listed Building Status.” Daily Telegraph, 10 Jul. 2013. 16 Feb. 2016	Architecture
Which James Bond title began life as an advertising slogan?	Hannes Meyer \| misfits' architecture misfits' architecture Architecture Misfit #10: Colin Lucas Colin Anderson Lucas (1906–84) After the 1939–45 war he worked in the Architects’ Department of the London County Council, heading a team of young Modernists who designed, among much else, the Le Corbusier-inspired Alton Estate West at Roehampton, London (1951–78), where the slab-blocks are on a very small scale yet superficially modelled on Le Corbusier’s Unités d’Habitation. History tells us nothing of why Lucas went to work in the Architects’ Department of the London County Council which, in the 1950s, was the largest architectural practice in the world. But he did. It was a move away from one way of making buildings, and towards to another way of making buildings. It was the change from making little architectural one-offs for the benefit of wealthy individuals and one’s own reputation, to using one’s skill as an architect to improve mass housing prototypes for the good of many, largely anonymously. There’s more to see and hear here about the London County Council but this next image shows part of the Alton West Estate. I’m not so sure the Alton West slab blocks are ‘superficially modelled’ on Le Corbusier’s Unités d’Habitation for in some ways they’re better. Here’s a plan of Ud’H 1.0 – Marseilles. Instead of a central corridor every third floor, Alton West has gallery access every second. These corridors will be cold, but bright. Horses for courses. The apartments at Alton West are double storey but have no double storey living room (like Apartment A at Ud’H) or no double storey master bedroom (like Apartment B at Ud’H) for that matter. At last, somebody’s redrawn the section! The kitchens at Alton West are separate and have windows (and larders!). This was a buildings regulations requirement. There is a hallway – building regs again – and bedrooms of usual (regulated) minimum width. All quite nice really. As well as adpating PJ’s prototype for British building regulations, the London County Council architects were trying to improve upon what PJ had proposed. The interlocking plan, central corridor and double-height living rooms were never an option. The double height living/bed room is a waste of enclosed volume that could be more responsibly provided with a floor and used to house more people. It is also a poor use of surface area if regulations require your kitchens and bathrooms to have windows. But all of this is to miss the most important difference. At Alton West there are five slab buildings, not one. There are almost twenty point blocks. Let’s have a closer look at those point blocks. This is the sunny side. These buildings are stair-rich, presumably because of stricter fire code back then. All apartments are corner apartments, as you’d expect with four apartments and point access. No two living rooms are horizontally adjacent. Less space is used for circulation, even with the two stairwells. Each apartment has a large hallway. Whereas perhaps 80% of the apartments at Unité d’Habitations are double-sided and two storey, all Alton West Point apartments are single level and two-sided. The service riser is beautiful. During his time as an architect at the London County Council, Colin Lucas was also responsible for these two identical buildings. Somerset Estate, Battersea Three floors of four two-bedroom apartments alternate with one floor of one-bedroom apartments. Apartments are arranged in a pinwheel arrangement, but split two to a side by the elevator lobby that has a single fire escape stair at one end, and a laundry drying room and garbage chute room at the other. This lobby is naturally ventilated and daylit. It develops the configuration of the point blocks at Alton West. Here’s a two-bed apartment plan. And here’s what the kitchen looks like. The column from which everything below it in the plan above is cantilevered, is just out of the picture. Not shown in the plan above is the small window above the cooker, made possible by the pinwheel arrangement. These buildings are repeated across south London. Twice more, as the Canada Estate in Rotherhithe, Two more times, as the Aylesbury Estate in Wandsworth. And six more times, as the Wyndham Estate in Camberwell. For about five years, I used to live on the 18th floor of Selworthy House in Battersea. I can testify to the solidity, liveability and humanity of these buildings. The view is also very nice, but that’s just an accident of history. When these buildings were built, nobody valued views, especially those over Battersea, Rotherhithe, Wandwsorth or Camberwell. What impresses me most about the design of these buildings is how, by alternating three floors of two-bedroom apartments with one floor of one-bedroom apartments, Colin Lucas managed to make something special out of what must have been a very constraining brief. He did not have to do that. These eleven buildings do not receive any mention in the history of post-war British architecture. They probably never will. As part of the British government’s thirty-year war against its own people, the idea of social housing as a government obligation has been being erased from the consciousness of the people. Social housing has had its name changed to the less-loaded ‘affordable housing’. (The current mayor of London is at present attempting to redefine affordable housing as rents at 80% of market rent.) Whether past or present, highly-visible social housing is frowned upon. It is amusing to see how photographers contrive to omit the Somerset Estate towers from photographs of the (then) Richard Rogers Partnership’s Montevetro. Here’s a page of google images of Montevetro. This next image is from RSHY’s website. Here’s what looks like a planning application site elevation. Anything unpleasant is only shown in outline. One can almost hear the planners say “No higher than those hideous towers and you must respect the listed Church of St. Mary.” I have no respect for Richard Rogers or Montevetro. Meanwhile, on the other side of town, Trellick Tower by Ernö Goldfinger is iconified as a Brutalist poster building by a famous architect in much the same way as PJ’s UdH is. Robin Hood Gardens has people fighting its cause just as much for it being an important building by famous architects Alison and Peter Smithson as for any social significance it may once have have had. For the government, this is the rub – the very idea of highly-visible social housing is anathema. Part of this ongoing stealth campaign to discredit social housing is to encourage people to think of Brutalist architecture as nothing more than a dated stylistic choice. Any social worth (such as additional floor area) those construction choices may have generated is actively overlooked. Off-form concrete was honest about diverting money away from cladding and finishes and towards more useful parts of a building. It is easier to brand Brutalism a stylistic choice if it is associated with famous architects. We’re used to that as a concept. I suspect the Lucas towers are particularly reviled because that one extraneous design decision of the 3+1 repeat makes them very PROUD buildings. Once upon a time this conferred DIGNITY, but nowadays it seems to represent audacity. * * * You chose to work largely anonymously and in a large organisation, improving upon useful prototypes you were not afraid to repeat. You believed that people’s lives would be enhanced by doing that. It is for these reasons that misfits salutes you! Leave a reply Welcome to the 2013 Misfits’ Midsummernights’ Quiz! It’s being brought to you from London and so has a bit of a British theme. As is now usual, answers are at the bottom of the post – no cheating! To kick off, we’ll start with a question about out the 2013 winner of the WTF! Prize. Q1: Name the inspiration for the central design feature on this building at Dubai Marina. Q2: Okay, so where’s this then? Q3: The construction cost of the Millennium Dome was the largest of these four London buildings. Which of the others weighed in second? Was it City Hall? London Aquatics Centre? 30 St. Mary Axe? Q4: Take a quick look at this next building. What does it remind you of? Q5: Do you notice anything special about this set of drawings? Q6: Who said “Money spent to build more than necessary is wasted money”? Hannes Meyer D: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ANSWER TO Q1: Yes, that’s right! It’s John Nash’s All Souls Church of 1824, where Regent’s Park Road meets Euston Road in London. ( All Souls Church is now on Facebook btw! ) Nash’s little church was not well liked at the time. One contemporary review went … To our eye, the church itself, apart from the tower, (for such it almost is) is perhaps, one of the most miserable structures in the metropolis,—in its starved proportions more resembling a manufactory, or warehouse, than the impressive character of a church exterior; an effect to which the Londoner is not an entire stranger. Here, too, we are inclined to ascribe much of the ridicule, which the whole church has received, to its puny proportions and scantiness of decoration, which are far from being assisted by any stupendousness in their details, the first impression of which might probably have fixed the attention of the spectator. Indeed, the whole style of the tower and steeple appears peculiarly illadapted for so small a scale as has here been attempted. Nash was lampooned in the contemporary press. ANSWER TO Q2: Just a bit down the road. Yes, that’s right! This is St. Pancras New Church (1822), also on Euston Road, London. Only two years separate this church from All Souls Church. Both formed part of a defensive line of church building along Euston Road to counter the godlessness of anything north. This porch is not to be confused with the Erechtheion which is somewhere else. ANSWER TO Q3: London Olympic Swimming Pool came it at £269 mil. – or at least it did as far as the accounting can be trusted. This is only £3 mil. more than 30 St Mary’s Axe which used up £266 mil. of somebody’s money. With a lettable floor area of 516,100 sq.ft this works out at £515/sq.ft, considerably more than the £376/sq.ft for the 130,000 sq.ft lettable floor area of City Hall which cost a mere £49 mil. to build. The Millennium Dome cost £789 mil. – again, if the accounting is to be A) believed and B) has anything like a shared baseline. “According to the UK National Audit Office, the total cost of The Dome at the liquidation of the New Millennium Experience Company in 2002 was £789 million, of which £628 million was covered by National Lottery grants and £189 million through sales of tickets etc.” etc. etc. ANSWER TO Q4: If your answer was something along the lines of anything in the next image, famously drawn by Rem Koolhaas’ other missus , then you are wrong. Sorry. Full marks if it reminded you of Paul Laffoley’s 2003 proposal for the site that came to be occupied by Minoru Yamasaki’s World Trade Center. It’s a reworking of the “Grand Hotel” that Gaudí designed for much the same site in 1908. (Muchas gracias por el link, loslugarestienenmemoria .) Laffoley wrote in 2001 Now that Ground Zero is but a gaping wound on the body of New York City and in the soul of America, many have speculated as to what to do at the site of the violent laceration. I believe one thing is clear, that in order to begin the healing process, whatever is placed there must not proceed from the same living ego impulse that motivated Yamasaki. That is why I feel Gaudí’s Grand Hotel would be the appropriate solution. Several facts support this idea: first, the Hotel was planned for the site in 1903; second, Gaudí has been dead for seventy-five years; third, the Hotel would function as a celebration of life, for which New York City is famous; fourth, it could act as a permanent memorial for all those who lost their lives in the disaster; and fifth, it would take the combined efforts of the entire artistic and architectural communities of New York City and other areas to bring the building into being. At the time, I wrote, “I’ve never thought the world needed another Gaudí building but I do now. His Grand Hotel proposal was an optimistic vision of a bright future in 1908 but is much more now. It reminds us that we still have to build one – and to do that we have to be able to imagine one first. It is already a memorial to what we have lost. This building is as much of a correction as we can hope for. Hats off to Paul Laffoley for proposing it.” I still think so. My point was not whether the building is a facsimile or simulcrum of what the architect would have overseen, but whether the vision was still valid. The physical manifestation of an architect’s oeuvre is not the question. It is whether the proposal (by the original architect or someone else) is a accurate reflection of the zeitgeist. I liked to think that Laffoley’s proposal (of Gaudí’s proposal) would have been, but what now stands there is. Sadly. ANSWER TO Q5: First let’s have another look! Yes, the building has a basement that is not normally shown, presumably because it is totally devoid of any kind of architectural invention – apart from the stairs down, that is. Once in the basement, even the balustrade disappears. See Section B-B. That should have been a clue. To the left of the stairs as you go up from the basement must be the boiler since there’s a chimney on all the floors above. That’s it by the radiator. Now that radiator would have been coal-fired. Since the basement is divided into two spaces, the one with the door is probably the coal store. I’d expect to see the opening of a coal delivery chute in the driveway outside the side door but this next photo shows how it could appear, except that what we see is one structural bay away from where a chute would discharge. It’s probably a trap for the bathroom drains. If there had been a coal chute, it was probably covered up in the 1985 renovations – the same ones in which the ground floor washbasin was relocated to the other side of the column. Who’d want to know about a boiler anyway? But this summer, why not go visit and check out the basement? ‘ Rent the Monument for your events! ‘ Someone’s gotta pay those bills – why not you? I found the drawing for this question on the Italian site archweb . There was also this which is worth a look as you don’t see very often, perhaps because the proportions are so awkward. Why did The Great Man put windows on the cantilevered bits when he didn’t on the mothership?? The extra window area wasn’t necessary there, and nor was it necessary here. It sort of leads one to conclude that LC was making it up as he went along. ANSWER TO Q6: This was Diébédo Francis Kéré. Nowhere in any misfits’ post was this mentioned, but you should have guessed from this photograph. Tsk tsk. ANSWER TO Q7: The full answer was Dame Zaha Hadid, DBE, in response replying to a question about the future of her company’s aesthetic in a time of economic downturn. I forget where. Trust me on this. ANSWER TO Q8: They are all British National Treasures – in a manner of speaking. All have received birthday honours from the Queen and have the right to be called Dame. From top left, there is Dame Shirley Bassey who was made a Commander of the British Empire in 2000, Dame Barbara Windsor who received her CBE in 2000 also for her long career in entertainment (a.k.a. the the Carry On series of movies and Eastenders . You can catch up quickly on almost 30 years of episodes here . The last image is of Professor Tina Lavender of the School of Nursing at the University of Manchester, who received hers for services to Midwifery. I think that’s right – the honours list is complicated. See here for the full 2012 list. Dame Zaha Hadid recieved her DBE in 2012 for services to architecture, but there’s no information on what exactly those services were. ANSWER TO Q9A: The guy with the white hair is Peter Smithson who, along with his wife Alison, were known as The Smithsons. I’m not making this up! At the beginning, they were a bit Miesey, but then got a bit brutal. Here’s their Robin Hood Gardens project from 1972 – an embarrassing reminder to every British government since, that housing (like education, healthcare and employment) used to once be part of the social contract between a government and its people. The Smithsons didn’t really get the hang of the witty referencing thing. The ivy is doing its university best but wisteria might be better suited to that framey thing happening. The home The Smithsons designed for the 1956 Ideal Sexist Home Exhibition is an enduring internet presence. ANSWER TO Q9B: That would have to be Remment Koolhaas. Both him and her went on to have successful commercial architectural practices at the turn of the century. ANSWER TO Q9C: Stella McCartney. We don’t know what it is they both found so interesting up there. ANSWER TO Q9D: Who else but Patrik Schumacher? He wrote a book called The Autopoiesis of Architecture. I haven’t read it yet. You probably haven’t either. Cheerio! When misfits finally gets around to writing the definitive history of sustainable architecture, it will bypass all the media-hogging and resource-wasting architecture of the twentieth century and instead feature many of the architects mentioned in this blog. Irving Gill deserves a place for this following statement he made around 1915. If the cost of unimportant ornamentation were put into construction, then we would have a more lasting and dignified house. Dodge House, West Hollywood, CA, 1914-16 (demolished) (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Hannes Meyer will feature for doing his best to make that happen by choosing materials according to the suitability of their non-visual properties. facultad (Photo credit: vladimix) This site offers some insights (in German) into window sizing and illumination levels of his Peterschule project. I don’t know of anyone else who was concerned about this in 1926. Eileen Gray will have a place for her unpretentious approach to siting, climate and layout way back in 1924. 19-b (Photo credit: its_daniel) George Fred Keck for, in 1934, thinking of the house as the servicer to its inhabitant, not vice versa the importance to one’s health of passive heating and the modulation of natural light the need to design within the boundaries of mass production an exterior prefabricated steel truss frame that allowed for a completely open interior plan panels and mullions of standardised sizes not designed to be different or tricky but to seriously attempt to find better ideas and designs for living The Futurists will have earned their place for showing the world it was okay to reject past ideas of beauty and to create new types more relevant to the modern world. Study for a 1927 Biennale pavilion by Fortunato Depero Superstudio will have a place for Natalini’s 1971 statement about architectural priorities. All these people contributed in some way to the theoretical, philosophical and moral basis for the type of buildings misfits is about. In a nutshell, misfits believes in making the most of what we have or have left. Everybody agrees this is a good thing, but there’s still no consensus about what it is that needs to be made the most of. The flow of architectural history suggests that “making beauty for less” is a constant. Even if, like Corbusier, the work of Sanaa is evolutionary in redefining beauty downwards, the focus is still on beauty no matter how economical it may be to achieve (relative to and in decreasing order, The Pyramids, Chartres Cathedral, the Sydney Opera House …. etc). In the not-so-distant future, affordable will be the new luxury. The introduction to this yet-unwritten book on the history of sustainability will need to have a brief note explaining that the word sustainable is used in the sense of cost-effective performance without regard for visual appearance for, in English, we seem to have lost the plot a bit. In French, the word for sustainable is “durable”. This sense of something remaining useful for longer has the obvious advantage of it not needing to be replaced as often. Although renovating, refurbishing and reusing buildings is unquestionably virtuous and is rewarded as such by the various sustainability rating systems, the main focus of architecture is still on sexy new build projects. Lacaton & Vassal are natural misfits in that their focus is on doing more with less. Their Latapie House features on the misfitsarchitecture home page header. This post however, will feature their retrofit of the La Tour Bois-le-Prêtre tower (in collaboration with Frédéric Druot). The plan and two photos below tell the story. There’s more description here and a slideshow here. “It depends how you ask the question,” Ms. Lacaton responded when asked whether the building ended up as she had hoped. Architects couldn’t fix the neighborhood or provide 24-hour security guards, she said. But they could make something pleasing whose appearance derived from the narrow range of material options available, within a tight budget.The aesthetics arose purely from the decisions about the quality of space,” Ms. Lacaton insisted. “We could have done something playful and fashionable on the outside, to look better, if we had put just a few balconies here and there. But our priority was improving the living conditions for everyone.” [ New York Times ] Total cost: $15 million compared to $26 million to demolish and rebuild. No tenant relocation was necessary. Lacaton & Vassal – misfits salutes you! Share this: The Autopoiesis of Architecture: Volume 1 Chapter 2.5 – The Necessity of Demarcation THESIS 9: Any attempt to integrate architecture and art, or architecture and science/engineering, in a unified discourse (autopoiesis) is reactionary and bound to fail. Even though Luhmann, the guy who put all these ideas in the author’s head, said that architecture existed within the great social system of art, in this sub-chapter (p148), the author says Luhlmann only implied that architecture exists within the art system. Either way, the author is having none of it. This treatment of architecture has to be rejected today. It reflects the traditional classification of architecture among the arts. Hardly a powerful argument. Another reason it is not true is because the theory says it isn’t. It is one of the central, historical theses of the theory of architctural autopoiesis that this treatment of architecture under the umbrella concept of ‘the arts’ is long since an anachronism – at least since the refoundation of the discipline as Modern architecture during the 1920s. And here’s some more “proof”. A sure empirical indicator for the factual, operational separation of art and architecture is the total absence of double careers. While Michaelangelo and Raphael, and even Schinkel, could still count and convince as both artists and architects this possibility seems to be excluded today. Examples such as Le Corbusier’s paintings and Hundertwasser’s buildings are no countexamples but only confirm this impossibility. That’s a bit bitchy but, yes, Corbusier’s paintings weren’t that great. LC, defacing Eileen Gray’s E1027, 1939 And, although some people love them, neither were Hundertwasser ‘s buildings. You know them. hundertwasser (Photo credit: twicepix) But I’ve always thought there’s something very dodgy about architects who pick up a paintbrush, especially if they say they use their “2D” work to “think ideas through”. Will Alsop © image: Jason Alden Zaha Hadid. Photograph: Alberto Heras Karl Friedrich Schinkel – Schloß am Strom – Google Art Project (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Schinkel actually comes out of this quite well. The author seems to be saying that architects are better at architecture than they are at painting, per se. However, it certainly doesn’t hurt an architect to have artistic pretensions. Most architects are content to just adopt the language and terminology of art – “avant-garde” anyone? – especially when talking about “form” – and which is a lot of the time. But instead of being good at both architecture and art or even attempting to be good at both, some architects simply outsource their artistic pretensions to artists and achieve artistness by association. It’s a two-way thing. But going back to the text. Michaelangelo and Raphael were mentioned on page 146 and then I sort of blanked out for a while until they were mentioned again on page 148. While during the Renaissance and Baroque figures like Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini and Borromini simultaneously worked in the domains of architecture, sculpture and painting, no such unifying careers exist today. This is true on the surface, but we do have architects who go out of their way to make a name for themselves in designer goods. We’ve talked about this before . Designer goods are better than dumb sculpture and painting because they are reproducible. And if that somehow lessens their appeal then their price can be easily inflated by limited edition reproduction. It is true that not many architects go into art with the expectation of selling much, there are plenty who willingly attach their names to designer goods with the expectation of extending their brand and making a bit or a lot on the side. The author talks much about how architecture is different from “art” but similar to “design”. I see both art (then) and design (now) as opportunities for architects to extend their market reach. Would Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini and Borromini bother with art and painting when they could be designing tables, chairs, jewelry, shoes and silly things for Alessi? http://www.designboom.com/design/niche-by-zaha-hadid-for-alessi-at-macef-09/ This sub-chapter is all about defining boundaries but the discussion of differences with art takes up nine pages, differences with science take up four pages, and differences with engineering take up only three. The author is at his most amusing when he manages to convince himself. Techniques like the construction of perspective were shared by architecture and painting, while marble was the material of choice for both architecture and sculpture. The increase of dynamic plasticity from Renaissance to Baroque is simultaneously observable across the domains of architecture, painting and sculpture. Today the defining distinctions, themes and problematics of each discipline have become incommensurable. Contemporary innovations in architecture (for example, the introduction of parametric modelling and scripting – comparable to the discovery of perspective in the Renaissance) have no counterpart (and therefore mean nothing) in the visual arts. THEREFORE Architecture and the visual arts have to be described as independent autopoietic systems. I’m always a bit wary when words like “clearly” are used in sentences in which the logic isn’t clear at all. While the statues on top of a triumphal arch function hand in hand with the arch itself (early 19th century), it is less clear what societal function the design of an Art Nouveau style department store shares with a Symbolist painting (late 19th century). There is clearly a gap opening up between art and architecture. Anyway, the author’s strongest argument for the separation of architecture and art comes from an unlikely source. This blog has spoken much about Hannes Meyer, so here I will only include a quote from page 151 here. The development of the Bauhaus during the 1920s was characterised by a progressive shift of focus away from artistic practice towards a functionalist focus on industrial design and architecture. Finally, at the end of the decade, the new director of the Bauhaus, Hannes Meyer, was calling for architecture to radically distance itself from art and artistic practice: ‘all things in this world are a product of the formula: (function times economy). All these things are, therefore, not works of art: all art is composition and, hence, is unsuited to achieve goals. All life is function and is therefore unartistic. This is not an argument for separating architecture from art but an argument for eliminating art from architecture. Another reason architecture is different from art is that Art experiments in a space that is bracketed off from the immediate pragmatic concerns the other function systems have to face and cater for. So what’s it going to be? Now architecture is concerned with pragmatic concerns, after all? This isn’t what I was reading in the previous two sub-chapters. All in all, this is a confusing sub-chapter as conclusions seem to come before their arguments. Sub-sub-chapter 2.5.2 is about the differentiation between architecture and science but there isn’t much more to say apart from repeat what was said on p 101. Scientific claims are regulated by the binary code of true vs. false (code of truth). Design decisions are regulated by architecture’s double code of beauty and utility: functional vs. dysfunctional (code of beauty), and formally resolved vs. formally unresolved (code of utility). I would love to unpick this word by word, but I’ll start with the second sentence, ignoring the Jenckspeak “double code”. Essentially, what we have is this – I think. Design decisions are regulated by beauty and utility. Beauty is what is dysfunctional, as opposed to what is functional. Utility is what is formally resolved, as opposed to what is formally unresolved. I’m taking special care here because the word “beauty” is getting tossed around and I won’t admit to accepting the author’s meaning until I know what he’s talking about. Basically, he’s arguing that architecture and science are different. Science and architecture/design are subject to two rather different systems of codes. The incommensurability [grrrr] of these codifications implies the incommensurability between scientific communications and design communications. There is no way that the beauty of a design solution can attain the status of a verifiable (or falsifiable) truth-claim. I wondered about this. How about crap/not crap? Anyway, A scientific claim cannot be supported by appealing to beauty or utility … In turn, no scientifically verified truth has any bearing upon aesthetic judgements that address the code of beauty. Things are different with the code of utility. Although utility is distinct from truth, scientific observation can be utilised for the assessment of specific aspects of functionality. Basically, this means that science can tell you how much energy your building is wasting but it can’t tell you if you are getting aesthetic value for your money. The differences between architecture and engineering get discussed, but there is not much of interest. The key difference between architecture and design on the one hand and the various engineering disciplines on the other is that the engineering disciplines lack the concern for articulation, ie, the concern for the artefact’s outward appearance (as communication). Frei Otto gets a mention, but Calatrava and Balmond and their over-concern for over-articulations don’t. Here’s two true sentences (p 162). The engineering discipline that is closest to architectural concerns is structural engineering. The primary loadbearing structure is often a key factor in the basic constitution and phenomenology of any building. But then the author goes and wrecks it … As far as the structure has a phenomenonlogical presence in the buildling, it enters the domain and perogative of the architect. The extensive discourse around the concept of tectonic form/order, aiming at the legible articulation of the structural and constructive logic of a building, belongs to architecture and has no place in modern engineering. All the architect can do is perhaps choose between the various solutions offered by the engineer, if more than one solution is indeed offered. The architect has no final control over the engineering solutions. He is positing its initial problems. I think that says it all. Skip 2.5.4 and head straight for 2.5.4 The Specificity of Architecture Within the Design Disciplines. (Footnote 140 – “The fact that the author is an architect accounts for the privileging of architecture among the design disciplines.”) These final four pages argue for the architect’s right to get paid for designing anything that has a shape. Page 167 uses the word “incommensurable” three times and the word “commensurable” once. Although the object domains of the various design disciplines – despite the identified zones of overlap – are quite distinct, there is no doubt that the various variants of the design discourse are fully commensurable. Remember what I wrote about art vs. designer goods? The oeuvre [art word!] of Zaha Hadid Architects moves from urban masterplanning, via buildings and interiors to furniture, and includes alls osrts of products from cars to cutlery, as well as fashion items such as handbags, shoes and jewellery. This seamless move across the boundaries that separate the various design disciplines is possible because they all follow the same lead-distinction of form versus function. Who knows what Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini and Borromini would be designing for us if they had been alive today? We will have to wait until Section 3.4.1 to find out about more about The Lead-distinction within Architecture and the Design Disciplines. For now, just remember that architecture is special because architectural design is concerned with a category of artefacts that are marked out by the fact that they are somehow enclosing, that they can be entered into, and that they introduce the difference between inside and outside. * * * Now, when I’m approximately 3/8ths through this book, I should mention that I’m reading the paperback version and the binding is falling apart. The now-loose pages are falling one by one from the front like a paperback on the beach. Equally annoying is the number of times the word “incommensurate” was used in this sub-chapter. But I will continue. It’s somehow comforting to feel I’m not that crazy after all. I’m getting more and more glimpses of the intellectual world the author inhabits. I can see how it must all make sense to him. But then, to another person, so does Klingon . Like any other language, the Klingon language has its own alphabet, vocabulary, grammar, and rules of syntax. Internally, it’s no more or less logically consistent and/or inconsistent as many other languages. It’s possible to express thoughts in it and have conversations in it. It works – yes, but I can’t help thinking there’s something about it that’s fundamentally flawed. Share this: Architecture vs. Building This post will deal only with Architecture and Building: Chapter VIII of “The International Style” by Hitch & Johnno. Back in 1932, people didn’t use the expression “vs.” other than to describe boxing matches. They should’ve, because H&J describe architecture and building as a type of confrontation that could go either way. You can sense this throughout the entire book but in this chapter in particular. In 1932 America, the new, functional architecture that was coming from Europe, didn’t really require “introducing” for it had already been introduced in magazines such as Popular Mechanics. ( I mentioned this two posts back, but Enrique Gualberto Ramirez can tell you more.) But Popular!? Mechanics!? Egad! What Hitchcock and Johnson did was repackage functionalism as a style, rebrand it as the International Style, and position it as something modern and progressive to aspire to. Today, we recognise these as the standard processes of marketing. Albert H. Barr gets in first, in the preface. The section on functionalism should be, I feel, of especial interest to American architects and critics. Functionalism as a dominant principle reached its high water mark among the important modern European architects several years ago. As was to be expected, several American architects have only begun to take up the utility-and-nothing-more theory of design with ascetic zeal. They fail to realize that in spite of his slogan the house as a machine á habiter, Le Corbusier is even more concerned with style than with convenient planning or plumbing, and that the most luxurious of modern German architects, Mies van der Rohe, has for over a year been the head of the Bauhaus school, having supplanted Hannes Meyer, a fanatical functionalist. “Post-Functionalism” has even been suggested as a name for the new Style, at once more precise and genetically descriptive than “International”. Barr is suggesting that architecture is more than ‘convenient planning and plumbing’ and that being stylish (Le C) and luxurious (Mies vd R) is more important than fanatical functionalism. Hannes Meyer’s name is never again mentioned. His is the unspeakable name of European functionalism. We never get to find out who the several naked-functionalist American architects are. Albert Khan? He seemed to have impressed Gropius in 1928. [Gropius was Bauhaus director until exactly 1928. Was he already shopping around for a job even though he didn’t leave Germany until 1934? I’ll have to check up on that.] Probable misfit Kahn designed, in 1917, the massive half-mile-long Ford River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan . The Rouge grew into the largest manufacturing complex in the U.S., with a force that peaked at 120,000 workers. According to the company website, “By 1938, Kahn’s firm was responsible for 20 percent of all architect-designed factories in the U.S.” [ W ] Barr’s commenting on whether “Post-Functionalism” might have been a better name shows his naïvety regarding how important this styling of styles actually was. It suggests that Functionalism was once a serious contender as the new and valid way to build. The general tone of the book is to downplay functionality unless it can be used to justify some stylistic effect. Calling this new style “Post-Functionalist” would have made functionalism look old, but kept it alive forever. (If creating a pseudo-link with philosophy and literature hadn’t been more important, we would have had Post-International and not Post-Modern architecture.) But let’s see now what Hitchcock has to say about architecture and building. The wider the opportunity for the architect within the limitations of structure and function to make judgments determined by his taste and not merely by economics, the more fully architectural will be the resultant construction. There is no rigid classification, building, quite devoid of the possibility of æsthetic organization. Yet buildings built at minimal cost with practical considerations dominant throughout may be held to be less fully architectural than those on which the architect has more freedom of choice in the use of materials and the distribution of the parts. [Barr is incapable of imagining that a choice of materials or a distribution of parts might be determined by building performance, or cost-benefit, or by anything in fact except how it looks. Or, to put it the other way around, beauty costs money. Corollary 1: If you can’t afford beauty, then you are poor. Corollary 2 (and this is where the marketing comes in): If you can afford the new beauty, then you are both rich and have taste.] Under whatever conditions buildings are built, they tend to be more architectural as they serve more complicated functions. The more specialized the combination of functions served by a building, the more opportunity there is for the architect to achieve a design controlled by æsthetic as well as practical considerations. The more simple and repetitious the functions of a building and the more it resembles in purpose other buildings, the less likely is the architect to reach a solution of his problems formed by his own taste. Building quite devoid of architectural character would be æsthetically neutral no matter how good it was merely as building. For in contrast to the general low level of building, the European functionalists usually reach the level of architecture, despite their refusal to aim consciously at achieving æsthetic value. [So what’s his problem then? Shouldn’t everybody be happy if this is indeed the case? There seems to be a contradiction with the next sentence “Architecture is seldom neutral aesthetically. It is good architecture or it is bad.” Let’s sort this out before moving on. “Building quite devoid of architectural character would be æsthetically neutral no matter how good it was merely as building.” From this it follows that “architectural character” is never aesthetically neutral. However, if “Architecture is seldom merely neutral aesthetically” then Architecture has “architectural character”. Or, if it doesn’t have “architectural character”, then it is not Architecture. This seems to be his position. Architecture is seldom merely neutral aesthetically. It is good architecture or it is bad. When it is bad, the extreme contentions of the functionalists appear an essential denial of the important spiritual function which all art serves. [Here we go! His strongest argument is that all buildings have some aesthetic content, but his dislike of functionalists seems to stem from their desire to have no part in selling snake oil.] The functionalists, approaching architecture from the materialistic point of view of sociology, go behind the problems that are offered to the architect and refuse their sanction to those which demand a fully architectural solution. [You know? I can see how he would say this. He really doesn’t get what functionalists like Hannes Meyer were attempting to do. They were suggesting an alternate agenda for how to build by refusing to inflate their apparent value and real cost with dubious style or expensive materials. I can understand Hitchcock and Johnson disgust at that but I’m still amazed they felt so threatened that they try to undermine its moral basis over and over.] In their estimation, the modern world has neither the time nor the money required to raise building to the level of architecture. [Unless of course, this raw material of functionalism is what is going to be rebranded and marketed as The International Style for rich people and rich companies – this is America, after all.] The question passes outside the field of architecture into the field of politics and economics. The arguments of the functionalists are not based on the actual situation in the contemporary world outside Russia. [Here, Hitchcock seems to be taking a lot of trouble to argue against somebody whose voice we never hear. Why is he bothering to even mention these people who nobody would otherwise have even known about? I’m sure there were plenty of people in 1930’s America who would have appreciated some inexpensive housing that does the job. My guess is that Hitchcock And Johnson are just poisoning the ground to make sure that the social aspects of functionalism fail to find critical acceptance. As I’ve remarked before, Charles Jencks was to do the same again, 50 years on. ] Whether they ought to or not, many clients can still afford architecture in addition to building. [Here, I’m surprised at the “whether they ought to or not” because it gives the impression that this question is being debated. This might be a writerly trick to set up a false argument for the reader who then defers to the writer’s excellent judgment. If so, it worked.] The European functionalists who now disown Le Corbusier, and Oud, and Gropius and Miës van der Rohe first learned the science of building from them. [This is a rather sweeping statement and I can’t imagine who is being referred to. Hannes Meyer? Needs checking.] The most significant work of Gropius and Oud, among the leaders of modern architecture, has been in the field of inexpensive building, which they have raised to the level of real architecture. [They produce no examples of inexpensive building for Gropius, but four for Oud. Here’s what they have to say about them.] Does a continuous balcony carried around some curved shops underline [accentuate? contrast with? relieve?] a simple rhythm of some windows? You be the judge. Do projecting balconies and the screens for vines separating the houses lighten the design? Are you appreciating the added interest? Or did you miss it? There are other things about these houses that could have been mentioned – like how the projecting balcony also gives some degree of shelter and identity to the front entrance but Hitchcock only sees it in how much “interest” it adds. We have some more interest in this next image where a “curve continues a wall surface around a corner”. ! ! ! Henry Russell Hitchcock is known as a historian. This book, The International Style, is said to have been widely influential. This one’s my favourite. The photograph above is on the right page and this next image is on the left. The shops in the photo above, are at the two pointy corners to the right of the image. But have a look at the plans. These houses presumably sleep six people because there are six dining chairs. The three bedrooms are 4.4m2, 7.2m2 and 7.5m2. There is no bathroom. There is nothing to do upstairs except sleep. There is nothing to do downstairs except sit, and occasionally eat. This is Rotterdam, not Russia. Whoever lived here needed some housing and couldn’t pay that much for it. Hitchcock has nothing to say about this apart from the the unfortunate heaviness of the thick wooden window frame is minimised by the treatment of the windows as a continuous band. It’s easy to imagine that whenever these people were not sleeping or eating, they were working. And that on the day or half-day they did have off, they went to church. Here’s what Hitchcock has to say about the ‘community building’. CONCLUSION: With “The International Style”, Hitchcock and Johnson have been accused of downplaying, neglecting or overlooking the social agenda of Functionalism. This is not true. They actively ripped its balls off and flushed them down the toilet. POSTSCRIPT: If you googlearth Kiefhoek , you will get to here. In September 1990, the Sikkens Foundation supported the restoration of the Kiefhoek by J.J.P. Oud. The original houses were all opened up to comply with the modern requirements of hygiene and comfort. However, one house was restored to its original condition. The furnishing of this “museum house” was funded by the Sikkens Foundation and was accompanied by a publication. [More pics here .] Share this: 6 Replies I don’t know if last week’s Princess Elisabeth Antarctica advances the cause of architecture, promotes the concept of architecture, or sustains the myth of architecture, and I don’t think I care. What is becoming increasingly irritating is that some people believe that buildings like this are mere technical exercises outside the scope of architecture. Without a vision, architects become no more than technicians, and it is our ability to shape functional requirements to create a piece of “magic” where we can really flourish as a profession. Jerry Tate (from an article “ Why is Sustainability Boring? ” BD Online 6 November 2012) The role of aesthetics in sustainable buildings is not only about visual and psychological delight – it is also a powerful driver for change, when the expression is spectacular and when sustainable elements are clearly visible and working. It is a radical force in symbolically representing an alternative future. Toby Horrocks (from an article “Doing Less is More” architectureau ) 12 March 2012) But we cannot only be concerned with the objective side of architecture’s performance. Patrik Schumacher (The Autopoeisis of Architecture, p38) WHY IS THERE THIS SPLIT? FROM WHEN DID IT HAPPEN? AND WHY DOES IT PERSIST? 1927 Towards a New Architecture first printed in English The Bauhaus school completed in Dessau Competition for the League of Nations held in Geneva The Weissenhoff Exhibition held in Stuttgart If you remember, Towards a New Architecture began by saying how great engineers were and how they were making buildings that truly represented the age. This is not true. They were making things how they thought they ought to be made. It was LC who said that they represented the age as if this was a) a good thing and b) something that needed doing. Now, the Bauhaus building was completed in Gropius’ architectural office, not the Bauhaus itself but, mainly due to Gropius promoting his legacy in the US, it is now believed to represent everything the Bauhaus stood for. The Bauhaus Dessau architecture department from 1925 by Walter Gropius (Photo credit: Wikipedia) However, the ADGB Trade Union School is the first Bauhaus-designed building. Hannes Meyer received the commisssion shortly after his nomination as the new director of the Bauhaus at the end of April 1928. By this time, Gropius had left, along with his CV. Similarly, Meyer’s Houses at Dessau from 1928 originated in the Bauhaus. If anything, this is what Bauhaus architecture was. We should also remember it was Meyer who was responsible for architecture being taught at the Bauhaus anyway. (Before we leave, here’s a link to some photographs showing Meyer’s urban work in Russia post-1930.) In the League of Nations competition (thanks Fergusonstudio ), Le Corbusier placed the emphasis of his design on the assembly hall, with a processional courtyard leading up to the main entry and the rear elevation prominently expressed on the lakeside. The various bureaucratic functions of the complex were housed in linear blocks raised above the landscape, so that one could pass freely underneath the office buildings. The overall effect was that of “a communal machine for enlightened, well-meaning functionaries whose life would be daily nourished through contact with nature,” Curtis [William, the historian] noted. By contrast, Meyer sought a more Constructivist approach, with the emphasis placed on the secretariat in an open-framed tower that recalled some of the visions of the Russian avant-garde. He used a highly repetitive ordering system throughout the complex with the only expressive element being a bulbous glass roof over the assembly hall. Meyer intentionally played down hierarchical associations as he saw the complex as being “an entirely open, egalitarian forum.” Corbusier’s was a nice “communal machine for enlightened, well-meaning functionaries whose life would be daily nourished through contact with nature” whilst Meyer’s was Constructivist and “avant garde” despite being (almost totally) raised on columns for the same reasons and looking at the same water through the same trees. By the time of the Weissenhoff Exhibition, it was already clear who was hot and who was not. There was a mixture of luxury houses (Corbusier) and social housing (Oud, Stam, everybody else) but the former is remembered more than the latter. By 1927, it was clear that modernism was splitting into the functionalist camp where the role of architecture was to satisfy functions, and the aesthetic camp where the role of architecture was to express functions. The former was to become associated with communism, and perhaps rightly so. Maybe so, but this does not make it bad. (Thanks cilo329 !) In The Bauhaus and America , Margaret Kentgens-Craig writes about the years 1919-1936 when Groupius and Mies van der Rohe were seeing to advance their careers in America, where they were looking for work, how they were in competition for jobs, how Hitchcock and Johnson did them a huge favour with their 1932 MOMA exhibition and its very influential catalogue, and how Gropius was to spend the rest of his life living off his Bauhaus CV whilst Mies van der Rohe moved on. The Swiss architect Hannes Meyer succeeded Groupius as the director of the Bauhaus and held the position for some two years. … His most extensive measure was to realize his predecessor’s plans for an independent department of architecture at the Bauhaus by introducing a systematic course of study in the discipline. Based upon his own strict functionalist philosophy, he dismissed the establishment of aesthetic standards pursued under Gropius as formalism and thus reduced the status of artists and their work at the Bauhaus considerably. … he modified the curriculum to emphasise the value of practical work, raising the workshops production and gearing it towards serving the needs of the people rather than luxury-oriented buyers. This was all in 1928-1930. After an initial period of neutral observation, during which Henry-Russell Hitchcock praised Meyer and his partner Hans Wittwer and their entry in the 1928 Geneva Palace of Nations competition in two separate publications and other authors merely described Meyer neutrally, an image was formed that led to his exclusion for many years from the circle of seriously received Bauhaus architects. THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE: ARCHITECTURE SINCE 1922, by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr., and Philip Johnson. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, 1932. $5. I’ve ordered a copy. Here’s an original hardcover for $9,500, with an inscription from PJ himself. Meyer is the only architect called an “anti-aesthetic functionalist” in Hitchcock and Johnson’s book, and that the book’s preface by Alfred Barr defines functionalism as the “utility-and-nothing-more theory of design” and Meyer a “fanatical functionalist” [.] (Click here for a paper by Ute Poerschke of Pennsylvania State University, discussing Meyer’s work as combining poetics and ethics.) More than 40 years [after the International Style exhibition], Philip Johnson admitted (in Cook and Klotz’s “Conversations with Architects” p38) “Hannes Meyer was a communist and was a damned good architect and the more I see of Hannes Meyer, the greater man I think he was. But I don’t like what he said. there has been much criticism even recently about his design for the League of nations Building, for instance and article in Architectural Design on how much better Corbusier’s proposal was. I’m not so sure, but Meyer presented it in the worst way he could, an isometric, a totally meaningless design. You see, in those days I hated Hannes Meyer because I thought that the shit of the Neue Sachlichkeit Weltanschauung [the new objectivity] had something to do with architecture. The only mistake I made was to they to think that somehow the political opinion had something to do with the architecture. (from The Bauhaus in America, page 128) 0.000000 0.000000 1 Reply The title of a recent article in architectureau was “Doing less is more.” The gist was that the drive to make every centimetre of a project sustainable can cause us to overlook the fact that the strategy of designing less can achieve more. The article draws upon Venturi/Scott Brown’s celebrated Duck vs. Decorated Shed categorisation of buildings. A ‘duck’ basically, is any building where the structure is contrived to create a shape. Pre-Modern? The mouth and nose of The Statue of Liberty – showing how structure has been contrived to create a shape Predictably, Ducks are not good but neither are Decorated Sheds for these are just the built result of economic, pragmatic and sustainability decisions. (One hears this a lot, but never the converse: The irrational display of consumer surplus and waste is a good thing. This inconvenient truth can never be directly admitted because it is what sustains architects – as we shall see.) If you follow the principles, the conventional (sustainable) building is almost a readymade. It might have a pitched roof because that gives better insulation performance. There will be sunshades to the north [Australia!], and the windows might not be floor-to-ceiling because that would cause additional heat loss in the winter. The building might be arranged on a regular grid, and produce less waste due to offcuts and being easier to deconstruct. Infill walls might be made from old car tyres because they were going to waste nearby and there was no new energy needed to produce them. The building will achieve a very high star rating. However, it might be ugly, and this is where architecture comes in. The role of architecture, according to the author, is to counter the ‘ugliness’ that would naturally result if we were to build economically, pragmatically and sustainably. Now we know. Cheers. Energy efficiency is largely seen as an engineering and auditing problem – R-values, orientation to the sun and local breezes, and low-embodied energy materials. It is nothing to do with expression. As architects, we are interested in art, aesthetics, sculpture, beauty, light and form. The question for architects is: How do we use our skills to create sustainable architecture? The author admits it’s not realistic for the architect to synthesise all requirements into a unity of structure and ‘expression’ but not because nobody’s asking them to do it anyway, but because doing so requires enormous structural contrivance – which, regardless of the embodied energy, would be commercial suicide for most. Why not let the sustainable (conventional) building do what it wants? The effects of the elements on buildings – rain, wind, corrosion – can be dealt with by using timeless vernacular models that have been developed over centuries to cope with them. Agreed, but the author then goes and states that the role of aesthetics in sustainable buildings is not only about visual and psychological delight – it is also a powerful driver for change, when the expression is spectacular and when sustainable elements are clearly visible and working. It is a radical force in symbolically representing an alternative future. Personally, I thought we’d gotten past the stage of representing alternative futures and that now really ought to actually doing something about making continued human existence on this planet a bit more bearable than it’s probably going to be. gratuitous image of gratuitous “greening” It was never about making wind turbines or green roofs visible. Again, the author says the right thing for the wrong reasons. We don’t want to become horticultural specialists, or arrangers of utilitarian carbuncles – architects have a greater spatial intelligence. The role of architecture in sustainability is untapped. Spatial and sculptural experiences are the things that define architecture. Aesthetics are important, but we don’t have to design everything. Let’s take a new leaf out of Venturi and Scott Brown’s book. In the 1970s their theory led to postmodernism, but it can also lead elsewhere. “Our thesis is that most architects’ buildings today are ducks: buildings where an expressive aim has distorted the whole beyond the limits of economy and convenience, and that this, although an unadmitted one, is a kind of decoration, and a wrong and costly one at that. We’d rather see the need admitted and the decoration applied … This is an easier, cheaper, more direct, and basically more honest approach to the question of decoration; it permits us to get on with the task of making conventional buildings conventionally and to deal with their symbolic needs with a lighter, defter touch.” Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, “On Ducks and Decoration,” Architecture Canada, October 1968, 48–49 I don’t share the author’s enthusiasm for re-imagining Post Modernism, this time with architecture as a green veneer of symbolic content. We have that already. The history of architecture is full of turning points. If only it were a chronology of buildings illustrating the grand narrative supplied by technological and social progress! Scott Brown and Venturi, Guild House, 1963 In the course of developing Guild House, an elderly housing project completed in 1963, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown proposed that the destiny of modern architecture was not to build heroic monuments but to produce ‘ugly and ordinary’ structures. Observing that clients, uninterested in aesthetics, would inevitably put ill-suited signs on buildings, the architects chose to strike preemptively and add their own sign to announc the structure’s name. Atop the building they mounted a non-functioning, gold anodized antenna to mark the building’s common room and to signify that old people like to watch a lot of TV. Seen by both critics and occupants as a cynical joke at the expense of the inhabitants, the antenna was later removed. Thanks for that, audc . It seems V&SB’s touch was neither light nor deft. But while we’re here, can we just take a look at the rear of Guild House? Guild House, Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown, 1963 We’ve been here before, in 1929. Hannes Meyer , Access Balcony Housing, 1929 And in 1954. Post-modernism added symbolic content – aka ornament – to otherwise orthodox, conventional, economic, pragmatic buildings. It tarted them up, basically. It had nothing to say about the structure of buildings. It had nothing to say about the planning of buildings. It had nothing to say about how we use buildings. The history of architecture is the history of avoiding economic and pragmatic inevitabilities. The name Modernism once meant freedom from the stylistic baggage of the past. At one stage, it could have been equally well associated to the economic and pragmatic buildings of Hannes Meyer, the arty elitism of Le Corbusier or the aspirational opulence of Mies van der Rohe. By 1927 and the Weissenhof Exhibition , this was no longer possible. The idea of using a minimum amount of resources for the greatest good died in 1927, not 1972 as is wrongly claimed. If the philosophy of Hannes Meyer had become accepted as architecture back in 1930 then, come 1954, Pruitt Igoe would have been merely the best way to house people. It would have been the norm, not inferior or lacking in any way. It would not have been necessary to invent anything to delay, disguise or deny our inevitable return to it. Share this:	i don't know
Which James Bond film title derives from Non Sufficit Orbis, motto of Philip II of Spain?	The Grand Strategy of Philip II \| Reviews in History The Grand Strategy of Philip II Book: The Grand Strategy of Philip II Geoffrey Parker New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1998 Reviewer: Dr Robin Macpherson, review of The Grand Strategy of Philip II, (review no. 130) http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/130 Date accessed: 17 January, 2017 Academics and the general public alike have an understandable fascination regarding the Spanish Armada. The naval confrontation in the Channel in 1588 and the subsequent disastrous Spanish circumnavigation of the storm-lashed British coastline, helped shape world history from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. Spain - the first 'Global Empire' - was bested by Mother Nature and a considerably smaller political power with the result that as her imperial pretensions stuttered, England's flourished. But it was a close run thing. In a fantastic book, Geoffrey Parker gives the reader a wealth of detailed information on how the strategist behind the Armada, Philip II of Spain, thought, worked, administered and went about his day-to-day business. Parker aims to engage three types of reader: scholars interested in Philip II; strategic analysts; and those interested in the rise and fall of great powers. The book will do so and it will engage many more. The Grand Strategy of Philip II is a book for everyone from the keenest Armada-wonks to the most frustrated of corporate middle-managers. Numerous illustrations and tables, complemented by full and discursive footnotes, make the volume an accessible tool for the most serious academic and a fascinating insight for the general reader. Following his excellent Philip II (Little, Brown & Co, 1978) and other valuable volumes on Spain and her Empire, this book puts in place an in-depth understanding of the political, administrative and personal attributes of Philip II and his 'Grand Strategy'. Over thirty years of top-class scholarship shine through a masterclass in understanding how governments worked, and how they did not. While it is doubtless only fair to point out that the volume reflects the surviving source material, the fact that the author is Geoffrey Parker makes the reader feel comfortable that this is as near to historical reality as we are readily going to get. The one immediately recognisable problem, in that a sequential book cannot truly express the globalness of Philip's concerns and immediacy of constantly pressing problems, is quickly forgotten as the reader engages in the fluid and fast-paced narrative. Philip II controlled Spain for fifty-five years in the latter half of the sixteenth century from his appointment as regent for his father, Emperor Charles V, in 1543 to his death in 1598. He was far from solely a Spanish monarch. By 1554, he was also king of Naples and king of England and, although this later title lapsed with the death of Queen Mary in 1558, in 1580, he acquired the kingdom of Portugal and her considerable overseas possessions. His empire had no common language, no common currency, disparate political institutions and laws, competing economic and strategic defence needs and even some divergent religious convictions. In spite of the seemingly insurmountable difficulties, Philip can truly be said to have ruled the first empire on which the sun never set and, long before James Bond, used the motto Non Sufficit Orbis - the World is not Enough! Parker addresses three key questions in the course of his work: firstly, what strategic priorities underlay Philip II's policies? Secondly, what practices and prejudices informed him and influenced his decision-making? Finally, what external factors affected the achievement of his goals? He looks at the questions by analysing Philip's reign in an obvious, clear and structured manner: in part one of the volume, Parker looks at the strategic culture of the Spanish Empire drawing on the full panoply of Philip's rule. He examines the system of government, the crisis caused by information overload, Philip's strategic priorities and the day-to-day assumptions he employed in exercising his rule. In the second section, three case studies are examined - the Low Countries from 1555-77; Scotland and England from 1558-85; and England from 1585-88. The third part of the volume deals with the flaws which caused the downfall of the Spanish Grand Strategy. There was the failure to prevent foreign intelligence, the failure of co-ordination of logistics and communication and the failure to appreciate change in tactics and technology. Part 1 - Strategic Culture If we accept that Philip II did indeed have a 'Grand Strategy' (and this book adds heavy evidence suggesting that we should), then the reader also has to notice that Philip II 'failed to achieve most of his policy goals'. The Spanish king, who was personally blamed for many of these failures, sacrificed lives, resources and reputation to attempt to achieve his aims. He undoubtedly left his main concern, Spain, weaker than when he took office and he failed to inspire unquestioning obedience. This was not entirely his own fault - among other problems, the religious controversies of the later sixteenth century severely restricted his freedom to manoeuvre and his ability to compromise. Despite being flattered as the 'Largest Brain in the World', Parker makes a strong case that it would have taken a genius to cope with all the concerns that confronted the king. That said, some of his concerns were universal: for large parts of the reign the succession to Philip II was far from secure and, at a time when it was generally understood that the king (or queen) equalled the land and the land equalled the king, there would have been catastrophic changes if Philip had died without an obvious heir. He was not alone in having dynastic insecurities - in the period covered by the text Portugal lost their independence (to Spain); France was engaged in bitter civil war; Scotland likewise; and up until 1603, England was only ever one heartbeat away from disaster. The hopes and aspirations of a dynasty and a country all rested on the life-force of a single individual. Somewhat as a reaction to such mortality (and like in England) the populace began to ascribe to their monarch attributes and powers that went beyond the mortal. Also as in the other western European nations as the century and reign progressed, so the paperwork surrounding government increased. Philip governed with a desire for written communication - personal audiences with the king often ended in procrastination and with no decision being made. The administration of the Spanish Empire was run by a series of councils (totalling fourteen after 1585) with distinct but overlapping membership and direct responsibilities below the king. They suffered from duplication of roles and over-coverage of certain geographic areas. There was no administrative collective responsibility to any Grand Strategy and at times, the secretaries were almost ham-strung by the king's desire to see and judge on every piece of minute business. Another problem Philip II shared with some of his contemporary monarchs was that, in general, the king did not understand finances. Despite gold and riches from the New World, Philip was forced to endure a series of financial crises with four Castilian decrees of bankruptcy issued during the reign. These were brought about by almost constant warfare, phenomenal military spending and ever increasing debt repayments. Financial stringency meant Philip could not afford to engage in all his theatres of action at the same time - no matter how much he wished to or was required to by the situation. But Philip II was a realist and recognised that every thing could not be accomplished at once. However, in an empire that spanned the globe, he failed to appreciate that many things did have to be accomplished at once. As bureaucracy slowed and the king insisted on seeing more and more paperwork, so the workings of the empire struggled under the delays. Philip tried a variety of techniques to solve his administrative problems: delegation, prioritisation, condensation and abbreviation. But they all had limited success as Philip II (like any good medieval or early modern monarch) insisted on taking all important decisions in person. Philip II exhibited an unwillingness to compromise and believed he always knew best. Accordingly, although he chose talented subordinates in military matters, increasingly they were those who tended to agree with his personal and strategic viewpoint. At points, he was acutely stressed and, as a result, lost his grip on long-term goals at the expense of the here and now, an attitude Parker summarises as an 'incorrigible urge to meddle'. Another problem not unique to the Spanish monarch, but accentuated by the extent of his empire was distance. Despite this, there was an unprecedented quality to the information received by Philip II. The king (and most of his leading ministers) had visited many of Spain's European possessions, while maps, plans, drawings, surveys and questionnaires ensured Philip was one of the best informed monarchs of his period. Good couriers could be expected to cover up to 185km per day and frequently Philip got his European information considerably before his opponents. When it came to Philip's overseas possessions, information was less predictable and more expensive. Many of the correspondents, however, complained of royal impotence - they saw a royal failure to act on information and one even commented that it was the king's 'natural condition never to decide anything'. Parker is generous to Philip II: he says that the king made deliberate decisions to do nothing, was not a 'terminally inefficient bureaucrat' and constantly reviewed his decisions and voiced doubts as to the course of action to be taken. This is perhaps too generous: Elizabeth of England and James VI of Scotland both exhibited similar traits towards procrastination and indecisiveness. The suggestion that sixteenth century monarchs sat like rabbits staring into lights coming ever closer is an image of bureaucracy which, although it rings true, does not make for good monarchy. A man ruled by self imposed deadlines, a 'zero defects mentality' and artificial priorities (and even this may be an over-generous interpretation), who could not concentrate on items specific to individual ambassadors indicates a poor strategic manager. Like other of his fellow monarchs Philip occasionally felt alone and isolated. His Grand Strategy was conceived and executed in his interests and at his behest. Although Emperor Charles V had left detailed instructions to his son on how to rule, Parker argues that these were not the whole basis for the Grand Strategy. Over time, Philip's Grand Strategy developed but it was hindered in a number of important ways - increasingly it was dictated by the needs and policies of Spain; in other areas, such as Italy and the Netherlands, political structures caused trouble in that the countries were not as centralised as Spain; increasingly Philip took on the role to defend Catholic Europe (and beyond) against Turks and Protestants (this was a massive undertaking) and engaged in 'messianic imperialism'. On top of all the structural problems for the strategy, there was also the constant fear of the domino theory. Philip felt that if England (in 1558) and then the Netherlands (from 1574) were lost then the other arms of his diverse empire would soon follow. He had to prevent the dyke bursting by plugging the first leak, no matter how much time and resources this took. Part 2 - Formation of the Grand Strategy The three case studies chosen by Parker to demonstrate the formation and implementation of Philip II's grand strategy all deal with North Western Europe and all are concerned with areas which troubled the Spanish Empire for a considerable period during the later half of the sixteenth century. That the case studies do not deal with the Mediterranean, the Turks or the Indies reflects both the available evidence and the areas of most interest when it comes to the English speaking historians of Philip II's Spain. This is not a criticism: the concentration on the North West of Europe lends a cohesion to Parker's argument over an extended timeframe and a set geographic area. Where there is criticism, it is that the analysis stops in 1588. Taking a case study dealing with England, Scotland and the Netherlands to Philip's death would have allowed for wider discussion of fifth-columnists, sponsored Jesuit infiltration of enemy territory, the situation following the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (and the claims to the English throne - rumoured and real - of Philip II and the Infanta) and other abortive armadas. Parker recognises to give you too much of a good thing is to spoil the reader. This reader wanted to be spoilt more and more! As the situation unfurled in the Netherlands, Philip's Grand Strategy developed along lines already outlined as 'classic' by Parker in the first part of his book: Philip, being a control freak, sought to 'micromanage policy' and left detailed but restrictive lists of how the Low Countries were to be dealt with by his regent, Margaret of Parma. Philip had not taken advice to rule from the Netherlands and, as such, soon became out-of-touch with concerns and interests there. He managed to antagonise many sections of the Netherlands community and individuals who had previously been at each others throats saw the opportunity to unite against a common threat. When Philip and his regent were perceived to have retreated on their policy concerning the Netherlands, this was seen as governmental weakness and led to an increase in opposition. In the early 1560s, Philip neglected the Netherlands for the Mediterranean and failed to respond to increasing provocations. The classic concern of too many identifiable problems to deal with at one time is demonstrated clearly and with verve. Philip was unwilling to undertake action necessary to solve the solution. In the politically correct twenty-first century, his humanity is seen as a virtue - he refused to open the sluices and flood the troublesome area. Humanity is, however, subjective - to early modern contemporaries, Philip was too weak to undertake the (admittedly unpalatable) action required to quench the threat of rebellion. Admittedly he received conflicting advice - 'I do not know the truth of what is happening' - but his indecision and ultimately limited response only stored up problems for later in his reign. Some of the problems faced by Philip in dealing with England and Scotland in the period 1558-85 were the same as were witnessed in the Netherlands, others were different. Distance was an obvious problem (although little mention is made of the sea barrier between Spain and the two countries); religious intransigence another and the familiar failure to establish acceptable policy alternatives a third. England and Scotland had seen major transformations in the later half of the sixteenth century: both countries had seen religious zealots prepared to abandon state rules; both states had seen religion complicate regular political alliances and diplomacy (although here Parker may be over-playing the real significance of this factor); and religious rifts challenged traditional power alliances. Because of his experience as king of England, Philip felt he was an expert on the subject but it had to be noted the Spain and the Turks in the Mediterranean remained the priority; there was a perennial lack of money; he was unwilling to ally with the equally Catholic France to unite against the Protestant realms of the north; and both Spain and the Netherlands had differing agendas when it came to dealing with both England and Scotland (principally because of long-standing trade relations) but also because of religious similarities. It is perhaps a little cheeky of Parker to claim this section of the case study deals with England and Scotland. In reality, it deals with England and Scottish implications on English policy with Spain. It does not deal with Scoto-Spanish relations in any way and many of the changes in the Scottish polity of the period 1585-1588 are ignored. The exception is the imprisonment and attitude towards Mary, Queen of Scots. Within Scotland, Philip was prepared to support Mary diplomatically but, ironically, outside Scotland, although Catholic, as Mary represented French interests (she was daughter of the French Mary of Guise and dowager Queen of France following her short marriage to Francis II), Philip II supported his sister-in-law Elizabeth instead of the Scottish queen. In the 1560s he would not sanction Elizabeth's deposition, even though this would strengthen his hand in other areas of conflict (notably the Netherlands). From 1568 there was almost a Cold War with England as discourse between two countries effectively ceased. With problems in Spain, Philip considered removing the English problem and delegated its solution to Alba (who did not agree with Philip's policies so sabotaged them). The king and his foremost lieutenant had separate agendas and despite Alba's periodic successes in the Netherlands, he could not be persuaded to follow the king's directions. Indeed after the unsuccessful Ridolfi Plot in England (when Elizabeth took a more aggressive policy against Philip) Alba even felt she was justified in her actions. Where the early period of relations between Spain and England were hindered by Philip's problems in the Mediterranean and the Netherlands, the later 1570s were troubled by Philip's altered focus to Portugal and his attempt to unite the Iberian peninsula. Only after this unification was achieved, in the 1580s, was Philip finally able to concentrate on North West Europe as his main centre of operations (centred on the Netherlands). However, he under-estimated Elizabeth and his own problems: he was isolated from Northern Europe - in reality out-of-touch with the sentiments of the region; he was, still, diverted by other events; and he lacked good information. Alba urged Philip to ignore England - advice Philip was not minded to accept. In the end he meddled - intervening too much to be ignored but not enough to be effective. Parker considers that the way Philip viewed 'The Enterprise of England' was not based in reality. Philip still wanted to deal with one problem a time. The most pressing problem was the Netherlands but Philip needed to counter the influence of England in order that he could solve the more serious problem across the channel on the continent. Despite Philip's impression, his Roman Catholic zeal was not in question. His desire to prove his religious credentials did not require his countering of Protestant England on the field of battle. For once, Philip allowed himself to be provoked by Drake raiding Galicia and threatening America. The armada project of 1588 was not really at a time of the king's choosing (although he felt he could do it when he wanted) and, despite considerable background preparations, he had other concerns with the Turks, French, Dutch and in the Indies. Most pressingly, Philip wished the Pope to pay heavily for his demonstration of the Catholic Church militant Haggling over gold did not convey a sense of crusade to the crew and military leaders of the campaign. There was poor communication between Philip and his commanders and despite giving it his undivided attention, as usual he was hampered by indecision, the desire to micro-manage actions and financial difficulties. Also, as usual, there were a host of other concerns and, by late 1587, the Enterprise of England - widely discussed in the courts of Europe - was in almost total disorder. That the final storm-lashed chapter of the armada is taken as the end of Philip's enterprise is a mistaken quirk of history. Spain would continue to be a political threat to England into the first year of the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. However, the failure of the armada to exploit favourable opportunities during the course of their advance up the channel accurately demonstrated Philip's problems with his Grand Strategy as a whole. Part 3 - Execution of the Grand Strategy The third part of Parker's volume is an essay in understanding early modern western Europe and, in particular, Philip II. Diplomacy, financial inducements, economic pressure, deception, propaganda are undercurrents through the section but Parker postulates four specific causes of failure which are outlined and discussed in detail. Philip II's Grand Strategy failed due to a lack of secrecy (which meant Elizabeth was able to construct a suitable defence strategy); due to Parma's inability to join the fleet; due to technical and tactical disparity of the fleets (the English fleet being superior in the conditions of the Channel); and due to that scourge of all historical leaders, chance. The problem of secrecy in early modern Europe was not specific to Philip II's court. All his contemporary monarchs had access to spy networks which attempted to gain vital information to strengthen the position of their state. Philip II also played this game - he attempted to gain access to secret information from London, Paris, the Netherlands and Rome. That his court leaked more information that it received was partly a problem of the administrative complexity of the machine, partly a problem due to lack of finance to reward loyalty and partly down to the volume of detail available to be passed on. In reality, although general information of the armada was available, specific and important detail was lacking. For example, Parker points out that although Elizabeth knew an armada was to be launched against England, she suspected that Essex would be the target (not the intended Kent). If lack of secrecy was not solely to blame for the failure of the implementation of Philip's Grand Strategy against England then could it be argued (as it has been) that the project failed due to the fact that Parma was not ready? In a thorough and masterly section, Parker proves beyond reasonable doubt that it is Medina Sidonia whose reputation deserves more detailed examination (he misinterpreted Philip's instructions on more than one occasion and had an inaccurate conception of communication possibilities) rather than Parma (whom Parker partially exonerates from blame). Parker pinpoints the disparity in naval technology and the poor weather conditions as more crucial factors that mattered more than the decisions and actions of any one of Philip's armada lieutenants. That Medina Sidonia was the wrong man in the wrong place at the wrong time is perhaps going a little too far but Parker recognises that the Duke suffered from Philip's constant interference and unending desire to micro-manage leaving no latitude for individual action and providing no contingency plans due to his over confidence of success. In the end it was a number of factors which led to the failure of the enterprise of England and perhaps the biggest factor in it all was chance. After the loss of the Armada, the principles and practice of Grand Strategy remained fundamentally the same. Philip was blamed personally for the reverse of the fleet and not for first time, he hoped to die (although this temporary phase passed). Philip knew that he had to rely on Spain's own resources and hope to rely on God's intervention but he continued to retain unrealistic goals. Just because Spain had suffered an ignominious defeat at the hands of nature and a inferior political power, it did not mean that problems elsewhere in the Spanish empire disappeared. Internal riots in Spain over taxation and supply brought discontent to the very heart of the empire and disorder in the Netherlands and France threatened the Empire's cohesion and security. As Philip grew older, he grew more and more tired. He spent more time ill and was bed-ridden or chair bound for the last two years of his life. Philip's life descended into a cycle of sleep and prayer. Increasingly, his Strategy was placed in the hands of others (including his eventual successor Philip III). Conclusion At the end of a powerful and persuasive book, the author presents the reader with a tightly argued conclusion where nothing comes as a surprise as all the points have been amply demonstrated in the preceding pages. Again, Parker turns to comparisons and makes excellent use of modern political theory and contemporary and modern historical comparisons. Early Modern monarchy was not just about acting but about how those actions are perceived by others: Philip failed to recognise that his gains represented threats to others but when he was faced with a number of no-win situations, he came extremely close to winning them. Parker argues that Philip was very nearly the imperial leader his empire needed. Very nearly but not quite. As noted in the text, 'no power exists that can maintain continuous wars' and Philip was personally blamed for the failures within his Grand Strategy principally his failure to defeat England, his failure to defend Catholicism and his failure to be fiscally prudent. All these failures impacted not only in the individual theatres of operations but in the empire as a whole and in Spain in particular. It could be asked why Philip stuck with his Grand Strategy despite obvious failings. Parker offers three reasons - no leader likes to lose; he expected God to provide success and he was over-confident of his own abilities. To be fair, Philip was rarely in control of events. This is nothing startling - Elizabeth of England, Henry III in France, Mary in Scotland and the various Popes in Rome were no more in control of events than their contemporary in Spain. Like his contemporaries and other great political leaders, Philip found that he had to react to events and could not always dictate outcomes. One of the stark differences however, was that while Elizabeth, Henry, Mary and the Holy Father may have had considerable diplomatic and political interests on many fronts, only Philip had dynastic, political, diplomatic, military, social and economic concerns that affected his everyday policies over a vast range of differing arenas. The criticisms of the book are minor - you could claim it was too Euro-centric; you could say it stressed the weaknesses of Philip's strategy at the expense of the successes; and you could say it failed to represent the admiration and fear felt by fellow monarchs of Europe when it came to dealing with Philip II and his agents. In the end, however, the only conclusion possible is that this book is an essential read for all historians and, in particular, for all early modern scholars and people interested in the fun and games of the later sixteenth century. The author is pleased to accept the review and will not be providing a response. June 2000	The World Is Not Enough
Which cathedral is known locally as “The Ship of the Fens”?	Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II on JSTOR Cite this Item Prologue (pp. 1-8) Can government borrowing be made safe? As we are finishing this book, the world is grappling with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008. What began as a problem in the securitized market for US mortgages became a major crisis first of banks and then governments. All over the developed world, debt levels have spiraled upward in recent years. In Europe, the cost of sovereign borrowing has become sky-high for countries whose creditworthiness is in the slightest doubt; several governments have already lost market access for their bonds. Financing troubles have spelled austerity, making the downturn worse and leading... Cite this Item Chapter 1 Lending to the Sound of Cannon (pp. 9-44) Gio Girolamo Di Negro was not a happy man as he pored over his account books in Genoa during winter 1596.¹ His company, dedicated to commercial ventures and credit operations, was making a profit—but only a small one. All told, Gio Girolamo controlled a little less than a hundred thousand Genoese lire. He was immensely rich compared to the dockworkers and his own servants. At the same time, his fortune was small compared with the financiers forming the upper classes of Genoese society. With his current profits of about 3 percent annually, Gio Girolamo would never become as rich... Cite this Item Chapter 2 Philip’s Empire (pp. 45-73) It was a cold autumn night in October 1469. Two Castilian gentlemen sat down at an inn near the Aragonese border and ordered a hot meal after a long day of travel. Their servant, a shabbily dressed young man in his late teens, took their traveling clothes and then went to tend to the mules outside. A few tables over, two scruffy characters were drinking cheap wine and gambling at cards. What could have been an everyday scene in any inn on the Iberian Peninsula contained the seeds of high political drama. The seedy-looking men were actually working for Bishop... Cite this Item Chapter 3 Taxes, Debts, and Institutions (pp. 74-104) Early modern kings evoke images of absolute rule, crystallized in the famous statement attributed to Louis XIV:“L’État, c’est moi.” Modern economic research often refers to this image when characterizing European states between 1500 and 1800.¹ As a generation of revisionist historians has convincingly argued, royal power in the early modern period was in practice never unconstrained.² Instead, “absolutism” is probably best viewed as a social arrangement to the mutual benefit of both the elite and the Crown, with the former providing crucial support to the latter.³ For the celebrated case of France, Roland Mousnier (1974) famously showed that Louis... Cite this Item Chapter 4 The Sustainable Debts of Philip II (pp. 105-131) For a long time, Philip II’s defaults have been blamed on a disastrous combination of the Crown’s unsustainable fiscal situation, on the one hand, and myopic lenders, on the other. Braudel famously argued that each bankruptcy ruined different bankers, who were quickly replaced by another, equally irrational wave of entrants. He concluded that “every time the state declared itself bankrupt, bringing contracts to a violent end, there were always some actors who lost, fell through a trap-door, or tiptoed away towards the wings” (Braudel 1966, 362). Assessing lender rationality is a complex problem, which we address in the following chapters.... Cite this Item Chapter 5 Lending to the Borrower from Hell (pp. 132-172) On Thursday, October 12, 1307, the Grand Master of the Order of Templars, Jacques de Molay, was carrying a heavy burden: he was a pallbearer at the funeral of Catherine of Courtenay, sister-in-law to Philip IV of France. The young noble woman had died at the age of thirty-two. Only nobles in favor at court were accorded the special honor of acting as pallbearers. Also present at the funeral were the king and every member of the royal family as well as most of the leading officials. The next morning, bailiffs woke de Molay before dawn, bearing a warrant for... Cite this Item Chapter 6 Serial Defaults, Serial Profits (pp. 173-210) The king continued to borrow massively throughout his reign, using the help of bankers to raise short-term financing. The Genoese banking network kept incentives aligned; the king’s best strategy was to service his debts, so that he had access to capital markets in the future. Here we look at the bankers’ side: How much did they profit as a result of “lender power”? We calculate returns on lending to the Castilian crown, taking into account defaults and the bankers’ cost of funds. Our calculations demonstrate that loans to Philip II were highly profitable. Defaults and reschedulings reduced the rate of... Cite this Item Chapter 7 Risk Sharing with the Monarch (pp. 211-242) In early October 1591, lookouts near Cadiz could see the sails of the Spanish treasure fleet on the horizon. After crossing the Atlantic from Havana, the galleons’ final leg of their journey saw them sailing up the Guadalquivir River. They put into harbor under the walls of Seville and unloaded their well-guarded cargo: many tons of silver, mined in modern-day Bolivia using the latest chemical processes as well as forced labor. At the Casa de la Contratación, the value of imports was assessed in detail; one-fifth had to be paid as tax. The previous year, two rich fleets had reached... Cite this Item Chapter 8 Tax, Empire, and the Logic of Spanish Decline (pp. 243-270) Non sufficit orbis—the world is not enough. When Sir Francis Drake’s men stormed the Spanish governor’s palace in Santo Domingo in 1586, they found a coat of arms displaying a map of the world. It was adorned with a horse rising triumphantly on its hind legs; the Latin motto was prominently displayed above.¹ What sounds like hubris to modern ears (and will remind readers of a James Bond film) was not an exaggeration for contemporaries: in the days of Philip II, Spain’s empire had no equal. After the takeover of Portugal, Philip II ruled virtually all of the Americas,... Cite this Item Epilogue Financial Folly and Spain’s Black Legend (pp. 271-280) Financial folly. The very words conjure up images of overpaid bankers, venal politicians and ruined savers, economic chaos and disastrous collapses in market confidence. Financial folly is a common explanation for booms and busts, bubbles and irrational exuberance in stock and bond prices. Reinhart and Rogoff’s monumentalThis Time Is Differentputs excessive optimism of financiers at the heart of financial crises. Recurrent crises, in their view, reflect swings in investor sentiment: as good returns accumulate, initially skeptical investors gradually become blue-eyed optimists who start to believe that this time is indeed different. Once a crisis hits, sentiment collapses and...	i don't know
Which cathedral’s spires have earned it the name, “The Ladies of the Vale”?	History - Lichfield Cathedral Donate Our History Christmas Day 700 saw the consecration of the first cathedral in Lichfield, and, as there was a church (St Mary’s) here perhaps built in 659, and possibly others in between, Lichfield is among the earliest centres of Christian worship in the UK. After the invasion of 1066 the Normans built a new cathedral (of which only few traces remain), and a century or so later that was rebuilt in the Gothic style, and completed by c. 1340. Besieged three times in the Civil War it suffered drastic damage, more than any other of our Cathedrals. Rapidly repaired in a mere nine years its interior was rearranged at the end of the eighteenth century, and then ‘restored’ in the 19th century by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and that is the Cathedral we have today. The only English medieval cathedral to have three spires – known locally as the ‘Ladies of the Vale’ – it is one of the most elegant in the country. St Chad came in 669 to be the first Bishop in Lichfield, and so impressive was his teaching and so genuine was the way he practised what he preached, that on his death his remains quickly became venerated and a place of pilgrimage. Among the cathedral’s many treasures, from the time of the Anglo Saxons (probably under King Offa) we have the exquisite 8th century sculpture of the ‘Lichfield Angel’ from the St Chad’s tomb chest, as well as the St Chad Gospels - perhaps a little younger than the Lindisfarne Gospels but older than the Book of Kells. Norman and Gothic Cathedrals Bishops Lymesey and de Clinton built the Normal Cathedral and Clinton fortified the Close with a wall. In the 13th c. Bishop de Langton strengthened that surrounding wall for the Close and crenellated it; he paid £2,000 for a sumptuous shrine for St Chad, and he financed the completion of the Lady Chapel. He was also the Treasurer of England. His magnificent Bishop’s Palace in the Close was fit for a king, and kings did come to stay there. With very many pilgrims flocking to the shrine the cathedral flourished during the time of the Plantagenet kings. Many of the Bishops and Deans appointed then were Close to the ruling dynasty and the proximity of the Diocese to the rebellious Welsh made Lichfield a key strategic settlement during this period. It played an important role in regional and national political life and influenced heavily the planning of the City of Lichfield that grew up around it. Civil War Unfortunately the great wall around the Close proved to be the Cathedral’s undoing during the 17th century since it turned the cathedral and Close into an ideal garrison, first for the Royalists, then for the Roundheads, then again for the Royalists and finally the Roundheads until the Restoration. During these sieges cannonballs destroyed both the roof and the central spire. The Restoration (1660) found the cathedral and Close in a state of ruination, because the Roundheads had destroyed statues, monuments, documents, carvings and left very little roof. Lichfield’s cathedral suffered more than any other cathedral at the hands of the devastators. Recovery Cathedral and Close flourished again in the 18th c. and grew in national importance, becoming a centre of culture and learning. With the development of Erasmus Darwin and his colleagues of the Lunar Society, Samuel Johnson and the great antiquarian, Elias Ashmole, Lichfield became a notable centre. Here was an interesting dynamic with religion and scientific advancement creatively interrelated alongside music, literature and culture, with Lichfield regarded as a major centre of enlightenment within Europe. Victorian Restoration A major and sensitive restoration of the cathedral came under Sir George Gilbert Scott and is son, Oldrid, in the 19th century. Outside statues were replaced on the West Front, and around the cathedral we now have over 160 ornate carved figures of kings, queens and saints. The cathedral’s interior today, with the very fine Skidmore Screen, the choir stalls and the Minton tiles (inspired by the medieval tiles still on the floor of the library) contains a singular composition of High Victorian artistry. The very recent relighting scheme means we can now see it in all its elegant glory. 2016 After all its often tumultuous, even savage, history Lichfield Cathedral today stands serene in majesty and lively in all its work and worship.	Lichfield
To which proverbially ruthless figure, then still a child, does Richard III compare himself?	Location - Netherstowe House CONTACT Location Netherstowe House is located in the heart of England. Our private complex is situated on the north side of the Cathedral city of Lichfield - birth place of Dr. Johnson. The Hotel is ideally located for business and leisure guests visiting the local area, as it is set within the midlands high speed road connections to the whole of the UK via the M6 Toll, M42, A5 and the A38. Airports are easy to access with Birmingham International airport only 20 minutes drive and Nottingham East Midlands airport just 40 minutes drive. Lichfield Trent Valley and Lichfield City railway stations are also within easy reach offering high speed links to London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. Netherstowe House is superbly situated for visiting many attractions including the National Memorial Arboretum, NEC, Lichfield Cathedral, Alton Towers, Belfry Golf Course, Drayton Manor Park, Tamworth Snow Dome, Thomas Land, Curborough Sprint Course, Heart of the Country, Wall Roman Site, Bull Ring Shopping Centre, National Sea Life Centre, Barton Marina, Rep Theatre, Cadbury World, Cannock Chase, Derbyshire Dales and many Stately Homes and Museums. The hotel also makes an ideal base if you are visiting local businesses on Fradley Business Park. Downtown Information Lichfield: 1.2 mi / 2 km Area Airport Information Distance: 19 mi / 30.58 km Taxi Fee: 6am – Midnight £31.00 Midnight – 6am £46.50 (GBP) Time by taxi: 20 minutes Time by train: 50 minutes Enquiries: 0870 733 5511 or visit www.bhx.co.uk Visit the transport page for Birmingham International East Midlands Airport (EMA) Enquiries 08457 484950 or visit www.rail.co.uk National Exhibition Centre Nec Convention Distance 19 mi / 30.58 km Taxi Fee 6am – Midnight £31.00 Midnight – 6am £46.50 (GBP) Local Information Golf within 5 mi / 8.05 km Shopping within 2 mi / 3.22 km Attractions Drayton Manor theme park, (including Thomas Land) 7 mi / 11.27 km National Exhibition Centre 18 mi / 28.97 km Lichfield Cathedral 2 mi / 3.22 km Fradley Business Park 4 mi / 6.44 km National Memorial Arboretum 5.8mi / 9.3 km The Belfry Golf Course 12 mi / 19.31 km Lichfield Garrick 2 mi / 3.22 km Lichfield Heritage Centre 2 mi / 3.22 km Chasewater Country Park 5 mi / 8.05 km Samual Johnson Birth Place 2 mi / 3.22 km Erasmus Darwin Centre 2 mi / 3.22 km Whittington Barracks 7 mi / 11.27 km Tamworth SnowDome 7 mi / 11.27 km UCI Cinema 7 mi / 11.27 km Alton Towers theme park 35 mi / 56.33 km How to get here Netherstowe House and Netherstowe House Mews are located just off Eastern Avenue (A5192) on the North side of Lichfield. Netherstowe House WS13 6AY By Road The A38 and A5 link at Lichfield and provide access to the Midlands motorway network: M42, M50, M40, M5, M6, M6 Toll and M1 From the South From Junction 4A of the M5, join the M42 and follow all the way to Junction 9 for the A446 signposted Lichfield. Follow the A446 for about 5 miles to Bassets Pole roundabout, go straight along the A38 to Lichfield past the Heart of England Shopping Village on your right. At the next roundabout, follow the A38 towards Derby for about 1 mile an take the 1st exit marked Lichfield. From the slip road, turn left into Cappers Lane A5192 and cross the next 2 taking 3rd exit at the 2nd roundabout into Eastern Avenue passing Britannia Enterprise Park and Kwik Fit garage on your right. Continue on up the hill passing Lidl and Norgren. Continue approximately 0.3 miles until you reach a pedestrian crossing lights. Turn right onto Netherstowe Lane. Take the immediate first left sign posted The Mill Pond and take the right fork down a private drive. The Old Coach House is the first property you will see. Carry on straight down the driveway, passing The Old Coach House on the right hand side. Parking to the left and right for both Netherstowe House and Netherstowe House Mews. From the North From Junction 12 of the M6 turn left into the A5 marked Cannock/Tamworth, follow the A5 for approximately 10 miles all the way to Muckley Corner roundabout. Take the 2nd left following signs for Lichfield. Continue along this road (A461) crossing a roundabout, continuing along and past Panache Indian Restaurant on the left. Cross the next roundabout, continuing along and keeping to the right until you reach a large roundabout with a pub in the middle called the Bowling Green. Take the first left following signs for Rugely A51. After about a mile, turn right at the traffic lights taking you onto Eaten Avenue A5192. Follow this road for approximately 2 miles, Passing Friary Grange School, Lichfield Hockey Club and the Jet Garage on the left. Continue until you reach a pedestrian crossing lights. Turn left onto Netherstowe Lane. Take the immediate first left sign posted The Mill Pond and take the right fork down a private drive. The Old Coach House is the first property you will see. Carry on straight down the driveway, passing The Old Coach House on the right hand side. Parking to the left and right for both Netherstowe House and Netherstowe House Mews. By Coach National coaches serve London, the North and the South-West from Lichfield. Lichfield Tourist Information Centre is the ticket agency for National Express. Enquiries: 01543 308209 Local Buses Lichfield, Burntwood and the district's main villages are served by several bus companies who provide a range of services. Timetable information can be obtained from the Regional Travel Line on 0870 6082608 Taxi Lichfield City Cars: 01543 254 999 Terry's Taxi: 01543 262 626 Dial a Cab: 01543 255 155 Abacus Taxi's: 01543 251 558 About Lichfield Lichfield was referred to by Daniel Defoe on his travels as “one of the finest and most beautiful places in England”, a claim which is still true today. Famous as the birth place of Dr. Samuel Johnson, Lichfield is Staffordshire’s premier heritage city nestled in the heart of the country, just north of Birmingham. Lichfield Cathedral, unique amongst English Cathedrals with three spires, has become known as “The Ladies of the Vale”. Surrounded by Staffordshire countryside with Golf Courses, Canals, Country Parks and Cannock Chase, Lichfield provides the ideal city environment for guests visiting the region. Although an historic city, Lichfield is alive throughout the summer with festivals and events, both indoor and outdoor. For all the latest information and news regarding the city of Lichfield we recommend you contact the Lichfield Tourist Board: Lichfield Tourist Information Centre	i don't know
Which King of England died after falling from his horse, Sorrel?	Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years. SAXON KINGS EGBERT 827 - 839 Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire. AETHELWULF 839-856 King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855. AETHELBALD 856 - 860 The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset . AETHELBERT 860 - 866 Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey. AETHELRED I 866 - 871 Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried. ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924 Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial. ATHELSTAN 924 - 939 Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain. The battle saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire . EDMUND 939 - 946 Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan as king at the tender age of 18, having already fought alongside him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon control over northern England, which had fallen back under Scandanavian rule following the death of Athelstan. Aged just 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his royal hall at Pucklechurch near Bath . His two sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were perhaps considered too young to become kings. EADRED 946 - 955 The son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature death. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandanavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A deeply religious man, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually prove fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, unmarried and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester. EADWIG 955 - 959 The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was about 16 when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Legend has it that his coronation had to be delayed to allow Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from between the arms of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the interruption, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to France. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are not recorded. EDGAR 959 - 975 The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother concerning succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig's mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal advisor. Following his carefully planned (by Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by six kings of Britain. The kings, including the King of Scots, King of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales , are said to have signalled their allegience to Edgar by rowing him in his state barge accross the River Dee. EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 - 978 Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned king when aged just 12. Although supported by Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and nobility almost led to civil war in England. Edward's short reign ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred, after just two and half years as king. The title 'martyr' was a consequence of him being seen as a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her own son Aethelred. AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 - 1016 Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became king aged about 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England. Sweyn was pronounced King of England on Christmas Day 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just 5 weeks later. Aethelred returned in 1014 after Sweyn's death. The remainder of Aethelred's reign was one of a constant state of war with Sweyn's son Canute. EDMUND II IRONSIDE 1016 - 1016 The son of Aethelred II, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute's invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was chosen king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the king's council) however elected Canute. Following his defeat at the Battle of Assandun, Aethelred made a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated. CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 - 1035 Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund II. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects by sending most of his army back to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired by his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has it that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a king he was not a god, he ordered the tide not to come in, knowing this would fail. HAROLD I 1035 - 1040 Also known as Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill as a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute, he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died three years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an army of Danes. He was buried in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His bits were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London. HARTHACANUTE 1040 - 1042 The son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied by a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted as king. Perhaps to appease his mother, the year before he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her first marriage to Aethelred the Unready, back from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a wedding whilst toasting the health of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the last Danish king to rule England EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066 Following the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the House of Wessex to the English throne. A deeply pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days after the building work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a power struggle for control of the throne. HAROLD II 1066 Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of high ranking nobles and religious leaders), following the death of Edward the Confessor. The election result failed to meet with the approval of one William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, then marched south to confront William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The death of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English Anglo-Saxon kings and the beginning of the Normans. NORMAN KINGS WILLIAM I (The Conqueror) 1066- 1087 Also known as William the Bastard (but not normally to his face!), he was the illigitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, claiming that his second cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much tax he could raise in order to fund his armies. William died at Rouen after a fall from his horse whilst beseiging the French city of Nantes. He is buried at Caen. WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087- 1100 William was not a popular king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow whilst out hunting, maybe accidentally, or possibly shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, one of the hunting party, was blamed for the deed. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest, Hampshire , marks the spot where he fell. HENRY I 1100-1135 Henry Beauclerc was the fourth and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'Lion of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His two sons were drowned in the White Ship so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Council considered a woman unfit to rule and so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I. STEPHEN 1135-1154 Stephen was a very weak king and the whole country was almost destroyed by the constant raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded great power, extorting money and looting town and country. A decade of civil war known as The Anarchy ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died. HENRY II 1154-1189 Henry of Anjou was a strong king. A brilliant soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John. RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 - 1199 Richard was the third son of Henry II. By the age of 16, he was leading his own army putting down rebellions in France. Although crowned King of England, Richard spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad, preferring to use the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade. On his way back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his safe return almost bankrupt the country. Richard died from an arrow-wound, far from the kingdom that he so rarely visited. He had no children. JOHN 1199 -1216 John Lackland was the fourth child of Henry II. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was cruel, self-indulgent, selfish and avaricious, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of society, clerical and lay, against him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta , the Great Charter, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died - from over-eating - a fugitive from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English king". HENRY III 1216 -1272 Henry was 9 years old when he became king. Brought up by priests he became devoted to church, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated by churchmen and easily influenced by his wife's French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led by Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style. Monarchs of England and Wales EDWARD I 1272 - 1307 Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his first wife Eleanor died, he escorted her body from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting up Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the way to fight Robert Bruce . EDWARD II 1307 - deposed 1327 Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston being the most notorious. He was beaten by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held captive in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His wife joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: by their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle - as legend has it, by having a red-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected by his son, Edward III. EDWARD III 1327 - 1377 Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France plunged England into the Hundred Years War, beginning in 1338. The two great victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the most renowned warriors in Europe, however the war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England. RICHARD II 1377 - deposed 1399 The son of the Black Prince, Richard was extravagant, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt , led by Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put down with great severity. The sudden death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected King Henry IV. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400. HOUSE OF LANCASTER HENRY IV 1399 - 1413 The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward III), Henry returned from exile in France to reclaim his estates previously seized by Richard II; he was accepted as king by Parliament. Henry spent most of his 13 year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower declared himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Back in England, Henry had great difficulty in maintaining the support of both the clery and Pariament and between 1403-08 the Percy family lauched a series of rebellions against him. Henry, the first Lancastrian king, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45. HENRY V 1413 - 1422 The son of Henry IV, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting down the many rebellions launched against his father and had been knighted when aged just 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt , losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a second expedition Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst campaigning in France and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son as King of England and France. HENRY VI 1422 - deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The king had an attack of mental illness that was hereditary in his mother's family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Battle of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one day before Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and King's College lay roses and lilies on the altar which now stands where he died. EDWARD IV 1461- 1483 He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and not a popular king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a charge of treason. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton. Edward died suddenly in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and five daughters. EDWARD V 1483 - 1483 Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, were his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward IV, he succeeded to the throne at the tender age of 13 and reigned for only two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English history. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London - it is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (III) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown. RICHARD III 1483 - 1485 End of the Wars of the Roses Brother of Edward IV. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews made his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the last important battle in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was thought to have been that of Richard III, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His body was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015. THE TUDORS HENRY VII 1485 - 1509 When Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the head of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and so united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skilful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years. HENRY VIII 1509 - 1547 The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he later divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce caused the split from Rome and Henry declared himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring about an effective Navy. In an effort to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but only one son was born, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England - Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. EDWARD VI 1547 - 1553 The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly boy; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his father at the age of 9, the government being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Duke of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward's death there was a dispute over the succession. As Mary was Catholic, Lady Jane Grey was named as the next in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Tower. She reigned for only 9 days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17. MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558 Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Catholic, she married Philip of Spain. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the stake. The place, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked by a bronze cross. The country was plunged into a bitter blood bath, which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London. ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake , Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married. THE STUARTS JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625 James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the first king to rule over Scotland and England . James was more of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so. James's reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible , though this caused problems with the Puritans and their attitude towards the established church. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower. CHARLES 1 1625 - 1649 English Civil War The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Right. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the beginning, and this led to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The war lasted four years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell , Charles was captured and imprisoned. The House of Commons tried Charles for treason against England and when found guilty he was condemned to death. His death warrant states that he was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. OLIVER CROMWELL , Lord Protector 1653 - 1658 Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a small landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Failing to gain agreement on constitutional change in government with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to death in 1649. Cromwell declared Britain a republic 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector. Cromwell went on to crush the Irish clans and the Scots loyal to Charles II between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the agreement of army leaders became Lord Protector (King in all but name) RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 - 1659 Richard was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Unlike his father, Richard lacked military experience and as such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England. THE RESTORATION CHARLES II 1660 - 1685 Son of Charles I, also known as the Merry Monarch. After the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flight of Richard Cromwell to France, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to take the throne. Although very popular he was a weak king and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn . He fathered numerous illegitimate children but no heir to the throne. The Great Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today. JAMES II and VII of Scotland 1685 - 1688 The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles II. James had been exiled following the Civil War and served in both the French and Spanish Army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his two daughters were raised as Protestants. James became very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was generally hated by the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant) and the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne. William was married to Mary, James II's Protestant daughter. William landed in England and James fled to France where he died in exile in 1701. WILLIAM III 1689 - 1702 and MARY II 1689 - 1694 On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his fleet of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Royal Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon . Gathering local support, he marched his army, now 20,000 strong, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James II's army had defected to support William, as well as James's other daughter Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to have the Crown for life after Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV. ANNE 1702 - 1714 Anne was the second daughter of James II. She had 17 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, who died of smallpox aged just 11. A staunch, high church Protestant, Anne was 37 years old when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a close friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah's husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never before attained in Europe. It was during Anne's reign that the United Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the Union of England and Scotland. After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 's only daughter, but she died a few weeks before Anne and so the throne succeeded to her son George. THE HANOVARIANS GEORGE I 1714 -1727 Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I. The 54 year old George arrived in England able to speak only a few words of English with his 18 cooks and 2 mistresses in tow. George never learned English, so the conduct of national policy was left to the government of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming Britain's first Prime Minister . In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James II) attempted to supplant George, but the attempt failed. George spent little time in England - he preferred his beloved Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Sea Bubble financial scandal of 1720. GEORGE II 1727 - 1760 Only son of George I. He was more English than his father, but still relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the last English king to lead his army into battle at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried once again to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' . landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor by the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France with the help of Flora MacDonald , and finally died a drunkard's death in Rome. GEORGE III 1760 - 1820 He was a grandson of George II and the first English-born and English-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was one of elegance and the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen , Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson . in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776. George was well meaning but suffered from a mental illness due to intermittent porphyria and eventually became blind and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George's death. GEORGE IV 1820 - 1830 Known as the 'First Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and architecture but his private life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, once in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, and then in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick . Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had one daughter, Charlotte in 1796 but she died in 1817. George was considered a great wit, but was also a buffoon and his death was hailed with relief! WILLIAM IV 1830 - 1837 Known as the 'Sailor King' (for 10 years the young Prince William, brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the third son of George III. Before his accession he lived with a Mrs. Jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in order to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did not live. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him because of his lack of pretension. During his reign Britain abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Act was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the middle-classes on a basis of property qualifications. VICTORIA 1837 - 1901 Victoria was the only child of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanovarian uncles had been treated with irreverence. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the country. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Great Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Science Museum, Imperial College and the Royal Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life after the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of India, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe. EDWARD VII 1901 - 1910 A much loved king, the opposite of his dour father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Age was one of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing - his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had six children. The eldest, Edward Duke of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 it is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily' Name changed in 1917 GEORGE V 1910 - 1936 George had not expected to be king, but when his elder brother died he became the heir-apparent. He had joined the Navy as a cadet in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty man with a 'quarter-deck' manner. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his dead brother's fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First World War in 1914 - 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish Free State were considerable problems. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silver Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his concern about the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson. EDWARD VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936 Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales Britain has ever had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson the country found it almost impossible to believe. The people as a whole knew nothing about Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living. This was unacceptable to the Church, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to be crowned with him at the Coronation which was to take place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the title, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad. GEORGE VI 1936 - 1952 George was a shy and nervous man with a very bad stutter , the exact opposite of his brother the Duke of Windsor, but he had inherited the steady virtues of his father George V. He was very popular and well loved by the British people. The prestige of the throne was low when he became king but his wife Elizabeth and his mother Queen Mary were outstanding in their support of him. The Second World War started in 1939 and throughout the King and Queen set an example of courage and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the duration of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than once. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle . George was in close touch with the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to be dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Day ! The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951, 100 years after the Great Exhibition during Victoria's reign. ELIZABETH II 1952 - Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or ‘Lilbet’ to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the Second World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Day to celebrate the end of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television license numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 between the Queen’s grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high profile of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an important year for the royal family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th year as Queen. On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain's longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen! If you enjoyed this article, you might also like... Kings and Queens of Wessex - Wessex, also known as the Kingdom of the West Saxons, was a large and extremely influential Anglo-Saxon kingdom from 519 to 927AD. In this article, we take a look at the Kings and Queens that ruled over the kingdom for almost half a millennium. Kings and Queens of Scotland - Covering the period from 1005 - 1603 Kings and Queens of Mercia - Mercia was one of the great seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, alongside East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Northumbria Sussex and Wessex. Based around its capital of Tamworth, Mercia went through rapid expansion throughout the 6th and 7th centuries to be one of the ‘big three’ kingdoms of England along with Northumbria and Wessex.	William III
Which feature on the River Thames marks the upper limit of its tidal waters?	William "The Conqueror" FitzRobert, I (1024 - 1087) - Genealogy William "The Conqueror" FitzRobert, I French: Guillaume FitzRobert, le Conquérant Also Known As: "William I of England", "William the Conqueror", "Guillaume le Conquérant", "Guillaume le Bâtard", "FitzRobert", "the Duke of Normandy", "William II", "William the Bastard", "William II Duke of Normandy", "William FitzRobert", "William Beauclerc", "William of Normandy", "Gui....." Birthdate: Château de Falaise, Falaise, Basse-Normandie, France Death: in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France Cause of death: Wounds suffered at the siege of Mantes Place of Burial: Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France Immediate Family: Half brother of Earl of Cornwall Robert de Mortagne, Earl of Cornwall ; Jeanne de Conteville ; Rohesia de Conteville ; Muriel De Copello ; Isabella de Conteville and 1 other ; and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux « less Occupation: King of England, Duke of Normandy, The Conqueror of England, Duqye de Normandía, Rey de Inglaterra, William the Conqueror, King Wiliam I of England, William II, Norman Conqueror, Comte de Normandie, fought in the Norman Conquest, King of the English, Kun Managed by: son About William "The Conqueror", King of England Guillaume 'le Conquérant' FitzRobert, Duc de Normandie, Roi d'Angleterre, in English: William the Conqueror, King of England Parents Robert 'le Diable', Duc de Normandie & his mistress Herlève de Falaise Spouse Matilde (Maud) de Flandre Children Robert Curthose (1054–1134), Duke of Normandy, married Sybil of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Conversano. Richard (c. 1055 – c. 1081), Duke of Bernay, killed by a stag in New Forest. Adeliza (or Alice) (c. 1055 – c. 1065), reportedly betrothed to Harold II of England. Cecilia (or Cecily) (c. 1056 – 1126), Abbess of Holy Trinity, Caen. William "Rufus" (c. 1056 – 1100), King of England. Agatha (c. 1064 – 1079), betrothed to Alfonso VI of Castile. Constance (c. 1066 – 1090), married Alan IV Fergent, Duke of Brittany; poisoned, possibly by her own servants. Adela (c. 1067 – 1137), married Stephen, Count of Blois. Henry "Beauclerc" (1068–1135), King of England, married Edith of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. His second wife was Adeliza of Leuven. (Matilda) Despite rumours to the contrary (such as claims that William Peverel was a bastard of William)[21] there is no evidence that he had any illegitimate children.[22] Links and Resources http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm#GuillaumeIIdied1087B http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLAND,%20Kings%201066-1603.htm#WilliamIdied1087 Medieval Lands GUILLAUME de Normandie, illegitimate son of ROBERT II “le Diable” Duke of Normandy & his mistress Herlève --- (Château de Falaise, Normandy [1027/28]-Rouen, Prioré de Saint-Gervais 9 Sep 1087, bur Caen, Abbé de Saint-Etienne). His birth date is estimated from William of Malmesbury, according to whom Guillaume was born of a concubine and was seven years old when his father left for Jerusalem[237], and Orderic Vitalis, who states that he was eight years old at the time[238]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Alain III Duke of Brittany was appointed his guardian during his father's absence in 1035[239]. Deville suggests that Guillaume´s birthdate can be fixed more precisely to [mid-1027], taking into account that his father Robert occupied Falaise immediately after the death of his father Duke Richard II (23 Aug 1026), not wishing to accept the authority of his older brother Duke Richard III, but that Robert´s stay was short as the two brothers were reconciled soon after, it being reasonable to suppose that Robert´s relationship with Guillaume´s mother occurred soon after his arrival at Falaise[240]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. After Duke Alan was poisoned, Gilbert Comte d'Eu was appointed guardian but was himself murdered[241]. Duke Guillaume helped Henri I King of France defeat Geoffroy II "Martel" Comte d'Anjou at Mouliherne in [1045/55][242]. Edward "the Confessor" King of England may have acknowledged Guillaume's right to succeed to the English throne on several occasions, maybe for the first time during a visit to England in 1051 which is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[243]. Comte de Maine 1063, after he conquered the county. In [1064/65], Duke Guillaume interceded with Guy de Ponthieu Comte d'Abbeville to secure the release of Harold Godwinsson, in return for Harold's acknowledgement of Guillaume as successor to the English throne according to the portrayal of the event in the Bayeux tapestry. Harold Godwinsson's visit to Normandy, and swearing allegiance to Duke William, is recorded by William of Jumièges[244]. According to Eadmer of Canterbury, the reason for Harold's visit was to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew Haakon, both of whom had been hostages in Normandy since 1051. On his deathbed King Edward "the Confessor" bequeathed the kingdom of England to Harold Godwinsson. Duke Guillaume branded Harold a perjurer and appealed to Pope Alexander II for support. After receiving a papal banner in response to this request, William gathered a sizable army during summer 1066 ready for invasion. After some delay due to unfavourable weather conditions, the army set sail for England from Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme 28 Sep 1066[245]. He defeated and killed King Harold at Hastings 14 Oct 1066, and made his way to London where he was crowned 25 Dec 1066 as WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm#GuillaumeIIdied1087B GUILLAUME de Normandie, illegitimate son of ROBERT II Duke of Normandy & his mistress Arlette --- (Château de Falaise, Normandy [1027/28]-Rouen, Prioré de Saint-Gervais 9 Sep 1087, bur Caen, Abbé de Saint-Etienne). His birth date is estimated from William of Malmesbury, according to whom Guillaume was born of a concubine and was seven years old when his father left for Jerusalem[1], and Orderic Vitalis, who states that he was eight years old at the time[2]. Deville suggests that Guillaume´s birthdate can be fixed more precisely to [mid-1027], taking into account that his father Robert occupied Falaise immediately after the death of his father Duke Richard II (23 Aug 1026), not wishing to accept the authority of his older brother Duke Richard III, but that Robert´s stay was short as the two brothers were reconciled soon after, it being reasonable to suppose that Robert´s relationship with Guillaume´s mother occurred soon after his arrival at Falaise[3]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Alain III Duke of Brittany was appointed his guardian during his father's absence in 1035[4]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. He helped Henri I King of France defeat Geoffroy II "Martel" Comte d'Anjou at Mouliherne in [1045/55][5]. It appears that Edward "the Confessor" King of England acknowledged Guillaume as successor to the English throne on several occasions, maybe for the first time during his visit to England in 1051 which is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[6]. Comte de Maine in 1063, after he conquered the county. In [1064/65], Duke Guillaume interceded with Guy de Ponthieu Comte d'Abbeville to secure the release of Harold Godwinsson from captivity in Normandy, in return for Harold's acknowledgement of Guillaume as successor to the English crown (according to the portrayal of the event in the Bayeux tapestry). Harold Godwinsson's visit to Normandy, and swearing allegiance to Duke William, is recorded by William of Jumièges[7]. According to Eadmer of Canterbury, the reason for his visit was to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew Haakon, both of whom had been hostages in Normandy since 1051. On his deathbed, King Edward "the Confessor" bequeathed the kingdom of England to Harold Godwinsson. Duke Guillaume branded Harold a perjurer and appealed to Pope Alexander II for support. After receiving a papal banner in response to his request, William gathered a sizable army during summer 1066 in preparation for invasion. After some delay due to unfavourable weather conditions, the army set sail for England from Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme 28 Sep 1066[8]. William defeated and killed King Harold at Hastings 14 Oct 1066[9], marched north to Canterbury, then west to Winchester where he captured the royal treasury. He proceeded to London where he was crowned 25 Dec 1066 as WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England at Westminster Abbey, possibly by Ealdred Archbishop of York who may have officiated because of doubts concerning the validity of the appointment of Stigand as Archbishop of Canterbury. The latter had received his pallium in 1058 from Pope Benedict X, later regarded as anti-Pope, an appointment which had not been regularised by Pope Alexander II. He was crowned again at Winchester 1070 with a Papal crown. After taking several years to subdue the whole country, he imposed the Norman feudal structure and rule everywhere with methodical and harsh persistence. The minute description of the country contained in the Domesday Book, completed in 1086, enabled King William to create an effective tax base He died from wounds received at the siege of Mantes, having been injured internally after being thrown against the pommel of his saddle[10], leaving Normandy to his eldest son Robert and England to his second surviving son William. Guillaume de Jumièges records the death of King William at Rouen on 9 Sep and his burial at Saint-Etienne, Caen[11]. Florence of Worcester records the death "Id Sep V" of King William and his burial "Cadomi in ecclesia S Stephani Protomartyris"[12]. The Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris records that "Willelmus…Roberti filius" was buried "Cadomi in ecclesia beati Stephani" which he had built[13]. m (Eu, Cathedral of Notre Dame [1050/52]) MATHILDE de Flandre, daughter of BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders & his wife Adela de France ([1032]-Caen 2 Nov 1083, bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" as the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[14]. Her parentage is also stated by Orderic Vitalis[15]. She founded the abbey of la Trinité at Caen, as confirmed by an undated manuscript which records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position and names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[16]. Florence of Worcester records that "comitissa Mahtilda de Normannia" came to England 23 Mar [1068] and was crowned "die Pentecostes [11 May]" by Aldred Archbishop of York[17]. Orderic Vitalis also records that she was crowned Queen of England 11 May 1068[18], presumably at Westminster Abbey or Winchester Cathedral although this appears to be unrecorded. Queen Matilda acted as regent in Normandy during her husband's absences in England. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Nov" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[19]. Guillaume de Jumièges records the burial of Queen Mathilde on 3 Nov 1081 at Holy Trinity, Caen[20]. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Nov" in [1083] of "regina Mahtilda" in Normandy and her burial at Caen[21]. King William I & his wife had ten children: 1. ROBERT de Normandie (Normandy [1052/54]-Cardiff Castle [3] Feb 1134, bur Gloucester Cathedral[22]). William of Malmesbury names Robert as eldest son of King William I[23]. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[24]. Orderic Vitalis records that, after unsuccessfully aspiring to govern Normandy and Maine during the lifetime of his father, Robert rebelled in 1079 and went into exile in Flanders[25]. William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis both state that he was assisted in his rebellion by Philippe I King of France and that he wounded his father in battle at Gerberoy[26]. He succeeded his father in 1087 as ROBERT “Curthose” Duke of Normandy, his nickname due, according to William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis, to his short stature which he presumably inherited from his mother who was also reputed to have been very short[27]. He joined the contingent of Robert II Count of Flanders on the First Crusade in Sep 1096, together with Etienne Comte de Blois, after pledging the duchy of Normandy to his brother King William for 10,000 marks of silver in order to fund the expedition[28]. Following the capture of Jerusalem, Robert left Palestine to return to Europe in Sep 1099[29]. On returning to Normandy in Autumn 1100, he recovered his duchy without opposition[30]. He landed at Portsmouth in 1102 aiming to displace his brother King Henry I as king of England, but was persuaded to return to Normandy on payment of 3,000 marks[31]. His brother King Henry invaded Normandy and defeated Robert at the battle of Tinchebrai[32], declaring himself duke of Normandy 28 Sep 1106. King Henry took Robert in captivity back to England, where Robert remained in prison for the rest of his life. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1134 of "Robertus dux Normannorum filius Willermi regis…primogenitus" and his burial at Gloucester[33]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death at Cardiff in [1134] of "Rotbertus frater regis Heinrici quondam comes Normanniæ" and his burial in Gloucester[34]. - DUKES of NORMANDY. 2. RICHARD de Normandie (Normandy [1054 or 1056]-1075 or 1081, bur Winchester Cathedral). William of Malmesbury records that he was the second son of King William I[35]. "The next-born after Robert" according to Orderic Vitalis[36] who, from the context of this passage appears to be taking into account daughters as well as sons in his list of the king's children although, critically for deciding the birth order of the older children, he omits Cecilia in this section. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[37]. Duc de Bernay, in Normandy. According to William of Malmesbury, he "contracted a disorder from a stream of foul air while hunting deer in the New Forest"[38]. Florence of Worcester records that "Willelmi iunioris germanus Ricardus" was killed in the New Forest long before, when recording the death of his brother King William II[39]. Orderic Vitalis recounts that "when a youth who had not yet received the belt of knighthood, had gone hunting in the New Forest and whilst he was galloping in pursuit of a wild beast he had been badly crushed between a strong hazel branch and the pommel of his saddle, and mortally injured" dying soon after[40]. Guillaume de Jumièges records a similar, but less specific, story, saying that Richard was hunting, knocked himself against a tree, fell ill and died from his injury[41]. 3. ADELAIDE [Adelisa] de Normandie ([1055]-7 Dec, 1066 or after). Orderic Vitalis records the betrothal of Adelaide and Harold Godwinson, listing her after Agatha and before Constance in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[42]. The sources are contradictory concerning the name of the daughter betrothed to Harold Godwinson, as well as the timing of her death. The only near certainty is that it would presumably have been the oldest available daughter who was betrothed to Harold. Matthew of Paris does not name her but lists her fourth among the daughters of King William, while distinguishing her from the fifth daughter betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi"[43]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Duke Guillaume betrothed his daughter Adelise to Harold, in a later passage (in which he does not repeat her name) stating that she was the third daughter and that she died a virgin although she was of an age to marry[44]. Chibnall specifies[45] that this reference is contained in the interpolations written by Orderic Vitalis, the latter chronicler therefore contradicting his statement in his own work that Agatha was the name of the daughter who was betrothed to King Harold. Orderic Vitalis says that Adelaide "a most fair maiden vowed herself to God when she reached marriageable age and made a pious end under the protection of Roger of Beaumont"[46]. The daughter betrothed to Harold was alive in early 1066, according to Eadmer of Canterbury[47] who says that Duke Guillaume requested King Harold, soon after his accession, to keep his promise to marry his daughter. This is contradicted by William of Malmesbury[48], who says that her death before that of Edward "the Confessor" was taken by King Harold II as marking absolution from his oath to Duke Guillaume. She died as a nun at Préaux[49]. A manuscript of la Trinité de Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[50], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Adelaide was older than her two named sisters. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VII Id Dec" of "Adeliza filia regis Anglorum", stating that her father made a donation for her soul[51]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death of "Adelina filia regis Anglorum", undated but listed among deaths at the end of the calendar year[52]. Betrothed ([1064/65]) to HAROLD Godwinson Earl of Wessex, son of GODWIN Earl of Wessex & his wife Gytha of Denmark ([1022/25]-killed in battle Hastings 14 Oct 1066, bur [Waltham Abbey]), who succeeded in 1066 as HAROLD II King of England. 4. MATHILDE de Normandie (-26 Apr or 6 Jul [1113]). The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "VI Kal Mai" of "Mathildis filia Willelmi regis Anglorum"[53]. She is not named as a daughter of King William by either William of Malmesbury or Orderic Vitalis. There is no basis for assessing her order of birth among the other known daughters of the king. An undated manuscript records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position[54]. The same source names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[55]. If this is correct, and even assuming that she was appointed abbess as a child, Mathilde must have been one of the oldest of her father´s children, but younger than her sister Adelaide. Delisle dates her death to [1113][56], on the basis of Orderic Vitalis recording that her successor as abbess of la Trinité de Caen, her sister Cecilia, died 13 Jul 1127 after 14 years as abbess[57]. 5. CECILIA de Normandie (-Caen 3/13 Jul [1126/27], bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). She is named first in his list of King William's daughters by William of Malmesbury and by Matthew of Paris[58]. Orderic Vitalis, in his list of the king's children which appears to place both the sons and daughters together in birth order[59], unfortunately omits Cecilia, rendering it particularly difficult to decide if she was older or younger than her brother Richard. Guillaume de Jumièges names Cecile as eldest daughter, stating that she was a nun at the convent of Holy Trinity at Caen[60]. A manuscript at Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[61], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Cecilia was younger than her sisters Adelaide and Mathilde. Her parents offered her as an oblate to the nunnery of the Holy Trinity, Caen (founded by her mother) 18 Jun 1066[62], probably in part to obtain divine blessing for her father´s project to invade England. She became a nun there in 1075[63], her tutor being Arnoul de Choques who later became Chancellor to her brother Robert "Curthose" Duke of Normandy, and subsequently Patriarch of Jerusalem[64]. She succeeded her sister Mathilde as abbess of la Trinité de Caen in [1113][65]. The Chronicon S. Stephani Cadomensis records the death in 1126 of "Cecilia Abbatissa, Willelmi Regis filia"[66]. 6. GUILLAUME de Normandie ([1056/60]-killed in the New Forest 2 Aug 1100, bur Winchester Cathedral[67]). William of Malmesbury records that he was the third son of King William I[68]. He left his father's deathbed in Normandy in Sep 1087 to rush to England to claim the throne, succeeding as WILLIAM II “Rufus” King of England, crowned at Westminster Abbey 26 Sep 1087. Florence of Worcester records that King William was crowned "VI Kal Oct" of King William at Westminster Abbey[69]. His reign was characterised by bitter rivalry with his brother Robert in Normandy, even harsher imposition of Norman rule in England than by his father, and growing resentment of his ways among the nobility. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Aug" of King William in the New Forest, killed by an arrow shot by "quodam Franco Waltero cognomento Tirello" [châtelain de Poix et de Pontoise], and his burial "Wintoniam in Veteri Monasterio in ecclesia S Petri"[70]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was killed while hunting, maybe murdered, by an arrow shot by Walter Tirel[71]. According to Orderic Vitalis, he "never had a lawful wife but gave himself up insatiably to obscene fornications and repeated adulteries"[72]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "II Non Aug" of "Guillelmus rex Anglorum filius Guillelmi regis"[73]. 7. CONSTANCE de Normandie (Normandy [1057/1061]-13 Aug 1090, bur Church of St Melans near Rhedon). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Adelaide and before Adela in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[74]. Named first in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew of Paris[75]. Guillaume de Jumièges names Constance as second daughter, naming her husband "Alain Fergant comte de la petite Bretagne et fils d'Hoel, qui avait succédé à Conan" and specifying that she died childless[76]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the marriage in 1086 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filiam Regis Anglorum Guillelmi"[77]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the marriage in 1087 of "Alanus Hoëli Consulis filius" and "Constantiam Guillelmi Regis Anglorum filiam"[78]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the marriage in 1088 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filam Regis Guillelmi Anglorum"[79]. Orderic Vitalis records that she was married in Bayeux[80]. William of Malmesbury lists her as second daughter after Cecilia, adding that "she excited the inhabitants [of Brittany] by the severity of her justice to administer a poisonous potion to her"[81]. Orderic Vitalis, on the other hand, says that she "did everything in her power to further the welfare of her subjects" and "was deeply grieved when she died"[82]. "Alanus dux Britannorum et Constantia uxor eius" donated property to the priory of Livré by charter dated 31 Jul 1089[83]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1090 of "Constantia Alani coniux…sine liberis"[84]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1090 of "Constantia comitissa filia regis Anglorum"[85]. m (Bayeux [1086/88]) as his first wife, ALAIN IV “Fergant” Duke of Brittany, son of HOËL V Comte de Cornouaille, de Léon et de Nantes & his wife Havise heiress of Brittany (-13 Oct 1119). 8. AGATHE de Normandie (-before 1074, bur Bayeux Cathedral). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Richard and before Adelaide in his description of the careers of the children of King William[86]. According to William of Malmesbury, an unnamed daughter of King William was "affianced by messengers" to King Alfonso[87]. Orderic Vitalis names her Agatha, identifying her as the daughter who had been betrothed to Harold Godwinson (see above), and says that she was betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ"[88]. Matthew of Paris places her as the fifth daughter (unnamed) betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi", but different from the daughter betrothed to Harold[89]. Orderic says that she died en route to Spain, her body being brought back to Bayeux for burial[90]. The betrothal to Alfonso must have been a short-lived arrangement as he married his first wife in 1069[91]. Betrothed (by proxy Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity [before 1069]) to ALFONSO VI King of Galicia and Leon, son of FERNANDO I King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Sancha de Léon (Compostela [1037]-Toledo 30 Jun 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). He succeeded in 1072 as ALFONSO VI King of Castile. [Betrothed ([after 1069]) to SIMON du Vexin, son of RAOUL III “le Grand” Comte de Valois & his first wife Aélis de Bar-sur-Aube (-[30 Sep/1 Oct] 1080 Rome, bur 1082 Rome St Peter). The Vita Simonis records a ficitional speech of William I King of England in which he offers his (unnamed) daughter's hand to Simon, specifying that she had previously been betrothed to "regis Hispaniarum Anfursi et Roberti principis Apuliæ"[92]. The supposed betrothal to Robert of Apulia (which would have to refer to Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia) is unrecorded in the numerous other sources dealing with his life and is probably pure fantasy. This does not instil confidence with respect to the historical accuracy of the whole passage, but if it is correct the daughter in question would presumably have been Agatha who was probably the daughter of King William betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ" (see above). Count Simon resigned his county in 1077, became a monk and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he died[93].] 9. ADELA de Normandie (Normandy [1066/67]-Marigney-sur-Loire 8 Mar 1138, bur Abbey of Holy Trinity, Caen). She is listed by Orderic Vitalis last among the daughters of King William in his description of their careers[94]. Named third in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew of Paris[95], but this appears unlikely in view of Adela's child-bearing until her husband's death in 1102. Her birth date is estimated bearing in mind that marriage frequently took place in early adolescence at the time, and also because Adela clearly continued to bear children right up to her husband's death. Orderic Vitalis records that she encouraged her husband to join the First Crusade and did not hide her shame when he deserted from Antioch in 1098[96]. Regent of Blois 1102-1107, after the death of her husband. She became a nun at the Cluniac priory of Marigney-sur-Loire in [1122]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela comitissa"[97], and in another manuscript the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela nobilis Blesensium comitissa regis Anglorum Willelmi filia"[98]. m (Betrothed Breteuil[99] 1080, Chartres[100] 1081) ETIENNE [Henri] de Blois, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Blois & his [first/second wife Gersende de Maine/Gundrada ---] (-killed in battle Ramleh 19 May 1102). He succeeded his father in 1089 as ETIENNE Comte de Blois, de Chartres, de Châteaudun, de Sancerre et de Meaux. a) ETIENNE de Blois (Blois [1096/97]-Dover 25 Oct 1154, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent). After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, he crossed at once to England before his rival, King Henry's daughter Maud, and had himself crowned as STEPHEN King of England at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135. - other children: COMTES de BLOIS. 10. HENRY of England (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). Orderic Vitalis records that Henry was born "within a year" of his mother's coronation on 11 May 1068[101]. He succeeded his brother 3 Aug 1100 as HENRY I “Beauclerc” King of England. Wikipedia William I (about 1027 or 1028[1] – 9 September 1087), better known as William the Conqueror (French: Guillaume le Conquérant), was Duke of Normandy from 1035 and King of England from late 1066 to his death. William is sometimes also referred to as "William II" in relation to his position as the second Duke of Normandy of that name. In particular, before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth. Descendants William is known to have had nine children, though Agatha, a tenth daughter who died a virgin, appears in some sources. Several other unnamed daughters are also mentioned as being betrothed to notable figures of that time. Despite rumours to the contrary (such as claims that William Peverel was a bastard of William)[20] there is no evidence that he had any illegitimate children,[21] (see list above) To press his claim to the English crown, William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen to victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson (who died in the conflict) at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest.[2] His reign, which brought Norman-French culture to England, had an impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages. The details of that impact and the enormity of the changes have been debated by scholars for over a century. In addition to the obvious change of ruler, his reign also saw a programme of building and fortification, changes to the English language, a shift in the upper levels of society and the church, and adoption of some aspects of continental church reform. More controversial are possible changes in law, royal administration, trade, agriculture, the peasantry, women's roles and rights, and education. Early life William was born in Falaise, Normandy, the illegitimate and only son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy, who named him as heir to Normandy. His mother, Herleva (a name with several variant versions), who later married and bore two sons to Herluin de Conteville, was the daughter of Fulbert of Falaise (possibly Fulbert de Tonnerre). In addition to his two half-brothers, Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain, William had a sister, Adelaide of Normandy, another child of Robert. Later in his life, the enemies of William are reported to have called him alternately William the Bastard, and deride him as the son of a tanner, and the residents of besieged Alençon hung animal skins from the city walls to taunt him. William is believed to have been born in either 1027 or 1028, and more likely in the autumn of the later year.[1][notes 1] He was born the grandnephew of Queen Emma of Normandy, wife of King Ethelred the Unready and later, wife of King Canute the Great.[3] William's illegitimacy affected his early life and he was known to contemporaries as 'William the Bastard'. Nevertheless, when his father died, he was recognised as the heir.[4] Duke of Normandy By his father's will, William succeeded him as Duke of Normandy at age seven in 1035. Plots by rival Norman noblemen to usurp his place cost William three guardians, though not Count Alan III of Brittany, who was a later guardian. William was supported by King Henry I of France, however. He was knighted by Henry at age 15. By the time William turned 19 he was successfully dealing with threats of rebellion and invasion. With the assistance of Henry, William finally secured control of Normandy by defeating rebel Norman barons at Caen in the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, obtaining the Truce of God, which was backed by the Roman Catholic Church. Against the wishes of Pope Leo IX, William married Matilda of Flanders in 1053 in the chapel at Eu, Normandy (Seine-Maritime). At the time, William was about 24 years old and Matilda was 22. William is said to have been a faithful and loving husband, and their marriage produced four sons and six daughters. In repentance for what was a consanguine marriage (they were distant cousins), William donated St-Stephen's church (l'Abbaye-aux-Hommes) and Matilda donated Sainte-Trinité church (Abbaye aux Dames). Feeling threatened by the increase in Norman power resulting from William's noble marriage, Henry I attempted to invade Normandy twice (1054 and 1057), without success. Already a charismatic leader, William attracted strong support within Normandy, including the loyalty of his half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain, who played significant roles in his life. Later, he benefited from the weakening of two competing power centers as a result of the deaths of Henry I and of Geoffrey II of Anjou, in 1060. In 1062 William invaded and took control of the county of Maine, which had been a fief of Anjou.[5] English succession Upon the death of the childless Edward the Confessor, the English throne was fiercely disputed by three claimants—William; Harold Godwinson, the powerful Earl of Wessex; and the Viking King Harald III of Norway, known as Harald Hardrada. William had a tenuous blood claim through his great aunt Emma (wife of Ethelred and mother of Edward). William also contended that Edward, who had spent much of his life in exile in Normandy during the Danish occupation of England, had promised him the throne when he visited Edward in London in 1052. Further, William claimed that Harold had pledged allegiance to him in 1064: William had rescued the shipwrecked Harold from the count of Ponthieu, and together they had defeated Conan II, Count of Brittany. On that occasion, William had knighted Harold; he had also, however, deceived Harold by having him swear loyalty to William himself over the concealed bones of a saint.[6] In January 1066, however, in accordance with Edward's last will and by vote of the Witenagemot, Harold Godwinson was crowned King by Archbishop Aldred. Norman Invasion See also Wikipedia on The Norman Conquest of England Meanwhile, William submitted his claim to the English throne to Pope Alexander II, who sent him a consecrated banner in support. Then, William organized a council of war at Lillebonne and in January openly began assembling an army in Normandy. Offering promises of English lands and titles, he amassed at Dives-sur-Mer a huge invasion fleet, supposedly of 696 ships. This carried an invasion force which included, in addition to troops from William's own territories of Normandy and Maine, large numbers of mercenaries, allies and volunteers from Britanny, north-eastern France and Flanders, together with smaller numbers from other parts of France and from the Norman colonies in southern Italy. In England, Harold assembled a large army on the south coast and a fleet of ships to guard the English Channel.[6] Fortuitously for William, his crossing was delayed by eight months of unfavourable winds. William managed to keep his army together during the wait, but Harold's was diminished by dwindling supplies and falling morale with the arrival of the harvest season, he disbanded his army on 8 September.[7] Harold also consolidated his ships in London, leaving the English Channel unguarded. Then came the news that the other contender for the throne, Harald III of Norway, allied with Tostig Godwinson, had landed ten miles from York. Harold again raised his army and after a four day forced march defeated Harald and Tostig on 25 September. On 12 September the wind direction turned and William's fleet sailed. A storm blew up and the fleet was forced to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and again wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet finally set sail, landing in England at Pevensey Bay (Sussex) on 28 September. Thence William moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built a prefabricated wooden castle for a base of operations. From there, he ravaged the hinterland and waited for Harold's return from the north.[7] William chose Hastings as it was at the end of a long peninsula flanked by impassable marshes. The battle was on the isthmus. William at once built a fort at Hastings to guard his rear against potential arrival of Harold's fleet from London. Having landed his army, William was less concerned about desertion and could have waited out the winter storms, raided the surrounding area for horses and started a campaign in the spring. Harold had been reconnoitering the south of England for some time and well appreciated the need to occupy this isthmus at once.[8] Battle of Hastings See also Wikipedia on The Battle of Hastings Harold, after defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, marched his army 241 mi (388 km) to meet the invading William in the south. On 13 October, William received news of Harold's march from London. At dawn the next day, William left the castle with his army and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill/Senlac ridge (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about seven miles from Hastings. The Battle of Hastings lasted all day. Although the numbers on each side were about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few if any archers.[9] Along the ridge's border, formed as a wall of shields, the English soldiers at first stood so effectively that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. William rallied his troops reportedly raising his helmet, as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, to quell rumors of his death. Meanwhile, many of the English had pursued the fleeing Normans on foot, allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly from the rear as his infantry pretended to retreat further.[10] Norman arrows also took their toll, progressively weakening the English wall of shields. At dusk, the English army made their last stand. A final Norman cavalry attack decided the battle irrevocably when it resulted in the death of Harold who, legend says, was killed by an arrow in the eye. Two of his brothers, Gyrth and Leofwine Godwinson, were killed as well. By nightfall, the Norman victory was complete and the remaining English soldiers fled in fear. Battles of the time rarely lasted more than two hours before the weaker side capitulated; that Hastings lasted nine hours indicates the determination of William and Harold. Battles also ended at sundown regardless of who was winning. Harold was killed shortly before sunset and, as he would have received fresh reinforcements before the battle recommenced in the morning, he was assured of victory had he survived William's final cavalry attack. March to London For two weeks, William waited for a formal surrender of the English throne, but the Witenagemot proclaimed the quite young Edgar Ætheling King instead, though without coronation. Thus, William's next target was London, approaching through the important territories of Kent, via Dover and Canterbury, inspiring fear in the English. However, at London, William's advance was beaten back at London Bridge, and he decided to march westward and to storm London from the northwest. After receiving continental reinforcements, William crossed the Thames at Wallingford, and there he forced the surrender of Archbishop Stigand (one of Edgar's lead supporters), in early December. William reached Berkhamsted a few days later where Ætheling relinquished the English crown personally and the exhausted Saxon noblemen of England surrendered definitively. Although William was acclaimed then as English King, he requested a coronation in London. As William I, he was formally crowned on Christmas day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, by Archbishop Aldred[6]. According to some sources, the ceremony was not a peaceful one. Alarmed by some noises coming from the Abbey, the Norman guards stationed outside that they set fire to the neighbouring houses. A Norman monk later wrote "As the fire spread rapidly, the people in the church were thrown into confusion and crowds of them rushed outside, some to fight the flames, others to take the chance to go looting." English resistance Although the south of England submitted quickly to Norman rule, resistance in the north continued for six more years until 1072. During the first two years, King William I suffered many revolts throughout England (Dover, western Mercia, Exeter) and Wales. Also, in 1068, Harold's illegitimate sons attempted an invasion of the south-western peninsula, but William defeated them. For William I, the worst crisis came from Northumbria, which had still not submitted to his realm. In 1068, with Edgar Ætheling, both Mercia and Northumbria revolted. William could suppress these, but Edgar fled to Scotland where Malcolm III of Scotland protected him. Furthermore, Malcolm married Edgar's sister Margaret, with much éclat, stressing the English balance of power against William. Under such circumstances, Northumbria rebelled, besieging York. Then, Edgar resorted also to the Danes, who disembarked with a large fleet at Northumbria, claiming the English crown for their King Sweyn II. Scotland joined the rebellion as well. The rebels easily captured York and its castle. However, William could contain them at Lincoln. After dealing with a new wave of revolts at western Mercia, Exeter, Dorset, and Somerset, William defeated his northern foes decisively at the River Aire, retrieving York, while the Danish army swore to depart. William then devastated Northumbria between the Humber and Tees rivers, with what was described as the Harrying of the North. This devastation included setting fire to the vegetation, houses and even tools to work the fields. He also burnt crops, killed livestock and sowed the fields and land with salt, to stunt growth. After this cruel treatment the land did not recover for more than 100 years. The region ended up absolutely deprived, losing its traditional autonomy towards England. However it may have stopped future rebellions, frightening the English into obedience. Then the Danish king disembarked in person, readying his army to restart the war, but William suppressed this threat with a payment of gold. In 1071, William defeated the last rebellion of the north through an improvised pontoon, subduing the Isle of Ely, where the Danes had gathered. In 1072, he invaded Scotland, defeating Malcolm, who had recently invaded the north of England. William and Malcolm agreed to a peace by signing the Treaty of Abernethy and Malcolm gave up his son Duncan as a hostage for the peace.[11] In 1074, Edgar Ætheling submitted definitively to William. In 1075, during William's absence, the Revolt of the Earls was confronted successfully by Odo. In 1080, William dispatched his half brothers Odo and Robert to storm Northumbria and Scotland, respectively. Eventually, the Pope protested that the Normans were mistreating the English people. Before quelling the rebellions, William had conciliated with the English church; however, he persecuted it ferociously afterwards. Events As would be habit for his descendants, William spent much of his time (11 years, since 1072) in Normandy, ruling the islands through his writs. Nominally still a vassal state, owing its entire loyalty to the French king, Normandy arose suddenly as a powerful region, alarming the other French dukes who reacted by persistently attacking the duchy. William became focused on conquering Brittany, and the French King Philip I admonished him. A treaty was concluded after his aborted invasion of Brittany in 1076, and William betrothed Constance to the Breton Duke Hoel's son, the future Alan IV of Brittany. The wedding occurred only in 1086, after Alan's accession to the throne, and Constance died childless a few years later. William's elder son Robert, enraged by a prank of his brothers William and Henry, who had doused him with filthy water, undertook what became a large scale rebellion against his father's rule. Only with King Philip's additional military support was William able to confront Robert, who was then based in Flanders. During the battle of 1079, William was unhorsed and wounded by Robert, who lowered his sword only after recognizing him. The embarrassed William returned to Rouen, abandoning the expedition. In 1080, Matilda reconciled both, and William restored Robert's inheritance. Odo caused trouble for William, too, and was imprisoned in 1082, losing his English estate and all his royal functions, but retaining his religious duties. In 1083, Matilda died, and William became more tyrannical over his realm. Reforms William initiated many major changes. He increased the function of the traditional English shires (autonomous administrative regions), which he brought under central control; he decreased the power of the earls by restricting them to one shire apiece. All administrative functions of his government remained fixed at specific English towns, except the court itself; they would progressively strengthen, and the English institutions became amongst the most sophisticated in Europe. In 1085, in order to ascertain the extent of his new dominions and to improve taxation, William commissioned all his counselors for the compilation of the Domesday Book, which was published in 1086. The book was a survey of England's productive capacity similar to a modern census. William also ordered many castles, keeps, and mottes, among them the Tower of London's foundation (the White Tower), to be built throughout England. These ensured effectively that the many rebellions by the English people or his own followers did not succeed. William I built the central White Tower in the Tower of London. His conquest also led to French (especially, but not only, the Norman French) replacing English as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years.[12][13] Furthermore, the original Anglo-Saxon culture of England became mingled with the Norman one; thus the Anglo-Norman culture came into being. The chapel in the White Tower was built in the Norman style by William, using Caen stone imported from France. William is said to have eliminated the native aristocracy in as little as four years. Systematically, he despoiled those English aristocrats who either opposed the Normans or who died without issue. Thus, most English estates and titles of nobility were handed to the Norman noblemen. Many English aristocrats fled to Flanders and Scotland; others may have been sold into slavery overseas. Some escaped to join the Byzantine Empire's Varangian Guard, and went on to fight the Normans in Sicily. By 1070, the indigenous nobility had ceased to be an integral part of the English landscape, and by 1086, it maintained control of just 8% of its original land-holdings.[14] However, to the new Norman noblemen, William handed the English parcels of land piecemeal, dispersing these widely, ensuring nobody would try conspiring against him without jeopardizing their own estates within the still unstable post-invasion England. Effectively, this strengthened William's political stand as a monarch. The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury says that the king also seized and depopulated many miles of land (36 parishes), turning it into the royal New Forest region to support his enthusiastic enjoyment of hunting.[15] Modern historians, however, have come to the conclusion that the New Forest depopulation was greatly exaggerated. Most of the lands of the New Forest are poor agricultural lands, and archaeological and geographic studies have shown that the New Forest was likely sparsely settled when it was turned into a royal forest.[16] Death, burial, and succession In 1087 in France, William burned Mantes (50 km west of Paris), besieging the town. However, he fell off his horse, suffering fatal abdominal injuries from the saddle pommel. On his deathbed, William divided his succession for his sons, sparking strife between them. Despite William's reluctance, his combative elder son Robert received the Duchy of Normandy, as Robert II. William Rufus (his third son) was next English king, as William II. William's youngest son Henry received 5,000 silver pounds, which would be earmarked to buy land. He also became King Henry I of England after William II died without issue. While on his deathbed, William pardoned many of his political adversaries, including Odo. William died at age 59 at the Convent of St Gervais in Rouen, capital city of Normandie, France, on 9 September 1087. William was buried in the Abbaye-aux-Hommes, which he had erected, in Caen, Normandy. It is said that Herluin, his step-father, loyally bore his body to his grave.[17] The original owner of the land on which the church was built claimed he had not been paid yet, demanding 60 shillings, which William's son Henry had to pay on the spot. In a most unregal postmortem, it was found that William's corpulent body would not fit in the stone sarcophagus as his body had bloated due to the warm weather and length of time that had passed since his death. A group of bishops applied pressure on the king's abdomen to force the body downward but the abdominal wall burst and putrefaction drenched the king's coffin "filling the church with a foul smell". William's grave is currently marked by a marble slab with a Latin inscription; the slab dates from the early 19th century. The grave was defiled twice, once during the French Wars of Religion, when his bones were scattered across the town of Caen, and again during the French Revolution. Following those events, only William's left femur, some skin particles and bone dust remain in the tomb. Legacy William's invasion was the last time that England was successfully conquered by a foreign power. Although there would be a number of other attempts over the centuries, the best that could be achieved would be excursions by foreign troops, such as the Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, but no actual conquests such as William's. There have however been occasions since that time when foreign rulers have succeeded to the English/British throne, notably the Dutch Stadtholder William III of Orange who in 1688, with his Dutch army, was invited by prominent English politicians to invade England with the intention of deposing the Catholic king James II (see Glorious Revolution) and George of Hanover b. 1660, who acceded by virtue of the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the succession. As Duke of Normandy and King of England he divided his realm among his sons, but the lands were reunited under his son Henry, and his descendants acquired other territories through marriage or conquest and, at their height, these possessions would be known as the Angevin Empire. They included many lands in France, such as Normandy and Aquitaine, but the question of jurisdiction over these territories would be the cause of much conflict and bitter rivalry between England and France, which took up much of the Middle Ages, including the Hundred Years War and, some might argue, continued as far as the Battle of Waterloo of 1815. An example of William's legacy even in modern times can be seen on the Bayeux Memorial, a monument erected by Britain in the Normandy town of Bayeux to those killed in the Battle of Normandy during World War II. A Latin inscription on the memorial reads NOS A GULIELMO VICTI VICTORIS PATRIAM LIBERAVIMUS – freely translated, this reads "We, once conquered by William, have now set free the Conqueror's native land".[18] Physical appearance No authentic portrait of William has been found. Nonetheless, he was depicted as a man of fair stature with remarkably strong arms, "with which he could shoot a bow at full gallop". William showed a magnificent appearance, possessing a fierce countenance. He enjoyed excellent health until old age; nevertheless his noticeable corpulence in later life increased eventually so much that French King Philip I commented that William looked like a pregnant woman.[19] Examination of his femur, the only bone to survive when the rest of his remains were destroyed, showed he was approximately 5' 10" tall which was around two inches taller than the average for the 11th century.[20] Fictional depictions William I has appeared as a character in only a few stage and screen productions. The one-act play A Choice of Kings by John Mortimer deals with his deception of Harold after the latter's shipwreck. Julian Glover portrayed him in a 1966 TV adaptation of this play in the ITV Play of the Week series. William has also been portrayed on screen by Thayer Roberts in the film Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955), John Carson in the BBC TV series Hereward the Wake (1965), Alan Dobie in the two-part BBC TV play Conquest (1966; part of the series Theatre 625), and Michael Gambon in the TV drama Blood Royal: William the Conqueror (1990). On a less serious note, he has been portrayed by David Lodge in an episode of the TV comedy series Carry On Laughing entitled "One in the Eye for Harold" (1975), James Fleet in the humorous BBC show The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999), and Gavin Abbott in an episode "1066" (2004). Notes 1. ^ The official web site of the British Monarchy puts his birth at "around 1028", which may reasonably be taken as definitive. The frequently encountered date of 14 October 1024 is likely to be spurious. It was promulgated by Thomas Roscoe in his 1846 biography The life of William the Conqueror. The year 1024 is apparently calculated from the fictive deathbed confession of William recounted by Ordericus Vitalis (who was about twelve when the Conqueror died); in it William allegedly claimed to be about sixty-three or four years of age at his death bed in 1087. The birth day and month are suspiciously the same as those of the Battle of Hastings. This date claim, repeated by other Victorian historians (e.g. Jacob Abbott), has been entered unsourced into the LDS genealogical database, and has found its way thence into countless personal genealogies. Cf. The Conqueror and His Companions by J.R. Planché, Somerset Herald. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1874. References 1. ^ a b c Bates, David (2001). William the Conqueror. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 33. ISBN 0-7524-1980-3. 2. ^ Dr. Mike Ibeji (2001-05-01). "1066". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_01.shtml . Retrieved 2007-07-16. 3. ^ Powell, John, Magill's Guide to Military History, Salem Press, Inc., 2001, p. 226. ISBN 0893560197. 4. ^ Official Website of the British Monarchy. William I 'The Conqueror' (r. 1066–1087. Kings and Queens of England (to 1603). Retrieved on: 12 October 2008. 5. ^ David Carpenter, The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066-1284 (2003). 6. ^ a b c Clark, George (1978) [1971]. "The Norman Conquest". English History: A Survey. Oxford University Press/Book Club Associates. ISBN 0198223390. 7. ^ a b Carpenter, p. 72. 8. ^ N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, Vol 1: 660-1649, pp. 32–35. 9. ^ Carpenter, p. 73. 10. ^ Ibid. 11. ^ J.D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (1964), page 45. 12. ^ While English emerged as a popular vernacular and literary language within one hundred years of the Conquest, it was only in 1362 that King Edward III abolished the use of French in Parliament 13. ^ Alexander Herman Schutz and Urban Tigner Holmes, A History of the French Language, Biblo and Tannen Publishers, 1938. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0819601918. 14. ^ Douglas, David Charles. English Historical Documents, Routledge, 1996, p. 22. ISBN 0415143675. 15. ^ Based on William of Malmesbury's Historia Anglorum. He was of just stature, ordinary corpulence, fierce countenance; his forehead was bare of hair; of such great strength of arm that it was often a matter of surprise, that no one was able to draw his bow, which himself could bend when his horse was in full gallop; he was majestic whether sitting or standing, although the protuberance of his belly deformed his royal person; of excellent health so that he was never confined with any dangerous disorder, except at the last; so given to the pleasures of the chase, that as I have before said, ejecting the inhabitants, he let a space of many miles grow desolate that, when at liberty from other avocations, he might there pursue his pleasures. See English Monarch: The House of Normandy. 16. ^ Young, Charles R. (1979). The Royal Forests of Medieval England. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-8122-7760-0. 17. ^ Freeman, Edward A., William the Conqueror (1902), p. 276-277 18. ^ [1], retrieved 10 October 2008. 19. ^ Spartacus Schoolnet, retrieved 17 July 2007. 20. ^ The Year of the Conqueror by Alan Lloyd 21. ^ The Conqueror and His Companions (J.R Planche 1874) 22. ^ William "the Conqueror" (Guillaume "le Conquérant"). Further reading * Douglas, David C. (1999) William the Conqueror; the Norman impact upon England, Yale English monarchs series, London : Yale University Press, 476 p., ISBN 0-300-07884-6 * Howarth, David (1977) 1066 The Year of the Conquest, London : Collins, 207 p., ISBN 0-00-211845-9 * Prescott, Hilda F.M. (1932) Son of Dust, reprinted 1978: London : White Lion, 288 p. ISBN 0-85617-239-1 * Savage, Anne (transl. and coll.) (2002) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, London : Greenwich Editions, 288 p., ISBN 0-86288-440-3 * Wensby-Scott, Carol. (1984) Proud Conquest, London : Futura Publications, 240 p., IBSN 0-7088-2620-2 English Monarchs	i don't know
In ecology, which Q is a rectangular frame laid on the ground to define an area for study?	How to carry out ecological sampling page 1. The estimation can be improved by dividing the quadrat into a grid of 100 squares each representing 1% cover. This can either be done mentally by imagining 10 longitudinal and 10 horizontal lines of equal size superimposed on the quadrat, or physically by actually dividing the quadrat by means of string or wire attached to the frame at standard intervals. This is only practical if the vegetation in the area to be sampled is very short, otherwise the string/wire will impede the laying down of the quadrat over the vegetation. Quadrats are most often used for sampling, but are not the only type of sampling units. It depends what you are sampling. If you are sampling aquatic microorganisms or studying water chemistry, then you will most likely collect water samples in standard sized bottles or containers. If you are looking at parasites on fish, then an individual fish will most likely be your sampling unit. Similarly, studies of leaf miners would probably involve collecting individual leaves as sampling units. In these last two cases, the sampling units will not be of standard size. This problem can be overcome by using a weighted mean, which takes into account different sizes of sampling unit, to arrive at the mean number of organisms per sampling unit. There are three main ways of taking samples. 1. RANDOM SAMPLING Random sampling is usually carried out when the area under study is fairly uniform, very large, and or there is limited time available. When using random sampling techniques, large numbers of samples/records are taken from different positions within the habitat. A quadrat frame is most often used for this type of sampling. The frame is placed on the ground (or on whatever is being investigated) and the animals, and/ or plants inside it counted, measured, or collected, depending on what the survey is for. This is done many times at different points within the habitat to give a large number of different samples. In the simplest form of random sampling, the quadrat is thrown to fall at random within the site. However, this is usually unsatisfactory because a personal element inevitably enters into the throwing and it is not truly random. True randomness is an important element in ecology, because statistics are widely used to process the results of sampling. Many of the common statistical techniques used are only valid on data that is truly randomly collected. This technique is also only possible if quadrats of small size are being used. It would be impossible to throw anything larger than a 1m2 quadrat and even this might pose problems. Within habitats such as woodlands or scrub areas, it is also often not possible to physically lay quadrat frames down, because tree trunks and shrubs get in the way. In this case, an area the same size as the quadrat has to be measured out instead and the corners marked to indicate the quadrat area to be sampled. A better method of random sampling is to map the area and then to lay a numbered grid over the map. A (computer generated) random number table is then used to select which squares to sample in. ( Random number Table ). For example, if we have mapped our habitat , and have then laid a numbered grid over it as shown (Figure - below) , we could then choose which squares we should sample in by using the random number table . A numbered grid map of an area to be sampled If we look at the top of the first column in the random number table , our first number is 20. Moving downwards, the next two numbers in the random number table would be 74 and 94, but our highest numbered square on our grid is only 29 (Figure above). We would therefore ignore 74 and 94 and move on to the next number which is 22. We would then sample in Square 22. Continuing down the figures in this column, we would soon come across the number 20 again. As we have already selected this grid for sampling we would similarly ignore this number and continue on to the next. We would continue in this fashion until we had obtained enough samples to be representative of the habitat. There are other methods for selecting numbers from a random number table, but this is the simplest. In some habitats it may be difficult to set up numbered grids (e.g. in woodland) and in these a random walk may be used. In this method, each sample point is located by taking a random number between 0 and 360, to give a compass bearing, followed by another random number which indicates the number of paces which should be taken in that direction.	Quadrat
What is the extramarital dating website whose subscription list was hacked in July 2015?	07.06.12: Quadratic Equations in Word Problems Students Can Relate To Have a suggestion to improve this page? To leave a general comment about our Web site, please click here Share this page with your network. Quadratic Equations in Word Problems Students Can Relate To byNancy Rudolph Objectives Does your math textbook provide enough word problems for students to feel confident about the subject matter? Can students relate to the problems in the text, or are they mostly artificial and contrived? In this unit, I have compiled a collection of word problems about quadratic equations. I hope they will have more appeal to today's teenagers than standard textbook collections. Also, they are organized in a way that is different from any math textbook I have seen. The premise is that by categorizing a large number of word problems and arranging them in increasing order of difficulty while only changing one aspect of the problem at a time, students will gain a better understanding of the subject matter. As students progress through the categories of word problems, their quadratic-solving skills should improve and they should gain a better understanding of how each small change affects the solution and/or the choice of solution method. These principles were suggested to me during my Yale Teacher Institute National Seminar on word problems, led by Dr. Roger Howe. I teach at a comprehensive vocational-technical high school where students spend up to one-half of each day in their chosen career area and the remainder of their day in academic classes. The school is a "choice" public school and our students are held to the same academic standards as all public school students in the state. Our math classes are generally grouped heterogeneously and we find a wide range of abilities. In recent years I have taught primarily tenth grade students in either Level 2 or Level 3 of our integrated math program. Students choose our school for a variety of reasons. Some are focused on what they want to do when they finish high school and use the vo-tech school to get a head start; some have been moderately successful students and are looking for a route to success other than a four-year college, and some are avoiding their "feeder" school. All students ask the question, "Why do I need to learn this?" Teaching at a vocational school offers opportunities in mathematics to find relevant problem situations. I have assembled word problems related to as many career areas as I could. However, the problems are intended to be relevant for high school students in general. For the past 10 years (of the 13 years that I've been teaching math) I have made it a personal mission to improve students' understanding of the idea that doubling both dimensions of a figure QUADRUPLES (not doubles) its area. I have used models, had them draw pictures, do the calculations, etc. to find the relationship between scale factors and area and volume. I do think I have made progress; that is, I believe most of my students understand why doubling two dimensions, in fact, quadruples the area of a figure. However, they don't "own" that concept; their automatic answer, especially on a multiple-choice-type test, would still be that the area doubles if the dimensions are doubled. To further my mission, I chose to focus this unit on quadratic word problems as yet another approach to help students internalize the scale factor relationship between changes in dimensions and changes in perimeter, area and volume. This unit begins after students have studied the skills needed to solve quadratic equations. They should be able to find x-intercepts by factoring, using the Quadratic Formula, or examining a graph or table on a graphing calculator. They should also be familiar with finding the coordinates of the vertex of a quadratic function. While quadratic functions apply to many problem territories, including projectile motion, geometry, economics, rates, and number patterns, I chose to begin this unit with projectile motion. I selected problems that relate to sports whenever possible because most teenagers can relate to sports, either as a participant or an observer, and because the parabolic path of objects in flight as a function of time is visually represented by the graph of the quadratic function. Once students complete the projectile motion problem suite, I switch them to the geometry problem suite where they will gain much-needed practice in setting up area and volume equations based on information given in word problems. By breaking the problems into different categories, I hope that my students will gain confidence in approaching word problems, interpreting the information that's there, and write and solve equations to answer the questions posed. Finally, when they have mastered the art of writing area and volume equations, and they are adept at solving them, I can continue on my personal mission by having students study the effects of dilations (increasing or decreasing dimensions by some multiple) on perimeter, area, and volume. According to Magdalene Lampert, in her book Teaching Problems and the Problems of Teaching, students will see the big ideas if they are given the opportunity to analyze them in multiple situations. Then, if they can abstract a mathematical idea from those situations they should be able to apply it to new situations (Lampert (2001), p.255). By the end of this unit, students will have worked with quadratic functions in multiple situations, and should, one can hope, be successful when asked to apply their knowledge in the future. Analysis There is background knowledge required for students to work on the problem suites in this unit. Assuming they recognize the general form of a quadratic function as ax 2 + bx + c, students must, at the lowest level, be able to solve equations by using tables and/or graphs on a graphing calculator. At a higher level, students should be able to solve quadratic functions by algebraic methods including square roots, factoring, completing the square or using the Quadratic Formula. Students should also be able to find the vertex (coordinates of the maximum or minimum point) by using a graphing calculator or algebraically from any form of the quadratic function. We spent considerable time in our seminar categorizing problems in a problem suite according to similarities and differences. The first order of business is to define a problem territory. My problem territory is Quadratic Functions, which I am breaking down into two subgroups, namely Projectile Motion and Geometry. The second order of business is to designate the dimensions that I use for grouping and categorizing the problem suites that I assembled. In this section, I will describe the dimensions in detail using examples. Many more word problems can be found in Appendix B, broken down according to the dimensions I describe. Problem Suite A: Projectile Motion The projectile motion problems in my problem suite come from the equation (which is derived from the laws of physics) h(t) = h 0 + v 0 t + ½at 2 where h(t) describes the vertical height of an object with respect to time, t (seconds), and h 0= initial height v 0= initial upward velocity a = acceleration due to gravity (a = -32 ft/s or -9.8 m/s). Dimension 1A: Write the equation The problem suite begins with students practicing writing projectile motion equations. I would expect students to extract the initial height and initial upward velocity from the information given in the word problem and substitute these values for h 0 and v 0 , respectively, in the equation given above. They also need to select the appropriate value for a, depending on the units (feet or meters) used in the problem. Dimension 2A: Evaluate the equation The simplest question to ask students is to find the height of an object at a given time. In this case, the student simply substitutes the time (in seconds) in place of t in the equation. By doing the arithmetic (square the number of seconds and multiply by the a value times ½, then add the product of bt, and then add the value of c), the student is evaluating the equation to find the height. Dimension 3A: h 0 = 0; find the time it takes an object to return to the ground If a projectile is launched from the ground, the initial height is zero, or, in terms of the quadratic function ax 2 + bx + c, c = 0. For example, consider a soccer ball goal kick that a defender kicks from the 6-yard line at an initial upward velocity of 52 ft/s. Since the velocity is given in ft/s, the acceleration in this problem will be -32 ft/s, leading to the equation, h(t) = -16t 2 + 52t. An equation in this form will always be factorable by factoring out the variable, t, giving h(t) = t(-16t + 52). This equation can be factored further by factoring out a common factor of -4, giving h(t) = -4t(4t - 13). A quadratic equation in this form can be solved for x-intercepts ("zeroes") or coordinates of the vertex, as described below. The Quadratic Formula will yield the same result, but the factored format leads to solutions quickly, as demonstrated in this section and the next. To find the time it takes for the ball to return to the ground, first students must set the function equal to zero because the height of the ball on the ground is zero. Next, they need to find the x-intercepts, also known as the roots or the zeroes of the equation. Mathematically, when they find the roots of an equation where h 0 = 0, they will find two of them. One of the roots in this case will always be zero because the object is on the ground at the start. So, it's the other root that answers the question of when the object returns to the ground. Continuing with the example started above, solving the equation -4t(4t - 13) = 0 can be done by setting each of the two factors equal to zero. So, -4t = 0 when t = 0 and 4t - 13 = 0 when t = 13/4. Therefore, the soccer ball will return to the ground after 13/4 = 3.25 seconds in the air. Again, the Quadratic Formula will work to find the "zeroes." And, it's always a good idea to confirm the answers by checking them against a table or graph on the graphing calculator. Dimension 4A: Find the time it takes an object to reach its maximum height Here, students must recognize that this question is asking for the x-value (time) that would give the maximum y-value. In other words, they are looking for the x-coordinate of the vertex. Since we can rewrite quadratic functions in vertex form by "completing the square," we know that every quadratic function is a parabola with a vertical line of symmetry that passes through the vertex. Because of that symmetry, two points on the parabola having the same y-value (as in the "zeros") must be reflections of each other across the line of symmetry. Therefore, the line of symmetry must be halfway between them. There are several ways for students to find the coordinates of the vertex point, but I will continue with the soccer example that is already in factored form. We found that the x-intercepts are 0 and 3.25 seconds. To find the line of symmetry, we find the average of 0 and 3.25, which is 1.625. Since the vertex is the only point on the parabola with the maximum y-value, it must be on the line of symmetry. So for this example, the time it takes the soccer ball to reach its maximum height will be 1.625 seconds. Dimension 5A: Find the maximum height reached by an object Once you know the time it takes an object to reach its maximum height, what you really know is the x-coordinate of the vertex. So, to find the maximum height, simply evaluate the quadratic function for that x-value. For some reason, my students often forget that they know how to "plug" a number (x-value) into an equation to find its corresponding y-value. Perhaps, now that I included Dimension 2A (evaluating) in this problem suite, my students will be more successful at remembering to use the x-value of the line of symmetry to find the corresponding (maximum) y-value of a function. To complete the soccer example, the maximum height of the soccer ball can be found by evaluating h(1.625) = -4(1.625)(4-1.625 - 13) = 42.25. Therefore, the maximum height reached by the soccer ball is 42.25 feet. Again, we should verify our answers for the two coordinates of the vertex by finding them on the graphing calculator. Often, one problem will ask students to find all of the things I separated into different dimensions: the time it takes an object to return to the ground, the time it takes to reach a maximum height, and what that maximum height is. I am choosing to keep the questions separated so that students must consider what they need to find, rather than just going through a process of finding "everything." Dimension 6A: h 0 ¹ 0; find the max, find the time to reach max or ground When the initial height of the object is not zero, the quadratic function in the form ax 2 + bx + c will contain all three terms with c = h 0 . Students will be asked to answer the same three questions previously discussed. The difference will probably be in the solution method. Most likely, the quadratic function cannot be factored easily and students will use the Quadratic Formula to find the x-intercepts. When h 0> 0, one of the x-intercepts will be negative. I would hold a discussion to be sure students understand why a negative time for the ball to be on the ground does not apply to these situations. Looking at a graph of the function on the calculator and seeing that the y-intercept is equal to h 0 (i.e. the graph shows the ball starting above the ground represented by the x-axis on the graph) should help them see that the graph to the left of the y-axis is excluded in this situation and the positive x-intercept represents when the ball hits the ground. This time shows up clearly on the graph, as well. I will use another soccer example to demonstrate two other algebraic methods for finding the coordinates of the vertex. Suppose a player bumps the ball with her head. If she is standing so that her head is 5 feet above the ground when she bumps it and the ball goes straight up with an initial velocity of 12 ft/s, then the equation would be h(t) = -16t 2 + 12t + 5. The first method for finding the coordinates of the vertex is "completing the square." The steps in the process would be: So, the original equation in the form ax 2 + bx + c has been transformed into the vertex form (x + h) 2 + k where ( -h , k ) represents the coordinates of the vertex. By transforming the original equation, we can see that the vertex point (in a more simplified form) is . Returning to the example, the soccer ball reaches its maximum height of 29/4 = 7.25 feet in 3/8= 0.375 seconds. The second method for finding the coordinates of the vertex uses the Quadratic Formula. Once again, using the fact that the vertex of the parabola lies on the line of symmetry, we can find the line of symmetry from the first part of the Quadratic Formula, namely, x = (-b/2a)x. For the same soccer example, the line of symmetry occurs at x=-12 / -32 = 3/8 = 0.375 seconds. Then evaluating the equation h(0.375) = -16(0.375) 2 + 12(0.375) + 5 = 7.25 feet agrees (fortunately) with the result we got above. Dimension 7A: Find the time(s) to reach specified height, h(t)¹ 0 If students are solving these equations using tables and graphs on a calculator, this dimension is a non-issue. They are just looking for the x-value(s) that corresponds to a different number in the y-column of the table, or a specific y-value on the graph. This dimension does add complexity to solving quadratic functions algebraically because the quadratic expression is set equal to a number other than zero, as in ax 2+bx+c = h. However, all algebraic solution methods that we teach are based on finding the x-value(s) that make y = 0. So, students must manipulate the equation to make something equal to zero. The manipulation involves subtracting the specified height, h, from both sides of the equation. Only the c-value is changed on the left-hand side, and the resulting equation ax 2+bx+c' = 0 (c' = c - h) is still quadratic, but now the quadratic expression is set to zero. In this form we can solve it by factoring or using the Quadratic Formula to find the roots. Example: Suppose a baseball is thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 19 m/s from a height of 2 m above the ground. When is the ball 15 m above the ground? The equation to solve is -4.9t 2 + 19t + 2 = 15. To begin, subtract 15 from both sides of the equation giving -4.9t 2 + 19t - 13 = 0. Next, I would apply the Quadratic Formula giving x = 0.89 seconds and x = 3.0 seconds. There should be two times that a ball is at the same height-once on the way up, and once on the way down. Of course, we should confirm these times by checking a graph, table, or substituting the results into the original equation. Dimension 8A: Find the initial upward velocity For more practice with algebraic manipulations, as well as solidifying the projectile motion ideas, problems in this dimension give information about a certain point on the graph (time, height) and ask for the initial upward velocity. For example: If a softball player hit the ball from a height of 1.2 m above the ground and it hit the ground after 2.75 sec, what was the initial upward velocity of the ball when it was hit? This problem does not provide a lot of information outright, but we know the force of gravity, and we know that the height of the ball when it hits the ground in 2.75 sec is zero. With this added knowledge, we can write the equation 0 = ½(-9.8)(2.75) 2 + v 0(2.75) + 1.2 and solve algebraically for v 0 = 13 m/s. Another way to ask for v 0 would be to give the time and height of the maximum and ask for the initial upward velocity. For the same softball situation, the problem would be: If a softball player hit the ball and it reached its maximum height of 9.8 m in 1.33 sec, what was the initial upward velocity of the ball when it was hit? Substituting the vertex (k,h) into the quadratic y = a(x - k) 2 + h, we get y = -4.9(x - 1.33) 2 + 9.8, which can be written in expanded form as y = -4.9x 2 + 13x + 1.1. From this we see that v 0 = 13 m/s which agrees with our answer above! Dimension 9A: Find the initial height Similar to Dimension 8A, we can give students enough information to solve for the initial height of an object. They would need to take the information given, add some implied information (i.e. gravity, using the correct units) and substitute into some form of the projectile motion quadratic equation. Solving for h 0 then requires applying algebraic skills. Dimension 10A: Interpret the result/compare result to information given So far, all of the problems in the suite have asked students to find the value of one of the variables in the word problem. In this group, students must figure out what variable they are looking for and then use the result to answer a question. For example: A woodland jumping mouse hops along a parabolic path given by y = -0.2x 2 + 1.3x where x is the mouse's horizontal position and y is the corresponding height, both in feet. Can the mouse jump over a fence that is 2 ft high? The answer is yes. But to find the answer, students must find the maximum height the mouse can jump. Although this problem brings in horizontal distance as the x-variable, rather than time, the question still requires finding the y-value (height) of the vertex point by any method they choose. The maximum height the mouse jumps occurs at a horizontal distance of 3.25 ft and is 2.11 feet. Since the maximum height is greater than the fence height, yes, the mouse can jump over it. Dimension 11A: Including the x and y components of velocity If I have a very advanced group of students, or ones that solve all problems in the problem suite described so far, I would challenge them with problems that require using trigonometry to determine both the vertical and horizontal components of the initial velocity. These problems are typical of what they will see in Physics. In our curriculum they have already studied trigonometric relationships, so these problems are within their grasp. I think the greater challenge will come from the multiple steps required to answer these questions. I am including some of these problems in the Appendix, but will not include any examples here. Problem Suite B: Geometry Within the Geometry problem suite, students will encounter many of the same dimensions that I discussed within the Projectile Motion problem suite. They will encounter problems where c = 0 and c ¹ 0. They will find problems where they must manipulate the equation to equal zero (as described in Dimension 7A above) before applying one of the algebraic solution methods. They will be asked to find the dimensions that yield the maximum area or volume and/or what the maximum area or volume is. In some problems they will need to interpret their answer in order to answer the question. Since students already worked with these dimensions as they related to projectile motion, I am assuming they are fairly adept at solving them, and I will not repeat them here. Instead, the dimensions I will describe are concerned with how to set up the quadratic equations that need to be solved. For each of the Geometry problems, I would strongly recommend drawing a picture to visualize the problem and labeling the dimensions given. At first students may need help labeling the dimensions in terms of only one unknown, so that they have only one variable in the equation. They will also need to know, or have available to them, basic area, surface area and volume formulas for different shapes and figures. Dimension 1B: Find the maximum area, given the perimeter Beginning with rectangular areas, there is a category of problems that provide a perimeter and ask students to find the maximum area that can be enclosed. For example, if you have a 500-foot roll of fencing and a large field, and you want to construct a rectangular playground, what is the largest possible area, and what are its dimensions? I would first insist that my students draw a rectangle to represent the playground area. Next, they need to label the dimensions. The names "l" and "w" work, but that means there are two variables to solve for. The 500 ft is the perimeter and can be used to relate the length and width of the playground. In other words, 2l + 2w = 500. Solving for l (it could be w instead) and simplifying, l = 250 - w. Now, using the area formula for a rectangle, we can write A = lw = (250 - w)w, which is a quadratic function of w. Since we are looking for the maximum, we can leave it in this factored form to find the roots, w = 0 and w = 250. The maximum will occur halfway between the roots, on the line of symmetry at w = 125. So, the width of the playground area should be 125 ft, and, substituting, the length should be 250-125 = 125 ft, and its maximum area would be 125 2 = 15,625 ft 2. After doing several problems of this type, I would hope that some students recognize that the maximum area for a given perimeter occurs when the rectangle is a square. I would review that observation during a short class discussion. It is an observation that many of my students remember from previous math classes, but it never hurts to reinforce things when they reach the same conclusion from another direction. There are further subcategories for finding the maximum area, given the perimeter. Students may be asked to find the maximum area of a rectangular area when one side uses a physical boundary and the perimeter refers to only three sides of the rectangle. Altering the playground problem above, if one side of the playground is bordered by a school building, what would be the maximum area, and what are its dimensions? In this case, 500 = l + 2w (or 2l + w), so l = 500 - 2w. The quadratic function for area would be A = (500 - 2w) w. The zeroes would be w = 0 and w = 250, and the maximum would occur at w = 125. The dimensions do change, however. While the width of the maximum area is still 125 ft, the length would be l =500 - 2(125) =250 ft and the maximum area for the playground would be (250)(125) = 31,250 ft 2 (twice as large as the previous example!). Another subcategory occurs when the perimeter must enclose 2 or more areas that need to be maximized. Continuing with the playground example, if the 500 ft of fencing must enclose two separate playgrounds for different age groups and both must enclose the same area, the picture would look like this: Then P = 2l + 3w = 500 and l = 250 ñ (3/2)w. Area = (250 ñ (3/2)w)w. The zeroes are w = 0 and w= 500/3, so the maximum area will occur when w = 250/3. The maximum area for both playgrounds together would be approximately 10,417 ft 2 with dimensions of 125 ft by 250/3 ft. The area for each playground would be approximately 5,208 ft 2 with dimensions of 62.5 ft by 250/3 ft. The final subcategory is to vary the shape of the area enclosed by a given perimeter. In other words, students may need to use the area formula for shapes other than rectangles, depending on the information given in the word problem. Dimension 2B: Find the dimensions, given the area and perimeter In my search through textbooks and Internet sites, I found many word problems that state the perimeter and required area for a region, and students are asked to find the dimensions that satisfy both. An example of this type would be: A student environmental group wants to build a rectangular ecology garden. The area of the garden should be 800 ft 2 to accommodate all the species of plants the group wants to grow. A construction company has donated 120 ft of fencing to enclose the garden. What should the dimensions of the garden be? In this case, P = 2l + 2w = 120, or w = 60 - l. Then A = l(60 - l) = 800. To solve, I would distribute the l, subtract 800 and rearrange the order to get -l 2 +60l - 800 = 0. There are two solutions, l = 20 and l = 40. In this example, both solutions work (the garden doesn't know which is length and which is width), and both solutions yield the same dimensions. The garden should be 20 ft by 40 ft. Dimension 3B: Borders Another category of area problems that results in quadratic functions involves borders. In each problem, the border will be a uniform width, x, surrounding the inner region. This dimension can be broken down into four subdivisions, two of which have a very subtle difference. Sometimes, the word problem presents the specific dimensions (as in length and width of a rectangle) of the inner area (we can calculate the area from the dimensions) and the area of the entire region after the border area has been added. Other times, we are given the specific dimensions of the outer area, and the area of the inner region. For rectangular examples of these two types, we either add 2x (x in each direction) to each of the inner dimensions, or subtract 2x from each of the outer dimensions (again, x in each direction). Example: An elementary teacher wants to paint a 4-square court in the center of a 20 ft by 30 ft fenced area. If the teacher wants a walkway of uniform width around the court that leaves a court area of 336 ft 2, how wide is the walkway? The outer (original) area is 20 x 30 = 600 ft 2 and the inner area is 336 ft 2. Since the walkway must be the same width on all four sides of the rectangle, the inner width can be represented by 20 - 2x, and the inner length can be represented by 30 - 2x. Then the inner area will be (20 - 2x)(30 - 2x) = 336. Expanding, subtracting 336, and simplifying gives us 4x 2 - 100x + 264 = 0. The two solutions are x = 3 and x = 22. Since the walkway cannot be wider than the width, x = 22 is impossible, and the walkway must be 3 ft wide. (Check: 14x24 = 336 ft 2) The third subdivision is very similar to the first two, except that the area of the border is given. Problems of this type require adding the border area to the inner area or subtracting the border area from the outer area when writing the representative area equation. The fourth subdivision would be for shapes that are not rectangular. The formulas would differ, but they are solved in the same manner. Dimension 4B: Volume The most common variety of volume problems that result in quadratic functions are those that begin with a rectangular piece of cardboard/metal. If a square is cut from each of the four corners and the sides folded up, it forms a box/tray without a lid. In some of the problems, students are given the side length of the squares cut out, while in other problems they are given the dimensions of the original material and must find the size of the square cutout. Example: A square piece of cardboard was used to construct a tray by cutting 2-inch squares out of each corner and turning up the flaps. Find the size of the original cardboard if the resulting tray has a volume of 128 in 3. Since the original cardboard is a square of length x, the length of each side of the base of the tray after cutting out the squares can be expressed as x - 4 (2 in from each end). Then the volume formula for a "box" gives V = lwh = 2(x - 4) 2 = 128. After expanding, distributing, subtracting 128 and simplifying, we get 2x 2 - 16x - 96 = 0. The two solutions are x = 12 and x = -4. Since a length cannot be a negative number, the original length of each side of the cardboard was 12 inches. (Check: 2x8x8 = 128 in 3) Dimension 5B: Pythagorean Theorem I must admit that the nearly all of quadratic problems that I found that required the Pythagorean Theorem are contrived problems. However, I include them in this unit because they are good reinforcement for quadratic functions, algebraic manipulations and Pythagorean Theorem. Example: A nature conservancy group decides to construct a raised wooden walkway through a wetland area. To enclose the most interesting part of the wetlands, the walkway will have the shape of a right triangle with one leg 700 yd longer than the other and the hypotenuse 100 yd longer than the longer leg. Find the total length of the walkway. This problem is asking students to find the perimeter of the triangle. We start by expressing the lengths of each side in terms of the length of the shortest leg, x. Then the longer leg has length x +700, and the hypotenuse has length x + 800. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem, we get x 2 + (x + 700) 2 = (x + 800) 2. After expanding, rearranging, simplifying, etc., we have the equation x 2 - 200x - 150,000 = 0 to solve. The solutions are x = 500 and x = -300. Again, since length cannot be a negative number, the length of the legs are 500 yd and 1200 yd, and the length of the hypotenuse is 1300 yd. The length of the walkway is then 500 + 1200 + 1300 = 3000 yd. (Check: 500 2 + 1200 2 = 1300 2) Dimension 6B: Surface Area I only found a few problems involving surface area, but they were different enough to include in this unit for a change of pace. The problems can be found in the Appendix but can be omitted because of time constraints, if necessary. Dimension 8B: Dilations Dilations form their own problem suite. I use area problems, described in the dimensions above, as a basis. I ask students to double or triple the area, make a prediction about the new dimensions of the figure. Then they calculate the new dimensions, and finally, compare their prediction to their calculated dimensions. Or, I ask students to double (for example) the dimensions of a figure, predict the new area, calculate the new area and compare the two. As students compare their predictions to their calculations, I expect them to reason why their predictions were correct or incorrect. Their reasoning will be a source of classroom discussion to help students internalize the effects of scale factors on area, perimeter and volume, my personal mission! Example: A plumbing contractor realized he needed more storage space for his supplies. If he wants to double the space that he has now, a 10 ft by 12 ft shed, by adding the same amount to both the length and width, what are the new dimensions of the shed? I would expect students to predict the new space to be 20 ft x 24 ft (even though they are ignoring the condition of adding the same amount to length and width). To calculate the new dimensions, let x be the number of feet added to each dimension. Then, (10 + x)(12 + x) = 2(10-12) = 240. After expanding and manipulating, the equation to solve is x 2 + 22x - 120 = 0, yielding x » 4.5 and x » -26.5. Since length cannot be negative, the amount to add to each dimension is 4.5 ft. Thus, the new storage area would be 14.5 ft by 16.5 ft giving an area of 239.25 ft 2, essentially double the original 120 ft 2, as desired. If each of the dimensions were doubled (as in the prediction above), the new area would be 480 ft 2; four (2 2) times the original area! Furthermore, the average ratio of new to old dimensions (14.5/10 & 16.5/12) is 1.41»√2, an observation that I will be sure to point out if my students don't see it themselves. Also, a follow-up discussion on similarity with respect to multiplying versus adding to alter dimensions might be appropriate. Strategies I always begin class with a Warm-Up activity. Sometimes it is general review to keep concepts fresh, and sometimes I use the activity to lead into a new lesson. I write the Warm-Up activity on the chalkboard. When students enter the classroom they are supposed to copy the questions, along with the date, into the proper section of their notebooks while I take attendance or deal with other issues. They should do their best to answer the questions themselves, but are allowed to consult with classmates in their groups, or nearby. I always review the Warm-Up questions, and I expect students to record the correct answers and reasoning in their notebooks. While I vary seating arrangements from traditional rows to semicircular rows to pairs to groups, I typically have students seated in groups of 3-4 in the classroom. I arrange the groups so that at least one person can usually help the others. For problem-solving lessons like these, I would assign roles for the group members. One person would read the word problem aloud, another would restate the information given that they will need to use in a formula. The third person would restate the question that they are trying to answer. If there is a fourth member of the group, I would assign him/her the role of Time Manager to keep everyone on task, moving forward, and at the same place at the same time. For groups of 3, one member has to do "double-duty." I would also rotate the roles, either problem to problem, or partway through the class period. Classroom Activities Lesson 1: Projectile Motion To lead into the Projectile Motion lesson, I would have students practice evaluating expressions for given values of the variables. In particular, I want students to recall that the product of any number of factors is zero if any one of the factors is zero. This is a key concept behind factoring quadratic functions that my students sometimes lose sight of. A possible Warm-Up activity might be: Evaluate 18ab(c + d)(e - f) when a = 1, b = 0, c = 4, d = -8, e = 100, f = 73 a = 4, b = -2, c = 0, d = 1, e = 7, f = 7 a = -3, b = 7, c = -6, d = 6, e = 2, f = 5 a = 2, b = 1, c = 2, d = 0, e = 3, f = 1 The discussion afterward would highlight the different ways that the same expression resulted in a product of zero. Before beginning the word problems, I would define the variables and describe the physics (height would increase linearly forever, except that gravity becomes a greater force over time because of t 2 to pull the object back down to earth) behind the projectile motion formula h(t) = h 0 + v 0t + ½ at 2. Next, I would demonstrate how to write the equation given the information in a problem. Students would then begin to work on the sports-related word problems in their assigned groups. Appendix B provides an assortment of problems, but I might give a more extensive list to students so that they can have some choice in which problems they do within each category. You can tweak the problems to fit the sports that most interest your own students; however, be cautious with your choice of parameters and units to ensure that they're realistic. As groups reach Dimension 7A (solve for a specific height), be sure to check that they manipulate the equations so they equal zero (as described earlier) before applying any algebraic solution method. I would also be prepared for a class discussion to emphasize the need to set the equation equal to zero if many groups don't recognize it themselves. Within 2 or 3 90-minute block periods, I would expect all students to complete, and be held accountable for, word problems from Dimension 1A through 9A. Because of the range of ability levels within most classrooms, I know not every group will work at the same pace, but there are additional problems available for those that are prepared to move on. Ideally, I would love for my serious athletes to apply the principles relating the horizontal and vertical components of velocity to their own sports to see how they might improve their game, but I think it will depend on time, interest and ability. Lesson 2: Geometry I expect this geometry lesson to last about 2 days on a 90-minute block schedule. I will review basic perimeter, area, surface area and volume formulas for a variety of 2- and 3-dimensional shapes in my Warm-Up activity for the quadratic geometry problem suite. Some of the questions are trivial, but some require multiple steps. Part I. Find the area and perimeter of a) square with side length 15 cm, b) rectangle with length = 40 in, width = 24 in, c) isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse = 3 m, d) equilateral triangle with side length = 8 in, e) circle with radius = 6 cm. Part II. Find the volume and surface area of f) cylinder with radius = 2 in and height = 10 in, g) box with length = 70 mm, width = 60 mm, height = 130 mm, h) box with square bottom with area = 81 ft 2, height = 20 ft. Part III. Given the perimeter of a rectangle = 18 cm and length = 4cm, find the width. Given the perimeter of a rectangle = 50 cm and width = x, find the length (in terms of x). From previous experience, I expect my students to have trouble writing the equations for the geometry word problems, especially using the perimeter to write dimensions in terms of just one variable. Therefore, before assigning the word problem set, I will do one or two examples with the full class. Again, students will work in their groups so they will have support as they practice writing and solving quadratic equations. Hopefully, students will make some observations as they work through the geometry problems. I will let their observations and difficulties lead to full-class discussions. Once all groups have completed the first five categories (the "faster" groups will get to surface area), I will have students find a partner (or triple) that is in the same career area. The assignment for the pairs is to write and solve a minimum of three word problems related to their career area. (Non-vocational students can create problems about anything of interest to them.) One problem should focus on perimeter, one on area, and the third on volume. To help them, I will talk about the baseboard molding of the classroom measuring the same as its perimeter (this would work for a student's bedroom, also). The tiles on the floor cover the area of the floor, and the air in the room, or cabinet space are measures of volume. By the way, I will save these student-generated problems as a source of future problems! I don't expect the students to create three quadratic problems, and that's OK; they need to recognize the difference between quadratic and linear equations. Lesson 3: Dilations One more day for geometry, but this one focuses on dilations. As a Warm-Up, and reinforcement, I would take a problem or two from the previous geometry problems and change the numbers. Continuing with the pairs from the same career area, I will hand out a set of problems related to an assortment of careers, and have students select 3-4 problems of their choice. Since I only wrote one or two problems per career area, they will have to do some unrelated ones, also. However, by doing multiple problems they should start to see the relationship between changes in dimensions (scale factor) and changes in area. I have some general instructions and tips for this problem suite. First, pay attention to units! Second, compare (by ratio) the original dimensions to the new ones; record the ratio (aka, scale factor). Third, compare (by ratio) the original and new area; record the ratio. Fourth, compare the ratio of areas to the scale factor. In each problem, students are asked to predict new dimensions or area and compare predictions to calculated answers. So, fifth, reason why predictions are right or wrong. After doing several problems, I hope students will be making correct predictions because they've learned that area increases/decreases by the square of the scale factor. That is, when the area is doubled, the dimensions only increase by a factor of √2» 1.4, but when the dimensions are doubled, the area increases by a factor of 2 2 = 4! The follow-up part of this lesson is for the pairs to write and solve another (quadratic this time) problem related to their career area and create a poster illustrating the problem. Next, I will have the partners split up and find new partners from a different career area. The new partners will each be an expert (good for self-esteem) and explain their problems to each other. Finally, everyone will solve his/her partner's problem. If time allows, I will also have pairs present the problems posed on the posters to the rest of the class. Again, I will keep the student-generated problems for future use since they know more about their career areas than I do. I can also use them to add to the problem set so future classes will have more choices. Resources These two books served as general background reading for teaching mathematics. They refer to elementary topics, but the ideas apply to any level. Lampert, M. (2001). Teaching Problems and the Problems of Teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.	i don't know
What is the term in India for one who drives and keeps a working elephant?	Elephant Anatomy - Elephant Nature Park Elephant Anatomy Elephant Senses: Sight Sight: Rather poor vision capable of seeing clearly only at very short distances up to about 10 metres. The sight of an elephant is quite poor and they can only see for short distances of up to 20 metres. In by-gone days elephant riders mounted on tame elephants were able to venture unnoticed into wild herds to select those suitable for training and subsequent sale.The eye is small in comparison with the head and there is only a vestigial tear gland. Elephants do not have a tear duct and ‘tears’ simply evaporate or run down the cheek. Sight improves when in jungle areas or shade.The poor eyesight is more than compensated by excellent hearing, sense of smell and tactile sense. Elephant Senses: Hearing Hearing: Excellent hearing superior to human standards. Large ears act as amplifiers and warn of possible dangers.Asian e lephant’s ear Hearing ability is amongst the best of all land creatures. The range of elephants hearing is much superior than that of human beings. They communicate in extremely low ranges and sounds can travel many kilometers. It is thought that this ability is mainly used when communicating between a female in heat looking for a suitable male companion. The sound made is beyond the range of the human year but is said to contribute to the “rumble in the jungle”The“knuckle” found at the back of the ear is amongst the softest parts of the body and is used by professional elephant riders (mahouts) to steer and direct the creature.The ear of the Asian (pictured left) and African elephant differ in shape. The Asian’s is said to resemble a map of India; the African’s a map of the African continent. Elephant Senses: Smell Smell: Highly developed sense of smell thought to be superior to that of any other land mammal.Elephants have an extremely developed sense of smell. The nostrils are, of course at the tip of the trunk. They use smell to differentiate between different herd members.One of the first things a calf smells is the dung of the mother. When dropped, shortly after the calf’s birth, it is associates her scent to her baby.Elephants can detect scents from long distances, up to several kilometres. Elephant Senses: Touch Touch: Acute deftness of balance achieved by high tactile sense. The trunk, an incredibly versatile organ, contributes greatly to this ability and is covered in a separate section on this page.Elephants love to touch each other. Explore friends with their trunk or slide sniff at their mate. They are an extremely sensitive creature. They also use touch for much more important activities. When they walk on untested ground they use the trunk to feel out the safe route. When they are assured of the ground’s firmness they place the front foot forward. The rear foot then goes exactly into the same footprint.Friends enjoy touching each other using the trunk as an arm. Elephant Senses: Taste Taste: Comparable to all higher animals and can easily distinguish between unsuitable, suitable and favoured fodder.Elephants love to eat so much that they spend 20 hours per day snacking and eating.They can consume some 200-300 kg of jungle foliage per day and drink up to 100 litres of water. They grow six sets of teeth during approximately 70 years of life. When the last row of teeth grinds down the animal will generally die from hunger. Contrary to popular belief in the west elephants generally do not display a preference for buns or sweet cakes, preferring jungle food. Heartbeat: A comparison between the heart-beat of man, mouse and elephant Heartbeat, of mouse, man and elephant Illustrations are of a human heart and depict the heart-beat rate difference of the species. Smallest mammals have faster heart beats than larger ones. There is quite a differenceAverage beats when resting. Mouse 28 beats per minute If your heart is beating as fast as the mouse or as slow as the elephant see a doctor immediately Breeding Patterns and Birth Males are highly individualistic and only join the herd for mating seasons. Their penis is retractable, there is no scrotum and the testicles are housed internally. Males duel each other with the winner claiming steed rights for the whole herd. Deaths sometimes occur from wounds inflicted in these duels. The female runs away coyly for a short while, as part of a ritual, before submitting to her victorious mate. The bull then mounts the female from behind gripping her body with his fore feet upon her pelvis and assumes a standing posture. Copulation takes around 20 seconds with very little movement or noise. Mating continues promiscuously (with other herd males), for two days after which the most powerful bull drives off the others. He then remains with the cow for around three weeks. The female, when pregnant, carries the calf for 22 months and when parturition (birth) occurs other herd cows form a circle around the pregnant cow. She assumes a squatting position while giving birth and the birth takes around 2 hours. In regions where large carnivores, such as big cats, prey upon newly born animals the mother forms alliances with other herd members. Mother and associated protectors then blow dust over the new-born calf with their trunks in order to dry it. Just two hours after birth the calf can stand up and begins to suckle the mother. Life – Cycle The life cycle of the elephant is remarkably similar to that of an average human being. They; Suckle using the mouth, not trunk. Are weaned on milk between two – four years. Although the elephant will naturally be attracted to it’s mother other cows in the herd often take turns to look after the baby. If the mother dies then the other cows (auntie’s) look after the orphaned baby. Cows can bear young at age 16 Begin work at 16 Are fully grown at 20 years old Are in their working prime between 20-40 Start going bald around 30 years Begin to slow down at 40 Live around 70 years Are on light duties only when they reach 50 An elephant will be able to tell if a corpse is from the same herd. If so then the whole herd will avoid that area, apparently out of respect. This is so even when the bones are buried. The reason for this phenomena but may be attributed to their acute sense of smell and possible other unknown factors. Size Largest of all land creatures. A bull can stand 2.7m (9ft) in height Weigh between 3 – 5 tonnes (3,200 – 4,500 kg or 7,000 – 12,000 lbs.) Cows can stand 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in height Weight between 2.3 – 4.5 tonnes (2,300 – 4,500 kg or 5,000 – 10,000 lbs.) Newly born baby elephants (calves) stand at around (0.9m) 3ft They weigh 90kg (200 lbs.) Despite it’s huge size the elephant has an extraordinary sense of balance and extremely high tactile sense. The brain of the elephant weighs about 5 kg or 11 lbs. (4 times the weight of a human). Has the largest ears of any creature Skin is around 2.5 cm (1″) thick. Diet Eat around 200-300 Kg of fodder per day Drink about 150 litres of water Favoured foods include: Bananas, bamboo, berries, mangoes, coconuts, corn, jungle shrubs, palm fruits, sugar cane, wood apples Feronia elephantorum and wild rice. In western Zoos they are often fed bread and have developed a taste for this type of food. The popular myth that elephants love buns probably stems from this peculiarity. Salt is essential and the elephant shows a distinct liking for it. The elephants digestion system is quite inefficient and only around 50% of the fodder eaten is utilised. Cold climates cause stomach aches. Some elephants will even peel fruit before eating. The revered holy Thai white elephant is very particular about eating and will not consume any food that has fallen on the ground and will not eat with the rest of the herd. Trunks Trunks Arguably the most versatile of all animal organs. The trunk can be used for such diverse tasks as shifting a 600 kg log to picking up a coin. It is a boneless mass of flesh and up to 100,000 muscles that can bend easily. It is 2 metres long and weighs around 140 kg. The trunk has a small finger like lip at the end which can distinguish between size, shape, texture, hot and cold. The animal uses its trunk to feed and drink by bringing food and water to the mouth, breathe, make noises, caress it’s young and sometimes even fight. When totally submerged in water the trunk can also be used as a snorkel. Trunks can hold six litres of water and are often used as a flexible shower hose pipe. It is a superb organ of smell, and can be directed easily toward the source. By beating the ground violently with the trunk the elephant signals its anger or displeasure. This emotion equates to desk-banging in humans When an elephant is on unsteady or unfamiliar ground it will use the outside of the trunk to beat the earth, determining if the ground is firm enough to walk on. Once safety is substantiated the front foot is moved forward onto the tested area. The rear foot follows and is carefully placed in exactly the same footprint. It is indeed a sad state of affairs that the evolution of the human being failed to develop this remarkable organ of smell and touch. We can all imagine situations when it could have been an invaluable asset. Tusks & Teeth Males have larger tusks of up to 1.5 – 1.8m in length whilst the females do not have tusks at all. Milk tusks are fully grown at just 2 inches long and are shed before the calf reaches it’s second birthday. Permanent tusks then begin to grow. Tusks are, in fact teeth (incisors) and are classified as ivory. The only other creature to have ivory teeth is the walrus. The purpose of the tusk is to dig for food, clear debris, fight and to carry heavy loads of up to 1 tonne such as timber. Molars (grinding teeth) are at least 30 cm, 1 ft long and weigh about 4 kg, 8.8 lbs. The animal has only four of these teeth at any one time. New molars form in the back of the mouth and push the old ones forward and out completely. An elephant usually grows six sets of these molars in a life-time, the final set grows when it is about 40 years of age. When the last set decays, around 70 years, the elephant finds it hard to eat and subsequently a great many are likely to die of starvation. Tusks never stop growing. Related Animal Species All other members of the proboscidea animal order are now extinct. Historically there were some 300 different species that belonged to this category. These included mastodons, mammoths and pygmy elephants believed to have died out in Southern Thailand in the early 1920’s. The nearest current relative to elephants are the dugong and manatees, sometimes referred to as seacows, which belong to the sirenia order. Fossil and other scientific studies indicate that in a geological time-frame that this is a fairly recent branching off from a common ancestor. These complex issues are outside of the scope of this site and we suggest those seriously interested in such subjects find further reading elsewhere. Sponsor	Mahout
… and in Canada for one who drives a dog sled?	3 reputable elephant sanctuaries in Thailand - Matador Network 3 reputable elephant sanctuaries in Thailand Photo: Beyond Neon HANGING OUT WITH AN ELEPHANT in Thailand is easy to do. What’s not so simple is finding a reputable place that cares about and protects their elephants . A well-taken-care-of elephant has room to roam and isn’t overworked by constantly performing in shows or giving endless rounds of rides. Research is key. Here are 3 recommended sanctuaries to get you started. A rescue and rehabilitation center for elephants, where you can bathe and feed the elephants, plus learn about each animal’s past. Cost: Day tours are 2,500 baht ($79US); overnight tours are 5,800 baht ($183US). What’s included: All tours include feeding and bathing the elephant, applicable meals, plus pickup and dropoff in Chiang Mai. Overnight tours also include hut accommodation. Location: 60km outside Chiang Mai. Visiting: Reservations required. Book online at their website . What to bring: Shorts and/or swimming gear plus a change of clothing for both tours. For overnight, also bring clothes to sleep in, walking shoes, mosquito repellent, and a jacket. 2. Thai Elephant Conservation Center This center offers elephant rides as part of their homestay and trekking programs, which put an emphasis on learning how to interact with an elephant as a mahout (the term for a person who rides an elephant), as well as the mahout‘s way of life. The center also has an onsite elephant hospital where previously mistreated elephants are cared for. Cost: 150 baht ($4.75US) for a day pass to the park. 1-3 day homestay and trekking programs range from 3,500-9,500 baht ($111-$300US). What’s included: An elephant show that stresses preservation and protection of the species, a hospital visit, and a chance to bathe the elephants. For the 2-3 day homestay and trekking programs, you’ll receive meals, bottled water, and overnight accommodation in a bungalow with hot showers (homestay program) or a simple hut (trekking program), plus a mahout suit for riding the elephant. Location: Lampang, Thailand. Visiting: Reservation required for homestay and trekking programs. Email [email protected]. Boon Lott’s Sanctuary doesn’t let you ride the elephants, but through their homestay program you’ll experience living among the rescued and rehabilitated animals. Cost: 5,000 baht per guest per night ($158US). What’s included: Meals and non-alcoholic drinks, pickup and dropoff, accommodation in a teak cottage, Internet access, laundry, and unlimited interaction with the elephants. Location: Outside the village of Baan Tuel, which is 5-6 hours north of Bangkok by bus, or you can fly into Sukhothai. Visiting: Reservations required. Email [email protected]. What to bring: This is run more like a B&B, so show up with your luggage and pack clothes appropriate for the outdoors. Elephant Jungle Sanctuary Elephant Jungle SanctuaryChang Moi, ThailandThis was one of my most memorable experiences from Chiang Mai and one of the most special and beautiful days of my life. Elephant Jungle Sanctuary is a humane way to interact with elephants. You are picked up from your hostel and then taken on a long drive out of city into the bush. You feed the elephants in small groups and then have lunch yourself. Afterwards you have a literal mud fight with everyone and the elephants, before finally taking them to the river to wash them down. It’s a rather surreal day to be that interactive with such beautiful creatures, and I highly recommend this for all ages. #elephants #jungle #sanctuary #humane #animals Phang Nga Elephant Park Here are some pointers for ensuring a fun and engaging time with the elephants at whichever facility you choose. Bananas Cheap and plentiful in Thailand, which is a good thing since just one isn’t going to satisfy your new giant friend. Those elephant trunks are strong and will excitedly probe you for food, so keep a wide stance when feeding to avoid getting knocked over. Banana hint 1: To make bananas last longer, split them in half. Banana hint 2: Elephants eat the whole banana — peel included. Bathing If you get the opportunity to bathe an elephant, don’t be afraid to get wet. You’ll have much more fun playing in the water with the animal than watching on the sidelines. Hugging / riding Hugging an elephant at one of the sanctuaries can be such a standout moment that you may find riding one pales in comparison. If you must ride an elephant for your experience to be complete, choose a place that takes the time to teach you how to ride bareback, as that is kinder to the animal. Attitude When interacting with the elephants, always remember you’re there for them, not the other way around. Treat the animals with kindness and respect, and get ready for the love they’ll pour on you — and possibly spurt on you with their trunks. Like this Article Get more stuff like this in your inbox! Sign up for our newsletter and get emails of great stories like this. I agree to the Terms of Service Posted In: by Matt Hershberger Amanda Neville thanks for posting these. I spent a week at ENP and it was amazing. there was considerable education and lots of quality interaction. please please please take this opportunity to note that there is no “kind” way to ride an elephant. it’s not about the saddle — the training is the brutal part. ChiangMai Intertravel Please take no.2 choice. Government non-profit only,others are just a cleaver traps. Beckie Brocies How dare you promote riding elephants??? brenda Wow..i can’t even believe they just wrote that. #2 is one i would NOT do! Amanda Neville clarification: ENP is not government run. Marieke Van Der Velden One and three are fantastic, but I would definitely not do number 2. Elephant rides and tricks are not elephant friendly, and they use bull hooks to control their elephants. Beckie Brocies Riding elephants should NEVER be part of life at a true sanctuary! Anonymous please help! I want to make sure I’m visiting the correct park…online there’s elephantnaturepark.org and there’s elephantnatureparkFOUNDATION.org which one is legit? Anonymous Please help! I want to make sure I’m visiting the legit park. online there’s 2 Elephant Nature Park! one is elephantnaturepark.org and the other is elephantnatureparkfoundation.org. Which one is the real sanctuary? Beckie Brocies The foundation is the fund-raising arm of ENP. Amanda Neville http://www.elephantnaturepark.org/ is the real deal. Lek is the founder. Julie Iamarino What a ridiculous article. The Mahout way of life is what these elephants need rescuing from. Beckie is right – riding elephants is abuse. And Amanda is right Elephant Nature Park is the real deal. Snicky McGrew Elephants have to be broken through a cruel ritual known as the phajaan in order to become submissive enough to be made to paint, play soccer, or allow humans to ride them. They are chained, choked, stabbed with hooks, beaten, starved, and deprived of sleep for days until they are seen fit to become trekkers, loggers, street beggars, “artists”, or clowns. Elephant Nature Park is the real deal as I spent a week volunteering there and it changed my life. Any place that offers rides or painting is also endorsing the phajaan and if you spend your money there, so do you. Please sign this petition to stop the phajaan and share. http://www.change.org/petitions/government-of-thailand-stop-the-practice-of-crushing-torture-of-elephants-in-thailand B500 Not ALL elephants are put thru the cruel ritual known as ‘crushing’. Not ALL elephants have been tortured into submission to be “made to paint, play soccer, or allow humans to ride them”. Not ALL elephants are “chained, choked, stabbed with hooks, beaten, starved, and deprived of sleep for days until they are seen fit to become trekkers, loggers, street beggars, “artists”, or clowns.” Please be wary of those who use words like “all, always, every” that should be your first red flag that they have little knowledge of the subject. Ppl should stop spreading this propaganda as its damaging and destroying good reputations as well as bad. Is that fair to ALL elephants? 1995 ALL elephants who are willing to take a person on their back or can paint or dance are crushed by this ritual. I have seen male elephants born in the Elephant Nature park who did not have this ritual and they threw rocks at people. So yes, ALL elephants who are willing to come close to you without hurting or killing you are crushed. That is not how ALL elephants should live. Louielouie This is a horrible article. I googled “elephant sanctuary” and this came up. You are endorsing elephant riding and thereby promoting animal cruelty. Please do your research before you publish something with reputable elephant sanctuary in the heading. Matador, please delete this article. Lyn One of the weakest spots on an elephant is their back…NO ONE should be riding them and NO ONE should be recommending a place that encourages you to do this B500 “One of the weakest spots on an elephant is their back” … Elephants are quadrupeds, making extra weight more stable, dispersed, and balanced for the elephant. Im interested to know as to where you got this information from, please provide some references. Thanks Jamie You are wasting your time trying to communicate logically with these people. I did comment but the more I read the more I realise how far from reality these people and how they care more about their political campaign than they do about the elephants. Very few of the claims made here are true and there are lots of other elephant camps the do a good job as well but these people would rather the animals were left to die because there is no money to look after them once these people have driven the tourists away. The place that does the most for the animals is The Elephant Conservation Centre but they are ranting because the elephants give rides and do painting. OMG, the elephants will be allowed to play music next. Look it up and if you get time, go there. The one I would never recommend is the Elephant Nature Park as they do very little for the animals and the elephants and you get harassed by soi dogs but these people seem to prefer that place. Single Mans Paradise Nice article. I am kicking myself for not volunteering at one of these places while I was in Chiang Mai. Beautiful animals! cindy walker Sorry to see you promote Elephant trekking rides at Thai Elephant Conservation Center. These elephants have gone through a terrible torture to break their spirits to even allow a human to ride it called “Phaajan” if it doesn’t kill them & they survive they literally live in fear from their mahouts and are forced to give rides to tourists its hell for an elephant. Please people do your homework! Only visit Elephant Nature Park or BLES where they have rescued elephants from terrible trekking camps Daniela Baanchang elephant park in Chian Mai is legit? good sanctuary? Bella Marchesa If you knew anything about elephants and how they’re treated, you’d NEVER recommend elephant riding of ANY kind. Do your research and take No. 2 off the list!! Elephant Nature Park and Boon Lott’s Elephant Sanctuary are the only places that are legit sanctuaries. Anything else? Elephant abuse/phajaan for the elephant. I see after so many comments, you still kept No. 2 on the list? SHAME on you Gina Douglas! Cindy I am looking for a TRUE animal friendly park near Bangkok (okay with 1-2 hr drive). Do you have any recommendation? Judy Maxwell I have talked to both true sanctuaries in Thailand. The Elephant Nature a Park and Boon Lotts Elephant Sanctuary are true sanctuaries. They both agree that riding an elephant is wrong. Plus the only way they get the elephant rides is because they are abused. True Elephant sanctuaries care for them and the elephants come first. That’s why there called SANCTUARIES! They been so horribly abused already by Trekking, logging and begging. To force them to work for them, by giving rides certainly isn’t any better than forcing them to do logging or begging. They are forcing them into trekking. You should never promote a trekking organization. You lead innocent tourist to think it’s okay and it’s plainly not! So STOP advertising for this so called sanctuary “Thai Elephant Conservation” they are just greedy and in it for the money. Not the elephants. You should know that by now. Cindy Hello~ I am looking for a TRUE animal friendly park near Bangkok (okay with 1-2 hr drive). Do you have any recommendation? We are not able to travel to #1 nor #3 locations during our trip! 1995 Sorry but Thai Elephant Conservation Center does shows that should be forbidden. Elephants should not paint or dance or whatever. Elephant Nature Park is the only park where you can interact with them and do good. They do not use bull hooks and you are not allowed to ride on them. Cindy I am looking for a TRUE animal friendly park near Bangkok (okay with 1-2 hr drive). Do you have any recommendation? We are not able to travel to #1 nor #3 locations during our trip! Jamie I do find the level of anger and lack of thought to be a problem. “Riding elephants should NEVER be part of life at a true sanctuary”!!! This is from someone who cares more about their own political direction than the poor elephant. How would the sanctuary pay its bills if the tourists stop paying to ride etc. ? Simply, they would close and stop helping the elephants. The elephants would die but these people could feel victorious. They could pose for photos with one foot on a dead elephant like a Victorian hunter. Most of these places do a lot of good but why not just say they are all bad, not really any different from saying all black people sell drugs or all women are crazy. Just stupid people who cannot think beyond their own politics. stan123 I recommend Phuket Elephant Sanctuary at http://www.phuketelephantsanctuary.org/ They’re affiliated with Elephant Nature Park so no riding, no chains, no abuse. They rescue all their elephants from a life of abuse and suffering. They have large stalls for them to sleep in. Stephanie Christman	i don't know
Which region’s name is Persian for Five Waters, alluding to five tributaries of the Indus?	information about Punjab Pakistan Travel agencies in pakistan Punjab Pakistan Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 56% of the country's total population.Forming most of the Punjab region, the province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. The main languages are Punjabi and Saraiki and the dialects of Mewati and Potowari. The name Punjab derives from the Persian words Panj Five. and Ab (Water), i.e. (the) Five Waters - referring to five tributaries of the Indus River from which is also the origin of the name of "India" - these being Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, that flow through the larger Punjab. Punjab is the most developed, most populous, and most prosperous province of Pakistan.Lahore has traditionally been the capital of Punjab for a thousand years; it is Punjab's main cultural, historical, administrative and economic center. Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for invaders who came from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan. Due to its stategic location, it has been part of various empires and dynasties throughout history, including the Indus Valley Civilization, Aryans, Kushans, Scythians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, Sikhs and the British. The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers. In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta h?ndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia." History of Punjab Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was the cradle of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years old. The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the Vedic civilization along the length of the Indus River. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Mauryas, Kushans and Hindu Shahi. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth. The Aryans invaded Punjab between 1500 B.C. and 500 B.C.; they called Punjab Arya-Varta, or the land of Arya. The Rig Vedas are also supposed to have been written in Punjab. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west. Invaded by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans, Punjab witnessed centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its legacy is a unique culture that combines Zorastrian[citation needed], Hindu, Buddhist, Persian[citation needed], Central Asian[citation needed], Islamic, Afghan, Sikh, and British elements. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world[citation needed], Takshashila University, one of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history. Culture Punjab has been the cradle of civilization since times immemorial. The ruins of Harappa show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. Taxila, another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts. The ancient Hindu Katasraj temple and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair. The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Koran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.	Punjab region
Which prizes does Harvard award annually for trivial achievements in scientific research?	Indus River, Indus River Map Indus River Map Disclaimer Close Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited and its directors do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. The Indus River is one of the most beautiful rivers of India . Together with its tributaries, the Indus River forms an important river system, which helps the agricultural economy of India. The Indus River is an important river, which runs through the entire length of Pakistan. Origin of the Indus River The Indus River originates near the Mansarovar Lake in the Tibetan plateau, on the northern slopes of the Kailash Mountain Range. Regardless of the fact that almost two thirds of the itinerary of the river is flowing through Pakistan, it has its presence on the Indian soil. Parts of the itineraries of the tributaries of the Indus River do run on the Indian soil. The name Punjab has been derived from these tributaries that collectively signify "five waters" or "land of five waters". Starting off in the Tibetan highland of western China near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet Autonomous Region, the Indus river flows through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, the river gets into Pakistan through the Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), running across the North in a southward route down the whole span of Pakistan, to join the Arabian Sea close to the port city of Karachi situated in Sindh. The Indus River is 3,180 kilometers (1,976 miles) long and it is also the longest river in Pakistan. Drainage The Indus River features a total catchment basin of more than 1,165,000 square km (450,000 sq miles). The approximate yearly discharge of the river figures at approximately 207 cubic kilometers, making it the 21st biggest river in the world in terms of yearly discharge. Starting at the pinnacle of the world with glaciers, the Indus River supplies the flora and fauna of temperate forests, plateaus, and dry rural areas. In conjunction with the rivers Chenab, Jhelum, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas and two tributaries from the Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Indus creates the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta of Pakistan. Description of the Indus River The Indus supplies the major water resources for the development of the economy of Pakistan - particularly the Breadbasket of Punjab province, which represents the lion's share of the farming production of the country, and Sindh. The expression Punjab is a portmanteau of two words - panj denoting five, and ab denoting water, offering the simple denotation of the Land of the Five Rivers. The five rivers or Panjnad after which Punjab is named are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and the Sutlej. In addition, the river aids several heavy industries and functions as the principal supply of drinkable water in Pakistan. The origin of the river is located in Tibet; it starts at the meeting point of the Sengge and Gar rivers that sap the Gangdise Shan and Nganglong Kangri mountain ranges. The river subsequently runs to the northwest via Baltistan and Ladakh into Gilgit, immediately south to the Karakoram Mountain range. The Shyok, Gilgit and Shigar rivers transport icy waters into the major river. It slowly turns toward the south, emerging from the hills between Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The river leaves behind enormous canyons with depths of 4,500-5,200 meters (15,000-17,000 feet) in the vicinity of the Nanga Parbat formation. The Indus River runs rapidly through Hazara and is barraged at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River meets the river close to Attock. The rest of its itinerary to the sea is in the Punjab and Sindh basins and the river gets sluggish and extremely plaited. The Panjnad River meets it at Mithankot. Ahead of this meeting point, the Indus, once upon a time, was called Satnad River (Sat = seven, Nadi = river), as the river was at the moment transporting the waters of Kabul River, the five Punjab rivers, and the Indus River. Going across Jamshoro, it finishes its itinerary in a big delta located to the east of Thatta. Cotton, wheat, and sugarcane are the major agricultural produces of this area. The Indus is one of the handfuls of rivers in the world that display a tidal bore. The river system is mostly fed by the glaciers and snows of the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountain ranges of Tibet, the northern parts of Pakistan, and the state of Jammu and Kashmir respectively. The stream of the river is also decided by the seasons - it reduces significantly in the winter, at the same time overflowing its banks in the monsoon (July to September). Furthermore, there is proof of a stable switch in the itinerary of the river from ancient era - it turned to the west from running into the Rann of Kutch and bordering Banni grasslands following the earthquake in 1816. Tributaries of the Indus River The Indus River has the following tributaries: Astor River Beas The Beas has its source in Bias Kund, closely located to the Rohtang pass. The river flows across Kulu and Manali, where its picturesque basin is named as the Kulu valley. The Beas meets the Sutlej river close to Harika, after being connected with some tributaries. The Beas is 615 km long. Running westward, it comes into India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. The river creates a beautiful canyon in this area. Chenab The Chenab River has its source at the meeting point of two rivers, the Chandra and the Bhaga. In Himachal Pradesh, the river is also called the Chandrabhaga. It flows parallely to the Pir Panjal Range. The river moves into the lands of Punjab in the vicinity of Akhnur and is subsequently connected with the Jhelum. It creates the border between the Rechna and the Jech Doabs. The Chenab also meets the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan. The length of the Chenab River is 960 km. Jhelum The Jhelum River has its source in the south-eastern region of Jammu and Kashmir, in a spring lying at Verinag. The length of Jhelum river is 480 miles. The river runs partly in Pakistan and partly in India. The source of the river is situated at the base of the Pir Panjal range in the south eastern region of the Kashmir plateau. The river runs through the Wular lake and Srinagar in India, prior to moving into the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ravi The Ravi River has its source close to the Rotang pass in the Himalayan mountain ranges and runs according to a north-westerly itinerary. The river shifts to the south-west in the vicinity of Dalhousie, and subsequently forms a canyon in the Dhaola Dhar mountain range, penetrating the Punjab valleys close to Madhopur. The Ravi River runs as a portion of the boundary between India and Pakistan for a particular distance prior to moving into Pakistan and meeting the Chenab River. The Ravi River is 720 km long. Sutlej (Satluj) The Sutlej River is also known as the Satluj or the Red River. The source of the river is the Rakshas Tal or Rakas Lake, which is linked to the Manasarovar Lake with a watercourse in Tibet. The river moves into Pakistan in the vicinity of Sulemanki and is subsequently met by the Chenab. The Sutlej is approximately 1,500 km long. Wildlife of the Indus River Chronicles of the Indus valley from the period of Alexander's invasion point towards a sizable woodland encompassing the area, which has greatly diminished as of now. Babur, the famous Mughal Emperor, had mentioned about seeing rhinoceroses beside the riverbanks in the Baburnama (his autobiography). Widespread cutting down of trees and human intervention in the ecosystem of the Shivalik Hills have resulted in a noticeable decline in the quality of foliage and cultivating circumstances. The areas in Indus valley are dry with meagre plantation. Cultivation is mostly dependent on irrigation water. Platanista gangetica minor or the blind Indus River Dolphin is a breed of dolphin seen only in the Indus River. Earlier, the dolphin was also found in the tributaries of the Indus River. Palla fish (Hilsa) of the Indus River is a preferred food choice for inhabitants staying on the banks of the river. The number of fishes in the river waters is reasonably high. Thatta, Sukkur, and Kotri are the important fishing hubs - all located in the lower Sindh itinerary. However, irrigation and barraging has made fish cultivation a significant economic line of business. The big Indus valley delta is situated to the southeast of Karachi and it has been acknowledged by environmentalists to be one of the most significant ecological areas in the world. In this area, the river converts into several wetlands, torrents, and tributaries and joins the sea at low levels. You will see plenty of sea fishes and other creatures in this area, which include prawns and pomfret. People living on the banks of the Indus River The inhabitants of the areas through which the Indus River flows on and creates a significant natural beauty and wealth, are varied in terms of faith, race, national and language settings. In the district of Jammu and Kashmir on the northern itinerary of the river reside the Buddhist inhabitants of Ladakh, people of Tibetan ancestry, and the Dards of Dardic or Indo-Aryan ancestry who follow Islam and Buddhism. Subsequently, the river goes down into Baltistan in north Pakistan, going by the important Balti city of Skardu. While the river flows through Pakistan, it creates a characteristic border of society and traditions. On the western banks of the river, the people are mostly of Baloch, Pashtun, and other Iranic ancestry, with intimate economic, traditional, and communal ties with areas of Iran and East Afghanistan. The eastern banks of the Indus River are mostly inhabited by citizens of Indo-Aryan ancestry like the Sindhis and the Punjabis. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Punjab, tribal Pashtun people stay together with Dardic populace in the hills (Kalash, Khowar, Shina, and others), Burushos (in Hunza), and Punjabi individuals. People of Sindhi ancestry mostly inhabit the Sindh province. People of Pashtun and Baloch background inhabit on the western banks of the river. Last Updated on : September 26, 2016	i don't know
In cricket, if a batsman had been victim to a Mankad, as what would his dismissal be recorded?	So what is the Mankad Run Out? So what is the Mankad Run Out? So what is the Mankad Run Out? Tags: Cricwaves Columns Published on: Feb 22, 2012 The Mankad Run Out is a very rare dismissal in Cricket. Its not something that gets mentioned in each and every match. But yesterday’s incident at the Gabba when India bowler R Ashwin appealed for a Mankad Run Out against Sri Lankan Lahiru Thirimanne, the rare dismissal once again got into the limelight. So what is the Mankad Run Out? Well its the Run Out of the non-striker by the bowler without releasing the ball when he finds that the former is backing out of his crease way too early! Its a bizarre situation where the ball doesn’t get recorded but the wicket is deemed to have fallen that of the non-striker who was caught backing out of the crease even before the bowler had released the ball to the striker. Generally, its for the bowlers to first warn the non-striker that he has to stay in the crease according to the law of the game in presence of the Umpire. And even then, if the non-striker continues to do so, the bowler is entitled to run him out during his delivery stride. The ICC Law regarding this doesn’t state of any prior warning to be given but its expected to be given by the bowler for keeping up the spirit of the game. It is fair for the non-striker to leave his crease when the ball is released by the bowler to the striker so that he can cover some distance already which is crucial in stealing the quick runs. However, if the non-striker does that even before the ball is released, it comes under unfair play and he could be run out by the bowler! The Mankad Run Out is also called as ‘Mankaded’. The name comes from one of India’s greatest cricketers - Vinoo Mankad. The late Vinoo Mankad was the first player in international cricket to actually run out a non-striker backing up at his crease even before the ball was released. That famous incident took place on December 13, 1947 when Vinoo Mankad in his delivery stride ran out Australian Bill Brown who was backing out of his crease at the non-striker in a Test Match at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Vinoo Mankad was criticized severely for breaching the sportsman’s spirit. But his style of dismissing Bill Brown had come after a similar dismissal to the same batsman in a tour match for the Indians against an Australian XI and also giving the batsman a prior warning in the Test Match. It can be debated that some players unknowingly have the habit of leaving their crease too early and in that moment can be caught off-guard! Ever since that incident in Sydney wayback in 1947, any run out happening in this fashion was named as Mankad Run Out or simply Mankaded! The last time a batsman got out in this fashion was in 1992/93 when the great India all-rounder Mankaded South Africa’s premier batsman Peter Kirsten in a One Day International at Port Elizabeth. A heated argument took place between a furious Peter Kirsten and Kapil Dev but it did not stop the Umpires from upholding the Mankad Run Out. There were three instances in international cricket that have been recorded with the bowler finding the non-striker off-guard backing-up but then refusing to claim the wicket. West Indies fast bowler Courtney Walsh refused to claim the run out of Pakistan’s Saleem Jaffar in the 1987 Reliance World Cup match. It was a decision that backfired on the West Indies as it cost them a place in the Semi-Finals of the World Cup but something that gave Walsh a special place in upholding the spirit of the game. In another instance, in 2003, Bangladesh’s left-arm spinner Mohammad Rafique too sacrificed a Mankad style of running out Pakistan’s Umar Gul in a Test Match at Multan. Had Rafique done that, Bangladesh would have pulled off an upset win over hosts Pakistan but it was instead Inzamam-ul-Haq taking his side to a 1-wicket win. The third instance of a possible Mankad Run Out was of course seen yesterday at the Gabba but the Indian team didn’t want to take the criticism of going against the spirit of the game and decided to take Lahiru Thirimanne’s mistake lightly. Here are the instances of the Mankad Run Out recorded in International Cricket till date : History of Mankading in Test Matches * Bill Brown Mankaded by Vinoo Mankad, Australia Vs India, Sydney, 1947-48 * Ian Redpath Mankaded by by Charlie Griffith, Australia Vs West Indies, Adelaide, 1968-69 * Derek Randall Mankaded by Ewen Chatfield, New Zealand Vs England, Christchurch, 1977-78 * Sikander Bakht Mankaded by Alan Hurst, Australia Vs Pakistan, Perth, 1978-79 History of Mankading in One Day Internationals * Brian Luckhurst Mankaded by Greg Chappell, England Vs Australia, Melbourne, 1974-75 * Grant Flower Mankaded by Dipak Patel, Zimbabwe Vs New Zealand, Harare, 1992-93 * Peter Kirsten Mankaded by Kapil Dev, South Africa Vs India, Port Elizabeth, 1992-93 Here is what exactly ICC Law 42.15 relating to Fair and Unfair play states Bowler attempting to run out non-striker before delivery "The bowler is permitted, before entering his delivery stride, to attempt to run out the non-striker. Whether the attempt is successful or not, the ball shall not count as one of the over. If the bowler fails in an attempt to run out the non-striker, the umpire shall call and signal Dead ball as soon possible.' - Compiled by BV Swagath Related News	Run out
Of which 1969 film was 15-year-old Billy Casper the central character?	So what is the Mankad Run Out? - Cricwaves Mobile Back So what is the Mankad Run Out? The Mankad Run Out is a very rare dismissal in Cricket. Its not something that gets mentioned in each and every match. But yesterday’s incident at the Gabba when India bowler R Ashwin appealed for a Mankad Run Out against Sri Lankan Lahiru Thirimanne, the rare dismissal once again got into the limelight. So what is the Mankad Run Out? Well its the Run Out of the non-striker by the bowler without releasing the ball when he finds that the former is backing out of his crease way too early! Its a bizarre situation where the ball doesn’t get recorded but the wicket is deemed to have fallen that of the non-striker who was caught backing out of the crease even before the bowler had released the ball to the striker. Generally, its for the bowlers to first warn the non-striker that he has to stay in the crease according to the law of the game in presence of the Umpire. And even then, if the non-striker continues to do so, the bowler is entitled to run him out during his delivery stride. The ICC Law regarding this doesn’t state of any prior warning to be given but its expected to be given by the bowler for keeping up the spirit of the game. It is fair for the non-striker to leave his crease when the ball is released by the bowler to the striker so that he can cover some distance already which is crucial in stealing the quick runs. However, if the non-striker does that even before the ball is released, it comes under unfair play and he could be run out by the bowler! The Mankad Run Out is also called as ‘Mankaded’. The name comes from one of India’s greatest cricketers - Vinoo Mankad. The late Vinoo Mankad was the first player in international cricket to actually run out a non-striker backing up at his crease even before the ball was released. That famous incident took place on December 13, 1947 when Vinoo Mankad in his delivery stride ran out Australian Bill Brown who was backing out of his crease at the non-striker in a Test Match at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Vinoo Mankad was criticized severely for breaching the sportsman’s spirit. But his style of dismissing Bill Brown had come after a similar dismissal to the same batsman in a tour match for the Indians against an Australian XI and also giving the batsman a prior warning in the Test Match. It can be debated that some players unknowingly have the habit of leaving their crease too early and in that moment can be caught off-guard! Ever since that incident in Sydney wayback in 1947, any run out happening in this fashion was named as Mankad Run Out or simply Mankaded! The last time a batsman got out in this fashion was in 1992/93 when the great India all-rounder Mankaded South Africa’s premier batsman Peter Kirsten in a One Day International at Port Elizabeth. A heated argument took place between a furious Peter Kirsten and Kapil Dev but it did not stop the Umpires from upholding the Mankad Run Out. There were three instances in international cricket that have been recorded with the bowler finding the non-striker off-guard backing-up but then refusing to claim the wicket. West Indies fast bowler Courtney Walsh refused to claim the run out of Pakistan’s Saleem Jaffar in the 1987 Reliance World Cup match. It was a decision that backfired on the West Indies as it cost them a place in the Semi-Finals of the World Cup but something that gave Walsh a special place in upholding the spirit of the game. In another instance, in 2003, Bangladesh’s left-arm spinner Mohammad Rafique too sacrificed a Mankad style of running out Pakistan’s Umar Gul in a Test Match at Multan. Had Rafique done that, Bangladesh would have pulled off an upset win over hosts Pakistan but it was instead Inzamam-ul-Haq taking his side to a 1-wicket win. The third instance of a possible Mankad Run Out was of course seen yesterday at the Gabba but the Indian team didn’t want to take the criticism of going against the spirit of the game and decided to take Lahiru Thirimanne’s mistake lightly. Here are the instances of the Mankad Run Out recorded in International Cricket till date : History of Mankading in Test Matches * Bill Brown Mankaded by Vinoo Mankad, Australia Vs India, Sydney, 1947-48 * Ian Redpath Mankaded by by Charlie Griffith, Australia Vs West Indies, Adelaide, 1968-69 * Derek Randall Mankaded by Ewen Chatfield, New Zealand Vs England, Christchurch, 1977-78 * Sikander Bakht Mankaded by Alan Hurst, Australia Vs Pakistan, Perth, 1978-79 History of Mankading in One Day Internationals * Brian Luckhurst Mankaded by Greg Chappell, England Vs Australia, Melbourne, 1974-75 * Grant Flower Mankaded by Dipak Patel, Zimbabwe Vs New Zealand, Harare, 1992-93 * Peter Kirsten Mankaded by Kapil Dev, South Africa Vs India, Port Elizabeth, 1992-93 Here is what exactly ICC Law 42.15 relating to Fair and Unfair play states Bowler attempting to run out non-striker before delivery "The bowler is permitted, before entering his delivery stride, to attempt to run out the non-striker. Whether the attempt is successful or not, the ball shall not count as one of the over. If the bowler fails in an attempt to run out the non-striker, the umpire shall call and signal Dead ball as soon possible.' - Compiled by BV Swagath	i don't know
Which real-life baseball manager and former player was the central character of the 2011 film Moneyball?	Where are A's real-life stars of 'Moneyball'? - SFGate Where are A's real-life stars of 'Moneyball'? 'MONEYBALL' By Susan Slusser , San Francisco Chronicle Published 10:05 pm, Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Photo: Carlo Allegri, AP Close Image 1 of 31 In this Sept. 10, 2011 photo, actor Brad Pitt poses for a portrait to promote his film "Moneyball" during the 36th Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada. Two-time Oscar nominee Brad Pitt came to Toronto with his baseball tale "Moneyball," putting in a flamboyant performance as iconoclastic Oakland A's general manager Billy Beane. (AP Photo/Carlo Allegri) less In this Sept. 10, 2011 photo, actor Brad Pitt poses for a portrait to promote his film "Moneyball" during the 36th Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada. Two-time Oscar nominee Brad Pitt came ... more Photo: Carlo Allegri, AP Image 2 of 31 General Manager Billy Beane listens to Ben Sheets speak to the media after the pitcher agreed to a one-year contract with the Oakland Athletics in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 2010. The A's signed the right-hander who sat out the entire 2009 season rehabbing from elbow surgery. Ran on: 07-20-2010 Billy Beane will be played by Brad Pitt in the movie version of &quo;Moneyball.&quo; Ran on: 07-20-2010 Billy Beane will be played by Brad Pitt in the movie version of &quo;Moneyball.&quo; Ran on: 08-25-2011 A's general manager Billy Beane is rumored to be open to a Cubs overture. Ran on: 08-25-2011 Ran on: 09-21-2011 Brad Pitt, top, isn't exactly a dead ringer for Billy Beane, above, but the A's general manager is pleased with the actor's portrayal. Ran on: 09-21-2011 Brad Pitt, top, impressed A's GM Billy Beane, above, with his efforts to get the movie made. less General Manager Billy Beane listens to Ben Sheets speak to the media after the pitcher agreed to a one-year contract with the Oakland Athletics in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 2010. The A's signed the ... more Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 3 of 31 Oakland Athletics manager Bob Melvin is seen prior to the baseball game against the Texas Rangers Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Oakland Athletics manager Bob Melvin is seen prior to the baseball game against the Texas Rangers Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Photo: Ben Margot, AP Image 4 of 31 Stephen Bishop, left, and David Justice attend a gala screening for the film '"Moneyball" during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday, Sept. 9 2011 in Toronto. (AP Photo/Evan Agostini) Stephen Bishop, left, and David Justice attend a gala screening for the film '"Moneyball" during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday, Sept. 9 2011 in Toronto. (AP Photo/Evan Agostini) Photo: Evan Agostini, AP Image 5 of 31 Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 6 of 31 Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 7 of 31 Actor Chris Pratt, left, and former Oakland Athletic Scott Hatteberg arrive at the Paramount Theatre of the Arts for the premiere screening of the movie "Moneyball" Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Pratt portrayed Hatteberg in the film. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Ran on: 09-20-2011 Scott Hatteberg, meet Scott Hatteberg. Actor Chris Pratt (left) plays Hatteberg in the movie, and the real deal (right) approves. &quo;Having it put in a movie is too cool,&quo; Hatteberg said. less Actor Chris Pratt, left, and former Oakland Athletic Scott Hatteberg arrive at the Paramount Theatre of the Arts for the premiere screening of the movie "Moneyball" Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. ... more Photo: Ben Margot, AP Image 8 of 31 Brad Pitt arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Brad Pitt arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 9 of 31 Phillip Seymour Hoffman uses his iPhone to snap pictures of photographers as he arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Phillip Seymour Hoffman uses his iPhone to snap pictures of photographers as he arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 10 of 31 Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 11 of 31 Capt. Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Capt. Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 12 of 31 Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 13 of 31 Brad Pitt arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Behind him is doppleganger Reed Thompson who plays the young version of Brad's character, Billy Beane, in the movie. less Brad Pitt arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Behind him is doppleganger Reed Thompson who plays the young version of Brad's ... more Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 14 of 31 An Oakland A's fan rallies to keep his team in Oakland as actors and players arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. An Oakland A's fan rallies to keep his team in Oakland as actors and players arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 15 of 31 Brad Pitt and baseball player Hideki Matsui arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Brad Pitt and baseball player Hideki Matsui arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 16 of 31 Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 17 of 31 Guests arrive at the Fox Theater for a party following the premiere of "Moneyball" on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Guests arrive at the Fox Theater for a party following the premiere of "Moneyball" on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 18 of 31 Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 19 of 31 Fans clamor to get autographs from Brad Pitt as he arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Fans clamor to get autographs from Brad Pitt as he arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 20 of 31 Former Oakland A's player David Justice arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Former Oakland A's player David Justice arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 21 of 31 Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 22 of 31 Fans cheer and photograph as Brad Pitt Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Fans cheer and photograph as Brad Pitt Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 23 of 31 Former Oakland A's player Ray Fosse arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Former Oakland A's player Ray Fosse arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 24 of 31 Baseball player Hideki Matsui arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Baseball player Hideki Matsui arrive for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 25 of 31 Fans clamor to get autographs from Brad Pitt as he arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Fans clamor to get autographs from Brad Pitt as he arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 26 of 31 Former Oakland A's player Scott Hatteberg, right, gets a bow from actor Chris Pratt, who plays him in "Moneyball," during the movie's premiere at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. less Former Oakland A's player Scott Hatteberg, right, gets a bow from actor Chris Pratt, who plays him in "Moneyball," during the movie's premiere at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, ... more Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 27 of 31 Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Brad Pitt arrives for the World Premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011 in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 28 of 31 Actress Kerris Dorsey arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Actress Kerris Dorsey arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 29 of 31 Paul DePodesta, left, new executive vice president and general manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers, and chairman Frank McCourt, attend a news conference Monday, Feb. 16, 2004, at Dodgers Stadium. The Dodgers introduced DePodesta as the new general manager. (AP Photo/Ric Francis) ProductName Chronicle ProductName Chronicle Ran on: 09-21-2011 Jonah Hill, top, was so not like Paul DePodesta, below, his character was renamed &quo;Peter Brand.&quo; Ran on: 09-21-2011 Jonah Hill, top, was so not like Paul DePodesta, below, his character was renamed &quo;Peter Brand.&quo; less Paul DePodesta, left, new executive vice president and general manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers, and chairman Frank McCourt, attend a news conference Monday, Feb. 16, 2004, at Dodgers Stadium. The Dodgers ... more Photo: Ric Francis, AP Image 30 of 31 ATHLETICS3-C-08SEP01-SP-MAC Oakland Athletics Manager Art Howe watches from the dugout. Game against the Texas Rangers. by Michael Macor/The Chronicle Ran on: 09-21-2011 Philip Seymour Hoffman, top, doesn't quite look like Art Howe, below. What, was that &quo;Lost&quo; guy busy? Ran on: 09-21-2011 Philip Seymour Hoffman, top, doesn't quite look like Art Howe, below. What, was that &quo;Lost&quo; guy busy? less ATHLETICS3-C-08SEP01-SP-MAC Oakland Athletics Manager Art Howe watches from the dugout. Game against the Texas Rangers. by Michael Macor/The Chronicle Ran on: 09-21-2011 Philip Seymour ... more Photo: Michael Macor, The Chronicle Image 31 of 31	Billy Beane
Which language gave English the word kahuna as in “the big kahuna”?	Moneyball. Tweet Moneyball. Moneyball, the movie, is an absolute mess of a film, the type of muddled end product you’d expect from a project that took several years and went through multiple writers and directors. Even good performances by a cast of big names and some clever makeup work couldn’t save this movie, and if I hadn’t been planning to review it, I would have walked out. The movie failed first and foremost for me as a movie, not just as a baseball movie. (I’ll get to the baseball parts later.) The general plot here is that the A’s lose their 2001 ALDS to the Yankees and are about to lose three major players to free agency, so Billy Beane goes hunting for a new way of doing business. He runs into a stats geek working in Cleveland’s front office named Peter Brand, hires him, and Brand brings the sabermetric philosophy that we now associate with the early 2000s Oakland teams. This causes friction with Oakland’s scouts, who are all idiots, and Art Howe, who was a stubborn idiot (this is the movie, not my opinion), and Billy might even lose his job until the A’s get hot and win 20 games in a row. Meanwhile, we are to believe that this is all so Billy can purge the personal demons created by the failure of his playing career. Billy is the only fully realized character in the entire movie, and even at that his disparate pieces don’t tie all that well together. Peter Brand, a.k.a. Paul Antipodesta, is a mousy number cruncher who looks like the lay viewer would expect a stat geek to look – unathletic, dressed in dull collared shirts and ties, intimidated by the players, with no complexity to the character. Howe is nothing but a holier than thou obstacle for Beane whose entire motivation for his stubbornness is his desire for a contract extension – a hopelessly tired plot device that makes for a one-dimensional character. Even Casey, Billy’s daughter, who is shoehorned into this weird plot strand about him possibly losing his job, is nothing more than the plot strand requires her to be. The lack of multi-dimensional characters is exacerbated by the languid, aimless plot and stop-and-start pacing. The film mopes through Opening Day and the beginning of the A’s season, races through their midyear turnaround, then jumps through most of the winning streak until the twentieth victory, at which point we’re handed slow motion views of the A’s blowing an 11-0 lead … and of Art Howe thinking, with no sound at all. Even the paces of conversations are strange and often forced; one of the “action” scenes, if I could call it that, involves watching Billy juggle three GMs (Shapiro, Phillips, and Sabean) to try to acquire Ricardo Rincon. All three GMs come off as stooges, but more importantly, it’s boring as hell to watch anyone, even Brad Pitt, talk on the phone. Pitt is very good with the stilted material he’s given and clearly made an effort to look and act the part, from his hair to his tone of voice to his facial expressions. He’s also frequently eating or drinking, which he seems to do in every movie in which he appears. Jonah Hill, as Peter Brand, is very good when he can use his character’s dry, monotonous delivery for comedic effect, drawing laughs from lines that aren’t inherently funny because his timing is so good. Chris Pratt has several funny moments as Scott Hatteberg, very recognizable if youve seen his work as Andy on Parks and Recreation, although he really only has two scenes of any significance in this movie. Philip Seymour Hoffman was wasted as Howe, unfortunately, playing a one-note character who would like you to know he doesn’t care what you have to say about baseball. Robin Wright Penn is also wasted as Beane’s ex-wife who is apparently married to a closeted gay man. I could have tolerated a lot of flaws if Moneyball had just given me a good baseball movie, with some real tension to it, or perhaps a strong character study of Billy Beane. But the film provides neither, and I spent most of the movie wondering what was really on the line here. The A’s don’t win a playoff series in 2002, so the script can’t set that up as a goal or use the playoffs as a climax. Beane took a $39 million team to the playoffs the year before; he wasn’t going to be fired in May for taking a few risks that his owner more or less told him to take (and if he had been fired, he would have been hired by someone else in a heartbeat, despite the character’s later claim to the contrary). His daughter is worried about him because she doesn’t see the big picture, but neither she nor her father is in any real jeopardy at any point in the film. We’re not playing for anything here. — Then there’s the baseball stuff, which is not good. For starters, the lampooning of scouts, which draws from the book, isn’t any more welcome on screen (where some of the scouts are played by actual scouts) than it was on the page; they are set up as dim-witted bowling pins for Beane and Brand to knock down with their spreadsheets. It’s cheap writing, and unfair to the real people being depicted. Current Oakland scouting director Eric Kubota also gets murdered in a drive-by line that depicts him as a clueless intern given the head scouting role after Beane fires Grady Fuson in April after a clubhouse argument (that never really happened). I’ll confess to laughing at the scout referring to “this Bill James bullshit,” although the A’s bought into that bullshit years before the film claims they did – and, in fact, hired Paul Depodesta three years before the movie-A’s hired Brand. (In the film, Fuson refers to Brand as “Google boy,” a term applied to Depodesta by Luddite beat writers in LA three years later.) The film also relies on some pretty gross misrepresentations or oversimplifications of the business. The idea of a GM getting on a plane and flying two thirds of the way across the country to meet another GM to discuss a trade for a left-handed reliever is so absurd that it should set off alarm bells in even the casual fan. Do you really think that GMs only talk trades in person? That they fly to meet each other for tete-a-tetes before consummating any deal? Similarly, teams don’t sign injured players to guaranteed contracts by flying out to their houses (on Christmas Eve, apparently) without having them go through physicals. I wasn’t as concerned with the script having Beane trade Carlos Pena to Detroit for a reliever and some money (as opposed to the actual three-team, seven-player deal including Jeff Weaver and Jeremy Bonderman) as I was with seeing Pena, an intelligent, gregarious person, depicted as a sullen Latino player. I also find it hard to believe Beane would ever say he didn’t care about pitchers’ platoon splits. And the film’s emphasis on Beane not making it as a player seems to point to questions about his makeup, especially his confidence, which hardly ties into a film about how makeup is overrated. If you do end up seeing the film, and I imagine most of you will, there is one scene towards the end that stood out for me as incredibly spot on, so much so that it didn’t seem to fit with the rest of the film. Beane is sitting in what was then called the .406 club at Fenway Park with John Henry, who is about to offer him a record-breaking deal to become the Red Sox’ new GM. Henry expounds on how Beane’s method of doing things is going to sweep through the industry, and how critics within the game weren’t just trying to protect the game, but were expressing their own fears about their livelihoods. That speech applies just as well to any industry undergoing the kind of creative destruction ushered in by Bill James, Sandy Alderson and Billy Beane. Remember that when you see the next written attack on “stat geeks” who are ruining the game along with a defense of RBIs or pitcher wins. If you haven’t already done so, go read the book before thinking about seeing this movie, and maybe go watch Brad Pitt steal every scene he’s in in Snatch instead.	i don't know
Which metallic element is the essential additive to steel when making stainless steel?	The Elements of Steel . Streamliners: America's Lost Trains . WGBH American Experience \| PBS Iron is the main ingredient in various forms of iron and steel, but the various types of metals contain other elements as well. Sometimes these elements are unwanted; other times they're intentionally added. The Elements Used in Steel Carbon (C): Carbon, a nonmetallic element, forms a number of organic and inorganic compounds and can be found in coal, petroleum and limestone. It is the principle strengthening element in carbon steels and low-alloy steels. Atomic number 6, atomic weight 12.01115. Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a brittle, metallic element that exists in the ore of pyrolusite. When making steel, it reacts with sulfur and helps to increase the metal's resistance to heat. Atomic number 25, atomic weight 54.9380. Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a poisonous, nonmetallic element that helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.9738. Sulfur (S): Sulfur is a nonmetallic element found mainly in volcanic and sedimentary deposits. Sulfur, in the form of iron sulfide, can cause steel to be too porous and prone to cracking. Atomic number 16, atomic weight 32.064. Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, sand and clay. It acts as a deoxidizer in steel production. Atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086. Nickel (Ni): Nickel is a hard, metallic element that found in igneous rocks. Without nickel, stainless steel would be less resistant to heat and corrosion. Atomic number 28, atomic weight 58.71. Chromium (Cr): Chromium, a metallic element, is found in the earth's crust. It is used in the production of stainless steel to make the steel resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Atomic number 24, atomic weight 51.996. The Elements of Steel Composition (percent by mass) Cast Iron	Chromium
The Appalachian and Hammered are two types of which traditional musical instrument?	Rock and Mineral Uses from Rockman Shipping Information There is little we do that does not involve rocks and minerals and the metals we extract from them. Sadly, people seldom stop to think about them. There are thousands of known minerals. We thought you might be interested in learning how a few of them affect you every day. When students can relate the things they are studying to how it affects them personally, they are a lot more likely to remember the message. That is what this information is all about. What follows doesn't even begin to scratch the surface of the essential role that rocks and minerals play in our lives. Based on current consumption, it is estimated that you - and every other person in the United States - will use more than a million pounds of rocks, minerals and metals during your lifetime including: 800 pounds of lead - Primarily used in the construction of batteries. Also used as a radiation shielding during x-ray treatment by your doctor and dentist and as a protective shield on your TV screen to protect you from radiation from that source. 750 pounds of zinc - primarily used as a rust inhibitor for steel in the construction of cars, buildings, bridges, ships and trains. 1,500 pounds of copper - Primarily used in the manufacture of copper wire to conduct electricity needed in your car, home, office, school, church, appliances. 3,600 pounds of aluminum - Cans, aircraft and automobile construction, sporting and electronic equipment, appliances. 32,000 pounds of iron - Used to make steel for cars, subways, ships, cans, building construction, heavy equipment, appliances, power transmission turbines and towers. 27,000 pounds of clays - Used to coat the pages of newspapers magazines, stationery, brochures and boxes so that the ink used in printing on them will be bright and will not run. Also used as a brightener and abrasive in toothpaste and to provide a smooth coating for your stomach in medicines. 28,000 pounds of salt - Used in food preservation (almost all canned and frozen food contain salt), to enhance the taste of foods and to melt the ice on streets and highways during the winter. Also used in the manufacture of many chemicals, for water treatment, papermaking, soaps & detergents and in petroleum refining. 1,000,000 pounds of stone, sand , gravel and cement - Use in streets, highways and sidewalks; in the foundation for your house and school; as decorative materials for yards and gardens; in water purification plants to protect your health and in the construction of buildings from the most modest of homes to the world's tallest skyscrapers. Here are just a few of the rocks, minerals and metals that affect our lives every day: Aluminum — Aluminum is the most abundant metal element in Earth's crust. Used in making cans and other containers, in the manufacture of lightweight parts for automobiles and airplanes, in building construction and in almost every modern appliance found in the home. It is also the active ingredient in many underarm deodorants. Antimony — Antimony is a native element and the metal is extracted from stibnite and other minerals. It is used as a hardening alloy for lead, especially in the manufacture of storage batteries. It is also used in bearing metal, type metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet and pipes, in semiconductor technology and in 4th of July fireworks. Antimony salts are used in the rubber and textile industries, in medicines and glassmaking. Bauxite — Bauxite is the mineral ore of aluminum which is used in the manufacture of cans, airplanes, sporting and electronic equipment and home appliances. Discovered in the late 1800's, aluminum has changed the way we live. Most of the bauxite we use is imported from Australia and Jamaica. Barium — Barium is used as a heavy additive in oil well drilling mud; in the paper and rubber industries, as a filler or extender in cloth, ink and plastics products, in radiography ("barium milkshake"), as a deoxidizer for copper, in sparkplug alloys and in making an expensive white pigment. Beryllium — Beryllium is used in the nuclear industry and in the manufacture of light, very strong alloys used in the aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Emerald and aquamarine are "beryl" gemstones. Chromite — A mineral ore of chromium which is used in making steel, "chromed' parts for automobiles and appliances and in the manufacture of chromic acid which is used to tan much of the leather used in making shoes, belts, purses, jackets, gloves etc. Coal — Coal is primarily used in the generation of electricity. About 56% of all the electricity used in the United States is produced from coal-fired facilities. The rest of our electricity is produced from nuclear power plants (24%), natural gas power plants (10%), hydroelectric resources (8%) and alternative sources (wind, solar etc.) - about 2%. Coal is also a source of raw material for making heating oils, chemicals and medicines. At current rates of use and under current environmental regulation, about a 300-400 year supply of coal remains. To put that in perspective, the first English settlement in the New World was at Jamestown, VA in 1607 - just about 400 years ago. Cobalt — Cobalt is used in making superalloys for jet engines, chemicals (paint dryers, catalysts, magnetic coatings), permanent magnets, and cemented carbides for cutting tools. The United States uses about one-third of the world production of cobalt. Columbite-Tantalite Group — These are the principal ores of niobium and tantalum , used primarily as an additive in steel making and in superalloys; used in metallurgy for heat-resistant alloys, rust-proofing (stainless steel) and electromagnetic superconductors. Copper — Azurite , chalcopyrite and malachite are ores of copper which are used in the manufacture of brass, bronze , coins, jewelry, cooking utensils and pigments. Most of the wiring in electrical appliances, TV's, stereos, computers, telephones, aircraft, satellites, automobiles, residential wiring, plumbing... etc is also made from copper. Malachite also provides shades of green used in making cosmetics and was used by primitive peoples for making paint used on their clothing, faces and cave walls. Feldspar — Feldspar is a rock-forming mineral. It is important industrially in making glass, ceramics, enamelware and soaps. It is also used in making bonding material for abrasive wheels, cements, fertilizer, tarred roofing materials and as a sizing or filler in textiles and paper. Flint — Flint was very important to civilization from its early use in the stone age until the mid 1800's. It was used extensively by primitive peoples in making arrowheads, spearpoints, knives, and other scraping and cutting tools. It was also used - with steel - as a primary way to start a fire until the invention of matches in the early 1800's, and it was widely used as the ignition system for flintlock rifles until the mid 1800's. Fluorite — Fluorite is used in the production of hydrofluoric acid and the source of the "fluoride" in your favorite toothpaste. It is used in the pottery, ceramics, optical, electroplating and plastics industries; in the metallurgical treatment of bauxite to make aluminum; as a flux to remove impurities in open hearth steel furnaces and in metal smelting; in carbon electrodes; emery wheels; electric arc welders; and as paint pigment. Galena — This ore - lead sulfide (PbS) - is the primary source of lead used in the manufacture of batteries. Lead is very heavy - weighing about 400 pounds per cubic foot! It is used as an effective sound barrier and to shield us from harmful, natural radiation while we are flying in an airplane or when we are getting our teeth or other body parts x-rayed in medical or dental offices. A coating of lead on the inside of your television picture tube protects you from radiation while you watch TV. It is also used in making tire and fishing weights. Gilsonite — Gilsonite is used in the manufacture of wire insulation, paints and varnishes, construction materials, asphalt, printing ink, oilwell drilling and in foundry casting. Gold — Gold is used in dentistry and medicine; in jewelry and art; in medallions and coins; and in ingots as a store of value by banks throughout the world. Because of its malleability (gold wire can be made that is thinner than a human hair) it is used in intricate circuitry for scientific and electronic instruments such as computers. It is also used in the electroplating industry. Gypsum — One of gypsums primary uses is in the manufacture of "sheetrock" or wallboard. Chances are that the walls in your home, office or school are at least partly constructed using a gypsum board. Halite (Salt) — Commonly recognized as salt, halite is used in human and animal diet, food seasoning and food preservation. It is used to make sodium hydroxide, soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and metallic sodium, in ceramic glazes, metallurgy, the curing of hides, in mineral waters, soap, home water softeners, as a highway deicer, in photography and in optical parts of scientific equipment. Single crystals can be used for spectroscopy, ultraviolet and infrared transmission. Hematite — A primary ore of iron . Hematite is processed to produce iron which is used to make steel which, in turn, is used in everything from automobiles to flatware to the machinery used to make almost everything else we use. Many different minerals can be combined with iron in producing steel. Each provides a different set of valuable properties to the finished product. A familiar example is stainless steel. Steel is used in the manufacture of such things as kitchen appliances, furniture, tools, bridges, buildings, automobiles, construction equipment, manufacturing machinery, highway construction, shipbuilding, trains, railroads etc. Picture what life would be like without steel! Powdered iron is used in magnets, high-frequency cores, auto parts, and as a catalyst. Radioactive iron (iron 59) is used in medicine and as a tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research. Iron blue is used in paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics, paper dyeing. Black iron oxide is used as a pigment and in polishing compounds, medicines and magnetic inks. The other primary ore of iron is magnetite . Kaolinite — Kaolinite is a very fine, white clay used as a filler in many products, for coating pages in magazines and newspapers to prevent ink from running, and as a whitener and abrasive in toothpaste. Limestone — Limestone is used as dimension stone in buildings and as a component of cement which is used in the construction of everything from homes and sidewalks to bridges and skyscrapers. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate which is the primary ingredient in such things as anti-acid tablets and liquids we all require from time to time for an upset stomach. Lithium — Lithium compounds are used in ceramics and glass; in primary aluminum production; in the manufacture of lubricants and greases; rocket propellants; vitamin A synthesis; silver solder; batteries; medicine. Magnetite — An ore of iron which is used in making steel, nails, kitchen appliances, furniture, tools, bridges, buildings, automobiles, construction equipment, manufacturing machinery, highway construction, shipbuilding, trains, railroads etc. Picture what life would be like without steel! Powdered iron is used in magnets; high-frequency cores; auto parts; and as a catalyst. Radioactive iron (iron 59) is used in medicine and as a tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research. Iron blue is used in paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics and paper dyeing. Black iron oxide is used as a pigment and in polishing compounds, medicines and magnetic inks. Also see hematite . Malachite — USES: Copper is used in making most of the wiring used to carry electricity in our homes, automobiles, electronic equipment, and appliances. It is also used to provide shades of green in cosmetics and was used by primitive peoples for making paint. Marble — Used as dimension stone in building construction and for making decorative items such as pillars, floor and bath tiles, table tops etc. Mica — Micas commonly occur as flakes, scales or shreds. Sheet muscovite (white) mica is used in the manufacture of electronic insulators. Ground mica is added to paints and cosmetics to add "sparkle", in joint cement, as a dusting agent, in well-drilling muds as well as in plastics, composition roofing, rubber and welding rods. Molybdenite — An ore of molybdenum which is alloyed with steel and other metals to improve hardness, strength and resistance to abrasion and corrosion. It is used in the manufacture of jet engines, in oil refining, in lubricants and as pigmentation in dyes, inks and paint. As a pure metal, molybdenum is used as filament supports in light bulbs because of its high melting point - 4,730 degrees F - in metalworking dies and furnace parts. Perlite — Perlite is used in roof insulation boards, as a filler, in filter aids and for horticulture applications. Platinum Group Metals — The Platinum Group Metals (PGM) Includes platinum , palladium , rhodium , iridium , osmium and ruthenium . They commonly occur together in nature. Platinum is used principally in catalytic converters for the control of automobile and industrial plant emissions but is also used in making jewelry. PGM metals are also used in catalysts to produce acids, organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals as well as in bushings for making glass fibers used in fiber-reinforced plastic, in electrical contacts, in capacitors and in resistive films used in electronic circuits. They are also used in dental alloys for making crowns and bridge. Phosphate — Phosphate rock is used to produce phosphoric acid for ammoniated phosphate fertilizers, feed additives for livestock, elemental phosphorus, and a variety of phosphate chemicals for industrial and home consumers. Phosphoric acid also helps provide the "tingly" taste you experience when drinking many soft drinks. Potash — Potash is a carbonate of potassium used as a fertilizer, in medicines, in the chemical industry and to produce decorative color effects on brass, bronze and nickel . Pyrite — Pyrite is used in the manufacture of sulfur , sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide. Pellets of pressed pyrite dust are used in the recovery process of iron , gold , copper , cobalt and nickel . It is also used to make inexpensive jewelry. Pyrolusite — An ore of manganese , a metal used in the steel making process to help provide different characteristics (such as hardness, heat resistance etc.) which are preferred and often required for some specific applications of steel. Rare Earths — Rare Earth Elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium) are primarily used as catalysts in petroleum fluid cracking processes. They are also used as metallurgical additives, and in ceramics and polishing compounds, permanent magnets and phosphors. For additional information on the Rare Earths, see our Periodic Chart of the Elements . This group is found on the line titled "lanthanons" with atomic numbers 57 - 71. Silica — Your daily contact with silica is most often in the form of an anti-caking agent when you use a powdered form of foods such as milk, chocolate, sweeteners etc. For example, those little packets of sweetener you use for your coffee instead of sugar are as much as 95% silica sand - ground so finely that it will dissolve. Silica is also used in the manufacture of computer chips, glass and refractory materials, ceramics, abrasives, water filtration processes, as a component of hydraulic cements, as a flatting agent in paints and as a thermal insulator. It is also used as a filler in the making of paper. Silver — Without silver , you could not take a single picture with your camera. Besides its use in photography, silver is also used in chemistry, jewelry, in electronics because of its very high conductivity and as currency in the form of coins - usually as an alloy. Other uses included the lining of vats and other equipment for use as chemical reaction vessels and in water distillation processes. It is also used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ethylene, in making mirrors, as plating for flatware, dishes and tea sets, and in dental, medical and scientific equipment. Soda Ash — Soda ash and trona (see "trona" below) are both sodium carbonate . Soda ash is used in the manufacturing of glass containers, fiberglass, specialty glass and flat glass. It is also used in the paper making process, in liquid detergents, in medicine, as a food additive, and in cleaning compounds. Sulfur — Used in the manufacture of fertilizer (necessary to grow our food), chemicals, in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, in papermaking, film, tires, paint, detergents, explosives, matches, drugs and dyes. Titanium — As a metal - because of it's light weight, strength and heat resistance, titanium is primarily used in the manufacture of such items as jet engines, aircarft frames and space and missile components. You most often come in contact with titanium in its form as titanium dioxide - the whitest substance known. Titanium dioxide has thousands of applications as a "whitener" in items such as paint, in food items such as sugar and candy and in toothpaste. Trona — Trona is a primary source of sodium carbonate . It is used in the making of toothpaste, in glass and paper making, in soaps and detergents, in the treatment of water for domestic use and in the manufacture of a number of chemicals. One of its most important applications is its use in baking soda and baking powder, a necessary ingredient in making bread, cookies, cakes and most other baked goods. You "eat" this rock every time you have a sandwich, a cookie or piece of cake. Learn more about how rocks and minerals are used in the food we consume with our Rocks We Eat kit (item 101). Tungsten — Tungsten is used in steel making and thus in all the items constructed of steel that require the hardness and other characteristics provided by tungsten-steel alloys. It is applied on metalworking, construction and electrical equipment; in transportation equipment, as filaments in light bulbs, and as components of dyes, enamels and paints and for coloring glass. Vanadium — Vanadium is used in metal alloys for aerospace applications. Zeolites — Zeolites have some unique absorption and neutralizing characteristics. They are used in kitty litter for odor control and in fish hatcheries for removing ammonia from the water to protect the fish. Zinc — "Copper" pennies are actually mostly zinc . One of the primary uses of zinc is as a protective coating on steel used to manufacture things such as automobile frames and bumpers to prevent corrosion and oxidation (rusting). It is also used as an alloy metal with copper to make brass, and for "galvanizing" iron used in making nails and roofing material that will not corrode when exposed to the weather. Supplying quality educational materials for teachers, collectors and other educational organizations since 1995.	i don't know
In which field was Marie Stopes (1880-1958) a pioneer?	BBC - History - Historic Figures: Marie Stopes (1880 - 1958) Historic Figures z Marie Stopes, 1918 © Stopes was a campaigner for women's rights and a pioneer in the field of family planning. Marie Stopes was born on 15 October 1880 in Edinburgh to an archaeologist father and scholarly mother who was also a suffragist. Her studies as a paleobotanist took her to universities in London and Munich, then to Manchester where she became the first female member of the science faculty at the university. In 1911, she married Reginald Ruggles Gates. The relationship quickly broke down, and Marie realised that her husband was impotent and the marriage was unconsummated. It was annulled in 1914. Stopes' reading on the subject prompted her first book 'Married Love', which was published in 1918. The book was condemned by churches, the medical establishment and the press but was very popular, selling 2,000 copies within a fortnight. Thousands of women wrote to ask her advice. Marie Stopes became famous overnight, and used the publicity to advance her cause. A second book, 'Wise Parenthood', followed. In the same year, Stopes married Humphrey Verdon Roe who was very supportive of her views. They had a son in 1924. In 1921, Stopes opened a family planning clinic in Holloway, north London, the first in the country. It offered a free service to married women and also gathered data about contraception. In 1925, the clinic moved to central London and others opened across the country. By 1930, other family planning organisations had been set up and they joined forces with Stopes to form the National Birth Control Council (later the Family Planning Association). The Catholic church was Stopes's fiercest critic. In 1923, Stopes sued Catholic doctor Halliday Sutherland for libel. She lost, won at appeal and then lost again in the House of Lords, but the case generated huge publicity for Stopes's views. Stopes continued to campaign for women to have better access to birth control, but spent most of the last two decades of her life writing poetry. She died on 2 October 1958.	Birth control
“It’s the way I tell ‘em!” was one of the catchphrases of which comedian?	LibriVox Librivox Acoustical liberation of books in the public domain Menu LibriVox recordings are Public Domain in the USA. If you are not in the USA, please verify the copyright status of these works in your own country before downloading, otherwise you may be violating copyright laws. Marie Stopes (1880 - 1958) Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (15 October 1880 – 2 October 1958) was a British author, palaeobotanist, campaigner for women's rights and pioneer in the field of birth control. External Links	i don't know
What do the Argentinians call what we call the Falkland Islands?	What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands? - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word «Let me solve it for you» What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands? Today's crossword puzzle clue is a cryptic one: What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands?. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands?" clue. It was last seen in British cryptic crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database. Possible answer:	Falkland Islands
What is the most common alternative name for the gnu?	Falkland Islands: Britain 'would lose' if Argentina decides to invade now - Telegraph Falkland Islands Falkland Islands: Britain 'would lose' if Argentina decides to invade now Admiral Sir John Forster Woodward - who in 1982 gave the order to sink the General Belgrano - regrets not making more of how the Falklands war was won. Sandy Woodward Photo: GEOFF PUGH By Cole Moreton Comments "That was stupid,” says Sandy Woodward, a plain-speaking man of the sea. “It was a mistake. I regret that when the war was over we agreed to play it low key,” he adds. “We should have made more noise, to make sure people realised it was the Navy that had done the job, not the bloody Air Force or the Army. The Air Force dropped one bomb on target. There were more Commandos, who are naval soldiers, than there were Army.” Admiral Sir John Forster Woodward, known to all as Sandy, firmly believes that if he and other senior figures had made more of what they had achieved in the South Atlantic, the Navy would not now be in its present state – which he describes as “fairly dire. The Navy took itself for granted, and the country took the Navy for granted. Then we allowed it all to disappear after the Falklands. “If we’d been louder, then investment in the services would have been more naval than it has been. We wouldn’t have ditched the aircraft carriers Invincible and Ark Royal. We wouldn’t have got rid of the Sea Harriers – an appalling decision.” Woodward lives in a cottage overlooking water on the south coast, where he races yachts. The sandy hair has turned white and the admiral is about to turn 80, but this tall, flinty man is in command of his brief and expects to be taken seriously. “It’s not the Navy that I joined at the age of 13, or that I served in during the Falklands. "I accept change, but not serious change for the worse. If you are a naval professional, then a Navy without an aircraft carrier and the right aircraft on board is comparable to the Swiss navy.” Related Articles Falkland Islands 'was nearly shared by Britain and Argentina' 13 Mar 2012 That’s damning. Switzerland, of course, doesn’t have a navy. Britain will not have a working aircraft carrier until the new HMS Queen Elizabeth comes into service in 2020, and even then it may not have any jets to carry. The new Joint Strike Fighter, which was due to replace the scrapped Sea Harriers, has been delayed by a design flaw which makes it unable to land on deck. Without an aircraft carrier, Woodward believes the current Navy is also fundamentally flawed. “What’s a navy for? Expeditionary force, which means going a long way from home. If you can’t rely on neighbouring countries to make a base on land sufficiently close to where you want to be, then you have to go by sea and take your air power with you. We simply can’t do that now. The best we can do for an expeditionary force is a day trip to France.” If the Falklands are ever captured by Argentina it will be impossible to win them back, says Woodward. “We could not retake the Falklands. We could not send a task force or even an aircraft carrier. If we had been in this state in 1982, the Falklands would be the Malvinas. We rely on sending reinforcements by air, but that would be impossible if we lost control of the airfield at Mount Pleasant.” He is not, however, as despairing as that sounds. “The problem doesn’t arise, because they won’t be taking it,” he says, rapping his knuckles on the kitchen table for luck. “I hope I’m right.” His hope is based on the recent arrival of the destroyer HMS Dauntless. “We need her surface-to-air missiles. The Argentines might hope to overcome the four Typhoon jets at Mount Pleasant with a dozen Mirages and then bomb the airfield out of action, but while she’s there with her missiles they won’t try that. I’m not sure the Government understands how important she is.” Argentina believes Britain has also sent a nuclear-powered attack submarine, or SSN, which the MoD neither confirms nor denies. As an expert submariner, Woodward sees the use. “If they want to invade, it will have to be by sea and an SSN will chop them up. They know that.” He is less impressed by the decision to send Prince William to the Falklands as a search and rescue helicopter pilot. “What on earth are they intending to achieve?” asks Woodward, who had Prince Andrew as a Sea King pilot in his own fleet. “To put a royal in the front line is quite inconvenient. You have to take special measures to make sure he doesn’t lose his life. That means you service his aircraft three times as carefully as anyone else’s. If something goes badly wrong, you’ll be blamed. So you protect the Royal Family from their own wish to serve. They are a liability on the front line.” The admiral lives in a cottage called Before Anchor, but that’s nothing to do with his past. It’s a reference to the village pub, where we go for fish and chips without salad – “sod the greens” – and a pint of beer, which is called, also by coincidence, Invincible. That was the name of one of the two aircraft carriers in the Falklands fleet, the other being Hermes, upon which he sailed. Woodward joined the Navy in 1946 as a schoolboy. Most of his career had been as a submarine commander, which he once said did things to a man’s character: “Submarines are always in enemy-controlled waters, therefore you should treat anything you see, hear or smell as an enemy. There are no friends.” When Argentina invaded in April 1982, he was a newly appointed Rear-Admiral on an exercise in the Mediterranean. “The Falklands were as strange to me as to anyone else. I’d never been near them.” As task force commander, he was required to tour the ships telling the crews why they were doing this. Woodward was unusually lost for words, and fell back on the blunt truth. “I said, 'Look, whether you realise it or not, you’ve taken the Queen’s Shilling. You’re now going to be invited to front up for it. Whatever you think of the problem, our job is to stop it. People will die, ships will be lost, that’s the deal. Go to it.” Woodward says he never wasted his time trying to get his men to like him. “My ethos of command was to get respect and trust. I wasn’t going to make any effort to be liked. Some people are naturals at it. I’m not.” He upset some fellow officers with his best-selling account of the conflict, One Hundred Days, and is about to do it again with a new edition containing his uncensored diary from the war, describing one colleague in particular in the strongest terms possible. “I was taking out my frustration in the diary, not on them. For Christ’s sake, it’s 30 years later; if they’re still upset about it, they ought to be taken out and shot anyway.” The sinking of the General Belgrano on May 2 was hugely controversial, as the cruiser was outside the exclusion zone set up by the British and sailing away. As you would expect, Woodward is unapologetic. “It’s very simple. There was the Belgrano and two destroyers armed with Exocet missiles milling around in the southern ocean. I know from experience that while they were within 200 miles of our ships, they could have us overnight. So I wanted them removed, didn’t I?” The rules of engagement set in Whitehall forbade an attack. Woodward knew that by the time he got those rules changed, the Belgrano would be gone. “On occasions, you have to disobey your specific instructions from home, which are already out of date because the situation has changed since they were put in place.” So he ordered the submarine HMS Conqueror to attack. The order was intercepted and diverted to Whitehall, where his superiors understood the urgency of the situation and short-circuited the process of consultation. The Prime Minister gave permission. The torpedoes were fired. The cruiser was sunk and 323 people died. “The fact is that because we had broken their codes, although we were not prepared to say so at the time, we knew she was going to the waiting position [with a view to attacking later]. The Argentine commander has also said that while it was deeply undesirable, it was also eminently reasonable and he would have done the same. Nobody at home ever gave me a hard time over it.” What people fail to realise, he says, is how close Britain came to losing the war. “If the Argentines had held out for another week on land then we would probably have lost it. Our people were in the open. It was snowing. The sheer wear and tear of two months at sea in vile conditions meant our ships were wearing out. The offshore group was on its last gasp. It was as close as that.” Three islanders, 255 British servicemen and 649 Argentines died, but when Woodward eventually got his feet on Falklands soil for the first time he was less than impressed, writing of the landscape in his diary: “Bloody awful… definitely not a jewel in the Queen’s crown.” Was it worth it then? “Yes. I don’t think I need to say any more than that.” Britain did not seem particularly grateful when he got home. “I wasn’t even properly debriefed. Nobody seemed to want to know.” The civil service had its own welcome. “Usually if you have been the victor in a major military event, there is some acclaim. Mine was 'a claim’ from the people who do the accounts, saying, 'We have been looking at your entertainment expenditure as admiral and observe that you haven’t spent anything over the last three months. "So we have revised your allowance downwards and backdated it. You now owe us £600.’ That was my reward. I didn’t bother to say I had been entertaining the Argentinians.” Sandy Woodward was, however, knighted later that year. He retired seven years after that. “Life after was a bit of an anti-climax. When you’ve done that, nothing else is going to seem quite as important.” Two decades ago, he parted from his wife and moved to the West Sussex coast. “I love the smell of the sea, even when the tide is low.” His son lives in California and his daughter in Surrey. On his kitchen table there is a scale model of a 19th-century fighting ship, which Woodward is rigging by hand. His real vessel is being refurbished. “She is a Devon Yawl, a racing boat for geriatrics. I’ve been racing since I was 14. I’m obsessive about it. If I see another boat I’ve got to overtake it if I can.” Idyllic though his retirement seems, Woodward insists his views are relevant. “I have stayed very much in touch with what’s going on. I don’t hesitate to tell the First Sea Lord if I think he’s getting it wrong, and he, bless him, actually does take some notice. I am, after all, the only senior naval officer still alive who has taken the Navy to war. That doesn’t mean to say I’m right, but I’m probably worth listening to. Albeit with a pained expression.” 'One Hundred Days’ by Admiral Sandy Woodward (HarperPress) is available from Telegraph Books for £8.99 plus £1.25 p&p. Call 0844 871 1516 or go to books.telegraph.co.uk	i don't know
What is the maximum number of players in a rounders team?	Rounders The Sport of Rounders Rounders is a sport played between two teams, each alternating between batting and fielding. The game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ball. The first nationally formalised rules were drawn up by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland in 1884. The game is regulated by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland and the National Rounders Association (NRA) in Great Britain. Both have different, although similar, game-play and culture. Competitions are held between teams from both traditions with games alternating between codes, often one version being played in the morning and the other in the afternoon. Game-play centres around innings where teams alternate at batting and fielding. A maximum of nine players are allowed to field at one time. Points ("rounders") are scored by the batting team by completing a circuit around the field through four bases or posts without being put 'out'. The earliest nationally formalised rules of play were devised by the GAA in Ireland in 1884. In 1889, associations were formed in Liverpool and Scotland. The NRA was not formed until 1943. Baseball (both the "New York game" and the now-defunct "Massachusetts game") as well as softball are likely to share the same historical roots as rounders (see origins of baseball) and bears a resemblance to the GAA version of the game. Rounders is linked to British Baseball, still played in Liverpool, Cardiff and Newport. Although rounders is assumed to be older than baseball, literary mentions of "base-ball" pre-date those of rounders. Rounders is now played from school-level to international. In many respects, rounders is identical to Baseball. It is however considered a school game, rounders is played at international level. Canada, England, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales compete against each other, and the Pakistan Rounders Association held its first national competition in 2006. The ball is hard with a cork centre, covered in white leather and comparable in size to a tennis ball (a standard tennis ball or "soft" rounders ball is often substituted in school games). In Ireland, a hurling ball called a sliotar is used. Bats are similar in shape to baseball bats and can be made from wood or aluminum. Four bases are laid out in a diamond shape and a fifth marker is placed in-line between home and second base indicating where the bowler stands. A team can have a maximum of 15 players and a minimum of 6. No more than 9 players can be on the field at one time. The fielding team must include one bowler and one backstop. Other outfield players take positions at each of the bases or elsewhere on the field. The bowler bowls the ball with an underarm pendulum action to the batter. It is deemed a "good" ball if it passes within reach on the striking side between the batter's knees and the top of the head (NRA). Otherwise, it is called a "no-ball" or "bad" ball. The ball is also "bad" if it is thrown into the batter's body or wide of the batting box. A batter may try to hit a bad ball but is not required to. A player is not out if a "no-ball" is caught. When a batter leaves home base, each runner on a base may advance to the next and succeeding bases. A base runner cannot be declared out when occupying a base. The batter must keep in contact with the base to prevent them from being declared out. A rounder is scored if a member of the batting team completes a circuit without being out. In NRA, a half rounder is scored if half a circuit is completed without being 'out' or if a batter has not hit the ball but makes it all the way to the fourth base. A batter is out if: (a) a ball hit is caught, (b) running to (NRA) or touching (GAA) a base that had been 'stumped' by a fielder, or (c) they drop the bat while running Rounders.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Sponsored Links	9 (disambiguation)
In card games such as Whist and Bridge, what word is used for just one card in a suit?	Rounders Rules The bowler must bowl a ball towards the batter so that: it is thrown with a smooth underarm action the ball arrives without bouncing and within the batters square the ball is above the batter's knee, below the batter's head, and not at the batter's body the bowler's feet are inside the bowler's square when the ball is bowled otherwise a 'no-ball' is called. A batter can attempt to hit a no-ball and can run on a no-ball, if desired whether the ball is hit or not, but cannot return once first post is reached. If two consecutive no-balls are bowled to the same batter, the batter scores a half-rounder. Batting The batter gets one chance to hit the ball (ignoring no-balls) and must run even if the ball is not struck. If the ball is hit behind the batting square or not hit at all, the batter may can only run to first base. Otherwise, the batter runs around as many of the bases as possible and stops at a post only when the batter thinks there is a danger of the next post being 'stumped'. The batter is out if: the batter hits the ball and it is caught without first hitting the ground the post being run to is 'stumped' - a fielder touches it with the ball the batter runs inside a post the batter loses contact with a post when the bowler has the ball inside the bowler's square the batter overtakes a fellow batter when running around the posts. while not running between posts, the batter obstructs a fielder the batter's foot is outside the batter's square when the ball is bowled Scoring Rounders A score is immediately posted in the following situations: If the batter hits the ball or is bowled a no ball and then reaches the fourth post, a rounder is scored. If the batter fails to hit the ball and reaches the fourth post, a half-rounder is scored. If the batter hits the ball and reaches the second post, a half-rounder is scored. A fielder obstructs a batter running to a post, a half-rounder is scored. If the batter hits the ball and reaches the first, second or third post without being out, the batter stays at that post (and must keep in contact with it) until the next ball is bowled. As soon as the ball leaves the bowler's hand, such a batter can run to the next post, if they wish, even if a no-ball is called. If the batter does not keep contact with the post, the fielding side can stump the next post to get the player out. 2 batters cannot be at the same post so a batter must run on to the next post if the next batter catches up with them. A batter who continues in this way and reaches the fourth post scores a half-rounder. Once the fourth post is reached, the person goes to the back of the batter's line and awaits their next turn to bat. After both sides have played both innings, the side with the most rounders wins. Other Rounders Rules The above rules are consistent with the National Rounders Associations laws. However, those wishing to play more strictly, may also wish to incorporate the following NRA rules which aren't really necessary for a friendly game. A team consisting of a maximum of 15 players and a minimum of 6 of whom no more than 9 may be on the field at one time. An innings is over when the 9th batter is out. If the ball goes behind, the batter may only run to first post but may continue to run once the ball has returned in front of the batter's square again. In this way, it is possible to reach 4th post and score a rounder, even if the ball is hit behind (although this would only happen in practice due to a fielding error). A batter can run to a post even if it has been previously stumped but there is no score if this is done on 4th Post Batsmen must carry their bat when running When the bowler has the ball in his square, you cannot move on, but if you are between Posts, you can carry on to the next. You must touch 4th Post on getting home.	i don't know
Both of Art Garfunkel’s no. 1 UK hits contained which word in the title?	Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com >>> But what's the longest word in a lyric? Word featuring in most titles The word "The" features in more hit titles than any other word (2506). Runner-up, a long way behind is "You" (1489) (as of w/e 11th Oct 2003) Word starting most titles The word "I" starts more hit titles than any other word (644). Then it's "Love" (234), "Don't" (219) and "You" (214) (as of w/e 11th Oct 2003) Least Different Letters Making Up An Artist - Title Combination U2 - "One" (5 characters). This uses a number so it could be argued that the real record-holders are ABC - "SOS" and Moby - "Go" (both 6 letters). However, "Doop" by Doop has just 3 different letters! Least different letters for a non eponymous single is 4 for Abba - "SOS." Palindromic Title by a Palindromic Artist "SOS" by Abba is the only palindromic hit song by a palindromic artist. The Vowel-Free Titles: The following are the only titles of four letters or more to be vowel free (excluding numeric titles like "1999"): Crash Test Dummies - "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" Julian Cope - "Try Try Try" Blackout - "Mr DJ" Pop Will Eat Itself - "RSVP" Fall Out Boy - "Thnks Fr Th Mmrs" Alphabetically First and Last Words In Titles Alphabetically, the first word to appear in any song title is, somewhat obviously, "A"; it has appeared in several hundred titles. More obscure though, alphabetically speaking, the last word to appear in any title is "Zululand" (in King Kurt's 1983 hit, "Destination Zululand"). Least Different Words Used For Multi-Worded Titles: Excluding single-worded titles, Destiny's Child are the only act to have three Top 40 hits and use no more than three different words in them; "No No No" (no. 5, 1998), "Bills, Bills, Bills" (no. 6, 1999), and "Jumpin' Jumpin'" (no. 5, 2000) Biggest Name-Droppers: Two groups have managed to take six girls' names into the Top 40: The Everly Brothers: "Wake Up Little Susie" (1957), "Claudette" (1958), "Take A Message To Mary" (1959), "Poor Jenny" (1959), "Cathy's Clown" (1960), and "Lucille" (1960). The Bachelors: ""Charmaine" (1963), "Diane" (1964), "Ramona" (1964), "Marie" (1965), "Hello Dolly" (1966) and "Marta" (1967). Thanks to chart guru Jon Kutner who points out that the Bachelors have a seventh if we include "Walk With Faith In Your Heart"! Lyrical Connections Between Successive Number 1s A favourite question in pop quizzes goes something like this: "Which is the only record to have been knocked off the no.1 spot by a record whose title can be found in the lyric of the first song?" The 'classic' answer is "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen. It contains the famous "mamma mia, mamma mia, mamma mia let me go" line. In January 1976, it was replaced at the top of the chart by none other than Abba's "Mamma Mia". But a more striking (and more bizarre) answer arises from 1959 when Emile Ford & The Checkmates' "What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For" unseated Adam Faith's "What Do You Want" from number one. It's particularly odd as, during the transition, the tracks tied for the top spot and shared the position for one week! But there are other examples, albeit less dramatic (ie. one-word titles), of this phenomenon: In 1958, The Kalin Twins made no. 1 with "When". It replaced The Everly Brothers at the top; both tracks on their double A-Side "All I Have To Do Is Dream" and "Claudette" contained the word "When." Two years later Anthony Newley made no. 1 with "Why". It replaced Michael Holliday's "Starry Eyed" at no. 1; the opening line of that song is "Why am I so starry eyed?" In 1988, The Pet Shop Boys made no. 1 with "Heart". It replaced Aswad's "Don't Turn Around" at no. 1 (which contains the lines "Don't worry about this heart of mine" and "Coz you're gonna see my heart breaking"). The most recent example was seen in 2000. Madonna made no. 1 with "Music". It replaced Spiller's "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" at no. 1 (which contains the line "While we are moving, the music is soothing"). There are two instances of the reverse of this phenomenon - a track being toppled from no.1 by another which contains its full title in the lyric: In 1960, Anthony Newley's "Why" was topped from no.1 by Adam Faith's "Poor Me" which contained "Why oh why do voices say to me, sit and cry, that this was meant to be." In 1975, Telly Savalas "If" was topped from no.1 by The Bay City Rollers "Bye Bye Baby" which opened with the line "If you hate me after what I say." Here's a interesting sub-category; Lyrical Prophecy Of Topping The Chart On 15th Nov 1980, Blondie's "The Tide Is High" reached number 1. It included the line, "I'm gonna be your number one." It was knocked off the top spot on 29th Nov by Abba's "Super Trouper" which includes the line "feeling like a number one." Most Popular Title For A Top 40 Single Songs entitled "Angel" and "Crazy" have each made the Top 40 in 12 completely different tracks (ie. different tune / lyrics; not different versions of the same song). Runners-up are: "I Believe" (10) and "Stay" (9). The full list is here . First Self-Penned Number 1 Mantovani's "Cara Mia" (July 1954; the 20th no. 1); it was composed by Mantovani and Bunny Lewis (under pen names Tulio Trapani and Lee Lange respectively). Not until the 43rd Number 1 was an act entirely responsible for writing its own chart-topper; The Dreamweavers' "It's Almost Tomorrow" (March 1956). Over twenty-eight years later Steveie Wonder became the first artist ever to write, produce and entirely perform a Number 1 ("I Just Called To Say I Love You", Sep 1984). Eponymous Number Ones When Mr. Blobby went to number one with "Mr Blobby" in 1993 it was the first time in 41 years of chart history that an eponymously title song achieved this feat. However, less than four months "Doop" hit number one by a band called Doop! Hits In Most Languages German pop/dance trio Sash! are the only act to have hits in four different languages. In 1997/8 they made the Top 40 with "Encore Une Fois" (in French), "Ecuador" (in Spanish), "Stay" and others (in English) and "La Primavera" (in Italian). Furthermore, though Sash's 1999 hit "Colour The World" was ostensively sung in English, it contained African lyrics by Nigerian vocalist Dr Alban and Finish singer Inka! Petula Clark is the only British act to have hits in three languages; "Casanova" in German, "Ya Ya Twist" and "Chariot" in French and a host of others in English. One group has graced the charts with hits in three languages. Kraftwerk had success with "Autobahn" (in their native German), "Tour De France" (French), five other Top 40 titles in English and one bilingual ("Expo 2000" mixed German and English). Most Expletives The Super Furry Animals 1996 hit "The Man Don't Give A..." contained 49 expletives; a record for a Top 40 single. The most for a solo hit is 33 in Eamon's 2004 track "F**k It (I Don't Want You Back)." This single also holds the record for most expletives in a chart-topper. The 'award' for most profanities in a hit by a female artist goes to Frankee whose 2004 number 1 "F.U.R.B. (F U Right Back)" (an answer song to Eamon's) contained 22 swear words. Biggest Hit By A Non-Human Artist In terms of chart success, this coverted title goes to The Archies for "Sugar Sugar" which spent 8 weeks at number 1 in 1969 (and stayed in the Top 40 for 22 weeks). Created for mass consumption by bubblegum-pop genius Don Kirshner (the man who gave us the Monkees), the Archies existed on television as an animated series based on the comic book characters of the same name. The voices behind the singing cartoon characters were vocalists Ron Dante, Toni Wine and Andy Kim. The biggest-selling single by a non-human group is "Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh" by The Teletubbies (1997, 1.1 million copies). The biggest-selling single by a non-human soloist(!) is "Can We Fix It?" by Bob The Builder (year 2000, 1.0 million). The Weirdness Of Blur's "Song 2" The track "Song 2" was track 2 on the album "Blur". It was single 2 to be released from the album. It reached number 2 in the chart - and was just 2 minutes long! Position-dodging The Eurythmics have had 9 top ten hits. No two songs have peaked at the same position. The only position they have failed to achieve is No. 7 (they also have one number 11 hit and one number 12 hit, too!) Most Graceful Retreat From Number 1 In chart history, four singles haven fallen from the Number 1 spot by one position for four consecutive weeks (ie. No. 1 to No. 2 to 3, 4, 5). They are: Dickie Valentine - "Finger Of Suspicion" (1954) [1-2-3-4-5-5-4-9-17] Tommy Edwards - "It's All In The Game" (1958) [1-2-3-4-5-4-8-11-15-27] Michael Jackson - "You Are Not Alone" (1995) [1-2-3-4-5-7-9-13-25-30-31] Eminem - "The Real Slim Shady" (2000) [1-2-3-4-5-7-8-10-11-15-23-33-38] The following singles managed to 'double' their fall from the top for four consecutive weeks: Chicago - "If You Leave Me Now" (1976) [1-2-4-8-16-16-28-30-39] Ian & The Blockheads - "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" (1978) [1-2-4-8-16-21] Abba - "The Winner Takes It All" (1980) [1-2-4-8-16-30] Wet Wet Wet - "Love Is All Around" (1994) [1-2-4-8-16-21-35- 39] The record for languishing at No. 2 on the way out (for 8 weeks!) goes to: Johnnie Ray - "Such A Night" (1954) [1-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-3-7-7-9-10-12] Most 'Impressive' Symmetrical Chart Careers For A Title Ten records in history have experienced symmetrical chart careers of four weeks (none has a longer symmetrical career). Of these, only four climbed as far as the top 30. They are: Gloria Estefan - "Get On Your Feet" (1989) [34-23-23-34] The Beloved - "The Sun Rising" (1989) [37-26-26-37] Re-Flex - "The Politics Of Dancing" (1984) [34-28-28-34] Eric Clapton - "Wonderful Tonight (live)" (1991) [35-30-30-35] Artist 'Lapping' Himself During the time Bryan Adams hit "(Everything I Do) I Do It For You" was at number one, his follow up single, "Can't Stop This Thing We Started", not only entered the chart, but climbed to number 12, fell down the chart and disappeared from the chart altogether. First Chart Has-Been Jane Wyman was the first chart act to completely disappear from the chart, never to return. 12th Dec 1952 was her second and final week on the chart singing 'Zing A Little Zong' with Bing Crosby. When Was The Last Time...? ... there were no entries in the Top 10: In March 2006, a new chart rule enabled download sales to count towards a single's chart position the week prior to the title being available in a 'hard' form (eg. CD). As download sales represented a relatively low proportion of overall sales at the time, this led to the return of a phenomenon which had been in decline for many years; titles entering the charts below their peak position and climbing! In w/e 29th April 2006 there were no new entries inside the Top 10, the first time that this had happened for more than four years. This looks set to become a more regular occurrence as it was repeated on the weeks ending 13th May, 8th July, 19th Aug, 2nd Sep, 30th Sep, 2nd Dec 2006 as well as 27th Jan, 10th Feb, 24th Feb, 3rd Mar, 17th Mar, 7th Apr, 5th May, 2nd June, 30th June, 28th July, 22nd Sep, 13 Oct, 17 Nov, 8th Dec 2007, 12th Jan, 2nd Feb, 1st Mar, 8th Mar, 15th, 29th Mar, 26th April, 10th May, 1st Jun, 29 Nov 2008, 31st Jan, 28th Mar, 11th Apr, 16th May 2009. We're going to discontinue this listing soon if this trend continues as it's getting out of hand! More impressively, on week ending 29th Nov, the highest new entry was at no. 29 (Christian Falk featuring Robyn - "Dream On", though Snow Patrol's "Run" re-entered one place higher). It is rare for the entire upper half of the Top 40 to be devoid of new entries. The previous instances were 26th Apr 2008 when the highest new entry was at no. 25 (Goldfrapp, "Happiness") and 10th Feb 2007, when Kasabian entered at no. 22 with "Me Plus One". Before that, we have to go back to 1994 to find a Top 20 free of debuting singles (outside of the Festive period of course). The 19th Aug 2006 chart not only featured no new entries into the Top 10, but also no "download-to-physical" climbers, making it doubly unusual. Moreover, on the week ending 21st Apr 2007, the entire top 10 was a rearrangement of the previous week's top 10 (i.e. no songs climbing into, entering, or falling out of the top 10). This also happened on w/e 16th May 2009. Throughout the 80s and 90s the number of "high new entries" grew rapidly as record companies became more focussed in targeting chart sales periods for dramatic debut positions. It was then rare (away from Christmas / New Year) to find a Top 10 with no new entries. The last occurrence of this prior to the aforementioned download rule was w/e 9th Feb 2002 (highest new entry that week; "Dance For Me" by Mary J Blige at number 13). More than seven years before that, in June 1994, there was a very rare new-entry-free Top 20, "Move Your Body" by Anticapella being the highest debutant at number 21. (NB: this excludes charts inside the festive season when it is usual for the chart to be somewhat stagnant.) ... a single climbed back up to number one: Occasionally tracks drop from the number one spot and then do a 'U'- turn. Latest to do this was Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean with "Hips Don't Lie." It had topped the chart for w/e 8th July 2006, then being displaced for a total of three weeks by Lily Allen's "Smile" (2 weeks) and McFly's "Don't Stop Me Now / Please Please" (1 week). On w/e 5th Aug 2006 Shakira and Wyclef Jean reclaimed the no. 1 position. Prior to this, Eric Prydz had returned to the top with "Call On Me" in Oct 2004. ... a single spent more than X weeks at number one:: The last single to spend 5 or more weeks at number one was: Duffy - "Mercy" (Feb - Mar 2008) [5 weeks at no. 1] The last single to spend 6 or more weeks at number one was: Leona Lewis - "Bleeding Love" (Nov - Dec 2007) [7 weeks at no. 1] The last single to spend 8 or more weeks at number one was: Rihanna featuring Jay-Z - "Umbrella" (May - July 2007) [10 weeks at no. 1] The last single to spend 11 or more weeks at number one was: Wet Wet Wet - "Love Is All Around" (June-Sep 1994) [15 weeks at no. 1] The last single to spend 16 or more weeks at number one was: Bryan Adams - "(Everything I Do) I Do It For You" (July-Nov 1991) [16 weeks at no. 1 - most ever consecutively.] The last single to spend 17 or more weeks at number one was: Frankie Laine - "I Believe" (Apr-Sep 1953) [18 weeks at no. 1 - though in three separate spells at the top.] More information . ... the Top 5 were all New Entries: The most recent occurrence of the entire top 5 consisting of New Entries was w/e 29th Jan 2005. The previous occasion was w/e 13th Nov 2004; the fact attracted considerable attention as all five of the incumbents were American artists (in descending order: Eminem, Destiny's Child, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera featuring Missy Elliott, Usher) - a first. The first instance of all Top 5 singles being New Entries was w/e 31st Oct 1998 (Cher, George Michael, U2, Culture Club, Alanis Morissette). On just two occasions (w/e 15th Apr 2000 and w/e 29th Jan 2005) the entire top 6 were debutantes. ... the Top 5 were all non-movers: The week with most successive non-movers (excluding Christmas weeks) was in July 1955 when the whole Top 7 remained unchanged. Since then, only the whole of the Top 6 has ever remained static - on four occasions (9th July 1955, 8th April 1961, 30th May 1981 and 8th March 2008). Top 7 : 9th July 1955 Top 6 : 8th March 2008 1 H Two O featuring Platnum What's It Gonna Be Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 4 Basshunter ft DJ Mental Theo Now You're Gone Where Will The Baby's Dimple Be? Most New Entries In The Top 40 On w/e 17th May 1997, the Top 40 chart contained a record-breaking twenty new entries (of which only one was a climber from further down the chart). The week ending 5th March 2005 also introduced us to nineteen 'pure' new entries, this time with no climbers. Most New Entries In The Top 10 There have been seventeen occasions in chart history when seven titles of the Top 10 have been New Entries to the Top 40. The first such occurrence was w/e 19th April 1997. The top 10 looked like this: Top 10 : 19th April 1997 1	Eye
What word was common to three of the titles of the Beatles’ first six Top 20 hits?	The Who \| uDiscover My Generation ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review An explosive debut, and the hardest mod pop recorded by anyone. At the time of its release, it also had the most ferociously powerful guitars and drums yet captured on a rock record. Pete Townshend's exhilarating chord crunches and guitar distortions threaten to leap off the grooves on "My Generation" and "Out in the Street"; Keith Moon attacks the drums with a lightning, ruthless finesse throughout. Some "Maximum R&B" influence lingered in the two James Brown covers, but much of Townshend's original material fused Beatlesque hooks and power chords with anthemic mod lyrics, with "The Good's Gone," "Much Too Much," "La La La Lies," and especially "The Kids Are Alright" being highlights. "A Legal Matter" hinted at more ambitious lyrical concerns, and "The Ox" was instrumental mayhem that pushed the envelope of 1965 amplification with its guitar feedback and nonstop crashing drum rolls. While the execution was sometimes crude, and the songwriting not as sophisticated as it would shortly become, the Who never surpassed the pure energy level of this record. Words - Richie Unterberger. A Quick One ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review The Who's second album is a less impressive outing than their debut, primarily because, at the urging of their managers, all four members penned original material (though Pete Townshend wrote more than anyone else). The pure adrenaline of My Generation also subsided somewhat as the band began to grapple with more complex melodic and lyrical themes, especially on the erratic mini-opera "A Quick One While He's Away." Still, there's some great madness on Keith Moon's instrumental "Cobwebs and Strange," and Townshend delivered some solid mod pop with "Run Run Run" and "So Sad About Us." John Entwistle was also revealed to be a writer of considerable talent (and a morbid bent) on "Whiskey Man" and "Boris the Spider." Words - Richie Unterberger. The Who Sell Out ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Pete Townshend originally planned The Who Sell Out as a concept album of sorts that would simultaneously mock and pay tribute to pirate radio stations, complete with fake jingles and commercials linking the tracks. For reasons that remain somewhat ill defined, the concept wasn't quite driven to completion, breaking down around the middle of side two (on the original vinyl configuration). Nonetheless, on strictly musical merits, it's a terrific set of songs that ultimately stands as one of the group's greatest achievements. "I Can See for Miles" (a Top Ten hit) is the Who at their most thunderous; tinges of psychedelia add a rush to "Armenia City in the Sky" and "Relax"; "I Can't Reach You" finds Townshend beginning to stretch himself into quasi-spiritual territory; and "Tattoo" and the acoustic "Sunrise" show introspective, vulnerable sides to the singer/songwriter that had previously been hidden. "Rael" was another mini-opera, with musical motifs that reappeared in Tommy. The album is as perfect a balance between melodic mod pop and powerful instrumentation as the Who (or any other group) would achieve; psychedelic pop was never as jubilant, not to say funny (the fake commercials and jingles interspersed between the songs are a hoot). "Someone's Coming," and an alternate version of "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand." Words - Richie Unterberger. Tommy ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review The full-blown rock opera about a deaf, dumb, and blind boy that launched the band to international superstardom, written almost entirely by Pete Townshend. Hailed as a breakthrough upon its release, its critical standing has diminished somewhat in the ensuing decades because of the occasional pretensions of the concept and because of the insubstantial nature of some of the songs that functioned as little more than devices to advance the rather sketchy plot. Nonetheless, the double album has many excellent songs, including "I'm Free," "Pinball Wizard," "Sensation," "Christmas," "We're Not Gonna Take It," and the dramatic ten-minute instrumental "Underture." Though the album was slightly flawed, Townshend's ability to construct a lengthy conceptual narrative brought new possibilities to rock music. Despite the complexity of the project, he and the Who never lost sight of solid pop melodies, harmonies, and forceful instrumentation, imbuing the material with a suitably powerful grace. Words - Richie Unterberger. Who's Next ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Much of Who's Next derives from Lifehouse, an ambitious sci-fi rock opera Pete Townshend abandoned after suffering a nervous breakdown, caused in part from working on the sequel to Tommy. There's no discernable theme behind these songs, yet this album is stronger than Tommy, falling just behind Who Sell Out as the finest record the Who ever cut. Townshend developed an infatuation with synthesizers during the recording of the album, and they're all over this album, adding texture where needed and amplifying the force, which is already at a fever pitch. Apart from Live at Leeds, the Who have never sounded as LOUD and unhinged as they do here, yet that's balanced by ballads, both lovely ("The Song Is Over") and scathing ("Behind Blue Eyes"). That's the key to Who's Next -- there's anger and sorrow, humor and regret, passion and tumult, all wrapped up in a blistering package where the rage is as affecting as the heartbreak. This is a retreat from the '60s, as Townshend declares the "Song Is Over," scorns the teenage wasteland, and bitterly declares that we "Won't Get Fooled Again." For all the sorrow and heartbreak that runs beneath the surface, this is an invigorating record, not just because Keith Moon runs rampant or because Roger Daltrey has never sung better or because John Entwistle spins out manic basslines that are as captivating as his "My Wife" is funny. This is invigorating because it has all of that, plus Townshend laying his soul bare in ways that are funny, painful, and utterly life-affirming. That is what the Who was about, not the rock operas, and that's why Who's Next is truer than Tommy or the abandoned Lifehouse. Those were art -- this, even with its pretensions, is rock & roll. Words - Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Quadrophenia ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Pete Townshend revisited the rock opera concept with another double-album opus, this time built around the story of a young mod's struggle to come of age in the mid-'60s. If anything, this was a more ambitious project than Tommy, given added weight by the fact that the Who weren't devising some fantasy but were re-examining the roots of their own birth in mod culture. In the end, there may have been too much weight, as Townshend tried to combine the story of a mixed-up mod named Jimmy with the examination of a four-way split personality (hence the title Quadrophenia), in turn meant to reflect the four conflicting personas at work within the Who itself. The concept might have ultimately been too obscure and confusing for a mass audience. But there's plenty of great music anyway, especially on "The Real Me," "The Punk Meets the Godfather," "I'm One," "Bell Boy," and "Love, Reign o'er Me." Some of Townshend's most direct, heartfelt writing is contained here, and production-wise it's a tour de force, with some of the most imaginative use of synthesizers on a rock record. Various members of the band griped endlessly about flaws in the mix, but really these will bug very few listeners, who in general will find this to be one of the Who's most powerful statements. Words - Richie Unterberger. The Who By Numbers ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review The Who by Numbers is the seventh album by English rock band The Who, released on 3 October 1975 in the United Kingdom through Polydor Records, and on 25 October 1975 in the United States by MCA Records. It was named the tenth-best album of the year in The Village Voice critics poll. Live At Leeds ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Rushed out in 1970 as a way to bide time as the Who toiled away on their follow-up to Tommy, Live at Leeds wasn't intended to be the definitive Who live album, and many collectors maintain that the band had better shows available on bootlegs. But those shows weren't easily available whereas Live at Leeds was, and even if this show may not have been the absolute best, it's so damn close to it that it would be impossible for anybody but aficionados to argue. Here, the Who sound vicious -- as heavy as Led Zeppelin but twice as volatile -- as they careen through early classics with the confidence of a band that finally achieved acclaim but had yet to become preoccupied with making art. In that regard, this recording -- in its many different forms -- may have been perfectly timed in terms of capturing the band at a pivotal moment in its history. There is certainly no better record of how this band was a volcano of violence on-stage, teetering on the edge of chaos but never blowing apart. This was most true on the original LP, which was a trim six tracks, three of them covers ("Young Man Blues," "Summertime Blues," "Shakin' All Over") and three originals from the mid-'60s, two of those ("Substitute," "My Generation") vintage parts of their repertory and only "Magic Bus" representing anything resembling a recent original, with none bearing a trace of its mod roots. This was pure, distilled power, all the better for its brevity; throughout the '70s the album was seen as one of the gold standards in live rock &a roll, and certainly it had a fury that no proper Who studio album achieved. It was also notable as one of the earliest legitimate albums to implicitly acknowledge -- and go head to head with -- the existence of bootleg LPs. Indeed, its very existence owed something to the efforts of Pete Townshend and company to stymie the bootleggers. Who Are You ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Who Are You is the eighth studio album by English rock band The Who, released on 18 August 1978 through Polydor Records in the United Kingdom and MCA Records in the United States. It peaked at number 2 on the US charts and number 6 on the UK charts. It is The Who's last album with Keith Moon as the drummer; Moon died twenty days after the release of this album. Face Dances ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Without Keith Moon, the Who may have lacked the restless firepower that distinguished their earlier albums, but Face Dances had some of Pete Townshend's best, most incisive compositions since Quadrophenia. "Don't Let Go the Coat" was one of his better odes to Meher Baba, "You Better You Bet" was a driving rocker, as was the rueful "Cache Cache," while "How Can You Do It Alone" was a solid ballad. While Townshend's songs were graceful and introspective, Roger Daltrey delivered them without any subtlety, rendering their power impotent. Words - Stephen Thomas Erlewine. It's Hard ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Driven by Pete Townshend's arching musical ambitions, It's Hard was a final effort from the Who. Featuring layers of synthesizers and long-winded, twisting song structures, the album featured the anthemic "Athena" and the terse "Eminence Front." Endless Wire ALBUM REVIEW - click to view review Opening with a synth riff that strongly recalls, if not directly quotes, the famed loop underpinning "Baba O'Reilly," Endless Wire often hearkens back to previous Who albums in its themes, structure, and sound. The "Baba O'Reilly" riff pops up in "Fragments," the pummeling triplets of "The Punk Meets the Godfather" resurface in "Mike Post Theme." Like The Who by Numbers, it has its fair share of stark acoustic introspection. Like The Who Sell Out and A Quick One, it closes with a mini-rock opera, this one called "Wire & Glass." This closing suite also shares a lineage with Townshend's 1993 solo album Psychoderelict, a record that's not well loved but one that is connected thematically to Lifehouse Chronicles, his often-muddled yet often-intriguing futuristic rock opera that seemed to suggest portions of a technologically saturated internet age. Such ideas bubble up throughout Endless Wire and not just on "Wire & Glass," yet that opera specifically shares a character with Psychoderelict in Ray High, a rock star who was the central figure in that 1993 opus and functions as a semi-autobiographical distancing device for Townshend, particularly on this record where the narrative ebbs and flows and sometimes disappears completely. Since the whole of Townshend's rock operas always were overshadowed by the strength of their individual parts -- musically and emotionally, "Pinball Wizard," "Bargain," "Behind Blue Eyes," "The Real Me" and "Love Reign O'er Me" carried as great a weight, if not greater, on their own as they did as part of a larger theme -- this is not unusual or unwelcome, because the focus turns away from the specifics of the narrative and to the merits of the songs and the Who's performances, and how they connect at a gut level. And, like much of the best of the Who's work, the best of Endless Wire does indeed connect at a gut level, even if it's in a considerably different way than it was in the past: instead of being visceral and immediate, this is music carries a slow burn. This is partially because they are no longer driven by Moon and Entwistle, but quite frankly, this most manic of rhythm sections never really anchored the Who; Townshend always did with his furious windmills and propulsive rhythms, and there was never any question that this, along with his songs, formed the complex, contradictory heart of the Who, while Daltrey gave the songs both muscle and a commonality, undercutting Townshend's pretensions -- or giving him a voice behind which to hide, a voice to act out his best and worst impulses. After all the upheaval of the first part of the 2000s, Townshend needed to have Daltrey interpret his songs, which do confront many tough emotions and questions regarding faith, mortality and persecution, albeit often in oblique ways. Here, the band is indeed changed, and while they have top-notch professional support from drummer Zak Starkey and bassist Pino Palladino, they do not sound like a session band: they sound like the Who, only older, with their boundless energy replaced by a bittersweet melancholy undercurrent. It's a sound that fits Townshend's new songs, alternately sweetly sad, bitterly reflective and, despite it all, cautiously optimistic. Unlike the fussy theatricality of The Iron Man or the impenetrable mess that was Psychoderelict -- or any Townshend project since It's Hard, really -- Endless Wire is not a slave to its concept; the songs fuel the album instead of the other way around. Even when it goes off the tracks -- and it does, most grandly on the bizarre "In the Ether," where Townshend affects Tom Waits' patented growl -- it feels as if it was written from the heart, which is why it's always appealing even though it feels curiously disjointed, with the The Who by Numbers-styled first half not quite synching up with the mini-opera that dominates the second side. It may not add up to a totally satisfying whole, yet within both halves of Endless Wire there is much to treasure: on the first half, there's the incendiary "A Man in a Purple Dress," the powerful yet understated "Mike Post Theme," the delicate "God Speaks of Marty Robbins," a surging rocker in "It's Not Enough" (whose lyrics are riddled with the self-doubt of Empty Glass) and the sweet song sketch "You Stand by Me"; on the second, there's the mini-opera of "Wire & Glass," a ten-song suite beginning with the rampaging "Sound Round" and closing with the haunting "Tea & Theatre," that manages to touch on every one of the band's strengths. Taken on its own, "Wire & Glass" does stand as the greatest Who music since Who Are You, so it's a bit hard not to wish that the entire album had its thematic cohesion, muscular melody, and sense of purpose, but if it meant losing the quite wonderful highlights of the first half, it may not have been worth it because they're not only strong songs, they give this record its ragged heart. No, Endless Wire is not perfect -- its parts don't quite fit together, and not all of the parts work on their own -- but it is an endearingly human, impassioned work that more than justifies Townshend's and Daltrey's decision to continue working as the Who. Hopefully, it will lead to another record or two but if it doesn't, Endless Wire is certainly a better final Who album than It's Hard, which is quite an accomplishment after a quarter-century hiatus. Words: Stephen Thomas Erlewine	i don't know
At which Park did Yeats feel moved to write a poem about the wild swans?	The Wild Swans at Coole by William Butler Yeats \| Poetry Foundation The Wild Swans at Coole by William Butler Yeats The Wild Swans at Coole Related Poem Content Details The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirrors a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones Are nine-and-fifty swans. The nineteenth autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount And scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All's changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore, The bell-beat of their wings above my head, Trod with a lighter tread. Unwearied still, lover by lover, They paddle in the cold Companionable streams or climb the air; Their hearts have not grown old; Passion or conquest, wander where they will, Attend upon them still. But now they drift on the still water, Mysterious, beautiful; Among what rushes will they build, By what lake's edge or pool Delight men's eyes when I awake some day To find they have flown away? Source: The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats (1989) Discover this poem's context and related poetry, articles, and media. Poet The Wild Swans at Coole Related Poem Content Details Biography William Butler Yeats is widely considered to be one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. He belonged to the Protestant, Anglo-Irish minority that had controlled the economic, political, social, and cultural life of Ireland since at least the end of the 17th century. Most members of this minority considered themselves English people who happened to have been born in Ireland, but Yeats was staunch in affirming his Irish nationality. Although he lived in London for 14 years of his childhood (and kept a permanent home there during the first half of his adult life), Yeats maintained his cultural roots, featuring Irish legends and heroes in many of his poems and plays. He was equally firm in adhering to his self-image as an artist. This conviction led many to accuse him of elitism, but it also unquestionably contributed to his greatness. As fellow poet W.H. Auden noted in a...	Coole
Who wrote the 1969 novel ‘The Godfather’?	The Wild Swans at Coole Quotes The Wild Swans at Coole Quotes © 2017 Shmoop University. All rights reserved. Logging out… You've been inactive for a while, logging you out in a few seconds... I'm Still Here!	i don't know
In ‘Treasure Island’, what is the name of Long John Silver’s parrot?	Long John Silver in Treasure Island NEXT Character Analysis We think Long John Silver is the best part of this book. He's totally what we imagine a pirate should be: cunning, sly, peg-legged, with a parrot on his shoulder. There's a reason why he's what we think of when we hear the word "pirate." It's in part because of Long John Silver's popularity as a character that Treasure Island has become the most popular, most enduring pirate novel ever. Long John Silver seems like the classic pirate because he's the character whom all other pirates in popular culture are based on. He's the granddaddy of them all, and we love him for it. Long John Silver is a quartermaster, which means he handles the ship's food and drink during the voyage. That's also why his fellow pirates call him Barbecue. He's apparently the only man whom the legendary pirate Captain Flint was afraid of ("Flint his own self was feared of me" (11.13)). And since we discover later in the book that Captain Flint managed to singlehandedly kill six of his crew while he was burying his treasure on the island, Long John Silver must be a pretty tough, terrifying guy. But he's first and foremost a con man, so the rage and violence that lie under the surface are hidden underneath a mask that's as smooth as pudding. We see examples over and over again of Long John Silver's incredibly persuasive manner. He tricks Squire Trelawney, who is, OK, not that bright. Still, the fact that a man as interested in duty and class as Squire Trelawney would believe a quartermaster (Long John Silver) over a captain (Captain Smollett) is a sign of how persuasive Long John Silver can be. We also get to watch him convincing young Dick Johnson to join the pirates while aboard the Hispaniola: You may imagine how I felt when I heard this abominable old rogue [Silver] addressing another in the very same words of flattery as he had used to myself. I think, if I had been able, that I would have killed him through the barrel. (11.6) What irks Jim the most about Long John Silver's show of friendliness and respect for Dick Johnson is that he recognizes that Long John Silver has been using the same lines on Jim himself! Jim may be creative and intelligent, but he's no match for the slippery Long John Silver. The thing is, Long John Silver has a lot of qualities that make him appealing to the reader: he's incredibly wily and well-spoken, he's practical and quick to change sides if he needs to, and he's brave. Actually, if you just read the descriptions without thinking "pirate," Long John Silver sounds a lot like an older, smarter version of Jim Hawkins. But of course, he is a pirate (or "gentleman of fortune," as he likes to be called), so he can't totally win out in the end. Even Stevenson, who is pretty unconventional, can't allow Silver to succeed in his original plan of killing all the non-pirates on board the Hispaniola and making off with all 700 thousand British pounds of treasure. Still, the fact that Long John Silver is so appealing means that it would be equally unsatisfying to the reader for him to be shot down like a dog (like Israel Hands) or marooned on the island (like Tom Morgan). We like him, even if he is a rogue. So the book compromises by letting Long John Silver disappear: he slips away from the Hispaniola with a sack of coins when Squire Trelawney, Doctor Livesey, and Jim Hawkins are ashore at the end of the novel. Long John Silver may not get exactly what he wants, but he escapes punishment, as all good tricksters should. Long John Silver's inconclusive ending also leaves open the possibility of future adventures. Who knows where or when this charming, cunning pirate might show up again? After all, there are still bars of silver buried on Captain Flint's island. Treasure Island's open-endedness invites the reader to imagine future adventures using the colorful character of Long John Silver as a stand-in. By leaving a question mark over his fate, we can dream of meeting him ourselves – and perhaps getting caught up in treasure hunts of our own. Blurring Boundaries Long John Silver is unlike all the other pirates in this novel in two ways: he owns property and he has a wife. (Three if you count the fact that he's smart, and most of the others are total idiots.) Long John Silver is the legitimate owner of a pub in the coastal town of Bristol, and he's married to an African woman. (Stevenson calls this woman a derogatory term for a black woman; we won't reproduce it here because we find it offensive.) Neither of these facts takes up a huge amount of space in the novel, but they indicate something special about Long John Silver: he blurs boundaries. Where the other pirates of the novel drink their fortunes away and go back to begging or crime all too quickly, Long John Silver is planning for the future. He's settling down and trying to become an actual gentleman, not just a gentleman of fortune. Even Israel Hands comments: He's no common man, Barbecue, [...] He had good schooling in his young days, and can speak like a book when so minded. (10.14) The fact that Long John Silver is an educated property owner not only differentiates him from the other (wasteful, reckless) pirates of the novel. It also suggests untold adventures in his past. What brought an educated man to piracy? How did he get to be sea-cook to Captain Flint? Long John's Silver's intriguingly unclear origins lend a sense of mystery and excitement to the character. For readers of Robert Louis Stevenson's day, Long John Silver's mixed-race marriage would have been a part of that mystery. He is married to an African woman at a time when mixed-race marriages were not common or even considered acceptable. So he lives both inside and outside the law. He owns property (inside the law), but is still a pirate (definitely outside the law). And he is married (inside the law), but to a woman of a different race (socially unacceptable in the 19th century). He breaks rules and challenges the simplistic binaries of good guy/bad guy in multiple ways, which makes him all the more alluring. The Real Life Long John The character of Long John Silver is based on a real-life buddy of Robert Louis Stevenson's (sadly, not a real-life pirate): William Ernest Henley. Like Stevenson, Henley was a writer of renown. Also like Stevenson, Henley spent much of his life sick with tuberculosis. He even had to have his leg amputated (hence Long John Silver's peg-leg). But Henley never let his illness stop him from participating actively in the literary scene of 19th-century Britain. His stubbornness, courage, and intimidation of lesser minds around him made him a compelling figure, and an excellent model for gentleman pirate Long John Silver. ( Read more about Henley here .)	Captain Flint
Who plays the title character in the 2013 remake of ‘The Great Gatsby’?	SparkNotes: Treasure Island: Important Quotations Explained Important Quotations Explained Fifteen men on the dead man’s chest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! Drink and the devil had done for the rest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! This pirate’s ditty, first sung in Chapter I and recalled many times afterward, remains one of the best-known legacies of Treasure Island. The poem encapsulates drink, death, and wickedness, which are inextricably linked to the pirates, and which give them an aura of wild glamour. The “bottle of rum” recalls the almost constant state of drunkenness of Silver’s ragged brigade. This reference to alcohol is also connected to idea of the “dead man,” as the pirates’ drunkenness results in mishaps, losses, and deaths, and is perhaps responsible for their ultimate failure. The “dead man’s chest” symbolically refers to both Billy Bones’s sea chest and Flint’s hidden treasure. The pirates’ song associates the treasure chest with a dead man rather than a living one, suggesting that the pirates are unconsciously aware that their mission will end in death and failure. In a sense, they are singing of their own downfall, almost displaying a death drive. The image of the dead man’s chest also refers to the way in which greed leads to a man’s loss of soul and also recalls the ultimate futility of finding material treasure, as all humans eventually die in the end. 2. “I have only one thing to say to you, sir … if you keep on drinking rum, the world will soon be quit of a very dirty scoundrel!” These words, which Dr. Livesey addresses to Billy Bones in Chapter I, emphasize the conflict between the civilized world and the lawless criminal world in Treasure Island. Billy has usurped power for himself, as he refuses to pay his bills and assumes that everyone will immediately fall silent whenever he slaps the dining-room table. Billy’s power is, in fact, quite real: Jim’s innkeeper father is too scared of Billy to demand payment, and everyone does stop talking when the seaman slaps the table. Though Billy is a stranger in the area, shows no special virtues, and has no political or financial power, he nonetheless holds an extraordinary and mysterious power over everyone. This power, which Long John Silver also displays, fascinates Jim. Power of this sort is an insult to the civilized world, as it offends the values of order, responsibility, and propriety. The practical Dr. Livesey, who embodies the traditional, ordered world, predicts that the rum will soon kill Billy and declares that the pirates are scoundrels. Livesey judges the pirates through the lens of his own world and its accompanying values. However, by the end of the novel, we learn that both the doctor’s world and the pirates’ world are flawed, and that both worlds can inspire and destroy. 3. “Well, squire … I don’t put much faith in your discoveries, as a general thing; but I will say this, John Silver suits me.” Dr. Livesey delivers these remarks to Squire Trelawney at the end of Chapter VIII, when the men first meet the crew that will accompany them to Treasure Island. This quotation raises the issue of judgment of another person’s character. First, Livesey’s skepticism about Trelawney’s prudence suggests that the squire’s knowledge of human affairs might be less reliable than that of the practical man of science. We later verify this hypothesis when we discover that the squire has been tricked into manning his ship with a band of pirates; his judgment is indeed unsound. Yet Long John Silver tricks even the wise Dr. Livesey. Though in reality the ringleader of the pirates, Silver is a man whom Livesey trusts instinctively. The doctor’s trust suggests that Silver has extraordinary powers of deception, but also that there is something genuinely likable about the pirate. Even though Silver is a miscreant, he is charismatic and repeatedly earns the respect of others. Indeed, Silver wins Jim’s affection and admiration by the end of the adventure, and he acts like a gentleman on several occasions. Livesey and Trelawney are deceived by Silver because he is such a contradictory character, not fully good but not fully evil either. 4. I was no sooner certain of this than I began to feel sick, faint, and terrified. The hot blood was running over my back and chest. The dirk, where it had pinned my shoulder to the mast, seemed to burn like a hot iron; yet it was not so much these real sufferings that distressed me ... it was the horror I had upon my mind of falling from the cross-trees into that still green water beside the body of the coxswain. I clung with both hands till my nails ached, and I shut my eyes as if to cover up the peril. Gradually my mind came back again, my pulses quieted down to a more natural time, and I was once more in possession of myself. Jim has these thoughts at the beginning of Chapter XXVII, when he realizes that he has killed Israel Hands, the pirate who has wounded Jim with his dagger. This passage reveals Jim’s maturity and his developing sense of self. The pirates are always drunken, rowdy, and impetuous, and demonstrate little or no ability to manage the situations or circumstances that surround them. Jim, conversely, almost immediately after the fight is over, Jim shows his developing ability to emerge from a state of passionate agitation to a state of control. Jim takes possession of himself in a mature and responsible fashion, and then takes control of the ship and names himself captain. The difference between Jim and Israel Hands represents the difference between those who can take care of themselves and those who cannot. Israel is still drunk when he dies, while Jim is in full possession of his mind and senses. The passage also shows the importance of Jim’s newfound sense of personal identity. The physical suffering Jim experiences is not as troubling as the prospect of being next to Israel Hands in the water. Jim cannot bear the thought of being associated with a pirate, a person who is not in control of his own body and mind. Jim clearly defines himself as separate from a pirate or criminal—he identifies himself as an honest young man. Jim’s identity matters more to him than even physical pain, suggesting that he is developing a sense of identity, confidence, and maturity. 5. The bar silver and the arms still lie, for all that I know, where Flint buried them; and certainly they shall lie there for me. Oxen and wain-ropes would not bring me back again to that accursed island; and the worst dreams that ever I have are when I hear the surf booming about its coasts, or start upright in bed, with the sharp voice of Captain Flint still ringing in my ears: ‘Pieces of eight! pieces of eight!’ These final lines of the novel summarize Jim’s feelings about his adventure. Ironically, one of the results of Jim’s treasure hunt is that he learns he does not actually want the treasure, and that he is happy to leave the silver buried on the island. Similarly, at the end of the novel, Jim also realizes that he does not truly want adventure. The negative tone with which he closes his account seems out of place, as in the end everything has worked out well for him: Jim is safely back home, his friends have survived, and he presumably possesses a fair share of the pirates’ loot as reward. Yet Jim calls the island “accursed,” and he is plagued by nightmares of treasure and Silver’s screeching parrot. Jim’s continuing dreams signify that his adventure is still with him, for better or for worse, and that his experience with the pirates has had an indelible impact on his life. However, it also appears that the tragedies of the adventure—the greed and death—still trouble him. Though Captain Flint is long dead and buried, and Jim is back in the relative safety of the civilized world, he still feels the influence and temptation of the pirates’ underworld. Jim is having trouble adjusting to the upright, civilized world and the fact that it completely rejects the darker, more lawless world of the pirates. That a pirate literally has the last words in the novel (the parrot’s cry of “pieces of eight!”) shows that the pirates, and the life and values they represent, will always haunt Jim and the civilized world. More Help	i don't know
What was the highest-grossing film worldwide of 2013?	2013 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo Studio* Worldwide Domestic / % Overseas / % 1 Frozen BV $1,276.5 $400.7 31.4% $875.7 68.6% 2 Iron Man 3 BV $1,214.8 $409.0 33.7% $805.8 66.3% 3 Despicable Me 2 Uni. $970.8 $368.1 37.9% $602.7 62.1% 4 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug WB (NL) $958.4 $258.4 27.0% $700.0 73.0% 5 The Hunger Games: Catching Fire LGF $865.0 $424.7 49.1% $440.3 50.9% 6 Fast & Furious 6 Uni. $788.7 $238.7 30.3% $550.0 69.7% 7 Monsters University BV $744.2 $268.5 36.1% $475.7 63.9% 8 Gravity WB $723.2 $274.1 37.9% $449.1 62.1% 9 Man of Steel WB $668.0 $291.0 43.6% $377.0 56.4% 10 Thor: The Dark World BV $644.6 $206.4 32.0% $438.2 68.0% 11 The Croods Fox $587.2 $187.2 31.9% $400.0 68.1% 12 World War Z Par. $540.0 $202.4 37.5% $337.6 62.5% 13 Oz The Great and Powerful BV $493.3 $234.9 47.6% $258.4 52.4% 14 Star Trek Into Darkness Par. $467.4 $228.8 48.9% $238.6 51.1% 15 The Wolverine Fox $414.8 $132.6 32.0% $282.3 68.0% 16 Pacific Rim WB $411.0 $101.8 24.8% $309.2 75.2% 17 The Wolf of Wall Street Par. $392.0 $116.9 29.8% $275.1 70.2% 18 G.I. Joe: Retaliation Par. $375.7 $122.5 32.6% $253.2 67.4% 19 The Hangover Part III WB $362.0 $112.2 31.0% $249.8 69.0% 20 Now You See Me LG/S $351.7 $117.7 33.5% $234.0 66.5% 21 The Great Gatsby (2013) WB $351.0 $144.8 41.3% $206.2 58.7% 22 The Smurfs 2 Sony $347.5 $71.0 20.4% $276.5 79.6% 23 The Conjuring WB (NL) $318.0 $137.4 43.2% $180.6 56.8% 24 A Good Day to Die Hard Fox $304.7 $67.3 22.1% $237.3 77.9% 25 Oblivion Uni. $286.2 $89.1 31.1% $197.1 68.9% 26 Elysium TriS $286.1 $93.1 32.5% $193.1 67.5% 27 Turbo Fox $282.6 $83.0 29.4% $199.5 70.6% 28 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Sony $274.3 $119.8 43.7% $154.5 56.3% 29 We're the Millers WB (NL) $270.0 $150.4 55.7% $119.6 44.3% 30 Epic Fox $268.4 $107.5 40.1% $160.9 59.9% 31 The Lone Ranger BV $260.5 $89.3 34.3% $171.2 65.7% 32 American Hustle Sony $251.2 $150.1 59.8% $101.1 40.2% 33 Grown Ups 2 Sony $247.0 $133.7 54.1% $113.3 45.9% 34 After Earth Sony $243.8 $60.5 24.8% $183.3 75.2% 35 Planes BV $239.3 $90.3 37.7% $149.0 62.3% 36 The Heat Fox $229.9 $159.6 69.4% $70.3 30.6% 37 Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters Par. $226.3 $55.7 24.6% $170.6 75.4% 38 Captain Phillips Sony $218.8 $107.1 49.0% $111.7 51.0% 39 White House Down Sony $205.4 $73.1 35.6% $132.3 64.4% 40 Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Fox $199.9 $68.6 34.3% $131.3 65.7% 41 Lost in Thailand WAMCR $197.8 $57.4k 0.0% $197.7 100.0% 42 Jack the Giant Slayer WB (NL) $197.7 $65.2 33.0% $132.5 67.0% 43 The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Fox $188.1 $58.2 31.0% $129.9 69.0% 44 12 Years a Slave FoxS $187.7 $56.7 30.2% $131.1 69.8% 45 Lee Daniels' The Butler Wein. $176.6 $116.6 66.0% $60.0 34.0% 46 Identity Thief Uni. $174.0 $134.5 77.3% $39.5 22.7% 47 Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues Par. $171.5 $125.2 73.0% $46.3 27.0% 48 Olympus Has Fallen FD $170.3 $98.9 58.1% $71.3 41.9% 49 Insidious Chapter 2 FD $161.9 $83.6 51.6% $78.3 48.4% 50 Lone Survivor Uni. $154.8 $125.1 80.8% $29.7 19.2% 51 Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa Par. $151.8 $102.0 67.2% $49.8 32.8% 52 47 Ronin Uni. $151.8 $38.4 25.3% $113.4 74.7% 53 Red 2 LG/S $148.1 $53.3 36.0% $94.8 64.0% 54 Mama Uni. $146.4 $71.6 48.9% $74.8 51.1% 55 Escape Plan LG/S $137.3 $25.1 18.3% $112.2 81.7% 56 Last Vegas CBS $134.4 $63.9 47.6% $70.5 52.4% 57 2 Guns Uni. $131.9 $75.6 57.3% $56.3 42.7% 58 Walking with Dinosaurs Fox $126.5 $36.1 28.5% $90.5 71.5% 59 This is the End Sony $126.0 $101.5 80.5% $24.6 19.5% 60 Ender's Game LG/S $125.5 $61.7 49.2% $63.8 50.8% 61 Prisoners WB $122.1 $61.0 50.0% $61.1 50.0% 62 Saving Mr. Banks BV $117.9 $83.3 70.7% $34.6 29.3% 63 Warm Bodies LG/S $117.0 $66.4 56.7% $50.6 43.3% 64 Jurassic Park 3D Uni. $116.5 $45.4 39.0% $71.1 61.0% 65 Free Birds Rela. $110.4 $55.8 50.5% $54.6 49.5% 66 Gangster Squad WB $105.2 $46.0 43.7% $59.2 56.3% 67 Philomena Wein. $100.1 $37.7 37.7% $62.4 62.3% 68 Instructions Not Included LGF $99.1 $44.5 44.9% $54.6 55.1% 69 Riddick Uni. $98.3 $42.0 42.7% $56.3 57.3% 70 Safe Haven Rela. $97.6 $71.3 73.1% $26.2 26.9% 71 Evil Dead (2013) TriS $97.5 $54.2 55.6% $43.3 44.4% 72 Blue Jasmine SPC $97.5 $33.4 34.3% $64.1 65.7% 73 The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones SGem $95.4 $31.2 32.7% $64.2 67.3% 74 The Internship Fox $93.5 $44.7 47.8% $48.8 52.2% 75 Rush (2013) Uni. $90.2 $26.9 29.9% $63.3 70.1% 76 The Purge Uni. $89.3 $64.5 72.2% $24.9 27.8% 77 Dhoom 3 Yash $88.0 $8.0 9.1% $80.0 90.9% 78 About Time Uni. $87.1 $15.3 17.6% $71.8 82.4% 79 Pain and Gain Par. $86.2 $49.9 57.9% $36.3 42.1% 80 Carrie (2013) SGem $84.8 $35.3 41.6% $49.5 58.4% 81 The Family (2013) Rela. $78.4 $36.9 47.1% $41.5 52.9% 82 Scary Movie 5 W/Dim. $78.4 $32.0 40.8% $46.4 59.2% 83 R.I.P.D. Uni. $78.3 $33.6 42.9% $44.7 57.1% 84 Tiny Times CL $77.7 $23.5k 0.0% $77.7 100.0% 85 The Book Thief Fox $76.6 $21.5 28.1% $55.1 71.9% 86 Escape From Planet Earth Wein. $74.6 $57.0 76.4% $17.6 23.6% 87 August: Osage County Wein. $74.2 $37.7 50.9% $36.5 49.1% 88 The Best Man Holiday Uni. $72.8 $70.5 96.8% $2.3 3.2% 89 Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon WAMCR $72.3 $87.8k 0.1% $72.2 99.9% 90 The Counselor Fox $71.0 $17.0 23.9% $54.0 76.1% 91 The Call TriS $68.6 $51.9 75.6% $16.7 24.4% 92 One Direction: This is Us TriS $68.5 $28.9 42.1% $39.7 57.9% 93 The Grandmaster Wein. $64.1 $6.6 10.3% $57.5 89.7% 94 Side Effects (2013) ORF $63.4 $32.2 50.8% $31.2 49.2% 95 The Host (2013) ORF $63.3 $26.6 42.0% $36.7 58.0% 96 Runner Runner Fox $62.7 $19.3 30.8% $43.4 69.2% 97 From Up on Poppy Hill GK $61.0 $1.0 1.6% $60.0 98.4% 98 Kick-Ass 2 Uni. $60.8 $28.8 47.4% $32.0 52.6% 99 A Haunted House ORF $60.1 $40.0 66.6% $20.1 33.4% 100 Beautiful Creatures (2013) WB $60.1 $19.5 32.4% $40.6 67.6% 101 Quartet Wein. $59.5 $18.4 30.9% $41.1 69.1% 102 Dallas Buyers Club Focus $55.2 $27.3 49.5% $27.9 50.5% 103 The Face Reader PM&E $54.6 $516k 0.9% $54.1 99.1% 104 Tyler Perry's A Madea Christmas LGF $53.4 $52.5 98.4% $853k 1.6% 105 Tyler Perry's Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor LGF $53.1 $52.0 97.8% $1.2 2.2% 106 Delivery Man BV $50.0 $30.7 61.3% $19.3 38.7% 107 The Berlin File CJ $49.0 $665k 1.4% $48.3 98.6% 108 The Last Stand LGF $48.3 $12.1 24.9% $36.3 75.1% 109 21 and Over Rela. $48.1 $25.7 53.4% $22.4 46.6% 110 Her (2013) WB $47.4 $25.6 54.0% $21.8 46.0% 111 Tiny Times 2 CL $47.3 $43.8k 0.1% $47.2 99.9% 112 Texas Chainsaw 3D LGF $47.2 $34.3 72.7% $12.9 27.3% 113 The Big Wedding LGF $46.5 $21.8 46.9% $24.7 53.1% 114 Parker FD $46.2 $17.6 38.1% $28.6 61.9% 115 The World's End Focus $46.1 $26.0 56.4% $20.1 43.6% 116 Grudge Match WB $44.9 $29.8 66.4% $15.1 33.6% 117 Homefront ORF $43.1 $20.2 46.8% $22.9 53.2% 118 Snitch LG/S $42.9 $42.9 100.0% n/a 0.0% 119 Jobs ORF $35.9 $16.1 44.9% $19.8 55.1% 120 The Place Beyond the Pines Focus $35.5 $21.4 60.3% $14.1 39.7% 121 Inside Llewyn Davis CBS $32.9 $13.2 40.2% $19.7 59.8% 122 Mud RAtt. $32.6 $21.6 66.2% $11.0 33.8% 123 Movie 43 Rela. $32.4 $8.8 27.3% $23.6 72.7% 124 Kevin Hart: Let Me Explain LG/S $32.3 $32.2 99.8% $74.0k 0.2% 125 Spring Breakers A24 $31.7 $14.1 44.5% $17.6 55.5% 126 New World (2013) WGUSA $31.7 $458k 1.4% $31.2 98.6% 127 Don Jon Rela. $30.5 $24.5 80.4% $6.0 19.6% 128 I Give It a Year Magn. $28.2 $34.7k 0.1% $28.2 99.9% 129 Nebraska Par. $27.7 $17.7 63.8% $10.0 36.2% 130 The Incredible Burt Wonderstone WB (NL) $27.4 $22.5 82.1% $4.9 17.9% 131 Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Wein. $27.3 $8.3 30.4% $19.0 69.6% 132 Khumba MNE $27.2 $1.0k 0.0% $27.2 100.0% 133 Dark Skies W/Dim. $26.4 $17.4 65.9% $9.0 34.1% 134 Enough Said FoxS $25.3 $17.6 69.4% $7.7 30.6% 135 Trance FoxS $24.3 $2.3 9.6% $21.9 90.4% 136 The Way, Way Back FoxS $23.2 $21.5 92.7% $1.7 7.3% 137 Kon-Tiki Wein. $22.8 $1.5 6.6% $21.3 93.4% 138 Baggage Claim FoxS $22.5 $21.6 96.1% $887k 3.9% 139 Diana EOne $21.8 $335k 1.5% $21.4 98.5% 140 The Great Beauty Jan. $21.4 $2.9 13.4% $18.5 86.6% 141 22 Bullets Cdgm. $21.3 n/a 0.0% $21.3 100.0% 142 The Sapphires Wein. $20.4 $2.5 12.0% $18.0 88.0% 143 Broken City Fox $19.7 $19.7 100.0% n/a 0.0% 144 The Company You Keep SPC $19.6 $5.1 26.1% $14.5 73.9% 145 The Bling Ring A24 $19.1 $5.8 30.5% $13.3 69.5% 146 You're Next LGF $18.5 $18.5 100.0% n/a 0.0% 147 Dead Man Down FD $18.1 $10.9 60.3% $7.2 39.7% 148 Admission Focus $18.0 $18.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 149 Fruitvale Station Wein. $17.4 $16.1 92.6% $1.3 7.4% 150 Battle of the Year SGem $16.5 $8.9 53.7% $7.7 46.3% 151 Out of the Furnace Rela. $15.7 $11.3 72.4% $4.3 27.6% 152 Billy and Buddy Distrib. $15.2 $0.9k 0.0% $15.2 100.0% 153 The Last Exorcism Part II CBS $15.2 $15.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 154 Machete Kills ORF $15.0 $8.0 53.4% $7.0 46.6% 155 Paranoia Rela. $13.8 $7.4 53.6% $6.4 46.4% 156 All Is Lost RAtt. $13.6 $6.3 46.0% $7.4 54.0% 157 Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie: Rebellion Elev. $12.9 $376k 2.9% $12.6 97.1% 158 Journey to the South Pacific Imax $12.5 $7.1 57.0% $5.4 43.0% 159 Stoker FoxS $12.1 $1.7 14.2% $10.4 85.8% 160 In the House Cohen $11.9 $390k 3.3% $11.5 96.7% 161 I'm So Excited SPC $11.7 $1.4 11.7% $10.4 88.3% 162 Haute Cuisine Wein. $11.4 $218k 1.9% $11.2 98.1% 163 Before Midnight SPC $11.2 $8.1 72.6% $3.1 27.4% 164 The Past SPC $10.6 $1.3 12.5% $9.3 87.5% 165 Only God Forgives RTWC $10.3 $779k 7.5% $9.6 92.5% 166 Love is All You Need SPC $10.0 $1.6 16.3% $8.4 83.7% 167 Bullet to the Head WB $9.5 $9.5 100.0% n/a 0.0% 168 Tyler Perry Presents Peeples LGF $9.3 $9.2 98.6% $130k 1.4% 169 Jerusalem NGE $9.3 $8.0 86.4% $1.3 13.6% 170 The Fifth Estate BV $8.6 $3.3 38.0% $5.3 62.0% 171 Upside Down MNE $8.1 $105k 1.3% $8.0 98.7% 172 Metallica Through the Never PH $8.0 $3.4 42.9% $4.6 57.1% 173 Pulling Strings LGF $7.9 $5.8 74.0% $2.0 26.0% 174 Black Nativity FoxS $7.5 $7.0 94.2% $436k 5.8% 175 Blue Is the Warmest Color IFC $7.4 $2.2 29.8% $5.2 70.2% 176 Unfinished Song Wein. $7.0 $1.7 24.2% $5.3 75.8% 177 The Angels' Share IFC $7.0 $347k 4.9% $6.7 95.1% 178 The Spectacular Now A24 $6.9 $6.9 100.0% n/a 0.0% 179 The Sweeney EOne $6.3 $26.7k 0.4% $6.3 99.6% 180 Believe ORF $6.2 $6.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 181 Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola FIP $6.0 n/a 0.0% $6.0 100.0% 182 Closed Circuit Focus $5.8 $5.8 100.0% n/a 0.0% 183 Populaire Wein. $5.5 $179k 3.3% $5.3 96.7% 184 Broken Circle Breakdown Trib. $5.5 $175k 3.2% $5.3 96.8% 185 Fists of Legend CJ $5.4 $134k 2.5% $5.3 97.5% 186 Chennai Express UTV $5.3 $5.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 187 20 Feet from Stardom RTWC $4.9 $4.9 100.0% n/a 0.0% 188 Oldboy (2013) FD $4.9 $2.2 45.1% $2.7 54.9% 189 Commitment WGUSA $4.5 $76.5k 1.7% $4.5 98.3% 190 White Elephant Strand $4.4 $8.9k 0.2% $4.4 99.8% 191 Much Ado About Nothing (2013) RAtt. $4.3 $4.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 192 Frances Ha IFC $4.1 $4.1 100.0% n/a 0.0% 193 You Will Be My Son Cohen $3.9 $285k 7.3% $3.6 92.7% 194 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Eros $3.8 $3.8 100.0% n/a 0.0% 195 Pieta Drft. $3.6 $22.1k 0.6% $3.6 99.4% 196 Mental Da. $3.6 $17.7k 0.5% $3.6 99.5% 197 The To-Do List CBS $3.6 $3.5 97.9% $74.6k 2.1% 198 Mr. Nobody Magn. $3.5 $3.6k 0.1% $3.5 99.9% 199 Emperor RAtt. $3.3 $3.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 200 Stand Up Guys LGF $3.3 $3.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 201 In a World RAtt. $3.0 $3.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 202 Ram-Leela Eros $2.7 $2.7 100.0% n/a 0.0% 203 Capital Cohen $2.5 $102k 4.0% $2.4 96.0% 204 The East FoxS $2.4 $2.3 95.8% $99.7k 4.2% 205 I'm In Love With a Church Girl HTR $2.4 $2.4 100.0% n/a 0.0% 206 No (2013) SPC $2.3 $2.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 207 Renoir Gold. $2.3 $2.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 208 The Christmas Candle ELS $2.3 $2.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 209 Reality (2013) Osci. $2.2 $72.6k 3.2% $2.2 96.8% 210 Krrish 3 Eros $2.2 $2.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 211 Austenland SPC $2.2 $2.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 212 The Sorcerer and the White Snake Magn. $2.1 $18.8k 0.9% $2.1 99.1% 213 The Snitch Cartel PI $2.1 n/a 0.0% $2.1 100.0% 214 The Iceman (2013) MNE $2.0 $2.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 215 All the Boys Love Mandy Lane RTWC $1.9 n/a 0.0% $1.9 100.0% 216 Fill the Void SPC $1.8 $1.8 100.0% n/a 0.0% 217 Starbuck (U.S. only) E1 $1.7 $340k 20.4% $1.3 79.6% 218 Bhaag Milkha Bhaag Relbig. $1.6 $1.6 100.0% n/a 0.0% 219 Therese MPI $1.6 $102k 6.3% $1.5 93.7% 220 Stories We Tell RAtt. $1.6 $1.6 100.0% n/a 0.0% 221 Lovelace RTWC $1.6 $357k 22.5% $1.2 77.5% 222 Race 2 UTV $1.6 $1.6 100.0% n/a 0.0% 223 Disconnect LD $1.4 $1.4 100.0% n/a 0.0% 224 Girl Most Likely RAtt. $1.4 $1.4 100.0% n/a 0.0% 225 Wadjda (U.S. only) SPC $1.3 $1.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 226 The Kings of Summer CBS $1.3 $1.3 100.0% n/a 0.0% 227 The Invisible Woman SPC $1.2 $1.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 228 Violeta Went to Heaven KL $1.2 $21.5k 1.8% $1.2 98.2% 229 Romeo and Juliet (2013) Rela. $1.2 $1.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 230 Still Mine Gold. $1.2 $1.2 100.0% n/a 0.0% 231 The Wall (2013) MBox $1.2 $38.7k 3.3% $1.1 96.7% 232 Kai Po Che UTV $1.1 $1.1 100.0% n/a 0.0% 233 What Maisie Knew MNE $1.1 $1.1 100.0% n/a 0.0% 234 Thanks for Sharing RAtt. $1.1 $1.1 100.0% n/a 0.0% 235 Ain't Them Bodies Saints IFC $1.0 $397k 38.5% $635k 61.5% 236 Kill Your Darlings SPC $1.0 $1.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 237 Short Term 12 Cdgm. $1.0 $1.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 238 Ginger & Rosa A24 $1.0 $1.0 100.0% n/a 0.0% 239 Lore MBox $970k $970k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 240 Raanjhana Eros $903k $903k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 241 6 Souls RTWC $852k n/a 0.0% $852k 100.0% 242 Generation Iron TVC $850k $850k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 243 The Monk ATO $808k $13.5k 1.7% $794k 98.3% 244 Satyagraha UTV $739k $739k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 245 Hannah Arendt Zeit. $717k $717k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 246 Besharam Relbig. $680k $680k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 247 Salinger Wein. $651k $584k 89.7% $67.0k 10.3% 248 The Hunt Magn. $613k $613k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 249 Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago FEF $613k $613k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 250 To The Wonder Magn. $588k $588k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 251 Lootera Eros $582k $582k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 252 Museum Hours CGld $561k $561k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 253 The Reluctant Fundamentalist IFC $553k $553k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 254 You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet KL $507k $18.9k 3.7% $488k 96.3% 255 The Inevitable Defeat of Mister and Pete LGF $495k $495k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 256 Act of Killing Drft. $487k $487k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 257 Sound City Vari. $423k $423k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 258 Shadow Dancer Magn. $420k $101k 24.0% $319k 76.0% 259 A Hijacking Magn. $414k $414k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 260 Grand Masti Eros $414k $414k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 261 Phata Poster Nikla Hero Eros $411k $411k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 262 The Armstrong Lie SPC $383k $383k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 263 Tai Chi Hero WGUSA $382k $35.1k 9.2% $347k 90.8% 264 At Any Price SPC $381k $381k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 265 Personal Tailor CL $376k $376k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 266 Shootout at Wadala Eros $370k $370k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 267 Gori Tere Pyaar Mein Relbig. $342k $342k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 268 Adore EXCL $319k $319k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 269 A Bottle in the Gaza Sea FM $312k $5.9k 1.9% $306k 98.1% 270 Go Goa Gone Eros $298k $298k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 271 Blancanieves Cohen $280k $280k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 272 Himmatwala UTV $271k $271k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 273 Great Expectations (2013) MSF $259k $259k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 274 The Silence MBox $232k $100k 43.1% $132k 56.9% 275 Singh Saab The Great Eros $226k $226k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 276 ABCD (Any Body Can Dance) UTV $222k $222k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 277 Arthur Newman Cdgm. $208k $208k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 278 Ghanchakkar UTV $203k $203k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 279 Midnight's Children P/108 $190k $190k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 280 R... Rajkumar Eros $167k $167k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 281 We Steal Secrets: The Story of Wikileaks Focus $166k $166k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 282 The Patience Stone SPC $149k $149k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 283 Rangeelay Eros $148k $148k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 284 Drug War Vari. $128k $128k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 285 Beyond the Hills IFC $125k $125k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 286 Storm Surfers 3D XL $117k $117k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 287 Yossi Strand $117k $117k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 288 Spinning Plates TFA $112k $112k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 289 Ek Thi Daayan Eros $112k $112k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 290 The English Teacher Cdgm. $105k $105k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 291 Man of Tai Chi RTWC $100k $100k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 292 Byzantium IFC $89.2k $89.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 293 The Rooftop WGUSA $85.8k $85.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 294 We Are What We Are EOne $81.4k $81.4k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 295 Stuck in Love MNE $81.1k $81.1k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 296 More Than Honey KL $79.8k $79.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 297 Caesar Must Die AF $76.9k $76.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 298 No One Lives Anch. $74.9k $74.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 299 War Witch Trib. $70.5k $70.5k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 300 The Pervert's Guide to Ideology Zeit. $68.0k $68.0k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 301 My Lucky Star CL $64.4k $64.4k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 302 Becoming Traviata Distrib. $62.7k $62.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 303 Sightseers IFC $61.8k $61.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 304 The Canyons IFC $56.8k $56.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 305 Table No. 21 Eros $46.7k $46.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 306 Wish You Were Here (2013) EOne $46.3k $46.3k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 307 A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III A24 $45.4k $45.4k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 308 The We and the I P/108 $42.2k $42.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 309 Killing Season MNE $39.9k $39.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 310 Rising From Ashes FRun $38.6k $38.6k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 311 Berberian Sound Studio IFC $38.5k $38.5k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 312 Ip Man: The Final Fight WGUSA $37.9k $37.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 313 Redemption (2013) RAtt. $36.9k $36.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 314 Camille Claudel 1915 KL $35.3k $35.3k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 315 Bastards IFC $24.5k $24.5k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 316 Paradise: Love Strand $24.3k $24.3k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 317 Our Children Distrib. $23.2k $23.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 318 V/H/S/2 Magn. $21.8k $21.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 319 The Look of Love IFC $21.3k $21.3k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 320 The Painting (2013) GK $21.0k $21.0k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 321 Terraferma Cohen $20.0k $20.0k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 322 Love and Honor (2013) IFC $19.7k $19.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 323 Nostalghia KL $18.8k $18.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 324 Casting By SD $18.2k $18.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 325 Violet & Daisy Cdgm. $17.2k $17.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 326 Jayne Mansfield's Car Anch. $14.8k $14.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 327 A Wedding Invitation CJ $14.4k $14.4k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 328 Red Obsession A23 $13.2k $13.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 329 The Selfish Giant IFC $12.2k $12.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 330 Charlie Countryman MNE $11.7k $11.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 331 Just Like a Woman Cohen $11.4k $11.4k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 332 So Young CL $11.2k $11.2k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 333 In the Name Of FM $9.9k $9.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 334 InchAllah (U.S. only) EOne $9.8k $9.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 335 Welcome to the Punch IFC $9.7k $9.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 336 Clandestine Childhood IFC $9.0k $9.0k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 337 Argento's Dracula 3D IFC $8.1k $8.1k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 338 Finding Mr. Right CL $6.9k $6.9k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 339 Paradise: Hope Strand $6.7k $6.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 340 Paradise: Faith Strand $6.5k $6.5k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 341 The Guillotines WGUSA $5.3k $5.3k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 342 The Stroller Strategy Rialto $3.5k $3.5k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 343 What Richard Did Trib. $2.7k $2.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 344 Caught in the Web Vita. $1.1k $1.1k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 345 I Spit on Your Grave 2 Anch. $0.8k $0.8k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 346 Into the White Magn. $0.7k $0.7k 100.0% n/a 0.0% 347 Storage 24 Magn. $0.1k $0.1k 100.0% n/a 0.0% * Studio is the domestic distributor. Movies must be released in the US for the year specified to qualify for this chart.	Iron Man 3
Who directed the 1942 film, ‘Casablanca’?	'Iron Man 3,' 'Despicable Me 2,' 'Fast & Furious 6' Top Highest-Grossing Films List Of 2013 \| The Huffington Post 'Iron Man 3,' 'Despicable Me 2,' 'Fast & Furious 6' Top Highest-Grossing Films List Of 2013 12/29/2013 11:45 am ET 210 Bloomberg via Getty Images "Iron Man 3" easily tops the list of the highest-grossing movies of 2013, raking in over $1.2 billion worldwide. This impressive performance has crowned Tony Stark as the biggest earning superhero , his four film appearances totaling over $3.8 billion, the "Batman" movies -- all of them -- trailing just behind with $3.7 billion. The next three spots on the list went to "Despicable Me 2" ($918 million), "Fast & Furious 6" ($788 million) and "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" ($771 million). Out of the top 20 highest-grossing films, 16 of them are sequels or based on some book or written text. "Gravity" ($652 million) came out on top of the "original" films at spot number seven. Read the full list below. Top 20 highest-grossing films of 2013: 1. Iron Man 3 - $1,215,439,994 2. Despicable Me 2 - $918,573,535 3. Fast & Furious 6 - $788,679,850 4. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire - $771,484,011 5. Monsters University - $743,559,607	i don't know
‘Please, Sir’ (1968-72) was set in which fictional school?	Please Sir [4270] - $30.00 : Zen Cart!, The Art of E-commerce Please Sir $30.00 The programme was set in the fictional Fenn Street school, and starred John Alderton as Bernard Hedges, a young teacher fresh out of training college. The supporting cast included Deryck Guyler as jobsworth caretaker Norman Potter, Joan Sanderson as formidable teacher Doris Ewell, and Richard Davies as the philosophical Welsh teacher Mr. Price. The rowdy but lovable students of class 5C were played by actors obviously older than school age, including Malcolm McFee as the smooth Peter Craven, Peter Cleall as the rebellious, wisecracking Eric Duffy, Peter Denyer as the not too bright, but lovable, Dennis Dunstable, David Barry as wannabe tough guy cum mummy's boy Frankie Abbott, Penny Spencer as sex-mad Sharon Eversleigh (played by Carol Hawkins in the movie), and Liz Gebhardt as lovelorn Maureen Bullock, hopelessly in love with Hedges. Several well-known character actors and actresses formed the supporting cast, including Ann Lancaster as Mrs. Rhubarb in an episode in 1968.The series ran for 55 episodes between 1968 and 1972.Like many situation comedies of this era, a film version was released in 1971. This was set in an outdoor pursuit centre, but starred most of the TV cast. Cast: Joan Sanderson as Doris Ewell Deryck Guyler as Norman Potter John Alderton as Bernard Hedges Noel Howlett as Mr Morris Cromwell Richard Warwick, Erik Chitty as Mr Smith (DISC 1) 1. The Welcome Mat (11 Nov 68) 2. A Picture Of Innocence (18 Nov 68) 3. Maureen Bullock Loves Sir (25 Nov 68) 4. A Near Greek Tragedy (2 Dec 68) (DISC 2) 5. Barbarian Librarians (9 Dec 68) 6. Student Princess (16 Dec 68) 7. It's The Thought That Counts (23 Dec 68) Series 2 1. They're Off (20 Sep 69) 2. Common Law (27 Sep 69) 3. Panalal Passes By (4 Oct 69) 4. The Sporting Life (11 Oct 69) 5. Norman's Conquest (18 Oct 69) 6. X Certificate (25 Oct 69) 7. The Decent Thing (1 Nov 69) (DISC 3) 8. The Generation Gap (8 Nov 69) 9. Life Without Doris (15 Nov 69) 10. The School Captain (22 Nov 69) 11. Out Of The Frying Pan (29 Nov 69) 12. Mixed Doubles (6 Dec 69) 13. Dress Circle (13 Dec 69) Series 3 1. Ag Bow Rumber (20 Sep 70) 2. Stitches And Hitches (27 Sep 70) 3. Knick Knack Taffy Whack (4 Oct 70) 4. Enter Mister Sibley (11 Oct 70) (DISC 4) 5. It's A St Bernard's Life (18 Oct 70) 6. Two And Two Make Nun (25 Oct 70) 7. The Honour Of The School (1 Nov 70) 8. Cromwell's Last Stand (8 Nov 70) 9. Catch A Falling Drop-Out (15 Nov 70) 10. A Star Is Born (22 Nov 70) 11. The Facts Of Life (29 Nov 70) 12. Situations Vacant (6 Dec 70) 13. Peace In Our Time (13 Dec 70) Special And Everyone Came Too (27 Dec 70) Series 4 1. Identitwit (18 Sep 71) 2. The Pruning Of Hedges (25 Sep 71) (DISC 5) 3. Viva La Revolution (2 Oct 71) 4. A Rather Nasty Break (9 Oct 71) 5. David And Goliath (16 Oct 71) 6. A.W.O.L. (23 Oct 71) 7. What's A Class Between Friends? (30 Oct 71) 8. Our Mr Price (6 Nov 71) 9. Black Power (13 Nov 71) 10. False Alarm (20 Nov 71) 11. Sibley, Mumsie, Dodo And Georgie (27 Nov 71) 12. United We Sit (4 Dec 71) 13. Nemesis For Norman (11 Dec 71) 14. Old Fennians Day (18 Dec 71) (DISC 6) 15. What Are You Incinerating? (1 Jan 72) 16. The Ugly Duckling (8 Jan 72) 17. Cup Fever (15 Jan 72) 18. Please Give Generously (22 Jan 72) 19. Blodwyn All Over (29 Jan 72) 20. The Price War (5 Feb 72) 21. The Fixer (12 Feb 72) COMES ON DVD-R DISC COMES IN 6 SLEEVES.WILL REPLACE ANY DEFECTIVE DVD.I USE DELIVERY CONFIRMATION.PICTURE FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES.NO REFUNDS PICTURE & SOUND QUALITY 8.5 TO 9 WE WILL SHIP THE NEXT DAY AFTER PAYMENT IS RECEIVED AND WE SHIP INTERNATIONALLY FOR $8.00 GLOBAL PRIORITY MAIL. Add to Cart:	Fenn Street
At which racecourse is the Irish Grand National run?	Please Sir! (Series) - TV Tropes Please Sir! You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share WMG Please Sir! is a London Weekend Television situation comedy created by writers John Esmonde and Bob Larbey and featuring the actors John Alderton, Deryck Guyler, Joan Sanderson, Noel Howlett, Erik Chitty, Richard Davies, David Barry, Peter Cleall and Malcolm McFee. The series ran for 55 episodes between 1968 and 1972. The programme was set in the fictional Fenn Street school, and starred John Alderton as Bernard Hedges, a young teacher fresh out of training college. The supporting cast included Deryck Guyler, Joan Sanderson and Richard Davies. The students of class 5C were played by Malcolm McFee (as Peter Craven), Peter Cleall (as Eric Duffy), Peter Denyer (as Dennis Dunstable), David Barry (as Frankie Abbott), Penny Spencer (as Sharon Eversleigh; played by Carol Hawkins in later episodes and in the movie), and Liz Gebhardt (as Maureen Bullock). Several well-known character actors and actresses formed the supporting cast, including Barbara Mitchell as Frankie Abbott's mother, and Ann Lancaster as Mrs. Rhubarb in a 1968 episode. A spin-off series, The Fenn Street Gang, followed the adventures of a group of former pupils in the adult world after leaving their schooldays behind them. It ran for 47 episodes between 1971 and 1973. Bowler (1973) was a spin-off from the spin-off - following the The Fenn Street Gang crime boss Stanley Bowler played by George Baker; there were 13 episodes. Like many situation comedies of this era, a film version was released in 1971 which, unlike most films based on sitcoms of that era, was actually rather good. This was set in an outdoor pursuit centre, but starred most of the TV cast. Please, Sir! contains examples of: Adults Are Useless : While not always in effect, there was sometimes this feel with the teachers for certain cases. Justified in that it is often repeated that teachers can only do so much without parental permission, and are iin a very dangerous situation if they appear too close to their students. Asleep in Class : More likely to happen with the oldest member of staff, Smithy. Big Man on Campus : Eric Duffy in the first three series, albeit it in an entirely British way. Book Dumb : Many of 5C however... Brilliant, but Lazy : ... They also gave off the feel of this trope at times. British Education System : Fenn Street School is a great example of the old Secondary Moderns. One episode in the later series deals with the prospect of the school eventually becoming part of a comprehensive. British Brevity : Surprisingly averted: the show had 4 seasons, making up 55 episodes, and a film before it was finished. Class Trip : To London Zoo in one episode. The movie also features one to an outdoor pursuit centre. Class Reunion : An episode in series 4 brought back the original 5C students on the basis of an Old Fennians Day. They hadn't changed much. Cool Teacher : Bernard "Privet" Hedges, at least when he wasn't trying so hard. Series 4 has David Ffitchet-Brown, who is a much more straight-forward example of this trope. Corporal Punishment : Mentioned as being banned at Fenn Street. Food Fight : In the movie. High School Sweethearts : Eric and Sharon. Eventually got married in the last series of the spin-off Hot Teacher : The student teacher in series one. In show, Hedges has this with the female students and it's also implied David Ffitchet-Brown seems this way to the students as well. Inner City School : Fenn Street is one of these. Though, granted, they were a lot more common at the time. The Movie : Like many of the shows from the '70's, Please, Sir! had its own movie. New Transfer Student : Played with. The transfer student, Panalal, only stays for an episode. Sadist Teacher : Gregory Dix in the fourth series, one of the 'replacement' teachers. The gym master, ex-commando from the Korean War, holder of the DSO, terrories both the students and the teachers and Potter. He's particularly notable for breaking the 'no caning' rule in place at Fenn Street. Really, it's just a pity the kid was Eric Duffy's little brother. School Is for Losers : Implied to be the attitude of many of the students. They still turn up though School Newspaper News Hound : Not entirely a straight trope, but in series 4 there is an episoe with an alternative paper set up to rival the official one put out by the teachers. The students involved are certainly examples of this. Pity they were only in for one episode School of Hard Knocks : Though it's not actually encouraged, the teachers are very aware that this is the type of school Feen Street is. Or at least, the students seem to think of it this way. Stern Teacher : Miss Doris Ewell. Deputy Headmistress, described in-show by a student as: "fair, but hard as nails, and clever with it." Hedges also has shades of this as well at times. Stock British Characters : For the majority of the show, came in the form of the offscreen wife of Mr. Potter, the Fenn Street School caretaker. Teacher/Student Romance : Maureen's long standing crush on Hedges. Never really goes anywhere, but pretty much everyone assumes a relationship is in place during the series 1 episode Maureen Loves Sir. Two-Teacher School : Four actual teacher (three when Hedges leaves], an ineffectual Headmaster, and Potter, king of the Lavs. Writing Lines : The most common form of detention. :: Indexes ::	i don't know

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