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Who defeated Adlai Stevenson in the US Presidential Election in November 1952 ?	United States presidential election of 1952 \| United States government \| Britannica.com United States presidential election of 1952 United States government United States presidential election of 1952, American presidential election held on November 4, 1952, in which Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower easily defeated Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson . Results of the American presidential election, 1952… Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. "I Like Ike" animated television commercial for Republican presidential candidate Dwight D. … Archival footage supplied by the Internet Moving Images Archive (at archive.org) in association with Prelinger Archives Primaries and conventions Without an incumbent candidate in the White House , there was intense interest in who would win the nomination of each of the two major parties. There was also speculation as to whether a serious third-party candidacy, like Strom Thumond ’s Dixiecrat bid in 1948 , would materialize, particularly for Douglas MacArthur , the general who led United Nations forces in Korea until he was relieved of his duties in 1951 for insubordination by Pres. Harry S. Truman . Party primaries for convention delegates were held between March 11 and June 3 in the following order: New Hampshire , Minnesota , Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois , New Jersey, Pennsylvania , New York , Massachusetts, Maryland, Ohio , West Virginia , Oregon, Florida, California , and South Dakota . Primary elections were optional in three other states—Alabama, Arkansas , and Georgia—and were set by state committees. As the campaign of 1952 had neared, Eisenhower let it be known that he was a Republican, and the eastern wing of that party, headed by Gov. Thomas E. Dewey of New York, the party’s unsuccessful nominee in 1948, made an intensive effort to persuade Eisenhower to seek the Republican presidential nomination. His name was entered in several state primaries against the more conservative Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio. Although the results were mixed, Eisenhower decided to run. In June 1952 the five-star general retired from the army after 37 years of service, returned to the United States , and began to campaign actively. Similar Topics United States presidential election of 1988 The Republican National Convention was held in Chicago , July 7–11. After a bitter fight with Taft supporters, Eisenhower won the nomination on the first ballot. Eisenhower selected as his running mate Sen. Richard M. Nixon of California, who had strong anticommunist credentials. Among the pledges of the Republicans was to end the Korean War and to support the Taft-Hartley Act , which restricted the activities of labour unions. Scenes from the 1952 Republican National Convention, in which Senator Robert A. Taft and General … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Democrats held their convention in Chicago two weeks later. The Democratic National Convention was marked by disarray, particularly between delegates who supported civil rights (largely from Northern states) and those opposed (primarily from Southern states). A requirement was adopted that the delegations pledge to support the eventual nominee and the party platform. A number of candidates vied for the nomination, including Sen. Estes Kefauver of Tennessee and Sen. Richard Russell of Georgia . Adlai E. Stevenson, the governor of Illinois, had refused to seek the nomination, but he was drafted by the convention as a compromise choice and was nominated on the third ballot. He chose as his running mate a Southerner, Sen. John Sparkman of Alabama . In contrast to the Republicans, the Democrats pledged to repeal the Taft-Hartley Act and called for the continuation of policies pursued by Truman and his predecessor as president, Franklin D. Roosevelt . There was also support for continuing the Korean War. Adlai E. Stevenson waving to supporters before speaking at Madison Square Garden, New York City, … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. General election campaign Attempts to organize would-be supporters of MacArthur failed to secure any recognition from him. Although workers on his behalf had formal organization in seven states (Missouri, Arkansas, Texas , North Dakota , Washington, California, and Tennessee) under various designations (including America First, Christian Nationalist, and Constitution) and although it was expected that votes would be “written in” in 13 states, the outcome proved that such MacArthur support had no effect upon the final election result in any state. Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots The election was conducted against the backdrop of a “ Red Scare ” in which many Americans feared that foreign communist agents were attempting to infiltrate the government. Two years earlier Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin, who held that the Roosevelt and Truman administrations amounted to “20 years of treason,” claimed that he had a list of State Department employees who were loyal only to the Soviet Union . Though McCarthy offered no evidence to support his charges and revealed only a single name, he won a large personal following. The Red Scare, the stalemated Korean War, and a renewal of inflation gravely handicapped Stevenson, who fought a vigorous campaign. U.S. Presidential Elections Eisenhower, despite his age (61), campaigned tirelessly, impressing millions with his warmth and sincerity. His wide, friendly grin, wartime heroics, and middle-class pastimes—he was an avid golfer and bridge player and a fan not of highbrow literature but of the American western—endeared him to the public and garnered him vast support. Mamie Eisenhower , like her husband, projected a down-to-earth image. One of the most dramatic incidents of the campaign was associated with Nixon. The New York Post reported that Nixon had a secret “slush fund.” Eisenhower was willing to give Nixon a chance to clear himself but emphasized that Nixon needed to emerge from the crisis “as clean as a hound’s tooth.” On September 23, 1952, Nixon took to television and delivered what has been dubbed the “ Checkers ” speech, in which he acknowledged the existence of the fund but denied that any of it had been used improperly. The speech is perhaps best remembered for its maudlin conclusion, in which Nixon admitted accepting one political gift—a cocker spaniel that his six-year-old daughter, Tricia, had named Checkers. “Regardless of what they say about it,” he declared, “we are going to keep it.” Although Nixon initially thought that the speech had been a failure, the public responded favourably, and a reassured Eisenhower told him, “You’re my boy.” Richard Nixon, then the Republican vice presidential candidate, went on television in September … Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest On the eve of the election there was a general opinion that the presidential race was close. The final tally, however, was anything but. Eisenhower won by more than six million votes, capturing 39 states and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson’s 9 states and 89 electoral votes. Eisenhower even won Florida, Texas, and Virginia—three reliably Democratic states. The election was considered a great personal triumph for Eisenhower and a repudiation of the Truman administration. For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1948 . For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1956 . Results of the 1952 election The results of the 1952 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. American presidential election, 1952	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Which two countries, who would come close to war in 1974, joined NATO on the same day in 1952 ?	Contenders Adlai E Stevenson II 1952 1956 \| Video \| C-SPAN.org Supreme Court November 4, 2011 Adlai E. Stevenson II, Presidential Contender Historian Richard Norton Smith, former Senator Adlai Stevenson III, and Newton Minow, who had worked for him, talked about the life and career of 1952… read more Adlai E. Stevenson II, Presidential Contender Historian Richard Norton Smith, former Senator Adlai Stevenson III, and Newton Minow, who had worked for him, talked about the life and career of 1952 and 1956 Democratic presidential nominee Adlai E. Stevenson II (1900-1965). They responded to telephone calls and electronic communications from the Stevenson family home in Libertyville, Illinois. While governor of Illinois, he was drafted as the Democratic nominee against General Eisenhower. Twice defeated in the general election, he lost the 1960 nomination to Senator John Kennedy, who later appointed him as ambassador to the United Nations. Video clips of speeches and campaign ads were shown, including an August 1, 1960, news conference with Senator Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy was heard in a March 1964 interview. “The Contenders: They Lost the Election But Changed Political History” is a C-SPAN series of live programs about 14 presidential candidates before 1996 who lost the election but who had a lasting effect on U.S. politics. close Transcript type	i don't know
Which 77 year old German-born missionary won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize?	hidupsehat: Mother Teresa Mother Teresa For other uses, see Maria Theresa (disambiguation) . Mother Teresa in 1986 in Bonn , West Germany Religion Blessed Teresa of Calcutta of the Missionaries of Charity Virgin, consecrated religious, nun Mother Teresa (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu] ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997) also known as Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, MC , [5] was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun and missionary . [6] She was born in Skopje (modern Republic of Macedonia ), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet in the Ottoman Empire. After having lived in Macedonia for eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity , a Roman Catholic religious congregation , which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries. They run hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS , leprosy and tuberculosis ; soup kitchens ; dispensaries and mobile clinics; children's and family counselling programmes; orphanages ; and schools. Members must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience , as well as a fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor". [7] Mother Teresa was the recipient of numerous honours, including the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize . On 19 October 2003, she was beatified as "Blessed Teresa of Calcutta". A second miracle was credited to her intercession by Pope Francis , in December 2015, paving the way for her to be recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. [5] [8] Her canonisation is scheduled for 4 September 2016. A controversial figure both during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was widely admired by many for her charitable works. She was both praised and criticised for her anti-abortion views. [9] [10] [11] [12] She also received criticism for conditions in the hospices she ran. [13] [14] [15] [16] Her authorised biography was written by Indian civil servant Navin Chawla and published in 1992. Contents Mother Teresa was born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ( Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu] ; gonxhe meaning "rosebud" or "little flower" in Albanian ) on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] She considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, to be her "true birthday". [22] Her birthplace of Skopje, now capital of the Republic of Macedonia , was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time of her birth in 1910. [22] [23] She was the youngest of the children of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). [24] Her father, who was involved in the politics of the Albanian community in Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old. [22] [25] Her father may have been from Prizren , Kosovo , while her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova . [26] According to a biography written by Joan Graff Clucas, in her early years Agnes was fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal , and by age 12 had become convinced that she should commit herself to a religious life. [27] Her final resolution was taken on 15 August 1928, while praying at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice , where she often went on pilgrimage . [28] Agnes left home in 1928 at the age of 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham , Ireland to learn English, with a view to becoming a missionary. English was the language the Sisters of Loreto used to teach schoolchildren in India. [29] She never again saw her mother or her sister. [30] Her family continued to live in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana in Albania . [31] She arrived in India in 1929, and began her novitiate in Darjeeling , near the Himalayan mountains, [32] where she learnt Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School, a schoolhouse close to her convent. [33] She took her first religious vows as a nun on 24 May 1931. At that time she chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux , the patron saint of missionaries, [34] [35] but because one nun in the convent had already chosen that name, Agnes opted for the Spanish spelling of Teresa. [36] She took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937, while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta. [22] [37] [38] Teresa served there for almost twenty years and in 1944 was appointed headmistress. [39] Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta . [40] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city; and the outbreak of Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror. [41] Missionaries of Charity On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" while travelling by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith." [42] One author later observed, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa". [43] She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple white cotton sari decorated with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent a few months in Patna to receive a basic medical training in the Holy Family Hospital and then ventured out into the slums. [44] [45] Initially, she started a school in Motijhil (Calcutta); soon she started tending to the needs of the destitute and starving. [46] In the beginning of 1949, she was joined in her effort by a group of young women and laid the foundations of a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor". Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister, who expressed his appreciation. [47] Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulties. She had no income and had to resort to begging for food and supplies. Teresa experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months. She wrote in her diary: "Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. 'You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again,' the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come." [48] Teresa received Vatican permission on 7 October 1950 to start the diocesan congregation that would become the Missionaries of Charity. [49] Its mission was to care for, in her own words, "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone." It began as a small congregation with 13 members in Calcutta; by 1997 it had grown to more than 4,000 sisters running orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, and caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless, and victims of floods, epidemics, and famine. [50] 2007 image of Mother Teresa's Home for the Dying, Nirmal Hriday , in Calcutta. In 1952, Mother Teresa opened the first Home for the Dying in space made available by the city of Calcutta . With the help of Indian officials she converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying , a free hospice for the poor. She renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). [51] Those brought to the home received medical attention and were afforded the opportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith; Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received the Last Rites. [52] "A beautiful death," she said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted." [52] Mother Teresa soon opened a home for those suffering from Hansen's disease , commonly known as leprosy, and called the hospice Shanti Nagar (City of Peace). [53] The Missionaries of Charity also established several leprosy outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, bandages and food. [54] As the Missionaries of Charity took in increasing numbers of lost children, Mother Teresa felt the need to create a home for them. In 1955 she opened the Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth. [55] The congregation soon began to attract both recruits and charitable donations, and by the 1960s had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses all over India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation throughout the globe. Its first house outside India opened in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters. [56] Others followed in Rome, Tanzania, and Austria in 1968; during the 1970s the congregation opened houses and foundations in dozens of countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the United States. [57] The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests, [58] and in 1984 founded with Fr. Joseph Langford the Missionaries of Charity Fathers [59] to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the ministerial priesthood. By 2007 the Missionaries of Charity numbered approximately 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries. [60] International charity Mother Teresa said "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus." [2] In 1982, at the height of the Siege of Beirut , Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas. [61] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the devastated hospital to evacuate the young patients. [62] When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, she expanded her efforts to Communist countries that had previously rejected the Missionaries of Charity, embarking on dozens of projects. She was undeterred by criticism about her firm stand against abortion and divorce stating, "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." She visited the Soviet republic of Armenia following the 1988 earthquake , [63] and met with Nikolai Ryzhkov , the Chairman of the Council of Ministers . [64] Mother Teresa travelled to assist and minister to the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl , and earthquake victims in Armenia. [65] [66] [67] In 1991, Mother Teresa returned for the first time to her homeland and opened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana, Albania . By 1996, Mother Teresa was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries. [68] Over the years, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres around the world. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx, New York; by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country. [69] Mother Teresa was fluent in five languages: Bengali , [70] Albanian , Serbian , English, and Hindi . [71] Declining health and death Mother Teresa suffered a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while visiting Pope John Paul II . After a second attack in 1989, she received an artificial pacemaker . In 1991, after having pneumonia while in Mexico, she suffered further heart problems. She offered to resign her position as head of the Missionaries of Charity , but the sisters of the congregation, in a secret ballot , voted for her to stay. Mother Teresa agreed to continue her work as head of the congregation. [72] In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell and broke her collar bone . In August she suffered from malaria and failure of the left heart ventricle. She had heart surgery but it was clear that her health was declining. The Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry Sebastian D'Souza, said he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism on Mother Teresa with her permission when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she may be under attack by the devil. [73] Christopher Hitchens accused her of hypocrisy for opting to receive advanced treatment for her heart condition. [74] [75] On 13 March 1997, she stepped down from the head of Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September 1997. [76] At the time of her death, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters, and an associated brotherhood of 300 members, operating 610 missions in 123 countries. [77] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, personal helpers, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were also aided by co-workers, who numbered over 1 million by the 1990s. [78] Mother Teresa lay in repose in St Thomas, Calcutta, for one week prior to her funeral in September 1997. She was granted a state funeral by the Indian government in gratitude for her services to the poor of all religions in India. [79] Her death was mourned in both secular and religious communities. In tribute, Nawaz Sharif , the Prime Minister of Pakistan , said that she was "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity." [80] A former U.N. Secretary-General, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , said that "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world." [80] Recognition and reception In India Mother Teresa had first been recognised by the Indian government more than a third of a century earlier when she was awarded the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969. [81] She continued to receive major Indian awards in subsequent years, including India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna , in 1980. [82] Her official biography was written by an Indian civil servant, Navin Chawla , and published in 1992. [83] On 28 August 2010, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special 5 Rupee coin, being the sum she first arrived in India with. President Pratibha Patil said of Mother Teresa, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many – the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families." [84] Indian views on Mother Teresa were not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee , who was born and raised in Calcutta but lived in London, reports that "she was not a significant entity in Calcutta in her lifetime". Chatterjee blames Mother Teresa for promoting a negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating the work done by her Mission, and misusing the funds and privileges at her disposal. [85] Her presence and profile grated in parts of the Indian political world, as she often opposed the Hindu Right . The Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with her over the Christian Dalits ("untouchables"), but praised her in death, sending a representative to her funeral. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad , on the other hand, opposed the government's decision to grant her a state funeral. Its secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental" and accused her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying. [86] [87] In its front page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed these charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Although praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute was critical of Mother Teresa's public campaigning against abortion and that she claimed to be non-political when doing so. [88] In February 2015, Mohan Bhagwat , leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , said that her objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian" [89] Former RSS spokesperson MG Vaidhya backed Bhagwat's remarks. The party accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien , CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi 's chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested against the remarks. [90] In the rest of the world President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony as Nancy Reagan looks on (1985) In 1962, Mother Teresa received the Philippines-based Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia. The citation said that "the Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation". [91] By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa had become an international celebrity. Her fame can be in large part attributed to the 1969 documentary Something Beautiful for God, which was filmed by Malcolm Muggeridge and his 1971 book of the same title. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time. [92] During the filming of the documentary, footage taken in poor lighting conditions, particularly the Home for the Dying, was thought unlikely to be of usable quality by the crew. After returning from India, however, the footage was found to be extremely well lit. Muggeridge claimed this was a miracle of "divine light" from Mother Teresa herself. [93] Others in the crew said it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film. [94] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism. Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. In 1971, Paul VI awarded her the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize, commending her for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace. [95] She later received the Pacem in Terris Award (1976). [96] Since her death, Mother Teresa has progressed rapidly along the steps towards sainthood , currently having reached the stage of having been beatified. Mother Teresa was honoured by both governments and civilian organisations. She was appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982, "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large." [97] The United Kingdom and the United States each repeatedly granted awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983, and honorary citizenship of the United States received on 16 November 1996. [98] Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland granted her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994. [88] Her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour proved controversial. Mother Teresa attracted criticism from a number of people for implicitly giving support to the Duvaliers and to corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell . In Keating's case she wrote to the judge of his trial asking for clemency to be shown. [16] [88] Universities in both the West and in India granted her honorary degrees. [88] Other civilian awards include the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978), [99] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). [100] In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania where she was awarded the La Storta Medal for Human Service by the university’s president, William Byron, S.J. [101] While there, she also addressed a crowd of 4,500 people. In her speech, she called the audience to "know poor people in your own home and local neighborhood", whether it meant feeding others or simply spreading joy and love. [102] She continued, stating that "the poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress," calling the students and residents of the city of Scranton to give to suffering members in their community. [101] Again, in August 1987, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton and was awarded an honorary doctor of social science degree in recognition of her selfless service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick. [103] She also spoke to the students as well as members of the Diocese of Scranton , numbering over 4000 individuals, [104] telling them about her service to the "poorest of the poor" and instructing them to "do small things with great love." [105] External video In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace." [106] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet given to laureates, and asked that the $192,000 funds be given to the poor in India, [107] stating that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize, she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel Lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society—that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult." She also singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between." [108] After the award of the Nobel Peace Prize Teresa was criticised for promoting the Catholic Church's moral teachings on abortion and contraception, which some felt diverted funds from more effective methods of solving India's problems. [13] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing , Teresa stated "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." [109] During her life, Mother Teresa was named 18 times in the yearly Gallup's most admired man and woman poll as one of the 10 women around the world who Americans admired most, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s. [110] In 1999, a poll of Americans ranked her first in Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century . [111] In that survey, she out-polled all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was in first place in all major demographic categories except the very young. [111] [112] Criticism Main article: Criticism of Mother Teresa Suffering Mother Teresa believed suffering – even when caused by poverty, medical problems, or starvation – was a gift from God. As a result, while her clinics received millions of dollars in donations, their conditions drew criticism from people disturbed by the shortage of medical care , systematic diagnosis, and necessary nutrition, as well as the scarcity of analgesics for those in pain. [113] [114] [115] Some have argued that the additional money could have had transformative effects on the health of the poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities in the city. [116] [117] Pro-choice groups criticised her stance on abortion, [118] [119] [120] while pro-life advocates praised her support of fetal rights . [121] [10] [122] [12] Christopher Hitchens One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken critics was the English journalist and literary critic Christopher Hitchens , who wrote the extended essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) and wrote in a 2003 article, "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction." [123] Spiritual life Analysing her deeds and achievements, John Paul II asked: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart." [124] Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggles over her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years until the end of her life, during which "she felt no presence of God whatsoever", "neither in her heart or in the eucharist" as put by her postulator , the Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk . [125] Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: Where is my faith? Even deep down ... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness ... If there be God—please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul. [126] Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa, Wenceslas Square, Olomouc , Czech Republic With reference to the above words, the Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk, her postulator (the official responsible for gathering the evidence for her sanctification) said he thought that some might misinterpret her meaning, but her faith that God was working through her remained undiminished, and that while she pined for the lost sentiment of closeness with God, she did not question his existence. [127] and that she may have experienced something similar to what is believed of Jesus Christ when crucified who was heard to say " Eli Eli lama sabachthani? " which is translated to "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?" Brian Kolodiejchuk, drew comparisons to the 16th century mystic St. John of the Cross , who coined the term the " Dark Night of the Soul ". [92] Many other saints had similar experiences of spiritual dryness , or what Catholics believe to be spiritual tests ("passive purifications"), such as Mother Teresa's namesake, St. Therese of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness." [127] The Rev. James Langford said these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation. [127] Mother Teresa described, after ten years of doubt, a short period of renewed faith. At the time of the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958, praying for him at a Requiem Mass, she said she had been relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later, she described returning to her difficulties in believing. [128] Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and a Jesuit priest, Celeste van Exem , who had been her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity. [129] She had asked that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me—less of Jesus." [92] [130] Despite this request, the correspondences have been compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light (Doubleday). [92] [131] In one publicly released letter to a spiritual confidant, the Rev. Michael van der Peet, she wrote, "Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see,—Listen and do not hear—the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak ... I want you to pray for me—that I let Him have [a] free hand." In his first encyclical Deus caritas est , Benedict XVI mentioned Teresa of Calcutta three times and he also used her life to clarify one of his main points of the encyclical. "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service." [132] Mother Teresa specified that "It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer." [133] Although there was no direct connection between Mother Teresa's order and the Franciscan orders, she was known as a great admirer of St. Francis of Assisi . [134] Accordingly, her influence and life show influences of Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the peace prayer of St. Francis every morning during thanksgiving after Communion and many of the vows and emphasis of her ministry are similar. [134] St. Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He also devoted much of his own life to service of the poor, especially lepers in the area where he lived. Sainthood Miracle and beatification After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification, the third step toward possible canonisation . This process requires the documentation of a miracle performed from the intercession of Mother Teresa. [135] In 2002, the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of an Indian woman, Monica Besra, after the application of a locket containing Mother Teresa's picture. Besra said that a beam of light emanated from the picture, curing the cancerous tumour. Some of Besra's medical staff and Besra's husband said that conventional medical treatment had eradicated the tumour. [136] Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was not cancer at all but a cyst caused by tuberculosis. He said, "It was not a miracle.... She took medicines for nine months to one year." [137] According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle." [138] Besra's medical records contain sonograms, prescriptions, and physicians' notes and could provide evidence on whether the cure was a miracle or not. Besra has claimed that Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity is withholding them. The officials at the Balurghat Hospital where Besra was seeking medical treatment have claimed that they are being pressured by the Catholic order to declare the cure a miracle. [138] Christopher Hitchens was the only witness as far as he knew, called by the Vatican to give evidence against Mother Teresa's beatification and canonisation process, [139] because the Vatican had abolished the traditional " devil's advocate " role, which fulfilled a similar purpose. [140] Hitchens has argued that "her intention was not to help people," and he alleged that she lied to donors about the use of their contributions. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty," says Hitchens. "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church.'" [141] In the process of examining Teresa's suitability for beatification and canonisation, the Roman Curia (the Vatican) studied a great deal of published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Concerning allegations raised by journalist Christopher Hitchens , Vatican officials have responded by saying that these have been investigated by the agency charged with such matters, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints , and that they found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's beatification. Because of the attacks she has received, some Catholic writers have called her a sign of contradiction . [142] Mother Teresa was beatified 19 October 2003, thereby bestowing on her the title " Blessed ." [143] Canonisation On 17 December 2015, the Vatican confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to her involving the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumors . [8] The Vatican has scheduled 4 September 2016 as the canonisation date for Teresa. Legacy and depictions in popular culture Commemoration Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza . Mother Teresa inspired a variety of commemorations. She has been memorialised through museums, been named patroness of various churches, and had various structures and roads named after her, including Albania's international airport . Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës) on 19 October is a public holiday in Albania . In 2009 the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown Skopje, in Macedonia . The Roman Catholic cathedral in Pristina is also dedicated in her honour. Its construction sparked controversy in Muslim circles in 2011; local Muslim leaders claimed that the cathedral was too large for Pristina's small Catholic community and complained that most Muslim places of worship in the city were far smaller. An initiative to erect a monument to Mother Teresa in the town of Peć that same year was also protested by some Albanian Muslims. A youth group calling itself the Muslim Youth Forum started a petition demanding that a monument to Albanian veterans of the Kosovo War be erected instead, and collected some 2,000 signatures by May 2011. The Muslim Youth Forum claimed that the building of a Mother Teresa monument would represent an insult to the town's Muslim community, which makes up about 98 percent of the population. Noli Zhita, the group's spokesperson, claimed that Mother Teresa was not an Albanian but a Vlach from Macedonia. He described the monument's planned construction as part of a plot to "Christianise" Kosovo. The Mayor of Peć, Ali Berisha, voiced support for the monument's construction and indicated that the head of the Islamic community in the town had not raised any objections. [144] Mother Teresa Women's University , [145] Kodaikanal , Tamil Nadu, has been established in 1984 as a public university by government of Tamil Nadu , India. Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, [146] Pondicherry has been established in 1999 by Government of Puducherry, India. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home , named in her honour and designed to provide poor and orphan girls children in the vicinity of the underserved Kasuva village in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter, and education. [147] Various tributes have been published in Indian newspapers and magazines written by her biographer, Navin Chawla. [148] [149] [150] [151] [152] [153] [154] Indian Railways introduced a new train, "Mother Express", named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to mark her birth centenary. [155] The Tamil Nadu State government organised centenary celebrations of Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai , headed by Tamil Nadu chief minister M Karunanidhi . [156] [157] Beginning 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated as the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly . [158] Film and literature Documentaries Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book Something Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge . This film is often credited with having called the Western world's attention to Mother Teresa.	Albert Schweitzer
In March 1952 General Fulgencio Batista re-took control of which Caribbean country after a military coup?	Today in History - AccuWeather.com Forums Today in History Historic events on October 28 306 - Mark Aurelius Valerius Maxentius proclaimed emperor of Rome 312 - Emperor Constantine the Great beats rivaal Maxentius 969 - Byzantines troops occupy Antioch Syria 1061 - Emperor disposes of bishop Cadalus & Pope Honorius II 1422 - Charles V's son succeeds him as king Charles VII of France 1467 - Battle at Brustem: Charles the Stoute beats the Luikenaars 1516 - Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza. 1531 - Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control. 1538 - The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomï¿½s de Aquino, is established. 1574 - Prince Willem van Orange installs university 1595 - Battle at Giurgevo: Zsigmond Bathory of Transylvania beats Turks 1612 - Robert Dowland appointed court luitist of King James I 1628 - Hugenot bulwark La Rochelle surrenders to Cardinal Richelieu 1636 - Harvard University (Cambridge Mass) founded 1646 - 1st Protestant church assembly for indians (Massachusetts) 1664 - The Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, later to be known as the Royal Marines, is established. 1740 - Ivan VI becomes czar of Russia [OS=Oct 17] 1746 - Peruvian cities of Lima & Callao demolished by earthquake, 18,000 die 1776 - Battle of White Plains; Washington retreats to NJ 1790 - NY gives up claims to Vermont for $30,000 1793 - Eli Whitney applies for a patent on cotton gin 1834 - The Battle of Pinjarra occurs in the Swan River Colony in present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. Between 14 and 40 Aborigines are killed by British colonists. 1846 - Pioneers suffer blizzard in Sierra Nevada; 42 die 1848 - The first railroad in Spain - between Barcelona and Matarï¿½ - is opened. 1858 - Macy's Dept store opens in NYC 1863 - Battle at Wauhatchie Georgia: 865 killed or injured 1864 - Second Battle of Newtonia (American Civil War), Newton County, Missouri 1864 - Battle at Fair Oaks, Virginia, ends after 1554 casualties 1864 - Battle of Wauhatchie, TN 1867 - Maimonides College in Penns is 1st Jewish college in the US 1882 - Athletics reveal $22,000 profit in their 1st season in the American Association 1886 - Statue of Liberty dedicated by Pres Grover Cleveland, it is celebrated by 1st confetti (ticker tape) parade in NYC 1890 - Last NL-AA World Series game Bkln ties Louisville 3 games & 1 tie 1891 - Quake strikes Mino-Owari, Japan kills 7,300 1893 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducted 1st performance of "Symphony Number Six in B minor, "Pathetique" 1894 - German emperor Wilhelm II fires chancellor Leo von Caprivi & premier Botho zu Eulenburg 1900 - After over 5 months 2nd Olympic games in Paris France, close 1904 - St Louis police try a new investigation method-fingerprints 1906 - Belgian-British "Union Minstry of Haut-Katanga" begins 1911 - Bill Dobbie of Calgary Tigers kicks 10 singles in a game 1914 - German battle cruiser Goeben enters Black Sea 1914 - Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, founded at Howard University, incorporates 1915 - Richard Strauss' Alpensymfonie, premieres in Berlin 1918 - Czechoslovakia gains independence as Austria-Hungary breaks up 1919 - Volstead Act passed by Congress, start prohibition over Wilson's veto 1921 - Amsterdam's Tuschinski movie theater opens 1922 - 1st coast-to-coast radio broadcast of a football game 1922 - Benito Mussolini takes control of Italy's government 1924 - French-Russian trade agreement signed 1924 - White Sox beat NY Giants 8-4 in Dublin, less than 20 fans attend 1927 - Josip Broz (Tito) begins 7 months jail sentence in Croatia 1927 - KLM-plane "Homing Pigeon" leaves Neth-Indies after 1st regular flight 1928 - Bradman scores 131 NSW v Queensland, 212 mins, 14 fours 1928 - Indonesian child laws enfoced in Bahasa Indonesia 1929 - Dow Jones plummets 38.33 pts (13%) to 260.64 1934 - Brooklyn & Pittsburgh play a penalty free NFL game 1935 - Sidney Kingsley's "Dead End," premieres in NYC 1936 - FDR rededicates Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary 1938 - Farewell parade of International Brigade (Barcelona) 1939 - Anti-German demonstrations/strikes in Czechoslovakia 1939 - Spitfire shoots German Heinkel-111 down above Scotland 1940 - Greece successfully resists Italy's attack 1940 - Meeting between Hitler & Benito Mussolini in Florence 1942 - 6th day battle at El Alamein: British offensive under Montgomery 1942 - Train crashes into bus, killing 16 & injuring 20 (Detroit Michigan) 1943 - U-220 sinks 1944 - Russia & Bulgaria sign weapon pact 1946 - German rocket engineers begin work in USSR 1948 - Flag of Israel is adopted 1949 - Georges Bidault elected president of France 1951 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1952 - Babe Didrikson-Zaharias wins LPGA Women's Texas Golf Open 1953 - Bud Grant of Winnipeg Blue Bombers intercepts 5 passes (record) 1953 - Red Barber, resigns as Dodger sportscaster to join Yankees 1954 - Ernest Hemingway wins Nobel prize for literature 1954 - Major league owners vote down sale of A's to a Phila syndicate 1954 - N Richard Nash' "Rainmaker," premieres in NYC 1954 - Nobel prize for literature awarded to Ernest Hemingway 1955 - Egypt & Saudi-Arabia sign defense treaty 1956 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Luctuosissimi eventus 1957 - WMVS TV channel 10 in Milwaukee, WI (PBS) begins broadcasting 1958 - Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, elected Pope, taking name John XXIII 1958 - Pete Runnels wins Comeback Player of Year (avg went from .230 to .322) 1959 - Buffalo Bills enter AFL 1959 - Jean Genet's "Les Negres," premieres in Paris 1961 - "Fiorello!" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 796 performances 1961 - Ground broken for Municipal (Shea) Stadium for NY Mets 1962 - Khrushchev orders withdrawal of missiles from Cuba, ending crisis 1962 - NY Giant YA Tittle passes for 7 touchdowns vs Wash Redskins (49-34) 1962 - Radio Moscow reports nuclear missiles in Cuba deactivated 1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1962 - Cuban missile crisis ends after JFK and Khrushchev make a public and secret agreement 1965 - Gateway Arch (630' (190m) high) completed in St Louis, Missouri 1965 - Pope Paul VI proclaims Jews not collectively guilty for crucifixion 1966 - Belgium's Gaston Roelants runs 12-4/5 miles in 1 hour 1970 - NBA Cleveland Cavaliers 1st home game, lose to San Diego 110-99 1970 - US/USSR sign an agreement to discuss joint space efforts 1971 - England becomes 6th nation to have a satellite (Prospero) in orbit 1971 - John & Yoko record "Happy Xmas (War is Over)" in NYC 1972 - "Mother Earth" closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 12 performances 1973 - Elmore Smith of Lakers blocks 17 shots in a game (NBA record) 1973 - Sharon Miller wins LPGA Corpus Christi Civitan Golf Open 1974 - 1st time 2 Islanders hat trick in same game-MacMillian & Westfall 1974 - Luna 23 launched (landing on Moon) 1974 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1975 - Calvin Murphy (Houston) begins NBA free throw streak of 58 games 1975 - Cleveland Metroparks assume operating responsibilities for Zoo 1976 - Billy Martin named AL Manager of Year (NY Yankees) 1976 - Train collision at Goes Neth, 7 die 1977 - TV's Rhoda gets married 1978 - Don Ritchie runs world record 100k (6:10:20) 1979 - Dick Howser (best Yank mngr win-lost pct .636) replaces Billy Martin 1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1981 - Edward M McIntrye elected 1st black mayor of Augusta Georgia 1981 - NY Yankee George Frazier loses 3 World Series games 1982 - NASA launches RCA-E 1982 - Spain's socialists win/communists lose elections 1984 - 14th NYC Women's Marathon won by Grete Waitz in 2:29:30 1984 - 15th NYC Marathon won by Orlando Pizzolato in 2:14:53 1984 - Hollis Stacy wins LPGA Nichirei Cup Team Match Golf Tournament 1985 - Ravi Ratnayeke takes 8-83 for Sri Lanka v Pakistan 1986 - KOB-AM in Albuquerque NM changes call letters to KKOB 1986 - KOB-TV in Albuquerque NM's final transmission 1986 - The centennial of the Statue of Liberty's dedication is re-celebrated in New York Harbor. 1988 - Jurors award $147,000 to Tacoma parishioner seduced by her minister 1988 - Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen gives $10 million to U Wash library 1989 - Oakland A's sweep SF Giants in earthquake/BART series 1992 - Lee Jang Rim predicts that today would be the end of the world! 1993 - Cleveland Metroparks lease Brookside Park from Cleveland for 99-years 1993 - Dutch Antilles government of Liberia-Peters resigns 1994 - Japanese space probe Sakigake passes Earth for 3rd time 1995 - Atlanta Braves beat Cleveland Indians in 6 games in World Series 1995 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Cigar, Desert Stormer, Inside Information, My Flag, Northern Spur, Ridgewood Pearl, Unbridled's Song 1996 - Goa upset Karnataka to win their 1st Ranji Cricket Trophy game ever 1997 - NBA announces hiring of Dee Kantner & Violet Palmer as 1st women to officiate a major-league all-male sports league 1998 - An Air China (Mainland China) jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan. 2005 - Plame affair: Lewis Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney's chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day. 2006 - Funeral service for the peace of the executed at Bykivnia forest, outside of Kiev, Ukraine, with reburial of 817 Ukrainian civilians (out of some 100,000) executed by Bolsheviks at Bykivnia in 1930s - early 1940s. 2009 - The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213. 2009 - NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program. Music history on Oct. 28 1798 - Composer Henri-Jerome Bertini was born. 1893 - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducted his first public performance of his Symphony Number Six in B minor "Pathetique." 1896 - Composer Howard Hanson was born. 1956 - Elvis Presley's song "Love Me Tender" became the No. 1 Billboard Pop Hit. He became the first artist to follow himself into the No. 1 position. The song "Don't Be Cruel/Hound Dog" had been the No. 1 song for 11 weeks. Today in Elvis Presley History 1956 - Elvis Presley appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show for the second time. 1965 - The studio recording of "My World Is Empty Without You" was made by the Supremes. 1972 - The United States Council for World Affairs announced that it was adopting the Who song, "Join Together" as its official theme. 1977 - "Nevermind The bleep Here's the Sex Pistols" was released in America. 1999 - Terrell Davis (Denver Broncos) made his debut as a hip-hop artist when he performed with rapper Legit. 2007 - The game "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock" was released in North America. 2010 - Michael Jackson's "THIS IS IT" opened in theaters. Sports history on Oct. 28 1961 - Construction began on Municipal (Shea) Stadium for the New York Mets. 1923 - Fats Henry was credited with a 94-yard punt. Research later indicated that it was an 83-yard punt. 1984 - The New York City Marathon was marred by its first fatality when a French runner collapsed and died. 1993 - Ron Francis (Pittsburgh Penguins) became only the 38th player in NHL history to achieve 1,000 career points. 1994 - The NFL Management Council and the NFL Players Association announced an agreement for the formulation and implementation of the most comprehensive drug and alcohol policy in sports. 1996 - Members of the New York Yankees and their manager appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman. 1997 - The NBA announced that they had hired the first women to officiate a major-league all-male sport. The women were Dee Kantner and Violet Palmer. Famous birthdays on Oct. 28 Desiderius Erasmus 1467 Marcian E. (Ted) Hoff 1937 Jane Alexander 1939 Rick Reynolds (Black Oak Arkansas) 1948 Bruce Jenner 1949 Stephen Morris (New Order) 1957 Ron Hemby (The Buffalo Club) 1958 William Reid (The Jesus & Mary Jane) 1958 Neville Henry (Blow Monkeys) 1959 Daphne Zuniga 1962 Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes. - Mahatma Gandhi If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich. ~ Alistair Begg Member No.: 22,154 Historic events on October 29 529 BC - The international day of Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, who declared the first charter of human rights in the world also known as Cyrus Cylinder. 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople. This unifies the two branches of the House of Theodosius 439 - Vandalen under Genseric occupy Carthago 1268 - Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church. 1390 - First trial for witchcraft in Paris. 1467 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege 1508 - Gelderse troops occupies Kuinre 1552 - Czar Ivan IV escapes back to Moscow after battle 1591 - Giovanni A Facchinetti elected as Pope Innocentius IX 1618 - English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England. 1658 - Action of 29 October 1658 (Naval battle) 1665 - Battle of Ambuila, where Portuguese forces defeated the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king Antonio I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga.. 1675 - Leibniz makes the first use of the long s, ∫, for integral. 1682 - William Penn lands at what is now Chester Pennsylvania 1709 - England/Netherlands sign anti-French "Barrieretraktaat" 1727 - Severe earthquake in New England 1787 - Opera "Don Giovanni" is produced (Prague) 1792 - Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after the British naval officer Alexander Arthur Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who spotted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River. 1794 - French troops occupies Venlo 1811 - 1st Ohio River steamboat leaves Pittsburgh for New Orleans 1814 - "Demologos," 1st steam-powered warship, is launched 1833 - 1st US college fraternity to have a fraternity house founded 1859 - Spain declares war on Morocco. 1863 - Intl Comm of Red Cross forms (Nobel 1917, 1944, 1963) 1864 - Greek parliament accept new Constitution 1867 - Mail packets "Rhone" & "Wye" capsizes off St Thomas Virgin Islands 1872 - J S Risdon patents metal windmill 1881 - Judge (U.S. magazine) first published. 1888 - Lord Salisbury grants Cecil Rhodes charter for BSA Company 1889 - NY Giants (NL) beat Bkln (AA) in world series 6 games to 3 1889 - Queen Victoria grants Cecil Rhodes rights to Zambezia 1889 - Stanley Park dedicated in Vancouver, BC 1894 - 1st election of Hawaiian Republic 1901 - In Amherst, Massachusetts nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine. 1904 - 1st intercity trucking service (Colorado City & Snyder, Texas) 1904 - IRT (Interborough Rapid Transit) subway (NYC) opens 1905 - Hottentot chief Hendrik Witbooi fataly injured 1910 - Bob Simpson of Hamilton Tigers kicks record 11 singles in a game 1913 - Floods in El Salvador kill thousands. 1914 - Russia declares war on Turkey 1914 - Turkish warships storm Black Sea 1915 - Aristide Briand becomes premier of France 1915 - Thomas Masaryk claims independence for Czechoslovakia 1920 - Ed Barrow appointed GM of NY Yankees 1921 - The Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, is completed. 1923 - "Runnin' Wild" (introducing Charleston) opens on Broadway 1923 - Army move SPD/KPD-government to German part of Saxon 1923 - Gibbs/Grey/Wood's revue "Runnin' Wild," premieres in NYC 1923 - Textile strike in Enschede Neth, against lower wages, begins 1923 - Turkey declares independence (successor state to Ottoman Empire) 1924 - "Dixie to Broadway," opens at Broadhurst Theater 1924 - Labour loses British parliamentary election 1929 - "Black Tuesday," Stock Market crashes triggers "Great Depression" 1930 - 1st Eastern Canada night CF game: Oshawa vs Toronto Balmy Beach 1931 - Lefty Grove, A's pitcher who won 31 games, is named the AL's MVP 1932 - French liner Normandie is launched 1939 - Golden Gate International Exposition closes (1st closure) 1939 - NHL Babe Seibert Memorial Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 5-3 1940 - Sec of War Henry L Stimson drew 1st number-158-in 1st peacetime military draft in US history 1941 - Cole Porters musical "Let's Face It," premieres in NYC 1942 - 16,000 Jews killed in Pinsk Russia 1942 - 7th day of battle at El Alamein: Montgomery assault 1942 - Alaska highway completed 1942 - Branch Rickey named president/GM of Brooklyn Dodgers 1942 - Nazi's murder 16,000 Jewish in Pinsk, Soviet Union 1943 - 3 allied officers escape out camp Stalag Luft 3 1944 - 1st Polish Armoured Division liberates Breda Neth 1944 - Breda freed 1944 - Cabadese 2nd Infantry division frees Goes South-Beveland 1945 - 1st ball point pen goes on sale, 57 years after it is patented 1945 - Happy Chandler, resigns as US Senator, remains as baseball commish 1945 - Getulio Vargas, president of Brazil, resigns. 1947 - Belgium, Luxembourg & Netherland form Benelux Union 1947 - Trial of art forger Han of Meegeren begins in Amsterdam 1948 - Israeli forces liberate Meron & Gush-Halev 1948 - Safsaf massacre 1949 - White Sox trade Joe Tipton to A's for Nellie Fox 1950 - British minister of Finance Stafford Cripps resigns 1950 - Wally Triplett avgs 735 yards on 3 kickoff returns 1950 - Cleveland Browns' Marion Motley sets record for highest avg gain in a game with 17.1 (10 attempts), Cleveland 45, Pittsburgh 7 1953 - A Baltimore group purchases St Louis Browns 1954 - Colonel Nasser disbands Moslem Brothership 1954 - Sweden begins experimental TV 1955 - Belgium signs accord for 5 day work week (45 hours) 1955 - Emile Zatopek runs world record 15 mile (1:14:01) & 25,000m (1:16:36) 1956 - Chet Huntley & David Brinkley, NBC News, team up 1956 - International zone of Tangier returns to Morocco 1956 - Israeli paratroopers drop into Sinai to open Straits of Tiran 1957 - Hand grenade explodes in Israel's Knesset (Parliament) 1958 - Boris Pasternak refuses Nobel prize for literature 1958 - Dr F Mason Sones is 1st doctor to perform a coronary angiogram 1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1959 - 10 nation soccer league to play all games on NY Randalls Is, announced 1960 - Chartered C46 carrying Cal State's football team crashes, kills 16 1960 - Muhammad Ali's (Cassius Clay) 1st professional fight, beats Tunney Hunsaker in 6 1961 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1963 - "Meet the Beatles" booklet is published 1964 - Bobby Simpson completes cricket century in each innings v Pakistan 1964 - Karmi'el founded in Galilee 1964 - Star of India & other jewels are stolen in NY 1964 - Town of Karmiel founded in Galilee 1964 - United Rep of Tanganyika & Zanzibar renamed United Rep of Tanzania 1965 - US performs underground nuclear test at Amchitka Island Aleutians 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 1 crashes on moon: 6.7ï¿½N 162ï¿½E 1966 - National Organization of Women founded 1967 - Danny Abramowicz begins NFL streak of 105 consecutive game receptions 1967 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Alamo Ladies' Golf Open 1967 - MacDermot, Ragni & Rado's musical "Hair," premieres in NYC 1967 - London criminal Jack McVitie is murdered by the Kray twins, leading to their eventual imprisonment and downfall. 1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan USSR 1969 - Supreme Court orders end to all school desegregation "at once" 1969 - Tom Seaver voted NL Cy Young Award 1969 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1969 - USSR performs underground nuclear test 1970 - WYEA (now WLTZ) TV channel 38 in Columbus, GA (NBC) 1st broadcast 1972 - Don Cockroft of Cleveland Browns kicks 57-yard field goal 1972 - Jo Ann Prentice wins LPGA Corpus Christi Civitan Golf Open 1974 - Law bans discrimination of sex or marital status in credit application 1975 - Boston's Fred Lynn is the overwhelming choice as AL Rookie of Year 1975 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1975 - Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffer kills 1st victim 1977 - "Act" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 233 performances 1977 - Texas' Russell Erideben kicks his 3rd 60 yard field goal of the season 1977 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1979 - Billy Martin fired as Yankee manager (2nd time) 1979 - Silvia Bertolaccini wins LPGA Colgate Far East Golf Open 1981 - Bill Giles becomes CEO of Philadelphia Phillies 1982 - Car maker John DeLorean indicted for drug trafficking, later acquitted 1982 - Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson release "Girl is Mine" 1983 - 550,000 Dutch demonstrate against cruise missile 1983 - Notre Dame's Gil Fenerty rushes for 337 yards & 6 touchdowns 1984 - Orlando Pizzolato (2:14:53) & Greta Weitz (2:29:30) win NY Marathon 1985 - Cards' Joaquin Andujar suspended for 10 games for bumping an ump 1985 - Major General Samuel K. Doe is announced the winner of the first multiparty election in Liberia. 1986 - Kirk Muller scores NJ Devil record 6 point, beat Penguins, 8-6 1986 - Padres pitcher LaMarr Hoyt is arrested at US-Mexico border for drugs 1986 - West Indies all out for 53 v Pakistan (Abdul Qadir 6-16) 1987 - "Don't Get God Started" opens at Longacre Theater NYC for 86 perfs 1987 - Thomas Hearns wins unprecidented 4th different weight boxing title 1988 - 2,000 US anti-abortion protesters arrested for blocking clinics 1988 - China announces a herbal male contraceptive 1988 - Jim Elliott (US) begins 24-hr paced outdoor race for 548.9 mi 1988 - Soviets 1st scheduled shuttle launch (postponed) 1989 - Colleen Walker wins LPGA Nichirei Golf International 1989 - NYC MTA opens 63rd street extension to subway 1989 - Ozzie Newsome ends NFL streak of 150 consecutive game receptions 1990 - 30 die in a (5.7) earthquake in Algeria 1991 - Buck Showalter replaces Stump Merrill as NY Yankee manager 1993 - Dow Jones index reaches record 3687.86 1994 - Antonov AN-12 having an accident at Ust-Ilimsk Kaluga, 21 killed 1994 - NY Lotto pays $60 million+ 1994 - National Museum of American Indian opens (NYC) 1995 - "Fool Moon" opens at Ambassador Theater NYC 1995 - Sunday NY News increases price from $1.00 to $1.25 1995 - US beats Japan, 19-17, at Nichirei International LPGA Golf Tournament 1998 - Apartheid: In South Africa, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents its report, which condemns both sides for committing atrocities. 1998 - While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of 6 and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he was landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel. 1998 - Hurricane Mitch, the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history, made landfall in Honduras. 1998 - Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on STS-95 with 77-year old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space. 1998 - ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the United States is inaugurated with the launch of STS-95 space shuttle mission. 1999 - Deadliest Indian Ocean tropical cyclone hits Orissa, India. This event was known as 1999 Orissa cyclone ever since. 2002 - Ho Chi Minh City ITC Inferno, a fire destroys a luxurious department store with 1500 people shopping. Over 60 people died and over 100 are missing. It is the deadliest disaster in Vietnam during peacetime. 2004 - In Rome, European heads of state sign the Treaty and Final Act establishing the first European Constitution. 2004 - The Arabic news network Al Jazeera broadcasts an excerpt from a video of Osama bin Laden in which the terrorist leader first admits direct responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks and references the 2004 U.S. presidential election. 2005 - 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings kill more than 60. 2007 - Argentina elects its first female president, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. 2008 - Delta Air Lines merges with Northwest Airlines, creating the world's largest airline and reducing the number of US legacy carriers to 5. 2008 - The Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Tampa Bay Rays in Game 5 of the 2008 World Series to become champions of Major League Baseball. 2011 - Record-breaking snowstorm in the northeastern United States leaves nearly 2 million residents without power for more than 36 hours. Music history on Oct. 29 1904 - Composer Vivian Ellis was born. 1936 - Hank Snow made his first recordings, "Lonesome Blue Yodel" and "Prisoned Cowboy." 1956 - Maria Callas made her Metropolitan Opera debut in "Norma." 1957 - "Oh Boy!" by Buddy Holly & the Crickets was released. 1963 - The Hollies began recording their first sessions for their first album. 1967 - The musical "Hair" opened off Broadway. 1970 - Neil Diamond received a gold record for "Cracklin' Rosie." 1971 - Duane Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident in Macon, GA. 1975 - Joan Baez became a member of Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue. 1977 - "Bat Out Of heck" was released by Meat Loaf. 1990 - The Byrds, LaVern Baker, John Lee Hooker, The Impressions, Wilson Pickett, Jimmy Reed and Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 1991 - Three members of Pink Floyd were injured in a auto race in Mexico. 1996 - In Pasadena, California, a judge drops drug possession charges against Scott Weiland, the singer for the Stone Temple Pilots. The judge concluded that Weiland had made significant progress in rehab. 1998 - Steven Adler surrendered to authorities to begin serving a sentence of 150 days for two counts of battery and violation of probation. 1998 - East Bay Ray, Klaus Flouride and D.H. Peligro, all former members of the Dead Kennedys, filed suit against Jello Biafra. The claim was that the former lead singer had diverted money owed to the other band members for his own use. 2002 - Christina Aguilera's album "Stripped" was released. Sports history on Oct. 29 1973 - O.J. Simpson, of the Buffalo Bills, set two NFL records. He carried the ball 39 times and he ran 157 yards putting him over 1,000 yards at the seventh game of the season. 1979 - Willie Mays severed all ties with major league baseball when he accepted a public relations job with an Atlantic City casino. 1989 - Ozzie Newsome ended his NFL streak of 150 consecutive game receptions. 1993 - A group of U.S. athletes were attacked by skinheads in Germany. 1995 - Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers became the NFL's career leader in receiving yards with 14,040 yards. Famous birthdays on Oct. 29 Daniel Emmett 1815 Zoot (John Haley) Sims 1925 Jon Vickers 1926 Sonny Osbourne (Osborne Brothers) 1937 Lee Clayton 1942 Denny Laine (Moody Blues, Wings) 1944 Melba Moore 1945 Peter Green (Fleetwood Mac) 1946 - Richard Dreyfuss 1947 Kate Jackson 1948 Steve Kellough (Wild Horses) 1957 Randy Jackson (Jackson Five) 1961 Peter Timmins (Cowboy Junkies) 1965 Paris 1967 I'm opposed to millionaires, but it would be dangerous to offer me the position. - Mark Twain If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich. ~ Alistair Begg Member No.: 22,154 Historical events on October 30 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. 701 - John VI of Greece begins his reign as Catholic Pope 942 - Alberic nominates Pope Marinus II (Martinus III) 1077 - German king Henry IV gives away bisdom Utrecht county Staveren 1137 - Battle of Rignano between Ranulf of Apulia and Roger II of Sicily. 1270 - 8th & last crusade is launched 1270 - The Eighth Crusade and siege of Tunis end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (brother to King Louis IX of France, who had died months earlier) and the sultan of Tunis. 1340 - Battle of Rio Salado. 1389 - French king Charles VI visits pope Clemens VII 1468 - Charles the Stout occupies & plunders Luik 1470 - Henry VI of England returns to the English throne after Earl of Warwick defeats Yorkists in battle. 1485 - King Henry VII Tudor crowned "Yeomen of the Guard" 1485 - Henry VII of England crowned. 1489 - Peace of Tours, between emperor Maximilian I & Flemings 1502 - Vasco da Gama returns to Calicut for the second time. 1503 - Queen Isabella of Spain bans violence against indians 1534 - English Parliament passes Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the English church - a role formerly held by the Pope 1611 - Gustaaf II Adolf (17) becomes king of Sweden 1629 - King Charles I gives Bahamas to Sir Robert Heath 1697 - Germany signs French/English/Spanish/Neth/Brandenburgs peace treaty ending 9 year War 1739 - England declares war on Spain: War of Jenkin's Ear [NS=Oct 19] 1768 - 1st Methodist church in US initiated (Wesley Chapel, NYC) 1772 - Capt Cook arrives with ship Resolution in Capetown 1775 - 1st navy in US forms 1851 - Alfred de Mussets "Bettine," premieres in Paris 1864 - Helena, Montana's capital, founded 1866 - Jesse James gang robs bank in Lexington Missouri ($2000) 1868 - John Menard of Louisiana is 1st black elected to Congress 1871 - Phila Athletics beat Chicago for 1st Natl Association baseball pennant 1873 - P T Barnum's circus, "Greatest Show on Earth," debuts (NYC) 1883 - Austria-Hungary/Germany/Romania signs military treaty 1886 - Great-Britain/Germany divide boundaries in East-Africa 1888 - John J Loud patents ballpoint pen 1888 - Ndebele-king Lobengula grants Cecil Rhodes, Mashonaland ï¿½100 per month 1893 - Senate approves repealing Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 1894 - Daniel Cooper patents time clock 1894 - Domenico Melegatti obtains a patent for a procedure to be applied in producing pandoro industrially. 1896 - Martha Hughes Cannon of Utah becomes 1st female senator 1899 - Battle at Ladysmith Natal: Boers beat lt-general Whites army 1899 - British Morning Post reporter Winston Churchill reaches Capetown 1900 - 1st-ever US auto show opens in Madison Square Garden in NYC 1901 - Battle at Bakenlaagte: lt-col Bensons unit vs Boers 1905 - "October Manifesto" Russian Tsar Nicholas II grants civil liberties 1905 - GB Shaw's "Mrs Warren's Profession," premieres in NYC 1905 - Tsar of Russia accepts 1st Duma (Parliament) 1911 - Clark Griffith is named manager of Wash Senators 1914 - Allied offensive at Ypres (Belgium) begins 1917 - British government gives final approval to Balfour Declaration 1918 - Slovakia asks for creation of Czechoslovakian state 1919 - Baseball league presidents call for abolishment of spitball 1920 - The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney. 1922 - Anxious to compete with the Yankees, the NY Giants pay $65,000 & 3 players for Jack Bentley (hits .349 & is 13-1 as pitcher in 1922) 1922 - Benito Mussolini forms government in Italy 1925 - KUT-AM in Austin TX begins radio transmissions 1929 - The Stuttgart Cable Car is constructed in Stuttgart, Germany. 1930 - Turkey & Greece sign a treaty of friendship 1931 - W2XB TV channel 1 in NYC, NY (NBC) begins broadcasting 1938 - Orson Welles panics a nation with broadcast of "War of the Worlds" 1939 - USSR & Germany agree on partitioning Poland, Hitler deports Jews 1939 - German U boat fails on attack of English battleship Nelson with Winston Churchill, Dudley Pound & Charles Forbes aboard 1940 - Cole Porters musical "Panama hattie," premieres in NYC 1941 - USS Reuben James torpedoed by Germans, even though US is not in war 1942 - 8th day of battle at El Alamein: new Australian assault 1942 - US aircraft carrier Enterprise reaches Noumea 1943 - Italian director Federico Fellini marries actress Giulietta Masina 1943 - Molotov-Eden-Cordell Hull accord over operations at UN 1943 - Soviet forces under Tolbuchin stick Sivash-bay about 1944 - Aaron Copland's "Appalachian Spring," premieres in Wash DC 1944 - Anne Frank (of Diary fame) is deported from Auschwitz to Belsen 1944 - Last transport for Auschwitz arrives in Birkenau 1944 - Scottish Highlanders liberate Waalwijk 1944 - Sweden announces intention to stay neutral & refuse sanctuary in WW II 1944 - Tholen Island freed 1945 - Branch Rickey signs Jackie Robinson to a Montreal Royals 1945 - US government announces end of shoe rationing 1947 - 23 countries sign GATT agreement in Geneva 1947 - Darius Milhauds 3rd Symphony "Hymnus Ambrosianus," premieres in Paris 1948 - 20 die & 6,000 made ill by smog in Donora Pennsylvania 1948 - Operation Hiram: Israelis take control of Galilee 1949 - "Lost in the Stars" opens at Music Box Theater NYC for 281 perfs 1949 - Kurt Weill & Maxwell Anderson's musical premieres in NYC 1950 - David Diamond's 3rd Symphony, premieres 1950 - Pope Pius XII witnesses "The Miracle of the Sun" while at the Vatican. 1951 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1952 - Clarence Birdseye sells 1st frozen peas 1953 - Dr Albert Schweitzer & Gen George C Marshall win Nobel Peace Prize 1954 - Defense Department announces elimination of all segregated regiments 1954 - US Armed Forces end segregation of races 1955 - Imtiaz Ahmed scores 209 v NZ, the record for a no 8 batsman 1956 - Israel captures Egyptian militay post at El-Thamad 1956 - Dodgers sell Ebbets Field to a real estate group They agree to stay until 1959, with an option to stay until 1961 1957 - Dmitri Sjostakovitch's 11th Symphony premieres in Moscow 1957 - Soviet Union launches, Sputnik II, carrying a dog named Laika 1957 - WLWI (now WTHR) TV channel 13 in Indianapolis, IN (ABC) 1st broadcast 1957 - WYTV TV channel 33 in Youngstown, OH (ABC) begins broadcasting 1960 - Guatemala's "La Hora" reports plan for invasion on Cuba 1960 - Michael Woodruff performs the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. 1961 - Soviet Union tests a 58 megaton hydrogen bomb 1961 - UN unanimously elects U Thant acting secretary general of the UN 1961 - Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution removing Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square 1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island 1963 - Morocco & Algeria signs cease fire 1963 - Sandy Koufax wins NL MVP award 1964 - Tran Van Huong appointed premier of South Vietnam 1965 - Clifford Ann Creed wins LPGA Las Cruces Golf Open 1965 - Fireworks explosions kill 50 in Cartagena, Colombia 1966 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Las Cruces Ladies Golf Open 1967 - Arthur Allyn says White Sox will play 9 games in Milwaukee in 1968 1967 - Ferdinand Bracke bicycles world record time (48,093 km) 1967 - USSR Kosmos 186 & 188 make 1st automatic docking & Venmera 13 launch 1968 - Nobel prize for chemistry awarded to Lars Onsager (thermodynamics) 1968 - Nobel prize for physics awarded to Luis Alvarez (bubble chamber) 1968 - Queen Juliana opens IJ tunnel in Amsterdam 1969 - WXPO (now WNDS) TV channel 50 in Manchester, NH (IND) 1st broadcast 1970 - KVEW TV channel 42 in Kennewick, WA (ABC) begins broadcasting 1972 - 45 die in a train crash in Chicago Ill 1972 - Worst US rail accident in 14 years; 45 die in Chicago 1973 - Tom Seaver becomes 1st non-20-game winner to win Cy Young award 1973 - The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time. 1974 - California Angel Nolan Ryan throws fastest recorded pitch (100.9 MPH) 1974 - Catfish Hunter is named AL Cy Young Award 1974 - Muhammad Ali KOs George Foreman in 8th round in Kinshasa Zaire 1975 - Giants pitcher John "the Count of" Montefusco wins NL Rookie of Year 1975 - John Bucyk, Boston, became 7th NHLer to score 500 goals 1975 - Juan Carlos assumes power in Spain 1975 - NY Daily News runs headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead" 1976 - "Going Up" closes at John Golden Theater NYC after 49 performances 1976 - Jane Pauley becomes news co-anchor of Today Show 1976 - Rev Joseph Evans elected president of United Church of Christ 1977 - Panama 747SP lands after polar flight around Earth in record 54:07 1978 - Laura Nickel & Curt Noll find 25th Mersenne prime, 2 ^ 21701-1 1978 - Uganda troops attack Tanzania 1979 - NASA launches space vehicle S-203 1979 - Richard Arrington elected mayor of Birmingham 1980 - Honduras & El Salvador settle their boundary dispute 1980 - NASA launches Flt Satcom-4 1982 - Portugal revises constitution 1983 - The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held. 1984 - Tigers reliever Willie Hernandez wins AL Cy Young Award 1985 - 22nd Space Shuttle Mission (61-A)-Challenger 9-launched 1986 - Discovery moves to OPF where more than 200 modification are made 1987 - In Japan, NEC releases the first 16-bit home entertainment system, the TurboGrafx-16, known as PC Engine. 1988 - 2 gambling clubs & 1 player share 61.38 M California lotto jackpot 1988 - Beth Daniel wins Nichirei Ladies Cup US-Japan Team Golf Championship 1988 - Jim Elliott (US) completes 24-hr paced outdoor race for 548.9 mi 1988 - NY Jets finally beat Pittsburgh Steelers for 1st time 1989 - August A Busch III becomes CEO of St Louis Cards 1989 - Smith Dairy at Orrville Ohio, makes largest milk shake (1,575.2 gal) 1990 - England-France complete "Chunnel" 1991 - Colombian government negotiate with M-19-guerrilla 1991 - Mark Sauer becomes CEO of Pittsburgh Pirates 1991 - Mid East peace conference begins in Madrid Spain 1991 - Singer Clint Black (34) weds actress Lisa Hartman (29) 1992 - MTA begins installing automated fare collection turnstiles 1993 - Toronto Maple Leafs lose 1st game of season after going 10-0-0 1994 - Leftist coalition wins Marcedonia parliamentary election 1994 - Thomas Nicely reports bug in Intel's Pentium-processor on Internet 1994 - US wins Nichirei LPGA Golf International 1995 - Quebec Referendum votes to remain part of Canada 1997 - "Cherry Orchard," opens at Martin Beck Theater NYC 1997 - Shirley Allen, 51, held Illinois police off for 39 days captured 2002 - British Digital terrestrial television (DTT) Service Freeview begins transmitting in parts of the United Kingdom. 2005 - The rebuilt Dresden Frauenkirche (destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden during World War II) is reconsecrated after a thirteen-year rebuilding project. Music history on October 30 1894 - Composer Peter Warlock was born. 1970 - Jim Morrison was sentenced to 6 months in jail and fined $500 for exposing himself in Miami, FL. 1973 - John Lennon released the album "Mind Games." 1974 - Kathy Silva files for a divorce from Sylvester Stewart and was awarded custody of their 14-month-old son. Stewart disappeared with his son and was believed to be in hiding. 1978 - The movie "KISS Meets the Phantom of the Park" aired on NBC-TV. 1982 - Paul Weller announced the breakup of The Jam. 1984 - Linda Ronstadt made her operatic debut in "La Boheme" in New York City, NY. 1984 - Barry Manilow opened at Radio City Music Hall in New York. The shows sold out for $1.9 million. Manilow beat the previous record by $100,000 that was held by Diana Ross. 1986 - The Beastie Boys released the LP "License To Ill." 1988 - Kurt Cobain smashed his very first guitar. 1995 - David Bowie, Tom Donahue, Gladys Knight & The Pips, Pete Seeger, Jefferson Airplane, Little Willie John, Pink Floyd, The Shirelles and The Velvet Underground are inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame. 1997 - Sally Nyolo (formerly of Zap Mama) began her first U.S. tour. 1997 - The U.S. Senate passd the "La Cienega" bill. The bill closed a loophole in the 1909 copyright act that put most pre-1978 music copyrights in jeopardy. 2001 - Michael Jackson's album entitled "Invincible" was released. 2002 - U.S. President George W. Bush signed an act that renamed the Oakwood Postal Station in Los Angeles the Nat King Cole Post Office. Sports history on October 30 1919 - The professional baseball association ruled that spitballs and shineballs were illegal. 1974 - In Kinshasa, Zaire, Muhammad Ali regained his heavyweight-boxing title by knocking out George Foreman in the eighth round. 1988 - The New York Jets beat the Pittsburgh Steelers for the first time. 1992 - Magic Johnson played his last game in the NBA before retiring for the second and last time. 1997 - Violet Palmer became the first woman to officiate an NBA game. The game was between the Dallas Mavericks and the Vancouver Grizzlies. 2001 - In New York City, U.S. President George W. Bush threw out the first pitch at Game 3 of the World Series between the New York Yankees and the Arizona Diamondbacks. 2001 - Michael Jordan returned to the NBA with the Washington Wizards after a 3 1/2 year retirement. The Wizards lost 93-91 to the New York Knicks. Famous birthdays on October 30 John Adams (US President), 1735 Richard Sheridan 1751 Grace Slick (Jefferson Airplane/Starship) 1939 Ed Lauter 1940 Otis Williams (The Temptations) 1941 Henry Winkler 1945 Timothy B. Schmidt (Poco, The Eagles) 1947 Harry Hamlin 1951 Christopher Backus 1981 Quote for today: The longer I live the more I see that I am never wrong about anything, and that all the pains that I have so humbly taken to verify my notions have only wasted my time. - George Bernard Shaw If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich. ~ Alistair Begg QUOTE 1270 - 8th & last crusade is launched 1270 - The Eighth Crusade and siege of Tunis end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (brother to King Louis IX of France, who had died months earlier) and the sultan of Tunis. Sounds like the shortest crusade and siege ever! -------------------- Never too old to have a happy childhood! .......... Don't put an age limit on your dreams! Member No.: 22,154 Historic events on October 31 445 BC - Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 9:1, NLTse). 802 - Empress Irene of Byzantium driven out 834 - 1st All Hallows Eve (Halloween) observed to honor the saints 1517 - Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg church-Protestant Reformation 1541 - Michelangelo Buonarroti's paints "last judgement" in Sistine Chapel 1552 - Emperor Karel & Markgraaf Albecht strike siege for Metz 1587 - Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575. 1596 - English/French/Dutch delegates sign anti-Spanish "Drievoudig Covenant" 1617 - Laurens Reael resigns as governor-general of East-Indies 1759 - Earthquake in Safed Palestine kills hundred 1793 - Execution of Girondins at Paris, during Reign of Terror 1794 - John Dalton 1st lecture to Manchester Literary/Philosophical Society 1808 - Holland Brigade battle at Durango, Spain 1815 - Sir Humphrey Davy of London patents miner's safety lamp 1837 - Collision of river boat Monmouth & Trement on Miss; 300 die 1846 - Donner party, unable to cross the Donner Pass, construct a winter camp 1863 - The Maori Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato. 1864 - Nevada admitted as 36th state 1868 - Standard uniform approved for postal carriers 1871 - Founding of Netherland Protestant Union in Dokkum 1876 - Cyclone hits Bengal, about 200,000 die 1876 - A monster cyclone ravages India, resulting in over 200,000 human deaths. 1881 - Metropolitan club plays its last game of its non-league season They win 80 of 151 games (18-43 versus NL teams) 1887 - Rimski-Korsakov's "Capricio Espagï¿½ol," premieres in St Petersburg 1888 - John Boyd Dunlop patents pneumatic bicycle tire 1892 - Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. 1900 - AL pres Ban Johnson writes to NL pres Nick Young seeking peace 1905 - Great revolutionary demonstration for amnesty in St Petersburg 1906 - George Bernard Shaw's "Caesar & Cleopatra," premieres in NYC 1907 - Calgary City Rugby Foot-ball Club's 1st game defeating Strathcona Rugby Foot-ball Club 15-0 at Calgary 1908 - 4th Olympic games ends in London 1913 - 1st US paved coast-to-coast highway, the Lincoln Highway is dedicated 1914 - Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey 1916 - Clare Kummer's "Good Gracious Annabelle," premieres in NYC 1917 - Eugene O'Neill's "In the Zone," premieres in NYC 1917 - World War I: Battle of Beersheba - "last successful cavalry charge in history" 1918 - Spanish flu-virus kills 21,000 in US in 1 week 1918 - Banat Republic founded 1921 - Federation Sportive Feminine Intl forms (1st woman track & field association) 1922 - Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) becomes premier of Italy 1922 - Karel & Josef Capï¿½k's "World We Live In," premieres in NYC 1923 - 160 consecutive days of 100 degrees at Marble Bar, Australia begins 1924 - World Savings Day was announced in Milano/Italy by the Members of the Association at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks). 1925 - Cossack officer Reza Chan replaces sultan Ahmad Shah in Persia 1932 - Greek government of Venizelos falls 1936 - The Boy Scouts of the Philippines was formed. 1937 - Spanish government moves from Valencia to Barcelona 1938 - Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public. 1939 - 27 U boats sunk this month (135,000 ton) 1940 - 63 U boats sunk this month (325,000 ton) 1940 - Battle of Britain: Germany & Britair control of English Channel, ends 1940 - Deadline for Warsaw Jews to move into Warsaw Ghetto 1941 - 13 U boats sunk this month (62,000 ton) 1941 - Mount Rushmore is completed 1941 - Prior to US in WW II, Germany torpedoes US destroyer Reuben James 1941 - Clothing factory fire in Huddersfield, England kills 49 1942 - 94 U boats sunk this month (619,000 ton) 1942 - 9th day in battle at El Alamein 1943 - Wash Redskin Sammy Baugh passes for 6 touchdowns vs Bkln (48-10) 1943 - World War II: F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception. 1944 - Chief of staff Kruls names De Quay chairman of Universal Commission 1949 - "Regina" opens at 46th St Theater NYC for 86 performances 1949 - Amsterdam Telegraph-director/SS'er Henri Holdert sentenced to 12 years 1949 - WOC (now KWQC) TV channel 6 in Davenport, IA (NBC) 1st broadcast 1950 - Collazo & Torresola attempt to kill Harry Truman in Washington, DC 1951 - Second Chamber accept plan-Schuman 1952 - 1st thermonuclear bomb detonated-Marshall Islands 1953 - TV broadcasting begins in Belgium 1954 - Algerian Revolution against French begins 1954 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Texas Golf Open 1954 - KREM TV channel 2 in Spokane, WA (CBS/ABC) begins broadcasting 1955 - Mgr Alfrink appointed archbishop of Utrecht 1956 - 1st American to land an airplane at South Pole-Rear Adm GJ Dufek 1956 - Britain & France begin to bomb Egypt to reopen Suez Canal 1956 - Brooklyn, NY ends streetcar service 1957 - "Jamaica" opens at Imperial Theater NYC for 558 performances 1959 - Lee Harvey Oswald announces in Moscow he will never return to US 1959 - USSR & Egypt sign contracts for building Aswan Dam 1960 - Cyclone hits coast of Gulf of Bengal; about 10,000 die 1961 - Hurricane Hattie, kills 400 in British Honduras 1961 - Federal judge rules that Birmingham, Alabama, laws against integrated playing fields are illegal 1963 - Ed Sullivan witnesses Beatles & their fans at London Airport 1963 - J Edgar Hoover's last meeting with president John F Kennedy 1963 - Leaking propane gas explodes, kills 64 at "Holiday on Ice" (Indiana) 1964 - Barbra Streisand's "People," album goes #1 for 5 weeks 1967 - KIMO TV channel 13 in Anchorage, AK (ABC) begins broadcasting 1967 - Nguyen Van Thieu took oath of office as 1st pres of S Vietnam 2nd Rep 1967 - SF's Mike McCormick wins NL Cy Young Award 1968 - Linda Eastman moves to UK permanently 1968 - Milwaukee Bucks win their 1st game beating Detroit 138-118 (6th game) 1968 - President Johnson orders a halt to all bombing of North Vietnam 1968 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1969 - George Harrison's "Something" is released in UK 1969 - Race riot in Jacksonville Florida 1971 - "On the Town" opens at Imperial Theater NYC for 65 performances 1972 - Gaylord Perry wins AL Cy Young award 1973 - Tom Seaver wins NL Cy Young Award 1974 - Ted Bundy victim Laura Aime disappears in Utah 1974 - Marines terminate gijzelingsactie in strafgevangenis Scheveningen 1975 - Bob Geldof 1st appearance with Boomtown Rats 1976 - Javed Miandad, 206 v NZ, age 19 yrs 141 days (29 fours 1 six) 1978 - Iranian oil workers go on strike 1978 - People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South) adopts constitution 1979 - Mike Flanagan, wins AL Cy Young Award 1979 - US DC-10 crashes at Mexico-City, 74 killed 1980 - Julian Nott sets world hot-air balloon altitude record (16,806 m) 1980 - Polish government recognizes Solidarity 1980 - Senegal routes troops to Gambia due to Libyan threat 1981 - 1st live radio drama in 25 years (Halloween Story on NBC) 1982 - "Rock 'n Roll!: The 1st..." closes at St James NYC after 9 perfs 1982 - Pope John Paul II becomes 1st pontiff to visit Spain 1983 - Paul McCartney releases "Pipes of Peace" album 1983 - Ron Grant completes a 217 day, 8,316 mile run around Australia 1984 - Howard Goodall/Melvyn Bragg's musical "Hired Man," premieres in London 1984 - Puerto Rican tanker, San Francisco explodes spilling 2 million gallons of oil as ship caught fire 1985 - Last day in Test cricket for Zaheer Abbas 1987 - 1st jockey to win 9 races in 1 day (Chris Antley at Belmont) 1987 - A pair in Coventry, England ties world record for longest singles tennis match at 80 hrs 21 minutes 1988 - 19ï¿½F lowest temperature ever recorded in Cleveland in Oct 1988 - 1st Monday Night NFL game in Indianapolis, Colts beat Denver 55-23 1988 - Journalists demand greater press freedom in Yugoslavia 1989 - AR Gurney's "Love Letters," premieres in NYC 1989 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island 1989 - Turgat Ozal elected president of Turkey 1989 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1990 - Pakistan make 3-0 drubbing of NZ, Waqar Younis 29 series wkts 1991 - Palestinians attend US mideast peace talks in Madrid 1992 - Don Keller makes his 18,000th sky diver 1992 - Roman Catholic church reinstates Galileo Galilei after 359 years 1992 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: A P Indy, Fraise, Gilded Time, Liza, Lure, Paseana, Thirty Slews at Gulfstream Park 1993 - "Wonderful Tennessee" closes at Plymouth Theater NYC after 9 perfs 1993 - 25 people killed during Ghana-Ivory Coast soccer match 1993 - Germany unemployment hits country record of 3.5 million 1993 - Rapper Tupac Shakur charged with aggravated assault 1993 - US wins Nichirei International LPGA Golf Tournament 1994 - American Eagle ATR-72 crash down at Gary, Indiana: 68 killed 1995 - NHL NJ Devils agree to stay in NJ 1996 - The Fokker F100 on TAM Transportes Aï¿½reos Regionais Flight 402 crashes into several houses in Sï¿½o Paulo, Brazil killing 98 including 2 on the ground. 1997 - British au pair Louise Woodward, 19, sentenced to life in death of Matthew Eappen 8ï¿½ months (judge changes to time served) 1998 - Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors. 1999 - Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation. 1999 - Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world, solo, non-stop and unassisted. 1999 - EgyptAir Flight 990 traveling from New York City to Cairo crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on-board. 2000 - The last Multics machine was shut down. 2000 - A chartered Antonov An-26 explodes after takeoff in Northern Angola killing 50 2000 - A Singapore Airlines Boeing 747-400 operating as Flight 006 collides with construction equipment upon takeoff in Taipei, Taiwan killing 79 passengers and four crew members 2002 - A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas formally indicted former Enron Corp. chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer. 2003 - A bankruptcy court approves MCI's reorganization plans, essentially clearing the telecommunications company to exit bankruptcy. 2003 - Mahathir bin Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, marking an end to Mahathir's 22 years in power. 2011 - The world population reaches 7 billion inhabitants according to the United Nations 2011 - Socialite and model Kim Kardashian files for divorce from basketball player Kris Humphries 72 days after getting married. Music history on October 31 1970 - Michelle Phillips, formerly of the Mamas and Papas, and actor Dennis Hopper were married. The two divorced 8 days later. 1985 - Producer Joseph Papp died of cancer at the age of 70. He was the co-creator of "A Chorus Line." 1988 - Debbie Gibson held a sï¿½ance at her Halloween party to contact the spirits of Liberace and Sid Vicious. 1992 - Prince and the New Power Generation released the album "." ~From Wings: That was supposed to be Prince's new 'Symbol' but it wouldn't translate onto these Forums. 1993 - Tupac Shakur was arrested for allegedly shooting two off-duty Atlanta policemen. 1995 - Alice in Chains released "Alice in Chains" as a vinyl edition. It was not available on CD or cassette until November 7, 1995. 1997 - Over 200 counterfeit tickets were confiscated at a Jane's Addiction reunion concert in New York. 1998 - KISS kicked off its Psycho-Circus tour with a Halloween extravaganza in Los Angeles, CA. The Smashing Pumpkins were the opening act. 1999 - Bryan White sang the National Anthem at the Adelphia Coliseum in Nashville prior to the game between the Tennessee Titans and the St. Louis Rams. Following the game, White gave his second annual Howl-O-Ween concert at the north end of the coliseum. 2000 - The Outkast album "Stankonia" was released. 2005 - The iTunes Music Store reached 1 million videos sold. Sports history on Oct. 31 1968 - The Milwaukee Bucks won their first game. They beat Detroit 138-118. 1995 - The NHL's New Jersey Devils announced that they would stay in New Jersey. 1999 - Bryan White sang the National Anthem at the Adelphia Coliseum in Nashville prior to the game between the Tennessee Titans and the St. Louis Rams. Following the game, White gave his second annual Howl-O-Ween concert at the north end of the coliseum. 2001 - In Miami Beach, FL, Jose Canseco was involved in a nightclub brawl. Canseco later violated his probation and was sentenced to two years of house arrest and three years probation. 2010 - For the first time in major league history, two former presidents attended the same World Series Game. George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush both attended Game 4 at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, TX. Famous birthdays on Oct. 31 1291 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer/poet 1345 - Ferdinand I, the wise one, king of Portugal (built navy) 1424 - Wladyslaw III Warnenczyk, king of Poland/Hungary 1538 - Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607) 1541 - Hendrik van Kinschot, Dutch lawyer 1599 - Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (d. 1680) 1620 - John Evelyn, British diarist (Life of Mrs Godolphin) 1622 - Pierre Paul Puget, French artist (d. 1694) 1632 - Jan Vermeer, Holland, painter (Procuress, Astronomer), (d. 1675) 1636 - Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1679) 1638 - Meindert Hobbema, Amsterdams landscape painter, baptised 1692 - Comte de Caylus, French archaeologist (d. 1765) 1705 - Clemens XIV, [Giovanni Ganganelli], Pope (1769-74) 1705 - Pope Clement XIV (d. 1774) 1711 - Laura Bassi, Italian scholar (d. 1778) 1724 - Christopher Anstey, English writer (d. 1805) 1737 - James Lovell, American educator (d. 1789) 1740 - William Paca, US judge/signer (Declaration of Independence) 1750 - Leonor de Almeida marquesa de Alorna, Portuguese poet 1755 - Jean Louis van Aelbroeck, Flemish agronomist 1757 - Ignaz Spangler, composer 1761 - Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Dutch patriot/earl/Grand Pensionary 1785 - George F Kersting, German painter 1791 - Ferdinand Huber, composer 1795 - John Keats, London, England, romantic poet (Ode to a Grecian Urn), (d. 1821) 1815 - Karl Weierstrass, Germany, mathematician (theory of functions) 1825 - Raleigh Edward Colston, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1896 1825 - Charles Lavigerie, French cardinal (d. 1892) 1826 - Hugh Boyle Ewing, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1905 1827 - Richard Morris Hunt, American educator (d. 1895) 1831 - Daniel Butterfield, Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1901 1831 - Paolo Mantegazza, Italian neurologist (d. 1910) 1835 - Adelbert Ames, Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1933 1835 - J F W Adolf Ritter von Baeyer, German chemist (Nobel 1905) 1835 - Kriï¿½jānis Barons, Latvian writer (d. 1923) 1838 - King Louis of Portugal (d. 1889) 1847 - Galileo Ferraris, Italian physicist (2-fasenmotor) 1848 - Boston Custer, brother of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1876) 1851 - Lovisa of Sweden, queen of Denmark (d. 1926) 1852 - Mary E W Freeman, US writer (Revolt of Mother) 1854 - Georg A Erman, German Egyptologist (Grammar of Ancient Egypt) 1860 - Juliette Gordon Low, activist/founder (Girl Scouts of America) 1875 - Seerp Anema, poet/writer (Dutch Coasts) 1875 - Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian freedom fighter and statesman (d. 1950) 1876 - Eduard van Oort, zoologist (Ornithology of Netherlands) 1883 - Marie Laurencin, French painter (d. 1956) 1887 - Chiang Kai-shek, Chekiang Province China, pres of Nationalist China 1887 - Edouard Lalonde, Canada, NHLer (Mont Canadiens)/lacrosse player 1888 - George Hubert Wilkins, Aust, polar explorer (Flying the Arctic) 1888 - Harold Vincent Milligan, composer 1888 - Napoleon Lapathiotis, Greek poet (d. 1944) 1891 - Charlotte "Lotte" Bartschart, German/Dutch operetta singer 1892 - Ruth Fuller Sasaki, US, Zen teacher (1st Zen Institute of America) 1893 - Sara Allgood, Dublin Ireland, actress (Jane Eyre, Spiral Staircase) 1895 - Basil H Liddell Heart, English military historian/publicist 1895 - C K Nayudu, cricketer (brother of C S, India's 1st Test capt) 1896 - Ethel Waters, Chester Pa, actress (Beulah)/singer (Stormy Weather) 1897 - Wilbur (Pete) Henry, NFL tackle (Canton, NY Giants, Pottsville) 1898 - Alfred Sauvy, French statistician (Affluence & Population) 1900 - Carl Hubbard, Missouri, baseball & football Hall of Famer 1902 - Charles Drummond de Andrade, Brazilian poet (Claro Enigma) 1902 - Eduard Franz, Milwaukee Wisc, actor (Zorro) 1902 - Willie Shaw, race car driver (Indy 500-1937, 39, 40) 1902 - Abraham Wald, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1950) 1906 - Jo Vis, resistance fighter (Yad Vashem-distinction) 1906 - Louise Talma, Arcachon France, composer (Summer Sounds) 1907 - Helen Lessore, artist 1912 - Dale Evans, [Frances Butts], Uvalde Tx, cowgirl (Roy Rogers Show) 1912 - Ollie Johnston, American animator (d. 2008) 1914 - Joe Carcione, American consumer advocate (d. 1988) 1914 - John Hugenholtz, Dutch race track designer (d. 1995) 1916 - Carl Johan Bernadotte, formerly Prince of Sweden 1917 - Erik Routley, composer 1917 - William Hardy McNeill, historian (Rise of the West) 1917 - Thomas Hill, Canadian actor 1918 - Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007) 1919 - Magnus Wenninger, American priest, author of Polyhedron models 1920 - Dick Francis, Wales, jockey/detective writer (Whip Hand, High Stakes) 1920 - Joseph Gelineau French composer (d. 2008) 1920 - Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan rebel leader (d. 1957) 1920 - Helmut Newton, German photographer (d. 2004) 1920 - Fritz Walter, German footballer (d. 2002) 1922 - Barbara Bel Geddes, NYC, actress (Vertigo, Miss Ellie-Dallas, Caught) 1922 - Norodom Sihanouk, king/pres/prem Cambodia (My War with the CIA), (d. 2012) 1922 - Anatoli Papanov, Soviet actor (d. 1987) 1922 - Illinois Jacquet, American saxophonist (d. 2004) 1923 - Hicks B Waldron, Amsterdam NY, CEO (Avon) 1925 - John Pople, English chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2004) 1926 - Shirley Dinsdale, SF California, ventriloquist (Judy Splinters) 1926 - Jimmy Savile, English entertainer 1927 - Lee Grant, [Lyova Haskell Rosenthal], NYC, actress (Shampoo, Landlord) 1927 - Lee Grant, American actress 1928 - Andrew Sarris, movie critic (Village Voice) 1929 - Bud Spencer, Italian actor (Aladdin, Extralarge, Go For It) 1929 - Eddie Charlton, Australian snooker player (d. 2004) 1930 - Michael Collins, Rome, Mjr Gen USAF/astronaut (Gemini 10, Apollo 11) 1930 - Ray Crane, trumpeter 1931 - Dan Rather, Wharton Tx, news anchor (CBS Evening News, 60 Minutes) 1931 - David Lumsdaine, composer 1931 - Dan Rather, American television journalist 1933 - Phil Goyette, Canadian ice hockey player 1934 - Norman Beaton, actor (Eureka, Black Joy, Mighty Quinn) 1934 - Walter Steffens, composer 1936 - Sergei Nikolayevich Gaidukov, Russia, cosmonaut 1936 - Michael Landon, Forest Hills NY, actor (Bonanza, Highway to Heaven) 1937 - Tom Paxton, Chicago, folk singer/songwriter (Forest Lawn) 1938 - Rives McBee, Denton TX, PGA golfer (1989 RJR Bank One Classic) 1939 - Ron Rifkin, American actor 1939 - Tom O'Connor, British comedian 1939 - Alui Farka Tourï¿½, Malian musician 1941 - Lucas Brown Jackson, San Marcos Tx, basketballer (Olympic-gold-1964) 1941 - Derek Bell, British racing driver 1941 - Dan Alderson, American scientist 1942 - Ben M J Hennekam, Dutch MP (CDA) 1942 - David Ogden Stiers, Peoria Ill, actor (Winchester-MASH, Doc) 1942 - Dave McNally, American baseball player (d. 2002) 1943 - Stephen Rea, actor (Crying Game, Michael Collins) 1944 - Deidre Hall, Milwaukee, actress (Days of our Lives, Our House) 1944 - Kinky Friedman, Palestine Tx, country rocker (Ride 'em Jewboy) 1944 - Sally Kirkland, NYC, actress (Anna, Sting, Pvt Benjamin, Big Bad Mama) 1945 - Brian Doyle-Murray, American comedian and actor 1946 - Ramnath Parkar, cricket batsman (Indian in 2 Tests v England 1972-73) 1946 - Stephen Rea, Irish actor 1946 - Norman Lovett, British actor 1947 - Frank Shorter, Munich Germany, US marathoner (Oly-gold/silver-72, 76) 1947 - Russ Ballard, rocker (Argent) 1949 - Bob Selbenberg, rocker (Supertramp) 1949 - Dumisa B Ntsebeza, South African attorney/anti-apartheid activist 1949 - Mike Parker, (Rep-D-Mississippi) 1949 - Odaline de la Martinez, composer 1949 - Terrence W Wilcutt, Russellville Ky, Major USMC/astronaut (STS 68, 79) 1950 - Jane Pauley, Indianapolis Indiana, newscaster (Today, NBC Weekend) 1950 - John Candy, Ontario Canada, comedian (SCTV, Uncle Buck) 1950 - Jozef Stolorz, polish art painter 1950 - Zaha Hadid, British architect 1950 - Antonio Taguba, US Army Major General 1951 - Nick Saban, American college football coach 1952 - Bernard Edwards, Greenville NC, bassist (Chicago-Addicted to Love) 1953 - John Lucas, Durham NC, NBA guard (Houston, Golden State, Milwaukee) 1953 - Michael J. Anderson, American actor 1956 - Anders Lago, Swedish Social Democratic politician 1957 - Robert Pollard, American rocker 1957 - Brian Stokes Mitchell, American singer and actor 1958 - Russell Earl Cochran, Paducah KY, PGA golfer (1991 Centel Western) 1958 - Jeannie Longo, French cyclist 1959 - Ann Henricksson, St Paul MN, tennis star 1959 - Neal Stephenson, American author 1960 - Janice Harrer, Torrance Ca, WPVA volleyballer (US Open-1989, Oly-96) 1960 - Reza Pahlavi, Iran, son of Shah of Iran 1960 - Luis Fortuï¿½o, Puerto Rican delegate to Congress 1960 - Arnaud Desplechin, French film director 1961 - Alonzo Babers, Montgomery Ala, 400m/4X400m relay (Olympic-gold-1984) 1961 - Christine Bridged, Australian European class yachter (Olympics-96) 1961 - Glenn "Doc" Rivers, NBA guard (San Antonio Spurs) 1961 - Larry Mullen Jr, Dublin Ireland, rock drummer (U2-I Will Follow) 1961 - Sterling Hinds, Toronto, 4X100m relayer (Olympic-bronze-1984) 1961 - Peter Jackson, Pukerua Bay, New Zealand, film director (Lord of the Rings - Academy Award, Best Director, 2003) 1961 - Kate Campbell, American musician 1963 - Dermot Mulroney, Alexandria VA, actor (Samantha, Sunset, Long Gone) 1963 - Fred McGriff, Tampa FL, infielder (Atlanta Braves) 1963 - Johnny Marr, rocker (Smiths-Ask, Girl Afraid) 1963 - Rob Schneider, actor (SNL, Jamie Coleman-Men Behaving Badly) 1963 - Dunga, Brazilian footballer 1963 - Mikkey Dee, Swedish musician, drummer for Motï¿½rhead 1964 - Amanda Sandrelli, Rome Italy, actress (The Key) 1964 - Marco van Basten, Dutch soccer star (Ajax, AC Milan) 1964 - Colm ï¿½ Cï¿½osï¿½ig, Irish drummer (My Bloody Valentine, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions) 1964 - Marty Wright, American professional wrestler 1964 - Darryl Worley, American country singer 1965 - Annabella Lwin, [Myant Aye], Rangoon Burma, singer (I Want Candy) 1965 - Blue Edwards, NBA guard (Vancouver Grizzlies) 1965 - Ruud Hesp, soccer player (Roda JC) 1965 - Rob Rackstraw, voice actor 1966 - Ad-Rock, [Adam Horowitz], rocker (Beastie Boys-You Gotta Fight) 1966 - Brian Keyser, Castro Valley CA, pitcher (Chic White Sox) 1966 - Koji Kanemoto, wrestler (NJPW/AAA/UWA, Tiger Mask, King Lee) 1966 - Joseph Boyden, Canadian novelist 1966 - Mike O'Malley, American actor 1967 - Vanilla Ice, American rapper (Ice Ice Baby) and actor (Cool as Ice) 1968 - Antonio Davis, NBA forward/center (Indiana Pacers) 1968 - Eddie Taubensee, Beeville TX, catcher (Cin Reds) 1968 - Russ McCullough, WLAF offensive linebacker (Frankfurt Galaxy) 1969 - Damon Mashore, Ponce Puerto Rico, outfielder (Oakland A's) 1969 - Henry John Mills, NFL tight end (Houston Oilers) 1969 - Lee Woodall, NFL linebacker (SF 49ers) 1970 - Steve Trachsel, Oxnard California, pitcher (Chicago Cubs) 1970 - Nicky Wu, Taiwanese actor and martial arts expert 1970 - Linn Berggren, Swedish singer (Ace of Base) 1970 - Rogers Stevens, American guitarist (Blind Melon) 1970 - Mitch Harris, American guitarist (Napalm Death, among others) 1970 - Johnny Moeller, American blues guitarist 1971 - Phillip Tataurangi, Auckland NZ, Australasia golfer 1971 - Alphonso Ford, American basketball player (d. 2004) 1971 - Ian Walker, English footballer 1971 - Toby Anstis, British radio presenter 1972 - Clifford Rozier, NBA center/forward (Golden State Warriors) 1972 - Jamie Asher, NFL tight end (Washington Redskins) 1972 - Matt Dawson, English rugby union footballer 1973 - Fiona Smith, ice hockey defenseman (Canada, Oly-98) 1973 - Ross Verba, NFL tackle (Green Bay Packers-Superbowl 31) 1973 - Grigorios Georgatos, Greek footballer 1973 - Tim Byrdak, American baseball player 1973 - David Dellucci, American baseball player 1974 - Jeff Gooch, linebacker (Tampa Bay Buccaneers) 1974 - Julie Minta Gleneck, Miss New Hampshire USA (1996) 1974 - Serge Heuveling, soccer player (NEC) 1974 - Muzzy Izzet, Turkish footballer 1974 - Natasja Saad, Danish hip hop and reggae artist (d. 2007) 1975 - Carla Boyd, Wynyard Tasmania, basketball player (Olympics-bronze-96) 1975 - Jagan Hames, Australian decathlete (Olympics-96) 1975 - Fabio Celestini, Swiss footballer 1976 - Guti, Spanish footballer 1976 - Piper Perabo, American actress 1977 - Sylviane Fï¿½lix, French athlete 1977 - Sï¿½verine Ferrer, French singer 1978 - Joselina Garcia, Miss Honduras Universe (1997) 1978 - Emmanuel Izonritei, Nigerian boxer 1978 - Zachary Knighton, American actor 1978 - Martin Verkerk, Dutch tennis player 1979 - Simï¿½o Sabrosa, Portuguese footballer 1979 - Ricardo Fuller, Jamaican Footballer 1979 - Saaphyri Windsor, American reality tv figure 1980 - Eddie Kaye Thomas, American actor, 1980 - Samaire Armstrong, American actress 1980 - Alondra de la Parra, Mexican founder and artistic director of the New York-based Philharmonic Orchestra of the Americas 1981 - Irina Denezhkina, Russian writer 1981 - Frank Iero, American musician (My Chemical Romance, Leathermouth, Pencey Prep; founder of Skeleton Crew) 1981 - Selina (Jiaxuan) Ren, member of Taiwanese girl-group S.H.E 1981 - Jon Crocker, American songwriter 1982 - Tomï¿½ Plekanec, Czech ice hockey player 1982 - The Cheeky Girls, British-Romanian singers 1982 - Justin Chatwin, Canadian actor 1983 - Katy French, Irish model (d. 2007) 1986 - Chris Alajajian, Australian racing driver 1986 - Christie Hayes, Australian actress 1988 - Sï¿½bastien Buemi, Swiss racing driver 1990 - James Charles Lewis aka Lil' JJ, American actor/singer 1991 - Jordan-Claire Green, American actress 2000 - Willow Smith, American actress 2005 - Infanta Leonor of Spain, daughter of Felipe, Prince of Asturias and Letizia, Princess of Asturias Quote for today: The best way to keep children at home is to make the home atmosphere pleasant --- and let the air out of their tires. - Dorothy Parker If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich. ~ Alistair Begg Historic events on November 1 996 - 1st use of name "Austria" for Ostarrichi/in oorkonde 1210 - King John of England begins imprisoning Jews 1248 - Earl Willem II of Holland crowned as RC German emperor 1349 - Duke of Brabant orders execution of all Jews in Brussels, accusing them of poisoning the wells 1462 - Arch duke Albrecht VI van Habsburg occupies Vienna 1512 - Michelangelo's paintings on ceiling of Sistine Chapel, 1st exhibited 1570 - Netherlands hit by flood disaster, 1,000s killed 1604 - William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" 1st presented 1611 - Shakespeare's romantic comedy "Tempest" 1st presented 1612 - (22 October O.S.) Time of Troubles in Russia: Moscow, Kitai-gorod, is captured by Russian troops under command of Dmitry Pozharsky 1623 - Fire at Plymouth, Massachusetts destroys several buildings 1628 - French king Louis XIII occupies La Rochelle 1671 - French King Louis XIV & RC German emperor Leopold I sign secret anti-Dutch treaty 1683 - The British crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties. 1721 - Prince Eugenius of Savoye unveals statue of himself 1755 - Lisbon earthquake kills more than 50,000 1765 - Stamp Act goes into effect in British colonies 1776 - Mission San Juan Capistrano founded in California 1783 - Continental Army dissolved; George Washington's "Farewell Address" george_washington.jpg ( 15.61K ) Number of downloads: 0 First US President George Washington 1784 - Maryland grants citizenship to Lafayette & his descendents 1787 - 1st free school in NYC (African Free School) opens 1800 - 1st president to live in white house (John Adams) 1802 - Delegates meet at Chillicothe, Ohio to form a state constitutional convention. 1814 - Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the European political map after the defeat of France, in the Napoleonic Wars. 1834 - 1st published reference to poker (as Mississippi riverboat game) 1848 - 1st US woman's medical school opens (Boston) 1849 - Dutch government of Thorbecke forms 1859 - The current Cape Lookout, North Carolina, lighthouse was lit for the first time. Its first-order Fresnel lens can be seen for about 19 miles (30 kilometers), in good conditions. 1861 - Gen George B McClellan made general in chief of Union armies 1863 - -8] Averell's Raid (on)to Lewisburg, West Virginia 1863 - Fortifications built on Angel Island (SF Bay) by troops 1864 - -Dec) Tennessee campaign 1865 - Zutphen-Fishing Dutch railway opens 1866 - 1st Civil Rights Bill passes 1867 - "Harpers Bazaar" publishes 1869 - Deli Me forms T B V tobacco in Sumatra 1870 - US Weather Bureau begins operations (24 locations) 1876 - King Willem III opens North Sea Canal (Amsterdam-IJmuiden) 1876 - New Zealand's provincial government system is dissolved. 1877 - Dutch government of Heemskerk-Van Lynden resigns 1878 - Edward Scripps & John Sweeney found Penny Press (Cleveland Press) 1884 - The Gaelic Athletic Association is set up in Hayes's Hotel in Thurles, County Tipperary. 1885 - Pope Leo XIII publishes encyclical Immortale Dei 1886 - Ananda College, a leading Buddhist school in Sri Lanka was established with 37 students. 1889 - North & South Dakota entered the union as the 39th & 40th states 1894 - Vaccine for diphtheria announced by Dr Roux of Paris 1894 - Nicholas II becomes the new Tsar of Russia after his father, Alexander III, dies. nicholas_ii.jpg ( 14.28K ) Number of downloads: 0 Last Emperor of Russia Nicholas II 1896 - 1st bare women breast (Zulu) to appear in National Geographic Mag 1901 - Sigma Phi Epsilon, the largest national male collegiate fraternity is established at Richmond College, in Richmond, VA. 1904 - George Bernard Shaws "John Bull's Other Island," premieres in London george_bernard_shaw.jpg ( 14.08K ) Number of downloads: 0 Playwright George Bernard Shaw 1910 - 1st issue of "Crisis" published by editor W E B Du Bois 1913 - Notre Dame upsets Army 35-13, 1st to use forward pass effectively 1914 - Connie Mack asks waivers on Jack Coombs, Eddie Plank & Chief Colby 1914 - German-British fleet battle at Coronel, Chile 1914 - Pope Benedictus Xv's encyclical Ad beatissimi, against integrity 1914 - Von Hindenburg named marshal of Eastern front 1915 - Parris Island is officially designated a Marine Corps Recruit Depot. 1916 - Paul Miliukov delivers in the State Duma the famous "stupidity or treason" speech, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stï¿½rmer government. 1917 - In WW I, the 1st US soldiers are killed in combat 1918 - 102 die in a NYC BMT subway derailment at Malbone Street Brooklyn 1918 - Yugoslav battleship Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians 1920 - Eugene O'Neill's "Emperor Jones," premieres in NYC 1920 - American Fishing Schooner Esperanto defeats the Canadian Fishing Schooner Delawana in the First International Fishing Schooner Championship Races in Halifax. 1921 - National Birth Control League & Voluntary Parenthood League merge as American Birth Control League 1922 - Ottoman Empire abolished 1922 - Queen Wilhelmina opens Dutch Historical Maritime museum in Amsterdam 1923 - Bruno E Lucander forms Aero E/Y (Finnair) 1924 - 1st US NHL franchise, Boston Bruins founded 1924 - Forest Peters of Montana State U hits 17 of 22 attempted field goals 1925 - VARA, Vereniging van Workers Radio Amateurs forms in Amsterdam 1926 - Air Commerce Act passes 1928 - 1st celebration of Author's Day 1928 - Bradman scores a century each innings (131 & 133), NSW v Qld 1928 - Graf Zeppelin sets airship distance record of 6384 km 1929 - Lundy, part of British Isles, issue their own stamps 1931 - Dupont introduces synthetic rubber 1932 - Wernher von Braun named head of German liquid-fuel rocket program werner_von_braun.jpg ( 14.28K ) Number of downloads: 0 Rocket Scientist Werner von Braun 1935 - TS Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral," premieres in London 1936 - Benito Mussolini describes alliance between Italy & Germany as an "axis" benito_mussolini.jpg ( 15.44K ) Number of downloads: 0 Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini 1936 - Rodeo Cowboy's Association founded 1937 - Stalinists executed by shooting Pastor Paul Hamberg and seven members of Azerbaijan's Lutheran community (including three women). 1938 - German colonel-general Gerd von Runstedt retires 1938 - NL batting champ Ernie Lombardi is named MVP 1938 - Seabiscuit beats War Admiral in a match race at Pimlico 1939 - 1st animal conceived by artificial insemination (rabbit) displayed 1939 - 1st jet plane, Heinkel He 178, demonstrated to German Air Ministry 1939 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Sertum laetitiae 1940 - 1st US air raid shelter, Fleetwood, Pa 1940 - Dutch "Curfew" forms (12 AM - 4 AM) 1941 - Chetniks attacks Tito's partizans in Uzice Yugoslavia 1941 - Japanese marine staff officiers Suzuki/Maejima arrive in Pearl Harbor 1942 - 10th day of battle at El Alamein 1942 - John H Johnson publishes 1st issue of Negro Digest 1942 - Vice-admiral Cunningham becomes British commander-in-chief 1943 - Dim-out ban lifted in SF Bay area 1943 - US troops land on Bougainville Island on Solomon Island 1944 - Mary Coyle Chase' "Harvey," premieres in NYC 1944 - Zeeuws & Flanders freed 1944 - World War II: Units of the British Army land at Walcheren in the Netherlands. 1945 - 1st issue of Ebony magazine published by John H Johnson 1946 - Charles S Johnson becomes 1st black president of Fisk University 1946 - Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck's right foot is amputated 1946 - German "Country" Nedersaksen forms 1946 - Marken soccer team forms 1946 - NY Knicks 1st basketball game beat Toronto Huskies 68-66 1946 - Right foot of Cleve Indian's owner Bill Veeck is amputated 1946 - WABC becomes WCBS radio in NYC 1946 - WEAF radio changes call letters to WNBC (NYC) 1946 - West German state of Niedersachsen formed 1947 - "Medium & The Telephone" closes at Barrymore NYC after 211 perfs 1947 - 1st Aloha Week Parade held in Hawaii 1947 - Howard Hughes flies "Spruce Goose," a large wooden airplane 1947 - UN trusteeship for Nauru granted to Australia, NZ & UK 1948 - Mao's Red army conquerors Mukden, Manchuria 1950 - 1st negro player in NBA, (Celtic's Charles Cooper) Ft Wayne Ind 1950 - 82ï¿½F highest temperature ever recorded in Cleveland in Nov 1950 - Puerto Rican nationalists try to kill Pres Harry Truman at Blair House harry_s_truman.jpg ( 11.46K ) Number of downloads: 0 33rd US President Harry Truman 1950 - Pope Pius XII witnesses "The Miracle of the Sun" while at the Vatican. 1950 - Pope Pius XII claims Papal Infallibility when he formally defines the dogma of the Assumption of Mary. 1951 - Johnny Mercer's "Top Banana" opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 356 performances johnny_mercer.jpg ( 12.56K ) Number of downloads: 0 Composer and lyricist Johnny Mercer 1951 - 1st atomic explosion witnessed by troops, NM 1951 - Brooklyn Dodger catcher Roy Campanella wins 1st of his 3 NL MVP 1951 - Brooklyn catcher Roy Campanella wins NL MVP 1951 - Jet magazine founded by John H Johnson 1951 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1952 - 1st hydrogen device exploded at Eniwetok Atoll in Pacific Fusion occurs for 1st time on Earth 1953 - Emile Zatopek runs world record 10K (29:01.6) & 6 mile (28:08.4) 1953 - KCEN TV channel 6 in Temple-Waco, TX (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting 1953 - KMGH TV channel 7 in Denver, CO (CBS) begins broadcasting 1953 - WHEC TV channel 10 in Rochester, NY (CBS) begins broadcasting Lyricist and Songwriter Johnny Mercer 1954 - Algeria begins rebellion against French rule 1954 - General Fulgencio Batista elected pres of Cuba 1954 - India takes over administration of 4 French Indian settlements 1954 - KUON TV channel 12 in Lincoln, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting 1954 - US Senate admonishes Joseph Mccarthy because of slander campaign 1954 - The Front de Libï¿½ration Nationale fires the first shots of the Algerian War of Independence. 1955 - Time bomb aboard United DC-6 kills 44 above Longmont Colorado 1956 - Delhi becomes a territory of Indian union 1956 - Indian state of Madhya Pradesh forms 1956 - Indian states of Punjab, Patiala & PEPSU merge as Punjab protection 1956 - Nagy government of Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact 1956 - Nobel for physics awarded to Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen 1956 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Laetamur admodum 1956 - Formation of Kerala state in India. 1957 - KVII TV channel 7 in Amarillo, TX (ABC) begins broadcasting 1957 - KXGN TV channel 5 in Glendive, MT (CBS/NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting 1957 - WICZ TV channel 40 in Binghamton, NY (NBC) begins broadcasting 1957 - World longest suspension bridge opens (Mackinac Straits Mich) 1958 - USSR performs nuclear test 1959 - 1st NHL goalie to wear a hockey mask (Jacques Plante) 1959 - Jim Brown scores 5 TDs in Cleveland Browns 38-31 win over Balt 1959 - Patrice Lumumba arrested in Belgian Congo 1959 - WOV-AM in NYC changes call letters to WADO 1960 - Balitmore Oriole shortstop Ron Hansen voted AL Rookie of Year 1960 - Benelux treaty goes into effect 1962 - Greece enters European Common Market 1962 - KYVE TV channel 47 in Yakima, WA (PBS) begins broadcasting 1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island 1962 - USSR launches Mars 1; radio contact lost before arrival at Mars 1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1962 - WNYC TV channel 31 in New York, NY (PBS) begins broadcasting 1962 - WZZM TV channel 13 in Grand Rapids, MI (ABC) begins broadcasting 1964 - George Blanda of Houston throws NFL-record 37 passes in 68 attempts 1964 - KC Chief Len Dawson passes for 6 touchdowns vs Denver (49-39) 1964 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Las Cruces Ladies' Golf Open 1964 - Vietcong-assault on airport Bien Hoa at Saigon 1965 - 1st concert at Fillmore Auditorium, SF 1965 - Ernie Terrel beats George Chuvalo in 15 for heavyweight boxing 1965 - Trackless trolley plunged into Nile River drowning 74 (Cairo Egypt) 1966 - Indian Haryana state created from Punjab; Chandigarh terr created 1966 - NFL awards New Orleans its 16th franchise (All Saints Day) 1966 - Sandy Koufax becomes 1st 3-time Cy Young Award winner 1966 - William Dana in X-15 reaches 93 km 1968 - "Noel Coward's Sweet Potato" opens at Booth Theater NYC for 36 perfs 1968 - Detroit Tiger Denny McLain unanimously wins AL Cy Young Award 1968 - Motion Picture Association of America introduces rating system (G, M, R, X) 1968 - US pro soccer 14 teams merged into 1 all star team 1968 - University of Suriname opens 1969 - Beatles' "Abbey Road," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 11 weeks 1970 - 1st regular season Giants-Jets game, Giants win 22-10 at Shea 1970 - Discotheque in Grenoble France burns, all exits padlocked & 142 die 1970 - Fire on Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, 144 die 1970 - KGTF TV channel 12 in Agana, GU (PBS) begins broadcasting 1971 - Eisenhower dollar put into circulation 1972 - 1st gay theme TV movie - "That Certain Summer" 1972 - Germaoin Gagnon scores 1st Islander hat trick 1973 - "Molly" opens at Alvin Theater NYC for 68 performances 1973 - The Indian state of Mysore was renamed as Karnataka to represent all the regions within Karunadu . 1974 - Fire kills 189 in less than 25 min (Sao Paulo Brazil) 1974 - UN affirms independence of Cyprus 1976 - "Don't Step on My Olive Branch" opens at Playhouse NYC for 16 perfs 1976 - Britain gives Gilbert Island (Kiribati) self rule 1976 - W German Gens Krupinski/Franke admit to being Nazis 1977 - Islander Goran Hogosta's only shut-out Flames 9-0-Trottier 4 goals 1977 - Pres Carter raises minimum wages of $2.30 to $3.35 for Jan 1 1981 1977 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1978 - NY Yankee Ron Guidry unanimously wins AL Cy Young Award 1979 - A L Webber musical "Joseph & Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat," premieres 1979 - Bolivia military coup under Gen Busch, pres Guevara flees 1979 - Edward Bennett Williams buys Orioles from Hoffberger for $12.3 million 1979 - Federal government made $1.5 billion loan to Chrysler 1979 - Tanker Burmah Agate off Galveston Bay, Texas, spills 10.7 m gallons of oil, in US's worst oil spill disaster 1980 - USSR performs nuclear test 1981 - 1st Class Mail raised from 18 cents to 20 cents 1981 - 3rd meeting of Giants-Jets, Jets up 2-1 with 26-7 win 1981 - Antigua & Barbuda gains independence from Britain (National Day) 1981 - Chako Higuchi wins LPGA Pioneer Cup Golf Tournament 1982 - Andrew "Dice" Clay & George Wendt appear in "Trick or Treatment" 1982 - Major leagues vote not to renew Commissioner Bowie Kuhn's contract 1982 - Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the United States with the opening of their factory in Marysville, Ohio. The Honda Accord is the first car produced there. 1984 - 1st NBA game at LA Memorial Sports Arena - Clipper beat Knick, 107-105 1984 - Larry Shues "Foreigner," premieres in NYC 1984 - Willem de Kooning's "Two Women" sells for $1,980,000 1984 - Despite Mike Bossy 4 goals Islanders lose 5-6 to Canadians making Islander record when scoring a hat trick-77-3-4 1985 - Neth decides definative sites for cruise missiles 1985 - Nostalgia Television begins on cable 1986 - Fire in Sandoz-factory Basel, 30 tons of chemicals in the Rhine 1986 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Brave Raj, Capote, Lady's Secret, Last Tycoon, Manila, Skywalker, Smile at Santa Anita 1987 - 17th NYC Women's Marathon won by Priscilla Welch in 2:30:17 1987 - 18th NYC Marathon won by Ibrahim Hussein in 2:11:01 1987 - 22,000 run in NYC Marathon (won by Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya 2:11:01) 1987 - Fukumi Tani wins Nichirei Ladies Cup US-Japan Team Golf Championship 1987 - NY Jets retire Don Maynards #13 1987 - New Orleans Saints shutout Atlanta Falcons 38-0 1988 - Actor Jeff Goldblum & actress Gena Davis wed in Las Vegas 1988 - Chris Sabo, wins National League Rookie of Year award 1988 - Staten Island ferry gets 1st pay phones 1989 - "Les Miserables," opens at Curran Theatre, SF 1989 - Pakistan beat West Indies by 4 wickets to win Cricket's Nehru Cup 1989 - Scandinavian Airlines System bans smoking on many flights 1990 - "Oh, Kay!" opens at Richard Rodgers Theater NYC for 77 performances 1990 - Last of Margaret Thatcher's original government resigns, Deputy PM Howe margaret_thatcher.jpg ( 11.9K ) Number of downloads: 0 British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 1990 - Rhetoric escalates as Bush likens Saddam to Hitler 1990 - Sandra Miller awarded $100 for Mike Tyson fondling her breasts mike_tyson.jpg ( 12.28K ) Number of downloads: 0 Heavyweight Boxing Champion Mike Tyson 1991 - New Dutch Regulations Traffic rules & Traffic signs enforced 1991 - Three faculty, and one staff member of the department of physics and astronomy, were killed, along with one administrator, when physics graduate student Gang Lu went on a shooting rampage at the University of Iowa. 1992 - 22nd NYC Women's Marathon won by Lisa Ondieki in 2:24:40 1992 - 23rd NYC Marathon won by Willie Mtolo in 2:09:29 1992 - NY Jet Al Toon becomes 10th NFL to catch a pass in 100 straight games 1992 - Space Shuttle STS 52 (Columbia 13) lands (scheduled) 1993 - Atlantic Radio (20 radio stations) becomes American Radio Systems 1993 - Last day in 1st-class cricket for Mike Whitney, NSW v NZ 1993 - STS-58 (Columbia) lands 1994 - Moslem fundamentalists in Mostaganem Algeria murder 5 children 1995 - "Tempest" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 71 performances 1998 - Nichirei Golf International 1998 - The European Court of Human Rights is instituted. 2003 - Panajot Pano is selected as the Golden Player of Albania by the Football Association of Albania as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years to celebrate UEFA's Jubilee 2005 - First part of the Gomery Report, which discusses allegations of political money manipulation, is released in Canada. 2009 - The inaugural Abu Dhabi Grand Prix is held at the Yas Marina Circuit. Music history on November 1 1877 - Composer Roger Quilter was born. 1894 - "Billboard Advertising" was published for the first time. It later became known as "Billboard." 1934 - Composer William Mathias was born. 1964 - The Dave Clark Five performed "Glad All Over" on "The Ed Sullivan Show." 1968 - George Harrison released the soundtrack "Wonderwall." He was the first Beatle to release a solo album. 1969 - Faces was added to Warner Brothers records. 1991 - The Nirvana album "MTV Unplugged in New York" was released. 1993 - Fats Domino's album "Christmas Is a Special Day" was released on EMI/Right Stuff. It was his first major-label album in 25 years. 1993 - Flavor Flav (Public Enemy) was arrested for allegedly trying to shoot another man in a dispute over a woman. William Drayton (Flavor Flav's real name) was charged with attempted murder, possession of a weapon and reckless endangerment. 1994 - Nirvana's "MTV Unplugged" performance was released as "MTV Unplugged in New York." 2006 - Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content for iTunes. Sports history on November 1 1913 - Notre Dame defeated Army 35-13. It was the first time the forward pass was used as a main offensive weapon in football. 1950 - Charles Cooper became the first black man to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). 1959 - Jacques Plante, of the Montreal Canadiens, became the first goalie in the NHL to wear a mask. 1964 - Jim Brown (Cleveland Browns) became the first NFL player to exceed 10,000 yards rushing. 2001 - Dan Neil (Denver Broncos) was fined $15,000 for an illegal block that broke the leg of Bryan Cox (New England Patriots). 2010 - The San Francisco Giants won their first World Series since moving to California. They defeated the Texas Rangers in five games. Famous birthdays on November 1 846 - Louis the Stammerer, King of West Francia (877-79) (d. 879) 1050 - Henry IV, German emperor (1056/84-1105) [or Nov 11] 1339 - Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (d. 1365) 1351 - Duke Leopold III of Austria (d. 1386) 1500 - Benvenuto Cellini, sculptor/goldsmith/author (Perseus) 1526 - Catherine Jagellonica of Poland, queen of Sweden and duchess of Finland (d. 1583) 1530 - ï¿½tienne de La Boï¿½tie, French judge and writer (d. 1563) 1539 - Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596) 1549 - Anna of Austria, fourth wife of Philip II of Spain (d. 1580) 1567 - Diego Sarmiento de Acuï¿½a, conde de Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (d. 1626) 1578 - Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (d. 1642) 1585 - Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (d. 1652) 1607 - Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet (d. 1658) 1611 - Franï¿½ois-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-born French commander (d. 1656) 1618 - Johannes Flittner, composer 1629 - St. Oliver Plunkett, last Catholic martyr to die in England. (d. 1681) 1636 - Nicolas Boileau-Desprï¿½aux, French poet and critic (d. 1711) 1643 - John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737) 1661 - Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (d. 1725) 1666 - James Sherard, composer 1704 - Paul Daniel Longolius, German encylopedist (d. 1779) 1720 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (d. 1791) 1727 - Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, founder of the Moscow University (d. 1797) 1731 - Theodore-Jean Tarade, composer 1757 - Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor 1761 - Antonin Josef Alois Volanek, composer 1762 - Spencer Perceval, (Tory), British PM (1809-12) 1778 - Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (d. 1837) 1782 - Viscount Goderich, (Tory), British PM (1827-28) 1798 - Benjamin Lee, Baronet Guinness, Irish brewer/Dublin mayor 1805 - Alessandro Nini, composer 1808 - John Taylor, American religious leader (d. 1887) 1815 - Crawford Williamson Long, surgeon/pioneer (use of ether) 1815 - Douglas Hancock Cooper, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1879 1825 - Joseph Benjamin Palmer, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1890 1832 - Johann Gottfred Matthison-Hansen, composer 1835 - Godfrey Weitzel, (Union volunteers Major general, died in 1884) 1847 - Emma Albani, Canadian soprano (d. 1930) 1853 - Jose Santos Zelaya, (L), ruler of Nicaragua (1893-1910) 1855 - Guido Adler, Austria, musicologist (Still in the Music) 1859 - Charles Brantley Aycock, (Gov-NC) 1859 - William Henry Grattan Flood, composer 1860 - Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921) 1862 - Johan Wagenaar, Dutch composer/conductor/organist (Cyrano) 1863 - Alfred Reisenauer, composer 1865 - Monty Bowden, cricketer (England Test capt v South Africa at 23) 1871 - Alexander Afanasii Spendiaryan, composer 1871 - Stephen Crane, Newark, New Jersey, novelist/poet (Red Badge of Courage), (d. 1900) stephen_crane.jpg ( 9.25K ) Number of downloads: 0 Novelist Stephen Crane (1871) 1877 - Roger Quilter, British composer 1878 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Buenos Aires, jurist (Nobel Peace Prize 1936), (d. 1959) carlos_saavedra_lamas.jpg ( 13.57K ) Number of downloads: 0 Nobel Peace Laureate Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1878) 1878 - Konrad Mï¿½gi, Estonian painter (d. 1925) 1879 - Pal Teleki-von Szek, geographer/premier Hungary (1920-21, 39-41) 1880 - Alfred L Wegener, German meteorologist (continental shift) 1880 - Grantland Rice, sportswriter (NY Her Trib 1914-30, Colliers 1925-37) 1880 - Karel Paul van der Mandele, financier/director (Rotterdamsche Bank) 1880 - Sholem Asch, Poland, Yiddish novelist/playwright (Three Cities) 1881 - Edward Van Sloan, American actor (d. 1964) 1886 - Hermann Broch, Austria, novelist (Sleepwalkers, Bewitchment) 1887 - Max Trapp, composer 1887 - L. S. Lowry, British painter of industrial scenes (d. 1976) 1889 - Philip John Noel-Baker, statesman/disarmament advocate (Nobel 1959) 1890 - James Barton, NJ, Broadway actor (Tobacco Road, Iceman Cometh) 1891 - Dirk Vollenhoven, Dutch composer/philosopher 1892 - Alexander Alekhine, Russia, world chess champion (1927-35, 37-46) 1896 - Edmund Blunden, English poet/critic (Undertones of War) 1897 - Naomi Mitchison, author (African Heroes, Return to Fairy Hill) 1898 - Arthur Legat, Belgian racing driver (d. 1960) 1902 - Eugen Jochum, Babenhausen Bavaria, German conductor (Hamburg Orch) 1902 - Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet/dramatist/novelist (The Defeat) 1903 - Don Robey, US gospel singer 1903 - Gerard "Ge" Nabrink, Dutch anarchist/co-founder (NVSH) 1903 - Jean Tardieu, author 1903 - Max Adrian, Enniskillen Northern Ireland, actor (Devils, Music Lover) 1903 - Max Adrian, Irish actor (d. 1973) 1903 - Edward "Carji" Greeves, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963) 1904 - Laura Laplante, St Louis MO, actress (Cat & Canary) 1905 - Paul-ï¿½mile Borduas, Quebec painter (d. 1960) 1906 - Johnny Indrisano, American boxer and actor (d. 1968) 1907 - Rio Gebhardt, composer 1907 - Terence Tenison Cuneo, artist 1909 - Bruno Bjelinski, composer 1911 - Henri Troyat, French author and historian (d. 2007) 1914 - William "Sabby" Lewis, jazz pianist/arranger 1915 - Carlos A Nicolaas, Bonaire, teacher/poet 1915 - Michael Denison, York England, actor (Importance of Being Ernest) 1917 - Clarence E Miller, (Rep-R-OH, 1967- ) 1917 - Margaret Taylor Burroughs, US author/house painter (Black Queen) 1917 - Zenna [Chlarson] Henderson, US, sci-fi author (Anything Box) 1919 - John Secondari, Rome Italy, newscaster (Open Hearing) 1920 - James J Kilpatrick, Oklahoma City Oklahoma, columnist (60 Minutes) 1920 - Ted Lowe, English former snooker commentator 1921 - Ilse Aichinger, Austria, author 1921 - Jan Tausinger, composer 1921 - John Willard Peterson, composer 1922 - George S Irving, Springfield Mass, singer/actor (Dumplings) 1922 - Jeff Richards, Portland Oregon, actor (Don't Go Near the Water) 1923 - Bruce Dooland, cricketer (Australian leg-spinner, 3 Tests mid-forties) 1923 - Edward A de Jongh, Antillian author (The Arch) 1923 - Gordon R[upert] Dickson, Canada, sci-fi author (Genetic General) 1923 - Victoria de los Angeles, Spanish soprano (d. 2005) 1924 - Robert N Rapoport, social anthropologist 1924 - Sï¿½leyman Demirel, 9th President of Turkey 1928 - James Edward Bradford, DC, HW weightlifer (Olympic-silver-1952, 56) 1928 - Leon Hart, NFLer (Heisman Trophy) 1929 - Betsy Palmer, E Chicago Ind, actress (Mr Roberts, Friday the 13th) 1929 - Nicholas Mavroules, (Rep-D-MA, 1979- ) 1929 - Rudy [Herman R] Kousbroek, literary (Leopold the Buch) 1930 - A. R. Gurney, American playwright 1932 - John Clark, English-born actor/director 1932 - Al Arbour, Canadian ice hockey player and coach 1934 - Aat Veldhoen, Dutch artist 1934 - Hugh Bidwell, mayor (London) 1934 - Umberto Agnelli, VP (Fiat) 1934 - William James Matthias, composer 1934 - William Mathias, British composer (d. 1992) 1935 - Gary J Player, Johannesburg South Africa, PGA golfer (Brit Open-1959, 68, 74) 1935 - Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (d. 2003) 1936 - Eddie Colman, English footballer (d. 1958) 1937 - Bill Anderson, country singer (Still, From This Pen) 1938 - Patrick Buchanan, commentator/politician (Crossfire) 1939 - Barbara Bosson, Belle Vernon Pa, actr (Fay-Hill St Blues, Hooperman) 1940 - Ramesh Chandra Lahoti, Chief Justice of India 1940 - Barry Sadler, American singer (d. 1989) 1941 - Joe Louis Caldwell, Texas City, basketball player (Olympic-gold-1964) 1941 - Johnny Kendall, [Johan Donkerkaat], Dutch blues singer 1941 - Robert Foxworth, Houston Tx, actor (Chase-Falcon Crest, Frankenstein) 1941 - Alfio Basile, Argentine football coach 1942 - John M Spratt Jr, (Rep-D-SC, 1983- ) 1942 - Larry Flynt, Lakeville, Kentucky, magazine publisher (Hustler) 1942 - Marcia Wallace, Creston Iowa, actress (Carol-Bob Newhart Show) 1942 - Shere Hite, author/sex therapist 1943 - Salvatore Adamo, popular singer 1943 - John McEnery, English actor 1944 - Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia 1945 - Rick Grech, Bordeaux France, rock bassist (Blind Faith, Traffic) 1946 - Dennis Muren, American special effects artist 1947 - Rolando Garbey, Oriente Cuba, light MW boxer (Olympic-silver-1968) 1947 - Jim Steinman, American songwriter 1947 - Bob Weston, Devon, England, guitarist and songwriter (Fleetwood Mac)(d. 2012) 1948 - Anna Stuart, American Actress (Another World, All My Children) 1948 - Phil Myre, Canadian ice hockey player 1949 - Jeannie Berlin, LA Cal, actress (Heartbreak Kid, Portnoy's Complaint) 1949 - Michael D. Griffin, NASA chief administrator 1950 - Dan Peck, Panama City Fla, rock vocalist/guitarist (America) 1950 - Tony Hymphris, political activist 1951 - Craig Serjeant, cricketer (Australian batsman late seventies) 1951 - Ronald Bell, Youngstown Oh, rock sax (Kool & The Gang) 1951 - Fabrice Luchini, French actor 1953 - Jackie Zeman, actress (Bobbie Spencer-General Hospital) 1953 - Michael Zaslow, Inglewood CA, actor (One Life to Live, Guiding Light) 1953 - N Jan Davis, Cocoa Beach Florida, PhD/astronaut (STS 47, 60, 85) 1954 - Ruben Guerrero, Mexico, relay swimmer (Olympic-1968) 1955 - Beth Leavel, American musical theatre actress 1956 - Charles Moore, British editor-in-chief (Sunday Telegraph) 1957 - Lyle Lovett, Klein Tx, country singer (God Will, Joshua Judges Ruth) 1957 - Carlos Paiï¿½o, Portuguese singer (d. 1988) 1958 - Rachel Ticotin, NYC, actress (Grace-For Love & Honor, Total Recall) 1958 - Jim Steinmeyer, Illusion creator 1958 - Charlie Kaufman, American screenwriter 1959 - Eddie MacDonald, rocker (The Alarm-Knocking on Heaven's Door) 1960 - Damon Green, Pensacola FL, Nike golfer (1990 Pensacola Open-49th) 1960 - Elizabeth Dennehy, actress (Guiding Light) [or Oct 1] 1960 - Fernando Valenzuela, Navajua Mexico, pitcher (LA Dodgers, SD Padres) 1960 - Said Aquita, runner (Oly-gold/bronze-1984) 1961 - Anne Donovan, Ridgewood NJ, basketball player (Olympic-gold-1984) 1961 - Kim Krizan, California, writer/actress (Slacker, Dazed & Confused) 1961 - Magne Furuholmen, Oslo Norway, keyboardist/vocalist (Aha-Take on Me) 1961 - Paul Jackson, cricketer (slow lefty bowler for Victoria & Queensland) 1961 - Louise Boije af Gennï¿½s, Swedish writer and novelist 1961 - Calvin Johnson, American musician (Beat Happening, The Halo Benders, Dub Narcotic Sound System) 1962 - Anthony Kiedis, rock vocalist (Red Hot Chili Peppers) 1962 - Kelly Kelland, London Ontario, softball 1st baseman (Olympics-96) 1962 - Maga Furuholmen, rocker 1962 - Michelle Estill, Scottsdale AZ, LPGA golfer (1991 PING-Cellular One) 1962 - Robert Willis, Sydney NSW, Australasia golfer 1963 - Antonella Ella, Italian entertainer 1963 - Brian Forde, WLAF linebacker (Amsterdam Admirals) 1963 - Rick Allen, rock drummer (Def Leppard-Hysteria, Rock of Ages) 1963 - Kenny Alphin, American guitarist (Big & Rich) 1963 - Monty Sopp, American professional wrestler 1963 - Mark Hughes, Welsh footballer 1964 - Eddie Williams, Sheveport LA, infielder (Detroit Tigers) 1964 - Kosala Kuruppuarachchi, cricketer (bowls 2 Tests for Sri Lanka 86-87) 1964 - Richard Cooper, NFL tackle (NO Saints, Philadelphia Eagles) 1964 - Daran Norris, American actor 1965 - Richard Stephens, NFL guard/tackle (Oakland Raiders) 1966 - Bob Wells, Yakima WA, pitcher (Seattle Mariners) 1966 - Danny Everett, 4x400m runner (Olympic-gold-1988) 1966 - Paul Lewis, Australian field hockey forward (Olympics-silver-92, 96) 1966 - Ruud Cabbage, soccer player (FC Twente) 1966 - Willie D, American hip hop artist, famous for being a member of The Geto Boys 1966 - Mary Hansen, Australian guitarist and singer (Stereolab) (d. 2002) 1967 - Steve Fritz, Salina Kansas, decathlete 1967 - Sophie B. Hawkins, American musician 1967 - Tina Arena, Australian singer 1967 - Carla van de Puttelaar, Dutch photographer 1968 - Bernard Dafney, NFL tackle (Arizona Cardinals, Baltimore Ravens) 1968 - Kent Graham, NFL quarterback (Detroit Lions, Arizona Cardinals) 1968 - Park Shin-yang, South Korean actor 1968 - Barron Wortham, NFL linebacker (Houston/Tennessee Oilers) 1969 - Darryl Ashmore, NFL tackle (Washington Redskins) 1969 - Jill Reeve, Hoosick Falls NY, field hockey defender (Olympics-96) 1969 - Tie Domi, Windsor, NHL right wing (Toronto Maple Leafs) 1970 - Alla Korot, Odessa USSR, actress (Jenna Norris-Another World) 1970 - Dawn Marple, Salem Ohio, team handball wing/back (Olympics-1996) 1970 - Sherwin Campbell, cricketer (WI opening batsman 1995) 1971 - Keith Whitecotton, Camrose Alberta, golfer (Alberta Jr-1989, 90) 1971 - Laura Moss, Kings Mt Ohio, actress (Amanda Cory-Another World) 1971 - Rob Waldrop, CFL defensive tackle (Toronto Argonauts) 1971 - Terry Dean, WLAF quarterback (Rhein Fire) 1971 - Vikram Chatwal, Indian hotelier 1972 - Glen Murray, Halifax, NHL right wing (Pitts Penguins) 1972 - Jenny McCarthy, Chicago IL, playmate (Oct, 1993)/host (Singled Out) 1972 - Toni Collette, Australian actress 1972 - Paul Dickov, Scottish footballer 1973 - Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress 1973 - Geoff Horsfield, English footballer 1974 - V V S Laxman, cricketer (Indian Test batsman v South Africa 1996- ) 1975 - Van Hiles, NFL safety (Chicago Bears) 1975 - Bo Bice, American singer 1975 - Scott "Skippy" Chapman, American musician 1976 - Matt Chapman, American cartoonist and voice actor 1976 - Logan Marshall-Green, American actor 1978 - Manju Warrier, Indian actress 1978 - Mary Kate Schellhardt, American actress 1979 - Delgado, Angolan footballer 1979 - Milan Dudić, Serbian footballer 1979 - Henry Shefflin, Irish hurler 1979 - Coco Crisp, American baseball player 1982 - Michael Copon, American actor 1983 - Yuko Ogura, Japanese model 1983 - Josh Wicks, American soccer player 1983 - Jon Wilkin, English rugby league footballer 1984 - Natalia Tena, English actress 1985 - Dizzee Rascal, English rapper 1986 - Penn Badgley, American actor 1987 - Caitlin McCarthy, Victoria's Secret model 1988 - Ross Montague, English footballer Quote for today: A bad neighbor is a misfortune, as much as a good one is a great blessing. - Hesiod Historic events on November 2 676 - Donus begins his reign as Catholic Pope replacing Pope Adeodatus II 1327 - King Alfonso IV of Aragon crowned 1355 - English invasion army under king Edward lands at Calais 1418 - Utrecht conquerors Ijsselstein 1532 - Zealand/South Holland flooded 1570 - A tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1,000 people. 1642 - 2nd battle at Breitenfeld Saksen: Sweden beat Ferdinand III 1648 - 12,000 Jews massacred by Chmielnicki hordes in Narol Podlia 1675 - A combined attack by the Plymouth, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut colonies attacks the Great Swamp Fort, owned by the Narragansetts during King Philip's War. 1712 - Suriname government gives French hijacker Jacques Cassard, ï¿½682,800 1722 - Willem KH Friso (11) appointed viceroy of Gelderland 1749 - English Ohio Trade Company forms 1st trade post 1772 - Boston: anti-English Committee of Correspondence forms 1783 - Gen Washington bids farewell to his army 1813 - Treaty of Fulda 1824 - Popular presidential vote 1st recorded; Jackson beats J Q Adams 1835 - 2nd Seminole War begins in Osceola 1841 - Akbar Khan successfully revolts against Shah Shuja in Afghanistan 1851 - Louis Napoleon takes power in France 1852 - Franklin Pierce elected as president of US 1854 - Cobblestone paving of Washington St between Dupont & Kearny starts 1861 - American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter. 1868 - Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time to be observed nationally 1875 - Verney Cameroon reaches Benguela Angola, from Africa's east coast 1879 - In a 6-day footrace a Mr Weston loses to a horse, 900 to 885 km 1880 - James A Garfield ï¿½ elected president 1881 - Dutch New-Malthusiaanse Union forms 1889 - North Dakota becomes 39th & South Dakota becomes 40th state 1892 - Paul Verlaine visits Netherlands 1895 - 29th Belmont: Fred Taral aboard Belmar wins in 2:11ï¿½ 1898 - French government-Dupuy forms 1898 - Theodor Herzl arrives in Jerusalem 1898 - Cheerleading is started at the University of Minnesota with Johnny Campbell leading the crowd in cheering on the football team. 1899 - Boers begin siege of Ladysmith Natal 1903 - Lyceum Theater (New Lyceum) opens at 149 W 45th St NYC 1903 - New Amsterdam Theater opens at 214 W 42nd St NYC 1904 - British newspaper, "Daily Mirror," begins publishing 1907 - Ottawa Mint Proclamation is published 1913 - St Louis Browns mgr George Stovall is 1st to jump to Federal League 1914 - Great Britain annexes Cyprus 1914 - Russia declares war on Turkey 1914 - V Herbert & H Blossoms "Only Girl," premieres in NYC 1914 - Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire. 1915 - 1st US election by proportional representation, Ashtabula, Ohio 1916 - Ft Vaux, Verdun, reconquered by France 1917 - 1st US soldiers killed in combat in WW I 1917 - Balfour Declaration proclaims support for a Jewish state in Palestine 1917 - Lansing-Ishii Agreement; US recognizes Japan's privileges in China 1920 - KDKA (Pittsburgh) goes on air as 1st commercial radio station 1920 - Warren G Harding elected 29th president 1921 - Eugene O'Neill's "Anna Christie," premieres in NYC 1922 - Allies deliberate over German mark 1923 - Bloody street battles in Aken: pro-French separatists 1923 - Bloody street fights in Aken (pro-French separatists driven) 1923 - Stresemann's SPD-ministers in Germany, step down 1924 - Sunday Express publishes 1st British crossword puzzle 1928 - Dmitri Sjostakovitch's 1st Symphony, L Stokovski premieres in Phila 1930 - Ras Tafari crowned Haile Selassie I, 225th emperor of Solmonic Dynasty 1931 - Warren, Dixon & Young's musical "Laugh Parade," premieres in NYC 1934 - Babe Ruth tours Tokyo Japan 1936 - 1st high-definition TV broadcast service, by BBC in London 1936 - The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation is established. 1937 - AL batting champ Charlie Gehringer wins MVP 1938 - Babe Ruth applies for job of St Louis Browns' manager 1938 - Jimmie Foxx wins his 3rd AL MVP 1941 - German troops occupy Rostov 1942 - 11th day of battle at El Alamein: British assault on Tel el Aqqaqir 1942 - Montgomery (Br) defeats Rommel (G) in battle of Alamein Egypt (WW II) 1943 - Jewish ghetto of Riga Latvia is destroyed 1944 - Auschwitz begins gassing inmates 1944 - Canadian troops occupy Knokke 1944 - US 28th Infantry division opens assault on Schmidt Hurtgenwald 1947 - 7th Ryder Cup: US wins 11-1 at Portland Golf Club (Portland, Oregon, US) 1947 - Howard Hughes' "Spruce Goose" flies for 1st (& last) time 1948 - Pres Harry Truman re-elected in an upset over Republican Thomas Dewey 1948 - WJZ TV channel 13 in Baltimore, MD (ABC) begins broadcasting 1949 - Netherland recognizes Indonesia as a sovereign state 1949 - Textile/meat/cheese/rijstdistributie disbands 1950 - "Barrier" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 4 performances 1950 - Phillies reliever Jim Konstanty wins NL MVP 1953 - Pakistan becomes islamic republic 1954 - Charles C Diggs Jr elected Michigan's 1st black congressman 1954 - JS Thurmond is 1st senator elected by write-in vote (SC) 1954 - Taiwan & US sign military pact 1955 - Clarton-Schwerdt & Schaffer discover polio virus 1955 - David Ben-Gurion forms Israeli government 1956 - Hungary appeals for UN assistance against Soviet invasion 1956 - Israel captures Gaza & Sheham 1957 - 1st titanium mill opened, Toronto Ohio 1957 - The Levelland UFO Case in Levelland, Texas, generates national publicity, and remains one of the most impressive UFO cases in American history. 1959 - "Girls against the Boys" opens at Alvin Theater NYC for 16 perfs 1959 - Charles Van Doren confesses, TV quiz show-"21," was fixed 1959 - The first section of the M1 motorway, the first inter-urban motorway in the United Kingdom, is opened between the present junctions 5 and 18, along with the M10 motorway and M45 motorway 1960 - Dmitri Sjostakovitch's 8th String quartet, premieres in Leningrad 1960 - George Weiss, at 66, resigns as GM of NY Yankees 1960 - Penguin Books publishes "Lady Chatterley's Lover" 1960 - Roger Maris nips Mickey Mantle as AL MVP, 225-222 1961 - "Kean" opens at Broadway Theater NYC for 92 performances 1961 - Max Frisch' "Andorra," premieres in Zurich 1963 - "Tambourines to Glory" opens at Little Theater NYC for 24 performances 1963 - Only 1st-class cricket game played in Uganda, MCC v E African XI 1964 - CBS purchases 80% of Yanks for $11,200,000, later buys remaining 20% 1964 - Faisal succeeds Saudi as king of Saudi Arabia 1966 - KHSD TV channel 11 in Lead, SD (ABC) begins broadcasting 1966 - The Cuban Adjustment Act enters force, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the United States. 1968 - "Her First Roman" closes at Lunt Fontanne Theater NYC after 17 perfs 1969 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA River Plantation Women's Golf Open 1969 - NFL record of 12 passing touchdowns, New Orleans Billy Kramer & St L Charlie Johnson pass for 6 touchdowns each 1970 - Cleveland Cavaliers lose by biggest margin-54 pts (Phila 141-87) 1971 - "Great Harp" opens at Martin Beck Theater NYC for 7 performances 1971 - Orioles Pat Dobson no-hits Yomiuri Giants, 2-0 1972 - Construction begins on Kingdome, Seattle 1972 - Phillies' Steve Carlton wins unanimous NL Cy Young Award 1972 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1973 - "Barbra Streisand ...and Other Musical Instruments" airs on CBS TV 1973 - OLADE (Latin American Energy Organization) forms 1974 - Art Modell gets snowed in & misses his 1st Cleve Brown game in 33 yrs 1974 - Braves trade Hank Aaron to Milwaukee Brewers for OF Dave May 1974 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1974 - 78 die when the Time Go-Go Club in Seoul, South Korea burns down. Six of the victims jumped to their deaths from the seventh floor after a club official barred the doors after the fire started. 1975 - Ed Giacomin as a Red Wing returns to Mad Sq Garden beats Rangers 6-4 1975 - Summit in Houston opens - Rockets beat Milwaukee Bucks, 104-89 1976 - Jimmy Carter (D) defeats Gerald Ford ï¿½ for president 1976 - NJ voters approve gambling for Atlantic City 1976 - SD Padre Randy Jones wins NL Cy Young 1977 - Phillies' Steve Carlton wins 2nd Cy Young Award 1978 - Crew of Soyuz 29 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 31 1978 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island 1978 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1979 - Peter Shaffers musical "Amadeus," premieres in London 1982 - Fire in Salung tunnel, Afghanistan, 1,000+ Russians die 1982 - Nayoko Yoshikawa wins LPGA Pioneer Cup Golf Tournament 1983 - President Reagan signed bill establishing Dr Martin Luther King Jr holiday 1983 - Abp Hickey conducts papal investigation of Abp Hunthausen, Seattle 1983 - Pres Reagan signs a bill establishing Martin L King day 1984 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island 1984 - Capital punishment: Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the United States since 1962. 1985 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Cozzene, Life's Magic, Pebbles, Precisionist, Proud Truth, Tasso, Twilight Ridge 1986 - 16th NYC Women's Marathon won by Grete Waitz in 2:28:06 1986 - 17th NYC Marathon won by Gianni Poli in 2:11:06 1986 - Ayako Okamoto wins Nichirei Ladies Cup US-Japan Team Golf Championship 1987 - Entertainer Lola Falona is diagnosed with multiple schlerosis 1987 - Harrison releases "Cloud 9" & McCartney releases "All the Best" 1988 - 1st Mrs America beauty pageant 1988 - Computers virus strikes Pentagon, SDI research lab & 6 universities 1988 - Mexican radio station erronously reports Mike Tyson dies in car crash 1988 - Walt Weiss wins AL rookie of year (3rd straight for Oakland A's) 1988 - The Morris worm, the first internet-distributed computer worm to gain significant mainstream media attention, is launched from MIT. 1989 - "Meet Me in St Louis" opens at Gershwin Theater NYC for 253 perfs 1990 - 1st NBA game at Target Center, Minn Timberwolves beat Mavericks 98-85 1991 - Jermaine Jackson releases "Word to the Badd!!" anti Michael song 1991 - Nevada makes biggest comeback in NCAA football history, overcoming a 35-pt deficit in the 3rd quarter & rallying to beat Weber State 55-49 1991 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Arazi, Black Tie Affair, Dance Smartly, Miss Alleged, Opening Verse, Pleasant Stage, Sheikh Albadou 1991 - Bartholomew I becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. 1992 - 1st test flight of Airbus A330 1993 - 1st commemorative bricks are laid at Bob Feller Memorial 1993 - Actor Roger Moore (James Bond) has his enlarge prostate removed 1993 - Christie Todd Whitman ï¿½ elected 1st woman governor of NJ 1993 - Dow Jones hits record 3697.64 1993 - Ehud Olmert elected mayor of Jerusalem 1993 - Rudolph Guliani ï¿½ elected 107th mayor of NYC 1994 - Benzine explosion in Dronka Egypt, 400+ killed 1995 - "Busker Alley," premieres at St James Theatre, NY 1995 - "Sacrilege" opens at Belasco Theater NYC for 21 performances 1995 - Spanish Broadcasting System buys NY radio station WPAT-FM for $83.5M 1996 - "Hughie," closes at Circle in Sq Theater NYC 1997 - "Barrymore," closes at Music Box Theater NYC after 240 performances 1997 - 27th NYC Women Marathon won by Franziska Rochat-Moser of Switz 2:28:43 1997 - 28th NYC Marathon won by John Kagwe of Kenya in 2:08:12 1997 - Ralphs Senior Golf Classic 1997 - Toray Japan Queens LPGA Cup 1997 - Typhoon Linda kills at least 208 in southern Vietnam 1997 - USA beats Japan 23-13 at LPGA Nichirei International 2000 - The first crew arrives at the International Space Station. Music history on November 2 1739 - Composer Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf was born. 1915 - Composer Douglas Lilburn was born. 1962 - The Elvis Presley film "Girls! Girls! Girls!" premiered. 1963 - Dion stormed out of a taping of the English TV show "Ready Steady Go!" He complained that the go-go dancers were distracting him from his performance. 1963 - Kate Smith gave her first full concert to paying customers. 1963 - The Beach Boys' "Be True To Your School" was released. 1966 - Mississippi John Hurt died at the age of 73. 1968 - Stevie Wonder's "For Once In My Life" was released. 1974 - George Harrison began his first tour in eight years. He was the first former Beatle to attempt a nationwide solo tour. 1979 - The movie "Quadrophenia" opened. The movie features Sting. 1979 - Mick and Bianca Jagger were divorced. 1989 - The musical "Meet Me in St. Louis" opened. 1990 - "Graffiti Bridge," Prince's fourth film, co-starring Tevin Campbell and Mavis Staples opened. 1998 - Atlantic Records launched an online music video service, Instavid. 2003 - Sean 'P. Diddy' Combs ran in the New York City Marathon. He finished in 4 hours, 14 minutes and 54 seconds. He raised $2 million dollars for children. Sports history on Nov. 2 1938 - It was announced that George Herman "Babe" Ruth had applied for the job of Manager of the St. Louis Browns after being released as a coach from the Brooklyn Dodgers. 1964 - CBS purchased 80% of the New York Yankees for $11,200,000. 1972 - Construction began on the Kingdome in Seattle, WA. 1988 - A Mexican radio station erroneously reported that Mike Tyson had died in a car crash. 1992 - Magic Johnson retired from the NBA again, this time for good because of fear due to his HIV infection. 1996 - Michael "Air" Jordan was on the cover of TV Guide. 1997 - Eric Metcalf (San Diego Chargers) set an NFL record when he ran back two kicks for touchdowns. The two returns gave him the league record with 10 in his career. Famous birthdays on November 2 1082 - Emperor Huizong of China (d. 1135) 1475 - Princess Anne of York (d. 1511) 1528 - Peter S Lotichius, [Peter Lotz], Neo latin poet (Collected Works) 1636 - Edward Colston, English merchant and philanthropist (d. 1721) 1667 - James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (d. 1737) 1692 - Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer, Dutch composer (d. 1766) 1696 - Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania's ambassador to the Native Americans (d. 1760) 1699 - Jean-Baptiste-Simï¿½on Chardin, French painter (d. 1779) 1709 - Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (d. 1759) 1734 - Daniel Boone, Oley Valley, Pennsylvania, frontiersman/explorer (US Hall of Fame-1915), (d. 182) 1739 - Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf, composer 1741 - Joan Derk van Capellen, leader of Neth Democratic Patriots 1755 - Marie Antoinette, Vienna, Queen of France(1774-1792), "let them eat cake", (d. 1793) 1766 - Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (d. 1858) 1777 - Fortunat Alojzy Gonzaga Żï¿½łkowski, Polish actor (d. 1822) 1777 - Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom (d. 1848) 1785 - Frederic Kalkbrenner, composer 1785 - Johann Leopold Fuchs, composer 1795 - James Knox Polk, NC, 11th Pres (D) (1845-1849) Queen of France Marie Antoinette (1755) 1808 - Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, French writer (d. 1889) 1810 - Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, Mjr Gen (Union volunteers), died in 1883 1812 - Abraham I van Lier, theater director (Gran Theatre-van Lier) 1815 - George Boole, mathematician (Boolean algebra) 1821 - Sir George Bowen, British provincial governor (d. 1899) 1822 - James Byron Gordon, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864 1826 - Robert Hopkins Hatton, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1862 1826 - William Haines Lytle, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1863 1828 - Byron Grimes, Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1880 1833 - Mahendralal Sarkar, Indian doctor (d. 1904) 1837 - ï¿½mile Bayard, French artist, illustrator (d. (1891) 1842 - Otto Reubke, composer 1843 - William James Robjohn, composer 1846 - Antonio Pena y Goni, composer 1847 - George Sorel, French Socialist thinker/author (violent revolutions) 1857 - Joseph F F Babinski, Polish/French neurologist (Babinski reflex) 1865 - Warren Gamaliel Harding, Ohio, ï¿½ 29th pres (1921-23) 1876 - Eugeniusz Morawsky-Dabrowa, composer 1877 - Claire McDowell, NYC, actress (Big Parade) 1877 - Victor Trumper, cricketer (Australia batsman 1899-1912) 48th Shia Iman Aga Khan III (1877) 1877 - Aga Khan III, Karachi, Shia Imam (1885-1932), (d. 1957) 1877 - Joseph De Piro, Maltese founder of the Missionary Society of St. Paul (d. 1933) 1879 - Jean Gilbert, [Max Winterfield], German composer (Prince Regent) 1880 - John Foulds, composer 1883 - Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, cardinal and archbishop of Quebec (d. 1947) 1885 - Harlow Shapley, US, astronomer (studied the galaxies) 1886 - Philip Merivale, Rehutia India, actor (Nothing But Trouble) 1886 - Dhirendranath Datta, Bangladeshi politician (d. 1971) 1890 - Henry Borginon, Flemish nationalist/senator 1892 - Alice Brady, NYC, actress (My Man Godfrey, Gay Divorcee, Zenobia) 1892 - Paul Abraham, Hungarian composer (Viktoria und ihr Huzar) 1893 - Battista Farina, founder of Pininfarina company (d. 1966) 1894 - William Johnston, tennis champ (US Open-1915) 1894 - Alexander Lippisch, German scientist (d. 1976) 1897 - Dennis King, Coventry England, comedian (Devil's Brother) 1897 - Jacob A B "Jack" Bjerknes, Norwegian/US meteorologist (USAF in London) 1899 - Eddy [Charles E] du Perron, Dutch author/poet 1901 - James Dunn, NYC, actor (Tree Grows in Brooklyn, It's a Great Life) 1901 - Paul Ford, Balt Md, actor (Phil Silvers Show) 1902 - Gyula Illyes, Hungarian author/poet (Az Ismertlen Illyes) 1902 - Marius W Holtrop, economist/president (Netherlands Bank) 1903 - Travis Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1987) 1905 - Fred Lipmann, watchmaker 1905 - James Dunn, American actor (d. 1967) 1906 - Luchino Visconti, Milan Italy, director (Damned, Death in Venice) 1906 - Daniil Andreev, Russian poet (d. 1959) 1908 - Reginald Beckwith, York England, actor (Genevieve, Doctor in Love) 1910 - Fouad Serageddin, Egyptian politician (d. 1999) 1911 - Odysseus Elytis Alepoudellis, Greece, poet (Nobel 1979) 1911 - Raphael Robinson, US mathematician (d. 1995) 1912 - Jouko Paavo Kalervo Tolonen, composer 1913 - Burt Lancaster, NYC, actor (From Here to Eternity, Elmer Gantry) 1913 - Ivor Roberts-Jones, sculptor 1914 - Johnny Vander Meer, baseball player (d. 1997) 1915 - Douglas Gordon Lilburn, composer 1915 - Beryl McBurnie, Trinidadian dancer (d. 2000) 1915 - Sidney Luft, American movie director (d. 2005) 1917 - Durward Knowles, England, yachtsman (Olympic-gold-1968-Bahamas) 1919 - Jorge de Sena, Portuguese engineer/poet (Reino da Estupidez) 1919 - Warren Stevens, Clark's Summit Pa, actor (Richard Boone Show), (d. 2012) 1920 - Fabio Gonzalez-Zuleta, composer 1920 - Lewis Charles, NYC, actor (Feather & Father Gang) 1920 - Ann Rutherford, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, actress, (d. 2012) 1921 - Fernando Correia de Oliveira, composer 1921 - Willaim D Schaefer, Maryland, (Gov-D-Md) 1921 - Shepard Menken, American voice actor (d. 1999) 1921 - Bill Mosienko, National Hockey League player (d. 1994) 1922 - John Pinsent, classical scholar 1924 - Father David Bauer, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1988) 1924 - Rudy Van Gelder, American recording engineer 1927 - John Sainsbury, English billionaire 1927 - Steve Ditko, American artist 1928 - Geoffrey Pardoe, engineer 1928 - Paul Johnson, British historian 1929 - Harold Farberman, NYC, conductor/composer (Medea) 1929 - Milan Stibilj, composer 1929 - Rachel Ames, Portland Oregon, actress (Line Up, Audrey-Gen Hospital) 1930 - Denis Gerald Barrington, artist 1932 - Henri Namphy, Cap Hatien Haiti, President of Haiti (1986-88) 1932 - Romano L Mazzoli, (Rep-D-KY, 1971- ) 1934 - Ken Rosewall, Sydney Australia, tennis star (US Open 1956) 1934 - Bill Gothard, American speaker 1935 - Mohammad Munaf, cricketer (Pakistani pace bowler in 4 Tests 1959-62) 1936 - Rose Elizabeth Bird, California Supreme Court Justice 1936 - Abdullah the Butcher, wrestler 1937 - Earl "Speedoo" Carroll, NYC, rocker (Cadillacs, Coasters) 1938 - Jay Traynor, rocker (Jay & The Americans) 1938 - Patrick Buchanan, conservative political columnist 1938 - Ria Beckers-de Bruijn, Dutch MP (PPR) 1938 - Jay Black, American singer (Jay and the Americans) 1938 - Queen Sofia of Spain 1939 - Howard Wolpe, (Rep-D-MI, 1979- ) 1939 - Pauline Neville-Jones, English diplomat 1939 - Richard Serra, American sculptor and video artist 1940 - Gigi Proletti, Italian entertainer 1941 - Bruce Welch, [Cripps], rocker (Shadows Bognor Regis) 1941 - David Knapp Stockton, San Bernardino CA, PGA golfer (1970 PGA) 1942 - Shere Hite, St Joseph Missouri, sex therapist (Hite Report) 1942 - Stefanie Powers, Hollywood Ca, actress (Girl From UNCLE, Hart to Hart) 1943 - Oldrich Pelcak, Czechoslovakia, cosmonaut 1944 - Keith Emerson, England (Emerson, Lake & Palmer-Brain Salad Surgery) 1944 - Jeffrey Alan Hoffman, Bkln, PhD/astronaut (STS 51-D, 35, 46, 61, 75) 1944 - Liesel Westermann, German FR, discus thrower (Olympic-silver-1968) 1944 - Patrice Chereau, actress (Danton) 1946 - Alan Jones, Australia, auto racer (1980 World Champion) 1946 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Venice Italy, conductor/composer (Sunnyata) 1947 - Dave Pegg, British pop bassist (Jethro Tull-Crest of a Wave) 1947 - David Anthony Ahern, composer 1948 - Rich Gooch, rock bassist (Quarterflash) 1949 - Simon Augustini, Albanian politician 1951 - Kathy Hammond, US, 400m runner (Olympics-bronze-1972) 1951 - Thomas Mallon, American novelist and critic 1951 - Lindy Morrison, Australian musician (The Go-Betweens) 1952 - Kate Linder, Pasadena Ca, actress (Esther Valentine--Young & Restless) 1952 - Maxine Nightingale, English soul singer 1953 - Alfre Woodard, Tulsa Oklahoma, actress (St Elsewhere, Extremities) 1954 - Pat Croce, American entrepreneur 1955 - Frank Gilligan, Queens NY, singer (Mason Dixon-Karen Comes Around) 1955 - Mark Reynolds, San Diego California, star yachter (Olymp-8th-1988, 92, 96) 1955 - Chris Burnett, American musician 1957 - Rita Crockett, San Antonio Tx, volleyball player (Olympic-silver-1984) 1957 - Carter Beauford, American drummer (Dave Matthews Band) 1958 - Willie McGee, SF CA, outfielder (St Louis Cardinals, NL MVP-1985) 1959 - Peter Mullan, Scottish actor and film maker 1960 - Adam Lingner, NFL center (Buffalo Bills) 1960 - Bruce Baumgartner, Haledon NJ, wrestler (Oly-gold/br-84, 88, 92, 96) 1960 - Mardi Jacquet, Chateauroux California, playmate (October, 1980) 1960 - Robert Harold Lohr, Cincinnati OH, PGA golfer (1988 Walt Disney) 1960 - Rosalyn Nideffer, Durban South Africa, tennis star (1993 Futures-Midland MI) 1960 - Saï¿½d Aquita, Morocco, 5K runner (Olympic-gold-1984) 1960 - Tihomir Blaï¿½kić, Croatian war criminal 1961 - k.d. lang, [Kathy Dawn], Consort Alberta, country singer 1961 - K.D. Lang, Canadian musician 1962 - Andrew Elt, singer (Sleeze Beez) 1962 - Donna Spangler, LA California, wrestler (Coal Miner's Daughter-GLOW) 1962 - David Brock, American political commentator, pundit 1962 - Mireille Delunsch, French soprano 1962 - Simon Hill, English-Australian Football commentator 1963 - Ines Diers, German DR, 400m freestyle swimmer (Olympic-gold-1980) 1963 - Susie Scott, San Diego Ca, playmate (May, 1983) 1963 - Bobby Dall American rocker (Poison-Every Rose Has a Thorn) 1963 - Craig Saavedra, American filmmaker 1964 - Kevin Gogan, NFL guard (Oakland Raiders, SF 49ers) 1964 - Michael D'Asaro II, Bkln NY, fencer-sabre 1964 - Britta Lejon, Swedish politician 1965 - Chuck Klingbeil, NFL nose tackle (Miami Dolphins) 1965 - Shahrukh Khan, Indian actor 1966 - Orlando Merced, Hato Rey Puerto Rico, outfielder (Pittsburgh Pirates) 1966 - Rosalyn Fairbank, South Africa, tennis player 1966 - Sean Kanan, actor (AJ-Gen Hospital, Rich Girl, Karate Kid Part 3) 1966 - Tim Kirkman, American filmmaker 1966 - Khaled Abol Naga, Egyptian actor 1967 - Chris Port, NFL guard/tackle (NO Saints) 1967 - Darla Michele Pruett, Canton Georgia, Miss Georgia-America (1991) 1967 - Derek Porter, Belfast Ireland, Canadian rower (Oly-gold/silver-92/96) 1967 - Marc van Roon, Dutch improvising musician 1968 - Brandi Brandt, Santa Clara California, playmate (October, 1987) 1968 - Helle Michaelsen, Alborg Denmark, playmate (Aug, 1988) 1968 - Melissa Evridge, Lexington Ky, playmate (Aug, 1990) 1968 - Ultra Natï¿½, American musician 1969 - Dwayne Gordon, NFL linebacker (San Diego Chargers, NY Jets) 1969 - Reginald Arvizu, American bassist (KoЯn) 1970 - Corbin Lacina, NFL guard (Buffalo Bills) 1970 - Sharmell Sullivan, American professional wrestling valet 1971 - Pete Vordenberg, Rota Spain, US cross country skier (Olympics-1994) 1971 - Ricky Martin, PR, rocker (Menudo)/actor (Gen Hospital) [or Dec 24] 1972 - Alfred Schreuders, soccer player (RKC) 1972 - Jeni Stephens, Memphis Tennessee, Miss America-Tennessee (1997) 1972 - Marie Josee Gibeau, Lachine Quebec, kayaker (Olympics-96) 1972 - Samantha Janus, British entertainer 1972 - Darï¿½o Silva, Uruguayan footballer 1973 - Jason Smith, Calgary, NHL defenseman (NJ Devils) 1973 - Marisol Nichols, American actress 1974 - Alex Tanaka, actor (Saja-Swan's Crossing) 1974 - Jaroslav Spacek, NHL defenseman (Team Czech Oly-Gold-1998, (Sweden) 1974 - Ruslan Salei, NHL defenseman (Belarus, Oly-98, Anaheim) 1974 - Orlando Cabrera, Colombian baseball player 1974 - Nelly, American rapper 1974 - Prodigy, American rapper (Mobb Deep) 1975 - Danny Cooksey, Moore Oklahoma, actor (Sam-Diff'rent Strokes) 1975 - Stï¿½phane Sarrazin, French rally driver 1975 - Chris Walla, American musician (Death Cab for Cutie) 1976 - Sidney Ponson, Aruban baseball player 1977 - Jason Cerbone, American actor (The Sopranos) 1977 - Randy Harrison, American actor 1978 - Vitor "Shaolin" Ribeiro, Brazilian mixed-martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu world champion 1979 - Julie Lund, Danish actress 1980 - Kim So-yeon, South Korean actress 1981 - Wilson Betemit, Dominican baseball player 1981 - Avy Scott, American actress 1982 - Kyoko Fukada, Japanese actress, model and singer 1982 - Charles Itandje, French footballer 1984 - Tamara Hope, Canadian actress 1984 - Julia Stegner, German supermodel 1986 - Erika Jo, American musician 1986 - Lara Sacher, Australian actress 1987 - Danny Cipriani English rugby union player. 1988 - Lindze Letherman, American actress (General Hospital) 1989 - Katelyn Tarver, American singer 1990 - Natasha Smirnoff, daughter of Yakov Smirnov Quote of the day: It is better to learn late than never. - Publilius Syrus If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich. ~ Alistair Begg 1918 - Poland proclaims independence from Russia after WW I 1920 - "Emperor Jones" opens at Provincetown Theater 1922 - Greek parliament bans prince Andreas for life 1926 - 15th party congress CPSU ends/5 year plan begins 1926 - Ty Cobb resigns as Detroit Tigers manager 1927 - 22.3 cm rainfall at Somerset, Vermont (state record) 1927 - Rodgers & Hart's musical "Connecticut Yankee," premieres in NYC 1927 - Tropical storm flooding kills 84 in Winooski River Valley (Vt) 1928 - Turkey switches from Arabic to Roman alphabet 1930 - 1st vehicular tunnel to a foreign country (Detroit-Windsor) opens 1930 - Bank of Italy becomes Bank of America 1930 - Getï¿½lio Dornelles Vargas became Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24. 1931 - 1st commercially produced synthetic rubber manufactured 1934 - Although Lou Gehrig wins Triple Crown, Mickey Cochrane wins AL MVP 1934 - Dizzy Dean chosen as NL MVP 1935 - George II returns to Greece & regains monarchy 1935 - Kitei Son runs world record marathon (2:26:42) 1936 - President FDR (D) wins landslide victory over Alfred M Landon ï¿½ 1937 - Archambaud bicycles world record time (45,796 km) 1937 - NHL Howie Morenz Memorial Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 6-5 in Mont 1939 - Clare Booth's "Margin for Error," premieres in NYC 1941 - Hirohiti's accord on Yamamoto's attack plan on Pearl Harbor fails 1942 - 12th day of battle at El Alamein: Scottish assault 1942 - Despite Ted Williams wins Triple Crown, Yanks Joe Gordon wins AL MVP 1942 - Mort Cooper wins NL MVP 1942 - William L Dawson elected to Congress from Chicago 1943 - Dmitri Sjostakovitch's 8th Symphony premieres in Moscow 1943 - P-47D Thunderbolt shot down above North-Holland 1944 - Allied commando's lands at Westkapelle Walcheren 1944 - German troops in Vlissingen surrenders 1944 - Pro-German government of Hungary flees 1944 - US 28th Infantry division occupies Schmidt Hurtgenwald 1945 - Lindsay Hassett scores 187 & 124* for Aust Services at Delhi 1946 - Emperor Hirohito proclaims new Japanese constitution 1948 - 2nd NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Toronto 3-1 at Chicago 1952 - Clarence Birdseye markets frozen peas 1952 - Egypt protests German retribution payments to Israel 1953 - 1939 sacrifice fly rule restored: no time at bat for sac fly 1953 - 1st live color coast-to-coast telecast (NYC) 1954 - Nobel for physics awarded to Max Born & Walter Bothe 1955 - 1st virus crystallized (announced) 1955 - Alabama woman bruised by a meteor 1955 - Argentine ex-president Peron arrives in Nicaragua 1955 - Australia takes control of Cocos Islands 1955 - Bernardus J Alfrink installed as archbishop of Utrecht 1956 - "Wizard of Oz" 1st televised (CBS-TV) 1957 - USSR launches Sputnik 2 with a dog (Laika), 1st animal in orbit 1958 - USSR performs nuclear test 1959 - Ben-Gurion's Mapai-party wins Israeli parliamentary election) 1960 - "Unsinkable Molly Brown" opens at Winter Garden NYC for 532 perfs 1960 - Ivory Coast adopts constitution 1960 - Pittsburgh Pirates' Vern Law wins Cy Young Award 1960 - Tammy Grimes' "Unsinkable Molly Brown," premieres in NYC 1961 - General Assembly unanimously elects U Thant acting secretary general 1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1962 - Wilt Chamberlain of NBA SF Warriors scores 72 points vs LA Lakers 1963 - Marilynn Smith wins LPGA Cavern City Golf Open 1964 - LBJ (D) soundly defeats Barry Goldwater ï¿½ for pres 1964 - Phila voters approve $25 million to build a new sports stadium 1965 - Sandy Koufax wins NL Cy Young Award unanimously 1967 - Boston's Jim Lonborg wins AL Cy Young 1967 - Vietnam War: The Battle of Dak To begins. 1968 - Bob Packwood is elected senator of Oregon 1968 - Ex-premier Papandreou buried/300,000 demonstrate against fascist junta 1968 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Canyon Ladies Golf Classic 1968 - NY Jet Jim Turner kicks 6 field goals to beat Buffalo 25-21 1969 - Congo president Mobutu visits Belgium 1970 - "President's Daughter" opens at Billy Rose Theater NYC for 72 perfs 1970 - Bob Gibson wins NL Cy Young Award 1970 - Pres Nixon promises gradual troop removal of Vietnam 1970 - Salvador Allende inaugurated as president of Chile 1971 - "Play Misty For Me" premieres 1973 - Mariner 10 launched-1st Venus pics, 1st mission to Mercury 1974 - "Lorelei" closes at Palace Theater NYC after 320 performances 1974 - Chako Higuchi wins Japan LPGA Golf Classic 1975 - Good Morning America premieres on ABC (David Hartman & Nancy Dussault) 1976 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA/Japan Mizuno Golf 1977 - Debbie Massey wins LPGA Mizuno-Japan Golf Classic 1978 - 1st broadcast of "Diff'rent strokes" on NBC TV 1978 - Dominica gains independence from UK & adopts constitution 1978 - Michiko Okada wins LPGA Mizuno-Japan Golf Classic 1978 - USSR & Vietnam sign peace & friendship treaty 1979 - 5 mortally wounded during anti-Ku Klux Klan demonstration in NC 1979 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Mizuno Japan Golf Classic 1979 - Marocco offensive against Polisario 1980 - Ianford Wilsons "5th of July," premieres in NYC 1980 - Walter Hass Jr becomes CEO of Oakland A's 1981 - Brewers reliever Rollie Fingers wins AL Cy Young Award 1982 - Detroit blocks 20 Cleve Cav shots tying NBA regulation game record 1982 - Pete Vuckovich becomes Milwaukee's 2nd consecutive AL Cy Young 1983 - Jesse Jackson launches his 1st campaign for presidency (D) 1983 - Nashville Network begins on cable TV 1984 - 3,000 die in 3 day anti-Sikh riot in India 1984 - Body of assassinated Indian PM Indira Gandhi cremated 1985 - Argentine pres Alfonsï¿½ns Radical Burgerunie wins elections 1985 - Jan Stephenson wins LPGA Nichirei Cup Team Match Golf Tournament 1986 - Federated States of Micronesia signs Compact of Free Association with US 1986 - Joaquim Chissano elected president Mozambique 1986 - John Lennon releases "Menlove Avenue" album 1986 - Lebanese magazine Ash Shirra reveals secret US arms sales to Iran 1986 - Northern Mariana Islands becomes a Commonwealth associated with US 1987 - Oakland 1st baseman Mark McGwire wins AL Rookie of Year 1987 - On Wall Street, after 5 consecutive gains, Dow Jones down 50.56 1988 - Pakistan claims it downed Afghan warplane 1988 - Reagan signs credit-card disclosure-bill 1988 - Soviet Union agrees to allow teaching of Hebrew 1988 - Talk-show host Geraldo Rivera's nose is broken as Roy Innis brawls with skinheads at TV taping 1989 - 100s of Bulgarian demonstrate in Sofia for democratic rights 1989 - Lou Piniella is named manager of the Reds, replacing banned Pete Rose 1989 - Minn Timberwolves' 1st NBA game, loses to Seattle, 106-94 1990 - Gro Harlem Brundtland installed as premier of Norway 1991 - 21st NYC Women's Marathon won by Liz McColgan of Scotland in 2:27 1991 - 22nd NYC Marathon won by Salvador Garcia of Mexico in 2:09:28 1991 - Ayrton Senna wins shortest Formula One race ever run (17 laps) 1992 - Bill Clinton (D) wins US presidential election over Pres Bush ï¿½ 1992 - Carol Moseley Brown elected 1st black female in US Senate 1993 - Ken Daneyko sets NJ Devil 'Ironman' record by playing 322nd cons game 1994 - Atlantis 13 launched 1994 - Dutch & British astronomers find spiral nebula Dwingeloo 1 1994 - Space shuttle STS-66 (Atlantis 13), launches 1994 - Susan Smith who claimed her 2 kids were carjacked arrested for murder 1994 - Total solar eclipse in South America (4m23s) 1995 - 1st NBA game at FleetCenter, Boston Celtics lose to Mil Bucks, 101-100 1995 - 1st NBA game at Rose Garden, Port Trailblazers lose to Grizzlies 92-80 1995 - 1st NBA game at Skydome, Toronto Raptors beat NJ Nets 94-79 1996 - "It's a Slippery Slope," opens at Vivian Beaumont Theater NYC 1996 - 26th NYC Women's Marathon won by Anuta Catuna of Romania in 2:28:18 1996 - 27th NYC Marathon won by Giacomo Leone of Italy in 2:09:54 1996 - Mayumi Hirase wins LPGA Toray Japan Queens Cup 1996 - Toray Japan Queens Cup 1997 - Boston shortstop Nomar Garciaparra is 6th unanimous AL Rookie of Year 1997 - California law ends affirmative-action 1997 - David Duval wins Championship at the Champions Golf Club 1997 - Phillies 3rd baseman Scott Rolen selected unanimous Rookie of Year 2007 - Pervez Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan. He suspended the Constitution, imposed State of Emergency, and fired the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Music history on November 3 1587 - Composer Samuel Scheidt was born. 1801 - Composer Vincenzo Bellini was born. 1957 - Sun Records released "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis. 1957 - "At the Hop" was released by Danny & the Juniors. 1972 - James Taylor and Carly Simon were married. They separated in 1982 and were divorced later. 1977 - During a concert in London, Elton John announced that he was retiring from live performances. He resumed touring on February 3, 1979 in Sweden. 1988 - The U2 concert movie "Rattle And Hum" opened. 1992 - "Keep The Faith" by Bon Jovi was released. It was their first album in 5 years. 1995 - An out of court settlement was reached by Hootie and the Blowfish and Bob Dylan concerning the group's unauthorized use of Dylan's lyrics in their song "Only Want To Be With You." 1997 - John Denver's last recording, "The Unplugged Collection," was released in the UK. 1998 - In the US, Alanis Morissette's "Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie," Beck's "Mutations," Celine Dion's "These Are Special Times," U2's "The Best of 1980-1990," and the John Lennon boxed set "Anthology" were released. 1998 - The live Bee Gees album "One Night Only" was released. Sports history on November 3 1929 - Providence became the first NFL team to host a game at night under floodlights. The game was against the Cardinals. 1948 - Gordie Howe (Detroit Redwings) made the first of his record 21 All-Star appearances. 1953 - The Rules Committee of organized baseball restored the sacrifice fly. The rule had not been used since 1939. 1972 - Joe Namath was featured on the cover of LIFE magazine. 1989 - The Minnesota Timberwolves played their first NBA game. They lost to Seattle 106-94. 1989 - Lou Piniella was named the manager of the Reds. He replaced the banned Pete Rose. 1993 - Greg Maddux (Atlanta Braves) became the first player to win back-to-back Cy Young Awards on different teams. 1993 - Ken Daneyko (New Jersey Devils) set a record when he played in his 322nd consecutive game. 1995 - The FleetCenter, Rose Garden and the Skydome hosted their first NBA games. 1996 - Jerry Rice (San Francisco 49ers) became the first NFL player to catch 1,000 career receptions. 1998 - Minnesota elected Jesse "The Body" Ventura, a former pro wrestler, as its governor. Famous birthdays on November 3 39 - Lucan, Cordova Spain, Latin poet (Bellum Civile) 1470 - Edward V, King of England (Apr 9-Jun 25 1483) 1560 - Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1609) 1587 - Samuel Scheidt, composer 1604 - Osman II, sultan of Turkey (1618-22) 1611 - Henry Ireton, English general/MP (Edgehill) 1618 - Aurangzeb, [Alamgir], Emperor of India (1658-1707) 1619 - Willem Kalf, Rotterdam Neth, painter (still lifes) 1621 - Renatus Rapinus, [Renï¿½ Rapin], French jesuit/poet (Hortorum libri IV) 1633 - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714) 1656 - Georg Reuter, composer 1689 - Johann Joseph Ignaz Brentner, composer 1718 - John Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich, inventor (sandwich) 1736 - Christian Brunings, Dutch hydraulic engineer 1749 - Daniel Rutherford, Scottish chemist and physician (d. 1819) 1753 - August G Meissner, German author 1753 - Friedrich Christoph Gebtewitz, composer 1780 - Victor-Charles-Paul Dourlen, composer 1781 - Johann Ernst Friedrich Wollank, composer 1793 - Stephen Fuller Austin, colonized Texas 1794 - William Cullen Bryant, poet (Thanatopsis) 1798 - Mason James Murray, (Confederacy), died in 1871 1799 - William Sprague III, American politician from Rhode Island (d. 1856) 1801 - Karl Baedeker, Germany, published travel books 1801 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian opera composer (La Sonnambula, Norma) 1815 - Adrien Louis Victor Boieldieu, composer 1815 - John Mitchel, Fenian 1816 - Jubal Anderson Early, Lt General (Confederate Army), died in 1894 1818 - Gustavus Adolphus DeRussy, Brig Gen (Union volunteers), died in 1891 1826 - Jasper Adalmorn Maltby, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1867 1830 - Esten Cooke, John (Confederate Army), died in 1886 1830 - Jacob M van Bemmelen, Dutch physicist/chemist 1833 - Edward Dorr Tracy, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1863 1844 - Mehmed V Reshad, sultan of Turkey (1909-18) 1845 - Edward Douglass White, 9th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1921) 1852 - Mutsuhito, 122nd emperor of Japan (1867-1912) 1856 - Jim McCormick, baseball player (d. 1918) 1857 - Michail V Alekseyev, Imperial Russian general and WW I Chief of Staff (d. 1918) 1861 - Johann Peter Kirsch, Luxembourg church historian/archaeologist 1863 - Eugene Samuel-Holeman, composer 1867 - Siegfried Garibaldi Kallenberg, composer 1871 - Albert Goldthorpe, English rugby league footballer 1872 - Paul Panzer, actor (Cat's Paw, Mildred Pierce, Hotel Berlin) 1875 - Emils Darzins, composer 1876 - Stephen Peter Alencastre, Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1940) 1877 - Carlos Ibï¿½ï¿½ez del Campo, Chilean president. (d. 1960) 1879 - Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Canada, Arctic explorer/ethnologist 1880 - Edmond Barrett, heavyweight wrestler (Olympic-bronze-1908) 1880 - Raffaele Casimiro Casimiri, composer 1883 - Enny Vrede, [Maria M Muller], Dutch actress/wife of Eduard Verkade 1884 - Apie [Adrian P] Prince, Dutch author (Me Own Way) 1887 - Samuil Marshak, Russian writer, translator and children's poet (d. 1964) 1888 - William Charles Denis Browne, composer 1889 - Heinrich Campendonk, German painter/wood carver/glazer 1890 - Eustaquio van Lieshout, Dutch priest (d. 1943) 1893 - R Lindley Murray, tennis champ (US Open-1918) 1896 - Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish illustrator (d. 1970) 1897 - Karel Salmon, composer 1899 - Gleb Wataghin, Ukrainian-Italian physicist (d. 1986) 1900 - Roger Blunt, cricketer (NZ all-rounder in 9 Tests 1930-32) 1900 - Adolf Dassler, founder of Adidas (d. 1978) 1901 - Andre Malraux, [Berger], France, novelist/art historian (L'Espoir) 1901 - Leopold III, [Filip von Saksen-Coburg], King of the Belgians (from 1934, abdicated 1951), d. 1983 1903 - Walker Evans, US, photographer (Fortune Magazine) 1904 - Gideon Fagan, composer 1905 - Lois Mailou Jones, US painter (Peasants on Parade) 1905 - William Donald Campbell, diarist/ornithologist 1907 - James Geoffrey Cutcliffe Hepburn, tap-dancer/socialist 1907 - Joe Turner, US jazz pianist 1908 - Bronko Nagurski, NFL fullback (Chicago Bears) 1909 - James "Scotty" Barrett Reston, Clydebank Scotld, journalist (NY Times) 1910 - Richard Hurndall, British actor (d. 1984) 1911 - Vladimir Ussachevsky, Hailar Manchuria, composer (Creation) 1912 - Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay (1954-89) 1914 - Hallgrimur Helgason, composer 1918 - Bob Feller, pitcher (Cleve Indian, 3 no-hitters) 1918 - Russell B Long, (Sen-D-LA, 1948-86) 1918 - Bob Feller, baseball player 1918 - Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007) 1918 - Dean Riesner, film and television screenwriter (d. 2002) 1919 - Bert Freed, NYC, actor (Rufe-Shane) 1919 - Jesï¿½s Blasco, Spanish comic book author (d. 1995) 1920 - Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian writer (d. 1993) 1921 - Charles Bronson, Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, actor (Magnificent Seven, Death Wish, Dirty Dozen), (d. 2003) 1922 - Earl of Lonsdale, English large landowner/multi-millionaire 1923 - Tomï¿½s Cardinal ï¿½ Fiaich, Northern Irish clergyman (d. 1990) 1924 - Shirley Chisholm, (D-Rep-NY), 1st black congresswoman/pres candidate 1925 - Dieter Wellershoff, German author (Minotaur) 1926 - Valdas Adamkus, President of the Republic of Lithuania 1927 - Zbigniew Cybulski, Pniarz Poland, actor (See You Tommorrow) 1927 - Andy Williams, Wall Lake, Iowa, singer/actor (Andy Williams Show, "Butterfly"), (d. 2012) 1928 - Osamu Tezuka, Japanese manga artist (d. 1989) 1930 - Ken Berry, Moline Ill, actor (F Troop, Mayberry RFD, Mama's Family) 1930 - Lois Smith, Topeka Ks, actress (Reckless, Reuben Reuben) 1930 - Philip M Crane, (Rep-R-IL, 1969- ) 1930 - William H Dana, pilot (X-15) 1930 - D. James Kennedy, American theologian (d. 2007) 1930 - Brian Robinson, British cyclist 1931 - Monica Vitti, [Ceciarelli], Rome Italy, actress (Tigers in Lipstick) 1931 - Yon Hyong-muk, North Korean politician (d. 2005) 1932 - Thomas J Manton, (Rep-D-NY, 1985- ) 1933 - Aneta Corsaut, Jutchinson Ks, actress (Helen Crump-Andy Griffith) 1933 - Jeremy Brett, Berkswell England, actor (Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Freddie-My Fair Lady) 1933 - Louis W Sullivan, US Sec of Health & Human Services (1989- ) 1933 - Michael S Dukakis, (Gov-D-Mass, 1988 Pres Candidate) 1933 - John Barry, English composer 1933 - Amartya Sen, Santiniketan, Bengal, economist and Nobel Prize laureate (welfare economics and social choice theory) 1934 - Derek Richardson, cricketer (played one innings for England 1957) 1934 - Hans Janmaat, Dutch MP (CD)/(fascist) 1934 - Ruma Guha Thakurta, Singer, Actress, Dancer, Founder of Calcutta Youth Choir 1936 - Roy Emerson, Australia, tennis player (Wimbledon-1964, 65, US Open-61) 1937 - Lynn Woolsey, (Rep-D-California) 1937 - Paula Wayne, Hobart Oklahoma, vocalist (Everything's Great) 1938 - Pupi Avati, Bologna Italy, director (Festival, Bix, Impiegati) 1938 - Martin Dunwoody, British mathematician 1938 - Jean Rollin, French director and screenwriter 1939 - Terrence McNally, St Petersburg Fla, playwright (Bad Habits) 1940 - Dieter Acker, composer 1941 - Brian Poole, Essex England, vocalist (Brian Poole & The Tremeloes) 1943 - Bert Jansch, rocker 1945 - Ken Holtzman, American baseball pitcher and manager 1945 - Gerd Mï¿½ller, German footballer 1946 - Nick Simper, rocker (Deep Purple) 1946 - Tommy Dee, rocker 1946 - Tom Savini, American actor 1947 - Mazie Hirono, American politician 1948 - Lulu, Glasgow Scotland, singer/actress (To Sir With Love) 1948 - Tom Shales, TV critic (Washington Post) 1948 - Helmut Koinigg, Austrian racing driver (d. 1974) 1949 - Larry Holmes, heavyweight boxing champ (1978-85) 1949 - Michael Evans, Salisbury NC, actor (Lionel-All in the Family) 1949 - Roswitha Krause, USSR, 4 X 100m swimmer (Olympic-silver-1968) 1949 - Anna Wintour, English-American editor 1949 - Mike Evans, American actor (d. 2006) 1950 - Joe Queenan, American writer 1950 - Massimo Mongai, Italian writer 1951 - Azmat Rana, cricketer (one Test for Pakistan against Australia 1980) 1951 - Ed Murawinski, American cartoonist, New York Daily News 1952 - Felix R de Rooy, Curacaos poet/sculptor 1952 - Kate Capshaw, [Nail], Fort Worth Tx, actress (Little Sex, Dreamscape) 1952 - Roseanne, [Barr Arnold], Salt Lake City, comedienne/TV star (Roseanne) 1952 - Jim Cummings, American voice actor 1952 - David Ho, Taiwanese-American AIDS researcher 1953 - Dennis Miller, Pitts Pa, comedian/TV host (SNL, Dennis Miller Show) 1953 - Kathy Kinney, actress (Mimi-Drew Carey Show) 1953 - Helios Creed, American musician (Chrome) 1953 - Larry Herndon, baseball player 1954 - Adam Ant, [Stuart Goddard], London, English punk rocker (If I Strip For You) 1954 - Godzilla, Japanese monster (Godzilla) 1954 - Kevin P Chilton, LA California, Lt Col USAF/Astronaut (STS 49, 59, 76) 1955 - Phil Simms, NFL quarterback (NY Giants, Superbowl 1986) 1956 - Kevin Murphy, American actor and puppeteer 1956 - Gary Ross, American film director 1957 - Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor 1958 - Andrew Mapple, US water skier 1958 - Sue Daniels, Adelaide Australia, golfer (1983 Victorian Amateur Champ) 1959 - Dolph Lundgren, Stockholm Sweden, actor (Rocky IV) [or Oct 17] 1959 - Timothy Patrick Murphy, Hartford Conn, actor (Dallas, Glitter) 1959 - Hal Hartley, American film director and writer 1960 - James Prime, British rock keyboardist (Deacon Blue-Pay Day) 1960 - Karch Kiraly, Jackson Mich, volleyballer (Oly-2 gold-1984, 88) 1960 - Marcel "Baaf" Stavenuiter, Dutch drummer (Bob Color) 1960 - Sharon Monplaisir, NYC, fencer-epee (Olympics-96) 1960 - [Charles] Karch Kiraly, Jackson MI, volleyballer (Oly-3 g-84, 88, 96) 1961 - David AC viscount Linley, son of English princess Margaret/mystic 1961 - Kari Michaelsen, NYC, actress (Katie-Gimme a Break) 1962 - Kimberly Evenson, Bremerhaven Germany, playmate (September, 1984) 1962 - Kym Hampton, WNBA forward (NY Liberty) 1962 - Marilyn, rocker (You Don't Love Me) 1962 - Jacqui Smith UK Home Secretary 1963 - Howard Ballard, NFL tackle (Seattle Seahawks) 1963 - Stephen Corkin, Auckland NZ, judoka (Olympics-96) 1963 - Ian Wright, English footballer 1963 - Shigeaki Hattori, Japanese racing driver 1964 - Brian Young, cricketer (NZ Test opening batsman) 1965 - John Feskens, Dutch soccer player (Willem II) 1965 - Maty Monforth, TV host (Mike & Maty) 1965 - Michael Paul Springer, SF CA, PGA golfer (1994 Greater Milwaukee) 1966 - Todd Reynolds, Norwalk Conn, pairs skaters (Olympics-1994) 1966 - Tracey Fuchs, Centereach NY, field hockey midfielder (Olympics-88, 96) 1966 - Joe Hachem, Lebanese-born Australian poker player 1967 - Rob Cowie, Toronto, NHL defenseman (LA Kings) 1968 - Antonio Pettigrew, Macon Ga, 400m (Olympics-96) 1968 - Debbie Rochon, Vancouver BC, actress (Tromeo & Juliet) 1968 - Lee Germon, cricketer (NZ keeper & captain 1995- ) 1968 - Paul Quantrill, London Ontario, pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays) 1969 - Jim Mckenzie, Gull Lake, NHL left wing (Winnipeg Jets) 1969 - Leslie Shepherd, NFL wide receiver (Washington Redskins) 1969 - Robert Miles, Swiss record producer, composer and musician in trance and ambient music. 1970 - Doug Zmolek, Rochester, NHL defenseman (LA Kings) 1971 - Bob Kronenberg, WLAF center (Rhein Fire) 1971 - Colbie Bell, Edmonton Alberta, 100kg Greco Roman wrestler (Oly-96) 1971 - Darrin Hancock, NBA guard/forward (Charlotte Hornets) 1971 - Joan Kenmore, actress (Wizard of Oz) 1971 - Matthew Lawton, Gulfport MS, outfielder (Minnesota Twins) 1971 - Tricia Carolyn Nosko, Miss USA-Indiana (1997) 1971 - William Strong, NFL cornerback (NO Saints) 1971 - Dylan Moran, Irish comedian 1971 - Diego Alessi, Italian race car driver 1972 - Chris Shelling, NFL cornerback (Cin Bengals) 1972 - Verl Mitchell, NFL guard (Atlanta Falcons) 1973 - Derrick Alexander, NFL defensive end (Minnesota Vikings) 1973 - Nemone, athlete and broadcaster 1973 - Kirk Jones (Sticky Fingaz), American musician 1973 - Mick Thomson, American guitarist (Slipknot) 1974 - Tariq Abdul Wahad, NBA forward (Sacramento Kings) 1975 - Darren Sharper, NFL defensive back (Green Bay Packers-Superbowl 31) 1976 - Guillermo Franco, Argentine-Mexican footballer 1977 - Aria Giovanni, American model 1979 - Jamie Duffney, Miss Minnesota Teen USA (1997) 1979 - Pablo Aimar, Argentine footballer 1979 - Tim McIlrath, American musician (Rise Against) 1979 - Beau McDonald, Australian Rules Footballer 1981 - Sten Pentus, Estonian racing car driver 1982 - Evgeny Plushenko, Russian figure skater 1983 - Suzane von Richthofen, Brazilian murderess 1984 - Ryo Nishikido, Japanese Idol (member of NEWS (band) and Kanjani8) 1984 - Christian Bakkerud, Danish racing driver 1987 - Felix Schï¿½tz, German ice hockey player 1987 - Gemma Ward, Australian model 1987 - Colin Kaepernick, American football player 1987 - Elizabeth A. Smart, American abductee and activist 1988 - Angus McLaren, Australian Actor 1989 - Paula DeAnda, American singer 1990 - Ellyse Perry, Australian soccer player/cricket player Quote for today: Historic events on November 4 922 - Richarius becomes bishop of Luik 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani. 1501 - Philip de Blank & Juana "la Loca" depart to Spain 1519 - Flood ravages Dutch/Friese coast 1520 - Danish/Norwegian king Christian II crowned king of Sweden 1529 - English cardinal Thomas Wolsey arrested 1576 - Spanish defeat Walloons & take Antwerp Belgium 1576 - Eighty Years' War: In Flanders, Spain captures Antwerp (after three days the city was nearly destroyed). 1619 - Frederik V crowned king of Bohemia 1631 - Ferdinand of Austria installed as land guardian of S Netherlands 1645 - Prince Frederik Henry conquerors Holly 1646 - Mass uses death penalty for denying that Saint Copybook is God's word 1675 - Storm hits Western Europe: flood in Amsterdam 1737 - The Teatro di San Carlo is inaugurated. 1771 - Carlo Goldoni's "Le Bourru Bienfaisant," premieres in Paris 1783 - W.A. Mozart's Symphony No. 36 is premiered in Linz, Austria. 1839 - The Newport Rising is the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain. 1841 - 1st wagon train arrives in California 1842 - Abraham Lincoln marries Mary Todd in Springfield, Ill 1845 - 1st nationally observed uniform election day in US 1846 - Benjamin Palmer patents artificial leg 1852 - Count Camillo Benso di Cavour becomes the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, which soon expands to become Italy. 1854 - Lighthouse forms on Alcatraz Island 1856 - James Buchanan elected 15th US president 1861 - University of Washington founded in Seattle 1862 - Dr Richard Gatling patents Gatling machine gun (Indianapolis) 1864 - Confederate assault on Johnsonville, Tennessee 1864 - Naval Engagement at Reynoldsburg Island 1866 - Kingdom of Italy annexes Venetia 1867 - 90 kegs of powder used to get rock from Telegraph Hill for seawall 1873 - Dentist John Beers of SF patents gold crown 1874 - Samuel J Tilden elected governor of NY 1875 - Passenger Steamship "Pacific" collides with sailing vessel "Orpheus" off Cape Flattery Wash, 236 die 1875 - Tonga adopts constitution US President James Buchanan 1876 - John Brahms' 1st Symphony in C, premieres 1879 - Elkins patents refrigerating apparatus 1879 - James Ritty patents 1st cash register, to combat stealing by bartenders in his Dayton, Ohio saloon 1884 - Grover Cleveland (D) beats James G Blaine ï¿½ for his 1st presidential term. The only American president to serve 2 non-consecutive terms 1886 - Edward MacDowell's "Ophelia," premieres 1889 - Players League begins, declaring independence from baseball's NL 1890 - Great Britain proclaims Zanzibar as a protectorate 1890 - Prince of Wales opens 1st underground (Station Stockwell, London) 1890 - St Aleksandr Borodons opera "Prins Igor," premieres in Petersburg 1893 - Dr Jamesons Legertje occupies Bulawayo Matabeleland 1901 - Clyde Fitch' "Way of the World," premieres in NYC 1904 - 1st stadium built specifically for football (Harvard Stadium) 1905 - Harbor strike against importing grain elevators in Rotterdam 1908 - Brooklyn Academy of Music, opens in NYC 1909 - Opera "Il Segreto di Susanna" is produced (Munich) 1910 - Start of South Africa's 1st F-C game in Aust (v S Aust) It rained 1911 - Charles I of Austria marries Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma 1911 - France & Germany signs treaty about Morocco & Congo 1914 - Russia declares Turkey the war 1914 - Vogue holds 1st model show ("Fashion Fete," NYC) 1918 - Kiel in hands of revolutionary sailors 1921 - The Sturmabteilung or SA is formally formed by Adolf Hitler 1921 - Japanese Prime Minister Hara Takashi is assassinated in Tokyo. 1922 - Howard Carter discovers tomb of Tutankhamen in Egypt 1924 - British Labour government of MacDonald, resigns 1924 - California legalizes pro boxing (illegal since 1914) 1924 - Nellie Tayloe Ross elected 1st US female gov (Wyoming) 1924 - US president Calvin Coolidge re-elected 1928 - Jose Moncada elected president of Nicaragua 1929 - John Baldridge' "Berkeley Square," premieres in NYC 1931 - Jean Genet's "Judith," premieres in Paris 1933 - Bradman scores 200 NSW v Queensland, 184 mins, 26 fours 1933 - Hermann Goering & Georgi Dimitrov duel 1933 - Young Park (1) in the Bronx named in honor of James Young 1934 - Pitts ends Detroit Lions' shutout streak at 7 games but loses 40-7 1939 - 1940 Olympics awarded to Helsinki, Finland 1939 - 1st air conditioned automobile (Packard) exhibited, Chicago, Ill 1939 - US allows "cash & carry" arms sales during WW II 1940 - Eggs & cake rationed in Netherlands 1942 - 13th day of battle at El Alamein: Afr corps draws back out Fuka-posing 1943 - France arrests government of Lebanon 1944 - German troops reconquer Schmidt Hurtgenwald 1944 - RAF bombs Dinteloord, 54 killed 1946 - "Park Avenue" opens at Shubert Theater NYC for 72 performances 1946 - UN Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization formed 1948 - TS Eliot wins Nobel Prize for literature 1949 - "One Man's Family" premieres on TV 1950 - "Barrier" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 4 performances 1950 - "Consul" closes at Barrymore Theater NYC after 269 performances 1950 - Indonesian troops reconquer Ambonese capital Ambon 1950 - US troops vacate Pyongyang North Korea 1951 - 9th Ryder Cup: US wins 9ï¿½-2ï¿½ at Pinehurst Resort (Pinehurst, North Carolina, US) 1951 - NY Giants & NY Yanks score back-to-back TDs on kickoff returns 1951 - Vijay Merchant scores 154 v England in his last Test Cricket innings 1952 - Earthquake & flood strike Kamshatka-South America 1952 - Eisenhower ï¿½ elected 34th pres beating Adlai Stevenson (D) 1953 - Eddie Joost succeeds Jimmy Dykes as the manager of Phila A's 1953 - New balk rule gives the batter option; of accepting the outcome of the pitch or the balk 1954 - "Fanny" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 888 performances 1954 - Philadelphia A's move to Kansas City 1955 - The rebuilt Vienna State Opera reopens with Ludwig van Beethoven's Fidelio after it was totally destroyed in World War II. 1956 - 200,000 Russian troops attack anti-Stalinist revolt in Budapest 1956 - Israel captures Straits of Tiran & reach Suez Canal Egypt 1956 - USSR sends tanks into Hungary & threatens to bomb Budapest 1957 - 2nd Soviet Earth-satellite launched 1958 - Angelo G Roncalli crowned as pope John XXIII 1958 - Belgian government of Eyskens, resigns 1958 - Democrats win US congressional election 1959 - Ernie Banks, Cubs shortstop, wins 2nd consecutive NL MVP 1960 - "Misfits" premieres, final movie for Clark Gable & Marilyn Monroe 1961 - Karamanlis becomes premier of Greece 1962 - Murle Lindstrom wins LPGA San Antonio Civitan Golf Tournament 1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island 1963 - John Lennon utters his infamous "Rattle your jewelry" line 1965 - Lee Breedlove sets female land speed record (308.56 MPH) in Utah 1966 - Flooding of Arno River (Italy) destroys countless art works, kills 113 1968 - Battles between Jordan army & Al Fatah-arm forces 1968 - WRDU (now WPTF) TV chan 28 in Raleigh-Durham, NC (NBC) 1st broadcast 1968 - WTOG TV channel 44 in St Petersburg-Tampa, FL (IND) 1st broadcast 1970 - Russian nuclear physicist Sacharov forms Human Rights Comittee 1970 - Genie, a 13 year old feral child was found in Los Angeles, California having been locked in her bedroom for most of her life. 1972 - Bangladesh adopts constitution 1972 - Kings score 3 goals within 45 seconds against Islanders 1973 - 1000s commemorates former premier Georgios Papandreou 1973 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Lady Errol Golf Classic 1973 - M Medoff's "When you Comin' Back, Red Ryder?," premieres in NYC 1973 - New Orleans Saints 1st shutout victory, 13-0 vs Buffalo Bills 1973 - The Netherlands experiences the first Car Free Sunday caused by the 1973 oil crisis. Highways are deserted and are solely used by cyclists and roller skaters. 1975 - Orioles Jim Palmer wins his 2nd Cy Young Award 1976 - 1st mass-market free-agent reentry draft, Reggie Jackson, Joe Rudi, Gullett, Tenace, Fingers, Baylor, Grich & McCovey, available 1977 - UN Security council proclaims weapon embargo against South Africa 1978 - Iranian troops fire on anti-Shah student protesters by Tehran U 1978 - Islanders start 15 game undefeated streak (12-0-3) 1978 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1978 - 3rd annual reentry free-agent draft, Pete Rose, Tommy John, & Darrell Evans, available 1979 - 63 Americans taken hostage at US Embassy (Teheran, Iran) 1979 - 500 Iranian "students" seize US embassy, take 90 hostages (444 days) 1980 - Islanders start 15 game undefeated streak (13-0-2) 1980 - Libyan invasion in Chad 1980 - Ronald Reagan ï¿½ defeats Pres Jimmy Carter (D) by a landslide 1980 - Sadaharu Oh, 40, pro baseball's all-time HR run king with 868, retires 1980 - Steve Carlton wins 3rd NL Cy Young Awards 1981 - Beth Henley's "Crimes of the Heart," premieres in NYC 1981 - Columbia shuttle launch scrubbed with 31 secs remaining 1981 - Dr George Nichopoulas is acquitted of overprescribing addictive drugs for Elvis Presley 1982 - Ruud Lubbers becomes Dutch premier 1983 - Bomb attack on Israeli headquarter in Tyrus Lebanon, 60 killed 1983 - Washington Capitals 1st NHL overtime victory beating Vancouver 5-4 1984 - Nayoko Yoshikawa wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1984 - Nicaragua holds 1st free elections in 56 years; Sandinistas win 63% 1987 - Benito Santiago, Padres catcher, wins NL Rookie of Year 1987 - Lisa Steinberg, battered into coma by her adoptive father Joel 1987 - NBA announces 4 new franchises; Charlotte & Miami for 1988 & Minneapolis & Orlando for 1989 1988 - 1st NBA game at Charlotte Coliseum - Hornets lose to Cavs, 133-93 1989 - 1st NBA game at Orlando Arena, Orlando Magic loses to NJ Nets, 111-106 1989 - Rene Muawad elected president of Lebanon 1989 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Bayakoa, Dancing Spree, Go for Wand, Prized, Rhythm, Steinlen, Sunday Silence 1989 - The congress of the Solidarity Party is inaugurated in Sweden. The congress decides, contrary to the proposal of the central committee, not to disband the party. 1990 - "Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story" opens at Shubert NYC for 225 perfs 1990 - 20th NYC Women's Marathon won by Wanda Panfil in 2:30:45 1990 - 21st NYC Marathon won by Douglas Wakiihuri in 2:12:39 1990 - Debbie Massey wins LPGA Mazda Japan 133 Golf Classic 1990 - Iraq says it is preparing for a "dangerous war" 1990 - Sec of State James Baker visits US troops in Saudi Arabia 1991 - Mid East peace conference ends in Madrid Spain 1992 - NY Giants announce they will quit WNEW Radio after 32 years for WOR 1992 - NY Jets announce they are moving from WABC to WFAN radio 1993 - "Timon of Athens" opens at Lyceum Theater NYC for 37 performances 1993 - Elton John awarded $518,700 from Sunday Mirror for a false report on his diet 1993 - Nia Peeples files for divorce from Howard Hewett 1993 - Bolivia becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty. 1994 - Soyuz TM-20 lands in Kazahkstan 1994 - United Center in Chicago opens - Bulls beat Charlotte Hornets, 89-83 1994 - San Francisco: First conference that focusses exclusively on the subject of the commercial potential of the World Wide Web. 1995 - "Indiscretions" closes at Ethel Barrymore Theater NYC after 221 perfs 1995 - 1st-class Cricket debut of Paul Adams, W Province v N Transvaal 1995 - Key Arena opens, Seattle Supersonics beat LA Lakers 103-89 2002 - Chinese authorities arrest cyber-dissident He Depu for signing pro-democracy letter to the 16th Communist Party Congress 2003 - The most powerful solar flare as observed by satellite instrumentation is recorded. 2003 - Former HealthSouth CEO Richard Scrushy becomes the first person indicted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. He was eventually acquitted. 2004 - 12 French soldiers, 3 UN personnel and hundreds of civilians die during the Cï¿½te d'Ivoire civil war. 2008 - Barack Obama becomes the first African-American to be elected President of the United States Music history on November 4 1841 - Composer Karl Tausig was born. 1961 - Bob Dylan made his concert hall debut in New York City. The show was seen by 50 people who paid two dollars each at Carnegie Hall. 1967 - "I Second That Emotion" by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles' was released. 1970 - Bob Dylan recorded the song "George Jackson." Jackson was a black militant what had been killed in a California prison shootout. 1973 - Soft Machine and Pink Floyd hold a benefit concert for Robert Wyatt who had been paralyzed earlier in the year. 1974 - Elton John released his "Greatest Hits" LP. 1977 - "The Last Waltz" premiered in New York City. 1978 - Greg Reeves, sues his former band Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young for $1 million in unpaid back royalties. 1978 - Boston played their first show in the city of Boston. 1978 - The Talking Heads' "Take Me To The River" was released. 1990 - The musical "Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story" opened. 1991 - Bobby "Blue" Bland, Booker T. & The M.G.'s, Jimi Hendrix, Johnny Cash, The Isley Brothers, The Yardbirds, and Sam & Dave are elected to the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame. 1992 - Elton John and his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin sign a $39 million publishing contract with Warner-Chappell music. 1995 - Michael Jackson premiered his single "Earth Song" on the German game show "Wanna Bet?". 1996 - Melissa Etheridge and partner Julie Cypher appeared on the cover of Newsweek promoting an article on gay parents. 1996 - Michael Jackson announced that he and a friend, Debbie Rowe, were expecting a child, but he denied that the couple had used artificial insemination and that Rowe had been paid to carry the baby. 1998 - Amazon.com formed "Advantage ForMusic," which allows unsigned artists and independent labels to sell music online. 2002 - The book "Journals" was released. The book, about Kurt Cobain, contained letters and diary entries from the 1980s until 1994. 2010 - In Santa Monica, CA, Metallica headlined the launch event for Activision's "Call of Duty: Black Ops" video game at Hanger 8. 2010 - The five members of the Backstreet Boys performed on "Oprah." It was the first time all five had performed together since 2006. Sports history on Nov. 4 1923 - George Halas (Chicago Bears) picked up an Oorang Indians fumble and ran it 98 yards for a touchdown. 1954 - The Philadelphia A's moved to Kansas City. 1960 - Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia) set an NBA record when he missed all 10 of his free throws. 1972 - The L.A. Kings scored 3 goals within 45 seconds against the New York Islanders. 1973 - The Chicago Bears set an NFL record when they held the Green Bay Packers to -12 yards passing. 1976 - Major league baseball held its first free-agent draft. 24 players were available from 13 teams. 1994 - United Center in Chicago, IL, opened. 1994 - The San Antonio Spurs' season opener was delayed for 50 minutes when a fireworks display triggered the sprinkler system in the Alamodome. 2001 - Randall Cunningham (Baltimore Ravens) achieved 30,000 career passing yards. 2001 - The Arizona Diamondbacks won their first World Series. They beat the New York Yankees 3-2 in game 7. 2001 - Former Dallas Cowboy Nate Newton was arrested in Louisiana after police found 213 pounds of marijuana in a van he was driving. 2003 - Mark Messier (New York Rangers) scored two goals and moved into second place in career points. The goals were points 1850 and 1851 of his career. Famous birthdays on Nov. 4 Will Rogers 1879 Historic events on November 5 1228 - Wu MeKuan, a collection of 48 Zen koans, compiled in China 1414 - Council of Constance (16th ecumenical council) opens 1492 - Christopher Columbus learns of maize (corn) from Indians of Cuba 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier (Brittany). This Breton-French-Latin dictionary was written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first Breton dictionary as well as the first French dictionary. 1530 - St Felix Flood ravages Dutch coast and destroys the city of Reimerswaal in the Netherlands 1556 - Akbar (14) succeeds his father Humajun on as Sultan of Delhi 1556 - Battle at Panipat: Mogollegers beat hindu leader Hemu 1605 - Gunpowder Plot; Catholics try to blow up English Parliament. Plot uncovered & leader Guy Fawkes hanged 1630 - Spain & England sign peace treaty 1639 - 1st post office in the colonies is set up in Massachusetts 1678 - Brandenburgse troops occupy Greifswald in Sweden 1725 - Spain & Austria sign secret treaty 1743 - Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury were organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. 1757 - Battle at Rossbach (7 year war/French & Indian War) 1780 - French-American force under Colonel LaBalme is defeated by Miami Chief Little Turtle. 1781 - John Hanson elected 1st "President of US in Congress assembled" 1789 - Fleeing slaves under Bonni attack military post on Suriname 1789 - French National Meeting declares all citizens equal under law 1811 - El Salvador's 1st battle against Spain for independence 1838 - Honduras declares independence of Central American Federation 1846 - Robert Schumann's 2nd Symphony in C, premieres 1854 - Crimean War: British & French defeat Russian force of 50,000 1862 - Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellen as head of Army of Potomac 1862 - Battle at Barbee's Crossroads, Virginia: 51 casualties 1872 - American women's right to vote advocate Susan B Anthony votes for Ulysses S. Grant 1872 - Ulysses S. Grant re-elected US president 1876 - Henry Morton Stanley's expedition leaves Nyangwe 1881 - French government-Ferry resigns 1882 - Bedrich Smetana's "Ma Vlast," premieres 1883 - Battle at El Obeid Sudan: Mahdi's army destroys Egyptian army 1883 - Musical "Cordelia's Aspirations" premieres in NYC 1887 - Ottawa College (ORFU) defeats Montreal Football Club (QRFU) 10-5 to win the Dominion championship 1894 - Frederick Lugards expedition reaches Nikki 1894 - Richard Strauss' "Till Eulenspiegels," premieres 1895 - 1st US patent granted for auto (George B Selden) for gasoline driven car 1895 - King Edward VII says "We are all Socialists nowadays" 1895 - US state Utah accepts female suffrage 1898 - Gerhart Hauptmanns "Fuhrmann Henschel," premieres in Berlin 1911 - Italy attacks Turkish North-Africa (Libya), takes Tipoli & Cyrenaica 1911 - Calbraith Rodgers arrives in Pasadena completing 1st transcontinental airplane flight (49 days) (left Sheepshead Bay, NY, Sept 17) 1912 - Arizona, Kansas & Wisconsin vote for female suffrage 1912 - Bulgarian troops in Constantinople blockade drinking water 1912 - Woodrow Wilson (D) defeats Theodore Roosevelt (Prog) & Pres Taft ® 1913 - Ludwig III crowned king of Bavaria 1914 - Britain annexes Cyprus 1914 - Great Britain & France & Russia declares war on Turkey 1916 - Emperor Wilhelm II & French Jozef I establishes kingdom of Poland 1916 - Second Chamber accept initial impetus to general males/female suffrage 1916 - The Everett Massacre takes place in Everett, Washington as political differences lead to a shoot-out between IWW organizers and local police. 1917 - Gen Pershing & US troops see action on Western Front for 1st time 1917 - Supreme Court decision (Buchanan v Warley) strikes down Lousiville Ky ordiance requiring blacks & whites to live in separate areas 1919 - Ir ï¿½ Steringa Idzerda begins hosting "soirï¿½e-musical" on Dutch radio 1922 - Demonstration for a Dutch University in Ghent 1925 - Mussolini disbands Italian socialist parties 1927 - 10th PGA Championship: Water Hagen at Cedar Crest CC Dallas 1927 - Walter Hagen beats Joe Turnesa for 4th consecutive PGA title 1930 - Nobel for literature awarded to Sinclair Lewis for "Babbitt" 1932 - Benito Mussolini frees 16,000 criminals 1933 - Chicago Bears 30 game unbeaten streak ends to Patriots (10-0) 1933 - Spanish Basques vote for autonomy 1935 - Maryland Court of Appeals orders U of M to admit (black) Donald Murray 1935 - Parker Brothers launches game of Monopoly 1936 - French writer Andre Gide criticizes Soviet regime 1937 - Hitler informs his military leader of his intentions of going to war 1937 - World War II: Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the German people. 1938 - Ottawa Roughriders score on 5-man, 4-lateral, 65-yard punt return 1938 - Rugers beats Princeton 1st time in 60 yrs as Rutgers Stad dedicated 1940 - Dutch submarine departs Dundee 1940 - Pres FDR (D) wins unprecedented 3rd term beating Wendell Willkie ® 1940 - Walter Johnson, won 416 games for Wash Senators, loses Maryland congressional race ® 1941 - Japanese marine staff officiers Suzuki/Maejima leave Pearl Harbor 1942 - Nazi raid on Greek Jews in Paris 1942 - Pro-British Clandestine Radio Diego Suarez's final transmission 1943 - -6] Vatican bombed Historic events on November 7 680 - 3rd Council of Constantinople (6th ecumenical council) opens 921 - Treaty of Bonn: East France & West France recognize each other 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite, the oldest meteorite with a known date of impact, strikes the earth around noon in a wheat field outside the village of Ensisheim, Alsace, France. 1512 - Medici's discharge Niccolo Machiavelli from Florence 1519 - University of Leuven convicts teaching of Luther 1558 - French king Henri II occupies Calais 1597 - Emilia of Nassau weds Dom Emanuel of Portugal 1631 - Pierre Gassendi observes transit of Mercury predicted by Kepler 1637 - Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass bay colony as a heretic 1651 - King Louis XIV of France (13) declarer of full age 1659 - Peace of Pyreneeen: French king Louis XIV & Spanish king Philip IV 1665 - 1st edition of "London Gazette" 1667 - Jean Racines "Andromaque," premieres in Paris 1722 - Richard Steele's "Conscious Lovers," premieres in London 1733 - France & Spain sign Escoriaal Treaty 1747 - Organgist in Netherlands revolt under Daniel Raap 1775 - Lord Dunmore, promises freedom to male slaves who join British army 1786 - The oldest musical organization in the United States is founded as the Stoughton Musical Society. 1794 - French troops conquer Nijmegen 1805 - Lewis & Clark 1st sights Pacific Ocean 1811 - Battle of Tippecanoe: Gen. William Henry Harrison defeated the Native Americans of the Tecumesh Confederation 1814 - 1st sitting of States-general in Hague 1820 - James Monroe elected 5th US president 1824 - St Petersburg flood 1831 - State Gran Colombia disbands 1837 - In Alton, Illinois, abolitionist printer Elijah P. Lovejoy shot dead (age 34) by pro-slavery mob while attempting to protect his printing shop from being destroyed a third time. 1848 - General Zachary Taylor elected as 12th President of US 1861 - Battle of Belmont, MO 1861 - Battle of Port Royal Bay, SC (Ft Walker, Ft Beauregard) 1863 - Battle of Rappahannock Station & Kelly's Ford, VA 1864 - 2nd session of congress of Confederate States of America reconvenes 1865 - London Gazette, oldest surviving journal, is founded 1872 - cargo ship Mary Celeste sails from NY to Genoa; mysteriously found abandoned 4 weeks later 1874 - 1st cartoon depicting elephant as Republican Party symbol, by T Nast 1875 - Verney Cameron is 1st European to cross equitorial Africa 1876 - Edward Bouchet, is 1st black to recieve a PhD in US college (Yale) 1876 - Meharry Medical College forms at Central Tennesse College 1876 - Pres Rutherford B Hayes & Samuel J Tilden claim presidential victory Tilden (D) wins election but Electoral college selects Hayes ï¿½ 1885 - Canadian Pacific Railway completed at Craigellachie 1893 - US State Colorado accepts female suffrage 1900 - Battle of Leliefontein, a battle during which the Royal Canadian Dragoons win three Victoria Crosses. 1907 - Dynamite explodes on locomotive kills engineer Jesus Garcia in Mexico 1907 - Test tokens are struck in 1st production of Canadian coins 1907 - Delta Sigma Pi is founded at New York University. 1908 - Dutch capture Venezuelan navy 1909 - Knights & Ladies of St Peter Claver organizes in Mobile Alabama 1910 - The first air freight shipment (from Dayton, Ohio, to Columbus, Ohio) is undertaken by the Wright Brothers and department store owner Max Moorehouse. 1912 - The Deutsche Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opens in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg, with a production of Beethoven's Fidelio. 1914 - Japan attack German concession on Chinese peninsula of Shanghai 1914 - The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published. 1914 - The German colony of Kiaochow Bay and its centre at Tsingtao are captured by Japanese forces. 1915 - Austrian submarine torpedoes Italian passenger ship (272 kill) 1916 - Grand duke Nikolai Nikolayevich warns czar of uprising 1916 - Jeannette Rankin (Rep-R-Mont) elected 1st woman Representative 1916 - Woodrow Wilson (D) re-elected president 1917 - British capture Gaza Palestine from Turks 1917 - October Revolution (Oct 26 OS) in Russia, Lenin seizes power 1918 - Goddard demonstrates tube-launched solid propellant rockets 1918 - United Press erroneously reports WW I armistice had been signed 1918 - Vladimir Mayakovsky's "Misteriya Buff," premieres in Petrograd 1918 - The 1918 influenza epidemic spreads to Western Samoa, killing 7,542 (about 20% of the population) by the end of the year. 1918 - Kurt Eisner overthrows the Wittelsbach dynasty in the Kingdom of Bavaria. 1919 - US police raid offices of Union of Russian Workers 1921 - Ed Wynn's musical "Perfect Fool," premieres in NYC 1925 - Italians liberal-national party joins fascist 1928 - Herbert Hoover ï¿½ elected president 1929 - Museum of Modern Art opens (NYC) 1931 - Chinese People's Republic proclaimed by Mao Tse Tung 1932 - 1st broadcast of "Buck Rogers in the 25th century" on CBS-radio 1932 - Bradman scores 238 NSW v Victoria, 200 mins, 32 fours 1933 - Pennsylvania voters overturn blue law, by permitting Sunday sports 1933 - Fiorello H. La Guardia is elected the 99th mayor of New York City. 1934 - Arthur L Mitchell, becomes 1st black Democratic congressman (Ill) 1935 - 23rd CFL Grey Cup: Winnipeg Winnipegs defeats Hamilton Tigers, 18-12 1936 - Battle of Madrid begins 1940 - Stravinsky's Symfonie in C premieres in Chicago 1940 - Tacoma Narrows (Galloping Gertie) Bridge collapses, Wash 1941 - British air attack on Berlin, Mannheim & Ruhrgebied 1942 - 1st US president to broadcast in a foreign language-FDR in French 1942 - Bicyclist Fausto Coppi establishes world record (45,848 km) 1943 - Detroit Lions 0, NY Giants 0; last scoreless tie in NFL 1944 - FDR wins 4th term in office, defeating Thomas E Dewey ï¿½ 1944 - Train crashes in tunnel of Aguadilla Spain; about 500 die 1946 - "Bal Negre" opens at Belasco Theater NYC for 54 performances 1949 - King Faruk disbands Egyptian parliament 1950 - Carlo Terron's "Processo Agli Innocenti," premieres in Milan 1950 - French women & children leaves Hanoi/Tonkin-delta 1951 - Constitution of Jordan passes 1953 - WIS TV channel 10 in Columbia, SC (NBC) begins broadcasting 1954 - US spy plane shot down North of Japan 1954 - Cleveland Browns' Chet Hanulak sets club record with 7 punt returns & win by their largest margin of victory (59) beating Wash 62-3 1955 - Supreme Court of Balt bans segregation in public recreational areas 1957 - Phillies pitcher Jack Sanford wins NL Rookie of Year 1957 - WEEQ (now WWTO) TV channel 35 in La Salle, IL (IND) 1st broadcast 1957 - Cold War: The Gaither Report calls for more American missiles and fallout shelters. 1959 - 13th Ryder Cup: US wins 8ï¿½-3ï¿½ at Eldorado Golf Club (Indian Wells, California) 1960 - KNRR TV channel 12 in Pembina, ND (IND) begins broadcsting 1961 - France performs underground nuclear test at Ecker Algeria 1962 - Glenn Hall set NHL record of 503 consecutive games as goalie 1962 - Richard Nixon quits politics-You won't have Nixon to kick around 1963 - Carole Joan Crawford, 20 1963 - NY Yankee Elston Howard is 1st black ever voted AL MVP 1963 - Wunder von Lengede: In Germany, eleven miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days. 1964 - NL keeps Braves in Milwaukee in 1965, may move to Atlanta in 1966 1965 - Marlene Hagge wins LPGA Tall City Golf Open 1966 - Jean-Claude van Itallie's "America Hurrah," premieres in NYC 1966 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Titleholders Golf Championship 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 2 launched by US 1967 - Carl B Stokes elected 1st black mayor of a major city-Cleveland, Ohio 1967 - LBJ signs a bill establishing Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1967 - Richard G Hatcher elected mayor of Gary Indiana 1967 - St Louis Cards Orlando Cepeda is 1st unanimous NL MVP 1967 - Surveyor 6 launched for soft landing on Moon 1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR 1969 - John & Yoko release their 2nd album "Wedding Album" in UK 1970 - "Purlie" closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 689 performances 1970 - Race riots in Daytona Beach Florida 1972 - Pres Nixon ï¿½ re-elected defeating George McGovern (D) 1973 - NJ becomes 1st state to allow girls into little league 1973 - US & Egypt announce restoration of full diplomatic links 1974 - 63rd Davis Cup: South Africa beats India in (w/o) 1975 - Kidnapped AKZO director Herrema freed in Ireland 1976 - "Gone With the Wind" televised 1978 - Boston Red Sox Jim Rice wins AL MVP 1978 - CDA-chairman W Aantjes resigns due to his war past 1979 - Cub reliever Bruce Sutter wins NL Cy Young Award 1981 - France performs nuclear test 1982 - "Your Arms are Too Short to Box" closes at Alvin NYC after 69 perfs 1982 - Liz Taylor's 7th divorce (John Warner) 1982 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1982 - Turkey adopts constitution 1983 - Ali Haji-Sheikh kicks his 2nd NY Giant record 56 yard field goal 1983 - Bomb explodes in US Capitol, causing heavy damage but no injuries 1984 - STS 51-A launch scrubbed because of high shear winds 1985 - Colombian troops end 27-hr siege of Bogota's Palace of Justice 1987 - Tunisian premier Zine al-Abidine fires president Habib Bourguiba 1988 - MLB all stars beats Japan 16-8 (Game 3 of 7) 1988 - Sugar Ray Leonard KO's Donnie LaLonde 1989 - Balt's Gregg Olson is 1st relief pitcher to win AL Rookie of Year 1989 - Douglas Wilder elected 1st US black governor (D-Va) 1989 - NYC elects it's 1st black mayor (Dinkins) & female comp (Holtzman) 1990 - "Little Night Music" closes at New York State NYC after 11 perfs 1990 - "Those Were The Days" opens at Edison Theater NYC for 126 performances 1990 - Cleve Indian Sandy Alomar Jr wins AL Rookie of Year, unanimously 1990 - Mary Robinson elected as 1st female president of Ireland 1991 - "Brigadoon" opens at New York State Theater NYC for 12 performances 1991 - "Park Your Car in Harvard Yard" opens at Music Box NYC 1991 - 1st NBA game in Delta City, Utah Jazz beats Seattle 103-95 1991 - Magic Johnson announces he has HIV virus & retires from LA Lakers 1992 - 1st NBA game at America West Arena, Phoenix Suns beat Clippers 111-105 1993 - Betsy King wins LPGA Toray Japan Queens Cup Golf Tournament 1995 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Pittsburgh PA on WXDX 105.9 FM 1995 - Howard Stern's 2nd book "Miss America" released (fastest selling ever) 1996 - "3 Sisters" opens at Lunt-Fontanne Theater NYC 1996 - NFL/Heisman Trophy Winner Mike Rozier, is shot several times 1996 - Wasim Jaffer gets 314* in 2nd cricket FC game for Mumbai v Saurashtra 1997 - "Bean" opens in US 2000 - Controversial US presidential election that was later resolved in the Bush v. Gore Supreme Court Case. 2000 - The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration discovers one of the country's largest LSD labs inside a converted military missile silo in Wamego, Kansas. 2000 - Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first former First Lady to win public office in the United States, although actually she still was the First Lady. 2001 - The supersonic commercial aircraft Concorde resumes flying after a 15-month hiatus. 2002 - Iran bans advertising of United States products. 2004 - War in Iraq: The interim government of Iraq calls for a 60-day "state of emergency" as U.S. forces storm the insurgent stronghold of Fallujah. 2007 - Jokela school shooting in Tuusula, Finland, resulting in the death of nine people. Music history on November 7 1810 - Composer Ferenc Erkel was born. 1877 - Composer Henry Balfour Gardiner was born. 1905 - Composer William Alwyn was born. 1986 - Willie Nelson made a guest appearance the series "Miami Vice" as a corrupt policeman. 1988 - John Fogerty won his self-plagiarism court battle with Fantasy Records. The label claimed Fogerty copied his own song, "Run Through The Jungle" when he wrote "The Old Man Down The Road". 1990 - The musical revival of "Those Were The Days" opened. 1991 - Frank Zappa was diagnosed with prostate cancer. 1991 - The musical revival of "Brigadoon" opened in New York. 1995 - Alice in Chains released "Alice in Chains" on CD and cassette. The album was only available in a vinyl edition until this release. 1995 - The Madonna album "Something to Remember" was released. 1995 - The Captain and Tennille (Daryl Dragon and Toni Tennille) renew their wedding vows on their 20th anniversary. 2000 - Garth Brooks filed for a divorce from his wife Sandy. 2006 - The game "Guitar Hero II" for Playstation 2 was released in North America. Sports history on Nov. 7 1936 - The New York Americans beat Toronto in the first coast-to-coast radio broadcast of a hockey game in Canada. 1962 - Glenn Hall set an NHL record when he played in his 503rd consecutive game as a goalie. 1963 - Elston Howard, of the New York Yankees, became the first black player to be named the American League's Most Valuable Player. 1965 - Bart Starr (Green Bay Packers) was sacked 11 times by the Detroit Lions. 1968 - Red Berenson (St. Louis Blues) scored 6 goals in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. The Blues won the game 8-0. 1973 - New Jersey became the first U.S. state to permit girls to play on Little League baseball teams. 1983 - Ali Haji-Sheikh (New York Giants) kicked his second 56 yard field goal. 1988 - Sugar Ray Leonard knocked out Donnie LaLonde. 1991 - Magic Johnson (NBA) announced that he had tested positive for the virus that causes AIDS, and that he was retiring from basketball. 1992 - The Phoenix Suns played their first game at American West Arena. 1999 - Tiger Woods became the first golfer since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win four straight tournaments. Famous birthdays on Nov. 7 Madame Curie 1867 Historic events on November 8 392 - Emperor Theodosius declares Christian religion, state religion 911 - Duke Koenraad I chosen German king 1322 - Pope John XXII names John van Diest, bishop of Utrecht 1494 - Uprising against Piero de' Medici in Florence Italy 1519 - 1st meeting of Montezuma & Hernando Cortes in Mexico 1520 - Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people. 1575 - French Roman Catholics & Huguenots signs treaty 1576 - Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent - 17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant 1598 - Spanish troops under of Bernardino de Mendoza conquer Doetinchem 1602 - The Bodleian Library at Oxford University is opened to the public. 1620 - Battle of White Mountain, Prague 1627 - English fleet under George Villiers leaves ï¿½le de Rï¿½ 1638 - Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts 1658 - Battle of Sont: Swedish fleet beats Dutch 1701 - William Penn presents Charter of Priviliges 1731 - In Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin opens 1st US library benjamin_franklin.jpg ( 12.5K ) Number of downloads: 0 Benjamin Franklin 1734 - Cook Vincent la Chapelle forms Free Masons Lodge 1789 - Bourbon Whiskey, 1st distilled from corn (by Elijah Craig, Bourbon Ky) 1793 - Louvre in Paris, opens United States founding father Benjamin Franklin 1833 - Train derails at Hightstown NJ; 2 die 1837 - Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass-1st US college founded for women 1838 - Victor Hugo's "Ruy Blas," premieres in Paris 1842 - Belgium King Leopold I proclaims child labor laws (for 1889) 1861 - Battle of Mount Ivy, KY 1861 - US removes Confederate officials from British steamer Trent 1864 - Abraham Lincoln ï¿½ elected to his 2nd term as American President 1870 - Democratic governor elected in Tennessee 1880 - Sarah Bernhardt, French actress, made US debut at NY's Booth Theater 1883 - English freighter Nisero stranded at Atjeh (crew taken hostage) 1884 - German government recognizes King Leopold II's Congo Free State 1889 - Montana admitted as 41st state 1892 - Grover Cleveland (D) elected president grover_cleveland.jpg ( 13.57K ) Number of downloads: 0 US President Grover Cleveland 1895 - Wilhelm Roentgen (Germany) discovers X-rays 1900 - Theodore Dreiser's novel "Sister Carrie" is published 1901 - Bloody clashes take place in Athens following the translation of the Gospels into demotic Greek. 1904 - American President Theodore Roosevelt ï¿½ defeats Alton B Parker (D) 1910 - 1st Washington State election in which women could vote 1917 - People's Commissars gives authority to Lenin, Trotsky & Stalin vladimir_lenin.jpg ( 13.75K ) Number of downloads: 0 Marxist Revolutionary Vladimir Lenin 1917 - Telephone Co runs 1st ad for Army operators, gets 7,000 applicants 1918 - Pro-German supreme commander general Cutters lay-offs 1920 - Actress Edna Lewis Thomas debuts at Putnam Theatre Brooklyn 1920 - Baseball meeting to depose Ban Johnson is set for Nov 12th 1923 - Hitler stages unsuccessful "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munchen (Munich) 1924 - Austria chancellor Ignaz Seipel, resigns after assassination attempt 1924 - Fortune Theatre opens in London 1926 - George Gershwin's musical "Oh, Kay," premieres in NYC 1928 - George & Ira Gershwin's musical "Treasure Girl," premieres in NYC 1929 - Jean Giraudoux' "Amphitryon '38," premieres in Paris 1929 - NYC Museum of Modern Art opens in Hecksher Building 1930 - Friedrich Wolf's "Die Matrosen von Cattaro," premieres in Berlin 1932 - "Make Mine Music," debuts 1932 - Franklin Roosevelt (D) elected 32nd president for 1st time franklin_delano_roosevelt.jpg ( 14.05K ) Number of downloads: 0 32 US President Franklin D Roosevelt 1933 - FDR creates Civil Works Administration 1934 - Ford Frick, NL publicity director, is named league president 1937 - The Nazi exhibition Der ewige Jude ("The Eternal Jew") opens in Munich. 1938 - 1st black woman legislator, Crystal Bird Fauset of Phila 1938 - A pogrom against the Jews of Germany and Austria takes place in response to the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris. 1939 - Failed assassination attempt on Hitler in Burgerbraukeller, Munich 1939 - H Lindsay & R Crouse' "Life with Father," premieres in NYC 1940 - RAF bombs Munich 1941 - The Albanian Communist Party is founded. 1942 - 1st WW II American expeditionary force lands in Africa (Gold Coast) 1942 - Hitler proclaims fall of Stalingrad from Munich beer hall 1942 - Operation "Torch" began as US & British forces under Eisenhower land in French North Africa 1942 - Vichy-France drops diplomatic relations with US 1944 - 25,000 Hungarian Jews are loaned to Nazis for forced labor 1944 - Last German troops at Walcheren surrenders 1945 - "Girl from Nantucket" opens at Adelphi Theater NYC for 12 performances 1945 - Riverboat sinks off Hong Kong; kills 1,550 1946 - Jean-Paul Sartre's "La Putain Respecteuse," premieres in Paris 1947 - Bradman scores his 99th 1st-class cricket century, 100 SA v Victoria 1950 - 1st jet-plane battle ever, in Korean War 1950 - Boston Red Sox 1B Walt Dropo wins AL Rookie of Year 1950 - Walt Dropo of Boston Red Sox selected AL Rookie of Year 1951 - NY Yankee Catcher Yogi Berra wins 1st of his 3 MVP awards 1953 - Salazars party wins all parliament seats in Portugal 1954 - AL approves Philadelphia A's move to Kansas City 1956 - UN demands USSR leave Hungary 1957 - Great Britain performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island 1958 - "Maria Golovin" closes at Martin Beck Theater NYC after 5 performances 1959 - KJTV (now KGET) TV channel 17 in Bakersfield, CA (NBC) 1st broadcast 1959 - Tunisian pres Habib Bourguiba's Nes Destour party wins every chair 1960 - JFK (Sen-D-Mass) beats VP Richard Nixon ï¿½ for 35th US president john_f_kennedy.jpg ( 11.1K ) Number of downloads: 0 US President John F. Kennedy 1961 - Whitey Ford is voted Cy Young Award winner over Warren Spahn 1962 - Canada government orders changing nickel back to round shape 1964 - IMF grants Great Britain credit of $1 billion 1964 - KUPK TV channel 13 in Garden City, KS (ABC) begins broadcasting 1964 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Tall City Golf Open 1964 - Orioles Frank Robinson unanimous choice as AL MVP 1965 - "Days of Our Lives" premieres on TV 1965 - British Indian Ocean Territory formed 1966 - Edward W Brooke (Rep-R-Mass) becomes 1st black elected to Senate 1966 - Frank Robinson selected AL MVP 1966 - Movie actor Ronald Reagan elected governor of California 1966 - Pres Johnson signs anti-trust immunity to AFL-NFL merger 1967 - 1st local British radio station begins broadcasting (Radio Leicester) 1967 - Silver hits record $1.951 an ounce in London 1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1968 - Cynthia Lennon is granted a divorce from John 1970 - Tom Dempsey of New Orleans Saints kicks NFL record 63 yard field goal 1973 - Nevada approves pari-mutuel betting on Jai Alai 1974 - British Lord Lucan disappears 1974 - Ted Bundy victim Debi Kent disappears in Salt Lake City, Utah 1975 - Nick Bockwinkle beats Verne Gagne in St Paul, to become NWA champ 1976 - A series of earthquakes spreads panic in the city of Thessaloniki, which is evacuated. 1977 - Manolis Andronikos, a Greek Archaeologist and professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina. 1978 - Tom Stoppard's "Night & Day," premieres in London tom_stoppard.jpg ( 12.96K ) Number of downloads: 0 Playwright Tom Stoppard 1979 - Bernard Slade's "Romantic Comedy," premieres in NYC 1979 - ABC broadcasts "Iran Crisis: American Held Hostage" with Frank Reynolds (forerunner to "Nightline") 1979 - The Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action) is formed. 1980 - Voyager 1 space probe discovers 15th moon of Saturn 1981 - Christian Democrats looses Belgium parliamentary election 1981 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1983 - Martha Layne Collins (D) elected 1st female governor of Kentucky 1983 - STS-9 vehicle again moves to launch pad 1983 - W Wilson Goode (D) elected 1st black mayor of Philadelphia 1984 - 1st-class cricket debut of Wasim Akram, 2 months before his 1st Test 1984 - Anna Fisher becomes 1st "mom" to go into orbit 1984 - STS 51-A mission; launch 1985 - Atlantis moves to Vandenberg AFB for mating of STS 61-B mission 1986 - "Song & Dance" closes at Royale Theater NYC after 474 performances 1987 - 11 die as a bomb planted by Irish Republican Army explodes 1987 - Australia beat England by 7 runs to win cricket World Cup 1987 - IRA-bomb attack in Enniskillen North Ireland, 11 killed 1987 - Yuko Moriguchi wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1988 - 900 die as earthquake hits China 1988 - Arco Arena in Sacramento CA opens, Sac Kings lose to Seattle, 97-75 1988 - George Bush ï¿½ beats Mike Dukakis (D) for presidency george_h_w_bush.jpg ( 12.79K ) Number of downloads: 0 US President George H. W. Bush 1988 - Rafael Fernandez Colï¿½n elected if pres of Puerto Rico 1989 - Cubs Jerome Walton wins the NL Rookie of Year 1989 - David Dinkins elected 1st black mayor of NYC 1989 - Douglas Wilder elected 1st US black governor (Virginia) 1989 - Hong Kong's MTR Lam Tin Station comes into service. 1990 - "6 Degrees of Separation" opens at Vivian Beaumont NYC for 496 perfs 1990 - 100,000 additional US troops are sent to Persian gulf 1990 - Darryl Strawberry signs 5-year contract with LA Dodgers darryl_strawberry.jpg ( 13.35K ) Number of downloads: 0 Baseball Player Darryl Strawberry 1990 - Gina Marie Tolleson of USA, 21, crowned 40th Miss World 1990 - Saddam fires his army chief & threatens to destroy Arabian peninsula 1991 - Carol Burnette Show premieres on CBS-TV 1991 - Paul Coffey sets NHL defensman soring mark with 311th goal 1992 - "Solitary Confinement" opens at Nederlander Theater NYC for 25 perfs 1992 - 300,000 demonstrators against racism in Berlin 1992 - Betsy King wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1994 - Cleveland Cavaliers 1st game at Gund Arena, lose to Hous Rockets, 100-98 1994 - Haitian government of Smarck Michel forms 1997 - Tampa Bay Devil Rays name their 1st manager Larry Rothschild 1997 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Countess Diana, Elmhurst, Ajina, Spinning World, Favorite Trick, Chief Bearhart, Skip Away 1998 - Japan Golf Classic 2002 - Iraq disarmament crisis: UN Security Council Resolution 1441 - The United Nations Security Council unanimously approves a resolution on Iraq, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face "serious consequences". 2004 - War in Iraq: More than 10,000 U.S. troops and a small number of Iraqi army units participate in a siege on the insurgent stronghold of Fallujah. 2011 - The potentially hazardous asteroid 2005 YU55 passed 0.85 lunar distances from Earth (about 324,600 kilometres or 201,700 miles), the closest known approach by an asteroid of its brightness since 2010 XC15 in 1976. Music history on November 8 1770 - Composer Friedrich Witt was born. 1785 - Composer Friedrich Wilhelm Michael Kalkbrenner was born. 1883 - Composer Sir Arnold Edward Trevor Bax was born. 1932 - "Make Mine Music" debuted on Broadway. The show ran for 342 performances. 1939 - Frank Sinatra's recorded were "Every Day of My Life" and "Ciribiribin". They were the last songs he recorded with the Harry James Band. 1964 - Judy Garland and her daughter, Liza Minnelli appeared together at the London Palladium. 1967 - John Lennon's "How I Won the War" opened in the U.S. It was the first solo movie by a Beatle. 1968 - Cynthia Powell Lennon was granted a divorce from John Lennon. The two had been married for six years. 1985 - Sting's concert-movie "Bring On The Night" opened nationally. 1986 - Metallica performed their first live concert with Jason Newstead. 1995 - Michael Jackson and Sony Corp. of America combined forces and created the world's third-largest music publishing company with more than 100,000 titles. 1997 - Dr. Tommy Comeaux died when he was hit by a car while riding a bicycle. 1997 - Johnny Paycheck officially joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was the 72nd member of the radio show's cast. 2005 - The original "Guitar Hero" game was released in North America. Sports history on Nov. 8 1942 - Parker Hall (Cleveland Rams) threw seven interceptions against the Green Bay Packers. 1951 - Yogi Berra (New York Yankees) won his first MVP award. He went on to win 2 more in his career. 1954 - The American League approved the transfer of the Philadelphia Athletics baseball team to Kansas City, MO. 1959 - Elgin Baylor (Minneapolis Lakers) scored 64 points and set a National Basketball Association scoring record. 1963 - Maple Leaf Gardens became the first NHL arena to install separate penalty box doors for each team. 1966 - U.S. President Johnson signed an anti-immunity for the AFL-NFL merger. 1970 - Tom Dempsey (New Orleans Saints) set an NFL record when he kicked a 63-yard field goal against the Detroit Lions. The record stood until October 25, 1998, when Jason Elam (Denver Broncos) tied the record. 1981 - Don Shula, coach of the Miami Dolphins, recorded his 200th NFL victory. 1981 - ESPN covered a NASCAR race from flag-to-flag for the first time. 1990 - Darryl Strawberry signed a five-year contract with the Dodgers. He went to the Mets after 8 years and gaining 252 home runs. 1991 - Magic Johnson appeared on "The Arsenio Hall Show." It was his first appearance after announcing that he was HIV positive. 1997 - Nevada's John Dutton threw for 557 yards and five touchdowns in a victory over Boise State. 1998 - Emmitt Smith (Dallas Cowboys) became the all-time rushing leader for the Cowboys. He also passed 12,000 career yards in the NFL. Famous birthdays on Nov. 8 Bram Stoker - 1847 Historic events on November 9 694 - Spanish King Egica accuses Jews of aiding Moslems/sentenced to slavery 1282 - Pope Martinus IV excommunicates king Pedro III of Aragonorth 1313 - Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gamelsdorf. 1330 - Battle of Posada, Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army in an ambush 1492 - Peace of Etaples (Henry VII & Charles VIII) 1494 - Family de' Medici become rulers of Florence 1520 - Swedish King Christian II executes 600 nobles 1526 - Jews are expelled from Pressburg Hungary by Maria of Hapsburg 1541 - Queen Catharine Howard confined in London Tower 1569 - Catholic uprising under Northumberland & Westmoreland 1580 - Spanish troops lands in Ireland 1673 - British king Charles II fires earl of Shaftesbury 1681 - Hungarian parliament promises protestants freedom of religion 1697 - Pope Innocent XII founds the city of Cervia. 1720 - Rabbi Yehuda Hasid synagogue set afire 1729 - Spain, France & England signs Treaty of Seville 1764 - Mary Campbell, a captive of the Lenape during the French and Indian War, is turned over to forces commanded by Colonel Henry Bouquet. 1794 - Russian troops occupy Warsaw 1799 - Napoleon becomes dictator (1st consul) of France 1821 - 1st US pharmacy college holds 1st classes, Philadelphia 1848 - Post office at Clay & Pike opens 1848 - Robert Blum, a German revolutionary and MP (Liberal), is executed in Vienna. 1851 - Kentucky marshals abduct abolitionist minister Calvin Fairbank from Jeffersonville, Indiana, and take him to Kentucky to stand trial for helping a slave escape. 1853 - Origin of Carrington rotation numbers for rotation of Sun 1854 - Franz Liszt's "Fest-Long," premieres 1857 - Atlantic Monthly magazine 1st published 1858 - 1st performance of NY Symphony Orchestra 1861 - 1st documented Canadian football game (at U of Toronto) 1861 - Battle of Piketon, Ky 1862 - US Grant issues orders to bar Jews from serving under him 1864 - 1st export of goods from Burrard Inlet, BC to a foreign country 1864 - Sherman issues preliminary plans for his "March to the Sea" 1872 - The Great Boston Fire of 1872. Close to 1,000 buildings destroyed 1877 - American Chemical Society chartered in NY 1885 - Opera "Ermine," premieres in London 1888 - Jack Ripper's 5th & last probably last victim, Mary Jane Kelly, found on her bed 1899 - Boerenaanval up Ladysmith, Natal, attack 1904 - 1st airplane flight to last more than 5 minutes 1905 - Swedish mine workers win 5 month strike for minimum wages 1906 - T Roosevelt is 1st pres to visit other countries (P Rico & Panama) 1907 - Edmonton Rugby Foot-ball Club 1st game, loses to Calgary City Rugby Foot-ball Club 26-5 at Edmonton Exhibition Grounds 1907 - The Cullinan Diamond is presented to King Edward VII on his birthday. 1912 - Ferenc Molnï¿½rs "Farkas," premieres in Budapest 1913 - Storm "Freshwater Fury" sinks 8 ore-carriers on Great Lakes 1915 - Italian liner Ancona sinks by German torpedos, killing 272 1918 - Bavaria proclaims itself a republic 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates after German defeat in WW I 1918 - Republic Germany proclaimed 1921 - Partito Nazionalista Fascista, forms in Italy by Mussolini 1923 - Beer Hall Putsch-Nazis fail to overthrow government, 16 die/Hitler flees 1924 - Miriam (Ma) Ferguson becomes 1st elected woman governor (of Texas) 1925 - German NSDAP form SS 1927 - Giant Panda discovered, China 1927 - Pastor of Have begins blessing of motorcars/motors 1930 - 1st nonstop airplane flight from NY to Panama 1932 - Hurricane storm wave sweeps over Santa Cruz del Sur Cuba kills 2,500 1932 - Riots between conservative and socialist supporters in Switzerland kill 12 and injure 60. 1935 - Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) labor union forms 1935 - Japan invades Shanghai China 1936 - Albanian government of Frasheri falls 1937 - Japans army conquers Shanghai 1937 - St Louis Cards Triple Crown winner Joe Medwick is named NL MVP 1938 - Al Capp, cartoonist of Lil' Abner creates Sadie Hawkins Day 1938 - Kristallnacht, Nazi Germany's first large-scale physical act of anti-Jewish violence, begins. 1939 - "Ninotchka," with Greta Garbo premieres 1939 - Nobel for physics awarded to Ernest O Lawrence (cyclotron) 1939 - Venlo-incident: German Abwehr kills 2 English agents 1941 - Hitler threatens bishop Clemens earl von Galen of Munster 1942 - German occupiers put Erik Scavenius as Danish premier 1942 - Transport nr 44 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany 1944 - Red Cross wins Nobel peace prize 1944 - Walcheren of nazi troops purged 1946 - Pres Harry Truman ends wage/price freeze 1949 - Costa Rica adopts Constitution 1950 - Boston Brave Sam Jethroe wins NL Rookie of Year 1950 - Phillies skipper Eddie Sawyer selected as Manager of Year 1950 - White Sox release Luke Appling, who had been a Sox since 1930 1953 - Cambodia (now Kampuchea) gains independence within French Union 1953 - KTVQ TV channel 2 in Billings, MT (CBS/NBC) begins broadcasting 1953 - Supreme Court rules Major League baseball exempt from anti-trust laws 1953 - Cambodia becomes independent from France. 1955 - Michael Gazzo's "Hatful of Rain," premieres in NYC 1955 - NZ all out for 70 v Pakistan at Dacca 1955 - UN disapproves of South Africa's apartheid politics 1956 - Lou Thesz beats Whipper Billy Watson in St Louis, to become NWA champ 1961 - PGA eliminates caucasians only rule 1961 - Paddy Chayefsky's "Gideon," premieres in NYC 1961 - USAF Major Robert M White takes X-15 to 30,970m 1962 - Dutch Catharina Lodders elected Miss World 1962 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1963 - "Tovarich" closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 264 performances 1963 - 2 high-speed commuter trains collided with a derailed freight 1963 - 450 die in a coal-dust explosion & 160 die in train crash (Japan) 1964 - "Comedy in Music-Opus 2" opens at John Golden NYC for 192 perfs 1964 - Eisaku Sato becomes premier of Japan 1965 - 1st NY Knick game postponed (black-out) vs St Louis 1965 - 5:16 PM, massive power failure in New Engl, & Ontario (NY blackout) 1965 - Hurricane hits north east US/Canada 1965 - Willie Mays named NL MVP 1965 - Several U.S. states and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to 13 hours in the Northeast Blackout of 1965. 1966 - John Lennon meets Yoko Ono at an avante-garde art exposition at Indica Gallery in London 1966 - "Let's Sing Yiddish" opens at Brooks Atkinson NYC for 107 perfs 1966 - Oakland Coliseum Arena opens 1967 - 1st unmanned Saturn V flight to test Apollo 4 reentry module 1967 - Surveyor 6 soft lands on Moon 1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR 1970 - Trial of Seattle 8 anti-war protesters begins 1971 - David Storey's "Changing Room," premieres in London 1971 - John List kills family & moves to Colorado 1972 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site 1973 - Fire at Taiyo dept store, kills 101 & injures 84 (Kumamoto Japan) 1973 - Government De Uyl decides Palestijnse fugitives to support 1973 - Ringo releases "Ringo" album 1976 - Oakland releases Billy Williams, ending his Hall of Fame career 1976 - UN General Assembly condemns apartheid in South Africa 1977 - Reds' George Foster wins NL MVP 1978 - NASL realligns its 24 teams into 6 divisions 1980 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declares holy war against Iran 1980 - Tatsuko Ohsako wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1982 - Brewers' Robin Yount wins AL MVP, unanimously 1982 - Sugar Ray Leonard retires for 1st time 1983 - Amsterdam brewer Freddie Heineken kidnapped 1983 - Discovery flies from Vandenberg AFB to Kennedy Space Center 1984 - 1st-class cricket debut for Brian McMillan, Transvaal B v N Tvl B 1984 - Larry Holmes TKOs Bonecrusher Smith in 12 for heavyweight boxing title 1984 - Most shots in an Islander game-88-Isles 45, Rangers 43 1984 - Vietnam Veterans Memorial ("3 Servicemen") completed 1985 - "News" closes at Helen Hayes Theater NYC after 4 performances 1985 - Gary Kasparov becomes world chess champion 1985 - Richard Hadlee takes 9-52 v Australia at the Gabba 1985 - Surprise attack on Belgium supermarket in Aalst, 8 killed 1986 - Ai-Yu Tu wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1986 - Pakistan all out for 77 v West Indies at Lahore 1988 - "Prince of Central Park" opens at Belasco Theater NYC for 4 perfs 1988 - MLB All-Star team beat Japan 8-2 in Nishinomya, (Game 4 of 7) 1989 - East Berlin opens its borders 1990 - Tanzania government of Malecela forms 1990 - New democratic constitution is issued in Nepal. 1991 - Houston's Roman Anderson is 1st NCAA to kick 400 pts 1992 - Howard Stern's radio show begins broadcast in Las Vegas Nevada (KFBI) 1992 - Prix Goncourt awarded to Patrick Chamoiseau for "Texaco" 1993 - "Cinderella" opens at New York State Theater NYC for 14 performances 1993 - Serbian army fires on school in Sarajevo, 9 children died 1993 - Stari most, the "old bridge" in Bosnian Mostar built in 1566, collapses after several days of bombing. 1994 - Chandrika Kumaratunga chosen 1st female president of Sri Lanka 1994 - The chemical element Darmstadtium is discovered. 1995 - "Danny Gans on Broadway" opens at Neil Simon Theater NYC 1997 - "Cherry Orchard," closes at Martin Beck Theater NYC 1997 - "Scarlet Pimpernel," opens at Minskoff Theater NYC 1997 - Energizer Senior Golf Tour Championship 1997 - Liselotte Neumann wins LPGA Toray Japan Queens Cup 1997 - Toray Japan Queens Cup 1998 - Brokerage houses are ordered to pay 1.03 billion USD to cheated NASDAQ investors to compensate for their price-fixing. This is the largest civil settlement in United States history. 1998 - Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, already abolished for murder, is completely abolished for all remaining capital offences. 1999 - TAESA Flight 725, crashes a few minutes after leaving the Uruapan airport en-route to Mexico City. 18 people were killed in the accident. 2003 - A suicide-terrorist attack in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, kills 17 people. 2004 - Video game Halo 2 a first person shooter first released on Xbox by Bungie Studios 2005 - Suicide bombers attacked three hotels in Amman, Jordan, killing at least 60 people. 2005 - The Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. 2009 - Joe Cada becomes the youngest champion of the World Series of Poker's main event. Music history on Nov. 9 1961 - Brian Epstein saw the Beatles play at the Cavern Club in Liverpool. 1962 - Motown Records released "You've Really Got a Hold on Me," by the Miracles. 1963 - "Louie, Louie" was released by the Kingsmen. 1967 - David Crosby left the Byrds. The next year Crosby, Stills, and Nash was formed. 1967 - The first issue of Rolling Stone was published in San Francisco. John Lennon was on the cover. 1973 - Cat Stevens made his national TV debut on ABC's "In Concert." 1973 - The album "Piano Man" was released by Billy Joel. 1975 - David Bowie appeared on Cher's CBS TV show. 1998 - Singer Billy Preston, his manager Merle Otis Greene and Greene's wife Sandra were indicted on 22 charges of fraud in collecting $1 million in insurance claims. 1998 - Rick James was hospitalized after he suffered a stroke when a blood vessel ruptured in his neck during a show the week before in Denver, CO. 1998 - Michael Jackson settled a lawsuit over stories and pictures in the London Daily Mirror that said his face had been disfigured by cosmetic surgery. A lawyer for the publisher said, "The photographs were taken honestly and were not tampered with, but the Mirror has since met with the plaintiff in person and acknowledges that the photographs do not accurately represent the plaintiff's true appearance." 1999 - The Prince released the album "Rave Un2 The Joy Fantastic." Sports history on Nov. 9 1861 - The first documented Canadian football game took place at the University of Toronto. 1952 - Maurice "The Rocket" Richard became the NHL's leading goal scorer with his 325th career goal. He later sent the puck to Britain's Queen Elizabeth. 1953 - The U.S. Supreme Court upheld a 1922 ruling that major league baseball did not come within the scope of federal antitrust laws. 1961 - The Professional Golfer's Association (PGA) eliminated its "caucasians only" rule. 1965 - Willie Mays was named the National League Most Valuable Player. 1971 - The NHL announced that it had granted a franchise to Atlanta. 1972 - John Bucyk (Boston Bruins) scored his 1,000th NHL point. 1982 - Sugar Ray Leonard retired from boxing. In 1984 Leonard came out of retirement to fight one more time before becoming a boxing commentator for NBC. 1984 - Larry Bird and Dr J. got into a fight during a game. They were both fined $7,500. 1991 - Roman Anderson (Houston Cougars) became the first player in NCAA history to surpass 400 points when he kicked a 32-yard field goal. Famous birthdays on Nov. Historical events on November 10 911 - Conrad I elecect German King 1444 - Battle at Varna, Black Sea: Sultan Murad II beats crusaders 1526 - John I Zapolyai of Transsylvania chosen as king of Hungary 1544 - Antwerps painter John Matsys banished 1567 - Battle at St-Denis: French government army vs Huguenots 1584 - Willem Louis of Nassau appointed viceroy of Friesland 1619 - Renï¿½ Descartes has the dreams that inspire his Meditations on First Philosophy. 1630 - Failed palace revolution against Richelieu France 1674 - Dutch formally cede New Netherlands (NY) to English 1687 - Pope Innocent XI publishes decree Coelestis pastor 1697 - English parliament accept army reduction 1766 - The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University). 1775 - Congress forms US Marine Corps 1785 - Netherlands & France signs treaty 1793 - France ends forced worship of God 1801 - Kentucky outlaws dueling 1834 - HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin sails from Valparaiso 1836 - Louis Napoleon banished to America 1847 - The passenger ship Stephen Whitney is wrecked in thick fog off the southern coast of Ireland, killing 92 of the 110 on board. The disaster results in the construction the Fastnet Rock lighthouse. 1864 - Kingston, GA burned during Sherman's March to Sea 1866 - Gold coins from the Sydney Mint become legal tender in Canada 1871 - Henry M Stanley in Ujiji, Central Africa says "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" 1878 - Aleksandr Ostrovsky's "Bespridannitsa," premieres in Moscow 1883 - Toronto Argonauts defeat Ottawa FC 9-7, for 1st ORFU Championship 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler's motorcycle, world's 1st, unveiled 1891 - 1st Woman's Christian Temperance Union meeting held (in Boston) 1891 - Granville T Woods patents electric railway 1892 - 1st CRU championship game: Osgoode Hall defeats Montreal, 45-5 1894 - Fred Lugard signs accord with king Lafia "Absalamu" of Nikki 1898 - Race riot in Wilmington NC (8 blacks killed) 1905 - Sailors revolt in Kronstadt Russia 1908 - 1st Gideon Bible put in a hotel room 1910 - The date of Thomas A. Davis' opening of the San Diego Army and Navy Academy, though the official founding date is November 23, 1910. 1911 - Andrew Carnegie forms Carnegie Corp (for scholarly & charitable works) 1911 - Imperial army recaptures Nanking (blood bath) 1917 - 41 suffragists are arrested in front of White House 1917 - Faure's 2nd Violo Sonate, premieres 1917 - New soviet government suspends freedom of press (temporary) 1918 - German emperor Wilhelm II flees to Netherland 1918 - Independence of Poland proclaimed by Jï¿½zef Pilsudski 1918 - The Western Union Cable Office in North Sydney, NS received a top-secret coded message from Europe (that would be sent to Ottawa, ON and Washington, DC) that said on November 11, 1918 all fighting would cease on land, sea and in the air. 1919 - 1st observance of National Book Week 1919 - American Legion's 1st national convention (Minneapolis) 1920 - George Bernard Shaw's "Heartbreak House," premieres in NYC 1923 - German ex-crown prince flees Netherlands for Germany 1924 - Dion O'Banion, leader of the North Side Gang is assassinated in his flower shop by members of Johnny Torrio's gang, sparking the bloody gang war of the 1920s in Chicago. 1926 - Belgium crown prince Leopold weds princess Astrid Bernadotte of Sweden 1926 - Bradman plays his 1st State selection trial He only made 37 1926 - Guomindang-regring deallocates seat of Kanton to Wuhan (Hankou) 1926 - Vincent Massey becomes 1st Canadian minister to USA 1928 - Hirohito ascended throne as Emperor of Japan 1933 - Black Blizzard snowstorm-duststorm rages from SD to Atlantic 1937 - Brazilian dictator Getulio Vargas proclaims "Estado novo" 1938 - 8.3 earthquake shakes East of Shumagin Islands, Alaska 1938 - Nobel for literature awarded to Pearl Buck (Good Earth) 1940 - Pittsburgh & Philadelphia play a penalty free NFL game 1940 - Walt Disney begins serving as an informer for the Los Angeles office of the FBI; his job is to report back information on Hollywood subversives. 1942 - Philip Barry's "Without Love," premieres in NYC 1942 - US troops occupy airport of Port-Lyautey Morocco 1942 - US-British troops occupies Oran Algeria 1944 - German riots in Rotterdam/Schiedam 52,000 men sent to Germany 1944 - US 9th Army takes Margraten cemetery 1944 - Ammunition ship USS Mount Hood (AE-11) exploded at Seeadler Harbour, Manus, Admiralty Islands 1945 - "Are You with It?" opens at Century Theater NYC for 264 performances 1945 - College football's #1 Army beats #2 Notre Dame 48-0 1945 - General Enver Hoxha becomes leader of Albania 1945 - Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald liberated by US 1945 - Heavy battle in Surabaya between Indonesian nationalists and returning colonialists after World War II, celebrated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan). 1946 - Communists win many seats at French parliamentary election 1950 - After 9 years, Cleve Indians fire manager Lou Boudreau 1950 - Clifford Odet's "Country Girl," premieres in NYC 1950 - Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected pres of Guatemala 1950 - Nobel for literature awarded to William Faulkner 1950 - Spanish dictator Franco ends war in Gibraltar 1951 - 1st long distance telephone call without operator assistance 1952 - Trygve Halvdan Lie resigns as 1st secretary-genraal of UN 1953 - Giants end their tour of Japan (players got $331 of $3,000 promised) 1954 - Iwo Jima Memorial (servicemen raising US flag) dedicated in Arlington 1954 - Lt Col John Strapp travels 632 MPH in a rocket sled 1955 - "Vamp" opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 60 performances 1956 - Gene de Paul/John Meyer's musical "Li'l Abner," premieres in NYC 1957 - NFL record crowd (102,368), '49ers vs Rams in LA 1957 - Cleveland Browns' Don Paul sets club record for longest fumble return with a 89-yard run (and TD), beating Pittsburgh 24-0 1958 - Bertolt Brecht's "Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo o Ui," premieres 1958 - WUFT TV channel 5 in Gainesville, FL (PBS) begins broadcasting 1959 - Corinne Rottschaeffer elected Miss World 1960 - Senate passes landmark Civil Rights Bill 1962 - "Nowhere to Go, But Up" opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 9 perfs 1963 - Gordie Howe takes over NHL career goal lead at 545 1963 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA San Antonio Civitan Golf Open 1964 - "Something More!" opens at Eugene O'Neill Theater NYC for 15 perfs 1964 - Braves sign a 25-year lease to play in the new Atlanta stadium 1965 - Manneke bleep statue stolen in Brussels 1965 - Neth 2nd Chamber accept marriage of Princess Beatrice & Claus von Amsberg 1965 - Willie Mays wins NL MVP 1966 - Jack Lynch becomes Irish premier 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 2 reaches 196-1871 km around Moon 1967 - KXNE TV channel 19 in Norfolk, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting 1968 - Judy Rankin wins LPGA Corpus Christi Civitan Golf Open 1968 - Launch of Zond 6, 2nd unmanned circumlunar & return flight 1968 - Portuguese socialist Mario Soares freed 1969 - "Sesame Street" premieres on PBS TV 1970 - "2 by 2" opens at Imperial Theater NYC for 343 performances 1970 - Luna 17, with unmanned self-propelled Lunokhod 1, is launched 1970 - R Rodgers/M Charnins musical "Two by Two," premieres in NYC 1971 - Joe Torre wins NL MVP, Vida Blue wins AL MVP 1971 - US table tennis team arrived in China 1974 - 2nd meeting of Giants-Jets, Jets even series at 1 with 26-20 OT win 1974 - Montreal Canadiens shutout Washington Capitals 11-0 1975 - Ore ship Edmund Fitzgerald & crew of 29 lost in storm on Lake Superior 1975 - PLO leader Yasser Arafat addresses UN in NYC 1975 - Royals release slugger Harmon Killebrew, ending his 22-year career 1975 - UN General Assembly approves resolution equating Zionism with racism 1976 - Utah Supreme Court OKs execution of convicted murderer Gary Gilmore 1977 - Amsterdam: RAF-terrorists Gert Schneider/Christof Wackernagel arrested 1977 - Major Indoor Soccer League officially organized (NYC) 1978 - Israel's top negotiators broke away from Middle East peace talks 1978 - Larry Holmes KOs Alfredo Evangelist in 7 for heavyweight boxing title 1978 - Yanks trade Lyle, Rajsich, McCall, Heath & Ramos to Texas for Righetti, Mirabella, Beniquez, Jemison & Griffin 1980 - Dan Rather refuses to pay his cabbie, CBS pays $12.55 fare 1980 - Poland acknowledges Solidarity union 1981 - "Oh, Brother!" opens at ANTA Theater NYC for 3 performances 1981 - Ernest Thompson's "West Side Waltz," premieres in NYC 1982 - IMF lends Mexico $3.8 billion due to threatened bankrupcy 1982 - Susan Cooper/Hume Cronyns "Foxfire," premieres in NYC 1982 - Vietnam Veterans Memorial opened 1983 - "Amen Corner" opens at Nederlander Theater NYC for 83 performances 1983 - Federal government shut down 1984 - Australia all out 76 v West Indies at cricket WACA, Holding 6-21 1984 - Miami Hurricanes blows 31-0 lead in 3rd quarter lose to Md 42-40 1984 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Chief's Crown, Eillo, Lashkari, Outstandingly, Princess Rooney, Royal Heroine, Wild Again at Hollywood 1985 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1986 - Bangladesh Constitution restored 1987 - Steve Bedrosian edges Rick Sutcliffe 57-55 to win NL Cy Young Award 1988 - China confirms earthquake death toll will rise above current 938 1988 - MLB All-Star team beats Japan 3-1 in Tokyo (Game 5 of 7) 1988 - NY's MTA announces it may replace tokens with credit card type passes 1988 - Orel Hershiser (23-8) is a unanimous choice as NL Cy Young Award 1989 - Bulgarian party president Todor Zjikov, resigns 1989 - Germans begins demolishing Berlin Wall 1989 - Word Perfect 5.1 is shipped 1990 - Lebanon releases 2 french hostages (Camille Sontag & Marcel Coudari) 1991 - Bernie Kosar ends NFL record of 308 passes without an interception 1991 - Browns set club record for largest lead blown (led 23-0), Phila 32-30 1991 - Liselotte Neumann wins LPGA Mazda Japan Golf Classic 1991 - Martina Navratilova ties Chris Evert, 157 pro tennis tournament wins 1991 - Marty Glickman broadcasts his 1,000th football game 1991 - South Africa's 1st cricket international since 1970 - one-day v India 1993 - "Joseph & the Amazing" opens at Minskoff Theater NYC for 223 perfs 1993 - Slowakije government of Meciar forms 1995 - In Nigeria, playwright and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa along with eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (Mosop) are hanged by government forces. 1997 - "Jackie - An American Life," opens at Belasco Theater NYC 1997 - Artist Peter Max pleads guilty to tax fraud & time served 1997 - Nanny Louise Woodward, murder sentenced downgrade to manslaughter 2006 - Sri Lankan Tamil Parliamentarian Nadarajah Raviraj assassinated in Colombo. 2007 - ï¿½Por quï¿½ no te callas? incident between King Juan Carlos of Spain and Venezuela's president Hugo Chï¿½vez. 2084 - Transit of Earth as seen from Mars. Music history on November 10 1668 - Composer Francois Couperin was born. 1873 - Composer Henri Rabaud was born. 1958 - Sam Cooke and Lou Rawls were injured in an auto accident near Marion, AR. Sam Cooke's driver was killed in the accident. 1960 - Gregg Allman received a guitar for his 13th birthday. 1967 - The Moody Blues released "Nights in White Satin." 1969 - "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" by Gene Autry received a gold record. The song had been released 20 years earlier. 1973 - David Essex's "Rock On" was released. 1978 - The Clash's second album "Give 'Em Enough Rope," was released in England. The album would be their first U.S. release. 1986 - Bruce Springsteen's "Live 1975-1985" box set was released. 1988 - Steve Miller began his first tour in six years. 1992 - Axl Rose was found guilty of assault and property damage at a 1991 Guns N' Roses concert in Maryland Heights, MO. He was given two years probation and ordered to pay $50,000 to community groups. 1993 - The musical revival of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" opened. 2001 - The musical "Lady Diana - A Smile Charms the World" opened in Germany. Sports history on November 10 1928 - Knute Rockne made his famous "win one for the Gipper" pep talk during halftime of a tied game between Notre Dame and Army. 1934 - Armand Mondou (Montreal Canadiens) was awarded the first penalty shot in the NHL. George Hainsworth (Toronto) stopped the shot. 1940 - The Pittsburgh Steelers and the Philadelphia Eagles played a penalty free NFL game. 1957 - 102,368 people attended the San Francisco 49ers and Los Angeles Rams game. The crowd was the largest regular-season crowd in NFL history. 1962 - Glenn Hall (Chicago Black Hawks) missed a game due to a back injury. The missed game ended a streak of 503 consecutive games played over seven years. 1963 - Don Meredith (Dallas Cowboys) passed for 460 yards and three touchdowns in a 31-24 loss to the San Francisco 49ers. 1963 - Gordie Howe (Detroit Red Wings) became the NHL's all-time leader in goals when he scored his 545th career goal. 1964 - The Atlanta Braves signed a 25 year lease to play in the new Atlanta stadium. 1974 - The Montreal Canadiens shutout the Washington Capitals 11-0. 1975 - The Kansas City Royals released Harmon Killebrew. He ended his 22-year career with 573 home runs. 1977 - The Major Indoor Soccer League was officially organized in New York City. 1990 - The Phoenix Suns set an NBA record when they scored 107 points in the first half of a game against the Denver Nuggets. Phoenix won the game 173-143. 1991 - Bernie Kosar ended his NFL record streak of 308 passes without an interception. 1991 - Martina Navratilova tied Chris Evert's record of 157 career titles. 1996 - Dan Marino (Miami Dolphins) became the first quarterback in NFL history to pass for more than 50,000 yards. Famous birthdays on November 10 Martin Luther 1483	i don't know
Which town on the North Devon coast was devastated by a flash flood in August 1952 ?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 16 \| 1952: Flood devastates Devon village About This Site \| Text Only 1952: Flood devastates Devon village Twelve bodies have been recovered and 24 people are missing feared dead in the flood which has swept through Lynmouth in north Devon. The normally picturesque holiday village was evacuated early today as troops and council workers were brought in to begin clearing the devastation. Hundreds of people have been left homeless. There is no water, gas or electricity supply. All the boats in the harbour have been washed out to sea. Four main road bridges have been swept away. The flood followed yesterday's torrential rain. In the 24 hours before, some nine inches (22.9cm) of rain had fallen on Exmoor, just four miles (6.4km) away. We watched a row of cottages fold up like a pack of cards Ken Oxenholme The water flowed off the moors and into the rivers East and West Lyn which came together as a raging torrent in the steep, narrow valley leading into Lynmouth. Tom Denham, owner of the Lyndale Hotel, said his cellars had flooded before so he was not too worried at first. He said: "About half-past nine there was a tremendous roar. The West Lyn had broken its banks and pushed against the side of the hotel, bringing with it thousands of tons of rocks and debris in its course. "It carried away the chapel opposite and a fruit shop. Three people in the fruit shop were swept against the lounge windows of the hotel. We managed to pull them through in the nick of time. "I then ordered everyone to go to the second floor, where they huddled in the corridors for safety. In all we had 60 people in the hotel all night." A fisherman, Ken Oxenholme, said the high street was impassable so he had to run through the woods to reach his wife and child, who were staying in a caravan at the top end of Lynmouth. He said: "As we watched, we saw a row of cottages near the river, in the flashes of lightning because it was dark by this time, fold up like a pack of cards and swept out with the river with the agonising screams of some of the local inhabitants who I knew very well." The Queen has sent a message of sympathy, which was read out at a meeting in the town hall this evening. A telegram of sympathy was also received from Queen Mary. The full extent of the damage is not yet clear. Early estimates say it will cost between �3 and �5m to repair.	Lynmouth
Which American colony became a self-governing commonwealth and an unincorporated territory of the USA in July 1952 ?	North Devon Journal - Looking Back 3 1851 The North Devon Yeomanry Cavalry, a volunteer body made up of local farmers, meet in South Molton and carry out 'sword exercise' in the Square. A sermon is preached in Torrington by an American clergyman to raise funds for the erection of a church and hospital for the 'use of British Emigrants to the United States.' 13 3 1851 Barnardo Eagle and his daughter Georgiana put on a display of clairvoyance at Barnstaple Theatre. Mr.Goode, the 'American giant' then hypnotises volunteers. Edwin Bangham, glove manufacturer of Torrington, is publicly horsewhipped by Silas Snell a solicitor of the same place following an argument over a dog. 20 3 1851 Dennis Kingdon, a solicitor of Hatherleigh, is found guilty of bigamy but is merely fined 1/- (5p). James Chamings (17), Thomas Chamings (22) and Richard Guest (28) are acquitted of poaching at Weare Giffard. 27 3 1851 The sloop Dispatch sinks at Ilfracombe. The master and mate blame it on the ghostly presence of the late owner. At Yarnscombe a woman and her male companion are found drunk and acting 'in a most disgusting manner'. They are fined 25p with the alternative of sitting in the stocks for 6 hours. 3 4 1851 Dr.Law of the North Devon Infirmary at Barnstaple gets a young girl pregnant, there are calls for his sacking. Anne Seage and Grace Shapland of Molland desert their illegitimate children. They are arrested and sent to the House of Correction at South Molton. 10 4 1851 Rocks at Wildersmouth, Ilfracombe are blown up to provide stone for the new church then being built in the town. A fire destroys a large part of the shipbuilding yard at Chircombe in Northam. 17 4 1851 A Barnstaple councillor claims that the town is full of labourers forced to leave their own villages after their sub-standard houses have been demolished. Eight vessels leave Bideford for London, six carry culm and two have a cargo of locally made drainage pipes. 24 4 1851 At Ilfracombe on Easter Monday the annual custom of 'juveniles' taking 'an excursion upon the waters of the Bristol Channel' is followed. Anne Harris of Bishops Tawton charges her fellow villager Henry Hosking with being the father of her illegitimate child. The court orders him to pay 7 1/2p a week for the child's upkeep. 1 5 1851 A massive public meeting in Barnstaple denounces 'Papal Aggression' after the Pope appoints the first English Cardinal. 8 5 1851 Sarah Hughes an itinerant market seller 'well known to the police' is fined 5/- for being drunk and disorderly in Barnstaple at midnight. James Heale is arrested at Bristol for theft following the 'shrewdness, energy and activity' of the police in North Devon 15 5 1851 Harriet Bridgman is charged with assaulting Mary Ann Bale at Appledore Market. Samuel Buse of Fremington is ordered to pay 1/6 per week towards the upkeep of his illegitimate child borne by Jane Willis of Alverdiscott. 22 5 1851 Elizabeth Hazel is charged with keeping a brothel in Myrtle Place in Barnstaple. Richard Passmore dies aged 83 after being 'for many years master of the free school' at Braunton. Thomas Rowe of Hartland is jailed for 3 months for non payment of maintenance to Mary Nichol the mother of his child. 29 5 1851 Samuel Born of Marwood, a machine maker, takes his apprentice John Dyer to court on a charge of absenting himself illegally. Tristram Gent 'keeper of a vagrants' lodging-house' at Torrington is fined £1 for allowing customers to stay more than one night. 5 6 1851 Mary Ann Essery takes four women to court on a charge of using indecent language towards her in Barnstaple Fish Market. One is jailed for a week. A sheep belonging to John Welder of Arnold Farm, Georgenympton is killed and butchered by thieves who leave two shoulder joints behind. 12 6 1851 Braunton Revel is 'the most noted' for 'scenes of intemperance and riot'. It includes Devon wrestling and women racing for a gown. A letter bursts into flame when it is being stamped by a young woman in Bideford Post Office. The Postmaster General orders an inquiry. A cricket match between Torrington and Hatherleigh is announced 'which from the celebrity of the respective clubs excites an unusual degree of interest.' 19 6 1851 Mary Blake and Mary Shaddick of Bishopsnympton are jailed for 1 month each for abandoning their illegitimate children in the Workhouse. A man named Wood of Rackenford is charged as father of Mary Turner's child. He points out that she has had illegitimate children by 2 other men and on this basis the court dismisses her claim. 26 6 1851 The Collina, owned by Thomas Chanter, is wrecked at Crosspark near Bideford whilst carrying culm for South Wales. 3 7 1851 A 'mock' or spoof Mayor - the so-called 'Mayor of Derby' in Barnstaple parades through the town in his 'state chariot' which in reality is an old cart. James Popham (47) of Myrtle Place, Barnstaple the town scavenger (dustman) and a 'notorious tippler' dies after being treated by a quack doctor. 10 7 1851 John James a 13 year old of Barnstaple is gaoled for one month and whipped for scrumping apples. Jane Fewins 'an abandoned female' is fined 10/- for using obscene language to Robert Rendle, landlord of the North Country Inn in South Molton. 17 7 1851 At Torrington Julgus Prusk a Jewish peddler is gaoled for 3 months for trading without a licence. James Heal is transported to Australia for 10 years for the theft of some leather in Barnstaple. 24 7 1851 Richard Stoneman of North Molton applies to the local magistrates to cancel the indentures of his 17 year old apprentice as she is pregnant, They refuse. Mary Gould and Catherine Mock are fined 6d each for damaging fences at Braunton. 31 7 1851 Parkham holds its annual 'revel' - a drunken form of our modern-day village fetes. Mary Osmond charges William Slocomber of the Swan Inn, Holland Street, Barnstaple with making improper advances to her 15 year daughter who was William's servant. 7 8 1851 The inadequate safety of fencing around the old mine shafts at Combe Martion becomes the subject of a court case. Superintendant Aldham of the Barnstaple police is presented with 30 gold sovereigns for his good work in catching criminals. 14 8 1851 Barnstaple Town Council discuss the regilding of the statue of Queen Anne. A greengrocer in Mill Street, Bideford reckons his pig was 'overlooked by the Cock-street witches'. (Cock Street is later renamed Hart Street by squeamish Victorians). 21 8 1851 Thomas Marshall is charged with the theft of tools from the North Devon Pottery Company at Weare Giffard. W.F.Rock, the great Barnstaple philanthropist, writes in the Journal about The Great Exhibition then on in London. 28 8 1851 The Torrington Book Club marks its 66th anniversary with a celebration dinner for 30 at the Globe Hotel. The residents of Newington Street in Barnstaple complain of the overflowing cess pits in their area. 6 5 1852 E.M.White produces a model of the chair to be purchased for use in Bideford Town Hall. Susan Grant abandons her illegitimate child in a Barnstaple street - she is gaoled for one month. 13 5 1852 The New Barnstaple Market Bill is passed in Parliament - the first stage in constructing a new Pannier Market. A man has his leg broken in South Molton after a wheelbarrow race goes out of control. 20 5 1852 The Little Torrington revel which 'consisted of various rustic sports' including wrestling 'drew great numbers from the surrounding neighbourhood.' The Rev.Henry Luxmoore of Barnstaple preaches in favour of a new school in a hitherto neglected quarter of the town.' (Derby) 27 5 1852 The Barnstaple Mayor (and owner of the Journal) William Avery wins a court case over political bribery. Mr.Kay, brewer of Barnstaple, wins acclaim for the excellent quality of his beer. 3 6 1852 Mary Mitchell aged 15, an inmate of Barnstaple workhouse, is to be separated from other children 'lest she should corrupt them' as she is 'a most incorrigible girl.' Samuel Harding breaks a leg working in the Fremington clay pit of Samuel Crocker. 10 6 1852 At Ilfracombe 1100 sheep from Scotland are unloaded; they are to be sent to Exmoor for fattening. James Couch and Joseph Purchase are gaoled for a fortnight each in Barnstaple for being drunk and disorderly 'at a bad house in Green Lane.' 17 6 1852 The Mayor of Bideford John Maxwell speaks at the Open Day of the town's Grammar School where his 4 eldest sons have been educated 'with more to come'. An editorial in the Journal denounces the Mormons for being irreligious. 24 6 1852 An 'amateur band' from Torrington leads the annual procession of the Buckland Brewer Laudable Society - a self-help friendly society. W.Yeo buys the shipbuilding yard at Appledore for £1160. He announces plans to build a large dry dock there. 1 7 1852 Jane Friendship 'a girl of loose character' of Torrington is charged with assaulting a woman called Smale. She is fined 12p. Thomas Leach appears in Barnstaple Police Court charged with non-payment of a debt owed to the Barnstaple Loan Society; he is acquitted. 8 7 1852 The drains in Cock Street, Bideford are said to be in a bad state. A man called Nicholls falls down an open drain in Barnstaple outside the house of John Inch Knill who is about to become editor of the Journal. 15 7 1852 At Combe Martin 29 miners sue Mr.Forbes owner of the local mines for unpaid wages of between £2.10.0 and £18.17.6. The Bideford Town Crier goes around the town warning residents about rabid animals on the loose. 22 7 1852 Following the Parliamentary election for North Devon the Journal prints a poll book which lists the names of every voter and who they voted for - which allows corrupt politicians to check on those they bribed! 29 7 1852 The highlight of the Pilton Revel is a wrestling match attended by 'drunkeness, brawling, fighting and such results as usually attend these brutalizing exercises.' The main employer in South Molton, James Maunder a woollen manufacturer, dies aged 67. 5 8 1852 An effigy of a local adulterer is burnt at the stake by a mob in Derby, Barnstaple. A meeting is held at Hatherleigh to discuss the building of a railway between Bideford, Crediton and Plymouth. 12 8 1852 A woman named Lance tries to hang herself in Barnstaple following 'a fit of ungovernable rage into which she had worked herself while quarrelling with a neighbour.' A trial of an 8 year old boy in Barnstaple reveals that he worked in a local factory for 13 hours a day, six days a week. 19 8 1852 The annual sale of Liberal newspapers in Devon is put at 496,225, those of Tory ones 305,500, This is said to 'speak well for the intelligence of the county.' The sole Torrington policeman John Fussell resigns after 10 years in post as he is about to emigrate to Australia. 26 8 1852 Susan Grant, an inmate of the Barnstaple workhouse is gaoled for a day for disturbing the Sunday church service. A workman in the Bideford timber yard of Robert Taylor (on the site of Jolly's warehouse) drowns in the Torridge. 7 4 1853 When Mrs.Vickery of Westdown gives birth to triplets the parish decide to give her 20p a week from the rates to help bring the children up The book collection of the Bideford Literary and Scientific Institution is sold - thus leaving the town with no library. 14 4 1853 Barnstaple Town council discuss the building of a floating dock at Fremington to help navigation on the R.Taw. A Mutual Improvement Society is established in Appledore for the education of the working class. 21 4 1853 Pilton residents raise a petition to obtain lighting in the village to help with its policing. Mary Ann Handford is gaoled for 1 week in South Molton for the theft of 2 artificial flowers. 28 4 1853 A clairvoyant in Bideford announces that a ship carrying North Devonian emigrants to Australia has sunk - she is wrong. Removal of pebbles from the Pebble Ridge at Northam Burrows is said to be badly weakening it. 28 William Chappell of Appledore is charged with destroying the new lifeboat house on Northam Burrows. Barnstaple Brewery announces it is to produce a new strong porter beer. 5 5 1853 John Lock, schoolmaster of Combe Martin threatens to kill the Rev.H.Toms rector of the village after he loses his job. The wife of William Smyth wheelwright of North Molton gives birth to their third albino child. 12 5 1853 A post-mortem on a pauper who died in Barnstaple Workhouse reveals he died from a 'lack of the necessaries of life.' Eliza Boatfield a Barnstaple prostitute 'with a wooden leg' is gaoled for 2 weeks for using obscene language in Joy Street. 19 1853 Henry Dunsford of Derby, Barnstaple enters a drinking contest and drinks himself to death.. It is suggested that convict labour be used to help land reclamation work along the banks of the River Taw. 26 5 1853 A man parades Ilfracombe with silver spoons in his hat - they are prizes for wrestling at the Ilfracombe Revel. Masons and seamstresses in Bideford go on strike for more money. 2 1853 A new sea wall is being built outside the Chapel of Ease in Appledore. The new cells beneath the clock tower in Ilfracombe are used for the first time when two drunks are placed there. 9 Tenders are invited for construction of the new Workhouse in Holsworthy. A University Scholarship Fund is established at Bideford Grammar School. 23 1853 Landcross Methodist chapel is closed by the Rolle estate which dislikes 'conventicles' or nonconformists. Barnstaple police force is now 4 strong, they are submitting daily reports of their activities to the council. 30 6 1853 A 'model farm' is to be built by the Duke of Bedford at South Dinnaton, Swimbridge at a cost of £4000. John Dunning has his leg amputated at the North Devon Infirmary whilst anaesthetised with chloroform. 7 7 1853 Houses at the end of Boutport Street,Barnstaple are demolished to make way for the new Pannier Market. A public meeting on Northam Burrows for agricultural labourers to air their grievances is said to have been a put up job by publicans hoping to sell beer. 14 The Appledore Mutual Improvement Society is reported to have 309 members. A house in High Street, Bideford is fitted with plate glass windows. 11 1853 A wet nurse at Braunton has been suckling children for 7 years. Shipwrights at Cove Yard, Ilfracombe strike for higher wages 'Acting under the influence of the wages epidemic.' 18 8 1853 The AGM of the N.Devon Infirmary in Barnstaple hears that 46 operations have now been carried out using chloroform. 25 1853 The first sod of the Bideford Extension Railway is cut. The licence of the Three Tuns in Barnstaple is withheld as the publican is often drunk. 1 9 1853 Most of the Journal is taken up by coverage of the newly published 'Barnstaple Bribery Commission' which has looked into election irregularities. 8 9 1853 A visitor to Ilfracombe writes to the Journal decrying the cruel treatment of donkeys in the resort. John March, Master of Barnstaple Workhouse, is assaulted by an inmate - he complains of numerous other attacks. 15 1853 Ilfracombe is said to be infested with 'cadgers' or beggars. Supt.Aldham of Barnstaple police applies for other jobs when the council reduce his wages by £20 a year. 22 9 1853 Charles Palmer is granted a licence for Barnstaple Theatre so long as he employs a special constable 'for the maintenance of order.' A letter to the Journal from Torrington details Thomas Fowler's ideas re decimal coinage 29 A dwarf called Bartlett from Buckland Brewer appears at Barnstaple Fair. John Clarke a railway navvy is charged with theft of a horse at Burrington. 6 10 1853 Bideford Town council advertise for a new Police Superintendent at a salary of £80 p.a. 'without any perquisites.' Francis Harris, a quack doctor of Berrynarbor is gaoled for a month for inoculating people with smallpox. 13 10 1853 Mrs.Andrews, mistress of the Barnstaple National School, is dismissed for perjury to the Commission looking into election bribery charges. A letter to the Journal complains of corruption amongst the trustees of Hugh Squier's charity in South Molton. 20 Four 'gleaners' on Braunton Great Field are charged with theft. Burning tar barrels are rolled down Bideford High Street to celebrate November 5th. 17 11 1853 Dr.Budd is elected to Barnstaple council following his campaign to ban pig-keeping in the town's gardens and cellars. Appledore is said to be very insanitary having 120 'nuisances' in the village. 24 11 1853 The Journal prints a letter decrying the destruction of a spring said to have medical attributes at Anchor Wood, Barnstaple. Eliza Molland, a servant of Mariansleigh, sues her employers as she has been 'much neglected and ill treated by the family'. 1 12 1853 The town crier of Braunton announces a reward of £1 for catching vandals who destroyed the churchyard gatepost. A roller used on Torrington bowling green is pushed over the hill into the Rolle Canal - a reward of £5 is offered for information. 8 12 1853 The 'notorious' Henry Smyth of Landkey who has 5 'criminal sons' is gaoled for 9 months for stealing apples. An applicant for the job of Master of Barnstaple Workhouse is rejected for being a nonconformist. 15 12 1853 Elizabeth Harding of Berrynarbor is arrested for theft - 'she now bears some unpronounceable name having formed a matrimonial alliance with a black man.' In Bideford a man rides a 'Marshall's Propeller' (a form of bicycle) around the town - which 'will ultimately supersede horseflesh.' 22 12 1853 Two men working on the construction of the new railway station in Barnstaple are injured in an explosion. A 23' long beaked whale is washed up on Saunton Sands. It takes 4 men and 4 horses 2 days to cut it up and remove it. 29 12 1853 The Mayor of Barnstaple supplies a dinner of roast beef and plum pudding to inmates of the town prison. A new plough is invented by George Thomas 'a young smith' of Bishops Tawton. 29 12 1853 A Journal editorial asks that local postmen be given gifts as they only earn 7/- (35p) for a 7 day week. Thomas Pridham, a Bideford doctor, gives Christmas dinner to 50 poor people in his house. 5 1 1854 Dr.Clarke of Lynton is sued for malpractice after he uses his fingernails on a patient's tongue rather than scissors. A cold snap allows skating for 2 days on Northam Burrows. 12 1854 A riot in Bideford over high food prices ends when police arrest 3 ringleaders. The Ilfracombe Widows & Aged Persons' Bread Fund has given out 1500 6d loans since November 1853. 19 1 1854 Philip Gammon of Marwood tries to commit suicide in the Pottington lime kiln but is rescued. Cheap food is specially brought to Torrington to help the third of the population said to be 'paupers in all but name.' 26 1854 Two lectures on Mormonism are given in the Latter Day Saints Room in South Molton. Joshua Willis an itinerant umbrella seller from 'the odorous region of Green Lane' in Barnstaple is fined 5/- for drunkenness. 2 Drunkeness amongst navvies building the North Devon Railway is said to be very common. Circulation of the North Devon Journal is put at 1160 per week. 9 1854 Dr.Budd of Barnstaple Town Council proposes that St.Peter's graveyard is closed as a health risk. Bideford buy new clothing for their 2 policemen who were 'shabby' compared to those of Torrington and Barnstaple. 16 1854 In Ilfracombe Sandy Lane is renamed Highfield Road. A pamphlet is published proposing the enclosure with hedges of the Valley of the Rocks in Lynton. 23 1854 Three young boys who steal lead from a roof in Barnstaple are gaoled and whipped. The contractor putting in Ilfracombe's drainage system brings his own men from Southampton as they work harder than locals. 2 3 1854 A colt owned by Henry Manning of Winstone Farm, Chittlehampton is stabbed and disembowelled by unknown assailants, Some 100 residents of Chulmleigh (one sixteenth of the population) are about to emigrate. 9 3 1854 The owner of the Derby lace factory in Barnstaple holds a dinner to celebrate the installation of a new engine. The crew of a French boat in Ilfracombe harbour collect snails to eat.. 16 Five new bells for Pilton church are cast by John Taylor late of Buckland Brewer. Residents of Montpellier Terrace, Ilfracombe ask that drains to their houses be laid quickly. 20 4 1854 The Smith family of Bishops Tawton are said to be 'notorious for their idle and thievish propensities.' There are calls to provide a park in Bideford for 'gymnastic exercises.' 27 4 1854 Torrington town council are ordered to close the church, Wesleyan and Independent chapel graveyards by March 1855. William Yeo builds a foundry and new wharfs at Appledore. 4 5 1854 Antonia Phillipe a French dwarf vagrant is gaoled in Barnstaple for 2 weeks and ordered to get his hair cut. Thomas Shepherd of Bradworthy returns from Australia with 2 lbs of gold which he shows to Prince Albert. 11 A new sea wall is being constructed at Instow using stone from Appledore. The fame of Weare Giffard for its strawberries is mentioned in the Journal. 18 5 1854 Effigies of a man and woman said to be carrying on an adulterous affair are burned at Derby in Barnstaple to show public anger. The congregation of Bideford church walks out in protest at 'High Church' prayers. 25 1854 The sexton of St.Peter's, Barnstaple is attacked for being drunk during church services. Elizabeth Clibbett an unmarried mother charges her 'faithless swain' with non payment of maintenance - he is gaoled for 2 months. 1 6 1854 Llewellyn Harvey of Torrington is charged with the murder of Mary Richards - he is hanged at Exeter. Crime is said to be low in Appledore even though they have suspended their policeman. 8 6 1854 A report on the Braunton Revel describes it as 'that disgraceful relic of our ancestors' folly.' The parish clerk of Mariansleigh publicly announces suspicions that a man who had deserted his wife has been murdered. 15 6 1854 Two Dolton musicians are fined following a fight over money collected following their appearance in a Torrington pub. Some 47 men apply to be the new Police Superintendent of Barnstaple. 22 The Barnstaple church clock is reset to show 'London time.' A temperance meeting in Bideford attracts 1000 men. 29 1854 John Bowden of Chittlehampton absconds from South Molton workhouse for the 30th time. Thomas Soper a miner who gets drunk in Ilfracombe is locked up in the Clock Tower until sober. 6 7 1854 Fanny Gould of Newport in Barnstaple is the first woman to charge her husband with assault under a new Parliamentary Act. A new pumping engine is installed at Venn quarry in Landkey. 13 1854 The North Devon Railway between Exeter and Barnstaple is opened. Jane Willis an Ilfracombe thief flees to Cardiff but is captured there and sent back for trial. 20 A woman called Greek of Little Shelfin in Ilfracombe is struck and killed by lightning. Bideford is said to be one of the three healthiest towns in Britain. 3 1854 Two 'abandoned females' called Harris and Babb are charged with mugging a sailor in Bideford. Tea and cakes are provided for prisoners in Barnstaple gaol to mark the opening of the local railway. 10 8 1854 A Cornish visitor to Bideford who is 'cured' of asthma is said to be a good advert for the town. There are 20 people in Barnstaple workhouse who have been abandoned there by their families. 17 1854 The two Bideford policemen carry out a house-to-house search for 'nuisances'. Robert Tamlyn who has been twice transported to Australia as a criminal appears in Barnstaple police court. 24 A court case is held regarding ownership of instruments used by the Swimbridge church orchestra. Three people die of cholera during an outbreak in Appledore. 21 9 1854 The lessee of Barnstaple Theatre is ordered not to go on to midnight as departing crowds at that time have caused problems. Three female thieves in Barnstaple are described as 'poor, fagged, ragged, slovenly mortalsÉ.whose characters it seemed were as loose as their garments.' 28 1854 The Barnstaple Girls Blue Coat School teaches reading but not writing and arithmetic. Allotments on Torrington Commons are said to be in the hands of rich men rather than the poor. 5 1854 Six people die from cholera in Northam. A female burglar Elizabeth Stapledon is arrested in Torrington after houses in Mill Street are broken into. 12 George Eames of Barnstaple is fined 2/6 for using 'indecent gestures' towards P.c.Baker. Forty different models are submitted by architects for ways of widening Bideford Bridge. 9 11 1854 A Barnstaple wedding is held between two deaf and dumb people, their bridesmaid is also deaf and dumb. Five Appledore boys are serving on Royal Navy ships at the Crimean War. 16 11 1854 A bastardy case at Barnstaple reveals 'a deplorable state of immorality among the youth of the community.' Three Westleigh villagers are charged with stealing 130 sleepers from the North Devon Railway. 23 1854 The first burial occurs in Ilfracombe's new privately developed cemetery. The Rev.Charles Kingsley, who is staying in Bideford, preaches on behalf of the town's 'Provident Clothing Club'. 30 11 1854 Catherine Bradway a gipsy is charged with telling fortunes at Ilfracombe and is gaoled for 4 weeks. Bideford postal staff contribute a day's wages to help troops fighting the Crimean War. 7 12 1854 A 40 year old Ilfracombe widower with 6 children marries a 21 year old woman but is so drunk he can hardly sign the marriage register. Clovelly is said to be insanitary due to the fumes from the lime kiln at the bottom of the village street. 14 Three gamekeepers at Bideford are shot in a fight with poachers. The Ilfracombe Clothing Club distribute warm clothes to the poor. 21 12 1854 A call for a return to mail coaches is made following a railway derailment at Crediton. Ilfracombe police are condemned for detaining two 'respectable young men.' 28 12 1854 The new Tory Mayor of Barnstaple John Harris is attacked by the Journal for his 'disgusting' speech on entering the office. Miss German is appointed schoolmistress at the South Molton workhouse. 4 1855 The new high wall around Torrington Cemetery is to cost £495. C.Pridham of Bideford, a medical student, is presented with 10 guineas for his help during a recent cholera outbreak in the town. 11 Two members of the Taddiport Friendly Society come to blows over a disagreement about money. The Rev.Charles Kingsley is teaching Drawing at Bideford Mechanics Institute. 18 1 1855 David Davies, the contractor for building the Braunton marsh embankment, is summoned for non-payment of wages to his workmen. Robert and Mary Thorne are arrested in South Molton for passing counterfeit coin in the town. 25 1 1855 John Bolt of Yarnscombe is charged by his apprentice Mary Furse with beating her with a rope. Hitchcock & Co woollen manufacturers of South Molton win a Government contract to supply blankets to the Army in Crimea. 1 2 1855 P.c.Cole of Torrington breaks his leg in coach crash whilst on his way to arrest a counterfeiter at Chulmleigh. Samuel Cocking, a tramp, is arrested at Bideford for theft. He is said to be a 'Silent Creeper' thief. 8 1855 The Rev.Jerome Clapp of Appledore calls for a teetotal government to take power in Britain. A new promenade is being constructed in Ilfracombe on Runnacleave Meadows; it is to be called Western Parade. 15 1855 William James 'sometimes a faithful workman' at Braunton Lighthouse dies. A Torrington man fighting in the Crimea writes home to his parents and the Journal prints his letter. 22 2 1855 Three women in Barnstaple Workhouse are gaoled for 2 weeks after they break windows in the building. The prevalence of illegitimate children in North Devon is blamed on young people attending village 'revels' and getting drunk. 1 The new Corn Market in Barnstaple opens, it has the Music Hall above it. Mr.Yeo of Appledore is constructing a new dry dock with associated store buildings. 8 3 1855 The newly elected Barnstaple MP Mr.Tite is stripped of his seat following allegations of corruption during his election. Henry Smith of Landkey, a poacher, is arrested. He apparently wishes to kill the Rev.John Russell. 15 3 1855 At a Tory election meeting the crowd call for 'Three groans for the North Devon Journal'. P.c.Snell arrests an Army deserter at Braunton after reading his description in the 'Hue and Cry' police magazine. 22 1855 An Ilfracombe horse thief, George Marchant is transported to Australia for 14 years. James Snell is sentenced to 6 years in gaol for shooting two gamekeepers at Bideford during a bungled poaching attempt. 29 3 1855 Two new rows of houses are to be built at Old Town, Bideford. They are named Langdon and Inkerman Place. Prostitutes visit George Houlford whilst he is in Torrington lock-up on charges of beating his wife. 5 4 1855 A 'stag hunt' is held in Torrington when 200 young men publicly shame a married man and a 'spruce young widow' he is having an affair with. Elizabeth Davis of Barnstaple throws 'corrosive liquid' over Ann Martin following an argument. 12 1855 Charles Kingsley publishes Westward Ho! and starts mass tourism in North Devon. A £2 reward is offered for information as to who pushed the Torrington bowling club's roller down the Castle Green hill. 19 The weekly circulation of the Journal is said to be 1168. Edward Capern, Bideford's 'postman-poet' is to publish his poems in book form. 26 4 1855 In Torrington Mary Hobbs, politely described as 'a lady of the pave', is fined 25p for using obscene language. Miss Oxenham a Barnstaple pawnbroker is condemned for her part in allowing 'young pilferers to get rid of goods dishonestly obtained.' 3 5 1855 A letter writer from Bideford reckons that skittles, cards and bagatelle games are 'ruining' young men in the town. A lecture on teetotalism in Bratton Fleming sees 26 men 'signing the pledge'. 10 5 1855 Twelve specimens of iron ore from the Exmoor Iron Mines are sent to the Paris Universal Exhibition. The foundation stone of a new Bible Christian chapel is laid in Reform Street in Barnstaple. 17 Desertion of wives by their husbands is said to be unusually common in Fremington. The herring fishing season at Clovelly is very poor owing to the prevailing cold weather. 24 1855 J.Hayman and H.Petter, joint owners of the Journal dissolve their partnership following political differences. Samuel Norman and his cart horse are badly injured when they fall into the Lee limekilns at Combe Martin. 31 5 1855 A new landlord of the Carpenter's Arms in the Derby area of Barnstaple vows not to allow any more 'orgies' to take place there. The congregation of Mormons existing in South Molton is attacked by the Journal editor 7 6 1855 A Tory councillor on Barnstaple town council unsuccessfully tries to reduce the town police force from 5 to 3 men. The Ilfracombe Revel is described as 'This remnant of the barbarism, folly and vice of former generations.' 14 A new 6 bell ring is to be installed in St.Mary's church in Appledore. Grace Harris of Roborough abandons her 4 children following the death of her husband. 21 1855 A new Commercial Bank opens in Bideford - the eighth new shopfront in 6 years. Workmen at the North Devon Pottery works at Weare Gifford are praised for trying to save a boy who falls into the Torridge. 28 1855 Penhill in Fremington catches fire and the private West of England Assurance Company brigade attend. Two Braunton constables are fined £2 each for not dealing with 4 drunks at the Red Lion Inn. 5 1855 New illustrated papers are attacked as being 'pictorial food for children.' Mary Coombes of Swimbridge is charged with burying her dead illegitimate child in an orchard - but the case is dismissed. 12 7 1855 Two Weare Giffard men in Australia find the largest gold nugget ever recorded - and return to their home in triumph. Two warring factions of the St.Giles Female Friendly Society agree to bury their differences. 19 7 1855 Tristram Gent a Torrington lodging house keeper is fined 50p for allowing both sexes to sleep in the same room. John Chapman is arrested for drunkenly disturbing the service in the Barnstaple Baptist chapel. 26 7 1855 A Mormon preacher holds a public meeting in Barnstaple and is attacked for spreading the 'immoralities and blasphemies which compose the Mormon faith.' The poor who use Compass Hill in Ilfracombe for drying their washing are told not to do it any more. 2 The potato crop on Braunton Great Field is devastated by disease. Some 200 allotments are being worked on Torrington Commons. 9 8 1855 A driver on the North Devon Railway is gaoled for 2 months for being drunk on duty. Some 250 members of the Hartland Men's Club have dinner at the New Inn in the village. 16 8 1855 Thomas Lee of Goodleigh refuses to pay his servant girl's wages after he finds her in a haystack with her soldier lover. Lord Clinton offers to supply trees to decorate the new Torrington cemetery. 23 1855 P.c.Cole of Torrington is attacked by a sheep stealer he tracks across country. A move to halve Bideford's two man police force in the name of economy is defeated. 30 8 1855 A public meeting in Ilfracombe discusses selling the town's old workhouse which was given to the parish several centuries before. The 'lift bridge' being built over Fremington Creek for the North Devon Railway nears completion. 6 9 1855 A tin hat used as a shop sign in Barnstaple is removed and placed on top of Queen Anne's statue in the town. The Torrington Book Club celebrates its 70th anniversary. 13 The wife of Alfred Bater the Barnstaple town crier gives birth to a son. A case concerning a dispute over allotments on Langtree Common is heard at Torrington. 11 10 1855 Balsdon, a lime burner of Westleigh, sues Mr.Gammon, a farmer of Instow, for £11.32 worth of lime he sold him. Appledore Independent Chapel opens after a long period of 'suspended animation'. 18 1855 Female stallholders choose their pitches in the new Barnstaple Pannier Market hall. Tree planting is suggested in St.Peter's churchyard, Barnstaple to absorb 'obnoxious gases arising from the overcharged burying ground.' 25 10 1855 William Williams of Heanton Punchardon is told to marry his pregnant girlfriend if he can't afford to pay an affiliation order of 8p a week. Captain Christie marries Miss Clevland of Tapeley in Instow. 1 A Torrington court case hears about the renting and selling of pews in Torrington church. A company is formed in Ilfracombe to build 'suburban villas'. 22 1855 H. and J.Walter open a studio in Cross Street, Barnstaple specialising in 'silhouettes' and photographs. Henry Ball dies at his daughter's in Mill Street, Bideford. Her house is described as a 'miserable den of wretchedness'. 29 1855 100 sets of 'Theatrical Wardrobe' are sold by James Leander the manager of Barnstaple Theatre. Miners and engineers from the Dowlais Iron Co. of South Wales arrive on Exmoor to search for minerals. 6 12 1855 'Dirty, idle, bad tempered wives' are blamed for alcoholism amongst their husbands by the editor of the Journal. John Bowden of Chittlehampton is gaoled for the thirty second time for crimes in the area. 13 12 1855 Corporal Goff from Littleham who is with the Royal Marines fighting the Russians in the Crimea writes home to his parents and the Journal prints the letter. South Molton Town Council give £50 to help set up a Mechanics Institute in the town. 20 12 1855 It is revealed that Joseph Morris, his wife, 7 children and a lodger all sleep in one bedroom of a cottage in Swimbridge. Eliza Guard of Huntshaw is given 1 month in gaol after she abandons her 3 children at Torrington Workhouse. 27 12 1855 There is a call for a policeman to be stationed at Appledore to prevent salmon poach- ing which is rife. A cart load of mistletoe from Tiverton is sold in Ilfracombe Market being the first time it has been seen in the town. 3 1 1856 John Westacott a Barnstaple shipbuilder alleges his apprentice Charles Hooper 'played the fiddle while his comrades danced through the streets.' At Torrington the Home Secretary refuses to re-open the old graveyard - whilst the Bishop of Exeter refuses to consecrate the new one. 10 1 1856 Bideford Mechanics Institute is said to be flourishing - Ilfracombe and South Molton ask for a copy of its rules. 25 members of the South Molton Mechanics Institute are elected to form its first committee. 17 1856 Westlake's Charity in Barnstaple distributes 200 cwts of coal to the poor. The Journal notes a case of illegitimacy adding 'Of course we cannot pollute our columns with the evidence.' 24 1 1856 The Mayor of Torrington reads the burial service over the first person to be buried in the new town cemetery as local clergy refuse to do it. The West Buckland Clothing Club presents gifts to the Rev.Brereton for all his help. 31 1856 The Barnstaple Brewery in Litchdon Street is sold. The Journal publishes an account of the 'Hunting of the Earl of Tyrone' at Combe Martin. 7 1856 There is a call to set up a Mechanics Institute in Chulmleigh. In Barnstaple a public meeting votes to establish a Soup Kitchen to help feed the poor. 14 12 labourers apply to the 'emigration agent' at Torrington asking to move to the USA. The Bideford Ragged School has helped improve 'the morals of the children who attend.' 21 1856 Elizabeth & Jane Fry of Barnstaple assault Agnes Drake saying she had 'witch'd 'em lousy'. In South Molton Amelia Western alias the 'Great Western' is charged with theft at a local brothel. 28 1856 The Journal suggests that 'Christians' refuse postal deliveries on a Sunday. Ann Perrin (20) who has 2 bastards in Barnstaple Workhouse is described as 'a hard faced wretch belonging to the parish of Berrynarbor.' 6 3 1856 Huxtable & Toms of 6 High Street, Barnstaple are the only shop in town selling ready-made clothes for men. A young man named Mounce dies of overdrinking at Langtree. 13 3 1856 Dr.Britton dies in Barnstaple - he claims to have caught Nelson in his arms when he was shot at Trafalgar. Richard Coats severs his own leg with a pocket knife after being trapped by a rockfall in a Braunton quarry. 20 3 1856 Charles Chidley from Bideford is put in charge of the Rajah of Guikwas' army in India. Dinnaton Farm, Swimbridge is badly damaged by fire after the Chittlehampton fire engine takes 1 hours to arrive. 27 3 1856 Elizabeth Sanders a prostitute from High Bickington is arrested for being drunk and disorderly in Barnstaple. A would-be Barnstaple churchwarden, J.K.Marsh, is denounced by the Journal editor for being corrupt. 3 4 1856 An 1807 parish account book from Ilfracombe is said to record the purchase of a ducking stool for scolding women. Robert Gribble a Barnstaple ironmonger's apprentice runs off to join the Army. 10 4 1856 The Newton Tracey Friendly Society refuses to pay sickness benefit to William Woolacott as he was drunk when injured. Bideford Quay and properties in East-the-Water flood following high tides. 17 4 1856 Badger baiting is said to be taking place in a pub at the bottom of Pilton. Grace Harris of Winkleigh is gaoled for 2 weeks for deserting her child in Torrington Workhouse. 24 4 1856 Chittlehampton parishioners ask that P.c.William Ballard be dismissed for getting a local girl pregnant - he isn't. Illegal games of skittles are said to occur at the Ship Inn in Bideford. 1 A team of divers is at work around Lundy salvaging goods from sunken vessels. The Church of England section of the new Barnstaple cemetery is consecrated. 5 6 1856 The Marwood Friendly Society march in procession with the Braunton Band at their head to mark their AGM. The Crediton Literary Institute visit Tapeley Park in Instow. 12 6 1856 In a South Molton bastardy case 'Several young men come forward, and unblushingly disclosed their own evil doing.' Hatherleigh stages celebrations to mark peace in the Crimean War. 19 6 1856 Thomas Lewis of Barnstaple wears his Waterloo medals around town as usual in this week to mark the anniversary of the battle. A meeting at Northam discusses how to strengthen the Westward Ho! pebble ridge. 26 1856 150 people sit down to a tea provided by the Bratton Fleming Teetotal Society. Keziah Shapland is gaoled for a week for breaking 30 panes of glass in South Molton Workhouse. 3 7 1856 3 new villas 'Henwick', 'Balmoral' and 'Paon Shun' are to be built at Hostle Park, Ilfracombe. John Bowden is gaoled for the 38th time for absconding from South Molton Workhouse. 10 1856 12 girls hold a picnic at the top of Buckland Brewer church tower. The AGM of the Torrington Association for the Protection of Property elects William Leverton of Beaford as chairman. 17 1856 John Westaway a hurdy-gurdy player is assaulted at a Friendly Society dinner at Buckland Brewer. Apps Brewery in Littleham announces that they will be giving their workers a half day holiday every Wednesday. 24 A Plymouth Royal Marines band plays at Tawstock fete. A series of lectures are held on Phrenology in Barnstaple - the Journal denounces them. 7 1856 A new brass band is set up by young South Molton tradesmen. At Braunton Gideon Bassett (80) marries a 40 year old widow - and is pelted with cabbage stalks by village youngsters. 14 8 1856 Jane Lewis is denounced as 'a thoroughgoing cadger' and gaoled for 1 week after begging in Barnstaple. Mrs.Trollope, a famous travel writer, visits Ilfracombe. 21 8 1856 An inquiry reveals that many of the 97 public allotments in Combe Martin have been illegally sold. Mr.Elworthy of Kingsland Farm, South Molton introduces the first reaping machine into the area. 28 St.Peter's graveyard in Barnstaple is to be planted with bushes to beautify it. Robert Guard of Bishops Tawton absconds from Barnstaple Workhouse leaving his wife and 3 children. 6 11 1856 Robert Turner, clerk to the Rolle Canal Company, falls into the canal and dies later that day. A turnpike gate is cut in two and the nearby toll booth is burnt down at Winkleigh. 13 11 1856 Charles Harding the parish clerk and leader of the church orchestra at Kentisbury refuses to return his violin. A lecture on Australia is given in Torrington by John Row who emigrated there in 1842. 20 11 1856 A fire at Thomas Brannam's factory in North Walk, Barnstaple comes close to destroying the business. W.H.Braund, a bookseller of New York, returns to marry Anne Braund of Clawton Barton. 27 A Barnstaple branch of a national Anti-Income Tax movement is set up. The newly formed South Molton Burial Board elect their first clerk. 4 12 1856 John Kelson, leader of the Mormon church in South Molton, charges 2 youths with disrupting his services. Bideford town council allow the congregation from Lavington chapel to use the Town Hall whilst their chapel is refurbished. 11 12 1856 Caroline Brent of Barnstaple charges Mary Burrell with spreading rumours that she has had an abortion. George Britton of Apps Brewery, Littleham breaks his leg in Bideford. 18 12 1856 Sgt.Chanter of Barnstaple police is given a reward of £10 for capturing a Horwood sheep thief who is transported to Australia. Eliza Bate has twins in Bideford Workhouse after her husband deserts her and marries another bigamously. 27 Thorne's Brick and Tile Manufactory at Chapelton, Tawstock offers 150,000 cheap bricks for sale A 160' long wooden goods shed at the Bideford Railway Station collapses in a storm. 15 1857 Barnstaple policeman P.c.Youings retires with an illness that 'often follows as the penalty of sensuality.' The Rev.Richard Knill who was born in Braunton and served as a missionary in India and Russia dies. Some 14 million of his religious tracts were sold during his lifetime. 22 1 1857 In South Molton Amelia Western alias 'The Great Western' is fined 25p for being drunk and disorderly. Henry Young of Barnstaple builds a new more efficient steam engine. 29 1 1857 Seldon & Co. of Barnstaple offer the first products from their newly built clay tobacco pipe factory to the public. The Andrews Dole Dinner is held in Bideford as it has been for some 300 years previously. 5 Chulmleigh residents call for a village policeman to fight a tide of crime amongst them William Yeo is to open a chain cable factory behind New Quay in Appledore. 5 3 1857 George Vickery a Mariansleigh dwarf is charged by Sarah Kingdon as the father of her illegitimate child. Bideford town council hear that 16 of the town's lamps have been broken by boys playing with balls. 12 3 1857 A court case heard in Bideford is over the erection of a new quay at Peppercombe in Alwington. A Barnstaple Tory councillor demands an end of sick pay to the town's police force. 19 1857 Uriah Gay a gipsy camped at Bishopsnympton is arrested for horse stealing. The South Molton Burial Board is to spend £600 on Barns Close to expand the town's cemetery. 26 1857 The 'Electric Telegraph' arrives in Barnstaple and connects North Devon to the rest of Britain. William Peters a boy of Derby, Barnstaple is fined 5p for throwing stones in the street. 2 1857 Catherine Harkness of Torrington is charged with begging and is gaoled for 2 months. John Scott a Barnstaple hawker is gaoled for 3 months for stealing clothes from a High Street shop. 9 Frederick Maunder, Mayor of Barnstaple, has his woollen factory at Raleigh burnt down. Two lime kilns at Tapeley, Westleigh are to let - they have their own railway siding. 16 1857 Some 200 North Devonians travel by rail to Plymouth to embark on emigration ships. Mrs.Mary Hill dies at Ilfracombe aged 87 - 'who for many years performed the office of ladies' bather at Wildersmouth.' 23 4 1857 The Ilfracombe church has its floor concreted over to hide the smell from graves inside the building. The 1 year old son of the rector of Little Torrington, dressed as a Freemason, lays the foundation stone of the church that is being rebuilt. 30 4 1857 Two Mormons address a meeting in Bickington; the Journal calls them a 'vile set of impostors'. A Bideford man goes to sleep and when he wakes finds his leg has dropped off. 7 1857 E.Hopson of the Strand, Bideford sells a 'portable house erected for taking Photographic Likenesses.' A Barnstaple man called Forrester stalks Torrington Fair waving a gun and searching for his prostitute lover. 14 At Barnstaple 10 woolcombers go on trial for assaulting a 'blackleg' during a strike. R.Gould a Barnstaple architect is appointed to design the South Molton cemetery. 4 1857 3 men are injured by an explosion at Mr.Cox's stone quarry at Cleavehouses, Northam. The AGM of two Friendly Societies at North Molton is followed by 'fighting and quarrelling during the night.' 11 6 1857 Martha Capern of Barnstaple is described 'as a very noisy character, quite a pest to the neighbourhood.' The new church of Sts.Philip & James in Ilfracombe is consecrated. 18 6 1857 1000 people arrive at Bideford station to go to Northam Burrows. Mr.Morfill's Torrington Band accompany them. The first Clovelly herring caught this season is sold, as tradition dictates, to the Lord of the Manor. 25 1857 Elizabethan coins are found secreted in a roof at Hartland. The foundation stone is laid of 7 new almshouses at the top of Meddon Street in Bideford. 2 7 1857 Windows in the women's ward of Bideford workhouse have to be nailed up to stop Philip Squire of Alwington climbing in. John Miller, owner of the Derby Lace Factory in Barnstaple, grows a cucumber 2' long. 9 Christopher Shapland's house at Frithelstock catches fire; the Torrington fire brigade attend. Members of the Landkey Friendly Society go to court to settle their differences. 16 1857 The foundation stone of a new Baptist Chapel is laid in Meeting Street, Appledore. The North Devon Building Society takes Kivell, a Langtree farmer, to court after he reneges on his mortgage. 23 1857 3 lime kilns at the North Devon Dock, Fremington Pill are put up for sale. After a watchman shoots 'scrumpers' at Rose Hill, Barnstaple local doctors are asked to report on any wounded patients. 30 7 1857 Walkers in Ilfracombe are 'not a little aggravated by the crinolinian expansion of the ladies' dresses.' Crops are plentiful in North Devon but harvesting will be difficult as so many labourers have emigrated. 6 8 1857 George Rooke of Parracombe is brought to the Barnstaple hospital after fracturing his leg in a wrestling match. William Hearn of New Street, Torrington assaults Elizabeth Penny after he accuses her of bewitching his pigs. 13 1857 Horse dung is put into a newly erected letter box in Boutport Street, Barnstaple. A poem by James Jenkins of Bideford is printed and the Journal notes 'We insert the above lines not for any merit they possess, but to encourage poetic aspirations.' 20 8 1857 Female swimmers at the Tunnels Beach, Ilfracombe only enter the sea water with a rope tied around their waist. The foundation stone is laid of the new market house at Holsworthy. 27 1857 The Capstone Parade in Ilfracombe is widened. Some £300 is subscribed at Bideford to build a new river bank walk between the town and Northam. 3 9 1857 Complaints are made that the graveyard around St.Mary's, Bideford is being desecrated by boys trampling over it. Fanny Allen of Torrington is fined £1 for using obscene language to Elizabeth Bridgway. 10 9 1857 A £25 share in the Barnstaple Theatre is sold - it allows for free admission to all productions. The Barton Farm, East-the-Water is hit by fire and its barns destroyed. 17 9 1857 Thomas Kelly landlord of the Shipwright's Arms in Barnstaple Square is ordered to remove a filthy pig stye at the back of his pub. 24 Miss Clevland of Tapeley in Westleigh marries W.Beach MP. A survey in Bideford reveals that 336 pigs are kept in the town. 22 1857 A 'flasher' is seen in the woods at Tawstock. Thomas Hamlyn of Bideford who works in the town's anthracite mine dies of tetanus aged 32. 5 11 1857 At Hatherleigh William Woolridge 'an idiot' is put in the stocks for 6 hours for being drunk. At Eastdown Henry Featherstone fails in an attempt to commit murder - and then commits suicide. 12 1857 At Ilfracombe a woman's crinoline collapses which causes 'uproarious merriment.' Edward Capern the postman poet of Bideford is awarded a civil list pension of £40 per annum. 19 P.c.John Gore of Bratton Fleming is charged with drinking on duty and fighting. The community at East-the-Water, Bideford elect a 'Mock Mayor' to ridicule the real one. 26 1857 Mr.Brannam rebuilds his pottery in North Walk, Barnstaple (near today's Civic Centre). Isaac Kellaway, Sam Watkins and John Mitchell of Shebbear are charged with vandalism after a meeting of their Friendly Society. 29 1857 P.c.Henry Sweet of Braunton runs away with Susan Woollacott teacher at the village Infant School. The Independent Chapel, Appledore is reopened following the hurried departure of the minister over 'a serious moral offence.' 3 12 1857 Mrs.Elizabeth Thorold of Northam dies - she clothed 50 school children and restored the old workhouse as a school. A diving bell is used off Baggy Point to recover shipwrecked iron. 10 12 1857 There is a call for a YMCA in Barnstaple to keep young men off the streets. Ilfracombe town clock has been stopped for many weeks following a dispute as to its upkeep. 17 1857 A major fire hits Southcott Barton in Westleigh. At South Molton Henry Matthews 'a youth steeped in villainy' is fined £5 for assaulting the police at a brothel in West Street. 24 1857 The lifeboat house on Braunton Burrows is rebuilt. Four teenage boys in Torrington are fined 50p each for pushing people off the town's pavements. 31 1857 Thomas Mortimer publishes 'A Social (not Socialist) Tract for the Times' in Barnstaple. Glove manufacturers in South Molton throw a party for their female employees to celebrate the end of short time working. 7 1 1858 William Hartnoll of Swimbridge is presented with a silver cup for opening Marsh Lime Quarry and creating jobs in the parish. Barnstaple Soup Kitchen opens and 85 gallons are distributed to the poor. 14 The Rev.Heaven, owner of Lundy, petitions Parliament to build a new 'harbour of refuge' there. The Telegraph of Appledore is captured by pirates in the Red Sea. 8 1858 Two Appledore men are charged with illegally cutting seaweed from Instow beach. Mrs.Honey, printer of Bideford, publishes 'Hell the doom of sins and other poems' by the Rev.E.Telfer. 15 1858 Barnstaple Freemasons present an illuminated address to Henry Gibbs for rescuing 6 people from drowning. The Torrington Burial Board is at loggerheads with the Bishop of Exeter over the new borough cemetery. 22 4 1858 Gun batteries are to be erected on Lundy to guard the entrance to the Bristol Channel. P.c.Reardon of Fremington is found drunk on duty but as he is about to emigrate to Australia no action is taken. 29 4 1858 Margaret Cann of Barnstaple who has 'for many years been living a profligate life' is gaoled for theft. Filleigh School makes slow students wear a dunce's cap. 6 The foundation stone of Chittlehampton Wesleyan chapel is laid. Susan Glover of Clovelly is killed by a bolt of lightning. 22 1858 The foundation stone of Cross Street Church in Barnstaple is laid. A Torrington court case concerns 'sweepings on the Commons after Edmond's menagerie of wild beasts' had left. 29 1858 William Down alias 'Wicked Willie' of High Bickington is fined for cruelty to a horse. There is said to be a 'scarcity of lodging houses' for would be tourists at Northam. 5 1858 The Rev.W.Halliday publishes his 'Guide to Lynton. Calls are made for the police to tackle the 'intolerable stench' from pig styes in Appledore. 12 The Rev.J.Brereton of West Buckland publishes his plan for a new 'farm and county school'. French fishing boats arrive in Ilfracombe and the crews hunt for snails to eat. 4 1858 A miner falls 60' down the shaft of Braunton's Beer Charter Barton copper mine. Lime and poplar trees are to be planted along the new river bank walk at Bideford. 11 11 1858 George Snow a 70 year old farmer of Ilfracombe is charged by his young servant Ann Lewis as the father of her child. Torrington marks November 5th by rolling burning tar barrels through the streets. 18 11 1858 Farmer Hole of Combe Martin imprisoned for poisoning a donkey has his gaol sentence cut by 2 years following local petitions in his favour. 25 11 1858 Ilfracombe fishermen catch such a large haul of herrings that their nets break and are washed up at Clovelly. Roger Lidstone of Plymouth advertises that he sends boxes of books to North Devon 'country subscribers' to his library. 2 James Ford is elected as the new House Surgeon to Barnstaple's North Devon Infirmary. Henry Fowles aged 7 dies after being kicked by a horse in Church Street, Braunton. 6 1 1859 A placard hung on the wall of Barnstaple's Derby lace factory charges Ellen Cawsey with 'an improper connection' with a man. P.c.Sprague of St.Giles is said to have 'too great a familiarity' with a married woman in the village. 13 1859 Bideford town council discuss the unsanitary state of the prison cells under the Guildhall. William Paddon of North Molton is gaoled for 4 years of 'penal servitude' for receiving £2 of stolen money. 20 1 1859 P.c.Moses Steer of Bickington is fined 6d for 'exceeding his duty' and using his truncheon excessively. Mr.Fursey opens a Newspaper Reading Room on Appledore Quay. 27 1 1859 Torrington churchyard has become 'the resort of persons of bad character' and is to be fenced. South Molton town council are to build a cottage for the sexton of the town's cemetery. 3 A culm and paint mine at Cleave, Bideford is advertised for letting. The Journal carries a long account of Lord Fortescue's 'Model Farm' at Castle Hill, Filleigh. 17 3 1859 William Hill of Barnstaple, a 'lazy and abandoned scoundrel', assaults Mary Davey 'chief of a low brothel' in Queen Street. Torrington town hall is said to be in danger of collapse. 24 1859 A letter is published attacking the female glovemakers of Torrington for their 'widespread immorality'. The Marshall family of Annery lime kilns lose 4 children to diphtheria owing to the unhealthiness of the site. 31 1859 The Barnstaple Board of Guardians is denounced for their callous attitude to workhouse paupers. Thomas Dilling of Beaford is heavily fined for 'indulging in the silly and dangerous practice of throwing lent shards' (broken pottery). 7 All Barnstaple houses are to be numbered to help the postmen. A new church school is to be erected opposite Sts.Philip & James church in Ilfracombe. 28 1859 Henry Crocker of the Bideford Pottery is charged with assaulting his apprentice John Hoyle. New recruits to the South Molton Teetotal Society include 'many of the worst drunkards in town'. 5 5 1859 John Popham of Bishops Tawton is gaoled for 1 month for beating his wife with a cudgel. Torrington Fair consists of just 'Two shows and a shooting gallery.' 12 1859 John Patterson of Barnstaple dies of over excitement during a town council election. William Morrish alias 'Splodger' dies of burns after sleeping by a lime kiln at East-the-Water, Bideford. 19 5 1859 The Governor of Barnstaple Prison is so fat he gets stuck in a turnstile for hour. The South Molton Cricket Club is set up. 26 Mr.Pridham's omnibus falls over Bideford Quay, luckily it is empty at the time. The High Bickington Female Friendly Society AGM sees 126 members march behind the Ebberly band. 7 1859 Howes & Cushing's 'Great United States Circus' appears at Bideford, Torrington, Holsworthy and Barnstaple. An Appledore boy is described as 'one of those amphibious little creatures who are so frequently seen like so many frogs on our beach on fine summer days.' 14 7 1859 Bideford Pill is to be drained for use as a 'place of public promenade and recreation'. The South Molton Mechanics' Institute Fete at Filleigh features 2 hot air balloons. 21 1859 Henry Leworthy is fined 5/- for 'flashing' in Bear Street, Barnstaple. Ann Bragg one of the 'North Devon Savages' is fined at Chulmleigh for assaulting a neighbour. 28 7 1859 John Nott of Chulmleigh is charged with tearing down Royal Marine recruiting posters in the village. A fire in a cottage in East Street, South Molton is extinguished by the 'engines' of the council and the Royal Exchange Insurance Co. 4 1859 Elizabeth Passmore of Barnstaple is fined 5/- for being 'habitually drunk'. A grey parrot flies into Ilfracombe from the Bristol Channel and is caught by a visitor. 11 8 1859 Bideford Turnpike Trust are to build a new toll house on the Buckland Road at the entrance to Yeo Vale Road. Mrs.Burgess, who runs a bathing machine for invalids at Instow, has it damaged by drunks. 18 It is suggested that Instow Cricket Club also becomes a Volunteer Rifle Club as well. George Whitefield a Barnstaple painter assaults his wife and daughters for being 'immoral'. 25 1859 Jane Hammett is fined 5/- for disorderly conduct at Bratton Fleming Fair. Captain William Lasley of the Louisa Braginton of Appledore is charged with kidnapping sailors in Lancashire. 1 1859 Local builders agree to reduce their men's working day by hour - to just 10 hours. John Treweak, captain of the Swimbridge Lead Mine is sued by 3 men for non-payment of wages. 8 9 1859 Richard Dyer of Ilfracombe is fined 5/- for calling local police 'a bloody set of robbers'. A 'Travelling Theatre' in the Square, Barnstaple is said to be a 'noisy nuisance'. 15 9 1859 The new Bible Christian chapel at Clovelly Dyke is denounced by Sir James Williams the local squire. A mix-up over pies being cooked in a commercial oven in Appledore leads to a court case. 22 9 1859 At Ilfracombe public decency is outraged when 2 men swim into the 'ladies bathing cove' at the Tunnels. Three Barnstaple prostitutes, Elizabeth Gunn, Sarah Barrett and Ellen Dart are fined for being drunk and disorderly in Diamond Street. 29 9 1859 A Government Inspector recommends increasing Torrington's 1 man police force to '2 night and 1 day' policemen. William Irwin the 'imbecile brother' of Joseph of Metcombe, Marwood drowns after attending Barnstaple Fair. 6 1859 Stephen Beckley a 'genuine negro' speaks at an Ilfracombe Missionary meeting. The Journal adds an extra column to each page to give it 48 columns in total. 13 1859 Nanny Vaggers, a 'herbal doctress' to the poor of Ilfracombe, dies aged 101. The idea that the post of Appledore churchwarden should be in the hands of one person forever is challenged. 20 Mary Slewman of Ilfracombe assaults her sister Elizabeth Brooks who is 'deranged in her intellect'. John Pedlar is charged with theft of lime from the Heanton Punchardon lime kilns. 17 11 1859 Barnstaple postmen are given a new uniform - red coat, brass buttons, waterproof cape, leggings and a hat with a cockade. A Torrington man sues his fiancée for money she spent on furniture for their house. 24 11 1859 Mary Norman and Thomas Berry of Berrynarber feature in a bastardy case where 'The details were unusually disgusting, and, of course, are unfit for publication.' Lynton is urged to form a Rifle Corps. 1 12 1859 Richard White the customs officer of Barnstaple goes to Lundy to recover a large amount of wrecked cargo. A Volunteer Artillery Corps is to be set up in Appledore. 8 1859 Lucy Hunt and Eliza Keefft, mine workers at Westdown, are described as 'Amazons'. A lecturer at Ilfracombe 'was dead against the use of stays by females, as the cause of deformity, weakness and disease.' 15 1859 The New Inn, Parkham is rocked by the explosion of gunpowder which is sold there. South Molton Primitive Methodists buy 2 cottages in East Street to build a chapel on the site. 22 12 1859 An account of Braunton in the 1780s speaks of how 'the inhabitants generally lived in moral darkness.' Appledorians Philip Keen (79) and Miss M.Parsons (23) marry in Bideford workhouse. 29 1859 The Journal is selling 1250 copies per week. At Ilfracombe a 'stalker' Charles Blackmore is said to have 'an insane passion' for a Mrs.Davy. 7 3 1901 Barnstaple Town Council invite tenders to supply fodder for the Council's horses A Chittlehampton labouring man John Skinner breaks both his legs in a wrestling match at Cobbaton. In a parish council election at Braunton 23 people stand for 13 seats. 14 3 1901 C.Tucker, a tailor of Joy Street, Barnstaple, advertises a patented 'cycling skirt' for sale. At Dolton the Plymouth Brethren chapel is converted into two cottages. 21 3 1901 The Kindergarten school at Newport in Barnstaple offers lessons in Music, Dancing, Calisthenics and Drawing. Census enumerators begin to count the population of North Devon. The population in 1891 was 41,368. The new Market being built at Lynton is nearly completed. 28 3 1901 Three women who sell bread in Barnstaple Market are fined for selling light weight in their products. A new lych gate is erected at North Molton by A.Shapland in memory of his mother. At Bideford a branch of the Gasworkers' and Labourers' Union is started after a public meeting. 4 4 1901 The Walford Family's Entertainment show at the Music Hall in Barnstaple features 'Animated pictures by the latest Cinematograph' of the Boer War. The introduction of electric lighting into Ilfracombe is discussed by the council. One of the bequests in the will of C.Hole, Town Clerk of Bideford, is the silver salver presented to his grandfather for his help during the Clovelly fishing boat disaster of 1821. 11 4 1901 Miss Chichester of Loxhore announces that she will not allow hunting to take place over her land. Moses Smith 'a coloured man' and his wife Fanny are fined 2/6 for disorderly conduct in Barnstaple Market. Sarah Sayers a Bideford widow is fined £3 for telling fortunes at Bideford and Ilfracombe. 18 4 1901 Barnstaple Football Club is £190 in debt and a public subscription is opened to save them from bankruptcy. James Braund retires after an accident-free 40 years as a driver for the Devon and Somerset Railway. A jumble sale at Northam Schoolroom attracts a large crowd. 25 4 1901 Fred Wolleen of Barnstaple aged 8 is given 4 strokes of the birch for shoplifting. The Torrington Fire Brigade takes an hour to attend a fire at North Hams farmhouse in Dolton after being summoned by telegraph. F.Elliott a butcher of Barnstaple introduces a refrigerator into his shop. 2 5 1901 The premises of Bideford Liberal Club are sold for £531; the club moves across the road to the building they still use today. W.R.Foster of the Granville Hotel in Ilfracombe becomes editor of the Ilfracombe Chronicle - and continues as local correspondent for the Journal. The Armada cannon at Bideford are placed on cement carriages outside the Art School. 9 5 1901 Henry Grenney, a hairdresser of Barnstaple is fined 5/- for using indecent language to Elizabeth Isaac in Paiges Lane. Northam council buys 300 tons of pebbles from George Taylor, tenant of Northam Burrows; he gets them from Westward Ho! pebble ridge. Alexander Hume, a contributor to the Journal, is arrested in London as a lunatic and beggar. 16 5 1901 A new bowling green is opened at Ashleigh Road in Barnstaple. South Molton council petition the Postmaster General to lay a trunk telephone line to the town. Bideford Bridge Trust present a sun dial, a set of stocks, a bell and a clock to the town council. 23 5 1901 The first customers travel on the Bideford - Westward Ho! railway. There is no formal opening of the line. A Barnstaple subscriber to the new telephone system refuses to pay his bill on the grounds that he cannot yet phone Ilfracombe. 30 5 1901 Superintendant Eddy of the Barnstaple Police Force orders a bicycle for the use of his men. An illegitimate child of an Ilfracombe waitress dies aged 8 weeks from 'injudicious feeding'. 6 6 1901 Lynton Town Council debate whether to construct a pier at the resort. P.c.Smith of the Barnstaple Police is given a rise to £1.4.6 a week after 7 year's service. A heated exchange of letters takes place in the Journal on the subject of Socialism. 13 6 1901 Bideford Town Council decide to erect a plaque commemorating all the townsmen who fought in the Boer War. Lower Rookabeer Farm in Fremington is sold for £800. A start is made on building the Wildersdale estate at Ilfracombe. 20 6 1901 Miss Chichester of Arlington gives permission for a new rubbish dump at Woolacombe. The Census discloses a general decline in population throughout North Devon. A letter writer denounces 'noisy young hooligans who jostle and push each other against people old and young' in Rock Park, Barnstaple 27 6 1901 Barnstaple Town Council decide to ban 'perambulators' and smoking in the Pannier Market. A husband and wife from Roseash are sentenced to gaol with hard labour for 'shocking neglect' of their 7 children. The High Bickington Female Friendly Society hold their Club Day in the village. 4 7 1901 The Bideford Free Church Council asks the Town Council to prohibit 'proprietors of steam horses entering and leaving the town with their engines on a Sunday.' Lynmouth Urban District Council discuss the building of a pier in the resort. 11 7 1901 A masssive fire at Hartland church destroys the North Roof. Damage is put at £150. A 'smuggler's cave' is discovered beneath a cottage at Mars Hill at Lynmouth and a local centenarian recalls its use. 18 7 1901 The South Molton Board of Guardians raise the wages of the Workhouse Matron from £30 to £38 per year. A plaster chimneypiece dated 1657 is discovered during demolition of a house in Cross Street to prepare the site for a new main Post Office in Barnstaple. 25 7 1901 Ilfracombe is said to be full of visitors from the USA at this date. An intrepid motorcyclist travels from London to Barnstaple in just 11 hours (although he takes 2 hours for lunch!). 1 8 1901 At Ilfracombe the 'Velograph' gives visitors a taste of early cinema with films of 'Cinderella' and 'Joan of Arc'. Four boys are cautioned in Barnstaple after bathing in the nude in the River Taw. 8 8 1901 Thirteen local members of the Plymouth Brethren are publicly baptised in the River Taw at Barnstaple. The Appledore Wesleyan Chapel celebrates its 50th anniversary. The site was given to the congregation by Thomas Geen. 15 8 1901 A cricket match between mixed sex teams is held in Barnstaple with the men being given handicaps. The Barnstaple Town Crier 'calls' a 3 year old boy who was found wandering on his own in the town. 22 8 1901 William Burns, a travelling photographer, is fined 11/- for allowing his 2 horses to stray at North Molton. An inquest into the drunken death of Philip Honeyball in Bideford Workhouse wants to know how the 78 year old managed to obtain alcohol in the Workhouse. 29 8 1901 The first public telephone is opened in Barnstaple - it is inside the main post office. Fishermen in Appledore are said to be too poor to pay their rate demands. 1 5 1902 Two gypsies, William Orchard and Joseph Sanders, are fined 46p each for being drunk and disorderly at Winkleigh. At Georgenympton Revel locals play a game which involves prodding each other with sharpened sticks. 8 5 1902 A woman living in Mill Street, Torrington is charged with 'baby farming' in that she is being paid to look after three illegitimate children by their absent mothers. James Torrington of South Molton dies aged 101 in a Cardiff workhouse. 'He was formerly a follower of the Mormons who used to hold meetings in the town.' 15 5 1902 The Journal reports that Lord Portsmouth visits South Molton 'in his motor car - a coach without horses which travels smoothly and smartly.' The Chittlehampton Fire Brigade hold their annual dinner. 22 5 1902 Florrie Chapple of Derby, Barnstaple is fined 25p for being drunk and 'acting more like a savage than a human being.' The Appledore Town Band play at the Appledore Young Mens' Club fete. 29 5 1902 Coronation Street and King Edward Street in Barnstaple are in the process of construction and are named to record the new king's coming to the throne. Two boys are fined 25p each in Bideford 'for throwing stones at the ventilating shaft at the top of High Street.' 5 6 1902 A 'counterfeit clergyman' is arrested at Ilfracombe for passing dud cheques. One of the South Molton Volunteer riflemen is accidentally shot and killed while at the local rifle range. 12 6 1902 Celebrations for the ending of the Boer War are reported from every settlement in North Devon. A meeting of Combe Martin and Berrynarbor market gardeners is held to protest at new tolls at Ilfracombe Market. 19 6 1902 Two young thieves who stole money from the Lamb Inn in Bideford are each sentenced to 12 strokes of the birch. James Miller, headmaster of the Roman Catholic school in Barnstaple is charged with assaulting a student but the case is dismissed. 26 6 1902 All schoolchildren in Bideford are given medals by the Mayor to mark the coronation of King Edward VII. At Ilfracombe Sarah Galliver sues Charles Butler over a breach of promise of marriage. She wins but is only awarded £5 damages. 3 7 1902 The telephone line between Barnstaple and Tiverton is now complete but Ilfracombe is still not connected to the network. S.J.Bale & Co of Barnstaple are selling a 6 hp MMC car for £220. 10 7 1902 A troupe of entertainers known as 'The White Coons' is appearing at the band Stand in Rock Park, Barnstaple. R.Pearse Chope publishes his 'Story of Hartland' which is printed in the parish by T.Burrow at the office of the Hartland Chronicle. 17 7 1902 An Italian ice cream man stabs a man in Barnstaple and is committed to the Assizes court for trial. Barnstaple labourers laying electric light cables strike for extra wages; blacklegs are employed to break the strike. 24 7 1902 At a meeting of the North Devon Polo Club in Fremington many cars and 'motor tricycles' turn up - they are 'becoming fairly numerous in North Devon.' A chickenpox epidemic in Hartland and Welcombe is said to have been spread by the distribution of religious tracts. 31 7 1902 The jury at Bideford Quarter Sessions complains about 'the speed of motor cars when passing through the town.' Viva Renard of Lynton is charged with telling fortunes by palmistry - the case is dismissed. 7 8 1902 Ilfracombe is described by the local Medical Officer of Health as 'the Mecca of honeymooning couples.' The vicar of Barnstaple attacks Sunday tennis, cricket and cycling saying 'A mismanaged Sunday often leads to a person's downfall.' 14 8 1902 Barnstaple Town Council borrow £21,600 from the Church Commissioners to fund the installation of electric lighting in the town. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, captains a cricket team playing at Instow. 21 8 1902 A French tourist has his car taken up by the Lynton Cliff Railway. E.Soares the local MP visits the collar factory of F.Cooper & Co in Bideford and is presented with a photo of the factory by a blind employee Miss Avery. 28 8 1902 Upcott near Torrington an Elizabethan manor house plus 372 acres of land is sold for £6500. A report on electric lighting in Lynton notes that there are now 1948 lamps in the town. 2 4 1903 The Ilfracombe Medical Officer of Health reports that 19 new houses were built in the town in 1902 and a new burial ground will soon be needed. It is noted that working class families in Lynton cannot find affordable property and will have to leave the area because of this. 9 4 1903 A commemorative tablet to those local men who fought in the Boer War is unveiled in South Molton Guildhall. Richmond House in Appledore is sold to Maj.Gen.Boyes of Abbotsham for £2500. 16 1903 No.3 Vicarage Lawn, Barnstaple is sold at auction for £259. A writ is served on Barnstaple Town council alleging wasteful spending of public money on electric lighting for the town. 23 Rodsworthy farmhouse at Roseash is destroyed by fire. A new sanatorium is opened at Bicklighscombe, St.Brannock's in Ilfracombe at a cost of £4000. 30 4 1903 A local amateur 'Black and White Minstrels' group performs in Bideford Music Hall to raise funds for an 'engine' for the church organ. Sam Hopkins who for 21 years was the postman in Ashford is dismissed for ill health - without a pension. 7 5 1903 Allen Comerford a London solicitor charged with 'furious driving of a motor cycle' at Tawstock is fined £2. Geneva School, Bideford is opened. It is designed to hold 510 'infants' and 380 'girls'. 14 At South Molton James Bouchier alias 'Klondyke' is gaoled for 14 days as a vagrant. William Vaughan owner of the largest glovemaking factory in Torrington dies. 21 1903 Thomas Pearce of the Borough Restaurant in High Street, Barnstaple instals an 'American soda fountain.' A horse is scared by a car at Heanton - this 'tends to bring the motor car into disrepute.' 28 1903 The first electric fridge in Barnstaple is installed by Fred Elliott a High Street butcher. Charles Smith a Swimbridge labourer is killed when he is run over by a threshing machine. 4 6 1903 The first woman doctor is appointed to the North Devon Infirmary - she is Miss M.Morriss from London. The Buckland Brewer Bible Christian chapel is opened. 11 6 1903 Henry Miller owner of the Derby lace factory in Barnstaple dies and leaves 25p to each of his 400 employees. A suggested new pier at Lynmouth is opposed by those with 'a dread of the tripper element.' 18 6 1903 A shop selling electric lights is to open in Barnstaple at the corner of Cross Street and Paige's Lane. A rumour that the United Services College at Westward Ho! is to leave the area is denied. 25 6 1903 Mr.Carnegie, the US philanthropist, offers £3000 to Ilfracombe council to help finance a library in the town. Mary Luscombe (24) of Braunton dies following an illegal abortion. No-one is arrested. 25 6 1903 The annual inspection of the Appledore Lads' Naval Brigade takes place at the Royal Naval Reserve Battery in the village. Devon County Ladies' Golf Club defeat the Gloucester Ladies' at Westward Ho! 'with great ease'. 2 North Devon councillors describe speeding cars as 'an intolerable nuisance in their neighbourhood'. Braunton Fancy Fair includes 'Selections on Edison's Grand Concert Phonograph.' 9 7 1903 Ilfracombe Council accept an offer of £3000 from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to build a library in the town. C.Youings of Barnstaple Town council is to sue the North Devon Herald for libel. 16 1903 33 Lime Grove, Bideford is sold for £220. An old tradition about 3 burials in a fortnight is discussed at Parracombe following the death of a 3 year old boy. 23 1903 A walking race is held at Croyde to publicise the resort. At South Molton Joseph Casanelli, a fish hawker, is fined 2/6 for leaving his horse and cart unattended. 30 Barnstaple Music Hall is to be lit with electricity. Tiles 'supposed to be Roman' are unearthed at St.Catherine's Tor, Hartland. 3 9 1903 Shapland & Petter in Barnstaple are to join the municipal electricity scheme and close their own generating plant. The annual 'sand building' competition is held at Woolacombe. 10 9 1903 A Ladies Walking Race from Ilfracombe to Croyde Bay attracts 24 entrants and is won by Beatrice Delbridge. 8000 pieces of Royal Barum Ware are exported to South Africa. 17 9 1903 Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway Company erect a large hall at Westward Ho! which includes a stage for concert parties. Litchardon Farm, Fremington is struck by lightning and much damaged by the subsequent fire. 24 9 1903 Sydney Harper & Co of Barnstaple and Bideford publish a series of coloured postcards showing local scenes. At The Beacon in Ilfracombe French nuns offer French language courses. 1 The foundation stone of a new Bible Christian chapel is laid at Langtree. The Braunton lighthouse is connected by telephone to the coastguards at Appledore and Croyde. 17 1903 St.Peter's church in Ilfracombe is consecrated - it replaces the 'old iron church'. The widow of Thomas Garland is the last person buried at St.Mary Magdalene churchyard in Barnstaple which is now full. 23 1903 Some 158 consumers are now using electricity in Barnstaple. A local gipsy Henry Sanders is fined 1/- (5p) at Torrington for not being in control of his horse and cart. 31 12 1903 Fox, Fowler and Co re-open their bank in Cross Street, Barnstaple after rebuilding operations which lasted a year. Caleb Squire is elected the Worshipful Master of the Freemasonry Lodge in Bideford. 7 1904 Thomas Popham, a Barnstaple cattle drover, is gaoled for 4 months for stealing a dog. A fire in Well Street, Torrington, guts the workshop of builder H.Grant causing £100 worth of damage. 14 1904 The Chittlehampton Fire Brigade are treated to dinner by their secretary Stephen Howard. The South Molton Medical Officer of Health highlights cancer as the cause of many deaths in the town. 21 1 1904 A 'Coloured Abyssinian Missionary' gives a talk on 'The Martinique Horror' (a volcanic eruption) in Barnstaple. Ilfracombe Council accepts a £3000 gift from Mr.Carnegie to build a public library in the town. 28 1 1904 'Passive Resistance' to the payment of an education tax to support church schools is widespread amongst Bideford non-conformists. Barnstaple Town Council vote to install electric lights in the town's Music Hall. 4 1904 The new Post Office in Torrington is opened in a very low key ceremony. Dennis Bros. of Guildford win orders to build cars for the Russian Royal family - the brothers come originally from Huntshaw. 11 Arlington Friendly Societies meet and hold a Sports Festival. An Appledore barge owner finds a rock in the R.Torridge thought to contain gold. 30 6 1904 Pottery produced by the Fishley family in Fremington is on display at the St.Louis Exhibition in the USA. A ship arrives in Bideford from France carrying furniture for the newly established Catholic school in the town. 7 7 1904 The vicar of Holsworthy wins heavy damages in a slander case where it was alleged he had loose morals. The Bible Christian chapel in Molland is closed so the congregation hold services in the open air. 14 1904 Two cottages are burnt down at Pristacott, Tawstock owing to a shortage of water. The 108 members of the Kentisbury Death Club vote to wind up the society after 64 years. 21 1904 Northam Town Council ban the removal of any stones from Westward Ho! pebble ridge. The claims of Lundy Island as a 'Harbour of Refuge' for the Bristol Channel are strongly advanced. 28 7 1904 E.Foxcroft, headmaster of Black Torrington school dies of poison after telling the children 'he was bewitched by their parents.' Skeletons are found on the site of the new library and town hall extension in Bideford. 4 The Kingsley Memorial Committee in Bideford choose Joseph Whitehead to sculpt the Kingsley statue. Parkham Female Friendly Society holds its AGM, it has 200 members. 11 1904 A memorial to Fred Willis killed in the Boer War is unveiled in Marwood church. During a discussion on cars in South Molton a councillor says he would like to 'blow all the blooming things up.' 18 1904 General Charles Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, visits Barnstaple, Bideford and Ilfracombe. The high infant mortality rate in Bideford is blamed on working mothers leaving their children 'improperly cared for.' 25 1904 New class rooms are opened at Combe Martin Baptist chapel. What is apparently the first ever jumble sale in North Devon is held at North Molton. 1 P.c.Flanagan retires after 26 years service at Berrynarbor and Ilfracombe. William Hanson who began the Belvoir Mission in Bideford dies aged 82. 5 1 1905 Clovelly Mariners' Union Society record a loss of £20 over the year due to 'considerable sickness' amongst members. Local shopkeepers complain that locals are buying mail order goods from London rather than from them. 12 1 1905 Middleton Cottage at Parracombe is burnt down. It is occupied by Tom Berry of the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway. 40 boys from Bideford School form an 'anti cigarette brigade'. 19 1 1905 The Royal North Devon Golf Club at Westward Ho! give a supper to 200 caddy boys. Chief Constable Eddy and Inspector Edwards of the Barnstaple police force both resign. 26 1905 An exhibition of new electrical goods at Ilfracombe includes special furniture from Shapland and Petter. Charges are levied on gravel barges going to the Klondyke Bank in the River Torridge - many stay away in protest. 2 2 1905 It is noted that the Combe Martin silver mines have been flooded for some 40 years and are unworkable. A public meeting is called to discuss the proposed Bideford, Clovelly and Hartland Light Railway. 9 A lease is granted to Braunton parish council to exploit gravel on the foreshore. Sarah Ridge, nee Tucker dies aged 92 in Illinois - she emigrated from Brayford in 1851. 2 3 1905 An Ilfracombe woman writes to the Barnstaple Guardians of the Poor asking to adopt a girl 'if they had one to spare.' Edward Philbrick the owner of Apps Brewery in Littleham dies. 9 3 1905 The new Barnstaple Police Superintendent Sydney Eddy is given a going away gift by his workmates at Scotland Yard. A cinematograph show at Newport in Barnstaple ends in disaster when the film catches fire. 16 1905 Bideford town council claim the tolls from gravel dredged in the Taw and Torridge. The Gribble Inn Friendly Society is sued in Torrington for the payment of its members' burial fees. 23 R.A.Colwill is appointed editor of the Ilfracombe Gazette. A car valued at £500 somersaults over Hobby Drive at Clovelly but no-one is injured. 4 5 1905 Two Appledore men, Thomas Randall and Fred Clarke are arrested by the Russian Navy whilst shipping rice to Japan. The last member of the Chittlehampton Female Club dies - in its heyday 12 members would follow a member's coffin carrying white rods. 11 1905 Edward Tattersill, late Mayor of Bideford dies - weeks after publicly attacking his fellow councillors. Robert Turner, for 40 years the bill poster of Barnstaple, sells his sites to the Barnstaple Bill Posting Company. 18 5 1905 The Automatic Machine Co. is given permission by Combe Martin parish council to place 4 machines in the Pleasure Ground. Archibald Jones, cycle dealer of Barnstaple, is fined £2 for driving his motorcycle dangerously at Instow. 25 South Molton Rural District Council restrict car speeds in their area to 12 mph. Camping in North Devon is becoming popular with 30 people erecting tents at Croyde. 22 1905 The Raleigh Guild of Wood Carvers visit Swimbridge church. A fire at Buzzacott House in Combe Martin occupied by Major General V.Pole completely destroys the stables. 29 1905 Shapland & Petter's employees go to Torquay on their annual outing. Margaret Hopkins of Barnstaple is sent to the Southern Counties' Inebriate Home at Lewes for 2 years for neglecting her children. 6 1905 Northam sets up a 12 man Volunteer Fire Brigade under Mr.Champion the council surveyor. The tide exposes a mass of coal on Croyde beach from a shipwreck 12 years before and a huge crowd gathers to collect it. 13 The 40 strong Barnstaple branch of the new Independent Labour Party holds its initial meeting. H.W.Strong late editor of the Journal is appointed a regional editor of the Manchester Guardian. 7 9 1905 Cook and Galsworthy, shipbreakers of Appledore, buy the Hamadryad wooden warship - which escorted Napoleon to St.Helena. E.J.Peddar's stores in Lynmouth burn down - losses are put at £1000. 14 1905 Princesses Christian and Victoria visit Brannam's Barnstaple pottery and buy some Royal Barum Ware. The champion walker of Britain, G.H.Allen, walks 10 miles in 1 hour 25 minutes at Ilfracombe. 21 1905 A bolting horse leaps over Bideford Bridge but is unhurt. S.Harper publishes a postcard showing the opening of Barnstaple Fair - and sells 1700 in one day. 28 The Parracombe Fife Band consist of 14 boys taught by the village schoolmaster. Northam town council warn that the pebble ridge at Westward Ho! is visibly diminishing. 25 1 1906 Bideford town council vote not to let the Town Hall to a group staging an anti-Catholic meeting. Barnstaple Soup Kitchen opens and serves 550 quarts to the poor. 1 2 1906 In local council elections the Bratton Fleming ward sees 205 out of 206 electors cast their vote. Croyde residents elect a 'Mock Mayor.' 8 1906 Bideford Town Hall and Library are opened and the Kingsley statue is unveiled. A speaker in Lynton claims that many Dutch emigrants settled in the village a century before. 15 An Ilfracombe Roman Catholic priest is arrested on charges of being a homosexual. The Ilfracombe Hotel introduces mixed bathing - but gentlemen have to be accompanied by a lady. 17 5 1906 Old copper mines at North Molton are considered for re-opening as the price of copper ore rises. Thomas Birch a gipsy is fined 15p for allowing horses to stray on the highway at Combe Martin. 24 5 1906 At Barnstaple a one legged tramp James Vanstone is charged with fraudulently begging to buy a cork leg. Bale & Co. of Barnstaple have a new car 'that even a lady cyclist could operate.' 31 A stained glass window to the memory of Richard Vicary is unveiled in Abbotsham church. A new racing gig the 'Elizabeth Florence' is launched by the Bideford Amateur Rowing Club. 12 7 1906 George Watkins, a Crimean War veteran and Past Master of the local Freemason's Lodge dies in Ilfracombe aged 70. E.B.Fishley of the Fremington Pottery is invited to exhibit at the New Zealand International Exhibition. 19 7 1906 In Bideford the Wilts and Dorset Bank are to move to new premises on the corner of Mill and High Street. Reference is made to the tradition that Sir Joshua Reynolds helped paint some of the portraits adorning the Barnstaple Guildhall walls. 26 7 1906 A woman who fosters 5 children from Barnstaple Workhouse is condemned for putting pepper in the mouth of a disobedient child. The new Croyde-Saunton road is to be opened. 2 'Motor car tourists' are said to be numerous in North Devon. A new school is opened at Bratton Fleming. 30 1906 A.Barnes a printer of High Street, Barnstaple advertises he has 'new type' and 'new machinery'. A fire at Eastleigh Barton near Bideford is brought under control before too much damage is done. 6 9 1906 Mrs Mary Glover of Parkham becomes a centenarian - 'Some years ago she cut a third set of teeth.' Hartland is said to be full of tourists. 13 9 1906 A 'Clown's Cricket Match' is held in South Molton to raise funds for the local cricket team. Young couples in Instow complain they cannot obtain a cottage in the village and have to go to nearby towns to live. 20 9 1906 Thomas Brown of Barnstaple dies aged 76 - he built Cross Street Congregational chapel, Boutport Street Wesleyan chapel and Barnstaple prison. 70,000 tourists have arrived by train in Ilfracombe over July and August. 27 1906 Lundy Island is offered for sale at £25,000. John Metters, foreman at the South Molton Collar and Shirt factory, is badly injured whilst at work. 4 1906 A new wing is opened at Edgehill College in Bideford. Barnstaple town council buy metal plates bearing the borough arms for the uniforms of the town's fire brigade. 11 Mr.Darch wins the tender to build a new Bible Christian chapel at Yarnscombe for £399. Frank Slade of Bishops Tawton finds a 6d dated 1568 in his garden. 4 7 1907 Colonel Charles Munro dies at Westward Ho! aged 74 - his novelist son Hector is known to us as 'Saki'. Fred Bennett of Derby, Barnstaple 'a lazy man addicted to drink' is taken to court for neglecting his children. 11 7 1907 The Journal office is closed for one day to allow all the staff to go on an outing. Mary Stevens a 32 wife of a Barnstaple pub landlord commits suicide by drinking carbolic acid. 18 7 1907 The daughter of the headmaster of Swimbridge school gives birth to an illegitimate child and buries it in secret. Erosion at Westward Ho! is blamed on blasting of rock to build the pier in 1874. 25 The Journal publishes a letter from the Association for the Prevention of Premature Burial. November 5 goes off very quietly throughout North Devon. 14 1907 The Rev.G.Alexander crashes his motorcycle at Stoke Rivers. An affiliation case brought by a 14 year old girl in Barnstaple is dismissed as she looked 16 and so deceived the man involved. 21 11 1907 Trinity House is to erect a new 30' high 'light' on Saunton Sands to help navigation. Louisa Burch a gipsy is fined 12p for driving her caravan on the wrong side of the road at South Molton. 28 1907 The Barnstaple borough police force costs £761 for one year. The Ebenezer Chapel in Vicarage Street, Barnstaple is replaced by 3 cottages - the graveyard is not disturbed. 5 12 1907 Ilfracombe's Volunteer Artillery men are to get a new 4.7" gun to be placed at Hillsborough. Navvies building the new railway at Appledore discover a human skull at the rear of the Rising Sun pub. 12 Two Ilfracombe councillors are disqualified from sitting on the council for 'insider' dealing. The 'Miss Hunt' schooner is wrecked at Hartland and its crew drown. 26 12 1907 W.Wood of Bear Street, Barnstaple a photographer instals electric light so he can take photographs at any time. Newlands Park, Landkey in the occupation of E.Jones, catches fire. 26 12 1907 The Journal carries news of 2 articles by Barumite Bruce Cummings - later to write 'Diary of a Disappointed Man'. C.H.Brannam of Barnstaple is elected a member of the Royal Society of Arts. 2 1908 After finishing the Christmas Day delivery Barnstaple Post Office staff parade the town singing carols. Christopher Trevisick dies at Barnstaple aged 74. Florence Nightingale was present when his frost bitten toes were removed in the Crimea. 9 1 1908 James Mason one time editor of the 'Girl's Own Paper' dies aged 61 in Beacon Cottage, West Hill, Braunton. Ilfracombe council take on unemployed men to break stones for road mending. 16 A whale carcass at Hartland has yielded 80 gallons of oil. The North Devon Infirmary is supplied with hoses and other fire fighting equipment. 26 3 1908 A Mauser rifle and bandolier taken from a Boer by Captain Stucley is presented to Bideford Museum. 5000 people listen to a speech given by the Rt.Hon.Austen Chamberlain in Barnstaple Pannier Market. 2 1908 The new railway station at Appledore is nearly finished. Barnstaple Volunteers enrol en masse into the new Territorial Army at midnight to become the first such body in Britain. 9 1908 Joseph Beckalick, who lived in a chimney at Woolsery for many years, dies. A sailor's funeral at Ilfracombe is interrupted when all the mourners rush to launch the lifeboat. 16 4 1908 The 'Man in the iron mask' who is walking around the world for a bet comes to Barnstaple. The Devon and Somerset Badger Club kill 35 badgers. 23 1908 Roads at Mortehoe are said to be impassable with mud. The Freedom of the Borough of Bideford is presented to Andrew Carnegie in a casket made of oak from the old market building. 30 Khaki uniforms arrive in Barnstaple for the 6th Battalion of the Devonshire Regiment. 1500 people attend a 'gramophone concert' in Barnstaple Market - but noisy children spoil the event. 23 7 1908 George Jenkins of Bradiford, Barnstaple is described as a 'worthless, drunken, idle person' - he hasn't worked for 17 years. A cow with TB is buried in lime in Bideford's Public Pleasure Park. 30 7 1908 Barnstaple Rural District Council supports anmotion against 'the grave and increasing evils caused by motor traffic in the ditrict.' Earl Fortescue dismantles his family's grave vault at Filleigh church and buries the 28 coffins it contains. 6 1908 The foundation stone of Torrington's new hospital is laid. Appledore householders are asked to give up their Quay rights to allow the council to extend the Quay by 30-40'. 13 Barnstaple Fair features the novelty of 'hoopla' stalls. The newly formed Bideford Athletic Harriers Club stages a race to Hallsannery and back. 1 10 1908 The Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore railway loses £622 over its first 6 months of full operation. A drowned sailor is buried in the 'Sailor's Plot' of Northam churchyard - 1000 people attend. 8 10 1908 On a visit to Merton G.Lambert a Liberal member of the government is stoned by local Tories. Barnstaple Boy Scouts parade in their uniform of grey sweaters. 15 1908 The Combe Martin Institute opens - it offers billiards and reading rooms to men. F.Elliott butcher of High Street, Barnstaple advertises his shop as having 'The Only Cold Storage in North Devon.' 22 10 1908 L.Baron of the Barnstaple Art Pottery wins a gold medal at the Franco-British Exhibition in London. John Pillman of Tosberry Farm, Hartland dies after drinking 1 pints of gin at a sitting. 29 1908 The foundation stone of the Lee Catholic Convent and school is laid. A public meeting is held in Braunton to establish a troop of Boy Scouts in the village. 5 Herman Bicknell of Knapp House, Northam is declared bankrupt - and his wife leaves him. A Ladies' Hockey Club is formed in Ilfracombe. 3 12 1908 Workers at Cooper and Co.'s Strand Collar Works in Bideford present their forewoman with a lamp. A 'Doll Exhibition' is held in Landkey to raise money for the local Cottage Garden Society. 10 1908 Brannam's Pottery introduces its new 'agate' ware in time for Christmas. A jumble sale at Fremington in the Bickington schoolroom raises £14.57 for the village Clothing and Coal Clubs. 17 12 1908 The chimneys on the roof of the Public benefit Boot Co. in the High Street, Bideford collapse in a gale. St.Mary Magdalene's church in Barnstaple is lit by electricity for the first time. 24 12 1908 The magazine of Chaloner's School, Braunton publishes a letter re the school scout troop from Baden-Powell. Lord Clinton gives his Chittlehampton workers tickets they can exchange for meat at local butchers. 31 The Lynton-Barnstaple railway is blocked by snow between Parracombe and Blackmoor. Miss Anne Kenney a leading Suffragette speaks at the Runnacleave Hall in Ilfracombe. 7 1909 The new lessees of Lundy Island are to breed pheasants rather than cattle. Miss Adele Pankhurst leads a debate in Ilfracombe on 'votes for women' and loses the resolution by 115 to 114 votes. 14 1 1909 20 men are engaged in replacing the wooden sleepers on the Lynton Cliff Railway with steel ones. Woolacombe is to try public lighting using 'petrol safety gas'. 21 1909 Some 100 Westward Ho! golf caddy boys are treated to a dinner. Richard Taylor of South Molton is fined 10/- for being drunk in charge of a wagon and horses at Filleigh. 28 1909 A 'Hunger March' of unemployed men arrives in Barnstaple with banners reading 'Right to Work'. Thomas Andrews a conductor on the Lynton Cliff Railway mysteriously drowns in the railway's water tank. 4 1909 Bideford town council hire the unemployed at 15p per day to 'pitch' the river bank. The Valley of the Rocks at Lynton is surveyed for a scheme to lay out a 9 hole golf course. 11 A medical inspection in Barnstaple reveals 80% of local children have 'carious teeth'. Joshua King of the Portobello Inn, Bideford is fined £1 for selling watered milk. 25 1909 Work starts on a new post office at Ilfracombe costing £8500. The British Animated Pictures Co. from Bristol puts on a show of 'living pictures' at Barnstaple. 4 3 1909 Countess Fortescue refuses to support 'Votes for Women' as 'women have shown how totally unfit they are to take such heavy responsibilities on themselves.' 11 3 1909 The unemployed are hired to throw stones back on to the pebble ridge at Westward Ho! The 'telephone call cabinet' at Barnstaple railway station is removed as it doesn't pay. 18 3 1909 Land at Ashleigh and Oakleigh Road, Barnstaple is sold to build 'good class villa and terrace houses'. Lynton Ladies' Hockey Club play Ilfracombe Ladies in the Valley of the Rocks. Lynton win. 25 Rose Budd, a nurse in Bideford, commits suicide by drinking carbolic acid. Lionel Martin becomes the first car driver to conquer Beggar's Roost at Barbrook in Lynton. 6 1909 On May Day children in Appledore 'paraded the streets with Maypoles'. A fire in the Torrington Mill Street cider works of W.Sandford destroys the building and 3 cottages opposite. 13 5 1909 Albert Mackie of Derby, Barnstaple is sent to a Reformatory for 3 years for stealing 2 knives. A canvas of Braunton inhabitants shows many would like electric lighting. 20 1909 Sepscott Farm, Shirwell is completely destroyed by fire. Barnstaple town council decide 'The motor car has come to stay' and is to use water carts to tackle dust on the roads. 27 1909 H.Macmahon of Marwood wins a 'walking match' staged at Chulmleigh. An air ship is seen over Ilfracombe carrying a powerful searchlight with a 'brilliant light of a reddish tint.' 3 6 1909 Bertie Vanstone is arrested whilst naked at Bratton Fleming. He is charged as a 'wandering lunatic'. Prime Minister Asquith visits Clovelly and is hounded by local Suffragettes. 10 West Garland Farm, Chulmleigh is sold for £1015 to F.Letheren. Edmund Cornish (14) is charged with attacking Ada Colwill at Hartland with a hay fork. 8 1909 At Beaford 84 year old thatcher Sam Parkhouse drowns in a well. Water from a 'medicinal fountain' in Watersmeet Valley at Lynton is marketed under the name Lynrock Water. 15 7 1909 Northam Manor Court tries to stop visitors throwing stones from the Pebble Ridge onto the Burrows. The old clock tower on top of a house on Appledore Quay is removed. 22 1909 A runaway car at Parracombe nearly kills 2 painters working at the Fox & Goose pub. Sydney Harper of Barnstaple installs plate glass windows in his shop - they are broken the same day. 29 7 1909 W.J.Brannam, son of the owner of the Royal Barum Pottery, comes top in a national Pottery course. John Powe of Lynton commits suicide by nearly severing his own head with a razor. 5 Plans are announced to build a roller skating rink in Appledore. Electricity is installed in the Derby lace factory in Barnstaple. 23 12 1909 Tory 'rowdies' attack the Barnstaple Liberal Club and assault the caretaker, they are fined £2 each. Harris and Hill of High Street, Barnstaple have 2000 gramophone records on sale. 30 12 1909 Two stowaways on a ship from South Wales to Melbourne are discovered and landed on Lundy. The Mayor of Barnstaple gives 720 poor children a Christmas dinner in the Pannier Market. 8 3 1951 A 1936 Norton motorcycle is advertised for sale at £65 by Ron Lake at his Bideford showrooms. Corporal David Paterson of Barnstaple dies of wounds received fighting the Chinese in the Korean War then raging. Ilfracombe Town Council protest to the town's magistrates over their decision to allow films to be shown on Sundays from 2.30 pm instead of 7.30 pm. 15 3 1951 Moths invade the police house at Woolacombe and eat police uniforms. Royal Blue Coaches offer day trips to the Festival of Britain in London. The 6 week old Waring triplets born in Bideford are 'dedicated' at a Salvation Army service. 21 3 1951 Slot machines and other rubbish are dumped at Velator Quay, Braunton endangering the movement of boats. A spokesman for the Barnstaple Electors' Association reckons 'adult education was merely a means of providing women with a social evening.' A man's worsted suit at Hepworths in Barnstaple costs £9.9.0 29 3 1951 The rector of High Bickington warns that 'milk-and-water religion would not save Christianity from the onslaught of atheistic Communism.' The Appledore built Swiftsure enters service as the new Instow-Appledore ferry under F.Johns whose family have been running the ferry for a century. 5 4 1951 A public inquiry is held into plans by the Army to take over large parts of Braunton Burrows, Saunton and Instow beaches and Crowe Point for 'military training'. A local dairy owner advertises for an 'Experienced Driver/Roundsgirl' saying that they 'can earn £4 per week'. 12 4 1951 The Government orders Barnstaple Town Council to prune spending on the rebuilding of the Albert Hall which is set to go above £15,000. The Ilfracombe Peace Committee send a petition to Whitehall calling on Britain to enter peace negotiations to end the Korean War - and to oppose all steps towards German rearmament. 19 4 1951 Allegations of favouritism over the allocation of council houses in Appledore are made by disappointed applicants. John Frayne of Pilton Street is reckoned to be the oldest cabinet maker still working in the UK - he is 91. Bideford Town councillors are ordered to wear white shirts, black ties and white gloves when wearing their ceremonial robes. 26 4 1951 North Devon County Councillors denounce the wage rise given to the County Treasurer which raises his wages to £40 per week. Barnstaple Town Council vote to prohibit Sunday games at Pottington Road Sports Ground. Raymond Baxter of the BBC broadcasts 'live' from Instow beach during landing exercises by the Royal Engineers. 3 5 1951 Parents from the West Country Inn area in Hartland protest at their 5 year olds having to travel 32 miles to school. The Bray Valley Soft Drinks Company instal new machinery at their works at Clapworthy Mill, South Molton. Flower displays in Barnstaple Square and Rock Park are badly vandalised - the Mayor appeals for names of the perpetrators. 10 5 1951 E.J.Slee, former chairman of Braunton Parish Council opens the village's war memorial gardens. Some 400 food parcels from Australia arrive at the Barnstaple Boys Secondary Modern School - enough for every teacher and pupil. South Molton Town Council reckon their public toilets look like 'a battleground' owing to 'wanton and senseless damage by some members of the public.' 17 5 1951 The long disued swimming pool at Appledore, closed after a polio outbreak in 1949 is said to have become 'a repository for dead cats and old corsets.' Ilfracombe Council decide not to display posters advertising the Festival of Britain as it might draw tourists away from the town. Vivian Moon, secretary of the Braunton Skittles League warns that 'In this modern age entertainment and sport were becoming mass produced.' People need to make an effort themselves he reckons. 24 5 1951 Six women walk into a meeting of the Bideford Chamber of Commerce and complain about 5 o'clock closing of shops, lunch hour closing, 'cats that slept on counters' and 'nylons that were sold under the counter.' Tourists to North Devon were reckoned to be 'more of a nuisance than anything else' at an Ilfracombe Planning Inquiry. Sunday meetings of the North Devon Motor Club at Fremington are denounced by the local vicar as 'a desecration of the Sabbath'. 31 5 1951 Northam and Westward Ho! Chamber of Commerce note sadly that 'naughty' postcards are the biggest sellers by far. A new bowling green is opened at Instow; it is a gift to the parish from the tennis club. The vicar of Chittlehampton praises village football clubs for 'providing something of interest in village life.' 7 6 1951 The widow of a Parachute Regiment soldier complains when Ilfracombe Council gives their deckchair attendants red berets to wear whilst on duty. A meteor of blue-green colour explodes 400 yards from three men at West Harracott. The Codden Hill Tea Gardens and Cafe offer 'Good food cleanly served' to customers. 14 6 1951 South Molton Chamber of Commerce holds an Olde English Fayre Week which includes a bonfire and community singing. North Devon Grocers' Association write to the Government seeking a 5% increase in profit margins on all goods still controlled by the Ministry of Food. The chairman of Braunton parish council gives his casting vote to a motion allowing the swings in the Recreation Ground to be unlocked on a Sunday. 21 6 1951 Combe Martin holds a Festival of Britain Pageant tracing the history of the village which is described as 'the finest post-war production of its kind in North Devon.' Two women's football teams are 'flourishing' in North Devon - but there are no women's cricket teams. 28 6 1951 The Gaiety Cinema in Appledore is said to need improvements to its fire precautions costing £500. It will stay closed until they are done. A new bridge is planned to cross the River Taw at Coney Gut in Barnstaple with its approach road set to cut Rock Park in two. Conditions in Bideford Cemetery were a 'disgrace' with shoulder high grass in some places. 5 7 1951 Plans for the new Barnstaple Bridge are unveiled. The approach road runs straight through Rock Park. At Ilfracombe's Victoria Pavilion a show called 'Gay Stars' is put on. It promises 'a constellation of Laughter, Rhythm and Song.' 12 7 1951 The price of the North Devon Journal rises from 2d to 3d owing to rises in the cost of newsprint. Mortehoe Parish Council launch an appeal for subscriptions towards clearing oil from Woolacombe beach. 19 7 1951 Complaints are made after minced rabbit bones are served up in school lunches at Bideford. Figures for North Devon show that 56 men are unemployed in Ilfracombe, 39 in Bideford, 5 in South Molton and 104 in Barnstaple. 26 7 1951 Because Brayford still has no electricity supply villagers have to bring their own lamps and lanterns to the annual Carnival dance. A wild goat is rescued at Castle Rock, Lynton after being stranded on a ledge for a month. 2 8 1951 Three 35 ton boilers arrive by rail to be put in the new Yelland power station. Instow Parish Council are to ask the Army to fill in 'pits' left by their vehicles on Instow beach after two local children nearly drown in one. 9 8 1951 The Enid of Braunton, a 70 ton ketch, is being prepared for a round-the-world voyage by 32 year old C.Stevenson. Some 190 people are on the waiting list for new council houses in Braunton. 16 8 1951 Barnstaple and District Skittles League finally bow to 2 years of pressure and allow women to play. After many years a male version of the Ilfracombe Waitresses Race is staged - H.Gear wins. 23 8 1951 North Devon butchers run out of meat - which is still rationed - owing to increased demands from holidaymakers in the area. A Marwood man was said to have sung hymns whilst smashing up his Barnstaple prison cell after being arrested for being drunk. 30 8 1951 Chester Crocker, a councillor from Barnstable, Massachusetts attends Barnstaple Fair Ceremony and is advised by the Mayor to 'Go easy on the spiced ale.' Four 'Small Dwelling Houses' each with 2 bedrooms are for sale in Barnstaple at £500 the lot 'or near offer'. 1 5 1952 Captain Percy Browne dreams of treasure buried at Buckland Filleigh in 1643 - and buys a metal detector to search for it. Devon Womens' Institute meeting in Barnstaple resolve to petition the government to make more sugar available on ration to allow them to produce more jam. 8 5 1952 Torrington town council are told that it is no longer necessary to report births of illegitimate children who 'might grow up to be responsible citizens and might even become councillors.' An Appledore man, James Murray, is killed in an accident whilst helping to build Yelland power station. 15 5 1952 A Vampire jet from RAF Chivenor crashes on to Woolacombe Sands and slides 500 yards. The pilot escapes injury but is shocked. The reformation of the 4th Devon Home Guard Battalion begins at the TA Centre in Barnstaple with the enrolment of the first 50 members. 22 5 1952 People on a council house waiting list in Northam 'who made themselves a nuisance' are said to get tenancies before those 'who kept quiet.' E.Partridge of Chulmleigh, chairman of auctioneers Hannaford, Ward & Southcombe Ltd. completes 68 years' service with the firm. 29 5 1952 Genny James 24 year old champion swimmer gives up her attempt to swim to Lundy from Bull Point after covering 5 of the 16.5 miles due to cramp. A crackdown on people listening to radios without a licence reveals 195 sets are now in cars in North Devon. 5 6 1952 Arlington Court is opened to the public by the National Trust for the first time. Learie Constantine the West Indian cricketer is bowled for a duck when he plays at Ilfracombe against Lynton. 12 6 1952 A Vampire jet from RAF Chivenor crashes at Putsborough - the pilot is killed. Some 70 members of the Chawleigh friendly society go on their annual 'walk' through the village behind the Hatherleigh Town Band. 19 6 1952 A court case in Ilfracombe about the Elizabeth Smith Trust for Widows hears that Mrs.Smith who died in 1902 had 26 children by 3 husbands. Muddiford Young Men's Club buy Ilfracombe Pier Dance Hall for £80. It has to be removed within 28 days. 26 6 1952 The congregation of St.Peter's. Barnstaple is split over arguments about 'the alleged introduction of ritualistic practisesÍ by the Rev.P.Godfrey. Bathers at Rapparee beach, Ilfracombe are to be allowed to change on the beach rather than in the 6 'bathing tents' provided. 3 7 1952 A rally of young wives in Barnstaple consider the 3 main problems with children are 'Swearing, Cinemas, Sex'. The Alice Horwood School in Church Lane, Barnstaple is sold to Percy Brend by the church for conversion to a cafe. 10 7 1952 Devon County Council are to spend £900 straightening out the sharp bend on the road by Heanton Court. Bus fares rise in North Devon, a return from Bideford to Barnstaple is to cost 10p and from Barnstaple to Ilfracombe 15p. 17 7 1952 The Queen Mother on a private holiday at Rackenford Manor attends service in the village church. A new village hall costing £4500 is opened at Croyde after 6 years of fund raising. 24 7 1952 The North Devon Jazz Club founded in Bideford and now in Barnstaple attracts 150 'jitterbugs' to its weekly meetings. The Rector of Withypool and a 15 year old boy drown at Instow after being caught in an ebb tide. 31 7 1952 Council tenants in North Devon are to be charged £1.05 if they erect a TV aerial. Jeremy Thorpe is selected as the prospective Liberal candidate for North Devon. 7 8 1952 The vicar of Westleigh reckons that digging graves in the churchyard is so difficult that they should consider blasting. Torrington councillors ask that 'over elaborate' new housing on the edge of town be cut back in favour of spending in the town centre which is 'becoming a slum.' 14 8 1952 Ilfracombe town council is to introduce a grading system for hotels and boarding houses following complaints from tourists. Some 30 waitresses take part in the annual race at Ilfracombe which is won by Rose McHugh of the Albermarle Hotel. 21 8 1952 The Lynmouth flood disaster occurs, 42 houses are destroyed, 72 are left unsafe and 22 people are killed. The Queen expresses her 'deepest sympathy' to local residents. 28 8 1952 Chief of the Imperial General Staff Field Marshal Sir Wiliam Slim visits Lynmouth to see Army units at work after the flood. The President of France sends a personal donation of £100 to the Flood Appeal Fund. 23 3 1953 Barnstaple Town Council announce plans to present every baby born in the town on Coronation Day with a silver spoon. A legal case over rights of way across Woolacombe beach ends without any real progress. 1 1953 An air firing range off of Ilfracombe is sanctioned by the Government - against local opposition. North Devon Jazz Club's membership is now at 337 and subscriptions bring in £132 per year. 9 4 1953 North Devon plays host to its first party political conference when 850 Liberals travel to Ilfracombe. Fishermen working in the River Taw at Bear Pool haul up the engine of an aircraft that crashed there some years before. 16 1953 Bideford Manor Court is asked to ban cycling on the riverbank near the Kingsley statue. North Molton Cricket Club decide to fine members 6d each if they score a duck during a match. 30 Miss Harriet Fulford becomes the first female Freeman of Bideford. A collection in Chittlehampton raises £153 towards celebrations to mark the Coronation. 7 5 1953 The fountain in the Square at Barnstaple, which hasn't worked for 40 years, is refurbished to mark the Coronation. The War Office gives £1500 to Northam Burrows Committee to pay for removing barbed wire and repairing drains. 14 1953 Goodleigh parish council demand that some new council houses be built in the village. The John Gay Players present the comedy 'The Gay Bachelor' in the Foresters' Hall in Barnstaple. 21 5 1953 A Vampire jet fighter from Chivenor crashes into the sea off Ringcliff Bay in the Bristol Channel. The new Head Gardener at Ilfracombe is paid £420 p.a. - this is said to be too low. 28 5 1953 Chittlehampton residents are said to prefer water from the well in the village square to mains water for making tea. Two local butchers P.Brend and C.Ellis are to open a caravan site at Braunton on disused military land. 4 6 1953 New Buildings in Barnstaple wins the Coronation prize for best decorated street - even the tarmac is painted. 400 schoolchildren at Combe Martin are given strawberries and cream to mark the Coronation. 6 6 1953 Vera Hardy marries in Barnstaple wearing a lace veil first worn by her great great grandmother in 1819. Ilfracombe Salvation Army are condemned for amplifying religious services in High Street and annoying passers' by. 11 6 1953 The Pilton Old People's Hostel is extended when an adjoining brewery and wash house are converted to accommodation. Derek Wright of Bideford is charged with trying to murder his ex-wife and her new husband. 18 6 1953 23000 tons of coal is to be discharged at Ilfracombe for use in the town's gas works. It is suggested that a new sugar beet factory at Braunton costing £2 million would help local farmers and reduce unemployment. 25 6 1953 The Lundy ferry the mv Lerina is beached at Cleave, Northam following its retirement from service. A petition is collected against a new caravan site in Golf Links Road, Westward Ho! 25 1953 Ilfracombe hoteliers reckon this Summer season to be the worst experienced since the war. Closure of the old cycle track in Victoria Park Bideford leads to people cycling all over the park. 2 1953 The tub race part of Taddiport Revel attracts 9 competitors including two girls. Barnstaple teenagers are told to 'find something good to do on Sundays' as the Town Council continues to ban Sunday cinema opening. 9 1953 The first North Devon Zebra crossing complete with belisha beacons is erected in Ilfracombe. Welsh tourists are said to be avoiding Ilfracombe as it is 'too sober, too prudish and too sophisticated.' 16 1953 Cleave Farm at Alsweare and an adjoining cottage and barn are destroyed by fire. Fremington parish council order the locking up of childrens' swings every evening to stop 'indecent happenings' around them. 23 7 1953 The actor who plays Dan Archer in the BBC programme 'The Archers' attends South Molton Church Fete and signs autographs all afternoon. A new Fordson Major tractor is selling for £536 at Taw Garages in Barnstaple. 30 7 1953 Bideford Town Council ban cycling in Victoria Park - and receive a petition of 160 names opposing their decision. A modern 3 bedroomed 'semi-bungalow' is for sale in Mortehoe at £2850. 13 An outbreak of foot and mouth disease is confirmed at East Arson Farm, Ashreigney. Walt Disney's new film 'Peter Pan' is showing at the Gaumont in Barnstaple. 20 1953 The street collection held during Ilfracombe Carnival raises a record £275. At Appledore Carnival 2 of the 'Queen's' attendants fall off a lorry when it breaks sharply. 27 1953 A new lifeboat at Ilfracombe is named the 'Robert & Phemia Brown.' It is claimed that deckchairs owned by Ilfracombe Town Council are constantly being lost to the sea as visitors can't be bothered to return them. 3 9 1953 Combe Martin Amazons, the village women's football team, are to buy a new set of jerseys. £500 is spent on clearing Westleigh church of death watch beetle. 10 9 1953 Four babies born in Barnstaple on Coronation Day are presented with silver spoons by the Mayor. Electricians working on the construction of Yelland Power Station stage a strike for extra money. 17 1953 Northam Council ban people from sleeping overnight in their beach huts. An annexe has to be erected at Bishops Tawton Church Rooms to hold overflow entries for the horticultural show. 24 9 1953 The Barnstaple Angling Trust stock a 2 acre lake at Swimbridge for the use of its members. After a storm the Journal prints the headline 'Small tidal wave floods Ilfracombe cafes.' 1 10 1953 For the first time in North Devon a 3-D film, 'Metroscopix', is shown at the Ilfracombe Embassy cinema. A car is left hanging over the High Wall at Sticklepath Hill in Barnstaple following an accident when reversing. 8 10 1953 Police begin to investigate why some 40 dogs have been poisoned in East-the-Water, Bideford since the war. Torrington Council employ a 'sentry' to patrol new playing fields in the town following allegations of indecency and vandalism. 15 10 1953 Barnstaple's professional repertory company The John Gay Players closes down due to poor support and competition from television. At West Buckland School Speech Day pupils are told that 'tyrannical aspects of discipline' have now been relaxed. 22 10 1953 Monty Cawsey of Bideford who had been a PoW in Korea for 2 years returns home to a hero's welcome. A 4 bedroomed house at Lynton is for sale at £2200. 29 10 1953 South Molton council tenants are to be consulted as to whether they want bathrooms installed or not. The first coal ship discharges its cargo at Yelland Quay Power Station. 5 11 1953 A move to increase car parking charges at Lynton from 6d to 1/- (5p) is denounced as 'an absolute imposition.' Police visit schools in Northam trying to find who stole 50 sticks of gelignite from a local quarry. 12 11 1953 Combe Martin council decide to build only 1 of 3 proposed bus shelters - to test demand in the village. Fremington parish council asks that dustmen should be instructed to collect items such as old bike wheels. 19 The Exmoor Archers challenge the South Molton Rifle Club to a shooting contest. HMS Broadley is launched from Blackmore's shipbuilding yard in Bideford. 3 1953 Bideford Town Council discuss demolishing toilets on the Quay and replacing them with a weighbridge. Sand dunes at Saunton 'devastated' by troop training during the war are planted with marram grass to stabilise them. 10 12 1953 A sewerage system is to be built at Taddiport after locals demand reconsideration of a previous refusal. Sunnyside at Bideford is said to be permanently covered in coal dust from a nearby coal dump. 17 12 1953 Famous bandleader Ted Heath plays in the Queen's Hall in Barnstaple. Tickets cost 8/6 (43p) each and 800 attend. Mussels collected in the River Taw are condemned for being poisonous. 23 12 1953 Georgeham parish council lay out a new graveyard for the village at a cost of around £3500. Esme Preston presents her 24th annual production 'The Sleeping Beauty' at the Queen's Hall in Barnstaple. 31 The Blackpool Hoteliers Association book 140 beds in Ilfracombe for their annual conference. A suggested by-pass for Combe Martin is denounced as being 'disastrous' for the village. 21 1954 The outfall of a new sewer at Woolacombe is badly damaged by wave action. A Royal Fleet Auxiliary tanker 'Wave Victor' burns out of control off Bull Point but her crew are all saved. 28 1 1954 A battle between Bideford and Northam councils over the water supply at Abbotsham is described as 'undignified'. South Molton council for the first time are to build bungalows for old people. 4 2 1954 The worst 'freeze' for 7 years sees Barnstaple Church Primary School closed following a burst pipe. A 17 year old Braunton boy is banned from attending local dances for a year following a fight. 11 2 1954 A 4 day hunt for a goat with a broken leg in the Valley of the Rocks at Lynton ends with its humane shooting. Bideford decides not to provide 4 grass tennis courts in Victoria Park as the cost (£350) is too high. 18 2 1954 An Instow based soldier is gaoled for 2 years for the manslaughter of Christian Housley in a road accident at Fremington. Newly built old peoples' homes at Pilton are said to be too dear for pensioners to rent. 25 Boy rowers who smoke are denounced by the captain of the Bideford Amateur Athletic Club. Mrs.E.Hartley wins the annual Combe Martin pancake race. 11 1954 Instow parish council are to buy the N.Devon Tennis Club's sports ground in Lane End. There is said to be an absence of light industry in Ilfracombe and thus 'No future for pupils leaving school.' 18 3 1954 Ethel Hopkins of Ilfracombe dies aged 68 - when young she appeared in many silent films made in Hollywood. Plans by Bideford Town Council to spend £500 on providing a Mayor's Parlour are abandoned. 25 1954 A 50' portion of the Cove Wall at Ilfracombe's inner harbour collapses unexpectedly. Exhibitions of weaponry are held in North Devon to attract men to join the Home Guard. 1 The new Territorial Army Centre in Barnstaple is opened. It is announced that paddle steamers will once again visit Bideford - the first since 1924. 22 4 1954 The Barnstaple Sea Cadet Corps training ship 'Valiant' is found to be riddled with dry rot. Walter Paddon a Dolton footballer breaks his jaw in a match but goes on to score two goals. 29 1954 A plan to construct a sugar beet factory at Bideford is not to go ahead. A party of 26 pupils from Torrington Secondary Modern School visit Paris at a cost of £18 each. 6 5 1954 The Archdeacon of Barnstaple reckons the creation of the H bomb can be 'attributed to man's wickedness'. The former curate of Tawstock is ordered to resign by the Bishop following 'brawling' at church meetings. 13 1954 10 year old Wendy Smalldon becomes the 400th Torrington May Fair Queen. Local residents petition against Yelland power station which is said to be creating clouds of dust and smoke. 20 Chawleigh Friendly Society takes its 85th annual 'walk' through the village. Two outbreaks of myxomatosis amongst rabbits in North Devon are confirmed. 17 6 1954 Members of Fremington parish council are accused of 'mumbling' so badly the public cannot understand them. The collapse of an old sewer in Parracombe sees raw sewage flowing down the main street for a week. 24 6 1954 200 attend a residents' meeting at Croyde to protest against plans to site caravans on the Burrows. An American pilot in a Sabre jet is the first to break the sound barrier over North Devon. 1 1954 Barnstaple is plagued by flies coming from the new refuse tip at Seven Brethren Bank. Sir Winston Churchill is said to be considering holding the annual Conservative Party Conference in Barnstaple. 8 7 1954 A female football match in Bideford sees Joyce Tucker playing for both sides in different halves to make up numbers. Six tub baths take part in the Taddiport Tub Race which Raymond Short wins for the 3rd time. 15 The recent derationing of meat is the main theme of Chulmleigh Carnival procession. The cost of clearing wartime barbed wire on Northam Burrows is put at £200. 12 1954 A full petrol tanker crashes at Umberleigh but luckily does not explode. Sir William Williams of Pilton is banned from driving for 3 years after being found drunk at the wheel. 19 1954 Conditions at the Tyrrel Hospital in Ilfracombe are said to be 'pandemonium and chaotic'. Female patients in the North Devon Infirmary, Barnstaple are given permission to smoke cigarettes and pipes in bed. 26 8 1954 Hundreds of rabbits who have died from myxomatosis are buried in lime filled pits at South Molton. A plague of wasps hits Combe Martin and many children are stung on the beach. 2 9 1954 Student nurses at the North Devon Infirmary react angrily to complaints that they do nothing in their spare time 'but go dancing.' Local farmers hire National Servicemen to help get in the harvest. 9 Jon Pertwee and Alma Cogan top the bill at an Ilfracombe Variety Show. Barnstaple spends £30,000 on reconstructing the town's cattle market. 16 1954 Teddy Boys are alleged to have beaten up four boys at Barnstaple Fair. Northam town council ask for more groynes to be built to 'save the pebble ridge' at Westward Ho! 23 1954 Some 10,000 people visit Chivenor RAF station for its Battle of Britain 'at home' day. Three boys who vandalised a fishing hut at Torrington are 'given a hiding' by their fathers. 30 1954 North Devon farmers record their worst corn harvest for 80 years owing to poor weather. A message from the Queen is sent to Torrington to celebrate its 400th anniversary as a borough. 7 Northam council asks beach hut owners to 'standardise' their buildings so that they all match. A new skittle alley is built at the village hall in Abbotsham by local skittlers. 2 12 1954 A French fishing boat with a crew of 16 'clog wearing sailors' seeks shelter at Bideford during a storm. Fullabrook Farm, West Down is badly damaged by an 80 mph whirlwind. 9 12 1954 Bideford publicans say their customers are buying less beer as they are spending their money on new televisions. 25 trees are to be removed from Torrington cemetery to make more room for burials. 16 1954 Bideford Secondary Modern School is described by headmaster J.Down as being 'really desperately overcrowded.' Taw mussels could be eaten if Fremington and Appledore are provided with sewage purification plants it is claimed. 23 Only one stallholder attends Torrington's Christmas Market. Lynton town council stop the removal of sand from Blacklands beach to safeguard the coast. 30 12 1954 A plan to site caravans at the Tennis Courts in Instow could lead to the village becoming 'a miniature Blackpool' it is claimed. Eight bodies are washed ashore in North Devon following massive gales some weeks before. 6 1 1955 The Mayor of Bideford distributes fifty 2 lb loaves of bread to 'deserving people' under the terms of John Andrews' 1605 will. George Lamey, coxswain of the Clovelly lifeboat, is presented with the thanks of the RNLI on vellum for the 3rd time. 13 1 1955 Ilfracombe Carnival was 'hated like poison' by some traders in the town and one offers £50 if it is not held. The last horse drawn plough in use in Georgeham is taken to the parish church for the annual Plough Service. 20 St.Mary's church in Bishopsnympton is found to be infested with death watch beetle. A council workman is injured following a mysterious explosion at Fremington parish rubbish dump. 10 2 1955 A plan to build a car park out into the River Torridge by Tanton's Hotel in Bideford is examined by the town council. The Mayor of Torrington J.Lang believes 'cremation would be made compulsory within the next 25 or 30 years.' 17 2 1955 Alice Willes pays £200 to settle a libel case after she calls Braddick's holiday camp at Westward Ho! a 'low class slum.' Albion Harman owner of Lundy announces he is to 'spruce up' the island but this would not be 'commercialisation in its nasty sense.' 24 Cheap imports from China are threatening the Torrington glovemaking industry. C.Trevisick proprietor of Ilfracombe Zoo is mauled by one of his own lions. 3 3 1955 The artist Reg Lloyd moves to Bideford and converts a house on the Strand to a studio. West Buckland is told it will have to wait another 2-3 years to get mains water. 10 1955 Lundy Island issues a new commemorative series of 14 stamps. The 200 year old turret clock in The Square at South Molton stops following the resignation of the winder W.J.Lock. 17 3 1955 300 people in Appledore sign a petition against a rise in bus fares by the Southern National bus company. Bideford shopkeepers are criticised by the council for not decorating their premises during Regatta Week. 24 3 1955 Twelve year old Brian Copp of Torrington is seriously injured after being blown along for 70 yards during a huge storm. Barnstaple magistrates refuse to allow local cinemas to open on Good Friday. 31 1955 The Journal carries news on its front page for the first time in 131 years. Combe Martin's two council employees cost £671 per annum - and are thought to be too dear. 6 Yelland Power Station is officially opened by Earl Fortescue. Lapford village hall is almost entirely destroyed by fire. 28 4 1955 A proposal to build a new bridge over the River Taw by Rock Park in Barnstaple is opposed by the town council. 'Milk tablets' introduced to replace free milk in Bradworthy schools are thrown away by the children. 5 1955 William Moore has been attending Woolsery Methodist Sunday School anniversaries for 90 years. Special concessionary rates of £3.25 a week are offered by hotels in Ilfracombe to attract 850 pensioners. 12 5 1955 The first parish council election to be held in Landkey for 46 years sees an 86% turnout. The 'Gorgeous Dinah Dee and her All-Girl's Orchestra' and 'the sensational Pocket size Sugar Joan Williams' appear at Queen's Hall, Barnstaple 19 5 1955 The 'early tourism season' at Ilfracombe is ruined when a general election is announced and people decide to stay home and vote. The sewage system at Marwood is described by the local W.I. as 'a living disgrace.' 26 5 1955 Saunton Sands is to be 're-combed' for mines following the discovery of 5 over the last week. Building materials are flown to Lundy to be used in repairs to the island's damaged church. 2 Barnstaple's new £25,000 cattle market is opened by the Minister of Agriculture Mr.Heathcoat Amory. The foundation stone of St.Paul's church is laid at Sticklepath in Barnstaple. 9 6 1955 'Supersonic bangs' from aircraft are said to have given 2 people heart attacks in North Devon. Combe Martin strawberry growers decide to send their fruit by road rather than rail as it is cheaper. 16 1955 A family of five living in one room in Ilfracombe are refused a council house. The Devon Festival of Arts sees the Amadeus String Quartet playing at the Palace Theatre in Bideford. 23 6 1955 South Molton Chamber of Commerce take a solicitor's advice as to the legality of 'No Parking' signs in the town. The local Medical Officer of Health warns of an outbreak of 'television eye' amongst Devon schoolchildren. 30 6 1955 Barnstaple town council oppose the introduction of equal pay for women by 15 votes to 6. A local inquiry is held into plans to turn Watermouth Castle into a holiday centre and caravan park. 7 93 houses in Bideford and 301 in Barnstaple are identified as slums requiring demolition. Clive Dunn and Ronnie Corbett appear in a variety show at Ilfracombe's Victoria Pavilion. 4 8 1955 Tourists to Combe Martin complain when the annual carnival causes a 2 hour traffic jam in the village. Lynton council buy the old Lynmouth school for £500 and plan to turn it into 2 cottages. 11 8 1955 A newly formed Barnstaple female football team plays the Combe Martin Amazons to raise funds for the male club. The 150 strong Bideford Townswomen's Guild threaten to boycott any greengrocer or butcher not displaying price tickets. 18 8 1955 The Lord of Northam Manor refuses to provide toilets on Northam Burrows as 'there were no means of drainage.' 'Special precautions' are put in place along the North Devon coast to catch IRA men intent on attacking local service camps. 25 1955 The new Catholic church in Chulmleigh is blessed by the Bishop of Plymouth. The Lundy aeroplane ferry is forced to land at sea after its engine cuts out - passengers are transferred to a passing Danish ship. 1 9 1955 The very hot weather leads to warnings that restrictions on water supplies will have to be introduced in N.Devon. A 20 room business premise in Barnstaple High Street is for sale at £4000. 8 9 1955 Nine local men in Ilfracombe launch a 'crusade' to keep the town 'in the forefront of seaside resorts.' The cliffs at Welcombe Mouth are said to be covered with 'hideous dumps of tins, cans and glass.' 15 William Anderson wills a hall in Vernon's Lane to the people of Appledore. A record 11,000 people attend RAF Chivenor's 'At Home' air display. 29 9 1955 The BBC make a radio programme recording a voyage of the Kathleen and May from Appledore to Cork. New road widening plans in Barnstaple will solve the town's traffic problems it is claimed. 6 10 1955 'Wanton damage' to the locks of public toilets in Torrington costs the council £3.87 in just 2 months. N.Devon Conservative party demand action against 'known Communists.' 13 10 1955 The Reverend J.Lucas of Weare Giffard is given a new £500 car as a gift from his parishioners. Braunton is facing a major problem from cow dung littering its streets - and the council cannot find a new street sweeper. 20 10 1955 Ilfracombe is said to be the only town in England not allowing Sunday opening of shops in the 'season'. The head of Edgehill College in Bideford denounces children's comics containing 'crude and vivid pictures of gruesome details and episodesÉof violence and brutality.' 27 10 1955 The jewellery shop of Hill & Sons in Joy Street, Barnstaple is attacked by a smash and grab raiders on a bicycle who steals stock worth £150. James Patterson, principal of Bideford School of Art, calls for a pool for model boat enthusiasts. 3 Churches in Barnstaple refuse to co-operate in staging their Christmas services. An Instow woman is gaoled for two days after admitting bigamy. 10 11 1955 Ilfracombe Town Band refuse to take part in the town's Remembrance Day parade as they feel 'ignored.' East Down Manor house is stripped by thieves of half a ton of lead in one night. 17 11 1955 A smash and grab raid on Thomas & Son's jeweller's shop in Bideford's Mill Street sees thieves escape with £500 worth of goods. A Combe Martin electrician announces a plan to erect a communal TV aerial to serve the whole village. 24 Barnstaple Market stallholders sell out by 11 a.m. due to the Christmas rush. A visitor to Berrynarbor reports seeing a UFO over the village on Boxing Day. 5 1 1956 Housewives in the Chanters Lane area of Bideford have to wear 'gumboots' when hanging up washing owing to flooding being so common. Litchdon Street in Barnstaple is made one way to solve traffic problems in The Square. 12 1956 Ilfracombe town council are to borrow £16,900 to modernise the Alexandra Theatre. A drunken 77 year old tramp falls over Bideford Quay and dies from a broken neck. 19 1 1956 Barnstaple town council is urged to close the footpath from Bickington to Anchor Woods used by courting couples. Plans are announced to build a miniature railway along part of the old route of the Bideford-Westward Ho! rail line. 26 1 1956 Plans are announced to move Barnstaple bus station from the Strand to North Walk to 'stop traffic jams.' Ilfracombe instals electric lights along part of High Street and Wilder Road. 2 2 1956 North Devon Cine Club plan to make a film showing the town being attacked by 'a monster menace from outer space.' 3' long stalactites are found in an old well at Stoke Rivers. 9 1956 An Ilfracombe councillor condemns moves to light the town's toilets as a 'howling disgrace'. Braunton people are said to be too apathetic to put on a carnival when only 6 turn up to a planning meeting. 16 2 1956 West Indian girls are to come to the N.Devon Infirmary in Barnstaple to train as nurses. Barnstaple Rural District Council reject plans by W.Blackmore & Sons to build a shipbuilding yard at Southcott lime kiln, Westleigh. 23 2 1956 Two Combe Martin girls aged 11 and 13 arrested for theft are given a 2 year long 9 pm curfew. Local mothers are said to be disgusted that their sons have to leave the area to gain jobs. 1 3 1956 A football game between Appledore and Clovelly is abandoned when 10 Appledore players walk off in solidarity with one of their players who had been sent off. Hollerday House, Lynton, once home of Sir George Newnes, is demolished. 8 3 1956 A Bideford councillor attacks a salary increase for the town librarian of 3/- to 3/3 per hour. The wreck of The Fairy Queen reappears at Saunton when waves wash away sand from the remaining timbers. 15 1956 Jack Evans, Lundy lighthouse keeper, marries the island's gardener Dorothy Caldwell. 140 First World War veterans from the 1/6th Devons, plus 2 Boer War veterans, attend the annual regimental dinner in Barnstaple. 22 3 1956 10 year old Robert Cann of Appledore is the youngest ever recipient of an RNLI bravery award - given for saving 2 boys from drowning. A new Ford Popular car costs £275 at Taw Garages in Barnstaple. 28 3 1956 The Barnstaple Junction rail station catches fire but it is extinguished before too much damage is done. A flu epidemic is blamed for stopping a predicted influx of old age pensioner tourist in Ilfracombe. 5 4 1956 Gorse fires threaten both Lee Abbey at Lynton and Spreacombe Wood in Braunton but are extinguished in time. 'Pin up' Sabrina visits Ilfracombe and is mobbed by a crowd asking for her autograph. 12 4 1956 A Hawker Hunter jet from RAF Chivenor crashes into the R.Taw and the pilot is killed John Christie of Tapeley Park gives land to extend Instow church yard. 19 4 1956 South Molton Womens Institute are ignoring an order from national HQ not to have prayers at meetings. Whiteland Engineering Ltd. open a mechanical engineering factory at East-the-Water, Bideford employing 25. 26 Chulmleigh Secondary Modern School is so overcrowded the Headmaster's study is used for medical inspections. Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan visits Barnstaple to speak at a Conservative rally. 2 8 1956 An 80 mph gale hits North Devon and destroys nearly all the beach huts at Saunton. Brigadier D.Anstey, the local Civil Defence officer, says the Russians are a 'rough lot' who could bomb North Devon. 9 8 1956 So many tourists come to North Devon that many have to sleep in their cars or on the beaches. The Watermouth estate at Berrynarber opens to the public. 16 1956 A new film 'High Flight' is partly shot on location at RAF Chivenor. Residents of Eastbourne Terrace, Westward Ho! Are so fed up with playing host to courting couples they suggest changing the name to 'Lovers Lane'. 23 The Under 18 crew of the Bideford Athletic Club is disbanded following 'indiscipline' at regattas. A 60' long whale is washed ashore near Brandy Cove, Ilfracombe. 13 1956 The Square in Barnstaple is inundated with ants - both the flying and ground based type. A self-binder is taken apart and transported from Hartland to Lundy where it is re-assembled for use. 20 9 1956 Showmen running Barnstaple Fair ban all rock and roll music saying 'We do not believe in the rubbish.' A new automatic telephone exchange with 150 lines opens in Fremington. 27 1956 Bideford council announce plans to demolish slum houses at Vinegar Hill. Teddy boys and rock and roll are described as 'the curse of the country' by Cllr.J.Andrews of Barnstaple Rural District Council. 4 Braunton Marshes are said to have a 'serious infestation' of rabbits. Devon County Council discuss whether to build a new secondary school at Hartland. 1 1956 Braunton Scouts' new HQ is officially opened. Two Nigerian students attend North Devon Technical College to do A-levels before entering a medical school. 8 11 1956 Premium Bonds go on sale and some £6000 worth are sold in 3 days in North Devon. A 19 year old Bideford commando is killed when British troops invade Egypt during the 'Suez Crisis.' 15 11 1956 Following the Russian invasion of Hungary huge amounts of relief clothing are collected in North Devon for refugees. A new village hall is being built in Wear Giffard at a cost of £3000. 22 11 1956 The South Molton police station in South Street catches fire but is saved by the local fire brigade. Sister Dominic, head of Bideford's Stella Maris School warns her pupils 'not to become too sophisticated'. 29 1956 A shortage of steel sees 30 Appledore shipbuilders laid off by Messrs.P.K.Harris. A petition against closure of the village school is signed by virtually every villager in Heanton Punchardon. 6 Bideford town council bans Sunday cricket on the basis it interferes with religion. Two new blocks of housing are built at RAF Chivenor to replace WW2 billets. 13 1956 Woolaways submit plans to build 300 houses at Raleigh Park in Barnstaple. Combe Martin parish council are to erect 144 yards of fencing at Cobblers Park to stop children falling over the cliff. 20 12 1956 An Ilfracombe man abandons 2 of his children at the local council office in a protest at not being given a council house. Appledore slipway is said to be badly in need of repair. 28 Bideford town council vote to allow Sunday cricket in Victoria Park. Arlington church authorities sell a 1532 alms dish for £5000. 17 1957 Over 1000 people are unemployed in North Devon - the 'gravest slump since the thirties.' Council houses in Kingsnympton and Braunton reserved for Hungarian refugees fleeing the Russian invasion stand empty. 24 1957 A Clovelly-Torrington football match is stopped after Clovelly supporters threaten Torrington fans. The Chancellor of the Exchequer Peter Thorneycroft speaks to local Tories in the Queen's Hall, Barnstaple. 31 1 1957 Messrs Woolaways apply to build 390 bungalows at Raleigh Park, Pilton but the council decide to save the site for a new hospital. The Palace Cinema, Bideford is showing 'Shake, Rattle and Rock' which stars Fats Domino. 7 1957 Messrs Blackmore & Sons announce plans to build a new shipyard at Southcott in Westleigh. In Braunton a search is made at Crow Point to discover the site of the medieval chapel of St.Anne. 14 Ilfracombe Carnival has so few volunteer helpers that it is in danger of fading away. T.Coward shows his colour film of 'Bird Life on Lundy' to the Bideford Camera Club. 21 2 1957 Hundreds of timber planks wash ashore at Croyde and Saunton and local farmers salvage them using tractors. The newly built Hartland Magnetic Observatory begins operating. 28 2 1957 1500 Bideford people sign a petition asking that old age pensions be raised to £3 a week. Barnstaple Conservatives say they are 'all for teenagers and rock-n-roll.' 7 1957 Witheridge churchgoers protest at an ice cream van that regularly disrupts services with its horn. A British Legion dinner at High Bickington is warned about the 'selfishness' and lust for power' of Communists. 14 200 South Molton residents petition their MP to stop further nuclear bomb testing. Three seventeenth century thatched cottages at Chivenor are demolished as 'slums'. 2 1957 Plans are announced to widen the Barnstaple Long Bridge. Ilfracombe's first post war Trades Fair and Exhibition is to be opened by Yana 'the television singer'. 9 1957 300 female glovemakers at Torrington and Bideford are either unemployed or on short time. In Bideford 19 people are arrested following a police raid on an illegal betting shop in High Street. 16 5 1957 It is announced that ITV's commercial television is likely to be available in North Devon by Christmas. TV cameras are to film a time trial between a sheep shearer and a human barber at the New Inn, Muddiford. 23 Children are picnicking and frying food on open fires at Fremington rubbish dump. Phantom horses are said to be haunting Landkey churchyard. 30 1957 New fangled 'frozen food' is hitting Combe Martin's market gardening industry. The new Barnstaple Teenage Club is to have 'instruction in make up, hair styling and dress sense.' 6 6 1957 The League of Empire Loyalists disrupt a speech in Barnstaple by Jo Grimond, leader of the Liberal Party. The Cresta Milk Bar, Braunton announces it can supply a 'Mobile Milk Bar' to fetes. 13 6 1957 Sir Dennis Stucley applies for permission to pull down Hartland Abbey as the rates are too high. Mortuaries at Clovelly, Horns Cross and Hartland are to be closed. 20 An Ilfracombe hotelier warns 'Teddy Boys' and 'Youthful Spivs' to stay away from local dances. The Journal opens its new office buildings in Barnstaple High Street. 25 1957 Watermouth Castle is to be converted into a 'major tourist attraction'. A play put on at the Queen's Hall in Barnstaple is described as 'a dismal piece of ranting'. 1 8 1957 The glove factory of Dent Allcroft & Co at Newport, Barnstaple closes with the loss of 40 jobs. Bideford town council is to demolish 'slums' in Higher Gunstone, Honestone Street and Bull Hill. 8 8 1957 A new sewage works at Instow is held up by the discovery of quicksand at the site. At Appledore Horace Ford warns that locals will throw 'No Parking' signs in the Torridge due to a lack of parking spaces. 15 An assistant lighthouse keeper on Lundy is arrested for assaulting his workmate. A 'knife throwing' craze springs up among teenagers at South Molton. 19 9 1957 The committee of the Bideford OAP Association resign over 'differences' aired at a 300 strong meeting in the Town Hall. Foot and mouth is confirmed at Lynton and a 'standstill order' is put in place over Exmoor. 26 9 1957 A massive storm destroys part of the quay wall at Appledore and causes a cliff fall at Lantern Hill, Ilfracombe. Asian flu hits 225 of the 390 pupils at the Barnstaple Girls' Grammar School. 3 Over 800 'suggestive' postcards seized by Ilfracombe police are ordered to be destroyed. Some 1000 flint implements are discovered on Lundy. 10 1957 No-one knows who owns Tawstock's village pump sited at Holywell School. Hele school with just 12 pupils is described as 'the most expensive school in Devon' and is to be closed. 17 10 1957 Observers at Barnstaple, Combe Martin and Ilfracombe see newly launched Russian 'sputniks' with the naked eye. New premises of Taw Garage in Barnstaple are opened by TV personality Eamonn Andrews. 24 1957 Five local GPO engineers are rescued after being marooned on Lundy for a week. Two cows at Clovelly, recently purchased from Cumberland, have their milk condemned as 'atomic' following an accident at Windscale nuclear power station. 31 10 1957 An old cemetery at Garden Court, Barnstaple is to be levelled with bones 'cremated and scattered'. A new half-crown is put under the foundation stone of Braunton's new Catholic church. 7 1957 44 pupils travel daily on a 26 seat bus taking them from Welcombe to Hartland. A large gap appears in the pebble ridge at Westward Ho! by the sixth tee of the golf course. 14 11 1957 The Gaumont cinema at Ilfracombe which was built in 1921 closes as the town is 'as dead as a dodo.' In the FA Cup Bideford play Yeovil and earn £257 in gate fees. 21 11 1957 A Barnstaple woman finds a stick of gelignite in some coal she is about to light. Ilfracombe's own skiffle group 'The Rockets' give their first public performance. 28 A new Ford Popular is for sale in Barnstaple at £443.17.0. Holsworthy Carnival has 30 floats many of them on the theme of 'Space Travel'. 5 12 1957 A deer shoot in the Lyn Valley is foiled by a group of 'vigilantes' who draw the animals away. West Anstey councillors explore the idea of sinking a well to overcome water shortages. 12 12 1957 South Molton town council are trying to find out where 12 Chippendale chairs and some silver plate they own have gone. Bottles of 1947 vintage port are on sale at Snell's in Ilfracombe at £1.25 each. 19 1957 Gravestones at Bideford's Old Town cemetery are repositioned to create a children's playground. The Milky Way Café in Barnstaple loses its juke box licence after it is used on Sundays. 24 1957 Locals wait to catch a sight of the 'White Lady' ghost at Abbey Lodge, Pilton. Holsworthy church tower is said to be in imminent danger of collapse due to rusted ironwork. 31 Fremington Vicarage is burnt down but police save all the vicar's pets. Ilfracombe is to experiment with TV advertising to attract extra visitors. 16 1958 Barnstaple School of Art buildings are so bad they are described as 'Fagin's Scullery'. Hele Primary School in Ilfracombe is permanently closed one day before the 17 pupils are due back from holiday. 23 1 1958 Sir William Williams of Upcott House near Barnstaple is challenged to a duel using riding crops by the brother of a woman he insults. New 2 bedroom bungalows on the Home Farm Estate at Fremington are on sale at £1650. 30 1 1958 Radio star Wilfred Pickles visits Bideford and stages his 'Have a Go' show from the Church Institute. 1000 gloveworkers in North Devon have their application for a wage rise rejected by their employers. 6 2 1958 Braunton is warned that it faces a 'risk of disease' unless it builds a new sewage works. Ilfracombe clergymen issue leaflets warning people about 'propaganda' from attendees at a 3 day conference of Jehova's Witnesses in the town. 13 1958 Oswald Browning, head teacher at Barnstaple Boys' Bluecoat Primary School, condemns modern teaching methods. Combe Martin parish council ban the local WI from holding a Fun Fair in the village. 20 2 1958 Shipowners throughout the world are considering laying up spare ships in the River Torridge following a trade recession. Littleham school managers start a fight to keep their school open. 27 1958 Old mines at North Molton are searched for traces of uranium. A number of houses in Azes Lane and Hardaway Head, Barnstaple are scheduled for demolition as slums. 6 3 1958 Parish councillors at Lynmouth reject plans to turn the Pavilion into a slot machine entertainment centre. The head of Braunton's basket factory says the craft is dying as youngsters are not interested in learning it. 13 3 1958 It is suggested that local clay could be used to start a porcelain industry in Bideford. The old thatched bandstand in Rock Park, Barnstaple is demolished after being attacked by dearth watch beetle. 20 1958 The Barnstaple Co-op Society opens a supermarket at 50 High Street, Barnstaple. South Molton Scouts plant 2 acres of pine at Higher Wompford on land they use for camping. 27 3 1958 Georgeham residents allege there is discrimination over who is buried in the old and new parish churchyards. The Forestry Commission's plan to plant 1000 acres of trees on Exmoor is opposed by local councils. 2 1958 Mark Bonham-Carter wins the Torrington by-election for the Liberals with a majority of 219. Farmers are said to have illegally removed 'ancient stone circles' from the Valley of the Rocks at Lynton. 9 1958 Instow Army camp is put on alert after possible IRA men halt outside it. Free parking is introduced into Bideford - but local traders fill all the spaces with their vehicles. 17 1958 Ilfracombe Development Organisation is to build a new boating pool on the sea front. A meeting in Bideford's Pannier Market votes by 401 to 179 to allow films to be shown in the town on Sundays. 24 The BBC announces plans to film this year's Torrington May Fair. An application by Ilfracombe café owner Anthony Boni to install a juke box is refused. 1 5 1958 Barnstaple based Devon Concrete Works Ltd wins the contract to supply concrete to build Hinkley Point nuclear power station. TV and radio stars Cliff Michelmore and his wife Jean Metcalfe holiday at Hunter's Inn. 8 5 1958 The Plaza Cinema at Braunton introduces bingo sessions 'in an effort to regain audiences captured by television'. The Queen Mother visits Lundy - the first ever Royal visitor. 15 5 1958 A Bideford town council election is decided by the toss of a coin when 2 candidates both get 1195 votes. Combe Martin's main street 'is worse than the neglected entrance to a farm' according to a local councillor. 22 1958 Soot from Yelland power station is covering local washing lines and crops. North Devon Scouts put on a Jubilee Review but refuse to have any 'skiffle or rock-'n-roll' in the show. 29 1958 Belmont Boy's School in Bickington becomes a limited company. South Molton British Legion Whitsun Fete features a knobbly knees context and a demonstration from the town's 'Rock-n-Roll Club'. 5 1958 Plans are announced to establish a 'national holiday camp for teenagers' in Ilfracombe Hartland parish council ask that white lines be painted in the town square to mark parking places. 12 1958 TV star Johnny Morris opens the Bideford Traders' Jubilee Exhibition. A Hunter jet fighter from Chivenor crashes on to Braunton Marshes and its pilot is killed. 19 1958 Lord Fortescue and his wife die within 4 days of each other. High Bickington parish council vote to erect 7 electric lights in the village to help parking. 26 1958 Appledore Market is said to be infested with rats. Rock and roll dances are banned from Abbotsham village hall owing to the fragile state of the building. 3 An 18 year old nurse is mauled by a bear at Ilfracombe Zoo. The old railway bridge at Nuttaberry, Bideford is demolished and a new one erected. 17 1958 Some 1300 'cartoon postcards' are seized from a Westward Ho! shop as obscene. Litter on Instow beach is said to be worse than ever before with discarded paper forking 'balls of mud'. 24 7 1958 The launch of a tug, the Hazelgarth at Appledore Shipyard needs 2 bottles of champagne as it gets stuck the first time. The International Festival of Folk Dancing held in Barnstaple is a 'cultural and financial success'. 31 1958 Twelve men are taken on by a new business making salmon 'flies' in Bideford. Local MP James Lindsey opens Chulmleigh Fair but his speech is drowned out by the South Molton Town Band. 7 Hartland Carnival has 2 'Queens' owing to a mix-up over counting of votes. 'Carry on Sergeant', the 'New Comedy Hit' is showing at the Palace Cinema in Bideford. 4 1958 'Ripper' the kestrel mascot of the Fremington Royal Army Service Corps goes a.w.o.l. Ilfracombe council is warned that people are leaving the town owing to its 'lack of culture'. 11 9 1958 A petition from Yelland residents complain about 'smoke and choking fumes' from the local power station. Clovelly parish council consider there are too many street collections happening in the village. 18 1958 Swansea trawlers operating in Bideford Bay are said to have 'fished it bare'. A Woolacombe man is so incensed at cars parking near his house he scratches 'No parking' on the bonnet of one. 25 1958 Rumours circulate in Bideford that there is to be a nuclear power station at Gammaton. Declining demand for mosquito nets sees 40 men laid off from the Derby lace factory in Barnstaple. 2 A group of Lundy ponies are brought to Bideford to be sold. A new junior school is officially opened in Coronation Road, Bideford for 240 pupils. 13 11 1958 An Ilfracombe Town footballer who has been banned from playing sets up his own 'breakaway' team. A 4' long turtle is caught by a man walking along Saunton beach. 20 1958 The 3 acre Salt Dean camp site at Combe Martin is sold for £5500. The chair of Barnstaple Savings Committee reckons 'Modern teenagers were paid over-large wages and did not know what to do with the money.' 27 1958 An Appledore widow gases herself through fear that 'mythical knaves were watching her.' A new St.John Ambulance Association HQ is opened at Combe Martin after 30 years of fundraising. 4 Because Journal printers are on strike the newspaper consists of 3 pages of duplicated typescript. Plans to combine Ilfracombe Grammar and Secondary Schools are opposed by parents. 2 7 1959 A missing 2 year old Brayford girl is found on Exmoor after a huge police search. Thousands of starlings nest in woods at Filleigh and badly damage the trees. 9 7 1959 Five Barnstaple children are taken to court for dropping a bicycle on the local rail track. 'Some like it hot' is being shown at Barnstaple's Gaumont Cinema. 16 1959 Some 10,000 acres of the Fortescue Estates in North Devon are put up for sale. North Devon Water Board announce restrictions on the use of water hoses owing to a local drought. 23 Two tourists drown in the surf at Croyde. A new 'fancy cardboard' factory opens in Bideford and employs 14 girls. 30 1959 A heat wave sees some of the worst ever traffic jams on local roads. A member of a tank landing craft moored at Zeta Berth, Instow dies in an explosion. 7 8 1959 An inquiry is demanded when no pupils at Lynton Church Primary School pass the 11+ examination. Connecting Newton Tracey to mains sewage is to cost £12,250. 14 8 1959 A 50 year old grandmother wins the Ilfracombe 'Bathing Belle' title but controversially is asked not to take part in the Carnival. A Chivenor based Hunter jet crashes at Milton Damerel. 20 West Stowford farmhouse, Chittlehamholt is badly damaged by fire. Woolaway & Sons win permission to build 160 bungalows on 5 fields near Shorelands Road, Barnstaple. 3 1959 Members of North Devon CND are described by an Ilfracombe councillor as 'cranks'. Owners of the Espresso Snack Bar in Boutport Street, Barnstaple are fined £6 over noise from their juke box. 10 1959 Female 'undies' are hoisted up a Lynmouth flagpole by tourists. Chimneys at Yelland power station are to be heightened by 50' to alleviate dust and soot nuisances. 17 9 1959 Water supplies in Bideford are cut between 11 pm and 6 am owing to drought conditions. Abandoned Second World War ammunition explodes during a huge gorse fire at Woolacombe. 24 Thomas Burton who gave an Art Gallery to Bideford dies aged 84. 89 year old W.Jewell rides in the Boxing Day meet of the Torrington Farmers' Hunt. 4 3 1976 A detached bungalow in Braunton with two bedrooms is priced at £13,250. The BBC assures the Journal that it is not discriminating against local people who can only get TV programmes in Welsh. A petition is organised against the building of the Londonderry estate in Bideford. 11 3 1976 Plans by Church trustees to demolish Lavington Chapel in Bridgeland Street, Bideford are defeated. Tony Speller, prospective Tory candidate for North Devon, calls for a 'tightening of the law against dirty books and films.' 18 3 1976 Norman Scott appears at Exeter Crown Court and claims he lived with Jeremy Thorpe, MP for North Devon and leader of the Liberal Party, from 1959 to 1960. Ilfracombe School announces a trip to Israel following earlier visits to 'Red China' and India. It is said that a caravan site at Woolacombe is 'essential' to the resort but NDDC turn it down. 25 3 1976 The North Devon Leisure Centre floods to a depth of 2' as the pool is being refilled. A BBC announcement that Westward Ho! is in danger of imminent flooding due to a weakened pebble ridge is described as 'scare mongering' by TDC. Desmond Dekker is advertised to appear at the Tempo Club in Queen Street, Barnstaple. 1 4 1976 Tickets for a concert by Roger Whittaker at the Queens Hall sell out very quickly even though prices are up to £3 each. Winkleigh Cider factory is given planning permission for a large expansion. Clifton Cinema in Ilfracombe shows the X-rated 'The Happy Hooker' on a Sunday. 8 4 1976 Chequers Nightspot in Barnstaple sells for £35,000 'in a slow but intense session of bidding.' Clovelly's fishing industry is said to be under threat from a damaged breakwater - which Clovelly Estates are reluctant to repair. 15 4 1976 South West Water calls for water saving as supplies are beginning to run short. The Devon and Dorset Regiment march through the High Street in Barnstaple with fixed bayonets before being posted to West Germany. A Milton Damerel man is fined £20 for growing cannabis - which he reckoned to be 'as natural as using mint or any other herbs.' 22 4 1976 Braunton Ratepayers Association demands an inquiry into how NDDC runs its financial affairs following losses on car park income. Football club scouts trying to persuade Barnstaple Town players to leave the club are denounced as 'poachers'. The Jack Straw Disco is appearing at the Narracott Cabaret Bar in Woolacombe. 29 4 1976 Devon Housing Association purchase the row of Georgian houses on the Strand in Bideford which had been in use as offices. Militant North Devon teachers 'work to rule' to protest at staffing cuts in the area. 'A virile group of young Torrington football supporters' smash up a new bus shelter 6 5 1976 Cottage hospitals at Lynton, South Molton and Torrington are spared major cuts in an NHS 'economy axe'. A plan to turn RAF Chivenor into an industrial or holiday complex is ruled out. A float based on the 'Magic Roundabout' TV series and built by the Torrington Cavaliers is accidentally destroyed by fire. 13 5 1976 N.Devon MP Jeremy Thorpe steps down as leader of the Liberal Party following allegations about his relationship with a male model. Sewage pollution at Appledore is said to be so bad that it constitutes a typhoid risk according to a local businessman. 20 5 1976 Mrs.Elizabeth Fern becomes the first ever female Mayor of Barnstaple. After a police investigation Ilfracombe Air Cadets are cleared of charges of vandalism in the town's parks. A derelict barn on Lundy is converted into a self-contained centre for student parties. 27 5 1976 An Egyptian child's mummy in Ilfracombe Museum develops white mould and begins smelling so it is cremated. The Gateway supermarket in Bridgeland Street, Bideford closes after only a year's trading. Planned Sunday lunchtime striptease shows at Ilfracombe's Alexander Theatre are cancelled following local protests. 3 6 1976 North Devon College students stage a sit-in strike over recognition of the Student Union. The old railway goods yard in Bideford is offered for sale to Torridge District Council for £250,000. A cacti collection owned by Joe Withers of Witheridge reaches 1500 in number. 10 6 1976 An Earth Fair pop festival near Challacombe attracts about 5000 people. An escaped lion cub is run over by a police panda car in Barnstaple High Street. Torridge District Council are told they can only demolish half of Bull Hill in Bideford, the rest has to be preserved. 17 6 1976 Members of Chawleigh Friendly Society, founded in 1869, go on their annual 'club walk' through the village behind a brass band with banners flying. A public meeting in Combe Martin votes 209-2 to urge the parish to buy the local beach. Barnstaple Male Voice Choir is revived after a lapse of 30 years. 24 6 1976 A Lynton businessman threatens 'activism' to bring 'total English speaking TV' to his home town where Welsh TV reception is common. The Exmoor Society warns that the moor will disappear by 2000 if farmers are not stopped from steadily bringing it into cultivation. A former NDDC councillor stands in a parish council election in Bishops Tawton and receives no votes at all. 1 7 1976 Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips spend a week training at South Molton for the forthcoming Montreal Olympic Games. Mary Shaw retires as Headmistress of Edgehill College after 21 years in the post. 8 7 1976 The spire of West Worlington church is hit by lightning and loses two-thirds of its wooden tiles. Westward Ho! beach is inundated with ladybirds. They form 'a moving carpet' along the whole 2 miles length of the beach. 15 7 1976 Billy Moore dies aged 93. He ran a boat hiring business from the slipway at the North Devon Athenaeum in Barnstaple for many years. Hawkwind play the Queens Hall - their encores last half an hour. 22 7 1976 Even though 16,500 people petition to save the building a public inquiry gives the go-ahead for demolition of the century old 210 room Ilfracombe Hotel in the resort. British Rail announce they have no plans to halt freight movements on the Barnstaple-Exeter line. 29 7 1976 A plan by two local people to open a pub in Ashford is defeated - the parish must remain 'dry'. Frankie Vaughan appears at the Chequers Night Spot in Barnstaple. Tickets which include a 3 course meal are £5.50. 5 8 1976 Barnstaple architect Bruce Oliver who designed the Queens Hall and restored the Three Tuns pub dies aged 93. Two homeless women and a young baby become squatters in a long-empty house in Coldharbour, Bideford. 12 8 1976 The Sunday afternoon church service in Mariansleigh is stopped to enable the congregation to fight a fire that destroys 3 thatched cottages in the village. Bideford Round Table organise a tug-of-war across the River Torridge near the Bridge. The 'rope' made out of steel and jute breaks. 19 8 1976 The first stand pipes are installed at Orchard Hill, Northam in case water rationing is introduced. A 10' long basking shark appears about 70' offshore at Croyde - bathers remain in the sea. 26 8 1976 Some 30 acres of bracken are burnt in a fire that breaks out at Kipling Tors, Westward Ho! A group called Barnstaple Alternative Education Project announce plans to open their own school for 4 to 9 year olds in the town. 5 5 1977 Plans to build a new holiday village at Blackmore Gate are slammed as a 'blot on the landscape.' The 600 seats on a special Royal Jubilee excursion train from Bideford to London are sold out rapidly. 12 5 1977 The newly crowned Barnstaple Town Football Queen Alison Mack admits she has never seen a game in her life. A fire at Portledge Hotel is blamed on 3 members of staff who are charged with arson. 19 5 1977 Prince Charles visits Appledore to launch RMV Scillonian III which is the new ferry boat to the Scillies. The BBC are examining the use of laser beams to improve TV reception at Lynton. 26 5 1977 Two separate UFOs are seen over the North Devon coast. An RAF spokesman reckons they were either weather balloons or satellites. Frankie Howerd appears at the Queen's Hall in Barnstaple. Tickets are priced between £1.25 and £2. 2 6 1977 Decorations erected for the Queen's Jubilee celebrations in Barnstaple are destroyed by vandals. Plans by Appledore Shipbuilders to fill in the patent slipway at Hubbastone meet enormous objection - mostly from their own employees. 9 6 1977 Sticklepath Residents Association campaign against plans to redevelop new industries on the Shapland and Petter site. Northam town council vote not to stage a public lottery to raise funds for the parish. 16 6 1977 £10,000 is to be spent on burying intrusive telegraph poles at Croyde to improve the village's appearance. The Appledore Maritime Museum opens in Odun House. It includes a Victorian toilet. 23 6 1977 The Patio Pool at Westward Go! which was used by Rudyard Kipling is offered for sale at £65,000. Sam Fenwick of South Molton offers one of his kidneys to the Iraqi Embassy in London for £50,000. 30 6 1977 Another victim is added to the 24 cats killed over the preceding 3 years by an unknown person labelled 'The Cat Poisoner of Pilton'. The Maids of Barum female morris team dance in Butcher's Row, Barnstaple. 7 7 1977 Two local boys, Adam Newman and Alan Ball, are winched to safety from Welcombe cliffs by a helicopter from RAF Chivenor. The Boomtown Rats with Bob Geldorf appear at Chequers on the Strand in Barnstaple. 14 7 1977 Woolacombe Service Station starts selling petrol in litres rather than gallons - residents are 'speechless'. Alan Bates and Lee Remick come to Hartland and Westleigh to film 'The Shout'. 21 7 1977 North Devon's first refuge for battered women is about to open in Barnstaple. It can take up to 20 women and children. A young girl fishing for tiddlers in the rock pools at Westward Ho! catches a 16 legged, 3 pincered crab. 28 7 1977 A Combe Martin woman is arrested after police find 51 cannabis plants in pots around her house. A 4 bedroomed chalet-bungalow is offered for sale at North Molton for £15,500. 4 8 1977 The site of the demolished Strange and Amory almshouses in Meddon Street, Bideford is to be redeveloped as old peoples' flats. Four Torrington girls do a topless streak at Vicarage Field and sell tickets at 50p each to raise funds for the football club appeal. Some £250 is raised. 11 8 1977 The newly opened roller skating rink on the site of the old swimming pool in Rock Park, Barnstaple is constantly full of young skaters. The Queen and Prince Philip visit Lundy on a private day trip during her Jubilee tour of Britain. 18 8 1977 Henry Wiliamson, author of 'Tarka the Otter' and a long-time resident of Georgeham dies aged 81. Combe Martin villagers declare war on 18 'hippies' living in an 'Ashram' in the village. 25 8 1977 It is announced that the North Devon Leisure Centre has lost £21,000 in a year. Demolition of the curved iron railway bridge across the River Taw at Barnstaple commences. 6 4 1978 Peter Smithson becomes the first local man to become a Master glassblower at Dartington Glass, Torrington. A plan to build a new hotel and sports complex for golfers at Saunton is rejected. 13 The Government decides to re-open RAF Chivenor in 1980. The foundation stone of the new pharmaceutical factory of A.H.Cox is laid at Barnstaple. 20 4 1978 Work begins on a £33,000 emergency scheme to repair a 150m gap in the Westward Ho! pebble ridge. A Lynton bank clerk sees UFOs over North Devon on 3 separate occasions. 27 1978 Second World War anti-invasion metal spikes are exposed at Saunton Sands. Bideford is to spend £5000 on enhancing Jubilee Square - including the building of a kiosk there. 27 4 1978 600 Scouts, Guides, Cubs and Brownies march from Barnstaple Civic Centre to the Queen's Hall to celebrate St.George's Day. Combe Martin beach is purchased privately after the parish council refuse to buy it for £28,500. 4 5 1978 A 13 year old girl is killed when a bus carrying a Welsh rugby team crashes at Fremington. At Braunton a modern 3 bedroom detached house is for sale at £15,950 11 5 1978 A fire at the seventeenth century Barnstaple Inn in Chulmleigh is put out when smouldering thatch is dragged off the roof. The ornamental lamps now in place along Taw Vale in Barnstaple are erected. 18 5 1978 A 'black object' seen in the sea at Woolacombe zooms away across to Lundy at 600 mph. Martin Carthy the famous folksinger appears at the Lobster Pot in Instow. 25 5 1978 The North Devon Labour Party candidate Trevor Smith is removed for refusing to attack Jeremy Thorpe. The new film 'Star Wars' is showing at the Clifton Cinema in Ilfracombe. 1 Parracombe parish council face unpopularity when they close the village youth club. Kentisbury farmer Patrick Kift becomes the top sheep shearer in Britain. 22 6 1978 Colonel Robert Gilliat becomes the Lundy administrator after beating over 900 other applicants for the job. Littleham residents unite to resist County Council plans to turn local beauty spot Parsonage Wood into a rubbish dump. 29 6 1978 A hoax telephone caller at Ilfracombe is arrested after he fails to notice a police car outside of the callbox he was using. Noel Edmonds appears at Chequers Night Club in Barnstaple, tickets are £2 each. 6 7 1978 Philip Waters warns fellow Northam town councillors that Crow Point 'is lost and cannot be saved whatever action is now taken.' 3 students of Ilfracombe School convert an old Land Rover into a 6 wheel half-track vehicle. 13 7 1978 A West Down garage owner is fined £2100 for selling petrol in litres rather than gallons. Planning permission is given for Bideford's first dogs' beauty parlour in Torrington Street. 20 1978 A UFO sighting is reported over Ilfracombe by Michael Birch. Torridge District Council say there is an urgent need for a multi-storey car park in Bridge Street, Bideford. 27 1978 Woolsery Village Hall Committee organise a dung flinging competition to raise funds. Moves by the National Front to use council property for fund raising events in N.Devon is fought by horrified local groups. 3 8 1978 Barnstaple Town Council agree to pay half the cost of appoinbting a private 'town constable' to combat vandalism. The Lurkers appear at Chequers nightclub in the Strand, Barnstaple. 10 1978 Work starts on building the first factory on the Hatchmoor Industrial Estate at Torrington. The Boer Four record their first single 'The Boers have got my Daddy' live at Westward Ho! Holiday Centre. 1000 copies are pressed up. 17 Holsworthy church is to be locked up when not in use due to vandalism. Col.Robert Gillat arrives on Lundy to begin work as the new Administrator. 24 8 1978 Frank Hansford-Miller of the English National Party announces his intention to fight the North Devon Parliamentary seat. 100 nurses at Barnstaple's North Devon Infirmary and Alexandra Hospital have scabies. 31 1978 The Ilfracombe Victoria Pavilion Theatre is closed due to huge losses. A Navy helicopter crashes 2 miles SE of Lundy whilst taking mail from Bideford to HMS Hermes. 7 9 1978 Locals barricade the road to the new Pall Europe factory in Ilfracombe protesting at dust and noise from traffic going to the site. South Molton's only cinema the Savoy is to be reopened after 18 months' closure. 14 9 1978 Moves are announced to convert the derelict tannery in Swimbridge into a new light industrial centre. Ashreigney Horse Show attracts over 100 entries. 21 A weekend orgy of vandalism and noise in Croyde is blamed on 'visiting surfers.' Mac Fisheries close their shop in Barnstaple High Street after trading for nearly 60 years. 28 9 1978 A Lynton hotel porter is charged with assaulting police after eating 'magic mushrooms' he picked locally. Plans to use the Devil's Elbow site at Filleigh for a rubbish dump are attacked by locals. 5 1978 The first patients are moved into the new North Devon District Hospital. Meddon Green at Hartland is landscaped by a local farmer even though it is publicly owned manorial wasteland. 12 1978 Bradworthy Market auctioneer Bill Cory retires aged 95. Local councillor Keith Evers reckons that nothing could make Westward Ho! 'any worse than it now is.' 19 10 1978 The 'City of Perth' container ship becomes the 50th vessel to be launched from the covered yard at Appledore. Fremington villagers are up in arms over smells from the abattoir at the local Quay. 26 10 1978 The North Devon Civic Society object to plans to divert the Anchor Wood footpath in Barnstaple. Mud are to play in Chequers nightclub in Barnstaple. 2 1978 Felix Gade resident agent on Lundy from 1926 until 1970 dies aged 88. Bideford is set to get a 7 storey car park holding 300 cars in Bridge Street. 9 11 1978 Ilfracombe demands the re-opening of the rail link to Barnstaple - as an alternative to the Link Road. The traditional custom of 'Firing the Anvil' is held at Hartland to mark the marriage of Robert Conibear a local blacksmith. 16 11 1978 The owner of the Woodford Bridge Hotel unveils expansion plans to 'bring Monte Carlo to Milton Damerel'. Vandals manage to put out all the lights in Chulmleigh Square. 23 Dirty water at Clovelly is said to be staining peoples' washing. Plans to demolish Westmead House in Braunton are shelved following a petition containing 1743 names. 30 11 1978 Norman Scott gives evidence in Minehead about an alleged murder plot by local MP Jeremy Thorpe. A party of Chinese government officials visits Barnstaple to see the road sign factory at Pottington. 7 12 1978 Work begins on construction of a new double roundabout system outside Shapland & Petter's factory in Barnstaple. Old Ford, reputedly the oldest house in Bideford, opens as a craft centre. 14 1978 The North Devon Infirmary in Barnstaple closes after 152 years as the area's major hospital. New street signs are erected in Barnstaple - in one street they read Dymond Street at one end - and Diamond at the other. 21 12 1978 The 500 ton 'Kingba' which has been berthed under arrest at Bideford Quay for a year is sold to new owners. The principal of North Devon College attacks 'yobbos' and 'drifters' who visit the College at lunchtime to eat subsidised meals. 28 12 1978 Some 400 out of 600 pupils at South Molton school fail to arrive due to large falls of snow. The railway signal box at Instow is made a Grade II Listed Building. 28 12 1978 Bideford Rugby Club beats Barnstaple in a Boxing Day Derby even though bookmakers had odds against them of 100 to 1. A 13% pay rise to agricultural labourers in North Devon brings their average pay to £48.50 for a 35 hour week. 4 1 1979 A blizzard hits North Devon and a bus from Plymouth to Bideford arrives 42 hours late. Richard Bayliss retires after 22 years as headmaster of Chittlehampton Primary school. 11 1979 Panic buying strips supermarket shelves in the area as the long term freeze continues. A jilted Barnstaple girl throws white paint all over her boyfriend's house - she is fined £10. 18 Firemen from 4 towns fight a fire at Aaronson Brothers' chipboard factory in South Molton. A two bedroomed cottage in Bideford is for sale at £5500. 25 1979 Some 8" of snow falls overnight in North Devon and milk collection is decimated. A 12' long model of a killer whale is found dumped outside of Marks and Spencers in Barnstaple. 2 2 1979 Conservative County Councillor Noel Bathom claims that 'dirty books' are to be found on local library shelves. A Beatles tribute band 'Those Four' appear at Chequers in Barnstaple. 9 1979 Landslides on Lundy make the road to the landing beach virtually impassable. Freda Avant an Ilfracombe councillor says she will go to gaol before paying extra rates towards mending the town's sea wall. 16 The first video recorders go on sale in South Molton. Construction work takes place on a new bridge across the River Yeo at Rolle Quay. 1 3 1979 Holsworthy tops the league in England for the percentage of couples opting for a church wedding. (80%) Barnstaple's largest supermarket Discount Foods in the High Street closes after just 18 months. 8 3 1979 Banner waving mothers block New Street in Torrington in protest at the removal of a 'lollipop warden' for the Blue Coat Infanmts School. New telephone links mean North Devonians can now phone direct to the rest of the world. 15 3 1979 Fed up with waiting for the council to act 35 members of Ilfracombe's Fore Street Association begin painting their street. N.Devon Communist Party are to put up a candidate in Bideford at the next town council election. 22 Villagers in Bucks Cross are said to be 'terrified' by low flying Phantom jets. A music festival in Chulmleigh is based around the theme of 'The Police'. 19 4 1979 Eight people stand for Parliament in North Devon against Jeremy Thorpe - they include Auberon Waugh of the Dog Lovers' Party. A Pyjama Disco party with 'Prizes for the most daring nightie' is held in Chequers club in Barnstaple. 26 4 1979 Would-be Tory MP Tony Speller denounces 'Funny Farm' candidates standing against him and sitting MP Jeremy Thorpe. A Bideford councillor reckons a new factory at East-the-Water is 'vandalism gone mad' and a 'desecration of the countryside'. 3 1979 North Devon Meat take over the old FMC abattoir at Pottington industrial estate. Lynton council 'kick up one hell of a stink' over poor street lighting in the village. 10 5 1979 Conservative Tony Speller beats Liberal Jeremy Thorpe by a huge 8500 votes in the Parliamentary election. Candy Tiles of Newton Abbot take over Brannam's Barnstaple pottery works. 17 An extension to Barnstaple's Civic Centre costed at £600,000 rises to £1 million. Ilfracombe agrees to twin with Herxheim in West Germany. 28 6 1979 Jeremy Thorpe is cleared by an Old Bailey jury of hiring a 'hit man' to kill Norman Scott. The gamekeeper at Castle Hill, Filleigh is sacked after losing 900 pheasants. 5 7 1979 A service of thanksgiving at Bratton Fleming for the freeing of Jeremy Thorpe is attacked by the Archdeacon of Barnstaple. Hartland appeals to the Chief Constable to have a resident policeman living in the village. 12 7 1979 Dartington Trust announce plans to open a merchant bank, an insurance company and a school in Barnstaple. A Chulmleigh man is taken to court after his 'obsession' with collecting scrap overwhelms his cottage. 19 1979 Building of the new 300 house Londonderry estate in Bideford begins. Torridge District Council offers £20,000 towards the £100,000 needed to repair the cliff road on Lundy. 26 7 1979 'Open warfare' against juggernaut lorries is declared by residents of Victoria Street in Barnstaple tired of the 'pounding' they receive. £20 worth of counterfeit 50p pieces are found in slot machines at Woolacombe. 2 8 1979 Torrington milk factory takes its last delivery of milk in churns which are to be replaced by bulk tankers. Tom Sherborne stands for election to Landcross parish council - and gets no votes at all. 9 8 1979 A new factory for International Ball Screws Ltd. is begun to be built at Whiddon Valley, Barnstaple. Torridge Council are given a Government loan to buy the old railway goods yard in Bideford for housing. 13 Building plans announced by Alan Smith will double the size of both Woolsery and Dolton. The John Collier shop in Barnstaple High Street is to close due to 'dwindling profits.' 23 8 1979 The Save the Children Fund wish to lease the old Alexandra Hospital in Barnstaple as a centre for Vietnamese Boat People. Torrington Army Cadet Force becomes the first in the Westcountry to have girl members. 30 1979 Woolacombe Surf Life Saving team become British Champions for the first time. The animated film version of Lord of the Rings is being shown at Bideford and Ilfracombe cinemas. 6 9 1979 J.H.Baker & Sons are given permission by the Government to fell ancient trees at Webbery Wood in Alverdiscott. An organ built by the Wyvern Company of Bideford accompanies the Pope on a tour of Ireland. 20 Plans are announced to demolish Braunton railway station and replace it with a village green. Bideford's largest building firm A.F.Beer & Son Ltd closes and 64 men are laid off. 15 1979 North Devon Leisure Centre makes losses of £650,000 over 3 years. Experimental wood frame houses planned at Broadwoodwidger are described as 'looking like a barracks' by a local councillor. 22 11 1979 A white Rolls Royse parked in Joy Street, Barnstaple is sprayed with green paint by vandals. A nurse living on Lundy is given a wide selection of medicines to help islanders and tourists when taken ill. 29 1979 Trevor Beer of Barnstaple wins the £700 Gavin Maxwell Award of the World Wildlife Fund. A new rent collector employed by NDDC is collecting arrears by 'surprise early-morning and late-night calls.' 6 Margaret Price of Ashwater is voted Disabled Sports Personality of the Year by British sportswriters. Bideford Shipyard is sold for £150,000 to a 'mystery buyer'. 13 12 1979 Severe gales cause major flooding throughout North Devon and move two of the slabs at Tarr Steps on Exmoor. Subsidence at the North Devon Leisure Centre in Barnstaple means very expensive repairs have to be carried out. 20 1979 Torridge District Council vote to stop funding the Plough Theatre in Torrington. 'Dreary streets, apathetic traders and rising prices' are killing Christmas in Barnstaple according the President of the town's Chamber of Commerce. 27 12 1979 The newly formed N.Devon Ecology Party attack councillors' lack of interest in the new District Local Plan. The first Star Trek film is being shown in Barnstaple. 28 Floods in the Kenwith Valley, Bideford see 70 houses full of water. Chawleigh parents complain that school meals for their children are being brought from Chulmleigh. 10 1 1980 Moves by Torridge District Council to cut an annual grant of £12,000 to the Plough at Torrington are defeated. Dornat & Co., who have produced mineral water in Barnstaple for 120 years, close down. 17 1 1980 A Chinese crested dog born at Alverdiscott is claimed to be the smallest dog in the world. Captain George Chugg a master mariner of Braunton reaches his 100th birthday. 24 1980 The Mothers Pride bakery in Barnstaple is to close with the loss of 80 jobs. The Northam Residents Association are to publicly protest against a County Council plan to suspend free parking on Northam Burrows. 31 1 1980 North Devon churches act together to ban the local showing of the Monty Python film 'The Life of Brian'. Lynton councillors strongly oppose a plan to site a 'summer refreshment caravan' at County Gate by the Exmoor National Park Committee. 7 1980 Members of the religious cult 'The Moonies' are all over North Devon recruiting new believers. Braunton parents campaign to extend Caen Primary School's playground on to the adjacent disused railway line. 14 2 1980 A group at South Molton finalise plans to house 2 Vietnamese 'boat families' who have fled their own Communist government. Twelve houses in Hillside Road, Ilfracombe are threatened by a huge landslide. 21 1980 N.Devon District Council vote to increase rates by 21%. A £400,000 maritime research vessel 'Calanus' is launched from the Appledore yard of J.Hinks and Son. 28 2 1980 The CEGB confirm they have no plans to convert Yelland Power Station into a nuclear powered one. The Department of the Environment is to buy 900 acres of Exmoor from the Fortescue Estate and open it to the public. 6 3 1980 Residents of Fore Street, Ilfracombe form a human barricade in a protest against traffic using their street. Devon County Council propose a park and ride scheme from Seven Brethren Bank to Barnstaple town centre. 13 3 1980 Local farmers demand Barnstaple suspend links with its French twin town following a French ban on English lamb. A 3 bedroomed cottage in central Bideford is for sale at £17,000. 20 3 1980 Government imposed spending restrictions mean no-one on local housing waiting lists will be housed for a year. South Molton Pannier Market walls are bulging outwards and repairs are put at £100,000. 27 1980 The Landmark Trust take over the Summer steamer service to Lundy from P & A. Campbell. The South Molton born Lord Chief Justice Widgery announces he is to retire as Britain's top judge. 3 4 1980 North Devon College Rag Day leads to complaints from the public about being squirted with shaving foam and flour. Papers left by Henry Williamson are accepted by the State in lieu of Death Duties. 17 4 1980 The Torrington Corps of Drums announce they will not play at the Mayfair and Carnival after being 'snubbed' by the organising committee. Bideford Manor Court hears complaints about the increasing number of houseboats on the River Torridge. 24 4 1980 Devon County Council begin demolition of houses and shops in Barnstaple to allow construction of the town's Relief Road. Webbers introduce a computer to match up available properties with would-be purchasers. 1 5 1980 The staff of the North Devon Journal go on strike though the management bring out a single duplicated sheet of news costing 1p. 8 5 1980 The printing staff of the North Devon Journal are out on strike and no newspaper appears 15 5 1980 The new Barnstaple town plan is described as 'sloppy, wishy-washy, childish and loaded' by the town council. A deputation from Braunton travels to London to plead for more school places to meet extra demands from RAF Chivenor children. 22 It is announced that North Devon District Hospital is to get its own radio station. A spill from Torrington's milk factory kills nearly 1000 fish in the River Torridge. 30 1980 220 'Mods and Rockers' fight at Ilfracombe over the Whitsun holiday. Fremington House is sold for £118,000 to Geoffrey Ward who plans to turn it into a nursing home. 5 1980 Grenham Mill, Hartland burns down and owners John and Antoinette Moat are left homeless. Barnstaple Freemasons are attacked for illegally tarmacing over an area of Trafalgar Lawn for their car park. 12 6 1980 Kirkham's tyre depot on the Pill in Bideford burns down and causes huge dislocation to road traffic. A Lynmouth shopkeeper is told by the Race Relations Board to take down posters banning French students from his shop. 19 6 1980 Bickington parish council vow to fight Devon County Council plans for 2 permanent gypsy camps in their area. An usherette in Barnstaple's Classic Cinema joins those who claim to have seen a ghost in the building. 26 A thatched terrace cottage at Petrockstow is for sale at £19,500. Northam town council oppose plans to turn Appledore's Market Street into a pedestrian precinct. 3 7 1980 Westleigh School with just 9 pupils is targeted in a money saving drive by Devon County Council. Saunton Sands Hotel is used as the base for an episode of Roald Dahl's 'Tales of the Unexpected'. 10 7 1980 200 workers strike at Coutants Electronics factory in Barnstaple over 'poverty level wages of £50 per week. The Ilfracombe based Queen of Cornwall pleasure boat hits rocks at Combe Martin with 69 passengers on board some of whom suffer shock. 17 The obstructive attitude of church authorities is blamed for holding up house building in Hartland. Torridge District Council abandons plans to build a bus station and public hall in Bideford. 31 7 1980 A destructive house fire in Abbotsham Road, Bideford is followed by a torrential thunderstorm which leaves the house gutted and flooded. In Chulmleigh a shop and adjoining modernised cottage are for sale at £28,500. 7 1980 Joseph Shepheard the first ever male head of Edgehill College in Bideford resigns. Anthony Reynolds (14) of Westward Ho! claims a British record score on the 'Space Invaders' arcade game. 14 The Milk Marketing Board announce plans to modernise their Torrington factory. The film 'The Blues Brothers' is on general release in N.Devon. 6 1980 17 N.Devon schools lose their cooks; meals are to be supplied from a central kitchen. A 4 bedroom detached bungalow set in a quarter acre of land at Fremington is for sale at £30,000. 13 1980 The Hatherleigh Town Crier is given a uniform for the first time. The petrol station at Mullacott Cross near Ilfracombe is demolished to make way for an 'amenity complex'. 20 11 1980 Bickington residents make a last ditch attempt to close the Clay Pits refuse tip in the village. Christie Estates win a court battle to stop part of Instow beach being registered as common land. 27 1980 James Needs, chairman of Torridge District Council, resigns over council overspending. A house at Westward Ho! is for sale - it includes a signal box from the Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway. 4 Homeowners on the Whiddon Valley estate oppose plans to build factories near them. The first council house sale by Torridge District Council is announced. 8 1 1981 Large numbers of local people protest over plans to build a permanent gipsy site at Seven Brethren Bank in Barnstaple. A public inquiry is to be held into the future of Instow's Grade 2 listed railway signal box. 15 1981 A sheep runs into the 'Duo-man' shop in Braunton's village square. A Torrington man is fined for dumping litter on the town's Commons - and then asks for his rubbish back. 22 1 1981 A huge march is staged in Barnstaple by public sector workers protesting against Government cuts in spending. Michael Turner of Abbotsham Barton is named as the new Devon NFU chairman. 29 Bickington tip is identified as the favoured future tip for North Devon. Three North Devon jewellers'shops in Barnstaple, and Ilfracombe are targeted by smash and grab raiders. 5 2 1981 A long term assessment of the value of the Torrington Plough centre is to be carried out by Torridge District Council. Plans are approved to turn the Dornat lemonade factory in Tuly Street, Barnstaple into an ice skating rink. 12 2 1981 Barnstaple based sand barge operators go to a planning inquiry to try and save their industry. The old Braunton signal box is removed to Blackmoor Gate by enthusiasts from the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway. 19 2 1981 A court injunction is taken out against Torrington punk group The Cult by the landlord of the town's Black Horse pub. The Lobster Pot in Instow cancels an evening of 'political discussion' about Ireland. 26 Local gardeners queue up to obtain elephant droppings from the visiting Fosset's Circus. Hatherleigh stages a reconstruction of an English Civil War battle to celebrate the town's millennium. 18 1981 A 2 bedroom 'Character Property' at Braunton is for sale at £25,500. Horseplay at a Barnstaple wedding gets out of hand and leads to the bride's father being gaoled for assault. 25 1981 Moves are started to stop the demolition of Victoria Chambers in High Street, Barnstaple. 60 pupils leaving Ilfracombe School cannot find jobs as unemployment is so high in the town. 2 7 1981 An Ilfracombe woman threatens to dump lumps of oil from her local beach at Barnstaple Civic Centre unless councillors take action to clean the beach. Water skiing is banned at the Wimbleball Lake reservoir near Dulverton. 9 7 1981 Brian Ford opens a new foodstore at the old Olivers textile factory at Barnstaple's Seven Brethren Bank. South Molton plans for a paved pedestrian and tree lined Square. 16 Locals fear 'drugs, sex and nudity' at a pop festival to be held at Snapper. Clodagh Rodgers follows the Wurzels at the Queens Hall in Barnstaple. 20 8 1981 A fire at Tanton's Hotel in Bideford which causes £50,000 worth of damage is thought to be arson. Hundreds of North Devon council tenants apply to buy their houses - at an average cost of £10,000. 27 1981 The British Plastics factory at Torrington closes with the loss of 57 jobs. A man dressed in a blue dress with white spots and a green cardigan is scared off during a burglary at Woolacombe. 3 1981 Woolacombe surf life savers win the British championship. 150 North Devon members of the Devon Emergency Volunteers train for what to do following a nuclear attack on the area. 10 9 1981 A combine harvester driver at Fairy Cross survives his machine somersaulting 15 times down a steep slope. The first house on the Londonderry estate in Bideford is ceremonially opened. 17 The Mayor of Ilfracombe Eleanor Tumblety resigns due to ill health; she dies weeks later. Woodpecker Toys of Lynton close after their premises are bought by Bray Leino Artline. 19 1981 Fremington is hit by a wave of vandalism and locals demand more police patrols. Torridge District Council decide to buy the garden of the old Hartland vicarage and to use it as a car park. 26 1981 Barnstaple night club Tempo in Queen Street is sold and renamed Bees. South West Water say they will only provide a fine screening sewage plant for Bideford and not the full treatment plant locals want. 3 1981 Local opposition stops development of the Roundswell industrial site. Torridge District Council decides to go ahead with the construction of the Kenwith Valley dam designed to stop flooding in parts of the town. 10 12 1981 Protests are launched to prevent Braunton's new graveyard expanding on to prime agricultural land at Wrafton. South West Water ask Torridge to prevent any new building in Holsworthy until more mains water is available. 17 12 1981 Sudbury Gloves Ltd. close their factory in Silver Street, Bideford and move all production to Appledore. Massive flooding occurs throughout North Devon - the oldest locals can remember nothing like it. 24 1981 A huge fire does massive damage to Draper's government surplus store in Ilfracombe's Portland Street. Combe Martin council is to buy the privately owned village beach in order to improve its 'tourist image.' 31 1981 Unemployment reaches 25% in Ilfracombe and the town is said to be 'slowly dying'. Cyril Braund of Northam founds the Braund Society which honours the family who once provided most of the population of Bucks Mills. 7 1 1982 Holsworthy market traders refuse to pay a £1 rent increase which takes their rents up to £2.50 per week. Devon County Council give the go-ahead to develop an industrial park at Roundswell. 14 Rockham Bay Hotel at Mortehoe is badly affected by fire. North Devon Conservatives denounce the N.Devon Peace Council as 'a danger to peace'. 28 1 1982 Ilfracombe calls for seasonal Summer workers who stay on over the Winter and became 'window smashing louts' to be 'deported'. Bideford Town Band are evicted from their practice room at the Westcombe Depot. 4 2 1982 The Barnstaple Women's Group picket the town's Astor Cinema in a protest over the film 'Dressed to Kill'. Work is about to start on 9 new factories at the Alverdiscott Road site in Bideford. 11 1982 Crew members from HMS Otus which is officially twinned with Torrington visit the town. Car and motor cycles are said to be 'carving up' Braunton Burrows and calls are made to ban them. 18 1982 British Rail deny rumours that clay trains from Meeth are to be axed. £10,000 is to be spent on Lynmouth Under Pavilion with a view to making it a National Park Information Office. 4 1982 Britain's largest indoor horse jumping arena is opened at Mariansleigh by Toby and Susan Sheppard. St.Peter's church, Barnstaple breaks a 664 year old all male tradition when it sees Patricia Pilditch ordained as a deaconess. 11 3 1982 Children aged as young as 12 are said to be obtaining 'large quantities' of alcohol in Torrington. A public inquiry into plans to build a new Torridge bridge open at Bideford. 18 The newly formed Ilfracombe Harbour Residents Association are to encourage yachts to visit the town. All of South Molton's 58 market stalls are taken following an extensive refurbishment scheme. 25 1982 Serious disturbances follow a decision by Bideford College teachers not to supervise lunch hours. 28 council houses in Bratton Fleming are said to be full of mould due to condensation problems. 1 4 1982 The organiser of a pop festival at Snapper is fined £50 for illegally selling 10% proof 'Dynamite Jungle Juice' cider. Drug addicts stage a series of raids on chemist's shops in Barnstaple and Torrington. 8 4 1982 The Ministry of Agriculture admit to gassing badgers in North Devon to try and stop the spread of TB in cattle. A man dressed as woman helps the Bideford Lamb Inn Ladies Darts Team in a match. 15 Holsworthy Citizens Advice Bureau closes due to a shortage of staff. The Strand Cinema at Bideford and the Regal at Barnstaple close due to falling audiences. 22 1982 A disabled French trawler Machereux is towed into Appledore for repairs. A drowned man clad only in his underpants kneeling with his head buried in the sand is discovered at Woolacombe. 6 1982 Phyllis and Maurice Smithson retire from Torrington's Railway Hotel after 30 years. Plans to build a shopping centre at Green Lane in Barnstaple go to a public inquiry. 13 5 1982 Barnstaple Ladies Circle hold a fashion show and raise £1000 for the local Battered Womens Refuge. A Midlands firm's offer to set up an all year round market in Ilfracombe is rejected by the town council. 20 Torrington Commons Conservators ask for a special law allowing them to fine glue sniffers £200. Some 6000 fish at Stafford Moor fishery, Dolton die through lack of oxygen. 24 1982 A fire at the Royal Norfolk Hotel in Barnstaple is blamed on arson. The Lee Residents Association vote to remain part of Ilfracombe and not become a separate parish. 1 7 1982 A 5 bedroomed country house with 14 acres of 'good pastureland' in Beaford is for sale at £87,500. The Strand Cinema in Bideford is reopened by the Potter family after a 2 month closure. 1 7 1982 Hartland people are said to be too scared to report acts of vandalism in the village. A Northam policeman has his house burgled - the thief even steals his truncheon. 8 The old home of Henry Williamson at Georgeham is up for sale at £65,000. Lundy is given permission to erect a £100,000 wind turbine to guarantee its energy supply. 15 7 1982 The Plastic Canvas record company based in Kingsnympton puts out a record by Braunton band Ghosts of Dance. A house at Chulmleigh is washed away in a freak Summer storm. 22 1982 Work on Fremington's new church hall comes to a halt when funding runs out. To mark the birth of Prince William a copper beech is planted at Hollands Park, Combe Martin. 29 7 1982 The old Alexandra Hospital site in Barnstaple is to be replaced with up to 60 new homes. A detached 3 bedroom bungalow in Westward Ho! is for sale at £33,000. 5 1982 There are complaints about a cockerel waking people at 4 a.m. every morning in Hartland. Residents of Gould Street, Barnstaple turn out in force to welcome Sergt.Barry Norman home from the Falklands War. 12 8 1982 Contractors are about to complete digging a new tunnel to channel floods away from Coney Gut in Barnstaple. North Devon College reports it has 3000 students - 1250 full time and 1750 part time. 19 A new group for retired people titled Third Age is set up in North Devon. Captain William Slade, author of 'Out of Appledore', dies aged 90. 9 1982 Mazzard trees are about to be exported to California from Westacott Nurseries in Barnstaple. Sophie Speller, daughter of North Devon's Tory MP, becomes manager of Torrington punk group 'The Cult'. 16 9 1982 Terry Pratchett, best selling author, writes to the Journal in his earlier incarnation as News Officer for the CEGB. Ilfracombe's Clifton Cinema is about to be demolished to make way for 2 shops and 26 flats. 23 9 1982 The Keymarket supermarket chain is given permission to build a new store in Kingsley Road, Bideford. Demand for 'video nasties' in North Devon rises sharply following nationwide publicity about them. 30 The last scheduled British Rail passenger train from Torrington carries 843 rail enthusiasts. Two Bideford woodworkers begin commercial production of boomerangs. 18 11 1982 Elderly people due to move into new flats on the East-the-Water riverside in Bideford are said to be afraid of rats in the area. Ilfracombe's High Street is closed when a crack is discovered in the 45' high chimney stack above Hodges' menswear shop. 25 1982 The Duke of Kent visits RAF Chivenor to congratulate Falkland War veterans. Brian Greenslade, chair of the N.Devon Liberals survives an exploding gas bottle at his home in Marwood. 2 Aluminium Furnishings Ltd. of Bideford call in the receivers. A newly rethatched sixteenth century 2 bedroom cottage in Kingsnympton is for sale at £26,000. 24 2 1983 The Co-op and Liptons are said to be in competition to build a supermarket on Bideford's Kingsley Road industrial estate. Ilfracombe's Clifton cinema is demolished. 3 3 1983 An attempted hold-up at Ilfracombe's Embassy Cinema fails when the cashier laughs at the 2 armed thieves. Torridge District Council raise house rates by 21p a week. 10 1983 Woolacombe School gets its first video player. Torrington town council ask Torridge District Council that all car parks in the town be made free. 17 3 1983 120 motorcyclists are fined for not wearing a crash helmet after a protest rally in Barnstaple. The future of Witheridge's only pub The Angel is in the balance after its brewery owners close it. 24 Ethel Rofe of South Molton passes O-level history aged 74. The Radio 1 Roadshow with Steve Wright visits Westward Ho! 15 9 1983 Expansion of Torrington's dairy factory is held up following residents' complaints about soot and milk powder pollution. Fred Bailey, ex-Mayor of Bideford suggests nudist bathing at Westward Ho! 22 1983 A man claims to have shot and buried the 'Exmoor Beast' on Molland Common. Anti-apartheid protestors picket Northam's Durrant House Hotel when it shows films promoting holidays in South Africa. 29 9 1983 Bideford plans to build 'a miniature indoor Westward Ho! beach' rather than a 'Victorian style tiled swimming pool.' Peter Short of Whiddon Valley wins the National Speed Hill Climbing title on a 350cc motorbike. 6 Vandals dig 150 holes in the green at Rock Park Bowling Club in Barnstaple. Methodists in Fremington launch an appeal to build a new church there. 13 1983 Traders in Barnstaple's Butchers Row claim 'we're slowly being poisoned' by car fumes. Woolacombe is known as 'the wildest resort in the West' - but locals say 'Enough is enough.' 20 10 1983 Ilfracombe is 'impregnated with gloom and indifference' and is told to 'Buck up or bust' by the town's Harbour Development Group. 27 1983 Another 'mysterious black beast' is seen at Lower Culleigh Farm, Frithelstock. Roger Joanes of Filleigh sells off plots in his garden in an effort to stop the Link Road destroying his home. 3 1983 Appledore shipyard workers vote to strike over an 18 month wage freeze. A Barnstaple fish and chip shop owner is ordered to remove £6000 worth of stone facing he had put on his listed shop building. 10 Education cuts see North Devon teacher numbers reduced by 42. Sonic booms from Concorde overflying North Devon lead to many complaints. 1 3 1984 Prince Charles visits North Devon and stops to meet a mass of young people chanting 'We want Charlie' on Bideford Bridge. The Mayor of Ilfracombe and local Tory MP Tony Speller welcome plans for a wind farm at Mullacott Cross. 8 3 1984 Divito's ice cream parlour in the Square, Barnstaple is sold and is to become a fish and chip shop. A Presto Supermarket opens in Bideford's Kingsley Road. 15 3 1984 The Top Camp holiday centre at Westward Ho! is to be redeveloped under a huge dome by the Co-op. The Kenwith Valley flood protection scheme is opened in Bideford after years of damaging floods. 22 3 1984 New old people's flats to be built on the site of the Barnstaple Town Station are given planning approval. One of the Marines who hunted the Exmoor Beast gives evidence to the North Devon Link Road inquiry about nocturnal animals in the area. 29 3 1984 Ilfracombe council denounces NDDC saying they 'are absolutely fed up with the way things are run from Barnstaple.' A 63 year old Northam woman freezes to death in a house full of pound notes. 5 4 1984 A party from Bideford's Edgehill College is caught in an avalanche in Switzerland, their teacher dies. Eaglescott Airfield at Burrington is given planning permission. 12 200 local people are checked for TB following a woman's infection in Holsworthy. The Polar Bear, Lundy's supply ship, is to be permanently based in Bideford. 19 1984 Michael Caine and Billy Connolly are to film 'Water' at Hartland. A Northam councillor suggests strengthening the pebble ridge at Westward Ho! by dropping rubbish behind it. 26 1984 A national miner's strike sees a strikebreaking ship unloading coal in Bideford. The 800 jobs at Appledore Shipyard are said to be safe following rumours about the yard's future. 3 1984 The Braund Family Society get-together sees 2 American Braunds flying in. A Barnstaple councillor warns that 'shops will die' if pedestrianisation is extended to Joy and Cross Street. 10 1984 A hosepipe ban is introduced in North Devon following 10 weeks without rain. 50 striking Welsh miners join Barnstaple's May Day rally and ask for food to be sent to their families. 17 5 1984 Braunton council and the local Rotary Club spend £4000 on a garden on the North side of Caen Street. Ilfracombe's deputy Mayor resigns after he is not chosen to be the next Mayor. 24 The Red Arrows flying display team perform at RAF Chivenor's Open Day. A thatched cottage in the middle of Chittlehamholt is seriously damaged by fire. 2 1984 British Rail order the removal of the Barnstaple-Bideford railway line. A motorist stopped by a Bideford traffic warden eats his tax disk before it can be examined. 9 1984 Armed police take part in an arrest in Northam after a man is shot. Ilfracombe's Harbour Development Group begin a study into a proposed multi-million pound makeover for the resort. 16 1984 3 Journal employees stage a parachute jump to mark the paper's 160th anniversary. A derelict flour mill at Rolle Quay in Barnstaple is redeveloped as modern flats for the elderly. 23 90 out of 240 workers at Bideford's 'Leisure Industries' company are laid off. A huge fire in Barnstaple's Joy Street sees 2 shops devastated. 20 9 1984 Bideford councillors demand to know what is to happen to the UBM wharf at East-the-Water they have just purchased. 87 illegal copies of videos seized from shops in Torrington and Bideford are ordered to be destroyed. 27 9 1984 A 16 year old 6' 6" rugby player at Grenville College, Bideford cannot obtain boots large enough to play in. A hunted stag is shot in the yard of the South Molton Co-op by the Devon and Somerset Staghounds. 4	i don't know
Which European capital city hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics?	Olympic Games Summer and Winter Locations and History of the Games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic History The Olympic Games took their name from the Greek city of Olympia and though there were important athletic competitions held in other Greek cities in ancient times, the Olympic Games were regarded as the most prestigious. The games were held every four years during August and September and the word "Olympiad", which referred to the four year intervals between competitions, was commonly used to measure time. The first documented Olympic champion was a man named Coroebus, a cook from Elis who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Historians believe that the games had already existed for at least 500 years prior to that date. The Olympic Games originally featured only one event: a race called the "stade", equal to a distance of about 210 yards. By 728 BC two additional races had been added, comparable to the 400 meter and 1,500 meter races of the modern games. The Olympics came to include wrestling, boxing and the pentathlon, as well as specialized events for soldiers and heralds. It was only in 472 BC that the events were spread out over a period of four to five days, previously they had all taken place on a single day. Participation in the Olympic Games was originally limited to free born Greeks, but as Greek civilization was spread by the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Games drew entrants from as far away as Antioch, Sidon and Alexandria. While the only official prize was a wreath or garland, successful athletes were supported by the governments of their cities and devoted much time to training. Most of the competitors were, in fact, professionals. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the second century BC, the Olympic Games suffered a decline in popularity and importance, but the Games persisted until AD 393, when the Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered their abolition. The idea of reviving the Olympic Games originated with Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a 29 year old French aristocrat who first publicly raised the issue in 1892. At a conference on international sport held in Paris in 1894, Coubertin managed to convince delegates from 49 organizations representing nine countries to vote in favor of an Olympic revival. His chief allies in this effort were Dimitrios Vikelas of Greece and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States. The organizers had planned the first modern Olympics for 1900 in Paris, but later decided to move the date forward to 1896 and to change the venue to Athens, though the local government of the Greek capital was initially hostile to the idea. Coubertin and his colleagues of the newly formed International Olympic Committee eventually prevailed, and the first Olympic Games of the modern era were inaugurated by the King of Greece in the first week of April 1896. The Games of 1896, 1900 and 1904 were loosely organized and did not feature national teams produced by rigorous selection. The 1908 Games, held in London in a newly built 66,000 seat stadium, were the first where the events were organized by the relevant authorities in each athletic discipline. More than 2,000 athletes from 22 nations competed in 100 events. The 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm drew more then 2,500 competitors from 28countries and featured the first women's swimming events. No Games were held in 1916 due to World War I, but the Games enjoyed strong growth after the war, with 44 nations participating in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. At the1928 Games in Amsterdam there were more than 290 women among the 3,000athletes, more than double the number that took part in 1924. The Olympic Games were suspended again for 12 years because of World War II, resuming in 1948 in London. The post-war era saw steady growth in the number of countries and athletes competing and a dramatic increase in women's events. Politics began to intrude on the Games in a serious way at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, where Palestinian terrorists attacked Israeli athletes in the Olympic Village. Sixty nations boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, while the Soviets and some of their allies retaliated by declining to take part in the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. The end of the Cold War has eliminated the largest source of political conflict, and most Olympic controversies in recent years have centered on accusations. Olympic Games Location (modern day) The IOC, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, sets and enforces Olympic policy. The site of the games is chosen, usually at least six years in advance. The Olympic Flag Putting five colored interlocking rings on a white background was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin. Almost a century after the flag's creation, the six colors, those of the rings (blue, yellow, black, green, red) and that of the background (white), still maintain their symbolism today. The Olympic symbol, the five interlocking rings, represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games. Sites of the Summer Olympic Games 1896 - Athens, Greece 1904 - St. Louis, Missouri USA 1906 - Athens, Greece* 1932 - Los Angeles, California USA 1936 - Berlin, Germany 1984 - Los Angeles, California USA 1988 - Seoul, South Korea 2016 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2020 - Tokyo, Japan	Helsinki
What was the surname of the Scottish mathematician who discovered logarithms in 1613 ?	Olympic Games Summer and Winter Locations and History of the Games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic History The Olympic Games took their name from the Greek city of Olympia and though there were important athletic competitions held in other Greek cities in ancient times, the Olympic Games were regarded as the most prestigious. The games were held every four years during August and September and the word "Olympiad", which referred to the four year intervals between competitions, was commonly used to measure time. The first documented Olympic champion was a man named Coroebus, a cook from Elis who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Historians believe that the games had already existed for at least 500 years prior to that date. The Olympic Games originally featured only one event: a race called the "stade", equal to a distance of about 210 yards. By 728 BC two additional races had been added, comparable to the 400 meter and 1,500 meter races of the modern games. The Olympics came to include wrestling, boxing and the pentathlon, as well as specialized events for soldiers and heralds. It was only in 472 BC that the events were spread out over a period of four to five days, previously they had all taken place on a single day. Participation in the Olympic Games was originally limited to free born Greeks, but as Greek civilization was spread by the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Games drew entrants from as far away as Antioch, Sidon and Alexandria. While the only official prize was a wreath or garland, successful athletes were supported by the governments of their cities and devoted much time to training. Most of the competitors were, in fact, professionals. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the second century BC, the Olympic Games suffered a decline in popularity and importance, but the Games persisted until AD 393, when the Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered their abolition. The idea of reviving the Olympic Games originated with Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a 29 year old French aristocrat who first publicly raised the issue in 1892. At a conference on international sport held in Paris in 1894, Coubertin managed to convince delegates from 49 organizations representing nine countries to vote in favor of an Olympic revival. His chief allies in this effort were Dimitrios Vikelas of Greece and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States. The organizers had planned the first modern Olympics for 1900 in Paris, but later decided to move the date forward to 1896 and to change the venue to Athens, though the local government of the Greek capital was initially hostile to the idea. Coubertin and his colleagues of the newly formed International Olympic Committee eventually prevailed, and the first Olympic Games of the modern era were inaugurated by the King of Greece in the first week of April 1896. The Games of 1896, 1900 and 1904 were loosely organized and did not feature national teams produced by rigorous selection. The 1908 Games, held in London in a newly built 66,000 seat stadium, were the first where the events were organized by the relevant authorities in each athletic discipline. More than 2,000 athletes from 22 nations competed in 100 events. The 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm drew more then 2,500 competitors from 28countries and featured the first women's swimming events. No Games were held in 1916 due to World War I, but the Games enjoyed strong growth after the war, with 44 nations participating in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. At the1928 Games in Amsterdam there were more than 290 women among the 3,000athletes, more than double the number that took part in 1924. The Olympic Games were suspended again for 12 years because of World War II, resuming in 1948 in London. The post-war era saw steady growth in the number of countries and athletes competing and a dramatic increase in women's events. Politics began to intrude on the Games in a serious way at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, where Palestinian terrorists attacked Israeli athletes in the Olympic Village. Sixty nations boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, while the Soviets and some of their allies retaliated by declining to take part in the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. The end of the Cold War has eliminated the largest source of political conflict, and most Olympic controversies in recent years have centered on accusations. Olympic Games Location (modern day) The IOC, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, sets and enforces Olympic policy. The site of the games is chosen, usually at least six years in advance. The Olympic Flag Putting five colored interlocking rings on a white background was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin. Almost a century after the flag's creation, the six colors, those of the rings (blue, yellow, black, green, red) and that of the background (white), still maintain their symbolism today. The Olympic symbol, the five interlocking rings, represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games. Sites of the Summer Olympic Games 1896 - Athens, Greece 1904 - St. Louis, Missouri USA 1906 - Athens, Greece* 1932 - Los Angeles, California USA 1936 - Berlin, Germany 1984 - Los Angeles, California USA 1988 - Seoul, South Korea 2016 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2020 - Tokyo, Japan	i don't know
Britain's first stretch of motorway, opened in December 1958, bypassed which town (now officially a city) ?	The 5th of December 1958 AD, Opening of UK's 1st Motorway Preston , Lancashire The 5th of December 1958 AD Germany had its Autobahn network before WWII , but in Britain we had to wait until 1958 for the first section of what was to become the M6 to open. This was an 8 mile stretch taking traffic around the then town now city of Preston , chosen to alleviate the terrible jams caused by the funnelling through Preston of traffic on the A6 to and from Blackpool and The Lakes , though Lancashire has a distinguished history of firsts in such transport matters: the first white lines; the first British inter-city highway ( Manchester to Liverpool ); and the first county to erect road signs. The new road ran from Bamber Bridge in the south to Broughton in the north. Plans were drawn up for the eventual network in 1946, but this was the first given the go-ahead, in 1953. The contractors Tarmac began work in 1956, their two year schedule extended because of the appalling weather in 1956, incessant rain making the ground extremely difficult to work on (especially given the absence of modern hydraulic machinery). Prime Minister Harold Macmillan opened the new road and was the first (officially) to travel on it. Although noticeably different from normal A roads, the Preston Bypass was also definitely a different animal from the motorway as we know it now: the hard shoulders were not hard, just a shale strip into which heavy vehicles in distress were wont to sink; and the central reservation divided the two sides of the road not by a crash barrier, but a hedge, with plenty of gaps that tempted drivers to do U turns if they felt like it. For a time the road became a tourist attraction in its own right, drivers drawn by the chance to put their foot down at a time when there was no speed limit on such open stretches of trunk roads - that was to come in 1965 as a temporary measure - temporary in the way that income tax was introduced as a temporary measure to pay for the Napoleonic Wars . Such was the standard of car engineering then that the AA and RAC were constantly in action, their vehicles adapted with rubber bumpers to push stranded motorists to safety. True to form the road closed soon after opening - the surface had been damaged by a hard frost. Obviously, given our record in these matters, the wrong sort of frost.	PR postcode area
Russian Alexei Leonov was the first man to do what (albeit for just ten minutes) on 18th March 1965 ?	DECEMBER December 1 DECEMBER 1640: The Spanish were driven out of Portugal and the country regained its independence. 1761: Birth of Madame Marie Tussaud (Grosholz), Swiss-born French waxworks modeller. During the French Revolution she made death masks from the severed heads of the famous. In 1800, separated from her husband, she toured Britain with her waxworks, eventually setting up a permanent exhibition in London. 1768: The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in London. 1844: Birth of Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII, who was the eldest daughter of King Christian of Denmark. 1887: Beetons Christmas Annual went on sale on or about this day with A Study in Scarlet by A Conan Doyle which first introduced the detective, Sherlock Holmes. 1906: The Cinema Omnia Pathé, the worlds first purpose-built picture palace, opened in Paris. 1919: Lady Astor became the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons as a Member of Parliament. 1939: The world première in New York of Gone with the Wind, starring Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland. 1942: The Beveridge Report written by Sir William Beveridge proposed a welfare state for Britain. 1951: The first performance at Covent Garden of Benjamin Brittens opera Billy Budd with Peter Pears. 1987: The Department of Trade inspectors were ordered into the giant Guinness company to investigate allegations of misconduct which ended up with four arrests being made, including the chairman Ernest Saunders. 1989: In Rome, Pope John Paul II and Mikhail Gorbachev ended seventy years of hostility between the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union. 2 DECEMBER 1697: The rebuilt St Pauls Cathedral, the work of Sir Christopher Wren, was opened. 1804: Napoleon was crowned Emperor in Paris by Pope Pius VII. On this day, one year later in 1805, Napoleon defeated the Austro-Russian force at the Battle of Austerlitz. 1823: US President James Monroes Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed, opposing foreign, especially European, interference and involvement in US policies. 1901: In the US King Camp Gillette marketed a safety razor he patented in 1897. It had a double edged disposable blade. 1907: English footballers formed the Professional Footballers Association. 1942: At the University of Chicago, the worlds first nuclear chain reaction took place as the first atomic pile began operating under the direction of physicists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton. 1982: The first artificial heart was fitted, to dentist Dr Barney B Clark, at the University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City. He died the following March. 1981: Colonel Mad Mike Hoare and his 44 mercenaries posing as the Froth Blowers Club found their frothy cover blown soon after landing in the Seychelles and had to shoot their way out of the airport lounge, hijack an Air India plane and make the pilot fly them to South Africa where they had originally been sponsored to fly over and topple the Seychelles government. The Froth Blowers were arrested by South African officials. 3 DECEMBER 1660: Margaret Hughes received a rousing reception for her performance at the Vere Street Theatre as Desdemona in The Moor of Venice, Thomas Killigrews version of Othello. It was the first time a professional actress had ever appeared on the British stage. 1818: Illinois became the 21st state of the Union. 1836: Three people were killed at Great Corby, near Carlisle in Cumbria, in the first fatal railway derailment. 1910: Neon lighting, developed by French physicist George Claude, was displayed for the first time at the Paris Motor Show. 1926: In an episode as puzzling and intriguing as any in her many novels, Agatha Christie disappeared from her Surrey home and was discovered on the 14th staying under an assumed name at the Old Swan Hotel, Harrogate. She said she had no recollection of how she came to be in Yorkshire. 1967: At Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Dr Christiaan Barnard carried out the worlds first heart transplant. The heart of the first donor came from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old bank clerk who was found dying after a road accident and agreed to give her heart to a 53-year-old grocer, Louis Washansky. He died 18 days later as a result of tissue rejection. 4 DECEMBER One-time Feast Day of Barbara, patron saint of artillery and miners. Her heathen father is said to have beheaded her for her faith and was immediately struck by lightning and died. 1154: The only Englishman to become a pope, Nicholas Breakspear became Adrian IV. 1791: The Observer, Britains oldest Sunday newspaper, was first published. 1865: Birth of Edith (Louisa) Cavell, English nurse in Brussels 1914-15, who was accused of helping Allied soldiers escape occupied Belgium over the Dutch border and was executed by the Germans. 1892: Birth of General Francisco Franco (Bahamonde), Spanish dictator who was formerly the Chief of Staff of the Spanish Army before being demoted to Governor of the Canary Islands and then dismissed by the Republican government. With German and Italian assistance, he initiated the Civil War and in 1939 became the head of a Fascist government. 1937: The Dandy comic was first published by D C Thomson featuring Desperate Dan, the brainchild of Dudley Watkins. With a fan club of over 350,000, Dan proved a durable character. A copy of this first edition is worth between £850 and £1,000. 1947: The first performance on Broadway of Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire starring Marlon Brando and Jessica Tandy. 1948: George Orwell completed the final draft of Nineteen Eighty-Four which was published on 8 June 1949. 1965: The US launched Gemini VII into space for a link-up with the orbiting Gemini VI. 1988: Lorin Maazel conducted Beethovens nine symphonies in one day at the Royal Festival Hall, London, using three orchestras. 5 DECEMBER 1766: The founder of the famous auctioneers, James Christie, held his first sale in London. 1782: Birth of Martin van Buren, 8th US President, from 1835-40. 1839: Birth of George Armstrong Custer, US cavalry commander famous for his last stand. He attacked Sitting Bulls Sioux and Cheyenne Indian encampment on the Little Bighorn River in Montana and all 250 of his men were killed, because he failed to wait for reinforcements to arrive. He had previously been court martialled for leaving his fort without a commander to go off and visit his wife. 1839: The postage rate in Britain was changed to a standard charge of 4d a half ounce instead of being charged by distance. 1872: The Marie Celeste was found abandoned, drifting in the Atlantic with a cargo of alcohol. The captain, Benjamin Briggs, and his crew were never heard of again. 1904: The Russian fleet was almost totally destroyed by the Japanese at Port Arthur. 1928: England beat Australia by a record 675 runs in the Test at Brisbane. 1933: Prohibition ended after 14 years in the US. 1945: Five US Navy bombers took off from Fort Lauderdale, Florida on a training flight. Contact was lost and an aircraft was sent to look for them. It too lost contact and no trace of any of the aircraft or their 27 crew members was ever found in the area which became known as the Bermuda Triangle. 1956: Miss Rose Heilbron QC was appointed Recorder of Burnley to become Britains first woman judge. 1958: The Queen dialled Edinburgh from Bristol to inaugurate the first direct dialled trunk call (STD). 1958: Prime Minister Harold Macmillan opened the Preston bypass in Lancashire, the first stretch of motorway in Britain. 6 DECEMBER The Feast day of Nicholas, patron saint of youth, popularly known as Santa Claus. He is also the patron saint of merchants, thieves, sailors and travellers. The National Day of Finland, marking the day in 1917 when it proclaimed its independence from Russia. 1492: Christopher Columbus discovered Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 1732: Birth of Warren Hastings, first Governor General of Bengal who established the foundations of British administration in India. He was impeached for corruption on his return to England in 1785, but later acquitted. 1774: Austria became the first nation to introduce a state education system. 1877: Thomas Alva Edison recited Mary Had a Little Lamb into his Phonograph and made the worlds first recording of the human voice. 1921: Irish independence was granted for the 26 southern states which became known as the Irish Free State. Six counties which formed Ulster (Northern Ireland) remained as part of the UK. 1975: The Balcombe Street siege, watched by millions on television, ended when the four IRA gunmen who had taken a couple hostage following a gun battle and chase finally gave themselves up without a shot being fired. 1989: The worst mass killing in Canadian history took place when a gunman burst into an engineering class at the University of Montreal and shot dead 14 women students and wounded nine others and four men, before turning the gun on himself. 7 DECEMBER 1732: The first Covent Garden Opera House, then called the Theatre Royal, opened in London. 1783: William Pitt the Younger, aged 24, became the youngest British Prime Minister. 1787: Delaware became the first US state. 1889: The first performance at the Savoy of Gilbert and Sullivans The Gondoliers, their last real success. 1907: Eugene Corri became the first referee to officiate inside a boxing ring at the Tommy Burns - Gunner Moir fight at the National Sporting Club, London. 1916: David Lloyd George became Prime Minister of a British coalition government. 1924: Birth of Dr Mario Soares, President of Portugal, who lived in exile during the period of dictatorship, but returned in 1974. He was elected Prime Minister in 1976, and President in 1986. 1928: Birth of Professor Noam (Avrom) Chomsky, US linguist who revolutionized the study of linguistics. He also became well known for his opposition to US involvement in Vietnam. 1941: The Japanese attacked the US fleet in Pearl Harbor. Without any official declaration of war, they sank or damaged five battleships, 14 smaller warships, 200 aircraft and killed 2,400 people. 1972: The US launched Apollo 17 on its way to make the sixth landing on the moon. 1982: Charles Brooks Jr, a prisoner on death row at Fort Worth Prison, Texas, was executed by being given a lethal injection, the first to die by this method in the US. 1988: A severe earthquake hit Armenia, killing thousands and causing widespread destruction. 8 DECEMBER 1542: Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots, who reigned as Scotlands Queen from 1542 and married her cousin the Earl of Darnley. After Darnley was assassinated, she married the Earl of Bothwell. A rebellion led to her abdication and later Elizabeth I imprisoned her for the plot to restore the Roman Catholic religion and to take the throne from Elizabeth. 1841: Prince Albert Edward, later King Edward VII, became the Prince of Wales. 1854: Pope Pius IX declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary to be an article of faith. 1863: The worlds first heavyweight boxing championship took place at Woodhurst, Kent, between Tom King (England) and John C Heenan (US). King became the first world champion. 1864: The Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon at Bristol, designed by Brunel, was opened. 1941: The US, Britain and Australia declared war on Japan following the Pearl Harbor attack the previous day. 1987: Presidents Gorbachev and Reagan signed the first-ever treaty to reduce USSR and US ground-based intermediate-range missiles. 1988: Scientists at Liverpool University reported they had etched an image of Marilyn Monroe onto an area smaller than a pinhead using a revolutionary new instrument, an ultra-powerful field emission electron microscope, devised by Professor Colin Humphreys, who said the device was capable of etching the entire contents of the 29 volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The machine can store 1,000 times more information in a given space than any other medium. 9 DECEMBER The National Day of Tanzania, celebrating its independence in 1961. Originally Tanganyika, it became a republic on the first anniversary of independence, remaining within the Commonwealth and with Julius Nyerere as the first President. 1783: The first executions took place at Newgate Prison. 1868: Gladstone became Prime Minister for the first time. He would win office for three more terms. 1886: Birth of Clarence Birdseye, US inventor of a process to deep-freeze foodstuffs in small packages for retailing, who got the idea from his days as a fur trader in Alaska where he had seen the Inuit do exactly that. 1895: Birth of Dolores Gómez Ibarruri, Spanish politician, known as La Pasionaria who won a seat in parliament in 1936. She was a great orator; her passionate speeches against the Fascists, and her cry of They will not pass became the battle cry for the Republican soldiers during the Civil War. She eventually fled to Russia, only returning to Spain in 1977. 1902: Birth of Richard Austen (Rab) Butler, progressive British Conservative politician born in India who was Minister of Education, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary but never the role he was most tipped for, that of Prime Minister. Instead he served no less than four Prime Ministers. 1905: Richard Strausss opera Salome, based on Oscar Wildes play, was first performed at Dresden. 1929: Birth of Bob (Robert) Hawke, elected Prime Minister of Australia in 1983. 1955: Sugar Ray Robinson knocked out Carl Olson to regain his middleweight boxing title. 1960: The first episode of Coronation Street was screened on ITV. 1987: The first martyrs of the intifada in the Gaza Strip were created when an Israeli patrol attacked in the Jabaliya refugee camp. 10 DECEMBER 1817: Mississippi became the 20th state of the Union. 1819: Birth of Count Felice Orsini, Italian political activist who was a member of a secret political group trying to assassinate Napoleon III in an effort to spread revolution from France to Italy. 1845: Civil engineer Robert Thompson patented pneumatic tyres in London. Later manufacture had to be by hand and were too expensive to catch on. That was left to Dunlop in 1888. 1851: Birth of Melvil Dewey, US librarian who devised the library cataloguing system which bears his name. 1868: Whitakers Almanac was published for the first time. 1896: The first performance of Ubu Roi, the first Theatre of the Absurd play by Alfred Jarry, conceived when he was 15, presented when he was 23. The second performance was called off after rioting, but the play influenced much 20th-century literature and theatre. 1898: Cuba became independent of Spain following the Spanish-American War. 1901: The first Nobel prizes were awarded on the anniversary of the death of Nobel. 1903: Madame Marie Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel prize which she shared with her husband Pierre, and Henri Becquerel, for their work on radioactivity. 1917: The first postmark slogan was stamped on envelopes in Britain: Buy British War Bonds Now. 1919: The Smith brothers became the first aviators to fly from Britain to Australia. 1924: Birth of Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972-80 and again in 1989. His father Norman had been Prime Minister ten years before. 1928: Piccadilly Circus Underground station opened. 1931: Alasara Zamaora became Spains first constitutionally elected President. 1974: Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn collected his award for Literature four years late, after originally being blocked by the USSR. 1983: Raul Alfonsin became the first civilian president of Argentina for eight years following the rule of the military junta. 11 DECEMBER 1769: Venetian blinds were patented by Edward Beran of London. 1882: Birth of Fiorello Henry La Guardia, three times mayor of New York, who fought corruption and did much to improve the city. Known as Little Flower, he was a colourful, legendary character whose actions ranged from providing a Jewish police escort for a visiting Nazi delegation and reading the comic strips on radio during a newspaper strike. He was later the subject of the hit musical, Fiorello. 1894: In Paris, the first motor show opened. There were nine exhibitors. 1903: The first wildlife preservation society was formed in Britain to protect fauna, called the Society for the Preservation of Wild Fauna of the Empire. 1914: The Royal Flying Corps, which later became the RAF, adopted the red, white and blue roundel to identify its aircraft. 1936: Edward VIII abdicated and slipped away in the early hours to an exile in France. He was succeeded by his brother, George, who became George VI. Edward planned to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson and, before he left the country, made a final farewell broadcast. 1952: Derek Bentley, aged 19, and 16-year-old Christopher Craig, were found guilty of the murder of a policeman in south London. Because of his age, Craig was sentenced to be detained at Her Majestys pleasure, while Bentley, who did not fire the gun, was sentenced to hang. Despite a public outcry, the sentence was carried out on 27 January 1953. 1987: Charlie Chaplins famous cane and bowler were sold at Christies in London for £82,500 and his boots for £38,500. 12 DECEMBER The National Day of Kenya marking its independence, with Jomo Kenyatta as the first Prime Minister, in 1963. He became President when Kenya became a republic in 1964. 1724: Birth of Admiral Samuel Hood, first Viscount, British naval commander and one of the most skilful tacticians who had notable victories including those in the West Indies in 1782. 1787: Pennsylvania became the second state of the Union. 1896: Marconi gave the first public demonstration of radio at Toynbee Hall, London. The same day in 1901, Marconi carried out the first transatlantic radio transmission from Poldhu, Cornwall, to St Johns, Newfoundland. 1913: The Mona Lisa, which had been stolen from the Louvre, was recovered from its hiding place in a bedroom of a small hotel in Florence. Vincenzo Perugia and three others were arrested. 1915: The first all-metal plane, made by German aircraft builder Hugo Junkers, was flown for the first time. 1955: Christopher Cockerell patented his prototype of the hovercraft. 1955: Bill Haley and the Comets recorded See You Later Alligator at Decca Recording Studios, New York. 1988: Britains worst rail crash for 20 years killed 35 and injured 113 people when a packed express from Bournemouth ran into the back of a stationary commuter train near Clapham Junction. 1988: The first satellite pictures were beamed to 2,200 London betting shops to allow them to watch the races live from many race courses. 1989: Billionaire Leona Helmsley, who said, Only the little people pay taxes, was fined $7 million and sentenced to four years imprisonment for tax evasion. Dubbed the Queen of Greed, she and her husband Harry owned a chain of luxury hotels worth $5 billion. 13 DECEMBER 1577: Francis Drake set sail from Plymouth in the Golden Hind on his circumnavigation of the world. 1642: Abel Tasman, the Dutch navigator, sighted New Zealand, but several of his men were killed when he attempted to land. 1779: The first Smithfield Show organized by the Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society was held at Wootons Dolphin Yard in London. 1847: On or about this day, Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell (Emily Brontë) was published, as was Agnes Grey by Acton Bell (Anne Brontë). 1878: The Holborn Viaduct in London was illuminated by electricity, the first street lighting in Britain, installed by a French contractor who had lit a street in Lyon in 1857, the first in the world. 1884: A coin-operated weighing machine was patented by Percy Everitt. 1903: Ice cream cones (or moulds) were patented by Italo Marcione of New York. 1904: The Metropolitan Underground railway in London went electric. 1915: Birth of Balthazar Johannes Vorster, South African Prime Minister from 1966-78 and President from 1978-9, resigning the office following the Muldergate propaganda slush fund affair. 1939: The Battle of the River Plate with action by British cruisers Exeter, Ajax and Achilles, who drove the great German battleship Admiral Graf Spee to seek shelter off Montevideo, Uruguay. 1967: King Constantine of Greece fled the country after his attempt to overthrow the Greek Military junta had failed. 1989: A deaf choir from South Wales gave what was claimed to be the first concert using sign language. Performed in unison with a leading male voice choir, it enabled deaf members of the audience to enjoy the concert at the Gwyn Town Hall in West Glamorgan. 14 DECEMBER 1503: Birth of Nostradamus (Michel de Nostradame), French astrologer and physician who published his celebrated book of prophecies, Centuries, in 1555. It seemed many of his prophecies were fulfilled; his fame spread and he was invited to cast horoscopes for Catherine deMedici, the queen consort. 1546: Birth of Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer and mathematician who, with Kepler, proved that the planets orbit the sun in ellipses. The Danish King Frederick II provided an island for an observatory where Brahe was able to carry out some of the most advanced astronomy in Europe. 1819: Alabama became the 22nd state of the Union. 1895: Birth of King George VI, the second son of George V and Mary who succeeded Edward VIII when he abdicated, and led the British through the war years. 1900: Professor Max Planck of Berlin University revealed his revolutionary Quantum Theory. 1911: Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his three companions reached the South Pole 35 days ahead of Scotts expedition and planted the Norwegian flag on top of an ice mound. 1918: The first woman elected to Parliament was Constance, the Countess Markievicz who won for Sinn Fein contesting a Dublin seat. She was unable to take her seat as she was in Holloway Prison, London, which is why Lady Astor is officially recognized as the first woman member (1919). The 1918 General Election was also the first time women in Britain had the vote. 1920: The first scheduled airliner disaster in aviation history occurred when an airliner with six passengers and two crew took off from Cricklewood Airport, London, for a flight to Paris. Barely airborne, the plane crashed into a house in neighbouring Golders Green, killing the crew and two passengers. The others escaped from the wreckage. 1922: The man who would play a significant part in the history of British broadcasting, John Reith, was appointed General Manager of the fledgling BBC. 1932: The first floodlit rugby league match was held at Londons White City Stadium between Leeds and Wigan. 1959: The shortest murder trial in British legal history took place. In 30 seconds at Winchester Assizes, Brian Cawley pleaded guilty to murder of Rupert Steed and was later sentenced to life imprisonment. 1962: US Mariner II sent the first close-up pictures of the planet Venus back to earth. 1973: John Paul Getty II, teenage grandson of the oil tycoon, was set free by his Italian kidnappers after part of his ear had been cut off and sent by post, together with a ransom note demanding $750,000 which was paid by his grandfather. 15 DECEMBER 37: Birth of Nero, the fifth Roman emperor, who put to death his mother in 59, his wife Octavia in 62, and saw Rome destroyed by fire in 64. His behaviour inspired a revolt which eventually led to his suicide. 1654: A meteorological office established in Tuscany began recording daily temperature readings. 1832: Birth of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, French engineer who built the great landmark that bears his name for the Paris Exhibition of 1899. The Eiffel Tower stands 300 metres (984 feet) high, and when originally proposed, aroused a good deal of hostility and fear that the structure would be an ugly, tall edifice. 1840: The remains of Napoleon returned from St Helena were interred at Les Invalides, Paris. 1852: Birth of Antoine Henri Becquerel, French physicist who shared the Nobel prize in 1903 with the Curies for his discovery of radiation coming from uranium salts. 1859: Birth of Dr Lazarus Ludovic Zamenhof, Polish oculist and linguist who invented the artificial language of Esperanto in 1887. 1892: Birth of Jean Paul Getty, US multimillionaire who was president of the Getty Oil Company from 1947. He later founded the worlds richest art gallery in California, which bears his name. 1916: The Battle of Verdun ended with 364,000 Allied soldiers and 338,000 Germans dead. 1918: Birth of Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian Prime Minister who led the War of Independence against the French. 1927: The British Parliament rejected the New Book of Common Prayer because it leaned too far towards Rome and it was returned for further revision. 1939: Billie Holliday recorded The Man I Love in New York. 1939: Nylon yarn was first produced commercially in Delaware. 1964: The Canadian Parliament adopted the maple leaf as the official symbol for the national flag. 1965: Two US spacecraft achieved the first space rendezvous when Gemini 7, with Frank Borman and James A Lovell, Jr, and Gemini 6 with Walter M Schirra, Jr, and Thomas Stafford travelled side by side for four hours. 1978: Laser videodiscs were launched in Atlanta, Georgia, by Magnavision, part of Philips/MCA. 1979: Two 30-year-old Canadians, Chris Haney, picture editor on the Montreal Gazette, and sports writer Scott Abbott, came up with the idea for a game called Trivial Pursuit. It was eventually manufactured in 1982 and sold 45 million copies worldwide in its first five years. 1987: A company in Bedford became the first to be fined (£500) for failing to register personal computer records under the Data Protection Act. 16 DECEMBER 1485: Birth of Catherine of Aragon, first of Henry VIIIs wives. She bore him six children but only one survived (Mary I), and Henry divorced her against the Popes wishes, in his pursuit for a male heir. 1653: Following the execution of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell failed to get the Parliament he wanted and became Lord Protector, turning himself into an uncrowned king for the next four years. 1742: Birth of Gebhard Berecht von Blucher, Prussian general nicknamed Marshal Forward. In the Battle of Waterloo, his forces supported Wellington and tipped the balance against Napoleon. 1773: Taxes by Britain on tea and other commodities led Samuel Adams and 150 Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians to hold the Boston Tea Party in which 342 tea chests worth £18,000 were tossed off Griffins Wharf into Boston Harbour. The War of Independence had begun. 1790: Birth of Leopold I, King of Belgium, the first of an independent nation. He was Queen Victorias uncle. 1809: Napoleon divorced his wife Joséphine by Act of the Senate to marry Marie Louise, daughter of the Habsburg Emperor. 1838: The Boers on their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape Colony, clashed with the mighty Zulu nation. At the Battle of the Blood River, their superior weaponry and clever tactics of forming a laager - a circular fortress using their ox wagons - defeated the Zulus. 1850: The first immigrant ship, the Charlotte Jane, arrived at Lyttleton, New Zealand. 1853: Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico. 1856: Marthinus Pretorius who founded Pretoria the previous year, now established a Boer Republic in the Transvaal. 1914: German warships bombarded the seaside resort of Scarborough, believing it to be a major British port. Several other east coast resorts were hit. 1925: Construction work began on the Mersey Tunnel which would take nine years to complete. 1929: Barnes Wallis saw his R100 airship carry out its first test flight. 1937: The first performance in London of Noel Gays Me and My Girl, which introduced The Lambeth Walk. 1944: The Battle of the Bulge began in the Ardennes when German forces under Field Marshal von Runstedt caught the invading Allied forces at their weakest. 1949: Ahmed Sukarno was elected the first President of Indonesia. 1949: The Voortrekker Monument was unveiled in Pretoria, commemorating the Great Trek north and the consolidation of the Afrikaaner nation. 1951: Freddie Steele was transferred from Mansfield to Port Vale, the first footballer to be involved in a transfer deal. 1954: Professor H T Hall at GEC Laboratories in the US produced the first synthetic diamonds. 1955: London Heathrow opened its new terminal buildings and established itself as the worlds busiest international airport. 1987: Italys biggest Mafia trial convicted 13 Mafia bosses to life sentences this day, 22 months after the trial opened. 1,314 people testified and of the 474 defendants, two were shot while out on bail. 1987: Himalayan herdsmen were reported to have offered a £44 reward for help in catching thieves who cut off yaks tails for use as dusters or decorations and in certain religious ceremonies. 17 DECEMBER 1843: A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens was published. 1874: Birth of William Lyon Mackenzie King, three times Prime Minister of Canada during a period from 1921 to 1948. 1892: The first performance of The Nutcracker at St Petersburg (now Leningrad), with music by Tchaikovsky, choreography by Ivanov and danced by the Russian Imperial Ballet. 1849: Thomas and William Bowler, felt hatmakers, sold their first bowler to William Coke, which he purchased at Locks of St James. 1903: The Wright brothers aircraft made the first flight of a heavier-than-air machine. It made four flights from Kitty Hawke, North Carolina, the longest lasting just under a minute, and all piloted by younger brother Orville. 1939: The German battleship, Admiral Graf Spee, was scuttled in the River Plate off Montevideo, Uruguay. 1971: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. 1986: Mrs Davina Thompson became the worlds first heart, lungs and liver transplant patient in a Cambridge hospital. 1989: Brazilians had their first opportunity for 29 years to elect a president. They chose Fernando Collor de Mello. 18 DECEMBER 1707: Birth of Charles Wesley, English hymn writer who was an evangelist like his brother John, the founder of Methodism. Amongst his 5,500 hymns is Jesu, Lover of my soul. 1787: New Jersey became the third US state. 1865: The US officially abolished slavery with the ratification of the 13th Amendment. 1912: The Piltdown Man was discovered in Sussex by Charles Dawson, claimed to be the fossilized skull and remains of the earliest known European. In 1953 it was proved to be a hoax. The skull was that of an orang-utan. 1913: Birth of Willy Brandt (Karl Herbert Frahm), the illegitimate son of a shop assistant and anti-Nazi who became one of the most charismatic post-war German politicians and West Germanys chancellor in 1969. He changed his original name after fleeing Germany in 1933 to Norway where he temporarily became a citizen until he could return to Germany after the war. 1971: Stan Mellor, champion English National Hunt jockey, rode his 1,000th winner. 1987: Ivan Boesky, the former US King of Arbitrage was sentenced to three years imprisonment for insider stock exchange dealings. Some of Boeskys revelations led to the investigation by the Department of Trade and Industry in Britain into Guinnesss takeover of Distillers. 19 DECEMBER 1154: Henry II became King of England. It was during his reign that the conquest of Ireland began. 1863: Linoleum was patented by Frederick Walton of London. 1906: Birth of Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, Soviet politician and President from 1960-63. The following year he became General Secretary and combined this with the position of President. 1955: Carl Perkins recorded his Blue Suede Shoes at the Sun Studios, Memphis, Tennessee. 1984: Britain and China signed an agreement for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 1987: Gary Kasparov defeated Anatoly Karpov in Seville to retain his title as world chess champion for a further three years. 20 DECEMBER 1804: A new game, Emulation, was published, designed for the Amusement of Youth of both Sexes and calculated to inspire their Minds with an Abhorrence of Vice and a Love of Virtue. The game was over when a player moving his or her token along the board and passing through various virtues and vices, eventually reached the centre where Virtue is its Own reward. It never caught on. 1894: Birth of Sir Robert (Gordon) Menzies, Australian Prime Minister from 1939. He returned as leader of the Opposition in 1943. The following year he formed the Australian Liberal Party and in 1949 became Prime Minister of a coalition government which was re-elected six times from 1951 to 1963, retiring as Prime Minister in 1966. He was both knighted and made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1965, formerly held by Churchill. 1906: Birth of Sir Dick White, one-time head of Britains secret services, MI5 and MI6. 1915: The ANZACS, Australian and New Zealand forces with British troops, were evacuated from Gallipoli. Over 90,000 men, their weapons and animals were rescued after their expedition, which started in February against the Turks, went seriously wrong. 1928: Harry Ramsden started his fish and chip restaurant in a hut near Bradford, West Yorkshire, which soon became the most famous fish and chip restaurant in the world. 1933: Fred Astaires first film with partner Ginger Rogers, Flying Down to Rio, was premiered in New York. 1957: At the height of his career Elvis Presley received his call-up papers. 1973: The Spanish Prime Minister, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, was killed when a bomb hidden in a tunnel exploded as his car passed over. 1987: A Philippine ferry with more than 1,500 passengers sank in shark-infested waters south of Manila after colliding with an oil tanker. More lives were lost than when the Titanic went down. 1989: General Manuel Noriega, Panamas former military leader, dictator and alleged drugs baron, was overthrown by a US invasion force invited by the head of the new civilian government, Guillermo Endara. 21 DECEMBER The Feast Day of St Thomas the Apostle, patron saint of Portugal, and of architects. 1620: The Pilgrim Fathers in the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts. 1719: The first edition of the Boston Gazette was published. 1804: Birth of Benjamin Disraeli, first Earl of Beaconsfield, British Prime Minister and novelist, author of Endymion (1881). He became the first Conservative Prime Minister in 1868, but was defeated at the next election. He was Prime Minister again in 1874 with a substantial majority which allowed him to carry out reforms. 1846: Robert Liston used anaesthetic (ether) for the first time in a British operation at University College Hospital, London, to perform an amputation of a leg. 1879: The first performance of Ibsens A Dolls House at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen, with a specially revised happy ending to oblige the leading lady. The more realistic ending soon replaced it. 1879: Birth of Joseph Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), Russian revolutionary whom Lenin had wanted to remove, but died before he could do so, leaving Stalin to impose his harsh ideology, carrying out purges to eliminate critics. 1880: An act passed by the House of Keys on the Isle of Man granted women the vote, provided they were widows or spinsters with a property rated annually at £4 or over. The first opportunity to vote was in April, the following year. In 1901, Norwegian women were allowed to vote, but in local elections only. 1911: The Jules Bonnot gang escaped from a bank holdup in Paris in what is believed to be the first getaway car. 1913: The New York World printed the first crossword puzzle. 1918: Birth of Dr Kurt Waldheim, Austrian chancellor, former secretary-general of the United Nations (appointed this day in 1971), who lied about his war record and was later alleged to have links with Nazi atrocities. 1925: Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin was first screened in Moscow. 1935: Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length colour and sound animated cartoon, was shown in the US. 1958: Charles de Gaulle became President of France. 1963: Undersoil heating was used for the first time at the Leeds Rugby League ground for their match against Dewsbury. 1968: Apollo 8 was launched from Cape Kennedy to orbit the Moon on 27 December. 1988: A US jumbo jet carrying more than 270 people blew up and crashed onto the Scottish town of Lockerbie. The aircraft, en route to New York, had taken off from London after completing its first leg from Germany. The bomb had been hidden in a transistor radio. 1988: Two Russian cosmonauts and a French astronaut returned to earth after a record 366 days in space. 22 DECEMBER 1715: James Stuart, the Old Pretender, landed at Peterhead to lead a Jacobite rebellion which failed. 1864: Savannah, Georgia, fell to General Shermans Union troops in the American Civil War. 1877: Liquid oxygen was formulated by Raoul Pictet, Geneva. 1894: Alfred Dreyfus, the French officer who was found guilty of selling military secrets, was sent to Devils Island. Innocent of the crime, his conviction sparked off the Dreyfus Affair and he was eventually exonerated. 1895: Roentgen made the first radiograph or x-ray of his wifes hand. 1965: The 70 mph speed limit was introduced in Britain. 1975: Pro-Palestinian terrorists led by Carlos seized 70 hostages at OPECs Vienna headquarters. Austria decided to let the terrorists escape in return for freeing most of the hostages. The remainder were freed once the terrorists landed at Algiers. 1987: Chinese thieves caused chaos in the streets of Xianyang in north China when they stole 2249 manhole covers to sell back to government departments. 23 DECEMBER 1777: Birth of Alexander I, Tsar of Russia whose armies fought Napoleon when he made his disastrous march into Russia. 1805: Birth of Joseph Smith, US leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, better known as the Mormons, who claimed he had been directed by an angel to buried golden plates written by Indians who were descendants of the Biblical Hebrews. 1812: Birth of Samuel Smiles, English author of Self Help (1859) which sold over 250,000 copies, followed by other self-improvement books such as Thrift (1875) which were meant as the tools of Victorian virtues. 1834: English architect Joseph Hansom patented his safety cab, better known as the Hansom cab. 1848: The London Illustrated News published the first Christmas supplement with advice on making the Christmas Pudding. 1888: Vincent Van Gogh, suffering severe depression which was increased by his companion Gauguins decision to leave their lodgings at Arles to escape winter, cut off his ear. 1918: Birth of Helmut Schmidt, West German Chancellor following Willy Brandts resignation in 1974, and who supported the deployment of US missiles on German soil. 1922: The BBC began daily news broadcasts. 1970: The Mousetrap reached its 7511th consecutive performance to break the world record for the longest running play. 1973: The Shah of Iran announced that his country would increase oil prices 100 per cent. 1987: The first Scrooge award by the Low Pay Unit was made to a Wiltshire stable-owner who paid a qualified groom only £28 a week. The runner-up was a doctor employing a telephonist for 30p an hour. The prize was an illustrated edition of A Christmas Carol. 1987: Santa Claus, by arrangement with the Finnish Tourist Board, had an audience with the Pope to prove that the Finnish Santa is the genuine article. 24 DECEMBER Christmas Eve 1167: Birth of King John, youngest son of Henry II, King of England, who was forced by the barons to sign the Magna Carta. When he tried to revoke his authorization, civil war broke out. 1491: Birth of Ignatius Loyola, Spanish soldier who became a religious convert when injured in battle and who formed the Jesuits. 1582: Water piped to private houses by the London Bridge Waterworks began flowing. 1809: Birth of (Christopher) Kit Carson, US frontiersman, trapper, scout, Indian agent and national folk hero who played an important part in the westward expansion of the US. He served the Union cause during the Civil War and was made a colonel. Carson City, Nevada, was named after him. 1814: The war of 1812 between the US and Britain was brought to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. 1818: The first performance of the song Silent Night (Stille Nacht), music by Franz Gruber with words by his friend Joseph Mohr, a priest at the church in Oberstdorf, Bavaria. 1828: The trial of William Burke began in Edinburgh. The other bodysnatcher, William Hare, had turned Kings evidence and was not therefore brought to trial. Burke had published his full confession in the Edinburgh Courant. Dr Knox, who bought the bodies, was not even called to give evidence. Burke charged sixpence to artists wishing to draw him while in court. Sentenced to death, he was hanged on 28 January, 1829, when the rhyme appeared: Burkes the murderer, Hares the thief/And Knox the boy who buys the beef. 1851: Part of the Capitol building in Washington and the entire Library of Congress was destroyed by fire. 1871: The first performance of Verdis opera Aida was presented in Cairo. 1904: The London Coliseum opened with the first revolving stage in Britain. 1905: Birth of Howard (Robard) Hughes, US tycoon who inherited the Hughes Tool Company on his fathers death and invested some of the money in Hollywood productions including Hells Angels (1931) and later Jane Russells films including The Outlaw (1943). He was considered a ladies man during this period, dating many stars including Ava Gardner. He worked under an assumed name for American Airways, then left after less than a year with enough knowledge not just to start his own aircraft company, but also to design an aircraft to take the airspeed record. In 1950, he became a recluse, by all accounts living a bizarre lifestyle. 1906: The first radio telephone broadcast was demonstrated by Canadian-born Professor Reginald Fessenden from a radio station at Brant Rock, Massachusetts, to ships radios within a five-mile range. 1914: A German monoplane dropped a single bomb on Dover, the first ever to be dropped on British soil. It landed on a rectory garden lawn and blew out the house windows. 1922: The BBC broadcast The Truth About Father Christmas by Phillis M Twigg, the first play written for radio in Britain. 1942: At Peenemunde, the Germans launched the worlds first surface-to-surface guided missile, the VI. 1943: General Dwight D Eisenhower was appointed by Roosevelt to be Commander-in-Chief of the invasion of Europe. The desk-bound general had never fought a single campaign. 1944: The Germans flew the first jet aircraft for wartime use. 1965: A meteorite weighing about 100 lbs landed on Leicestershire, possibly the largest to fall on Britain in modern times. 1974: The Beatles partnership was legally dissolved. 1979: Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as the Kabul government fell. 25 DECEMBER 1066: William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster Abbey. 1176: The first eisteddfod took place at Cardigan Castle. 1741: The Centigrade temperature scale was devised by Anders Celsius and incorporated into a Delisle thermometer at Uppsala in Sweden. 1800: The first Christmas tree in Britain was erected at Queens Lodge, Windsor by the German-born Queen Charlotte, wife of George III who brought the idea over from Germany where the first reports of Christmas trees go back to 1521. 1864: The traditional swim in the ice-cold Serpentine in Londons Hyde Park was initiated. 1866: The US yacht Henrietta sailed into Cowes harbour, Isle of Wight, the winner of the first transatlantic yacht race. 1876: Birth of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Indian politician who, as a Muslim, opposed Gandhis policies for a united India, demanding a separate Muslim state. He was made the first Governor-General of Pakistan in 1947. 1887: Birth of Conrad (Nicholson) Hilton, US hotelier who founded one of the largest groups in the world. He began by helping his father turn their large New Mexican house into an inn for travelling salesmen. 1914: The famous Christmas truce between British and German troops bogged down in the trenches on the western front during the First World War led to fraternizing and swapping presents in no mans land. At midnight, they began to shoot each other again. 1918: Birth of Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt from 1970 who initiated peace talks with Israels hard-line Prime Minister Begin. They both shared the Nobel Peace prize for accomplishing a reconciliation. 1926: Hirohito acceded to the throne of Japan on the death of his father Yoshihito. 1932: King George V made the first Royal Christmas broadcast to the Empire. Queen Elizabeth II made her first Christmas broadcast in 1952, and her first television Christmas message was broadcast in 1957. 1941: Hong Kong fell to the Japanese after a seven-day battle. 1950: The Stone of Scone, the Scottish coronation stone which had been in Westminster Abbey for 650 years was stolen by Scottish nationalists. The Stone, weighing 458 lbs, was said to have been taken from Scotland by Edward I. 1959: Sony launched their transistor television set, the Sony TV 8-301 in Japan. 1972: The Nicaraguan capital of Managua was devastated by an earthquake which killed over 10,000 people. 1989: The former dictator of Romania, Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena, who had been in hiding since 22 December when the hated regime was toppled, were arrested, tried and found guilty of genocide by a military court. They were executed this Christmas Day. 26 DECEMBER Boxing Day, also the traditional starting day for English pantomimes. 1717: The first pantomime, Harlequin Executed presented by John Rich at Lincolns Inn Fields Theatre, London. 1893: Birth of Mao Tse-tung, Chinese Communist leader who was a founder of the party in 1921 and organized the Long March. He led his nation after the war of liberation, from 1947 to his death. Chairman Maos famous Little Red Book with his thoughts, was issued to all the population. 1898: Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium while experimenting with pitchblende. 1906: The worlds first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, made in Australia, was screened in Melbourne. 1908: Galveston Jack Johnson became the first black boxer to win a world-heavyweight title when he beat Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia. It shocked white boxing fans and so began the quest for the Great White Hope to put this uppity n***** in his place. 1932: The BBC presented the first televised panto, Dick Whittington. 1943: The last major German battleship, the Scharnhorst, was sunk by the Royal Navy. 1948: Bertrand Russell delivered the first Reith Lecture on the BBC, entitled Authority and the Individual. 27 DECEMBER 1571: Birth of Johannes Kepler, German astronomer who discovered and confirmed Copernicuss theory that the earth and planets circle the sun in elliptical orbits. 1773: Birth of Sir George Cayley, English pioneer of the study of aerodynamics who built the first successful glider to be flown by a man - his reluctant coachman - in 1853. One of his later inventions was the caterpillar tractor. 1822: Birth of Louis Pasteur, French chemist and bacteriologist who discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and infection and later developed a vaccine for rabies. His pupil Lister developed this research into the field of antiseptic surgery. 1831: Charles Darwin set sail in the Beagle from Plymouth on his voyage of scientific discovery. 1904: The first performance in London of James Barries Peter Pan with Nina Boucicault as the first Peter and Gerald du Maurier as Captain Hook. 1904: The worlds first state subsidized theatre, the Abbey in Dublin, opened with two short plays, one by Yeats, the other by Lady Gregory. 1927: Broadway saw the first performance of Jerome Kerns musical Show Boat, presented by Florenz Ziegfeld. It introduced songs including Ol Man River and Bill (with words by P G Wodehouse). 1945: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in Washington. 1975: The Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts came into effect in Britain. 1984: The four police officers accused of killing the pro-Solidarity priest, Father Jerzy Popieluszko, went on trial in Poland. 28 DECEMBER 1846: Iowa became the 29th state of the Union. 1856: Birth of (Thomas) Woodrow Wilson, 28th US President, elected 1912 and 1916, who was one of the founders of the League of Nations. 1879: The Tay railway bridge collapsed when the Edinburgh to Dundee train was crossing. The engine and carriages plummeted into the icy river below killing 90 people. 1904: The first weather reports relayed by wireless telegraphy were published in London. 1908: An earthquake killed over 75,000 at Messina in Sicily. 1926: At Melbourne, the highest score in a single innings in first-class cricket was 1107, hit by Victoria. New South Wales bowler, Arthur Mailey, ended with a world record 362 runs for four wickets. 1950: The first British national park was designated: the Peak District. 1963: The last That Was The Week That Was, televisions first satirical show, was broadcast by the BBC. It was pulled off while still commanding huge audiences because 1964 was to be election year; it was felt the show could influence voters. 29 DECEMBER 1720: The Theatre Royal Haymarket opened. 1721: Birth of Jeanne Antoinette, Marquise de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV, a woman of fashion who attracted the eye of the King. She became involved in matters of state and also diverted its wealth to supply her own lavish lifestyle. 1808: Birth of Andrew Johnson, 17th US President, the former military governor of Tennessee who became Vice-President in 1865 and took over the presidency on Lincolns assassination. His unpopular policies led to impeachment proceedings being brought against him but he was acquitted. 1809: Birth of William (Ewart) Gladstone, four times British Prime Minister in 1868-74 which allowed him to carry out major reforms. He was elected in 1880-85, and again in 1866. When his Home Rule Bill was defeated, he resigned. He became Prime Minister again in 1892 and resigned two years later, this time when his Home Rule Bill was rejected by the Lords. 1845: Texas became the 28th state of the Union. 1860: The first iron-clad screw-driven British warship, HMS Warrior, was launched. 1890: The last major battle between US forces and the Indians took place at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, when 200 Sioux Indians under Chief Big Foot were massacred by Colonel Forsyths 7th Cavalry. 1895: The Jameson Raid into the Transvaal to aid the Uitlanders (mainly British settlers) in the Boer Colony, began. 1911: Birth of Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs, German physicist and spy who settled in Britain in 1933 and studied at Edinburgh and Bristol Universities. During the war he was involved in the Manhattan Project - the development of the atomic bomb - but he was meeting Soviet agents and passing them secrets. He was later charged with spying, confessed and served nine years in prison. 1911: Sun Yat-sen became the first president of a republican China following the revolution. 1930: Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting. 1937: The Irish Republic changed its name to Eire as the new constitution was implemented. 1940: German bombers dropped 10,000 bombs on London on one of the worst nights ever during The Battle of Britain. 1951: The first transistor hearing aid went on sale in the US. 1952: The coelacanth, a prehistoric fish believed to be extinct, was caught off the coast of South Africa. 1972: The 16 survivors from the crashed Uruguayan Fairchild F227 which had been chartered by an amateur rugby team en route to Montevideo, were rescued on the Andes. The crash had taken place on 13 October, and it was only later that the 16 revealed their survival had been possible because they ate the flesh of their dead companions. 1989: Vaclav Havel was sworn in as President of Czechoslovakia. 30 DECEMBER 1672: The first public concert was held in London. The musicians performed behind a curtain while patrons ate cakes and drank ale. 1879: The first performance of Gilbert and Sullivans The Pirates of Penzance at Paignton, Devon. 1880: Transvaal became a republic with Paul Kruger as the first president. 1887: A petition addressed to Queen Victoria with over one million names of women appealing for public houses to be closed on Sundays was handed to the Home Secretary. 1922: Russia officially became the USSR - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1948: The first performance of Cole Porters Kiss Me Kate in New York with songs Wunderbar and Always True to You In My Fashion. 1973: The head of Marks and Spencers, Lord Sieff, was wounded by an Arab gunman at his home in St Johns Wood. 31 DECEMBER New Years Eve, and Hogmanay in Scotland. 1491: Birth of Jacques Cartier, French navigator who explored the St Lawrence river and named the site of Montreal during his Canadian explorations. 1687: The first Huguenots set sail from France for the Cape of Good Hope where they would escape religious persecution and create the South African wine industry with the vines they took with them on the voyage. 1695: The window tax was imposed in Britain which resulted in many being bricked up, evidence which remains to this day. 1720: Birth of Bonnie Prince Charlie (Charles Edward Stuart), also known as the Young Pretender, in Rome. With his followers he landed in Scotland in 1745, capturing Edinburgh and setting up court at the Palace of Holyrood. He scored a further victory at Prestonpans, but his decision to march on London brought him head on with the British army and defeat at Culloden. 1880: Birth of George Marshall, US general and statesman who directed the Marshall Aid plan to help the post-war recovery of Europe. 1890: Ellis Island in New York was opened as the immigration depot to handle the huddled masses. 1911: Marie Curie received her second Nobel prize, unprecedented in the history of the award. 1917: Sugar was rationed in Britain as a result of shortages during the First World War, the first time food rationing had ever been imposed in Britain on a national scale. 1923: The chimes of Big Ben were broadcast by the BBC for the first time. 1935: Charles Darrow patented his board game Monopoly, which he had first invented in 1933. 1938: In Indianapolis, Dr R N Hargers Drunkometer was officially used to breathalyse drivers by the Indianapolis Police Department. 1960: The farthing ceased to be legal tender in Britain at midnight. 1968: The Russian supersonic airliner TU-144 made its inaugural flight from Moscow to Alma Ata, several months ahead of the Anglo-French Concorde. 1973: The three-day week began in Britain as a result of power strikes; it would lead to the downfall of Prime Minister Edward Heath and his government. 1988: At midnight, when the Queens New Year honours list was revealed, world champion Eric Bristow - the Crafty Cockney - became the first ever darts player to receive an MBE.	i don't know
What is the three word collective name given to the first ten ammendments to the United States Constitution drafted in 1789 ?	America's Founding Documents \| National Archives America's Founding Documents These three documents, known collectively as the Charters of Freedom, have secured the rights of the American people for more than two and a quarter centuries and are considered instrumental to its founding and philosophy of the United States. Declaration of Independence The Charters of Freedom The Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, collectively known as the Charters of Freedom, have guaranteed the rights and freedoms of Americans for over 200 years. The spectacular new book The Charters of Freedom-"A New World Is At Hand" written by Alice Kamps, Curator at the National Archives, showcases the National Archives' renovated Rotunda, the newly re-encased Charters of Freedom, and the exhibition that flanks their permanent display. The book describes the dramatic events that culminated in these historic documents, the materials and techniques used in their creation and conservation, and their adventures on the road to a permanent safe haven at the National Archives. The Charters of Freedom Bundle Facsimiles These elegant facsimiles on parchment paper of the Charters of Freedom: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, are all three here offered to you in one bundle. These historic facsimiles are perfect for educational purposes or to decorate your home or office. Please note: The Constitution facsimile in this bundle has all four pages of the original document on one sheet. The original Charters of Freedom are on permanent display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum. The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom Located on the upper level of the National Archives museum, is the permanent home of the original Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, and Bill of Rights. Designed by architect John Russell Pope as a shrine to American democracy, the ornate Rotunda with its soaring domed ceiling also features two murals by Barry Faulkner, depicting fictional scenes of the “presentations” of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.	Bill of rights
According to the Bible, who was the first person to be born - as opposed to being created?	The Constitution \| whitehouse.gov The Constitution Resources The Constitution The Constitution is the supreme law of the land in the United States. Learn more about our founding document. "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." — Preamble to the Constitution The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. Empowered with the sovereign authority of the people by the framers and the consent of the legislatures of the states, it is the source of all government powers, and also provides important limitations on the government that protect the fundamental rights of United States citizens. Why a Constitution? The need for the Constitution grew out of problems with the Articles of Confederation, which established a "firm league of friendship" between the states, and vested most power in a Congress of the Confederation. This power was, however, extremely limited — the central government conducted diplomacy and made war, set weights and measures, and was the final arbiter of disputes between the states. Crucially, it could not raise any funds itself, and was entirely dependent on the states themselves for the money necessary to operate. Each state sent a delegation of between two and seven members to the Congress, and they voted as a bloc with each state getting one vote. But any decision of consequence required a unanimous vote, which led to a government that was paralyzed and ineffectual. A movement to reform the Articles began, and invitations to attend a convention in Philadelphia to discuss changes to the Articles were sent to the state legislatures in 1787. In May of that year, delegates from 12 of the 13 states (Rhode Island sent no representatives) convened in Philadelphia to begin the work of redesigning government. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention quickly began work on drafting a new Constitution for the United States. The Constitutional Convention A chief aim of the Constitution as drafted by the Convention was to create a government with enough power to act on a national level, but without so much power that fundamental rights would be at risk. One way that this was accomplished was to separate the power of government into three branches, and then to include checks and balances on those powers to assure that no one branch of government gained supremacy. This concern arose largely out of the experience that the delegates had with the King of England and his powerful Parliament. The powers of each branch are enumerated in the Constitution, with powers not assigned to them reserved to the states. Much of the debate, which was conducted in secret to ensure that delegates spoke their minds, focused on the form that the new legislature would take. Two plans competed to become the new government: the Virginia Plan, which apportioned representation based on the population of each state, and the New Jersey plan, which gave each state an equal vote in Congress. The Virginia Plan was supported by the larger states, and the New Jersey plan preferred by the smaller. In the end, they settled on the Great Compromise (sometimes called the Connecticut Compromise), in which the House of Representatives would represent the people as apportioned by population; the Senate would represent the states apportioned equally; and the President would be elected by the Electoral College. The plan also called for an independent judiciary. The founders also took pains to establish the relationship between the states. States are required to give "full faith and credit" to the laws, records, contracts, and judicial proceedings of the other states, although Congress may regulate the manner in which the states share records, and define the scope of this clause. States are barred from discriminating against citizens of other states in any way, and cannot enact tariffs against one another. States must also extradite those accused of crimes to other states for trial. The founders also specified a process by which the Constitution may be amended, and since its ratification, the Constitution has been amended 27 times. In order to prevent arbitrary changes, the process for making amendments is quite onerous. An amendment may be proposed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress, or, if two-thirds of the states request one, by a convention called for that purpose. The amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures, or three-fourths of conventions called in each state for ratification. In modern times, amendments have traditionally specified a timeframe in which this must be accomplished, usually a period of several years. Additionally, the Constitution specifies that no amendment can deny a state equal representation in the Senate without that state's consent. With the details and language of the Constitution decided, the Convention got down to the work of actually setting the Constitution to paper. It is written in the hand of a delegate from Pennsylvania, Gouverneur Morris, whose job allowed him some reign over the actual punctuation of a few clauses in the Constitution. He is also credited with the famous preamble, quoted at the top of this page. On September 17, 1787, 39 of the 55 delegates signed the new document, with many of those who refused to sign objecting to the lack of a bill of rights. At least one delegate refused to sign because the Constitution codified and protected slavery and the slave trade. Ratification The process set out in the Constitution for its ratification provided for much popular debate in the states. The Constitution would take effect once it had been ratified by nine of the thirteen state legislatures -- unanimity was not required. During the debate over the Constitution, two factions emerged: the Federalists, who supported adoption, and the Anti-Federalists, who opposed it. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay set out an eloquent defense of the new Constitution in what came to be called the Federalist Papers. Published anonymously in the newspapers The Independent Journal and The New York Packet under the name Publius between October 1787 and August 1788, the 85 articles that comprise the Federalist Papers remain to this day an invaluable resource for understanding some of the framers' intentions for the Constitution. The most famous of the articles are No. 10, which warns of the dangers of factions and advocates a large republic, and No. 51, which explains the structure of the Constitution, its checks and balances, and how it protects the rights of the people. The states proceeded to begin ratification, with some debating more intensely than others. Delaware was the first state to ratify, on December 7, 1787. After New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify, on June 22, 1788, the Confederation Congress established March 9, 1789, as the date to begin operating under the Constitution. By this time, all the states except North Carolina and Rhode Island had ratified — the Ocean State was the last to ratify on May 29, 1790. The Bill of Rights One of the principal points of contention between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists was the lack of an enumeration of basic civil rights in the Constitution. Many Federalists argued, as in Federalist No. 84, that the people surrendered no rights in adopting the Constitution. In several states, however, the ratification debate in some states hinged on the adoption of a bill of rights. The solution was known as the Massachusetts Compromise, in which four states ratified the Constitution but at the same time sent recommendations for amendments to the Congress. James Madison introduced 12 amendments to the First Congress in 1789. Ten of these would go on to become what we now consider to be the Bill of Rights. One was never passed, while another dealing with Congressional salaries was not ratified until 1992, when it became the 27th Amendment. Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, the writings of the Enlightenment, and the rights defined in the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights contains rights that many today consider to be fundamental to America. The First Amendment provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Second Amendment gives citizens the right to bear arms. The Third Amendment prohibits the government from quartering troops in private homes, a major grievance during the American Revolution. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure. The government may not conduct any searches without a warrant, and such warrants must be issued by a judge and based on probable cause. The Fifth Amendment provides that citizens not be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment without due process. Citizens may not be tried on the same set of facts twice, and are protected from self-incrimination (the right to remain silent). The amendment also establishes the power of eminent domain, ensuring that private property is not seized for public use without just compensation. The Sixth Amendment assures the right to a speedy trial by a jury of one's peers, to be informed of the crimes with which they are charged, and to confront the witnesses brought by the government. The amendment also provides the accused the right to compel testimony from witnesses, and to legal representation. The Seventh Amendment provides that civil cases also be tried by jury. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. The Ninth Amendment states that the list of rights enumerated in the Constitution is not exhaustive, and that the people retain all rights not enumerated. The Tenth Amendment assigns all powers not delegated to the United States, or prohibited to the states, to either the states or to the people.	i don't know
What was the name of the man who invented Shredded Wheat in 1893 ? Was it Charles E Pinky or Henry D Perky?	Food Timeline: 1890 to 1894 - Food History Events An extensive selection of free food, beverage & agricultural magazines, e-books, etc. for qualified professionals FOOD HISTORY TIMELINE 1890 to 1894 1890 Peanut butter was developed by a St. Louis doctor for his patients with bad teeth. 1890 President Benjamin Harrison signed the first law requiring inspection of meat products. It required the U.S. Dept of Agriculture (USDA) through the Bureau of Animal Industry, to inspect salted pork and bacon intended for export. In 1891, this law was amended to require the inspection and certification of all live cattle and beef intended for export. 1890 Sequoia National Park was established to protect the giant Sequoia trees, among the oldest living things on earth. ( Sequoia Natural History Assn ) 1890 Henri Nestle died (born 1814). In 1867 he invented an infant formula, farine lactee, a substitute breast milk for infants unable to breast feed. He sold the company in 1875. The company kept the Nestle name, and later expanded its products to include chocolate and condensed milk. 1890 Rolla N. Harger was born. A biochemist, he invented the first successful test machine for blood alcohol content, the Drunkometer, in 1931. 1890 Michael Romanoff was born in Lithuania on Feb 20 (died Sept 1, 1971). Born Hershel Geguzin, he was an actor, conman, professional imposter and Hollywood restaurateur. He posed as Russian Prince Michael Alexandrovich Dmitri Oblensky Romanoff from about 1919. He opened Romanoff's restaurant in Beverly Hills in the late 1930s, which became popular with Hollywood movie stars. The restaurant closed in 1962. 1890 Peter Henderson died. A Scottish-American scientist, known as the 'Father of America Horticulture,' he published 'Gardening for Profit’ and 'Gardening for Pleasure'. 1890 Idaho became the 43rd State, the Potato State. 1890 Nathan Handwerker was born June 14 (died March 24, 1974). Founded 'Nathan's' hot dog emporium at Coney Island, New York in 1916. 1890 Harland Sanders was born near Henryville, Indiana. Founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken fast food restaurant chain. 1890 Blues musician 'Jelly Roll' Morton was born. 1890 Peanut Butter was developed in 1890 by a St. Louis doctor for his patients with bad teeth. 1890 Meat Inspection Act authorized inspection of salted pork, bacon, and live animals intended for export, and the quarantine of imported animals. 1890 Of gainfully employed persons, 43 percent were engaged in agriculture. 1890 It takes about 50 hours or labor to produce 100 bushels of wheat. 1890 Combination corn-shucking and fodder-shredding machine patented. 1890 The population of the U.S. is now 62,979,766. Farmers are 43% of the labor force. There are about 4,565,000 farms, averaging about 136 acres. 1890 Census showed that the frontier settlement era was over. 1890 Second Morrill Act broadened land-grant program and set up funding for black land-grant schools. 1890 Cordelia (Hornaday) Knott was born (died April 23, 1974). Co-founder, with her husband Walter, of Knott's Berry Farm in California. Their farm evolved from growing and selling berries from a roadside stand into the oldest and one of the largest theme amusement parks in the U.S. 1891 August Schell died. He founded the August Schell Brewing Company in New Ulm, Minnesota in 1860. 1891 Otto Schnering was born. Founder of the Curtiss Candy Company in 1916. The company's first candy product was named Kandy Kake, renamed Baby Ruth in 1921. The Butterfinger candy bar was introduced in 1926. 1891 Sir Joseph William Bazalgette died. A British civil engineer, he designed the main sewer system for London. 1891 Abram Lyle died. Scottish shipbuilder and sugar refiner. Noted for the pale treacle, 'Lyle's Golded Syrup' (treacle is made from the syrup that remains after sugar is refined). 1891 The Travelers Cheque was patented. 1891 Many food historians consider the first cafeteria to have been in the YWCA of Kansas City, Mo. in 1891. It provided cheap, self-service meals to working women. 1891 Fig Newtons were created by Kennedy Biscuit Works in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. 1891 Herman Melville died (born Aug 1, 1819). American writer, best known for the novel, 'Moby Dick; or The Whale' 1892 Dedication cermonies were held for the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) on Oct 21, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus arrival in the New World. The Fair would not open to the public until May 1, 1893. 1892 Lea & Perrins label was trademarked. 1892 Joel Cheek creates a special coffee blend for the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. It becomes known as Maxwell House Coffee. 1892 J.R.R. Tolkien was born. Author of 'The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of the Rings' trilogy. Food and hospitality play important roles in both. 1892 Coca-Cola incorporated. 1892 William Painter received a patent for the crown-cork bottle cap with a cork seal. It was used up until the 1970s, when the cork liner was replaced with a plastic liner. 1892 George Sampson received a patent for a clothes dryer. 1892 Dr. Washington Sheffeld invented the collapsible metal toothpaste tube. 1892 The Sierra Club is formed in San Francisco for nature conservation. 1892 Macadamia nuts were first planted in Hawaii. 1892 The first concrete paved street is built in Bellefontaine, Ohio. This makes food shopping much easier. It wasn’t long before ‘they paved Paradise and put up a parking’ lot for the supermarket. 1892 Thomas Cook died. In 1841 Cook hired a special excursion train between Leicester and Loughborough in England for a temperance meeting. The beginning of Thomas Cook & Son, the worldwide travel agency. 1892 John Froelich made the first gasoline powered tractor. 1892 Joshua Pusey invented book matches (he called them Flexible Matches). He sold the patent to the Diamond Match Company in 1895 or 1896.. 1892 Earle Dickson was born. He invented band-aids for his wife, who had frequent kitchen accidents, cutting or burning herself. He worked as a buyer for Johnson & Johnson, who soon began manufacturing band-aids. 1892 The first long distance telephone line between Chicago and New York City was put in service. 1892 The first performance of Tchaikovsky's 'The Nutcracker' in St. Petersburg. 1892 Work began on a tunnel under the East River "whereby gas may be supplied from works situated in Long Island City to the City of New York." This was the first tunnel under the East River. 1893 Henry D. Perky and William H. Ford were issued U.S. patent No. 502378 for a machine to produce cereals (shredded wheat). 1893 The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) opened in Chicago, Illinois on May 1. It was held to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492 (the Fair was dedicated on October 21, 1892 but did not open to the public until May 1, 1893). 1893 Coca-Cola trademark recorded. 1893 John Tyndall died Dec 4 (born Aug 2, 1820). British physicist. He is popularly remembered as the first to explain why the sky is blue (atmospheric molecules preferentially scatter the sun's blue rays). 1893 Emmett J. Culligan was born. He was the founder of the water treatment company that carries his name. (Hey, Culligan Man!) 1893 The original Waldorf Hotel opened. It had 450 rooms and almost 1,000 employees. 1893 One of the oldest golf courses in the U.S. is set up at the Town and Country Club in St. Paul, Minnesota. The course originally consisted of tomato cans sunk in a pasture. 1893 Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle died. A Swiss botanist, author of 'Origin of Cultivated Plants.' 1893 The Anti-Saloon League was founded by Howard H. Russell at Oberlin, Ohio. 1893 Good & Plenty candy was introduced by the Quaker City Confectionery Company of Philadelphia. 1893 African American inventor T.W. Stewart received a patent for a mop. 1893 R.W. Rueckheim invents Cracker Jack, a popcorn, peanut and molasses confection. It was introduced at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. R.W.'s brother Louis perfected the secret formula in 1896, which prevents the molasses coated popcorn from sticking together. The prize in each box was introduced in 1912. 1893 The first Ferris Wheel opened at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Invented by George Washington Ferris, it had 36 cars and carried 60 passengers 264 feet high. 1893 'Happy Birthday to You' was first published. 1893 Cream of Wheat was developed by wheat millers in Grand Forks, North Dakota. 1893 Raymond Loewy was born. An American design engineer, he designed the Coca Cola bottle, the 1934 Sears Coldspot refrigerator, toothbrushes, etc. 1893 Juicy fruit chewing gum introduced. 1893 At the 1893 Chicago Fair, Pabst beer won a blue ribbon, and was called 'Pabst Blue Ribbon" beer from then on. 1893 The last day of the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) in Chicago, Illinois. It celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492. 1893 Edward Adelbert Doisy was born (died Oct 23, 1986). American biochemist who shared (with Henrik Dam) the 1943 Nobel Prize for Medicine for the isolation and synthesis of vitamin K. 1893 Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. 1894 The first volume of the Oxford English Dictionary was published. 1894 President Grover Cleveland signed legislation declaring Labor Day a national holiday, to be observed the first Monday in September. 1894 Mildred M. Lord of Milwaukee, Wisconsin received U.S. patent No. 529,869 for a "Washing Machine in which a suds box is used with a swinging agitator." 1894 W. Atlee Burpee & Co. introduced iceberg lettuce to their seed catalog. 1894 Charles H. Phillips Chemical Company registered 'Milk of Magnesia' trademark. 1894 Elzie Crisler Segar was born. Creator of the spinach loving Popeye the Sailer Man. 1894 Dorthy Richards the 'Beaver Woman’ was born (died 1985). She spent 50 years studing beavers in the Adirondack foothills of New York. July 7 is celebrated annually as International Beaver Day . 1894 Pierre Joseph van Beneden died. A Belgian parasitologist, he discovered the life cycle of tapeworms. 1894 Antoine-Joseph (Adolphe) Sax died. A musical instrument maker, he invented the saxophone. 1894 Hershey's Chocolate Company was founded as a subsidiary of Milton S. Hershey's Lancaster Caramel Company. 1894 Coca Cola was first bottled by Joseph A. Biedenham of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Before that it was only mixed to order at the soda fountain. 1894 Joseph Delteil was born (died April 16, 1978). French writer and poet. Also wrote 'La Cuisine palolithique' (1964) featurilng cuisine naturelle using unprocessed foods. 1894 African American inventor G. W. Murray received 2 patents for a Furrow Opener & Stalk Knocker and a Cultivator & Marker. 1894 Alfred Charles Kinsey born. Alfred Charles Kinsey is famous for the two books his Institute for Sex Research published, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior of the Human Female (1953). However, he was also a world authority on the taxonomy of gall wasps, and author of 'Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America' (1943). 1894 Percy Le Baron Spencer was born. Spencer developed the microwave oven in 1946, after he noticed that some chocolate in his pocket had melted after being accidently exposed to radiation from a magnetron tube he was working on at the time. 1894 African American inventor S. Newson patented an "oil heater or cooker." 1894 Arthur Treacher, actor, announcer was born. He later founded Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips restaurant franchise. 1894 Oliver Wendell Holmes died. American physician, poet and humorist. Author of 'The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,' 'The Professor of the Breakfast Table,' 'The Poet of the Breakfast Table,' and 'Over the Teacups.' 1894 Donald Deskey was born. An industrial designer, he designed the packaging for Tide laundry detergent and Crest toothpaste among others.	Perky
Which was Charles Dickens' first published novel, serialised in 20 monthly parts from April 1836 ?	BET Awards: Clinton Rally, Then a Sermon Against Abusive 'Invention Called Whiteness' BET Awards: Clinton Rally, Then a Sermon Against Abusive 'Invention Called Whiteness' newsbusters.org ^ \| 6/27/16 \| Karen Townsend Posted on 06/27/2016 2:18:14 PM PDT by SoFloFreeper ....the 2016 BET (Black Entertainment Television) Awards were full of Black Lives Matter references and reminders to register to vote and then get out the vote for Hillary Clinton. ....Ellis Ross made her plea for Hillary in a personal way. She noted that the single woman demographic (which includes herself) is the largest and most important for a White House win, so Welcome to the White House, Hillary Clinton. Empire star Taraji P. Henson...made a veiled reference to ...Donald Trump... Im not really political, but its serious out here. For those who think he isnt going to win, think again. We really have to pull together and turn this country around. ....BETs Chairman and CEO, Debra L. Lee, combined gun control and the Black Lives Matter movement by complimenting Rep. John Lewis and the Democrat sit-in in the House of Representatives... ...actor Jesse Williams...went on a five-minute screed about injustice in America..."we know that the police somehow managed to de-escalate, disarm and not kill white people every day...and we're done watching and waiting while this invention called whiteness uses and abuses us, burying black people out of sight out of mind while extracting our culture, our dollars, our entertainment like oil, like black gold".... yeah, these actors are reeeeeally oppressed. 1 posted on 06/27/2016 2:18:14 PM PDT by SoFloFreeper [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper They urge their people to stay on the Democrat plantation while they laugh all the way to the bank. 2 posted on 06/27/2016 2:24:06 PM PDT by headstamp 2 (Fear is the mind killer.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper Oh, those nasty Whites. Don't we all wish they had contributed something, anything, to society? Something like: Things Invented by White Males: 20th century: * 1900: Rigid dirigible airship: Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin * 1901: Improved wireless transmitter: Reginald Fessenden * 1901: Mercury vapor lamp: Peter C. Hewitt * 1901: paperclip: Johan Vaaler * 1902: Radio magnetic detector: Guglielmo Marconi * 1902: Radio telephone: Poulsen Reginald Fessenden * 1902: Rayon cellulose ester: Arthur D. Little * 1903: Electrocardiograph (EKG): Willem Einthoven * 1903: Powered Monoplane: Richard Pearse * 1903: Powered Airplane: Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright * 1903: Bottle machine: Michael Owens * 1904: Thermionic valve: John Ambrose Fleming * 1904: Separable Attachment Plug: Harvey Hubbell * 1905: Radio tube diode: John Ambrose Fleming * 1906: Triode amplifier: Lee DeForest * 1907: Radio amplifier: Lee DeForest * 1907: Radio tube triode: Lee DeForest * 1907: Vacuum cleaner, (electric): James Spangler * 1909: Monoplane: Henry W. Walden * 1909: Bakelite: Leo Baekeland * 1909: Gun silencer: Hiram Percy Maxim * 1910: Thermojet engine: Henri Coandă * 1911: Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry * 1911: Automobile self-starter (perfected): Charles F. Kettering * 1911: Air conditioner: Willis Haviland Carrier * 1911: Cellophane: Jacques Brandenburger * 1911: Hydroplane: Glenn Curtiss * 1912: Photography; Lapse-time camera for use with plants: Arthur C. Pillsbury * 1912: Regenerative radio circuit: Edwin H. Armstrong * 1913: Crossword puzzle: Arthur Wynne * 1913: Improved X-Ray: William D. Coolidge * 1913: Double acting wrench: Robert Owen * 1913: Cracking process for Gasoline: William M. Burten * 1913: Gyroscope stabilizer: Elmer A. Sperry * 1913: Geiger counter: Hans Geiger * 1913: Radio receiver, cascade tuning: Ernst Alexanderson * 1913: Radio receiver, heterodyne: Reginald Fessenden * 1913: Stainless steel: Harry Brearley * 1914: Radio transmitter triode mod.: Ernst Alexanderson * 1914: Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddard * 1914: Tank, military: Ernest Dunlop Swinton * 1915: Tungsten Filament: Irving Langmuir * 1915: Searchlight arc: Elmer A. Sperry * 1915: Radio tube oscillator: Lee DeForest * 1916: Browning Gun: John Browning * 1916: Thompson submachine gun: John T. Thompson * 1916: Incandescent gas lamp: Irving Langmuir * 1917: Sonar echolocation: Paul Langevin * 1918: Super heterodyne: Edwin H. Armstrong * 1918: Interrupter gear: Anton Fokker * 1918: Radio crystal oscillator: A.M. Nicolson * 1918: Pop-up toaster: Charles Strite * 1919: the Theremin: Leon Theremin * 1922: Radar: Robert Watson-Watt, A. H. Taylor, L. C. Young, Gregory Breit, Merle Antony Tuve * 1922: Technicolor: Herbert T. Kalmus * 1922: Water skiing: Ralph Samuelson * 1922: Photography: First mass production photo machine, Arthur C. Pillsbury * 1923: Arc tube: Ernst Alexanderson * 1923: Sound film: Lee DeForest * 1923: Television Electronic: Philo Farnsworth * 1923: Wind tunnel: Max Munk * 1923: Auto gyro: Juan de la Cierva * 1923: Xenon flash lamp: Harold Edgerton * 1925: ultra-centrifuge: Theodor Svedberg * used to determine molecular weights * 1925: Television Iconoscope: Vladimir Zworykin * 1925: Television Nipkow System: C. Francis Jenkins * 1925: Telephoto: C. Francis Jenkins * 1926: Television Mechanical Scanner: John Logie Baird * 1926: Aerosol spray: Rotheim * 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rust * 1927: Photography: First microscopic motion picture camera: Arthur C. Pillsbury * 1928: sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohwedder * 1928: Electric dry shaver: Jacob Schick * 1928: Antibiotics: Alexander Fleming * 1929: Electroencephalograph (EEG): Hans Berger * 1929: Photography: First X-Ray motion picture camera, Arthur C. Pillsbury * 1920s: Mechanical potato peeler: Herman Lay * 1930: Neoprene: Wallace Carothers * 1930: Nylon: Wallace Carothers * 1930: Photography: Underwater Motion Picture Camera: Arthur C. Pillsbury * 1931: the Radio telescope: Karl Jansky Grote Reber * 1932: Polaroid glass: Edwin H. Land * 1935: microwave radar: Robert Watson-Watt * 1935: Trampoline: George Nissen and Larry Griswold * 1935: Spectrophotometer: Arthur C. Hardy * 1935: Casein fiber: Earl Whittier Stephen * 1935: Hammond Organ: Laurens Hammond * 1936: Pinsetter (bowling): Gottfried Schmidt * 1937: Jet engine: Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain * 1938: Fiberglass: Russell Games Slayter John H. Thomas * 1938: Computer: Konrad Zuse (Germany) simultaneously as Atanasoff (United States) * 1939: FM radio: Edwin H. Armstrong * 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorsky * 1939: View-master: William Gruber * 1942: Bazooka Rocket Gun: Leslie A. Skinner C. N. Hickman * 1942: Undersea oil pipeline: Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto * 1942: Frequency Hopping: Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil * 1943: Aqua-Lung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan * 1943: electronic programmable digital computer: Tommy Flowers [1] * 1944: Electron spectrometer: Deutsch Elliot Evans * 1945: Nuclear weapons (but note: chain reaction theory: 1933) * 1946: microwave oven: Percy Spencer * 1947: Transistor: William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen * 1947: Polaroid camera: Edwin Land * 1948: Long Playing Record: Peter Carl Goldmark * 1949: Atomic clocks * 1952: fusion bomb: Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam * 1952: hovercraft: Christopher Cockerell * 1953: maser: Charles Townes * 1953: medical ultrasonography * 1954: transistor radio (dated from the from Regency TR1) (USA) * 1954: first nuclear power reactor * 1954: geodesic dome: Buckminster Fuller * 1955: Velcro: George de Mestral * 1957: Jet Boat: William Hamilton * 1957: EEG topography: Walter Grey Walter * 1957: Bubble Wrap * Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes of Sealed Air * 1958: the Integrated circuit: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor * 1959: snowmobile: Joseph-Armand Bombardier * 1960s: Packet switching: Donald Davies and Paul Baran, video games * 1960: lasers: Theodore Maiman, at Hughes Aircraft * 1962: Communications satellites: Arthur C. Clarke * 1962: Light-emitting diode: Nick Holonyak * 1963: Hypertext: Ted Nelson * 1963: Computer mouse: Douglas Engelbart * 1965: 8-track tapes: William Powell Lear * 1968: Video game console: Ralph Baer * 1970: Fiber optics * 1971: E-mail: Ray Tomlinson * 1971: the Microprocessor * 1971: the Pocket calculator * 1971: Magnetic resonance imaging: Raymond V. Damadian * 1972: Computed Tomography: Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield * 1973: Ethernet: Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs * 1973: Monash University scientists report the world's first IVF pregnancy. * 1974: Scramjet: NASA and United States Navy - first operational prototype flown in 2002 * 1974: Heimlich Maneuver: Henry Heimlich * 1975: digital camera: Steven Sasson * 1977: the personal computer (dated from Commodore PET) * 1978: Philips releases the laserdisc player * 1978: Spring loaded camming device: Ray Jardine * 1979: the Walkman: Akio Morita, Masaru Ibuka, Kozo Ohsone * 1979: the cellular telephone (first commercially fielded version, NTT) * 1970s: Tomahawk Cruise Missile (first computerized cruise missile) * 1983: Domain Name System: Paul Mockapetris * 1985: polymerase chain reaction: Kary Mullis * 1985: DNA fingerprinting: Alec Jeffreys * 1989: the World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee 19th century * 1800: Electric battery: Alessandro Volta * 1801: Jacquard loom: Joseph Marie Jacquard * 1802: Screw propeller steamboat Phoenix: John Stevens * 1802: gas stove: Zachäus Andreas Winzler * 1805: Submarine Nautilus: Robert Fulton * 1805: Refrigerator: Oliver Evans * 1807: Steamboat Clermont: Robert Fulton * 1808: Band saw: William Newberry * 1811: Gun* Breechloader: Thornton (?) * 1812: Metronome: Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel * 1813: Hand printing press: George Clymer * 1814: Steam Locomotive (Blucher): George Stephenson * 1816: Miner's safety lamp: Humphry Davy * 1816: Metronome: Johann Nepomuk Maelzel (reputed) * 1816: Stirling engine: Robert Stirling * 1816: Stethoscope: Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec * 1817: Kaleidoscope: David Brewster * 1819: Breech loading flintlock: John Hall * 1821: Electric motor: Michael Faraday * 1823: Electromagnet: William Sturgeon * 1826: Photography: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce * 1826: internal combustion engine: Samuel Morey * 1827: Insulated wire: Joseph Henry * 1827: Screw propeller: Josef Ressel * 1827: Friction match: John Walker * 1830: Lawn mower: Edwin Beard Budding * 1831: Multiple coil magnet: Joseph Henry * 1831: Magnetic acoustic telegraph: Joseph Henry (patented 1837) * 1831: Reaper: Cyrus McCormick * 1831: Electrical generator: Michael Faraday, Stefan Jedlik * 1834: June 14 * Isaac Fischer, Jr. patents sandpaper * 1834: The Hansom cab is patented * 1834: Louis Braille perfects his Braille system * 1835: Photogenic Drawing: William Henry Fox Talbot * 1835: Revolver: Samuel Colt * 1835: Morse code: Samuel Morse * 1835: Electromechanical Relay: Joseph Henry * 1836: Samuel Colt receives a patent for the Colt revolver (February 24) * 1836: Improved screw propeller: John Ericsson * 1836: Sewing machine: Josef Madersberger * 1837: Photography: Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre * 1837: First US electric printing press patented by Thomas Davenport (February 25) * 1837: Steel plow: John Deere * 1837: Standard diving dress: Augustus Siebe * 1837: Camera Zoom Lens: Jozef Maximilián Petzval * 1838: Electric telegraph: Charles Wheatstone * 1838: Forerunner of Morse code: Alfred Vail * 1838: closed diving suit with a helmet: Augustus Siebe * 1839: Vulcanization of rubber: Charles Goodyear * 1840: Frigate with submarine machinery SS Princeton: John Ericsson * 1840: artificial fertilizer: Justus von Liebig * 1842: Anaesthesia: Crawford Long * 1843: Typewriter: Charles Thurber * 1843: Fax machine: Alexander Bain - * 1844: Telegraph: Samuel Morse * 1845: Portland cement: William Aspdin * 1845: Double tube tire: Robert Thomson (inventor) * 1846: Sewing machine: Elias Howe * 1846: Rotary printing press: Richard M. Hoe * 1849: Safety pin: Walter Hunt * 1849: Francis turbine: James B. Francis * 1852: Airship: Henri Giffard * 1852: Passenger elevator: Elisha Otis * 1852: Gyroscope: Léon Foucault * 1853: Glider: Sir George Cayley * 1855: Bunsen burner: Robert Bunsen * 1855: Bessemer process: Henry Bessemer * 1856: First celluloids: Alexander Parkes * 1858: Undersea telegraph cable: Fredrick Newton Gisborne * 1858: Shoe sole sewing machine: Lyman R. Blake * 1858: Mason jar: John L. Mason * 1859: Oil drill: Edwin L. Drake * 1860: Linoleum: Fredrick Walton * 1860: Repeating rifle: Oliver F. Winchester, Christopher Spencer * 1860: Self-propelled torpedo: Ivan Lupis-Vukić * 1861: Ironclad USS Monitor: John Ericsson * 1861: Regenerative Furnace: Carl Wilhelm Siemens * 1862: Revolving machine gun: Richard J. Gatling * 1862: Mechanical submarine: Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol * 1862: Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur, Claude Bernard * 1863: Player piano: Henri Fourneaux * 1864: First concept typewriter: Peter Mitterhofer * 1865: Compression ice machine: Thaddeus Lowe * 1866: Dynamite: Alfred Nobel * 1867: * 1868: First practical typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule, with assistance from James Densmore * 1868: Air brake (rail): George Westinghouse * 1868: Oleomargarine: Mege Mouries * 1869: Vacuum cleaner: I.W. McGaffers * 1870: Magic Lantern projector: Henry R. Heyl * 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edison * 1870: Mobile Gasoline Engine, Automobile: Siegfried Marcus * 1871: Cable car (railway): Andrew S. Hallidie * 1871: Compressed air rock drill: Simon Ingersoll * 1872: Celluloid (later development): John W. Hyatt * 1872: Adding machine: Edmund D. Barbour * 1873: Barbed wire: Joseph F. Glidden * 1873: Railway knuckle coupler: Eli H. Janney * 1873: Modern direct current electric motor: Zénobe Gramme * 1874: Electric street car: Stephen Dudle Field * 1875: Dynamo: William A. Anthony * 1875: Gun* (magazine): Benjamin B. Hotchkiss * 1876: Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell * 1876: Telephone: Elisha Gray * 1876: Carpet sweeper: Melville Bissell * 1876: Gasoline carburetor: Daimler * 1877: Stapler: Henry R. Heyl * 1877: Induction motor: Nikola Tesla * 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edison * 1877: Electric welding: Elihu Thomson * 1877: Twine Knotter: John Appleby * 1878: Cathode ray tube: William Crookes * 1878: Transparent film: Eastman Goodwin * 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss * 1878: Incandescent Light bulb: Joseph Swan * 1879: Pelton turbine: Lester Pelton * 1879: Automobile engine: Karl Benz * 1879: Cash register: James Ritty * 1879: Automobile (Patent): George B. Seldon ... note did not invent auto * 1880: Photophone: Alexander Graham Bell * 1880: Roll film: George Eastman * 1880: Safety razor: Kampfe Brothers * 1880: Seismograph: John Milne * 1881: Electric welding machine: Elihu Thomson * 1881: Metal detector: Alexander Graham Bell * 1882: Electric fan: Schuyler Skatts Wheeler * 1882: Electric flat iron: Henry W. Seely * 1883: Auto engine * compression ignition: Gottlieb Daimler * 1883: two-phase (alternating current) induction motor: Nikola Tesla * 1884: Linotype machine: Ottmar Mergenthaler * 1884: Fountain pen: Lewis Waterman NB: Did not invent fountain pen, nor even "first practical fountain pen." Started manufacture in 1883, too. * 1884: Punched card accounting: Herman Hollerith * 1884: Trolley car, (electric): Frank Sprague, Karel Van de Poele * 1885: Automobile, differential gear: Karl Benz * 1885: Maxim gun: Hiram Stevens Maxim * 1885: Motor cycle: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach * 1885: Alternating current transformer: William Stanley * 1886: Gasoline engine: Gottlieb Daimler * 1886: Improved phonograph cylinder: Tainter & Bell * 1887: Monotype machine: Tolbert Lanston * 1887: Contact lens: Adolf E. Fick, Eugene Kalt and August Muller * 1887: Gramophone record: Emile Berliner * 1887: Automobile, (gasoline): Gottlieb Daimler * 1888: Polyphase AC Electric power system: Nikola Tesla (30 related patents.) * 1888: Kodak hand camera: George Eastman * 1888: Ballpoint pen: John Loud * 1888: Pneumatic tube tire: John Boyd Dunlop * 1888: Harvester-thresher: Matteson (?) * 1888: Kinematograph: Augustin Le Prince * 1889: Automobile, (steam): Sylvester Roper * 1890: Pneumatic Hammer: Charles B. King * 1891: Automobile Storage Battery: William Morrison * 1891: Zipper: Whitcomb L. Judson * 1891: Carborundum: Edward G. Acheson * 1892: Color photography: Frederic E. Ives * 1892: Automatic telephone exchange (electromechanical): Almon Strowger * First in commercial service. * 1893: Photographic gun: E.J. Marcy * 1893: Half tone engraving: Frederick Ives * 1893: Wireless communication: Nikola Tesla * 1895: Phatoptiken projector: Woodville Latham * 1895: Phantascope: C. Francis Jenkins * 1895: Disposable blades: King C. Gillette * 1895: Diesel engine: Rudolf Diesel * 1895: Radio signals: Guglielmo Marconi * 1895: Shredded Wheat: Henry Perky * 1896: Vitascope: Thomas Armat * 1896: Steam turbine: Charles Curtis * 1896: Electric stove: William S. Hadaway * 1897: Automobile, magneto: Robert Bosch * 1898: Remote control: Nikola Tesla * 1899: Automobile self-starter: Clyde J. Coleman * 1899: Magnetic tape recorder: Valdemar Poulsen * 1899: Gas turbine: Charles Curtis 18th cent. * 1701: Seed drill: Jethro Tull * 1705: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomen * 1709: Piano: Bartolomeo Cristofori * 1710: Thermometer: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur * 1711: Tuning fork: John Shore * 1714: Mercury thermometer: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit * 1730: Mariner's quadrant: Thomas Godfrey * 1731: Sextant: John Hadley * 1733: Flying shuttle: John Kay (Flying Shuttle) * 1742: Franklin stove: Benjamin Franklin * 1750: Flatboat: Jacob Yoder * 1752: Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin * 1762: Iron smelting process: Jared Eliot * 1767: Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves * 1767: Carbonated water: Joseph Priestley * 1769: Steam engine: James Watt * 1769: Water Frame: Richard Arkwright * 1775: Submarine Turtle: David Bushnell * 1777: Card teeth making machine: Oliver Evans * 1777: Circular saw: Samuel Miller * 1779: Spinning mule: Samuel Crompton * 1783: Multitubular boiler engine: John Stevens * 1783: Parachute: Jean Pierre Blanchard * 1783: Hot air balloon: Montgolfier brothers * 1784: Bifocals: Benjamin Franklin * 1784: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnel * 1785: Power loom: Edmund Cartwright * 1785: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evans * 1787: Non-condensing high pressure Engine: Oliver Evans * 1790: Cut and head nail machine: Jacob Perkins * 1791: Steamboat: John Fitch * 1791: Artificial teeth: Nicholas Dubois De Chemant * 1793: Optical telegraph: Claude Chappe * 1797: Cast iron plow: Charles Newbold * 1798: Vaccination: Edward Jenner * 1798: Lithography: Alois Senefelder * 1799: Seeding machine: Eliakim Spooner 17th century * 1608: Telescope: Hans Lippershey * 1609: Microscope: Galileo Galilei * 1620: Slide rule: William Oughtred * 1623: Automatic calculator: Wilhelm Schickard * 1642: Adding machine: Blaise Pascal * 1643: Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli * 1645: Vacuum pump: Otto von Guericke * 1657: Pendulum clock: Christiaan Huygens * 1698: Steam engine: Thomas Savery 16th century * 1510: Pocket watch: Peter Henlein * 1540: Ether: Valerius Cordus * 1581: Pendulum: Galileo Galilei * 1589: Stocking frame: William Lee * 1593: Thermometer: Galileo Galilei * Musket in Europe Blacks, meanwhile, have contribued, too. Rap music and break dancing come immediately to mind. 3 posted on 06/27/2016 2:26:15 PM PDT by Jack Hammer To: SoFloFreeper I grow weary of negroes with chips on their shoulders. Among the goals of the Left is a civil race war. My family lives where it does with that in mind. 4 posted on 06/27/2016 2:27:14 PM PDT by Jacquerie [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper More rich blacks pretending to be held down by Whitey. I’m getting sick and tired of carrying the white man’s burden and being called names for doing it. 5 posted on 06/27/2016 2:30:42 PM PDT by ozzymandus [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper Trump has been a public figure for decades. He was never considered a racist until CNN anchor Jake Tapper did the interview and asked about David Duke. Trump had disavowed Duke the day before that interview. Tapper should have known that because he was there. Trump couldn’t hear or misunderstood Tapper’s question and then the media all joined together to make Trump a racist. Amazing how they make him a racist after just one question that he answered the day before. I am disappointed in Trump’s team with how well they handled that. They really do need to fight the BS claims of racism. Jobs, the economy, trade agreements, etc., aren’t about race. It is something that would benefit us all. 7 posted on 06/27/2016 2:36:42 PM PDT by boycott (--s) To: Jacquerie paragraphs are your friends... 8 posted on 06/27/2016 2:38:56 PM PDT by heterosupremacist ("Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." Thomas Jefferson) To: SoFloFreeper ‘...the single woman demographic...’ Nothing makes me more crazy than women continuing to vote Democrat, harming themselves and their offspring. (And the rest of us!) 10 posted on 06/27/2016 2:41:45 PM PDT by Diana in Wisconsin (I don't have 'Hobbies.' I'm developing a robust Post-Apocalyptic skill set...) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper When the Black Lies Matters people get sick and are taken to the hospital, they should REFUSE any medical treatment or device invented by a white person. And they should stop using all technology that was invented by a white person. 11 posted on 06/27/2016 2:45:42 PM PDT by LydiaLong To: SoFloFreeper He’s there because white privilege. 12 posted on 06/27/2016 2:48:53 PM PDT by SkyDancer ("They Say That Nobody's Perfect But Yet Here I Am") To: LydiaLong That would leave them all up a tree back in Africa. 13 posted on 06/27/2016 3:00:52 PM PDT by ResisTyr ("Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God " ~Thomas Jefferson) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 11 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper There’s absolutely nothing to like about people who think like this. Everything out of their mouths amounts to ‘hate whitey’. The irony is that without whitey they’d still be in a world of hurt. They should be profusely thanking ‘whitey’ but they’re not wise enough yet to realize that. 14 posted on 06/27/2016 3:03:09 PM PDT by Bullish (Blame others for your failures? Take credits where none are do? Who made you Pharoh?) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper Simply shocking. Who knew that all these black entertainers, who we all support with our money, were such bigots? 15 posted on 06/27/2016 3:05:04 PM PDT by originalbuckeye ("In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act." - George Orwell) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: Jack Hammer I produced a similar list as a self-education project, and learned that nearly tangible object in the modern world was invented by a white male, or depends in some way on the prior art of a white male. Furthermore, after 1800 nearly everything was invented by an Englishman or Anglo-American. Other have nationalities made small contributions but were and remain a very distant second to these two. 16 posted on 06/27/2016 3:06:21 PM PDT by Spirochete (GOP: Give Obama Power) To: SoFloFreeper Michael Savage earlier played a bit of this insanity and went on the warpath. His main questions: Exactly WHO gave THE authority for the public to hate whitey? Why isn't IT "racism"? Since when IS it ok to hate Whitey? WHO invented this "White Privilege" meme? (I first heard of the term in Sept 2013 from a College Professor friend of mine WHO WAS TEACHING IT TO HIS STUDENTS AT RUTGERS!) 19 posted on 06/27/2016 3:15:12 PM PDT by HangUpNow [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: HangUpNow It’s a ‘60s mem, recycled. Some try to take it back in time, but it’s recycled Marxism. 20 posted on 06/27/2016 3:16:47 PM PDT by combat_boots (The Lion of Judah cometh. Hallelujah. Gloria Patri, Filio et Spiritui Sancto!) To: combat_boots *meme 21 posted on 06/27/2016 3:17:36 PM PDT by combat_boots (The Lion of Judah cometh. Hallelujah. Gloria Patri, Filio et Spiritui Sancto!) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 3 \| View Replies ] To: mupcat Well, just for starters ask yourself, how big would that particular reply be if he had used all the paragraph breaks it might have needed? The point really being that the list is a very, very long one as you can plainly see when it’s put in a block like that. 24 posted on 06/27/2016 3:23:48 PM PDT by Bullish (Blame others for your failures? Take credits where none are do? Who made you Pharoh?) To: combat_boots That meme began in the 1960s?? Yup -- if it's subversive and divisive, it's Marxist clap-trap, isn't it? That it's gained THIS much traction these days though on the heels of the equally insane #BLM is obviously volatile and inviting CWII (so 0blah-blah hopes in time to declare Martial Law.) 25 posted on 06/27/2016 3:28:21 PM PDT by HangUpNow [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 20 \| View Replies ] To: HangUpNow “In 1965, drawing from that insight (DuBois), and inspired by the Civil Rights movement, Theodore W. Allen began a forty-year analysis of “white skin privilege”, “white race” privilege, and “white” privilege in a call he drafted for a “John Brown Commemoration Committee” that urged “White Americans who want government of the people” and “by the people” to “begin by first repudiating their white skin privileges”.[17] The pamphlet, “White Blindspot”, containing one essay by Allen and one by Noel Ignatin (Noel Ignatiev), published in the late 1960s, focused on the struggle against “white skin privilege” and significantly influenced the Students for a Democratic Society and sectors of the New Left. By June 15, 1969, the New York Times was reporting that the National Office of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was calling “for an all-out fight against ‘white skin privileges’”.[18] In 19741975 Allen extended his analysis to the colonial period with “Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race” in 1974/1975,[19] which ultimately grew into his two-volume “The Invention of the White Race” in 1994 and 1997.[20]” Wikipedia 26 posted on 06/27/2016 3:32:55 PM PDT by combat_boots (The Lion of Judah cometh. Hallelujah. Gloria Patri, Filio et Spiritui Sancto!) To: Jack Hammer Its a fascinating list Even more fascinating is the backstory behind some of these inventors, like the tragic suicide of Edwin Howard Armstrong over his drawn-out patent battle over FM, the Edison-Westinghouse "Battle of Currents", Edison's stormy personal relationship with Tesla, the Rockefeller struggle to kill oil pipelines, it just goes on. Another point is the relationship technology has with itself, how one invention paves the way for the next, and how they feed off each other. I regret that I didnt space it out more effectively. Cleaned up with notepad++ To: combat_boots Aah -- roots in Dubois (no pun intended). That's all we need -- ANY more of '60s politics and dirty hippies enforcing their LSD-induced Marxism 50 years later. Why don't the two Hags -- Hitlery and Warren -- demonstrate their "authenticity" by touring the county in a beat up VW bus? Particularly disturbing that it's come to fruition in academic circle to mainstream: John Brown Commemoration Committee that urged White Americans who want government of the people and by the people to begin by first repudiating their white skin privileges And then junk science screwing us again: ( The Invention of the White Race in 1994 and 1997.") 28 posted on 06/27/2016 3:53:53 PM PDT by HangUpNow [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 26 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper 29 posted on 06/27/2016 4:07:46 PM PDT by lightman (I'm nobody special...just a follower of the siren call of the Ison.) To: Jack Hammer Bookmark 30 posted on 06/27/2016 4:08:19 PM PDT by DocRock (And now is the time to fight! Peter Muhlenberg) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SoFloFreeper Poor, poor millionaires. I hope they had their worst ratings ever. Everyone is tired of hearing their BS. 32 posted on 06/27/2016 4:58:55 PM PDT by Trillian [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: Bullish There is a deep racial hatred for white people that’s being nurtured and encouraged. There’s no law against it. Stay armed my FRiends. 33 posted on 06/27/2016 5:51:37 PM PDT by virgil (The evil that men do lives after them) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 14 \| View Replies ] To: Jack Hammer Whites were also some of the first, if not the first to embrace liberal democracy (in classical sense). Christian Europe has its failings, but it has been given many blessings which they are pissing away with the EU. There’s lots of envy. 34 posted on 06/27/2016 6:01:49 PM PDT by virgil (The evil that men do lives after them) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 3 \| View Replies ] To: Diana in Wisconsin White women voting Democrat are often foregoing children by doing so; men denied opportunity and demonized constantly are passing on marriage/children... 35 posted on 06/28/2016 4:03:42 AM PDT by kearnyirish2 (Affirmative action is economic warfare against white males (and therefore white families).)	i don't know
Which Spanish conquistador successfully crossed Panama in 1513, thus becoming the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World?	Vasco Núñez de Balboa - New World Encyclopedia Vasco Núñez de Balboa Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain Died Maritime explorer for the Crown of Castile Religious beliefs Spouse(s) María de Peñalosa Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475–January 15, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, colonial governor , and Conquistador. He is known principally for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to see and then reach the Pacific coastline of the New World. Balboa traveled to the New World in 1500 and after some early explorations settled on the island of Hispaniola . He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas. Spanish conquest and colonization of most of Central and South America would follow in the decades ahead. Balboa participated, to a lesser degree than other Spanish Conquistadors, in the subjugation of native peoples and expropriation their of resources. Many of the cultures encountered by the Spanish practiced mass human sacrifice, institutional slavery, and other behaviors that Spanish sensibilities found intolerable. Still, the great cruelty employed and the indiscriminate destruction of indigenous culture by the Spanish have come to be seen as grave acts of cultural and political imperialism. Contents 10 Credits The conquests of Spanish America and introduction of the Christian faith can be set in the context of the broad movement inaugurated during the Age of Exploration in which new formerly unknown lands and peoples came to be included in great European empires . The period can be viewed as part of a process that would lead in time to their dismantling and to the emergence of the modern world where sovereign nations recognize their interdependence within a new global consciousness. Early life and career Vasco Balboa was born in Jerez de los Caballeros in Spain . He was a descendant of the lords of the castle of Balboa, near Villafranca de los Barros, in Badajoz; his father was the hidalgo (nobleman) Nuño Arias de Balboa, and his mother was a lady of Badajoz, which is located in southwestern Spain. Nothing much is known of his early childhood except that he was the third of four boys in his family. During his adolescence, he served as a page and squire to Don Pedro de Portocarrero, lord of Moguer. Early explorations and settlement in the New World In 1500, motivated by his master after the news of Christopher Columbus ' voyages to the New World became known, he decided to embark on his first voyage to the Americas, along with Juan de la Cosa , on Rodrigo de Bastidas' expedition. Bastidas had a license to bring back treasure for the king and queen, while keeping four-fifths for himself, under a policy known as the Quinto Real, or "royal fifth." [1] In 1501, Balboa crossed the Caribbean coasts from the east of Panama , along the Colombian coast, through the Gulf of Urabá toward Cabo de La Vela. The expedition continued to explore the north coast of South America, until they realized they did not have enough men and sailed to Hispaniola , the island that is presently divided into the Dominican Republic and Haiti . With his share of the earnings from this campaign, Balboa settled in Hispaniola in 1502, where he resided for several years as a planter and pig farmer. However, he ended up in debt and finally was forced to abandon life on the island. In 1508, the king of Spain, Ferdinand II "The Catholic", commissioned the conquest of Tierra Firme (the area roughly corresponding to the Isthmus of Panama). He created two new territories in the region between El Cabo de la Vela (near the eastern border of Colombia) and El Cabo de Gracias a Dios (the border between Honduras and Nicaragua ). The Gulf of Urabá became the border between the two territories: Nueva Andalucía to the east, governed by Alonso de Ojeda, and Veragua to the west, governed by Diego de Nicuesa. In 1509, wishing to escape his creditors in Santo Domingo, Balboa left the island as a stowaway, hiding inside a flour barrel together with his dog "Leoncico," [2] in the expedition commanded by the Alcalde Mayor [3] of Nueva Andalucía, Martín Fernández de Enciso, whose mission it was to aid Alonso de Ojeda, his superior. De Ojeda, together with seventy men, had founded the settlement of San Sebastián de Urabá in Nueva Andalucía, on the location where the city of Cartagena de Indias would later be built. However, the settlers encountered numerous warlike natives living in the area, who used poisoned weapons, and de Ojeda was injured in the leg. A short time later, de Ojeda sailed for Hispaniola, leaving the colony under the supervision of Francisco Pizarro , who, at that time, was only a soldier waiting for Enciso's expedition to arrive. De Ojeda asked Pizarro to leave some men in the settlement for 50 days and, if no help arrived at the end of that time, to use all possible means to get back to Hispaniola. Before the expedition arrived at San Sebastián de Urabá, de Enciso discovered Balboa aboard the ship, and threatened to leave him at the first uninhabited island they encountered; he later thought better of this and decided that Balboa's knowledge of that region, which he had explored eight years before, would be of great utility. This, in addition to the crew's pleas for his life, left de Enciso with no choice but to spare Balboa and keep him aboard. Moreover, both agreed on removing de Nicuesa as governor of Veragua. After the 50 days had passed, Pizarro started preparations for the return to Hispaniola, when Enciso's ship arrived. Balboa had gained popularity among the crew because of his charisma and his knowledge of the region. By contrast de Enciso was not well liked by the men: many disapproved of his order to return to San Sebastián, especially after discovering, once they had arrived, that the settlement had been completely destroyed and that the natives were already waiting for them, leading to a series of relentless attacks. The Founding of Santa María Balboa suggested that the settlement of San Sebastián be moved to the region of Darién, to the west of the Gulf of Urabá, where the soil was more fertile and the natives less warlike. de Enciso gave serious consideration to this suggestion, and the regiment later went to Darién, where the native cacique (chieftain) Cémaco had 500 warriors waiting, ready for battle. The Spanish, fearful of the large number of enemy combatants, made a vow to the Virgen de la Antigua, venerated in Seville, that they would name a settlement in the region after her should they prevail. It was a difficult battle for both sides, but, by a stroke of luck, the Spanish came out victorious. Cémaco, together with his warriors, abandoned the town and headed for the jungle. The Spanish plundered the houses and gathered a treasure-trove of golden ornaments. Balboa kept his vow, and, in September 1510, founded the first permanent settlement on mainland American soil, and called it Santa María la Antigua del Darién. Appointment as mayor The victory of the Spanish over the natives and the founding of Santa María la Antigua del Darién, now located in a relatively calm region, earned Balboa authority and respect among his companions. They were increasingly hostile towards Alcalde Mayor de Enciso, whom they considered a greedy despot because of the restrictions he imposed on their appropriation of the natives' gold . Balboa took advantage of the situation, acting as the spokesman for the disgruntled settlers. He removed de Enciso from the position of alcalde mayor, using the following legal maneuver: de Enciso was now controlling an area in Veragua, to the west of the Gulf of Urabá; since he was substituting for Alonso de Ojeda, his mandate was illegitimate, because the governor of Veragua was Diego de Nicuesa, not de Ojeda; therefore, de Enciso should be deposed and arrested. After de Enciso's ouster, a more open government was established and a municipal council was elected, the first in the Americas. Two alcaldes [4] were appointed: Martín Samudio and Vasco Núñez de Balboa. Shortly after this, a flotilla led by Rodrigo Enrique de Colmenares arrived in Santa María. The commander's objective was to find de Nicuesa, who was also facing some difficulties in the north of Panamá. When de Colmenares learned about the recent events, he convinced the town's settlers that they should submit to the authority of de Nicuesa, since their land was under his jurisdiction. de Colmenares invited two representatives, Diego de Albites and Diego del Corral, to be named by the local government, to travel with his flotilla and offer de Nicuesa authority over the city. Path to governorship of Veragua De Colmenares found de Nicuesa near the town of Nombre de Dios, badly wounded and with few men remaining, on account of a skirmish with local natives. After his rescue, Governor de Nicuesa heard about Balboa's exploits, the chieftain Cémaco's bounty, and Santa María's prosperity. Regarded Balboa's actions as a challenge to his authority in Veragua, he vowed that he would punish Balboa as soon as he gained control of the city. A certain Lope de Olano, who was jailed together with other malcontents, persuaded Santa María's representatives that they would make a serious error in handing control over to de Nicuesa, whom he described as cruel, greedy, and able to singlehandedly destroy the city's prosperity. With this evidence, de Albites and del Corral fled to Darién ahead of de Nicuesa and informed Balboa and the municipal authorities of the governor's intentions. When de Nicuesa arrived at the city's port, a mob appeared, and the ensuing disturbance prevented the governor from disembarking into the city. De Nicuesa insisted on being received, no longer as governor, but as a simple soldier, but still the colonists did not allow him to disembark. He and 17 others were forced to board an unseaworthy boat with few supplies, and were put out to sea on March 1, 1511. The ship disappeared, leaving no trace of de Nicuesa and his men, and thus Balboa became governor of a settled and "pacified" territory of Veragua. Conquests and conversions Balboa setting his dogs upon Indian practitioners of male love ; (1594); New York Public Library With the title of governor came absolute authority in Santa María and all of Veragua. One of Balboa's first acts as governor was the trial of Fernández de Enciso, accused of usurping the governor's authority. De Enciso was sentenced to prison and his possessions were confiscated. However, he was to remain imprisoned only for a short time: Balboa set him free under the condition that he return immediately to Hispaniola and from there to Spain. With him on the same ship were two representatives from Balboa, who were to inform the colonial authorities of the situation, and request more men and supplies to continue the conquest of Veragua. In the meantime, Balboa, in the pattern of later conquistadors, set sail for the west, traveling along Panama's Caribbean coastline, defeating various tribes and befriending others, exploring rivers, mountains, and sickly swamps, while always searching for gold and slaves and enlarging his territory. He was also able to quell revolts among those of his men who challenged this authority, and, through force, diplomacy, and negotiation, he earned a certain respect and fear among the natives. In a letter addressed to the King of Spain, he expressed, somewhat ironically, that he had to act as a guide and even open roads by his own hand. He succeeded in planting corn , received fresh supplies from Hispaniola and Spain, and got his men used to life as explorers in the new territories. Balboa managed to collect a great deal of gold, much of it from the ornaments worn by the native women, and the rest obtained by violence. In 1513, he wrote a lengthy letter to the King, requesting more men (who were already acclimatized) from Hispaniola, weapons, supplies, carpenters versed in shipbuilding, and all the necessary materials for the building of a shipyard . In a subsequent letter, from 1515, he would refer to his humanitarian policies regarding the natives, while at the same time recommending extreme severity in dealing with cannibals and violent tribes. At the end of 1512 and the first months of 1513, he arrived in a region dominated by the cacique Careta, whom he easily defeated and then befriended. Careta was baptized and became one of Balboa's chief allies; he ensured the survival of the settlers by promising to supply the Spaniards with food. Balboa then proceeded on his journey, arriving in the lands of Careta's neighbor and rival, cacique Ponca, who fled to the mountains with his people, leaving his village open to the plundering of the Spaniards and Careta's men. Days later, the expedition arrived in the lands of cacique Comagre, fertile but reportedly dangerous terrain. However, Balboa was received peacefully and even invited to a feast in his honor; Comagre, like Careta, was then baptized. Balboa's travel route to the South Sea, 1513 It was in Comagre's lands that Balboa first heard of "the other sea." It started with a squabble among the Spaniards, unsatisfied by the meager amounts of gold they were being allotted. Comagre's eldest son, Panquiaco, angered by the Spaniards' avarice, knocked over the scales used to measure gold and exclaimed: "If you are so hungry for gold that you leave your lands to cause strife in those of others, I shall show you a province where you can quell this hunger." Panquiaco told them of a kingdom to the south, where people were so rich that they ate and drank from plates and goblets made of gold, but that the conquerors would need at least a thousand men to defeat the tribes living inland and those on the coast of "the other sea." Discovery of the Pacific The unexpected news of a new sea, with lands rich in gold, was received by Balboa with great interest. He returned to Santa María at the beginning of 1513 to recruit more men from Hispaniola. There that he learned that de Enciso had told the colonial authorities what had happened at Santa María. After seeing that there would be no assistance from Hispaniola, Balboa sent de Colmenares directly to Spain to look for help. While the expedition to the South Sea was being organized in Santa María, some explorers traveled up the Atrato River toward the interior, but came back empty-handed. Meanwhile, Balboa's request for men and supplies from Spain had been denied: Enciso's case was by then widely known in the Spanish court. Therefore, Balboa had no choice but to carry out his expedition with the few resources that he had on hand in Santa María. Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea Using information given by various friendly caciques, Balboa started his journey across the Isthmus of Panama on September 1, 1513, together with 190 Spaniards, a few native guides, and a pack of dogs . Using a small brigantine and ten native canoes , they sailed along the coast and made landfall in cacique Careta's territory. On September 6, the expedition continued, now reinforced with one thousand of Careta's men, and entered cacique Ponca's land. Ponca had reorganized and attacked the expedition, but he was defeated and forced to ally himself with Balboa. After a few days, and with several of Ponca's men, the expedition entered dense jungle on September 20, and, with some difficulty, arrived four days later in the lands of cacique Torecha, who ruled in the village of Cuarecuá. In this village, a fierce battle took place, during which Torecha was defeated and killed. His followers decided to join the expedition. However, the main body was by then exhausted and several men were badly wounded, so many decided to stay in Cuarecuá. The few men that continued the journey with Balboa entered the mountain range along the Chucunaque River the next day. According to information from the natives, the South Sea could be seen from the summit of this range. Balboa went ahead and, before noon that day, September 25, he reached the summit and saw, far away in the horizon, the waters of the undiscovered sea. The emotions were such that the others eagerly joined in to show their joy at Balboa's discovery. Andrés de Vera, the expedition's chaplain, intoned the Te Deum, while the men erected stone pyramids, and engraved crosses on the barks of trees with their swords, to mark the place where the discovery of the South Sea was made. Defeat of local tribes and quest for gold After the epic moment of discovery, the expedition descended from the mountain range towards the sea, arriving in the lands of cacique Chiapes, who was defeated after a brief battle and invited to join the expedition. From Chiapes' land, three groups departed in the search for routes to the coast. The group headed by Alonso Martín reached the shoreline two days later. They took a canoe for a short reconnaissance trip, thus becoming the first Europeans to navigate the Pacific Ocean. Back in Chiapes' domain, Martín informed Balboa, who, with 26 men, marched towards the coast. Once there, Balboa raised his hands, his sword in one and a standard with the image of the Virgin Mary in the other, walked knee-deep into the ocean, and claimed possession of the new sea and all adjoining lands in the name of the Spanish sovereigns. [5] After traveling more than 110 kilometers , Balboa named the bay where they ended up San Miguel , because they arrived on September 29, the feast day of the archangel Michael. He named the new sea Mar del Sur , since they had traveled south to reach it. This event is considered by many historians to be the second most important discovery of the Spanish conquista, after Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1492. Balboa's main purpose in the expedition was the search for the gold-rich kingdoms promised by Panquiaco. To this end, he crossed through the lands of caciques Coquera and Tumaco, defeating them easily and taking their riches of gold and pearls . He then learned that pearls were abundant in the islands ruled by Terarequí, a powerful and feared cacique. Balboa set out in several canoes towards these islands, even though it was the beginning of October and the weather conditions were not favorable. He was barely able to make out the islands, and named the largest one Isla Rica (Rich Island, today known as Isla del Rey). He named the entire group Archipiélago de las Perlas, which they are still called today. In November, Balboa decided to return to Santa María but by a different route in order to further expand his territory and procure more gold. He passed through the regions of Teoca, Pacra, Bugue Bugue, Bononaima, and Chorizo, defeating some by force and befriending others through diplomacy. A particularly bloody battle took place against the cacique Tubanamá, whom Balboa eventually defeated. In December, the expedition arrived back in the Caribbean coast, by the Gulf of San Blas, a strip of land ruled by cacique Pocorosa. From there, he headed to the lands of Comagre, to find that his elderly ally had died. His son, Panquiaco, was now the new chieftain. From there, he crossed the lands of Ponca and Careta, to finally arrive in Santa María on January 19, 1514, with a treasure in cotton goods, and a fortune in gold and pearls . All this, however, did not compare to the magnitude of the discovery of the South Sea on behalf of Spain. Balboa commanded Pedro de Arbolancha to set sail for Spain with news of this discovery, bringing as well the one-fifth portion of the treasure to the king, as the law required. Disputes with Pedro Arias The accusations of Fernández de Enciso, whom Balboa had deposed, and the removal and disappearance of Governor de Ojeda, forced the king to name Pedro Arias de Ávila as governor of the newly created province of Castilla de Oro. Arias, better known as Pedrarias Dávila and who would later become notorious for his cruelty, took control of Veragua and managed to calm the situation. Pedrarias arrived from Arbolancha, Spain with an expedition of 1,500 men and 17 ships, thereby ensuring that Balboa's requests to the crown for more men and supplies were met. This would be to that date the largest and most complete expedition to leave Spain for the New World. Statue of Balboa in Madrid (E. Pérez, 1954). Pedrarias was accompanied on this expedition by Gaspar de Espinosa, who held the office of alcalde mayor; the very same Martín Fernández de Enciso whom Balboa had forced into exile, now Chief Constable (Alguacil Mayor) [6] ; the royal officer and chronicler Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo; as well as several captains, among them Juan de Ayora, Pedrarias' lieutenant. There were also several clerics, most notably the Franciscan friar Juan de Quevedo, appointed bishop of Santa María. There were also women among the travelers, among them Isabel de Bobadilla, Pedrarias' wife. More than 500 men died from starvation or due to the inclemencies of the weather soon after reaching Darién. Fernández de Oviedo was to note that knights covered in silk and brocade, who distinguished themselves valiantly in the Italian Wars, would die, consumed by hunger and fever, due to the nature of the tropical jungle. Balboa received Pedrarias and his representatives in July 1514 and accepted with dignity his replacement as governor and mayor. The settlers, however, did not like the change and some were planning to take up arms against Pedrarias, even as Balboa showed respect to the new colonial authorities. As soon as Pedrarias took charge, de Espinosa had Balboa arrested and tried, sentencing him to pay reparations to de Enciso and others. He was, however, found innocent of the charge of murdering de Nicuesa, so he was freed shortly afterward. Due to overpopulation in Santa María, Pedrarias called on several expeditionaries to search for new locations fit for settlement. Balboa requested of Pedrarias that he be allowed to explore the Dabaibe region, along the Atrato river, for there was a rumor of the existence of a temple filled with vast riches there. However, this expedition turned out to be a failure, leaving Balboa wounded in attacks by the region's natives. This setback, however, did not deter Balboa's ambitions of returning to explore the South Sea. Secretly, he arranged to recruit a contingent of men from Cuba . The ship carrying them berthed just outside Santa María, and its caretaker informed Balboa of their arrival, receiving in return 70 gold castellanos. Pedrarias, however, soon found out about the ship; furious, he had Balboa arrested, took away all his men, and intended to lock him up in a wooden cage. He was restrained by Bishop de Quevedo, however, who appealed to him not to abuse his power on Balboa. Luckily for Balboa, around that time the Spanish Crown would finally recognize his valuable services. The king bestowed on him the titles of "Adelantado [7] of the South Seas" and "Gobernador of Panama and Coiba." On top of this, the King instructed Pedrarias to show Balboa the greatest respect and to consult him on all matters pertaining the conquest and government of Castilla de Oro. Pedrarias was further to release and exonerate Balboa, lifting all charges brought up against him in the matter of the clandestine recruitment of an expeditionary party. [8] Downfall and death At that point, rivalry between Balboa and Pedrarias ceased abruptly, due in large part to the intercession of Bishop de Quevedo and Isabel de Bobadilla, who arranged for Balboa's marriage to María de Peñalosa, one of Pedrarias' daughters, who was in Spain. The marriage took place, and shortly thereafter, the bishop left for Spain. The friendship between Pedrarias and Balboa lasted barely two years, but in that time Balboa came to show great filial affection toward his father-in-law. Balboa wished to continue exploring the South Sea, but Pedrarias did everything possible to delay his departure. However, in light of the new relationship between them, Pedrarias could not stop him indefinitely, and he finally consented to let Balboa go on his new expedition, giving him license to explore for a year and a half. Monument of Vasco Núñez de Balboa in Panama City. Between 1517 and 1518, Balboa moved to Acla with 300 men and, using the manpower of the natives and African slaves , gathered the materials necessary to build new ships. He traveled up to the Balsas river, where he had four ships built. He travelled 74 kilometers (46 miles ) through the Pacific, surrounding the Pearl Islands and the coasts of Darién, up to Puerto Piñas, so named because of the large amounts of pineapples (piñas) he found there. He then returned to Acla, to continue the construction of sturdier ships. However, on his return, Pedrarias wrote warm letters urging Balboa to meet him as soon as possible. Balboa quickly obeyed. Halfway to Santa María, he encountered a group of soldiers commanded by Francisco Pizarro , who arrested him in the name of the governor and accused him of trying to usurp Pedrarias' power and create a separate government on the South Sea. Outraged, Balboa denied all charges and demanded that he be taken to Spain to stand trial; Pedrarias, however, together with Martin Enciso, ordered that the trial take place without delay. Balboa's trial began in January 1519, and on the fifteenth of that month, de Espinosa sentenced him to death by decapitation . Four of Balboa's friends, Fernando de Argüello, Luis Botello, Hernán Muñoz, and Andrés Valderrábano, accused as accomplices, were sentenced to the same fate. The sentence was to be carried out in Acla, to show that the conspiracy had its roots in that colony. [9] [10] As Balboa and his friends were being led to the block, the town crier announced: "This is the justice that the King and his lieutenant Pedro Arias de Ávila impose upon these men, traitors and usurpers of the Crown's territories." Balboa could not restrain his indignation and replied: "Lies, lies! Never have such crimes held a place in my heart, I have always loyally served the King, with no thought in my mind but to increase his dominions." Pedrarias observed the execution, hidden behind a platform. The executioner beheaded Balboa and his four friends with an axe. Balboa's head did not come off clean on the first try; it took three. Their heads remained in public display for several days, as a sign of Pedrarias' might. The final location of Balboa's remains is unknown, partly because there is no record of what happened in Acla after the execution. Thus, it was Gaspar de Espinosa, Pedrarias' underling, who sailed the South Sea aboard the very ships that Balboa had commissioned. In 1520, Ferdinand Magellan renamed the sea the Pacific Ocean because of the calm waters he arrived in after navigating the stormy Straits of Magellan . Legacy Balboa's discovery of the Pacific was celebrated by his compatriots and is still acknowledged as among the most consequential discoveries of the Age of Exploration. Balboa's explorations of the region establishment of the first European settlement on the American mainland Balboa effectively inaugurated an era of colonization that would displace native peoples and cultures, first by the Spanish and later by the Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch. Ruthless conquest in pursuit of riches and the introduction of virulent diseases for which native Americans had no immunity would bring about the near-complete eradication of indigenous American culture. Racism and the desire to control lucrative local resources fueled the gross mistreatment of the indigenous inhabitants. Although Balboa suffered a premature death, his actions and deeds are remembered by history. Several parks and avenues throughout Panama bear the name "Vasco Núñez de Balboa," and a number of monuments honor his discovery of the Pacific. The Panamanian currency is called the Balboa, and his likeness appears on the obverse of some coins . His name is also attached to Panama City's main port, Balboa (the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal ) and the Balboa District within Panamá Province to which the Pearl Islands that he discovered belong. In San Francisco, California, USA, Balboa's name appears among a row of avenues which are named after Spanish conquistadors. There are large public parks in both San Francisco and downtown San Diego , California named after Balboa. Balboa's name is also honored in Madrid with a street and an underground metro station. The highest order granted by the Panamanian government to distinguished and outstanding figures, foreign and domestic, is the Orden Vasco Núñez de Balboa, in various degrees, as established by Law 27 from January 28, 1933. The lunar crater and a crater on Mars , are named Balboa. Notes ↑ Clarence Henry Haring. The Spanish Empire in America. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947), 259. ↑ Joy Hakim. The First Americans Prehistory-1600, Vol. 1, A History of US. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002), 86. ↑ Alcalde Mayor: may be translated as mayor or chief judge—a position combining judicial, military, civil, and police powers, that may or may not be held by a person with legal training. ↑ Alcalde: judge or quasi-judicial official ↑ Smith Burnham. Our Beginnings in Europe and America: How Civilization Grew in the Old World and Came to the New. (Philadelphia, PA: John C. Winston Company, 1918), 233. ↑ Alguacil: may be translated as constable, bailiff, or sheriff ↑ Adelantado: governor of a territory that is still possibly experiencing hostilities; a position slightly lower than that of gobernador ↑ Pearcy, 36. ↑ Goodrich and Howland, 1873, 223. References Asenjo García, Frutos. 1991. Vasco Núñez de Balboa: El descubrimiento del Mar del Sur. Madrid, ES: Sílex Ediciones. ISBN 8477370346 . Burnham, Smith. 1918. Our Beginnings in Europe and America: How Civilization Grew in the Old World and Came to the New. Philadelphia, PA: John C. Winston Company. de Anagoya, Pascual. 1829. Relación de los sucesos de Pedrarias Dávila, Vol. 3. Madrid, ES. Encyclopedia Ilustrada Cumbre - Tomo 10, 32nd edition - 1993. Editorial Hachette Latinoamérica, S.A. de C.V., México. ISBN 970-611-125-5 . pages 186-188. Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo. 1850. Historia general y natural de las Indias. Madrid, ES: Impr. de la Real academia de la historia. Garrison, Omar V. 1977. Balboa el conquistador: La odisea de Vasco Núñez, descubridor del Pacífico. Barcelona, ES: Editorial Grijalbo. ISBN 8425307481 . Goodrich, Frank B., and Edward Howland. 1873. Ocean's Story: Or, Triumphs of Thirty Centuries. Philadelphia, PA; Boston, MA; Cincinnati, OH: Hubbard bros. Hakim, Joy. 2002. The First Americans Prehistory-1600, Vol. 1, A History of US. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195153197 . Haring, Clarence Henry. 1947. The Spanish Empire in America. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World. López de Gómara, Francisco. 1553, 1555. Historia General de las Indias. Medina del Campo, ES; Zaragoza, ES. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Sosa, Juan B. and Enrique J. Arce. 1911. Compendio de Historia de Panamá. Panamá. 14:156 - 171. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Vasco Núñez de Balboa. Discoverers Web. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Woodward, Ralph Lee. 1999. Central America: A Nation Divided. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195083768 . This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 14 April 2006. It was translated by the Spanish Translation of the Week collaboration. External links	Balboa
What was the well-known surname of the man who patented the ball-point pen in 1943 ?	Story of cities #16: how the US-run Canal Zone divided Panama for a century \| Cities \| The Guardian The story of cities Story of cities #16: how the US-run Canal Zone divided Panama for a century The creation of the trans-oceanic canal came at a heavy price for Panama – with thousands of workers dying, and the US-controlled Canal Zone generating an “apartheid” atmosphere that sparked deep unrest Protesters march through Panama City on 9 January 1964 during riots over the sovereignty of the Canal Zone. Photograph: Michael Rougier/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images Cities is supported by Wednesday 6 April 2016 02.30 EDT Last modified on Thursday 7 April 2016 10.18 EDT Share on Messenger Close When Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the Panama isthmus on foot in 1513, he had little intention of becoming the first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean. But his trek revealed Panama’s strategic location to be a treasure as great as any of the plunder brought home by other conquistadors for the Spanish crown. After Balboa’s discovery, it didn’t take long for Spain’s royal court to imagine a canal crossing through Panama. Unfortunately, given the technology of the time, building it was all but impossible. In the 1500s, when Spain’s King Charles I ordered officials in Panama to study the construction of a new canal there, one replied, “There is not a prince in the world with the power to accomplish this.” It was nevertheless an important overland route for centuries to come – and when an American consortium finally succeeded in building a railroad through Panama’s dense jungle in 1855, the line proved immensely popular. Many locals, however, weren’t happy: a year after it opened, riots broke out between some Panamanians and the train’s passengers. There were international tensions, too. Emboldened by the expansionist beliefs of president Theodore Roosevelt, US officials amplified the rift between Panama and Colombia – so that when negotiations with Colombia broke down, the US government successfully backed insurgent Panamanians, allowing them to win their independence. In return, America was given the right to build a canal across the country. The centuries-long dream of a trans-oceanic link would finally be fulfilled. Pinterest US president Theodore Roosevelt in a construction vehicle in the Canal Zone in 1906. Photograph: Underwood & Underwood/Corbis It came at a heavy price for Panama, however. To facilitate construction of the new canal, the US required it to give up five miles of land along each side of the planned 48-mile canal route, where the US would exercise virtual sovereignty. This area would be known as the “ Panama Canal Zone ”. The Canal Zone officially opened on 4 May 1904. After the American command took over, construction began on the canal itself, but also on homes, schools, hospitals, offices and recreational areas for the thousands of new American residents who would come to call themselves “Zonians”. It was an island on the isthmus, whose thorough separation from its host country instilled in its inhabitants a level of American nationalism surpassing that of their compatriots back home. The Canal Zone was governed by a rigid social hierarchy. Social standing, as well as salaries, were managed through a combination of army hierarchy and the zone’s moralistic bylaws. While married couples were allowed to occupy homes, bachelors were relegated to shared housing. These bylaws also enshrined overtly racist segregation. Residents were divided into “gold roll” and “silver roll” workers: gold roll workers were exclusively white; silver roll workers were mainly black, most of them migrants from Caribbean island nations. “Caste lines are as sharply drawn as they are in India,” said one zonian quoted in Suzanne P Johnson’s Brief History of the Canal Zone . “Every rank and shade of a man has a different salary – and exactly in accordance with that salary is he housed, treated and furnished, down to the last item.” Naturally, silver roll workers bore the brunt of the risks and hazards of constructing the new canal. As mountains of dirt were hauled from the great canal’s path, and mammoth lock gates that would allow ships to climb the country’s mountainous terrain were lowered into place, impoverished workers from the West Indies died in their thousands. Accidents, disease and miserable work conditions all contributed to the carnage; in the end, the canal’s official death toll came to 5,609 workers, only 350 of whom were white. “I shall never forget the trainloads of dead men being carted away daily, as if they were just so much lumber,” recalls Alfred Dottin, a West Indian canal worker quoted in David McCullough’s extensive canal history The Path Between Two Seas . “It was a living hell.” Pinterest Construction of the Panama Canal’s locks and gates a year before its opening in 1914. Photograph: HN Rudd/Corbis For those Zonians not confined to the silver roll, life was good – and once the canal finally opened in August 1914, ushering a steady flow of battleships and cargo freighters through the leafy Panamanian jungle, their lives only got better. Canal Zone residents boasted they never had to leave it for Panama City, since all the comforts of American life were available in the zone. Theatres screened the latest movies from American studios; convenience stores were stocked with the same goods Zonians were used to back home; restaurants served hamburgers and milkshakes. Since the function of the Canal Zone was primarily to defend the canal, its population fluctuated depending on America’s military operations, peaking at around 100,000 during the Korean War. But the zone also maintained a sizeable civilian population – and when it was eventually closed at the end of the 20th century, many former residents decried the decision. As one former resident said immediately before the zone changed hands: “It’s sad, it’s bitter-sweet to see the flag coming down on this marvellous project.” To this day, former Zonians maintain a tight-knit community which meets yearly in Tampa, Florida. For Panama, however, the effects of the canal and its surrounding US-controlled zone were far less positive. From the beginning, American construction efforts were designed specifically to offer as little economic benefit to native Panamanians as possible. A working paper by researchers Noel Maurer and Carlos Yu finds that American officials worked to “deliberately minimize the spillovers from the Canal”, by prohibiting Panamanians from working on it, and Panamanian businesses from providing services to the Canal Zone or to the ships passing through. Pinterest Fourth of July Avenue formed the border between Panama City (bottom right) and the US-controlled Canal Zone (top left). Photograph: Ullstein Bild via Getty Images Though the footprint of the Canal Zone spared much of Panama City – cutting westward to avoid its centre – the existence of the zone was a sore spot for residents of the capital. Though technically allowed inside it, their presence was heavily discouraged by Canal Zone authorities. “Panamian residents couldn’t cross their own country at times without having to answer to a foreign police,” says Michael Donoghue, author of Borderland on the Isthmus: Race, Culture and the Struggle for the Canal Zone . By the 1950s, tensions had reached a point where authorities agreed to build a wall along the border between Panama City and the Canal Zone. Though the wall did not fully limit access to the zone, it further stoked hostilities. In 1964, they reached a tipping point. On 9 January, a group of angry students at Panama’s Instituto Nacional marched into the Canal Zone and insisted on raising Panama’s flag above Balboa High School. When students and staff rejected them, they became violent, destroying property in the zone. Authorities responded by tear-gassing the crowd. In the violence that ensued, property was damaged on both sides of the zone, including parts of the wall. The incident left a death toll of 28 people, most of them Panamanians. A dramatic photo of the flag raising incident made the cover of Life magazine . To this day, 9 January is commemorated in Panama as “ Martyr’s Day ”. Pinterest Housing in the Canal Zone where US Senator John McCain lived as a baby; the complex is now occupied by squatters. Photograph: Jonathan Torgovnik The incident led to an international uproar, highlighting the stark divisions between Panama City and the Canal Zone. Jose Ponse, a 10th-grade Panamanian student at the time, recalled : “There was an apartheid that existed in the colonial atmosphere of the zone.” After the incident, Colombia’s ambassador to the United States would visit the damaged wall and compare it to another brutal symbol of segregation. “In Panama there exists another Berlin Wall,” he said. The incident also created a crisis within the US. Though newly elected president Lyndon Johnson reacted deftly , preserving US sovereignty over the Canal Zone for the time being, its days as an American territory were numbered. The expansionist mentality of the early 1900s had given way to the chess-board strategising of the Cold War. American strategists accepted it would be best to abandon control of the zone as a tradeoff to discourage Latin American countries from turning to Soviet-style communism. In 1977, US President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian president Omar Torrijos signed two treaties that would phase out US control of the Canal Zone and the canal itself. Though many Panamanians were relieved by this deal, the hostilities were far from finished. Pinterest Manuel Noriega in Panama City, October 1989, after an attempted coup failed to oust him from power. Photograph: AP By 1989, Panama City had changed considerably from the sleepy tourist town it was before the canal was built. The city became known as a centre for international banking, propped up both by international trade and booming Colombian drug cartels looking for a place to launder their money. During the elections that year, incumbent president Manuel Noriega appeared to have been beaten by his challenger, Guillermo Endara. Noriega, a former operative on the payroll of the CIA , had since drifted from his US-friendly position after a fallout with the Reagan administration. After the election, Noriega refused to step down, claiming the US had meddled with the election results. On 15 December 1989, hostilities boiled over after four US soldiers were wounded, one fatally, by an angry mob in Panama City. Five days later, US troops invaded Panama in an attack the White House dubbed “Operation Just Cause”. The main objective of the operation was the overthrow of Noriega. An attack on the headquarters of the Panama Defence Forces spread to the impoverished El Chorrillo neighbourhood, however, causing extensive damage to civilians and their property. A few hours after the invasion began, Noriega was deposed as president and Endara was officially sworn in. But much of the city had been left in ruins. And while official Pentagon figures held that 516 Panamanians had been killed in the conflict, human rights groups in Panama placed the death toll as high as 3,500. It was an ugly last gasp of what had been nearly a century of American rule in Panama. “I wouldn’t wish such destruction on my worst enemy,” said Rosa Turner, a resident of the neighbourhood, in an interview 25 years after the invasion. “We don’t even know where the remains of our deceased loved ones are, to leave them flowers at their tombs.” Pinterest The Panama Canal, with the high-rises of Panama City’s San Francisco district in the background. Photograph: David Levene for the Guardian Panama City has changed greatly since then. Looking at the city from the viewpoint on Isla Perica, visitors can catch a glimpse of an immense cluster of high-rises in the city’s central San Francisco district to one side. The city’s banking boom has continued unabated in recent years – and so too have its shady deals, as revealed in the “ Panama Papers ” leaks. On the other side, a long line of massive cargo ships waits to pass through the canal. Those ships may soon be joined by even larger ones, as an expansion of the canal – set to open next month – will let in ships up to three times larger than the current limit. Story of cities #17: Canberra's vision of the ideal city gets mired in 'mediocrity' Read more One day, Panama’s emblematic canal may be threatened by a new waterway in Nicaragua – though locals there seem as ambivalent about that project as Panamanians were about the Canal Zone, and construction has been delayed in recent months . In Panama, meanwhile, many of the old Canal Zone’s structures remain. After the mass exodus of Americans following its closure, some of the lavish homes built there were snapped up by well-off Panamanians , while other structures have simply been abandoned . Despite the inequalities of modern-day Panama City, and the upheavals that have shaken the city for much of its history, Panamanians remain proud of their identity – which remains solidly attached to the canal. As one columnist recently wrote in La Estrella de Panama: “The canal is a natural resource that belongs to all of us, and thus it requires the genuine, responsible and patriotic involvement of all of us.” Does your city have a little-known story that made a major impact on its development? Please share it in the comments below or on Twitter using #storyofcities	i don't know
Another Place, a piece of modern sculpture consisting of 100 cast-iron figures facing out to sea on Crosby beach near Liverpool, is by which artist?	Another Place - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Another Place For the use of this phrase in Parliament, see another place (Parliament) . A portion of the installation showing the relation between three of the figures Another Place is a piece of modern sculpture by Antony Gormley . Now permanently erected on Crosby Beach , England, it was due to be moved to New York , United States in November 2006, but there was a controversial proposal to retain the work at Crosby. It was recently stated in the local paper, the Crosby Herald, that they may stay for a decade, but at a meeting on 7 March 2007, Sefton Council accepted proposals that would allow the sculptures to be kept permanently at Crosby Beach. [1] [2] Contents [ edit ] Details The sculpture consists of 100 cast iron figures which face out to sea, spread over a 2 mile (3.2 km) stretch of the beach. Each figure is 189 cm tall (nearly 6 feet 2½ inches) and weighs around 650 kg (over 1400 lb ). In common with most of Gormley's work, the figures are cast replicas of the artist's own body. As the tides ebb and flow, the figures are revealed and submerged by the sea. The figures were cast at two foundries , Hargreaves Foundry in Halifax, West Yorkshire and Joseph and Jesse Siddons Foundry in West Bromwich . Another Place was first exhibited on the beach of Cuxhaven , Germany in 1997 and after that in Stavanger in Norway and De Panne in Belgium. [ edit ] Public reception in Crosby Another Place is a subject of local controversy in Crosby. Some consider the statues to be "pornographic" due to the inclusion of a simplified penis on the statues,[ citation needed ] whilst others see them as beautiful pieces of art which have brought increased tourism revenue to the local area. [3] Another Place at Sunset Originally the statues were due to be relocated in November 2006. Those who use the front for watersports voice the strongest resistance to the iron men staying, as the statues do pose a safety problem[ citation needed ] - especially as the local marina is being closed to public use. While these sportsmen have a serious claim to getting rid of the statues, keeping them until 2008 will no doubt be beneficial for the economy of Crosby and Waterloo,[ citation needed ] and if they stay it seems more likely a multi-million pound watersports centre will be built. Art lovers and local businesses are lobbying for the statues to stay. Gormley himself agrees with the proposal to keep the statues in Crosby, saying that the current location is "ideal". [4] The works, which had earlier been displayed in Germany, Norway and Belgium, became a major tourist attraction on Crosby Beach near Liverpool. As of March 2007 permission was granted to have Another Place permanently installed at Crosby. Initially, coastguard authorities expressed safety fears, saying people could become stuck in soft sand and be cut off by the tide when viewing the statues up close.[ citation needed ] Conservationists had also complained that bird-feeding areas had been compromised by the extra tourist traffic.[ citation needed ] In October 2006, the local council refused permission for the statues to stay, prompting Gormley to criticise what he called Britain's "risk-averse culture." He said "When I have been down on the beach myself, the majority of people have been intrigued, amused, sometimes very moved," he said. [5] Another Body Place Ltd, a body set up to campaign for the permanent installation, helped to convince the council to change its mind. Graham Haywood, Chief Executive of Sefton Council, said in a statement "Despite some controversy, this internationally renowned artwork has aroused national and international public and media support." Saying that "The Iron Men have placed Crosby and Sefton firmly in the spotlight and the knock-on benefits of this should be felt for years to come." [6] The planning committee decided to move 16 of the statues back away from an area used by small sailing craft. Three others are being re-sited away from bird feeding areas. The work on the 16 started on 16 July 2007 and the plan is to put them in storage and return them in 2008. The full cost is expected to be £194,000 which will be paid for by Another Place Ltd, with funding coming from sources including The Northern Way and Northwest Development Agency . [7] On the 14 February 2008, five of the statues were used in a costume design project by Edge Hill University students. This involved dressing the statues in various items of clothing replicating different costumes and periods, which were then removed as the tide came in.	Antony Gormley
Who wrote the novels Riders (1984), Rivals (1988) and Polo (1981) ?	Andrew Howe Photography - Location Guides Andrew Howe Photography Location Guides Location Guides 1 - Crosby/Gormley Statues-Another Place This is the first in an occasional series I hope to develop over time, of some of my favourite photographic locations to visit, I hope you find this both informative and interesting. I don'y claim this is by any means a definitive guide, but a personal overview giving my own slant on the location, and why I find it such a great place for photography. Crosby is one of the first places I visited when I first purchased a DSLR camera some five years ago now, and a place I must have returned to again and again, Crosby Sands, Merseyside, and the Antony Gormley iron statues that make up the art installation 'Another Place'. Firstly a bit of background to it actually being there. Another Place is a piece of modern sculpture by the artist Antony Gormley. It consists of 100 cast iron sculptures of the artist's own body, facing towards the sea. After being displayed at several locations in Europe, it has become permanently located at Crosby Beach in North West UK. The work was controversial in the local area due to issues such as possible economic gain or environmental damage from tourism. A meeting on 7 March 2007 by Sefton Council accepted proposals that would allow the sculptures to be kept permanently at Crosby Beach, where they have been now for 10 years. All of the figures face out to Liverpool Bay, and the majority of them get submerged at high tide (more on the tide later!), I'm glad the statues are going to stay on Merseyside permanently, though time and tide is starting to take it's toll on them, they are a wonderful sight, in particular at sunset. The above image is Long Exposure shot using a 10.0 stop ND Filter. I waited until a high tide and dusk matched, and luckily I was blessed with a lovely sunset, with a fair bit of movement in the sky. Using the ND filter allowed me to achieve a shutter speed of about 180 seconds, therefore smoothing out the water, and creating a reflected light vortex with the cloud movement. 'Another Place' is great to photograph all year round, it can get very crowded and busy at weekends and in the summer months, many people like to walk their dogs there, and enjoy a family day out, it's fairly accessible with it being so close to the the Liverpool/Merseyside area, and North West England in general. Obviously in Photographic terms the best time to visit is at dusk/sunset as the statues/beach face out due west, so if your lucky enough, the sun will set behind the statues over the bay towards the Irish Sea/North Wales. There is also an oil pipeline heading out to sea, and a very tall beech marker (visible to the right on the image above), that offer a different photographic perspective and give potential for a different image. Additionally out on the flats in the middle of Liverpool Bay, is the Burbo Bank Wind Farm, and this not only can provide a great backdrop in conjunction with the statues,can also give great scope within it's self with a longer lens. The one thing you need to be really aware of at Crosby is the tides! This is fairly important as they can fluctuate depending on the time of your visit, and you also really need to be aware of them as you wouldn't want to get into trouble with the coastguard (who have a station at Crosby), or get stuck out on the shifting sands! I find also that you really need the right footwear as I can't stress enough, it's very muddy out there (even in July!), strong walking boots, or wellingtons are essential out here, you will regret it if you venture out in your trainers (trust me!). The images I have included here were shot in either Spring or Autumn (when I find personally you get the best light), and all were shot at dusk/sunset. You can shoot handheld (up to a point) but once the light get's low, a tripod is essential as your shutter speed will be down to seconds, but hopefully you will be blessed with a great light show at sunset. Another point to consider is the hight of the tide (this can also vary), I find that a medium high tide (between 5-6m) is ideal as this means that the water only comes in to where the nearest statues to the shore are located, therefore allowing you to be able to shoot them from the beach, and also get some amazing reflections in the water. If the tide is any higher (7-8m), then it won't be possible to get on the actual beach as the water will be right up to the front, it's really a question of waiting for the right time of year, and the right tide. I include a link below to be BBC Tide Tables (Formby is the nearest point), witch I find invaluable in planning a visit here:	i don't know
Glyndwr University's state-of-the-art conference and perfomance centre, opened in 2009, is named after which Welsh harpist?	Entertainment - Glyndwr University Entertainment Second Language Learning Centre Entertainment on campus Wrexham Glyndwr University is always buzzing with activities and events – so you won’t be short of things to do while studying here. As well as the entertainment and facilities provided by the Students’ Union and student bar, which cover everything from pool tables through to themed nights out, there are also a number of entertainment venues on campus. “There is always a lot going on with fun events regularly being held across the campus.” Jacob, Psychology student From big name performances on campus such as comedians Jimmy Carr, Russell Kane and Romesh Ranganathan and gigs and concerts by a diverse range of artists from modern through to classical – there is always something to look forward to. Wrexham Glyndwr University also attracts annual festivals to its campus such as the North Wales Comic Con. If playing sport or keeping healthy is an interest of yours our on campus Sports Centre offers a range of facilities including a fitness suite, dance studio and a six badminton sized sports hall. We also have the North Wales regional Hockey Stadium and an astroturf pitch on site. Our Students’ Union has strong links with community sport clubs in the region and Team Glyndwr participate in the British Universities and Colleges Sports (BUCS) league and cup competitions in everything from athletics and football through to rugby and volleyball. As well as providing events across the year our Students’ Union organises clubs and societies to suit all interests and if there isn’t one aimed at your interest – you can put forward your own. Our on campus William Aston Hall is a 900 seat venue and is Wrexham’s leading concert hall. In addition we have a dedicated conference and performing arts venue, the Catrin Finch Centre, which hosts conferences and exhibitions throughout the year as well as public performances of everything from orchestras and comedy though to live theatre and pop concerts. There is also the opportunity to view work of your fellow students from art work on display at our Regent Street campus through to performances by our theatre students in the Terry Hands Studio. We are also pleased to offer our on campus art gallery, the Sycharth Gallery which has regular exhibitions of national and international artists’ work. Campuses	Catrin Finch
In The Planets Suite by Gustav Holst, which planet is described in the title of its movement as The Magician ?	Catrin Finch - RAM Entertainment CELEBRATIONS Catrin Finch Born in Llanon, Ceredigion in 1980, Catrin Finch was immersed in music, and especially the harp, from a very early age.At the age of five, she was taken to Lampeter Music Club to watch a harp recital, enthusing her with a passion for the traditional Welsh instrument.For her sixth birthday, she was given a celtic harp and the following year she was taken on by leading Welsh harpist and tutor Elinor Bennett, who would be her mentor until the age of 16. Finch joined the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain aged 10, becoming the youngest member of the orchestra to play at a BBC Prom at the Royal Albert Hall. She won first prize in the junior section of the World Harp Festival in 1991, and in 1994, aged just 14, achieved second place in the adult section of the same competition. In 1996 Finch started studying with Skaila Kanga, first at the Purcell School then at the Royal Academy of Music from 1998. It was at the academy that she got aq call from Buckingham Palace, inviting her to fill a long-dormant position, not filled since 1873: that of Royal Harpist to HRH The Prince of Wales. After seeing Finch play at his 50th birthday celebrations, Prince Charles had described her as “a credit to Wales”. She had no hesitation in accepting the invitation to perform at both public and private events in Buckingham Palace, Windsor, Highgrove House and St James’ Palace. Finch had to give up the position in 2005 when she passed the maximum age of 25, but by this time she had risen far in the public eye. Her concert performances span the globe, appearing with many of the world’s major orchestras. In 2009 her recording of Bach’s Goldberg Variations, originally written for keyboard, was issued by Deutsche Grammophon. She has also appeared frequently on radio and television, including presenting a documentary about herself, Charlie’s Angel, which received a BAFTA Cymru/Wales award for the best music programme. Her collaborations with fellow Welsh composer Karl Jenkins have been fruitful, with releases on Sony Classical in 2003. She followed that with a Classical Brit Award nomination in 2004. Finch has also formed a big band, CF47, with which she has toured the UK and with her husband has set up Acapela, a recording studio and concert venue in a converted chapel in Cardiff. In 2009 the Catrin Finch Centre, a state-of-the-art conference and performance centre, opened at Glyndwr University in Wrexham, honouring Catrin’s contribution to the music industry in Wales. Catrin Finch is available for corporate events, private shows, milestone celebrations (birthday, anniversary), fundraisers, festivals, and more. REQUEST A PROPOSAL Please provide us with as much detail as possible regarding your event to ensure we provide you with the most accurate quote. First Name Required	i don't know
Red: My Autobiography, published in 2011, was written by which former England footballer?	David Beckham - Biography - IMDb David Beckham Biography Showing all 80 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (46) \| Personal Quotes (26) Overview (4) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) David Beckham is one of Britain's most iconic athletes whose name is also an elite global advertising brand. He was captain of the English national team from 1998 to 2009, scored in three different FIFA World Cups, and played midfield for clubs in Manchester, England, Madrid, Spain, and Milan, Italy; he also won the MLS Cup playing for Los Angeles Galaxy in 2011 and 2012. He was born David Robert Joseph Beckham on May 2, 1975, in Leytonstone, East London, England, to Sandra Georgina (West), a hairdresser, and David Edward Alan "Ted" Beckham, a kitchen fitter. Beckham's maternal grandfather was Jewish, and David has mentioned the religion as an influence; he wears a tattoo written in Hebrew from the 'Song of Songs' in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), albeit he is not known to practice Judaism or any other faith. Beckham has always played in long sleeve shirts to cover up his tattoos in consideration of others who may feel uncomfortable due to their beliefs. He was brought up by his parents, supporters of Manchester United, attended Bobby Charlton 's football school in Manchester, and won a spot in a training session at FC Barcelona as a child. In 1986 he was a Manchester United's mascot for a match against West Ham United. From 1992 - 2003 Beckham made almost 400 appearances for Manchester United and scored 85 goals, although his official record counts only 62 goals in 265 official senior team's matches. In the 1998 FIFA World Cup he played all of England's qualifying matches and scored in several important victories. He received a red card for violent conduct in England's match against Argentina, albeit his opponent later admitted to trying to send Beckham off by over-reacting to their contact during the game and by urging the referee to send Beckham off. After losing the game England was eliminated, Beckham was made a scapegoat and became the target of criticism and abuse in media. He had a good season in 1999 - 2000 and helped Manchester United to win the Premier League. At that time, he married singer Victoria Beckham (nee' Adams) from the popular musical group The Spice Girls, and the couple had their first son, Brooklyn, born in 1999. That same year, Beckham was given a permission to miss training routine, in order to look after his son Brooklyn, who suffered from a stomach infection. Meanwhile, the Manchester United's manager, Alex Ferguson , fined Beckham £50,000 (about $80,000 then) the maximum amount that was permitted, for babysitting with his sick child, while his wife was spotted at a London fashion Week event on the same night. Ferguson's claim that Beckham should be able to train if his wife stayed home that day, caused a serious personal tension between two men. In February 2003, following the defeat to Arsenal, the Manchester United's manager Alex Ferguson entered the changing room and kicked a football boot that struck Beckham over the eye, causing a cut that required stitches. David Beckham has been a good scorer and a major attraction for public. On the field he has been demonstrating his consistent ability to see a big picture even under severe pressure during the most rapidly changing and unpredictable games. His field vision has been remarkable, allowing him to create many assists in a number of important matches. Beckham's forte has been his delivery from the right-hand side as well as his efficient free kicks. His superior performances in the midfield position has required a higher physical endurance through the entire game. "David Beckham's right foot" was mentioned, although humorously, as one of British national treasures in the movie Love Actually (2003). He signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid, beginning on July 1, 2003, and worth a potential 40 million dollars. In Madrid, Beckham was not allowed to wear his favorite number seven, because another player had the right to wear it written into his contract. Beckham decided to wear the number 23 instead, being a big fan of Michael Jordan . He immediately became popular with the Real Madrid fans, but the team did not perform well enough to win either the Spanish League or the Champions League. However, Beckham remained a reliable scorer and his performances attracted more public. His shirts sales and other merchandising deals remained lucrative for the club, which continued to under-perform, regardless of the Real's management's higher expectations. In 2005 Beckham became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. He was also involved in promoting London's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic Games. His third season in Madrid was unremarkable, and he was criticized a lot, mainly because the team finished second to Barcelona in Spanish "La Liga" and lost to Arsenal in the European Champions League. However, during that season, he expanded his international presence by establishing football academies in Los Angeles and East London. During the FIFA World Cup 2006, he played for England, and became the first ever English player to score in three World Cups. In the quarter final game against Portugal, Beckham was replaced because of his injury in the middle of the game. Without him the English team lost and was knocked out of the World Cup. In June 2007 Beckham played his final game for Real Madrid, winning a medal and celebrating with his friends Tom and Katie Cruse, who attended the game. This was his fourth, and last season there, ending his contract with the club. He announced that he had signed a five-year contract to play for the Los Angeles Galaxy from July 1, 2007 through June 2012. The 5-year deal includes up to $10 million a year in direct salary, and with merchandising endorsements and profit-sharing could earn Beckham up to $50 million a year, and may end up worth about $250 million in five years, making him one of the highest earning athletes of all time. In 2009, in a unique time share agreement David played on loan at AC Milan to maintain his fitness after ending the season with the Galaxy. He ended up staying with Milan for five months, from January to May 2009. In 2010, he also arranged to embark on a second loan spell at AC Milan from the Galaxy, to play for Milan for another five months. He said that he "genuinely enjoyed playing for Milan." In 2011, after winning his first MLS Cup, his five-year deal with the Los Angeles Galaxy ended. At that time, Beckham was invited to play for Paris Saint-Germain. But the 36-year-old player said "My family and I are incredibly happy and settled in America and we look forward to spending many more years here... I am still passionate about playing in America and winning trophies with the Galaxy" he stated after signing another two-year contract with the Los Angeles club. In 2012, Beckham helped the Los Angeles Galaxy to retain their championship by defeating the Houston Dynamo 3-1 in the final game and winning the MLS Cup 2012. His last appearance for Los Angeles was on December 2, 2012. Beckham's jersey No 23 has been the best selling in the MLS and one of the best in the world, as he expands his image as one of sport's leading icons. Although he plays his best in the right of midfield, Beckham can be dangerous anywhere in the field and can make a difference in a big game with a pass, a cross, or a free kick. Arguably no one in the game can rival Beckham's accuracy in free kicks, as he can put that ball on a teammate's head with uncanny precision. He is still a decisive player, regardless of age. In January 2013, David Beckham signed a 5 month contract with Paris Saint-Germain. The Beckhams, who have become known as "Posh and Becks", have four children: three sons - Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 1999, in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 2002, in London), Cruz David Beckham (born 2005, in Madrid), and daughter Harper Seven (born in 2011, in Los Angeles). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov Spouse (1) ( 4 July 1999 - present) (4 children) Trade Mark (2) Number 7 shirt for Manchester United and England Number 23 shirt for Real Madrid and Los Angeles Galaxy Trivia (46) Won the treble with Manchester United (Premiership, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League). [1999] His first goal for England came at the Stade Felix-Bollaert in Lens in the 2-0 victory against Colombia on June 26 1998 during the World Cup. Voted the #1 best male body in "Celebrity Bodies" (UK) magazine. [October 2001] Voted best dressed male by readers of "Heat" (UK) magazine. [December 2001] He began his footballing career at the age of 17. Has been dubbed a master of set-pieces specialising in free-kicks and has developed one which is known around the world as the 'Beckham', which involves lifting the ball over the 'wall', sending it towards the far post, but bending it back to the near post confusing the keeper and having the ball just dip under the bar for the goal. Scored on his first team debut in the European Cup against Galatasaray. Was signed by Manchester United to their youth training program at the age of 14. His youth team also featured the Neville brothers, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes - his current team mates. On, May 11, 2003, David was voted the 91st worst Briton in Channel Four's poll of the 100 Worst Britons. On June 17, 2003, David signed a four year deal worth £24.5m to play for Real Madrid. He began his soccer career at the age of 17. Signed new contract with Manchester United until 2005, making him the highest paid footballer in Britain at that moment - though he would be sold to Real Madrid a year later. [May 2002] Declared he will retain the England captaincy, despite criticism for poor performances and two missed penalties in Euro 2004. [June 2004] In November 1996, Beckham was abroad on his first trip with the England squad, in Tbilisi, Georgia. There, he saw the video that would change his life. It was "Say You'll Be There" by the Spice Girls. Beckham pointed at the screen and said to his best friend Gary Neville that the girl dressed in a black PVC catsuit (Victoria) was the woman he wanted and if she wanted him, they would be together for ever. A few months later, they began dating. David and Victoria held a lavish, star-studded party for the christening of their two sons, Brooklyn, 5, and Romeo, 2. The ceremony was held on the grounds of the Beckhams' Hertfordshire mansion (December 23, 2004). Was famously sent off against Argentina in the 1998 World Cup in France for retaliation. He wears a new pair of football boots for every game he plays at an estimated cost of £300 a pair. Had his likeness made out of a napkin in American Dad! (2005) by Roger the Alien. Among the guests at his 30th birthday party were Elizabeth Hurley , Elle Macpherson and Geri Horner . He played for England in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups of Soccer. He was named captain for the national team in 2000 but announced his resignation from that prestigious position on 2 July 2006 (the day after England were knocked out of the 2006 World Cup). Gary Neville - his teammate in the national English football team - was best man at his wedding. Relinquished the captaincy of England after the team's quarter-final defeat to Portugal in the World Cup (July 2, 2006). Chosen one of "Time" magazine's Time 100 in 2004. After Real Madrid announced he would not remain there after the end of the 2006-2007 season, he signed a five-year-deal for the Los Angeles Galaxy, earning up to $50 million dollar a year in direct salary, with endorsements and profit-sharing. Is mentioned in Love Actually (2003) when Hugh Grant 's character lists "David Beckham's right foot" as one of the things that make Britain great. Won the Spanish La Liga title with Real Madrid before his transfer to LA Galaxy. Has three sons with wife, Victoria Beckham . Brooklyn Beckham , born on March 4, 1999, Romeo Beckham on September 1, 2002, in London, England and Cruz Beckham on February 20, 2005 in Madrid, Spain. Was among the guests at Tom Cruise 's and Katie Holmes ' wedding ceremony in Italy. Suffers from ornithophobia (fear of birds). Godfather to Davinia Taylor 's and Dave Gordon's son Grey. In 2007, Forbes Magazine estimated his salary for the year to be $33 million. Founded the David Beckham football academy. Ranked #5 in the 2008 Forbes The Celebrity 100 list. Among the godparents of their sons Brooklyn Beckham and Romeo Beckham are Elizabeth Hurley , Elton John and his husband David Furnish . Additionally, football agent Dave Gardner is one of Brooklyn's godfathers. Each of the boys has five godparents. Brooklyn has four godfathers and one godmother and Romeo has three godfathers and two godmothers. He was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Football. The Sunday Times estimates his net worth at $205 million. [2009] Announced he and wife, Victoria Beckham are expecting their fourth child in the summer. [January 2011]. Son-in-law of Jackie Adams and Anthony Adams. His legs are insured for $70 million. Daughter, Harper Seven Beckham, was born on July 10, 2011 in Los Angeles. Is in Japan playing a tournament with his team Real Madrid [July 2005] Release of the #1 International best-selling book, "Beckham - Both Feet on the Ground". [2003] A member of the Real Madrid team who won the Spanish League season 2006/2007 after the game against Majorca (Real Madrid 3 - Majorca 1) [June 2007] (20 December) Introduced to the media by AC Milan (Italy). On loan from the Los Angeles Galaxy, Beckham will play for AC Milan from 7 Janunary - 9 March 2009. [2008] Signs up for Spanish soccer team Real Madrid. [June 2003] In 2014, he attended the wedding of Elton John to his husband David Furnish . Personal Quotes (26)	Gary Neville
What was the poet W.H.Auden's first name?	David Beckham - Biography - IMDb David Beckham Biography Showing all 80 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (46) \| Personal Quotes (26) Overview (4) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) David Beckham is one of Britain's most iconic athletes whose name is also an elite global advertising brand. He was captain of the English national team from 1998 to 2009, scored in three different FIFA World Cups, and played midfield for clubs in Manchester, England, Madrid, Spain, and Milan, Italy; he also won the MLS Cup playing for Los Angeles Galaxy in 2011 and 2012. He was born David Robert Joseph Beckham on May 2, 1975, in Leytonstone, East London, England, to Sandra Georgina (West), a hairdresser, and David Edward Alan "Ted" Beckham, a kitchen fitter. Beckham's maternal grandfather was Jewish, and David has mentioned the religion as an influence; he wears a tattoo written in Hebrew from the 'Song of Songs' in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), albeit he is not known to practice Judaism or any other faith. Beckham has always played in long sleeve shirts to cover up his tattoos in consideration of others who may feel uncomfortable due to their beliefs. He was brought up by his parents, supporters of Manchester United, attended Bobby Charlton 's football school in Manchester, and won a spot in a training session at FC Barcelona as a child. In 1986 he was a Manchester United's mascot for a match against West Ham United. From 1992 - 2003 Beckham made almost 400 appearances for Manchester United and scored 85 goals, although his official record counts only 62 goals in 265 official senior team's matches. In the 1998 FIFA World Cup he played all of England's qualifying matches and scored in several important victories. He received a red card for violent conduct in England's match against Argentina, albeit his opponent later admitted to trying to send Beckham off by over-reacting to their contact during the game and by urging the referee to send Beckham off. After losing the game England was eliminated, Beckham was made a scapegoat and became the target of criticism and abuse in media. He had a good season in 1999 - 2000 and helped Manchester United to win the Premier League. At that time, he married singer Victoria Beckham (nee' Adams) from the popular musical group The Spice Girls, and the couple had their first son, Brooklyn, born in 1999. That same year, Beckham was given a permission to miss training routine, in order to look after his son Brooklyn, who suffered from a stomach infection. Meanwhile, the Manchester United's manager, Alex Ferguson , fined Beckham £50,000 (about $80,000 then) the maximum amount that was permitted, for babysitting with his sick child, while his wife was spotted at a London fashion Week event on the same night. Ferguson's claim that Beckham should be able to train if his wife stayed home that day, caused a serious personal tension between two men. In February 2003, following the defeat to Arsenal, the Manchester United's manager Alex Ferguson entered the changing room and kicked a football boot that struck Beckham over the eye, causing a cut that required stitches. David Beckham has been a good scorer and a major attraction for public. On the field he has been demonstrating his consistent ability to see a big picture even under severe pressure during the most rapidly changing and unpredictable games. His field vision has been remarkable, allowing him to create many assists in a number of important matches. Beckham's forte has been his delivery from the right-hand side as well as his efficient free kicks. His superior performances in the midfield position has required a higher physical endurance through the entire game. "David Beckham's right foot" was mentioned, although humorously, as one of British national treasures in the movie Love Actually (2003). He signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid, beginning on July 1, 2003, and worth a potential 40 million dollars. In Madrid, Beckham was not allowed to wear his favorite number seven, because another player had the right to wear it written into his contract. Beckham decided to wear the number 23 instead, being a big fan of Michael Jordan . He immediately became popular with the Real Madrid fans, but the team did not perform well enough to win either the Spanish League or the Champions League. However, Beckham remained a reliable scorer and his performances attracted more public. His shirts sales and other merchandising deals remained lucrative for the club, which continued to under-perform, regardless of the Real's management's higher expectations. In 2005 Beckham became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. He was also involved in promoting London's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic Games. His third season in Madrid was unremarkable, and he was criticized a lot, mainly because the team finished second to Barcelona in Spanish "La Liga" and lost to Arsenal in the European Champions League. However, during that season, he expanded his international presence by establishing football academies in Los Angeles and East London. During the FIFA World Cup 2006, he played for England, and became the first ever English player to score in three World Cups. In the quarter final game against Portugal, Beckham was replaced because of his injury in the middle of the game. Without him the English team lost and was knocked out of the World Cup. In June 2007 Beckham played his final game for Real Madrid, winning a medal and celebrating with his friends Tom and Katie Cruse, who attended the game. This was his fourth, and last season there, ending his contract with the club. He announced that he had signed a five-year contract to play for the Los Angeles Galaxy from July 1, 2007 through June 2012. The 5-year deal includes up to $10 million a year in direct salary, and with merchandising endorsements and profit-sharing could earn Beckham up to $50 million a year, and may end up worth about $250 million in five years, making him one of the highest earning athletes of all time. In 2009, in a unique time share agreement David played on loan at AC Milan to maintain his fitness after ending the season with the Galaxy. He ended up staying with Milan for five months, from January to May 2009. In 2010, he also arranged to embark on a second loan spell at AC Milan from the Galaxy, to play for Milan for another five months. He said that he "genuinely enjoyed playing for Milan." In 2011, after winning his first MLS Cup, his five-year deal with the Los Angeles Galaxy ended. At that time, Beckham was invited to play for Paris Saint-Germain. But the 36-year-old player said "My family and I are incredibly happy and settled in America and we look forward to spending many more years here... I am still passionate about playing in America and winning trophies with the Galaxy" he stated after signing another two-year contract with the Los Angeles club. In 2012, Beckham helped the Los Angeles Galaxy to retain their championship by defeating the Houston Dynamo 3-1 in the final game and winning the MLS Cup 2012. His last appearance for Los Angeles was on December 2, 2012. Beckham's jersey No 23 has been the best selling in the MLS and one of the best in the world, as he expands his image as one of sport's leading icons. Although he plays his best in the right of midfield, Beckham can be dangerous anywhere in the field and can make a difference in a big game with a pass, a cross, or a free kick. Arguably no one in the game can rival Beckham's accuracy in free kicks, as he can put that ball on a teammate's head with uncanny precision. He is still a decisive player, regardless of age. In January 2013, David Beckham signed a 5 month contract with Paris Saint-Germain. The Beckhams, who have become known as "Posh and Becks", have four children: three sons - Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 1999, in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 2002, in London), Cruz David Beckham (born 2005, in Madrid), and daughter Harper Seven (born in 2011, in Los Angeles). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov Spouse (1) ( 4 July 1999 - present) (4 children) Trade Mark (2) Number 7 shirt for Manchester United and England Number 23 shirt for Real Madrid and Los Angeles Galaxy Trivia (46) Won the treble with Manchester United (Premiership, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League). [1999] His first goal for England came at the Stade Felix-Bollaert in Lens in the 2-0 victory against Colombia on June 26 1998 during the World Cup. Voted the #1 best male body in "Celebrity Bodies" (UK) magazine. [October 2001] Voted best dressed male by readers of "Heat" (UK) magazine. [December 2001] He began his footballing career at the age of 17. Has been dubbed a master of set-pieces specialising in free-kicks and has developed one which is known around the world as the 'Beckham', which involves lifting the ball over the 'wall', sending it towards the far post, but bending it back to the near post confusing the keeper and having the ball just dip under the bar for the goal. Scored on his first team debut in the European Cup against Galatasaray. Was signed by Manchester United to their youth training program at the age of 14. His youth team also featured the Neville brothers, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes - his current team mates. On, May 11, 2003, David was voted the 91st worst Briton in Channel Four's poll of the 100 Worst Britons. On June 17, 2003, David signed a four year deal worth £24.5m to play for Real Madrid. He began his soccer career at the age of 17. Signed new contract with Manchester United until 2005, making him the highest paid footballer in Britain at that moment - though he would be sold to Real Madrid a year later. [May 2002] Declared he will retain the England captaincy, despite criticism for poor performances and two missed penalties in Euro 2004. [June 2004] In November 1996, Beckham was abroad on his first trip with the England squad, in Tbilisi, Georgia. There, he saw the video that would change his life. It was "Say You'll Be There" by the Spice Girls. Beckham pointed at the screen and said to his best friend Gary Neville that the girl dressed in a black PVC catsuit (Victoria) was the woman he wanted and if she wanted him, they would be together for ever. A few months later, they began dating. David and Victoria held a lavish, star-studded party for the christening of their two sons, Brooklyn, 5, and Romeo, 2. The ceremony was held on the grounds of the Beckhams' Hertfordshire mansion (December 23, 2004). Was famously sent off against Argentina in the 1998 World Cup in France for retaliation. He wears a new pair of football boots for every game he plays at an estimated cost of £300 a pair. Had his likeness made out of a napkin in American Dad! (2005) by Roger the Alien. Among the guests at his 30th birthday party were Elizabeth Hurley , Elle Macpherson and Geri Horner . He played for England in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups of Soccer. He was named captain for the national team in 2000 but announced his resignation from that prestigious position on 2 July 2006 (the day after England were knocked out of the 2006 World Cup). Gary Neville - his teammate in the national English football team - was best man at his wedding. Relinquished the captaincy of England after the team's quarter-final defeat to Portugal in the World Cup (July 2, 2006). Chosen one of "Time" magazine's Time 100 in 2004. After Real Madrid announced he would not remain there after the end of the 2006-2007 season, he signed a five-year-deal for the Los Angeles Galaxy, earning up to $50 million dollar a year in direct salary, with endorsements and profit-sharing. Is mentioned in Love Actually (2003) when Hugh Grant 's character lists "David Beckham's right foot" as one of the things that make Britain great. Won the Spanish La Liga title with Real Madrid before his transfer to LA Galaxy. Has three sons with wife, Victoria Beckham . Brooklyn Beckham , born on March 4, 1999, Romeo Beckham on September 1, 2002, in London, England and Cruz Beckham on February 20, 2005 in Madrid, Spain. Was among the guests at Tom Cruise 's and Katie Holmes ' wedding ceremony in Italy. Suffers from ornithophobia (fear of birds). Godfather to Davinia Taylor 's and Dave Gordon's son Grey. In 2007, Forbes Magazine estimated his salary for the year to be $33 million. Founded the David Beckham football academy. Ranked #5 in the 2008 Forbes The Celebrity 100 list. Among the godparents of their sons Brooklyn Beckham and Romeo Beckham are Elizabeth Hurley , Elton John and his husband David Furnish . Additionally, football agent Dave Gardner is one of Brooklyn's godfathers. Each of the boys has five godparents. Brooklyn has four godfathers and one godmother and Romeo has three godfathers and two godmothers. He was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Football. The Sunday Times estimates his net worth at $205 million. [2009] Announced he and wife, Victoria Beckham are expecting their fourth child in the summer. [January 2011]. Son-in-law of Jackie Adams and Anthony Adams. His legs are insured for $70 million. Daughter, Harper Seven Beckham, was born on July 10, 2011 in Los Angeles. Is in Japan playing a tournament with his team Real Madrid [July 2005] Release of the #1 International best-selling book, "Beckham - Both Feet on the Ground". [2003] A member of the Real Madrid team who won the Spanish League season 2006/2007 after the game against Majorca (Real Madrid 3 - Majorca 1) [June 2007] (20 December) Introduced to the media by AC Milan (Italy). On loan from the Los Angeles Galaxy, Beckham will play for AC Milan from 7 Janunary - 9 March 2009. [2008] Signs up for Spanish soccer team Real Madrid. [June 2003] In 2014, he attended the wedding of Elton John to his husband David Furnish . Personal Quotes (26)	i don't know
Which Liverpool art gallery, opened in 1877, was named after the local brewer and former Lord Mayor who financed it ?	Liverpool Picturebook Modern day images from around the City of Liverpool along with a potted history... Click on the first image to view all photographs in 'Lightbox' (TM) By the 1890s the George's Dock, built in 1771, was essentially redundant. It was the third dock built in Liverpool, and was too small and too shallow in depth for the commercial ships of the late 19th century. Most of the site was owned by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, set up by Parliament in 1857; a small part of the site still was still held by the Corporation of the City of Liverpool. The Board and the Corporation had differing priorities, and the former were not inclined to forgo any commercial advantage for the benefit of the latter. In January 1896, the two bodies began discussions, with the Corporation's team headed by Lord Derby (who was then the Lord Mayor), and the Board's representatives led by Robert Gladstone, a member of the Liverpool family of which W.E. Gladstone was the best-known. The Corporation sought to persuade the Board to accept its offer to buy the site, reserving a portion of it for new Board offices. After two years of negotiation this was agreed, and Parliamentary authority was obtained for the deal. The Corporation paid £277,399 for the site, from which the Board reserved about 13,500 square yards for its own building. When it acquired the site, the Corporation had been confident of finding tenants for the two remaining plots suitable for large-scale buildings, but no such prospective tenants came forward, and it was decided to offer the freehold of the sites for sale. However, at an auction of the sites in 1905 there were no bidders.The following year, the Royal Liver Friendly Society made an approach through Walter Aubrey Thomas, a local architect, successfully offering considerably less for a site than the Corporation had hoped for: £70,000 instead of £95,000. Gladstone and the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board expressed consternation at the height of the Royal Liver Society's proposed new headquarters, sometimes described as "England's first skyscraper", but after much debate the Corporation approved the plans. The last of the three Pier Head sites between the Liver Building and the Docks and Harbour Board offices was for some time intended to be developed on behalf of the Corporation, partly to replace a nearby public baths and partly as offices for the city's new tram network. This scheme fell through, and in the early years of the 20th century a combined public baths and customs house was proposed. After several years that scheme, too, came to nothing, and in 1913 the Cunard shipping line announced its intention to build a new headquarters in Liverpool. The Cunard Building was built of reinforced concrete, clad in Portland Stone, in a style intended to recall grand Italian palaces, described by the architectural historian Peter De Figueiredo as "a match for its more ostentatious neighbours in expressive power but greatly superior in refinement of detail and proportion." In 2007 work began on a new scheme, to re-house the Museum of Liverpool Life. Work also started in 2007 to build a canal link between the Leeds-Liverpool Canal and the South Docks. The £22 million pound 1.6 mile extension to the Leeds-Liverpool Canal was officially opened on 25 March 2009. It opens to boaters at the end of April and links the 127 miles of the existing canal to the city's South Docks, passing the Pier Head and the Three Graces. Liverpool Waterfront was crowned the overall winner in England’s Great Places on 16 December 2015. In a nationwide competition organised by the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) to show off the diverse places that planners and the planning system have created protected and enhanced for communities, Liverpool Waterfront came out top. Over 11,000 people voted on a shortlist of 10 places, with Liverpool Waterfront emerging as the most popular place. Probably the most photographed and well known building in Liverpool. It is located at Pier Head and stands proud and majestic against the skyline of Liverpool and the riverfront. The building is made of reinforced concrete and was the first large scale building of its type. It was built in 1911 for the Royal Liver Friendly Society. This impressive architectural masterpiece features a pair of clock towers from which shipping could tell the time as they passed en route along the river. The clock faces are actually larger than the clock face of Big Ben in London. In fact, they are the largest clock dials in Britain. In 1953 electronic chimes were installed to serve as a memorial to the members of the Royal Liver Friendly Society who died during the two World Wars. At night time the clock dials are illuminated. They were originally named George clocks, because they were started at the precise time that King George V was crowned on 22 June 1911. A statue of a Liver Bird spreading its wings from the top of each clock tower enhances the glory of the building and its impressive features. The Liver Bird, the official mascot of Liverpool is a cormorant (seaweed bird) which in bygone times could often be seen flying alongside the Mersey River with seaweed in their beaks. The birds are 18 ft high, their heads are 31/2 ft long, the spread of the wings is 12 ft, their length is 10 ft and the legs are 2ft in circumference. Their bodies and wings are of moulded and hammered copper fixed on a steel armature. Although there are Liver Birds on many buildings in Liverpool, it is the two which roost on top of this building that are the biggest in the city and which to many people are the very identity of Liverpool. The history of the Cunard Building dates back to 1914, when the Cunard Steamship Company commissioned the construction of new headquarters for the company. Cunard's expansion had meant that they had outgrown their previous offices, which were also located in Liverpool, and the site chosen for construction was at the former George's Dock, in between the Liver Building and Port of Liverpool Building. The building was designed by architects William Edward Willink and Philip Coldwell Thicknesse and was inspired by the grand palaces of Renaissance Italy. It was constructed by Holland, Hannen and Cubitts between 1914 and 1917, with Arthur J. Davis, of Mewes and Davis, acting as consultant on the project. The history of the Port of Liverpool Building dates back to 1898, when the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board (MDHB) decided to close down and infill George's Dock. The land was sold to the Liverpool Corporation in 1900, although the MDHB opted to keep the southern section, so that they could build a new central headquarters for the company, having been previously located at various sites around the city, including the Old Custom's House. It was completed in 1907 at a cost of approximately £250,000, although when the cost of furniture, fittings and professional fees was taken into account, the total cost was nearer £350,000. Staff from the MDHB headquarters officially moved into the building on 15 July 1907, with staff from departments located in other areas of the city moving in throughout the rest of the year. The building acted as the head offices of the MDHB (renamed the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company in 1972) for some 87 years. Beatles Statue at Liverpoool's Pier Head A new statue of The Beatles has been unveiled in Liverpool - 50 years after their last show in Merseyside. The bronze sculpture, which weighs 1.2 tonnes, was donated to the city by the Cavern Club. The bronze was sculpted by Andrew Edwards and depicts the band walking toward the river Mersey and reflects a real photo shoot. John Lennon’s sister Julia Baird and Liverpool deputy mayor Cllr Ann O’Byrne officially unveiled it at it new home at the Pier Head. Julia Bird said, “ I am honoured to be unveiling this statue in our wonderful city of Liverpool. It stands in loving memory of the best band in the world; the band that leapt from the Cavern stage to world-wide recognition. The timing reflects the 50 years since The Beatles final public appearance in Liverpool, at The Empire on the 5 December 1965. I was present at that event and am proud to be at the unveiling.” The idea for the statue came from Chris Butler, managing director of Castle Fine Art Foundry Ltd, which has a studio in the city. "This is a statue that needs no title, no explanation, no instruments, no gimmicks," he said of the piece inspired by the 1963 photo shoot. "It's a monument to a moment and the moment started in Liverpool." The Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic is a granite monument located on St. Nicholas Place, at the Pier Head, in Liverpool, England. The city of Liverpool is strongly associated with the ill-fated liner that sank on 15 April 1912 with the loss of some 1,517 lives. The RMS Titanic was owned by White Star Line which was founded in Liverpool in 1840. Liverpool was also the port of registry of the liner with the words 'Titanic, Liverpool' visible on the stern of the ship. The memorial on Liverpool's waterfront is dedicated to the 244 engineers who lost their lives in the disaster as they remained in the ship supplying the stricken liner with electricity and other amenities for as long as possible. The monument is notable as the first monument in the United Kingdom to depict the working man. The monument dedicated to the hundreds of men who died during the sinking was designed by Sir William Goscombe John and constructed circa 1916. It stands 48 feet (14.6 m) tall and although it is most strongly associated with the RMS Titanic, its dedication was broadened to include all maritime engine room fatalities incurred during the performance of duty in World War I. The monument is Grade II* listed. Shrapnel damage from bombs that fell during the Second World War can be clearly seen on the monument. Heaven & Earth, Liverpool, Pier Head. A memorial to Jeremiah Horrocks born in Toxteth, Liverpool in 1619. Jeremiah Horrocks attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge where he became familiar with the works of Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe in the subject of astronomy. He also studied Venus and was convinced that tables of data describing its orbit were inaccurate. He predicted that it would pass in front of the Sun in 1639. He was the first person to accurately calculate the transit of Venus, using a telescope he projected an image of the Sun onto a card, and was able to see an image of the planet passing in front of the Sun. A monument to Horrocks by Andy Plant was installed in 2011 at the Pier Head. The base is inscribed with the words: Thy return posterity shall witness, years must roll away, but then at length the splendid sight again shall greet our distant children’s eyes It is in the form of a telescope pointing to the Sun and Venus. Horrocks died suddenly at the young age of 22 and it is believed he would have been able to contribute greatly to the field of astronomy if he hadn’t died so young. Horrocks Avenue is named after him and there is a plaque dedicated to his memory, which hangs on the chapel wall in the Ancient Chapel of Toxteth, each of its four corners decorated with a five pointed star. St Michaels In The Hamlet also features a memorial to Jeremiah Horrocks and at Westminster Abbey, London. there is a memorial tablet to Horrocks, (erected c.1874 after a petition by the Royal Astronomical Society. The Liver Birds The liver birds top the clock towers on the Royal Liver Building, at Liverpool's Pier Head. In the early years of the twentieth century, while living and working in Harringay, London, Carl Bernard Bartels entered and won a competition to design the Liver birds which stand on the building designed by Walter Aubrey Thomas. Later, during the First World War, Bartels was imprisoned in an internment camp on the Isle of Man, even though he had been a naturalised Briton for more than 20 years. After the war Bartels was forcibly repatriated to Germany, leaving behind his wife in England. Bartels returned to the United Kingdom and lived and worked in Harringay until his death in 1955, producing carvings for Durham Cathedral, various stately homes and even making artificial limbs during the Second World War. His great grandson Tim Olden received the Citizen of Honour Award on behalf of Carl Bernard Bartels at a ceremony to mark the the building's 100th anniversary, more than 50 years after the German sculptor died. The bird's species has long been the subject of confusion and controversy, The College of Arms refers to the bird as a cormorant, adding that the sprig in the mouth is of laver, a type of seaweed. The modern popularity of the symbol largely dates to 1911, when the Liver Building was built. This prominent display of two liver birds rekindled the idea that the liver was a mythical bird that once haunted the local shoreline. According to popular legend, they are a male and female pair, the female looking out to sea, (watching for the seamen to return safely home) whilst the male looks towards the city (making sure the City is safe). An alternative version says the female liver bird is looking out to sea for the return of sailors whilst the male liver bird is looking inland to see if the pubs are open. Albion House Designed by architects Richard Norman Shaw and J. Francis Doyle, it was built for the Ismay, Imrie and Company shipping company, which later became the White Star Line. After White Star merged with Royal Mail Line the headquarters remained at Albion House until 1934 at which time the British Government forced the merger of Cunard Line and White Star Line. The building is situated on the corner of The Strand and James Street. In 1912, when news of the disaster of the Titanic reached the offices, the officials were too afraid to leave the building, and instead read the names of the deceased from the balcony. After years of dereliction, the the building has been restored to its former glory, returning to Norman Shaw’s original wide open design of the White Star Great Hall, which now seats 210 people. The building now operates as a 64 bedroom luxury Titanic-themed hotel known as 30 James Street. Alabama House, 10 Rumford Place, unofficial Confederate embassy. During the American civil war, Liverpool was the unofficial home of the Confederate fleet. Three significant acts of the war involved Liverpool. The first act of the war - the first shot of the civil war was fired by a cannon made in Lydia Anne Street. The very last act of the war - Captain Waddell of the CCS Shenandoah walking up the steps of Liverpool Town Hall surrendering his vessel to the Lord Mayor, after sailing 'home' from Alaska to surrender. The last official lowering of the Confederate flag - Was on CSS Shenandoah on the River Mersey at Liverpool overseen by the Royal Navy. At the outbreak of war the Northern Union fleet blockaded Confederate ports to prevent trade and supply of munitions of war. The Confederacy had no navy and proceeded to build one from Liverpool. The British government was officially neutral in the dispute not recognising the Confederacy. Cotton importers Frazer Trenholm at 10 Rumford Place, now known as Alabama House, acted as the unofficial Confederate embassy where operations were conducted. The Northern Union consulate was a few minutes walk away in Tower Buildings, Water Street. Commander Bulloch of the Confederate Navy was based in Liverpool, his prime task was to assemble and run a navy. He never returned to America after the conflict remaining in Liverpool for the rest of his life, and now lays in Toxteth Cemetery. Charles Kuhn Prioleau’s lived in a house Abercromby Square, he was senior partner of Fraser, Trenholm and Coin Rumford Street, (the building in the photograph), and the leading Confederate financier in Britain during the war. He provided the funding necessary to build ships such as the Alabama, Florida, and Shenandoah, and numerous blockade runners. Memorial to the King's Liverpool Regiment by Sir William Goscombe John. 1905. The memorial features Bronze figures on grey Scottish granite and is situated in St John's Gardens, Liverpool. The King's Regiment (Liverpool) was one of the oldest line infantry regiments of the British Army, having been formed in 1685 and numbered as the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot in 1751. The memorial is one of the notable public monuments by this fine Welsh sculptor of the late Victorian/early twentieth-century period. At the top of it stands the figure of Britannia, mourning men of this old, long-established infantry regiment who lost their lives fighting in Afghanistan (1878-80), Burma (1885-87) and South Africa (1899-1902). She is flanked on the left by a soldier of 1685 (the year in which the regiment was formed) and on the right by a soldier in contemporary uniform. At the foot of Britannia lies an arrangement of guns, wreaths and palms, with a Union Jack flag draped over it, while a drummer boy is depicted at the rear, with a musket, banners and canon behind him, the regimental badge just above him, and names of engagements such as Ladysmith inscribed on the granite to either side of him. The whole memorial was "unveiled to critical acclaim" and is considered "a rare example of a pre-First World War, large-scale regimental monument in a public setting" (Cavanagh 180). The regiment was amalgamated with the Manchester Regiment in 1958, and is now part of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. Lime Street in Liverpool was created as a street in 1790. Its most famous feature is Lime Street Station. It is part of the William Brown Street conservation area. The street was named for lime kilns owned by William Harvey, a local businessman. When the street was laid out in 1790 it was outside the city limits, but by 1804 the lime kilns were causing problems at a nearby infirmary. The doctors complained about the smell, and so the kilns were moved away, but the street name remained unchanged. With the arrival of the railway line in 1851, the street moved from a marginal to a central location in the city, a position that confirmed by the creation of St George's Hall, on the side of the street opposite the station, in 1854. Wellington's Column, a monument to the Duke of Wellington was built to mark one end of the street, at the corner with William Brown Street. The modern street is part of the A5038 road. The Lime Street name ends at the crossroads marked by the Britannia Adelphi Hotel Queen Square dates from the second half of the 18th century. and is named after King George III’s Queen, Charlotte. On the south side of the square, in Roe Street, (named after William Roe), was Queens Square market that traded here for many years but after the Second World War, the area became increasingly neglected and rundown. The fruit market that was there at the time moved to the outskirts of the city. On the north side of Queen Square was an elegant Georgian house built by William Roe in Hood Street (later Tryon Street). In about 1810 the house was converted into a hotel the Stork. Its site is now occupied by a multi story car park. By the 1970’s most of the square had been redeveloped, it is now the main bust terminus for the city as well as having the Marriott Hotel restaurants and its own selection of bars and shops in nearby Williamson Square. Built in 1716-17 as a charity school, Bluecoat Chambers in School Lane is the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool, England. Following the Liverpool Blue Coat School's move to another site in 1906, the building was rented from 1907 onwards by the Sandon Studios Society. Based on the presence of this art society and the subsequent formation of the Bluecoat Society of Arts in 1927, the successor organisation laid claim to being the oldest arts centre in Great Britain, now called The Bluecoat. The site of St Luke's was granted to the town by Lord Derby in 1791 it was a condition of his gift that the land should never be devoted to any other purpose than the site of a Church. The foundation stone was laid on the 9th of April 1811 by James Drinkwater Esq, the Chief Magistrate of Liverpool. The design of the church had been drawn up by John Foster Snr and the church was built by his son, John Foster Junior, the Corporation architect and surveyor. In addition to being a parish church, it was also intended to be used as a venue for ceremonial worship by the Corporation, and as a concert hall. St Luke's was badly damaged during the Liverpool Blitz in 1941, the church was hit by an incendiary device just after midnight on Tuesday May 6th 1941 and the resulting fire was described by the Liverpool Echo as "magnificent". Photographs of the clock after the fire show the hands at 03.36 meaning that this would have been when the fire reached the upper stories of the tower. Although the bell frame remained intact, 3 of the bells were badly cracked and broken whilst the further 5 bells fell to the floor of the tower. The building was earmarked for demolition in the 1950s and 1960s, but came to be regarded as a war memorial to the civilian casualties from the Second World War in Liverpool and from 2007 till 2014, Urban Strawberry Lunch organised the day-to-day maintenance of St Lukes. A calendar of regular exhibitions and events took place inside the grounds. In addition to this, they arranged showings of films, and many dance, poetry, and drama performances. Known locally as ‘The Bombed Out Church,’ the iconic structure is now undergoing building work to repair damaged stoneworks, to fix the tops of the exposed walls, and to remove vegetation from the brickwork. It is expected that the final phase of work could be completed in November 2016 and the church reopened to the public in December. The Church of Saint Andrew is a former Presbyterian church building in Rodney Street. The body of the church was designed by Daniel Stewart, the surveyor of the Scottish Presbyterian Church committee of management, and the façade by John Foster the senior surveyor of the Corporation of Liverpool. The foundation stone was laid on 17 June 1823, and the church opened the following year on 3 December and remained open until 1975. The congregation then began meeting in the Radcliffe Room at Liverpool Cathedral. The building was seriously damaged by fire in 1983. Since that time, one of the towers has had to be demolished because it was unsafe. The church and its surrounding graveyard were purchased privately in 1988 and later Liverpool City Council acquired the site. In December 2011 it was announced that the church would be restored and developed into accommodation for 100 students, with redevelopment work to include the rebuilding of one of the church's turrets and a remodelling of the exterior. The building has now been completely restored and successfully preserved, with the former building now rebuilt to provide student accommodation known as "St Andrew's Place". Everton Lock-Up, sometimes referenced by one of its nicknames such as Prince Rupert's Tower or Prince Rupert's Castle is a lock-up located on Everton Brow in Everton, Liverpool. The 18th-century structure is one of two Georgian lock-ups that still survive in Liverpool; the other is in Wavertree. It is famous for being the centre-piece of the crest of Everton F.C. The Grade II-listed building, which was opened in 1787, was originally an overnight holding place where local drunks and criminals were taken by parish constables. Prisoners would then be brought before local Justices of the Peace for trial. Punishments would usually be similar to community service such as clearing ditches, unblocking drains or removing rubbish. The Friends of Everton Park settled on a plan to permanently light up the Lock-Up, with Everton FC agreeing to pay £5,000 towards the £11,000 cost of the project. The Lock Up has been permanently illuminated following since February 2014. In late 1901, two well-known architects were appointed as assessors for an open competition for architects wishing to be considered for the design of the Anglican Cathedral. Architects were invited by public advertisement to submit portfolios of their work for consideration. In 1903, the assessors recommended a proposal submitted by the 22-year-old Giles Gilbert Scott, who was still an articled pupil working in Temple Moore's practice, and had no existing buildings to his credit. He told the assessors that so far his only major work had been to design a pipe-rack. The choice of winner was even more contentious with the Cathedral Committee when it was discovered that Scott was a Roman Catholic, but the decision stood. The Liverpool Cathedral Lady Chapel The first part of the Cathedral consecrated for worship was the Lady Chapel, in the south eastern corner of the main building. The Chapel's style is more elaborate than the main body of the Cathedral, reflecting different approaches by the architect, Giles Gilbert Scott and his team. The Chapel has its own organ (built by Henry Willis and Sons) and is regularly used for worship, weddings. The portrait windows of noble women on the west wall of the Chapel are famous. Restored after the Second World War, they show women from different areas of life, including local heroes like Kitty Wilkinson, helper of the poor and Agnes Jones, a devoted nurse as well as nationally known figures such as Grace Darling, Elizabeth Fry and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, West window Following the death of Sir Giles Gilbert Scott in 1960 it was decided to change the design of the west end of the cathedral, which had consisted of a small rose window and an elaborate porch. Frederick Thomas and Roger Pinkney, who had both worked with Scott, produced a simplified design that gave the opportunity for a large west window. Created by Carl Edwards and based on the theme of the Benedicite, the window consists of a round-headed window at the top, and three tall lancet windows below. It covers an area of 1,600 square foot (150 m2), each lancet window being more than 52 feet (15.8 m) high. Revd Noel Vincent, the former canon treasurer of the cathedral, states that the top part of the window represents "the risen Christ in glory looking down ... in compassion on the world", and the images beneath depict "all creation united in peace". Below the west window is an 'art work' by Tracey Emin. Installed in 2008 it proclaims, 'I felt You and I knew You loved me', regarded as salacious by some considering her past works. Florence Institute, Mill Street, Dingle, 19th January 2016 Probably designed by H W Keef, it was built in 1889 by Sir Bernard Hall, a West Indies merchant, Alderman and former Mayor of Liverpool. His daughter Florence died while in Paris at the age of 22 and he built this boys' club as a memorial and tribute to her at his sole expense. The building is a fine example of late Victorian architecture. For a hundred years the 'Florrie' served the working and unemployed youth of the tough dock-side area. Towards the end of the 1980s, at the depths of the economic slump for Liverpool the funding dried up for the Institute and in 1987 it was sold. The building fell into disrepair and suffered from vandalism and the natural elements. This was compounded when in 1999 there was a major fire which destroyed the roof. As time went on the local community formed a pressure group, 'The Friends of the Florrie' to work with all the agencies and stakeholders to restore the splendour of the Florrie and provide a multi-ethnic community centre for all ages and abilities. The Florrie' – celebrated its official re-opening on 18 July 2012. Closed for over 20 years, the 19th-century building in Toxteth is the oldest surviving purpose-built youth club in the UK. St Barnabas Church in south Liverpool is on the corner of Penny Lane, the street made famous by the Beatles tune. However the title of the song is not the only link that the church has with the fab four - as a boy, Paul McCartney sang in the church choir. St Barnabas' was built between 1900 and 1914, and designed by the Liverpool architect James Francis Doyle. Before 1914 the congregation met in a temporary iron church. The architect died before the building was completed and the church was finished under the supervision of his brother Sydney W. Doyle. The church building cost £14,000 and, with the internal fittings, its total cost was about £25,000 (£2,140,000 in 2016). In the 1960s pews were removed from the east end of the nave, and a nave altar and communion rails were installed. The church is built in specially moulded bricks of various sizes, with red sandstone dressings The Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas is the Anglican parish church of Liverpool. The site is said to have been a place of worship since at least 1257. The church is situated close to the River Mersey near the Pier Head. The Chapel of St Nicholas (Patron Saint of Sailors) was built on the site of St Mary del Quay, which in 1355 was determined to be too small for the growing borough of Liverpool. It is a Grade II listed building and an active parish church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of Liverpool North. The church was once the tallest building in Liverpool at 53 meters from 1813-1868. All Saints' Church, is in Childwall, Liverpool.It is a designated Grade I listed building, and is the only medieval church remaining in Liverpool. The chancel dates from the 14th century, and the south aisle and porch are probably from the 15th century. Additions were made in the 18th century and the tower and spire date from 1810–11. The north aisle dates from 1833 and it was partly rebuilt between 1900 and 1905. The church is built in red sandstone. The tower has a large two-light window, a clock on three faces and two-light bell-openings. The spire is recessed behind an openwork parapet with gargoyles. The churchyard contains the graves of John Charles Ryle, the first Anglican Bishop of Liverpool, and his wife, and the grave of the poet William Watson. Also in the churchyard is a sandstone hearse house dated 1811 which is a Grade II listed building. All Hallows' Allerton on 22nd January 2016 The building of the church was financed by John Bibby of Harthill, a wealthy iron and copper merchant, in memory of his first wife. She was born on All Hallows' Eve 1812 and, appropriately, the foundation stone was laid on 31st October 1872. The architect opted for the use of local red sandstone for the exterior and white Storeton stone for the interior. The stained glass is largely the work of Sir Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. The windows were not installed at one time, but over many years, Bibby’s contribution being supplemented with donations from family and friends. So lavish was Bibby’s outlay that there was no money remaining for bells or, more importantly, an endowment. By 1876 the church was largely complete and was consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Chester on 10th August. The first vicar was the Revd Nicholas Kemble, whose ministry lasted for nearly 30 years. In 2011, extensive restoration was carried out on the tower at a cost of just over £203,000, this sum bring raised by a generous response from the congregation and those organisations who gave grants in support of this work... St Peter's Church, in Church Road, Woolton, Liverpool. In 1826 a new chapel was built on a site a little below the present building. Holding around 200 people the church was built of the locally quarried sandstone. As the population of Woolton grew the chapel was felt to be too small and in 1885 a number of wealthy merchants agreed to support the building of the new church. The foundation stone was laid in 1886 and it opened for worship the following year. The new church was built from local sandstone, the 90-ft high bell tower contains 8 bells and is the highest point in Liverpool with commanding views of Lancashire, Cheshire and the Welsh hills. The church has a fine set of stained glass windows all except two of which are designed by the famous artist Charles Kempe. The two smaller windows were removed from the original church and are designed by William Morris. Kempe’s work can be seen also in the small side chapel, which is regularly used for smaller services. The original church organ was built by Foster and Andrews of Hull in 1895 not long after the completion of the church. It was rebuilt in 1945 by the Liverpool company Rushworth and Dreaper. The organ was refurbished and brought up to date with a computerised coupling in 1994 by another Liverpool company David Wells. Almost certainly the most important meeting in popular music history” is how the first meeting of John Lennon and Paul McCartney has recently been described. The meeting took place at St Peter’s Church Hall on the evening of Saturday, 6th July 1957… Whilst waiting to play at the church dance that night, John Lennon and the other members of the Quarrymen Skiffle Group were introduced to the young Paul McCartney by a mutual friend. Equally as well known is the grave of Eleanor Rigby, featured in the 1966 Beatles’ song, and found in the churchyard. Also in the churchyard, and often overlooked by the numerous visiting Beatles fans, is the grave of John’s uncle, George Toogood Smith. Exchange Station Exchange was once one of the North West’s biggest rail terminal with local lines to Southport, Preston and Wigan, there were also direct trains heading as far afield as Yorkshire and Scotland. The first station in Tithebarn Street opened 166 years ago in May 1850, replacing a smaller one in Great Howard Street. The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway called it Liverpool Tithebarn Street, but the East Lancashire Railway dubbed it Liverpool Exchange. The station was fronted by the Exchange Hotel, in Tithebarn Street. passengers passed through giant arches at the front into the station itself, with its ten platforms. The station was badly damaged in the Blitz of 1941, but services were back to normal by 1942. By the early 1960s the station was as busy as ever, but the Beeching cuts bit hard. By 1968, its service to Glasgow Central was the UK’s last remaining steam-hauled passenger service. And when that was withdrawn in 1970, the station only served Southport, Ormskirk and Bolton. Its fate was sealed when, in 1971, Parliament confirmed plans to build underground lines linking Liverpool’s city centre stations. Within a few years of closure the old station was demolished by Oldham Bros, a local demolition company. However, the frontage of the station building was preserved and incorporated into a new office building built behind, named Mercury Court. The station site is still largely intact used as surface car parking. The approaches to the station still exist on the old brick viaducts. The lines descend and disappear just before Leeds Street and down under the old station into the Link Tunnel of the Merseyrail Northern Line. Parts of the original station wall can still be seen when walking down Pall Mall or Bixteth Street. Refurbished in 2014 it is now called by its original name Exchange Station. The Liverpool Exchange Newsroom Memorial was originally unveiled by the 17th Earl of Derby on 1st January 1924 at Derby House, Liverpool. It was moved in 1953 when the original Exchange building was rebuilt. The monument is a cast group of figures ready for battle, a sailor behind his gun as he looks out and a nurse tending to a wounded soldier all overlooked by the figure of Britannia with her cloak billowing. The monument is in a niche between two pillars with a bronze tablet in the stone below. The sculptor was Joseph Phillips. Exchange Flags was the home of the Western Approaches the Combined Operations headquarters to Liverpool opened on 7th February 1941 and housed in a bunker situated within west side of the U-plan complex and approached from Rumford Street to the west. The World Museum is in William Brown Street, Liverpool. It has extensive collections covering archaeology, ethnology and the natural and physical sciences. Special attractions include the Natural History Centre and a free Planetarium. Entry to the museum itself is also free. The museum is part of National Museums Liverpool. The museum has had extensive refurbishment in order to double the size of the display spaces, making even more of the collections accessible for visitors. Major new galleries include World Cultures, the Bug House and Aquarium. A central entrance hall and six-storey atrium opened in 2005. On reopening after this refurbishment and extension the museum's name changed from its previous title of Liverpool Museum, which it had held since its establishment at its current William Brown Street site in 1860. Former North Western Hotel, Lime Street The hotel was built in 1871 as a railway hotel by the London and North Western Railway to serve Lime Street Station. It was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, and contained 330 rooms. The hotel closed in 1933 and remained empty and unused for over 60 years. In 1994 it was bought by John Moores University and, at a cost of £6 million, was converted into a hall of residence for students, which opened in 1996. The building is constructed in stone with a slate roof in the Renaissance Revival style. It has five storeys, a basement and an attic, and is in 21 bays. The end bays and the bays flanking the three-bay centre are carried up into towers. The central entrance is round-arched, and is flanked by Doric columns. St George's Hall opened its doors to the public in 1854, over 10 years after it was first commissioned. The architect responsible for the bulk of the design was Harvey Lonsdale Elmes. The Hall was built to provide a venue for the triennial music festivals. On top of this the courts were added as Elmes had been commissioned to design both buildings, and due to funding 'issues' they were combined. It contains the vastly ornate Great Hall with its vaulted ceiling, Minton tiled floor, replete with maritime and civic symbolism and is also home to a massive pipe organ. The Small Concert Room at the Northern elevation of the Hall has been described as the 'Albert Hall in miniature' and is circular in design with a proscenium arch stage and is flanked by caryatids, female sculptural figures which are designed to give the impression of supporting the fine lace work of the iron balconies. St George’s Hall can lay claim to one of the oldest ventilation and air conditioning systems in the world, the workings of which can be seen in the lower basement level and throughout the Hall. From behind the scenes tours to concerts, festivals and fetes and much more, there is something for everyone this season at St George's Hall. The Concert Room with its gold leaf, mirrors and huge chandelier: Charles Dickens described as 'the most perfect room in the world'. There is also a range of activities provided by the Heritage Centre including tours, talks and exhibitions and the recently opened Basement Galleries. Liverpool's Chinese Arch is the largest outside of China. The arch was made from block components which were shipped from China to Liverpool in five large containers. Containing 200 hand carved dragons the arch was constructed by a team of 20 workers from Shanghai in under 90 days. It is now fitted with coloured lights which change every few minutes. Mathew Street is a street in Liverpool, England, best-known worldwide as the location of the Cavern Club, where The Beatles played on numerous occasions in their early career. The street connects Rainford Gardens (off Whitechapel) to North John Street, and is located in an area of the city centre known today as "The Cavern Quarter". Historically it was the centre of Liverpool's wholesale fruit and vegetable market. Mathew Street is visited by thousands of tourists a year, who visit the Cavern Club and many surrounding attractions including a statue of John Lennon, a Beatles store and several pubs formerly frequented by The Beatles. A wall in Mathew Street is adorned by a sculpture by Arthur Dooley entitled "Four Lads Who Shook the World". It was also home to the influential music club Eric's, which played host to many famous punk bands from its opening in 1976, despite only being open for 4 years. The fame of Mathew Street led to the arrest of 3 men in 2006 when a resident of Dallas, Texas, viewing the street's webcam, saw a burglary in progress and called Merseyside Police. The psychoanalyst Carl Jung is often cited as visiting Liverpool in 1927, but he only recorded a dream in which he had, later published in Jung's autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections of which he wrote "Liverpool is the pool of life, it makes to live." As a result a statue of Jung was erected in Mathew Street in 1987, but being made of plaster, was vandalised and replaced by a more durable version in 1993. Today, Mathew Street is one of Liverpool's most popular nightlife destinations. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, officially known as the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, is the seat of the Archbishop of Liverpool and the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool in Liverpool. Architects throughout the world were invited in 1960 to design a Cathedral for Liverpool which would relate to the existing Crypt, be capable of construction within five years, cost at the current prices no more than £1,000,000 for its shell, and most important of all, express the new spirit of the liturgy then being radically reformulated by the Second Vatican Council. Of 300 entries from all over the world, Sir Frederick Gibberd’s (1908-1984) design was chosen, and building began in October 1962. A Pathé newsreel showed stages of the building process. Less than five years later, on the Feast of Pentecost, 14 May 1967, the completed Cathedral was consecrated. The Papal Legate at the consecration service, most appropriately, was His Eminence John Carmel Cardinal Heenan, Archbishop of Westminster, who had been succeeded as Archbishop of Liverpool three years earlier by George Andrew Beck. The long waiting was suddenly over. Radio City Tower (also known as St. John's Beacon) built in 1969 and opened by Queen Elizabeth II. It was designed by James A. Roberts Associates in Birmingham. It is 138 metres (452 ft) tall. The tower was refurbished in 1999 at a cost of £5 million. It reopened as Radio City 96.7 (and Magic 1548) in August 2000. The outdoor observation deck which had been located on the roof of the restaurant was transformed into a second floor; this now holds offices and conference rooms for the station. St Francis Xavier's Church (Salisbury Street, Liverpool 3) first opened its doors on 4th December 1848. It has been staffed by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) ever since. Jesuits had been working in the Liverpool area from the 17th Century. In 1712 they built the first Catholic chapel since the Reformation. A second larger, chapel was built in 1736 only to be demolished by a mob in 1738. It was rebuilt in the following year disguised as a warehouse. In 1783, some years after the suppression of the Society of Jesus, it was handed over to the Benedictines. Much of the hard work which led to the building of St Francis Xavier's Church (Salisbury Street) was done by the Society of St Francis Xavier. This was a group of lay people some of whom had been educated at Stoneyhurst, the Jesuit college. They were all fully aware of Liverpool's debt to the Jesuits. St Mary's Church is in Walton (formerly Walton-on-the-Hill), Liverpool. St Mary's was originally the parish church of the Hundred of West Derby in what was to become the city of Liverpool. A church on the site is mentioned in the Domesday Book but this was rebuilt in 1326. The oldest part of the present church is the west tower, which was built in 1829–32 to a design by John Broadbent. The vast majority of the church, apart from the tower, was destroyed by incendiary bombs in the May Blitz of 1941. The body of the church was rebuilt between 1947 and 1953 by Quiggin and Gee, retaining the exterior as before, but creating a new interior. St Paul's Church, Stonycroft has stood proudly on Derby Lane since January 1916. It was built by Douglas Horsfall and designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott whilst he was also working on Liverpool Cathedral and shares architectural similarities. It is the only other building in Liverpool that was designed by Scott and is the largest brick built church in Europe. St. Paul's succeeded one of the same name in Liverpool, a massive stone edifice that once stood in the middle of St. Paul's Square. A correspondent to the Church Times on 9th May 1884 complained that only about 22 adults and the same number of children attended Matins at St Pauls. By the turn of the 20th Century the building and its Churchyard had fallen into such disrepair that the Corporation of Liverpool ordered its closure as a dangerous building unsafe for public use. Mr. Giles Gilbert Scott, a young architect who had been appointed to design the Anglican Cathedral in Liverpool, was now asked to design the new St. Paul's Church. Scott had radically changed his design for the cathedral in 1910, replacing the twin towers with a massive central tower which was buttressed by four transepts. St. Paul's is based on the same design and it is very interesting to compare the design of St. Paul's tower with the first design for the cathedral tower. Construction of the church began in 1913 and was finished in 1916. Along with the Cunard Building, it was one of the few major buildings in Liverpool where building work was allowed to continue during the First World War. The church was to be built entirely of Jacobean two inch bricks specially made in Ruabon. The Parish Church of Saint Paul, Derby Lane, Liverpool, L13 3DJ The Baltic Fleet Pub was built after in the early 1850s and was originally called Turners Vaults, built to a late Georgian design. The pub was then added to circa 1856 in a Victorian design. The name is thought to have come from the area's links with the Baltic trade throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, it could also be linked to the naval fleet that sailed to The Baltic to blockade imports into Russia during the Crimea Campaign. The Grapes is the pub The Beatles used to go to relax and drink a couple of pints between sets at the nearby Cavern Club. There's memorabilia of the band dotted around including a photo strategically placed above the spot they used to sit. In the 1960s the grapes was the only pub on Mathew Street and was surrounded by warehouses and fruit and vegetable traders. Mathew Street, or the Cavern Quarter as the area’s now known, is a mecca for everything Beatles-inspired. The Philharmonic Dining Rooms is a public house at the corner of Hope Street and Hardman Street in Liverpool and stands diagonally opposite the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. It is commonly known as The Phil. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The public house was built in about 1898–1900 for the brewer Robert Cain. It was designed by Walter W. Thomas (not to be confused with Walter Aubrey Thomas the designer of the Royal Liver Building) and craftsmen from the School of Architecture and Applied Arts at University College (now the University of Liverpool), supervised by G. Hall Neale and Arthur Stratton. The building is constructed in ashlar stone with a slate roof in an "exuberant free style" of architecture. It has a combination of two and three storeys, with attics. There are ten bays along Hope Street and three along Hardman Street. Its external features include a variety of windows, most with mullions, and some with elaborate architraves, a two-storey oriel window at the junction of the streets, stepped gables, turrets with ogee domes, a balustraded parapet above the second storey, a serpentine balcony (also balustraded) above the main entrance in Hope Street, and a low relief sculpture of musicians and musical instruments. The main entrance contains metal gates in Art Nouveau style, their design being attributed to H. Bloomfield Bare. Interior The interior is decorated in musical themes that relate to the nearby concert hall. These decorations are executed on repoussé copper panels designed by Bare and by Thomas Huson, plasterwork by C. J. Allen, mosaics, and items in mahogany and glass. Two of the smaller rooms are entitled Brahms and Liszt. Of particular interest to visitors is the high quality of the gentlemen's urinals, constructed in "a particularly attractive roseate marble". The exact origins of the Childwall Abbey Hotel are not known but it is possible that is was originally a chapel possibly the chapel of St Thomas the Martyr as far back as 1484. The Inn has been used by actors who have been staying in Liverpool, and many have scratched their names on the old windows of the room which faces the church. The Inn is rumoured to be haunted by a 15th century ghost and the tap room once hosted The Quarrymen, later to become the Beatles. The Coffee House is probably Wavertree's oldest surviving pub it is listed in Lancashire Record Office files as early as 1777, as the Coffee House (licensee Elizabeth Heys). There was originally a brewery - the 'Crown Brewery' behind the pub accessible via an archway (now filled in) a few yards to the left of the front door. The Coffee House was once the terminus for Joseph Mattinson's horse trams and the tracks from Liverpool finished right outside. The Coffee House was popular as a day excursion venue from Liverpool, looking across at open fields which later became the White Star Line's sports ground. The pub was owned by Robert Cain & Sons - one of Liverpool's leading brewers, the original ground floor interior was the work of their architect Walter Thomas, famous as the designer of city centre pubs such as the Philharmonic in Hope Street and the Vines in Lime Street. The Steble Fountain was a gift to the City Of Liverpool from Colonel R.F Steble, the Mayor of Liverpool from 1874 to 1875 and was unveiled by a later Mayor Sir Thomas Bland Royden, in 1879. According to Pevsner, the art historian, it was designed by W Cunliffe, but more recent research attributes it to French artist Paul Lienard, who also designed the almost identical Brewer fountain in Boston, in the USA. The fountain has a circular stone basin with a bronze centrepiece depicting four marine deites in pairs: Neptune with Amphitrite and Acis with Galetaea. For most of its lifetime children have found the fountain a fascinating place to play, this earned it the nickname of 'the street urchins seaside'. The pumps for the Steble fountain are located underneath St Georges Hall and the vibration from them often disrupted proceedings in the courts above. In August 1989 a presiding judge, justice Lush was so annoyed by the noise of the machinery that he ordered it to be switched off. The original machinery was eventually replaced by an electric pump. The fountain underwent a restoration in 1922 on the occasion of the 'Tall Ships Race'. One of the finest art galleries in Europe, the Walker Art Gallery is home to renaissance masterpieces, Tudor portraits and one of the best collections of Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite art in the country. For 130 years it has housed Liverpool’s most outstanding art collection. Many of the gallery’s most important works have been on display in the city for nearly 200 years. The gallery also has an outstanding display of contemporary art including work by David Hockney, Lucian Freud and Bridget Riley. As far back as 1252 there has been a townhouse on the Liverpool shore. Sir John Stanley pulled down the old house in 1406 and built the first Tower known as the Tower of Liverpool. This was used as an embarkation base for their property in the Isle of Man. The Tower stood at the shore end of Water Street. Water street being one of the original seven streets of Liverpool was originally called ‘Bonke Street’. ‘Bonke’ was Lancashire dialect for ‘bank’ (taken from river bank). Through the years it became Bank Street and then eventually Water Street in 1520’s. During the 18th century the Tower of Liverpool, between Tower gardens and Stringers alley was the Jail of Liverpool. A large arch joined the Tower to the building on the other side of Tower Gardens and this building was used to house debtors and Criminals. The Tower had 7 small underground dungeons, each approx 6’ sq. There were between 3-5 prisoners per dungeon, hence “ jail fever” was prevalent. A room at the Tower was used as a Chapel which later became the Debtors Room. n 1756 during the war with France the Tower was also used to confine prisoners of war. The Tower became the property of the corporation in 1775 when it purchased it for £1535 10s from the then owner Sir Richard Clayton. The Tower ceased being a jail on 3rd July 1811 when all the criminals were moved to the new jail in Great Howard Street. In 1877 two men convicted of robbery were executed in Water Street opposite the Old Tower. By the end of the 18th century the Tower was in disrepair and was pulled down in 1819 to be replaced by warehouses. In 1856 the warehouses gave way to the second Tower called Tower Buildings, a large Italianate office block by J. A. Picton. Unfortunately The Tower fell foul to the demands of commerce and was demolished in the early 20th century. The present Tower Building, designed by Walter Aubrey Thomas was completed around 1908. During the air raids over Liverpool in 1941 Tower Building was badly bombed and several people were killed and injured. Check out the BBC site for the real life story. The new Victoria Building was erected for Liverpool University College and was opened by Earle Spencer, Chancellor of the Victoria University on Tuesday December 13th 1892. A new west wing of the buildings in Brownlow Hill, adjacent to the engineering department, which was the gift of Sir A.B Walker was erected in the Queens jubilee year in 1887, at a cost of £16,000, thanks to the generosity of Mr Henry Tate. The clock and the bells for the tower were donated by W.P Hartley and other benefactors included Mr Ismay, W.P Sinclair, and Rev Canon Hume who donated valuable gifts of books. It was the first purpose-built building for what was to become the University of Liverpool. Victoria Building is constructed in Ruabon brick and common brick with terracotta dressings under a slate roof. This acclaimed historical building has been redeveloped into the University of Liverpool’s museum and art gallery, displaying the university’s collection of art and early medical equipment. Victoria Tower, often referred to as the 'docker's clock', was built as an aid to ships in the port, as it allowed them to set the correct time as they sailed out into the Irish Sea, while its bell warned of meteorological changes such as high tide and fog. Designed by Jesse Hartley it was constructed between 1847 and 1848, to commemorate the opening of Salisbury Dock. Its design was based upon an earlier drawing by Philip Hardwick in 1846. Upon completion is also served as a flat for the Pier Master. It is a Grade II listed Gothic Revival clock tower positioned between the two river entrance gates to the Salisbury Dock. Stanley Dock, linking the Leeds-Liverpool canal with the River Mersey, was designed by Albert Dock mastermind Jessie Hartley and built between 1850 and 1857. The 200m long, 50m wide Tobacco Warehouse, added in 1901, is thought to be the largest brick building in Europe. The overall design is by A. G. Lyster, the Dock Engineer, but Arthur Berrington almost certainly played a part. The warehouse was built on land reclaimed from the dock. Stanley Dock is accessible from the dock system or by barge from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal which enters under Great Howard Street Bridge. With the decline of trade going through Liverpool, the warehouse fell into disuse in the 1980s and gradually into disrepair. A scheme convert the North Warehouse to a £30 million 153 room four star hotel with ground floor retail/leisure uses and a conference centre, commenced on site in February 2013. The hotel opened in late 2014. The next phase of redevelopment at Stanley Dock will see the transformation of the iconic Tobacco Warehouse, the centrepiece of Stanley Dock into apartments and business units. With investment in excess of £130 million. The Picton Clock Tower - at the junction of Childwall Road, Church Road North and the High Street, Wavertree has been a local landmark for over 100 years. It was presented to the people of Wavertree by Sir James Picton in 1884, having been designed by him as a memorial to his wife Sarah, who had died in 1879 after fifty years of happy marriage. Picton was a prominent local resident. Born in Liverpool, the son of a timber merchant, Picton became a well-known architect and surveyor. He moved to Wavertree in 1848, having designed and built himself a house - Sandy Knowe - in Mill Lane. James Allanson Picton was a prominent member of both the Liverpool Town Council and the Wavertree Local Board of Health. In Liverpool he was Chairman of the Libraries Committee for almost forty years. As a mark of respect, one of the main library buildings was named after him in 1879, and two years later he was knighted by Queen Victoria in recognition of his 'high attainments and public services'. As well as being a linguist and seasoned traveller, Picton was a keen student of local history. His two-volume work entitled 'Memorials of Liverpool' remains one of the leading reference books on the city's buildings and personalities. The Blue Coat School, Church Rd, Liverpool The Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 by Bryan Blundell and the Rev Robert Styth, a theology graduate of Brasenose College, Oxford with the aim of providing a place where poor children could be accommodated, cared for and learn to “read, write and cast accounts.” The original school building was situated in School Lane in buildings formerly used by Cross’s Free Grammar School. Today, it is the the oldest construction in the city centre, now functioning as the Blue Coat Arts centre. By the end of the Victorian era, it had been realised that the school buildings were inadequate and in 1899 the trustees of the School took the decision to commission a new school building what was then the countryside of Wavertree. The architects chosen for the design of the new building were Briggs, Wolstenholme & Thornely, most notable for the design of the Port of Liverpool Building. In 1906 the school took possession of the building and was later designated a Grade II listed building. The Blue Coat retained its role as an orphanage until the late 1940s; boys and girls in old-fashioned dress having been a familiar site around Liverpool for many years. The School changed its status in 1948 and became a day and boarding school for boys only. The boarding school was eventually phased out until only a few remaining boarders lived in the School and the rest of the students were day pupils. The School stopped accepting boarders in 1990, the same year were girls were readmitted to the Sixth Form only. In 2004, work commenced on a substantial redevelopment of the Wavertree site. The original buildings remained intact, but the southern wing of the school was converted into private accommodation and sold to part-fund the development. The school chapel, clock tower, board room, and former music room, together with administrative rooms and the formal entrance to the original building, were transferred to a new school foundation and made available to hire for weddings and other private functions. Captain F J Walker CB DSO Statue by Liverpool sculptor Tom Murphy Johnnie Walker, Britain’s Number One U-boat Killer. Winning the Battle of the Atlantic to keep the supply lines open from North America and the West Indies was as important to the nation's survival as had been the Battle of Britain in 1940. Born in 1896, Frederic John Walker joined the Royal Navy as a 13-year-old. He passed out top of his class at Dartmouth and received the King's Medal. He fought in World War One and, aged just 21, became involved in the battle against U-boats that was to dominate his career. By 1926, He was Fleet Anti-Submarine Officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets. Captain Walker hunted down 25 U-boats and urged his 2nd Support Group, his escort group on to other "kills", often through a loudspeaker on his flag ships. He died on July 7, 1944, two days after collapsing from a stroke, he had a naval record second to none, with 25 1/2 U-boat kills credited to him, the half being shared by the RAF his legacy is brilliant and one that must be remembered. Such was his renown that the Admiralty went so far as to state: “Captain Frederic John Walker more than any other won the Battle of the Atlantic. In 1998 a statue by Liverpool sculptor Tom Murphy of Captain Johnnie Walker in a typical pose was unveiled at the Pier Head in Liverpool by HRH the Duke of Edinburgh. The campaign for the statue had been launched by the Captain Walker's Old Boys Association. Members of the Association met in Liverpool during the 60th Anniversary of the victory of the Battle of the Atlantic in 2003 to commemorate their comrades. Pump House, Albert Dock The Dock’s former pump house was built in 1870, and has been lovingly restored as a cosy traditional British pub, renamed The Pump House. The Albert Dock is a complex of dock buildings and warehouses in Liverpool, England. Designed by Jesse Hartley and Philip Hardwick, it was opened in 1846, and was the first structure in Britain to be built from cast iron, brick and stone, with no structural wood. As a result, it was the first non-combustible warehouse system in the world. The hydraulic pumping station that was added to the dock system to provide a power supply is now the Pump House pub. Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield – Sculptor C. B. Birch Benjamin Disraeli was Born on 21 December 1804 in London – and Died 19 April 1881. The funding for the memorial in Liverpool was largely raised from within the city's Conservative Club. Benjamin Disraeli was a politician and novelist but it was as a Conservative politician that Disraeli achieved lasting fame. Prime Minister for almost 7 years, he initiated a wide range of legislation to improve educational opportunities and the life of working people. Made Earl of Beaconsfield by Victoria in 1879, Disraeli governed from the House of Lords. His legacy includes some major Acts of Parliament including Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875: This decriminalised work of trade unions and allowed peaceful picketing. Public Health Act 1875: improved sanitation and filthy living conditions in urban areas. He was the first and only Jewish Prime Minister to date. Croxteth Hall is the former country estate and ancestral home of the Molyneux family, the Earls of Sefton. After the death of the 7th and last Earl in 1972 the estate passed to Liverpool City Council, which now manages the remainder of the estate, following the sale of approximately half of the grounds. The remaining grounds, Croxteth Park, were at one time a hunting chase of the Molyneux family and are now open to the public. The original house was built in about 1575, and has been expanded in several stages in Tudor, Georgian, and Queen Anne styles. The principal front, the west façade, was built in 1702. Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and their children stayed at Croxteth Hall on 9 October 1851 before visiting Liverpool the following day. The Molyneux family lived at the Hall from the 16th century until 1972, when the last Earl died. His American-born widow Josephine, Countess of Sefton (1903–1980) - once a close friend of the Duchess of Windsor and nicknamed "Foxy" for her abundant auburn hair - continued to spend some time at Croxteth. The estate also contains the historic Hall itself, open to the public for a small fee, as well as a maintained Victorian walled garden and a working country farm. Liverpool County Sessions House was built between 1882 and 1884 to house the Quarter Sessions for the West Derby Hundred of the county of Lancaster. The coat of arms of the County appears in the pediment over the main entrance. The Quarter Sessions was a court in which cases involving non-capital offences were tried by magistrates. Cases of this type were heard at the policy court in Basnett Street and at the Kirkdale Sessions House attached to Kirkdale gaol. The Prison Act of 1877 transferred prisons like Kirkdale from local authority control to the state and a new home had to be found for the Sessions. Until the new Sessions House opened in Islington. They court was housed temporarily in St George's hall the magistrates held their first meeting here on Monday 4th August 1884. The Courts Act of 1971 abolished Quarter Sessions. After ending its role as a courthouse, the County Sessions House accommodated the Merseyside Museum of Labour History for some years. Since 1984 the building has been in the care of National Museums Liverpool and currently houses the Fine Art Curatorial and Learning Departments, Print Room and the Rex Makin Lecture Theatre, all part of NML's Art Galleries Division... The White Star pub is on the edge of Liverpool’s cavern quarter in Rainford Gardens, with its opulent Victoriana décor including its red tiled frontage, red leather upholstery, fancy tiling, elaborate wood carving it is one of the cities more traditional pubs. The pub shares the name of the Titanic’s owners White Star Line, there’s a fair bit of nautical memorabilia on show. There is of course a Beatles connection as Bob Wooler and Allan Williams apparently used to pay their acts in the back room, and you can still sit where the Fab Four sat when collecting their money. The White Star appears as an advert in an Empire Theatre programme from 1887, advertising the White Star carvery and bar, however the pub has changed a bit over those years and the carvery has long gone. Where the telephone is, there used to be a dumb waiter. Where the gents is, was the back yard, and the pub didn’t have a ladies toilet until 1987. There are a few pubs in city that did not allow ladies in on their own due to the amount of prostitutes that worked in the city from the end of the Second World War until the early 90s. Just after the war a chap called Mr Quinn bought about 5 pubs in the city, he never changed the names, but on all the front windows he had etched Quinns, since then all the real ale drinkers in Liverpool and even the good beer guide have called it the White Star (Quinns 2). There are also a number of brass plaques on the front wall one to the Beatles, one twinned with the White Star Cz and two twinned with pubs in Norway. One with the Mets Sports Bar in Skien, and the Fat Lady in Grimstead. Arthur Dooley was born on 17 January he was a British artist and sculptor. Born Arthur John Patrick Dooley in Liverpool, He served in the Irish Guards for nine years, he was also a welder at Cammell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead, and worked at the Dunlop factory in Speke. He went from moulding tyres to sculpting art at St. Martin's School of Art, London, (later incorporated into Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design) becoming a student there in 1953, he had his first exhibition at the Gallery of the same name in 1962. He also Sculptured ‘The Four Lads who Shook the World’ which was the first ever statue to commemorate the Beatles. Located in Matthew St, it depicts the Mother Mary cradling her babies, the Beatles. Pete Price came up with the initial idea. Pete went to Roy Adams who at the time owned clubs in Matthews street, including the Cavern and asked him for permission to place the sculpture on one of the external walls, Roy said yes. In order to achieve the funding for the sculpture it was decided that an auction was the best was forward. The auction was a big success, After John Lennon’s untimely death in 1980, a second statue was erected and placed next to the original statue depicting a fourth baby (John) floating on the side with wings and a guitar. A year after the late Dooley's "Four Lads Who Shook the World" statue was first unveiled the baby depicting Paul was stolen. Thirty years later in 2005 Bill Heckle, director of Beatles tourism company Cavern City Tours got an anonymous phone call from a mystery man offering to return the missing statue. The caller offered his effusive apologies and said the statue had been in his garage for many years. It was left in a plastic bag outside the Cavern and recovered by Bill... With thanks to Dennis Hepworth and Bill Jenkins for additional information. The Pilotage Building and Canning Pierhead The Pilotage Building was erected in 1883 close to the entrance to Canning Dock. Believed to have been designed by G. F. Lyster, the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board engineer. Canning Half Tide Dock alongside the building was designed by Jesse Hartley and opened in 1844. The Pilotage Building, managed the river's pilot boats this building and the dock itself are now part of Merseyside Maritime Museum. The Edmund Gardner was built in Dartmouth by Philip and Sons Ltd, who also built ferries and lightships for the Mersey. The Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, who were responsible as the Liverpool Pilotage Authority, had her built as the second of a new generation of large diesel-electric powered cutters to replace the pre-war steam cutters. The Edmund Gardner was launched in July 1953 and was in service as a pilot vessel from December that year until April 1981, when she was one of the last two remaining large cutters on duty. The Merseyside Maritime Museum purchased her in 1982 and she is now conserved in dry dock as a very good example of a British ship built in traditional style. During her working life of almost 30 years the Edmund Gardner was essentially a base out in the Irish Sea for the Pilotage Service, providing accommodation for up to 32 pilots at a time. The pilots met all shipping approaching the Mersey and guided them into and out of the docks, to ensure their safety. In 2014 the Edmund Gardner became a Dazzle Ship co-commission by 1418 NOW WW1 Centenary Art Commission, Liverpool Biennial and Tate Liverpool, in partnership with the Merseyside Maritime Museum. Renowned artist Carlos Cruz-Diez worked with the idea of dazzle using the historic Edmund Gardner pilot ship owned and conserved by the Merseyside Maritime Museum. The work was carried out by painters from Cammell Laird. The Liverpool Eye And Ear Infirmary Erected A.D. 1879 In August 1820 the Liverpool Ophthalmic Infirmary, supported by voluntary contributions was established by Thomas Christian at 29 Slater Street, a house on the corner of Slater Street and Wood Street. In 1839 the Mayor and council very liberally granted this charity a lease of premises at the Harford Street corner of Mount Pleasant. In 1839 the Ear Institution was founded privately by Hugh Neill, aural and ophthalmic surgeon. This was established as a public charity in January 1840 and occupied premises at 5, Mount Pleasant. Hugh Neill served on the staff of both this charity and of the Liverpool Ophthalmic Infirmary and he recommended that the two charities should combine. This was agreed "... at a public meeting of the town..." in 1841 and the result of the amalgamation was the Eye and Ear Infirmary, occupying the Harford Street premises. In 1846 the Infirmary moved to larger premises at 90 Mount Pleasant, work of the hospital continued to increase and in 1881 it removed to the purpose-built hospital in Myrtle Street where it remained until its closure. In 1932 the hospital became the Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary. After 1948 eye patients were no longer treated at this hospital and it became the Ear, Nose and Throat Infirmary. The hospital was finally closed in 1978 prior to the opening of the new Royal Liverpool Hospital in 1979. It was later used as a college building, and converted into flats in 2003. It is constructed in red brick, terracotta, and sandstone. The Liverpool Philharmonic Society was founded in 1840 and in 1844 the Liverpool architect John Cunningham was appointed to prepare plans for a hall. The hall was opened on 27 August 1849 and continued to be the home of the society until a fire broke out during the evening of 5 July 1933. As a result the hall was damaged beyond repair. Herbert J. Rowse was commissioned to design a new hall on the site of the previous hall. Rowse's design was in Streamline Modern style. It incorporated an organ built by the Liverpool firm of Rushworth and Dreaper with a console which could be lowered from the stage. The hall was officially opened on 19th June 1939 with a concert conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. An extension was added to the rear of the hall which was completed in 1992, designed by Brock Carmichael Associates and a major refurbishment of the hall was carried out in 1995. The Liverpool Philharmonic commenced work to refurbish the hall again in May 2014, with architects Caruso St. John leading a design team in a major refurbishment of the 1939 Grade II-listed building. RIBA North West has announced that it has shortlisted seventeen new and exciting projects which will compete for a coveted RIBA North West Award in April. The recently refurbished Philharmonic Hall has been shortlisted. The venue has also been shortlisted for LiverpoolLEP Liverpool City Region Tourism Awards 'Entertainment Venue of the Year'. St George’s Church – Everton St. George's is a Grade 1 listed building, it was built on the former site of the Everton Beacon, on the highest point of the village. The land had been donated by James Atherton who would later build New Brighton. It was built by John Cragg and the architect was Thomas Rickman. The foundation stone was laid on 13th April 1813 and the church was consecrated on 26th October 1814. The church was privately built, paid for by subscriptions from the wealthy merchant classes who lived in the mansions that characterised Everton at this time. From the hill there was, and still is a fantastic view over Liverpool and the Mersey. Many of the people who played a part in the early life of St Georges have made a lasting impression on Everton and Liverpool. Many of the nearby streets are named after these influential people. Cragg built two other iron churches, St Michael in the Hamlet, Aigburth still stands. Charles Horsfall, original subscriber, former mayor of Liverpool and buried in the churchyard had a church built in his memory and his sons went on to build other churches. James Atherton built and named streets in the area and Atherton Close is named after him. St George’s is the world’s first Iron Church. It is built in the gothic revival style. It was the first church in the world built with a cast iron frame , and is clad with ashlar sandstone. All the windows have cast iron tracery and internally the nave has cast iron columns, arcades of cast iron, and a cast iron roof structure covered in slate. Only one stained glass window, dated 1863, survived the Second World War bombings in its entirety. The Friends of St George’s is a voluntary organisation that exists to bring together people, from all walks of life, who value a building that has a unique place in history. Its ground-breaking early 19th century design is recognised the world over. St. George's Vicarage, 40 Northumberland Terrace, Everton, Liverpool, L5 3QG Information from St Georges Church Website Thomas Major Lester (1829-1903) became a curate in Liverpool in 1853. Apart from a stint in Manchester, he spent the rest of his life in the city, becoming Vicar of St Mary's Kirkdale, and later an honorary Canon of the city. He is widely remembered for the Kirkdale Child Charities, through which he operated the Major Street Ragged Schools and later a Girls' Home in Walton Road, followed by school facilities there. As it says on the right side of the pedestal, he also founded the Stanley Hospital. Over 10,000 children benefited from his work ("Canon Thomas Major Lester"). A prominent educationist, amongst his many offices were those of Chairman of the Liverpool Self-Help Emigration Society, and President of the Liverpool Ruskin Society. He is buried at Anfield Cemetery, Liverpool. Abercromby Square Gardens The curator of the Botanic Garden, John Shepherd, was consulted on planting up the centre of Abercromby Square. A small, central domed Garden House was erected. In 1819, the garden was surrounded with cast-iron railings and gates to restrict the enjoyment of the gardens to the residents of the surrounding houses. In return for an annual rent of one guinea, the residents were allowed to walk in the Square’s garden, locally called 'The Shrubbery'. A key was made available so they could enter through the main gate. Abercromby Square is named after General Sir Ralph Abercromby, commander of the British Army in Egypt, who was killed at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. The Cenotaph The Cenotaph on St George's Plateau is unusual for a war memorial, its long low shape deliberately made to fit the backdrop of St George's Hall. Designed by architect Lionel Budden it was unveiled in 1930. The original dedication to World War I was added to include World War II in a ceremony in 1946. The Lord Mayor of Liverpool first proposed a permanent memorial to the city's citizens who had died in World War I shortly after the end of the war, but it took until the mid 1920s before Liverpool City Council decided to set up a committee and fund the Cenotaph. Until the memorial was used for the first time in 1930, the city's Armistice Day services were held in front of a temporary wooden Cenotaph which was brought in from St George's Hall by handcart. Budden's design was chosen in 1926 in a competition judged by Professor Charles Reilly of the Liverpool School of Architecture. The location of the Cenotaph on St George's Plateau was crucial in deciding its appearance, it was felt that a horizontal monument would complement the towering St George's Hall in the background. Professor Reilly said he had chosen Lionel Budden's design because of its "dignity, simplicity and reserve" that suggested an "idea of permanence and immovability". The long bronze reliefs on the memorial were sculpted by George Herbert Tyson Smith, the panel facing St George's Hall depicts an army on the move in a long march, while the panel on the Lime Street side shows a commemoration of Armistice Day. As with many other Cenotaphs the dates 1914-1919 are inscribed on the ends of the memorial, although 11 November, 1918 was the day hostilities ended the memorial reflects the signing of peace settlements with Germany in June 1919. The dates 1939-1945 were inscribed in 1946 to mark World War II. Building work on the Cenotaph began in 1927, the main body of the memorial was largely complete by 1928 but the sculpted bronze reliefs took longer to finish. The unveiling took place on Armistice Day 1930, shortly before the two minute silence at 11am. In front of 80,000 people a large green cloth covered with 12,000 poppies which had been sewn on by hand, was moved back to reveal the Cenotaph. Although there were dissenters about the shape of the Cenotaph and its location Professor Reilly said that "...it will be seen that Liverpool has placed in front of her finest building, as the Greeks placed in front of their temples, a great altar." Exchange Flags has been a centre for commerce in Liverpool for over 700 years. The Exchange Buildings occupy the site of two earlier Exchanges. The first was built in 1803-8 by John Foster Sen., possibly with James Wyatt, in the neoclassical style. It was replaced in 1864-7 by a French Renaissance building by T H Wyatt. The present building, designed by Gunton and Gunton, was adapted during the course of construction, with the creation of a bomb-proof bunker in the basement of Walker House (formerly Derby House) to house a military command headquarters. From this facility, which became known as the Western Approaches Command Headquarters, the campaign against the German submarine fleet in the Atlantic during World War II was planned and directed, under the command of Admiral Sir Max Horton who oversaw the Battle of the Atlantic, one of the pivotal campaigns of the war. Exchange flags is the home of the memorial to commemorate Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. The War Memorial in Exchange Flags was funded by subscriptions raised among members of the Liverpool Royal Exchange Company and was designed in 1916, initially dedicated to those members of the company and their sons who had enlisted. By the time of the final unveiling in 1924 it had also become a memorial to the war dead of the Liverpool Exchange Newsroom and their sons. In 1953 the memorial was moved to its present location from the old Exchange News Room, and placed between piers supporting stone sculptures by Siegfried Charoux. The Henry Pooley Gates The gates, which were once at the entrance to the Sailors home in Liverpool feature one of the earliest architectural depictions of the Liver Bird. They were taken down for repair in 1951 and removed to Sandwell were they stood outside Smethwick's Soho Foundry in the Black Country for 60 years. After a hard-fought campaign by ex-seaman Gabriel Muies, Phil Griffiths and Steven McKay, the foundry in Smethwick agreed to let them go and Liverpool council paid £35,000 to bring them home. Once the gates had been shipped back piece by piece from Smethwick, in the Midlands, they had to be reassembled and resprayed green with the gold Liver bird taking pride of place The concrete base was then laid, which keeps them safe and secure. In their time, the gates had been responsible for the deaths of two people, falling over and killing a middle-aged woman and a policeman on separate occasions in the 19th century. The gates were unveiled in August 2011 and now stand on Paradise Street yards from their original location as a permanent monument to the Sailors Home and the seamen who used it. 12 Hanover Street Grade II Listed Building Designed by Liverpool architect Edmund Kirby (1838-1920) Built 1889 - 1890. This building was constructed for Ellis & Co shipowners and merchants, using red brick and terracotta from the Ruabon Terracotta Works in Wrexham, Wales. Offices occupied the ground floor and the upper floors were used as warehousing. The building incorporates an earlier 1863 warehouse from adjacent Argyle Street. Refurbished in the 1990's by Liverpool Housing Trust, the entrance was moved to an inner court via the old cartway. The building is still occupied by LHT and its parent company Symphony Housing Group. The Liverpool Cotton Association World War memorial April 2016 Relocated from The Cotton Exchange where it was unveiled in 1922, to Exchange Flags, the Liverpool Cotton Association World War I- II memorial by Derwent Wood, now stands on Exchange Flags and is dedicated to the fallen members of Cotton Association in both world wars. The memorial was unveiled by Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC Born 19 June 1861 – Died 29 January 1928, Field Marshal Douglas Haig was a British senior officer during World War I. The plaque reads	Alick Walker
"""Call me Ishmael"" are the opening words of which famous 19th century novel?"	InACityLiving: Building for the past Building for the past Click on any image to view them all in 'Lightbox' (TM) For a quick search whilst on this page press Ctrl +F (Windows) or Alt+F (Mac) and enter the street/place you are looking for. Buildings of industry, leisure, retail, education, prayer, transport and refuge A lot of the history captured below is with thanks to private contributions from the likes of Joe Devine, Ken Roberts, Martin S and Philip G. Mayer. Thank you to all who contribute to this page and the site. AN INDEX TO WHICH PHOTOGRAPHS ARE ON THIS PAGE IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. Arden House, Bevington Bush: The Foundation stone was laid on 21st June 1898 by Thomas H. Ismay and it was opened by the Earl of Derby on 11th January 1900 as the Bevington Bush people's home. It was requisitioned by the admiralty in November 1941 and was sold to the Salvation Army in November 1945 as a hostel and renamed Arden House. It is shown here from Bevinton Bush which is off Scotland Road, the pub is the Wellington. The last picture shows it during demolition in 1986. (Pictures by Joe Devine, history by Philip G. Mayer with thanks). The Ann Fowler refuge for women stood on Netherfield Road South for many years, a daily sight out of our classroom window for those that attended St. Gregory's on Prince Edwin street. Captured here by the records office and Joe Devine, interior shots can be found It was demolished in the 1980s, the new refuge for 35 women now standing on the old site of the Shakespeare theatre on Fraser Street. Beaufort Street School, Dingle. As was and now delapidated but listed. Daisy Street School, Kirkdale. Sandwiched between the 'flower' streets, it contained its own integral swimming baths in the basement. New housing now stands here. Pictured by Ron Formby. Bishop Goss/St.Joseph's senior school, Cazneau Street. The door lintels still show the engraved 'Boys' and 'Girls' seperate entrances. 11 years olds graduated to here from the attached junior school before St Gregory's was opened nearby in the 1960s. The little shop on the left was owned and run as a sweetshop by local resident, Kitty Carter, for many years, the adjacent pub is the Denbigh Castle. Everton Brow school on the junction of Netherfield Road was demolished in the 1990s, the area now being grassed over. SFX school on Salisbury Street contains ornate brickwork and a fantastic church, the first bult after the reformation. Roscommon Street school stood on most of the North side of the street from Portland Place to Langrove Street. It was being used as an adult education centre just before its demolition in the 1990s. Tiber Street school is also shown here as a magnificent building. The remains of St. Augustines Church, Gt Howard Street can be seen bottom left, being used by a pallet firm. The b&w pic shows Holy Cross church and presbytery on Gt Crosshall Street in the mid 1980s whilst St. Deiniols C of E, Upper Parliament Street (where services were held in Welsh) now accommodates a 2nd hand furniture salesroom. CENTRAL TOWERS. Stanley Abattoir, Prescot Road. Ogdens Tobacco factory, off West Derby Road. Vernon Pools HQ which became the Paradox nightclub in the late 80s and Kirkdale Homes, Rumney Road (now demolished) TATE & LYLE John Wright & Co. had a sugar refiners in Liverpool from about 1809. In 1859, Henry Tate, a successful grocer in Liverpool joined the firm as a partner. Realising sugar meant money, he set up his own refinery in 1862 relocating to Love Lane, Vauxhall in 1872. Expansion meant that he amalgamated with Lyle's of Greenock in 1921. Production at Love Lane peaked in 1972 @550,000 tons and stood at 300,000 per year when the factory finally closed. It was claimed the reason for closure was a surplus capacity in cane sugar refining caused by the common agriculture policy (cap) of the E.C. It closed on 22nd January 1981, the local community newspaper, the Scottie Press, being the first journal to cover the on-going saga from March 1980. The 3 ugly sisters chimneys at Clarence Dock power station. The 3rd chimney was added in the mid 1950s, the whole plant having closed and been demolished by 40 years later. Also seen here from Gt Howard Street is Bibby's animal feeds and oil factory. Built in a style familiar in Chicago, it was designed by W. Aubrey Thomas whose famous Liverpool buildings include the Royal Liver Building, Tower Buidling, State House and the original Blacklers. Industry in this area has been replaced by housing, retail and car show rooms. Who, currently aged over the age of 40 hadn't been to Blacklers Department store. The basement contained those household gadgets and gizmos that once bought, often remained in the kitchen drawer unused. During the wartime blitz when the original 1908 store was destroyed, the basement was used for something very different as it was deliberately flooded and used for reserves to fight the city centre blazes. Christmastime was always special as Blacklers was famed for having one of the best Grottos in town, that and it's famous Rocking Horse made it a child friendly store. Sadly a downturn in business resulted in its closure, most of the ground floor is now used as a Wetherspoons pub. Three city centre scenes showing the beloved Ribble buses. St. John's shopping precinct is shown on Elliot street complete with St. George's Hotel and Concourse house across Lime St. The next two shots show a ribble turning into Bolton Street to its Skelhorne Street depot, so often a starting point to far flung days out like Crosby. (thank you to Philip G. Mayer for having the presence of mind to record such scenes - see his flikr here. T.J. hughes, a long time resident of London Road is decked out for Christmas 1986. With stiff competition from more central department stores such as Blacklers, Lewis's, George Henry Lee's and Owen Owen, it's amazing that it has seen them all off. St. Martin's indoor market, Great Homer st formed part of the busy Saturday market day where crowds throng the area for bargains. It was demolished last year as new buildings go up as part of project Jennifer. Probe record shop in Rainford Square is set in my memory as though it were yesterday. Always smelling of incense and frequented by the most colourful of characters during the punk and new romantics era, it wasn't without its own resident one in the form of dead or alive singer Pete Burns who worked behind the counter selling rare and imported vinyls and picture discs. Ssssh, it's library time! Christian Street library, built on the site of the circus/Adelphi theatre. Everton Library, St. Domingo Road followed by those in Kensington, Wavertree, Old Swan and Woolton with Wavertree baths thrown in for good measure. Bluecoat Chambers in School lane is built in the Queen Anne style, heralding from 1716. It is the oldest building in the city centre, the grade 1 listed building formerly being a school for the poor. The arts, crafts and studio space to the rear was once used by Liverpool sculptor, Herbert Tyson Smith. The Blackburn Assurance Chambers on the corner of Dale and Fontenoy street was built in 1932 in the art deco style, see this . On the corner of Islington Square and Shaw street is the home of what was the country's first NSPCC. It now houses a doctors surgery and yellow fever vaccination clinic. Another art deco offering situated on the corner of Smithfield st and Tithebarn st is used by the JMU, it also features the head of Neptune on high. Derby Lane, Old Swan is the next port of call for what used to be the old fire station. The Conservation centre bounded by Whitechapel, Crosshall st and Victoria st was the former goods depot for the Midland railway Co. The last pic is of Hargreaves building on the corner of Covent Garden and Chapel st, complete with ornate head carvings. Coleman's fireproof depository, established in 1875 was the place for storing your valuables in Victorian times. It still stands on the corner of Park Road and Northumberland Street. The phone number says 699 park which is a mystery as there was no exchange called park? Next up is a retail warehouse in the Devon Place/Falkland St area to the rear of London Road. This has lay empty for well over a decade. One of many JMU annexes is situated in Gt Crosshall street next door to Avery weighing machines head office. Cross Keys House, Moorfields. Once home to Yates Wine Lodge and shipping offices, the derelict building was used for an 'art' installation featuring a revolving outer wall called 'Turning the place over' by Richard Wilson. Pics by Ron Formby. Foster House and Steers House sat up high on Canning place on the site of Liverpool's old dock which Thomas Steers designed during his time as Liverpool's 1st dock engineer from 1710-1750. Foster House which housed the councils housing department was named after John Foster Jnr, architect of the Huskisson memorial which sits in Cathedral Gardens. Mercer Court, set back from the Strand was used by the council's libraries department during the 1970s. Newington Buildings in Newington off Renshaw Street dates from 1847 and underwent restoration in the late 1970s. Victoria Street G.P.O. was scalped of its ornate roofline during its renovation into the Met Quarter which is Liverpool's designer shopping mall. Swainbanks furniture storage depot on Fox Street, Liverpool 5 was once a leather tannery. A war reminder in Chapel Street in view of the Citadel/Western Approaches where the longest battle of WWII (the Atlantic) was directed from under Derby House at Exchange flags. The Stanley Dock tobacco warehouse, the largest brick built structure in the world which stored it wares direct from ships and barges in the adjacent dock. The ground floor currently houses a heritage market on a Sunday. The building is grade II listed. The last photograph shows the Royal Sun alliance/Liverpool Echo building (known to some as the sandcastle) under progress of construction on Old Hall street. Join the club. The grade II listed Florence Institute, Mill St seems to have been ungoing restoration forever. Once a favoured boys club in the Dingle area and known to all as the Florrie, it was financed by Bernard Hall, a West Indies merchant and former Lord Mayor, as a memorial to his daughter Florence who had died 2 years earlier aged just 22. It was designed by Cornelius Sherlock, architect of the Walker art gallery and Picton library, however he died one year before its completion in 1889 so the overall building work would have been overseen and completed by one of his partners, Herbert Keef. The Gordon Institute which opened in 1886 is thought to be Britain's oldest surviving purpose built boys club, today it serves as the Kirkdale community centre, being based on Stanley Road. Just a mile further along Stanley Road in the direction of Bootle stands the Bankhall Girls institute. Opened in 1889, since 1974 the building has housed the Rydal youth centre and so keeps the tradition going. Every day life......... Carl's kiosk stands next door to the Vauxhall Vaults public house on Vauxhall Road. A favourite amongst locals who take a hangovered stroll there on a sunday morning to collect the newspapers and read about their teams efforts the day before. John Gianelli's chippy stood on Little Italy's Christian Street in the shadow of the Gerard Gardens tenement development. Cotters barbers and the Ah The Chinese laundry on Soho street meant that the locals could get a haircut, shave and a starched shirt in no time and look dapper that night. Everybody needs good neighbours.....Ma Daley's pet shop stood as a neighbour to the United Powers public house on Tithebarn Street for many years. This was at a time when you really could ask 'How much is that doggy in the window'. Max the barber on Gildart Street stood next to The Monument public house off London Road throughout the 70s and 80s. The smallest house in England stood on Wavertree High Street until being incorporated into the neighbouring Cock & Bottle public house. Here, we also see the first residents of Kirkby moving into their luxurious newtown abode. CIVIC SPLENDOUR Previously described by better people than me of being of a neo classical design, worthy of Athens or Rome, the best architecture anywhere.......view on...... In 1836 a committee was formed from Liverpool citizens with a view to erecting a building suitable for the performance of secular music. This was due to objections raised about current festivals being held in St. Peter's Church, Church street. Nearly £25,000 was raised and as at that time, an assize courts were required in the city, the Corporation decided to take over the financing of the building and held a seperate competition for the design of each building. Harvey Lonsdale Elms, only 23 years of age won both competitions detailing a project which would see both needs covered under the same roof. Elmes was never to see the work completed, dying only 10 years later, some said from the pressures of his mammoth task. Work was set about on the site of the old infirmary and lunatic asylum in Lime Street. The foundation stone was laid on 28th June 1838 and it was completed and opened in 1854. It has 16 Corinthian columns encasing the main grand entrance, its main structure being built of Derbyshire stone and is one of the finest neo classical buildings in the world, having been based on ancient Greece. The idea for a city museum was founded in 1850 and originally the Duke Street newsroom built in 1801 served this purpose. Three years later donations were received and a plot of land was earmarked on the north side of Shaw's Brow. MP William Brown (later Sir) provided the money for the building and on 18th October 1860 the Museum was completed and officially opened. The day was made a general public holiday but it was not until exactly one year later with all its exhibits in place that the public were let through its magnificent doors. The next piece in the jigsaw of one of the most architectural important streets in the whole of Liverpool was the city library. The Brown library section was the first to be erected, its foundation stone being laid in 1857, its opening taking place in 1860. The Picton library, founded by Sir James Allanson Picton was the first purpose built public library in Great Britain. Designed by Cornelius Sherlock, it has 12 Corinthian stone pillars on its semi-circular frontage. Opened in 1879, it was the first public building to have electricity installed. The Wellington Column was the next structure to be completed in the area in 1863. It is Liverpool's tallest monument and the only one to contain a spiral staircase. The 15ft high statue of the Duke of Wellington is said to be cast from the guns and cannons captured at the battle of Waterloo. At the base of the columns three giant steps is the board of trades standard measurements table marked out in iron pegs. The overall height of the structure is 147 feet. Constructed in 1875, the Steble Fountain named after Colonel R.F. Steble came next, at the west side of the columns base. Steble was Liverpool's Lord Mayor at the time he presented it to the town. The figures around its base represent the four seasons, the fountain being operated from the aforementioned St. George's Hall. The Great North Western Hotel is situated on the East side of Lime Street facing the St. George's Hall. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse it was built on the site of the Lime Kilns that gave Lime street its name and was completed in 1867. The Lime kilns were removed to what is now LimeKiln Lane in the Vauxhall district after doctors from the nearby infirmary complained about the smells it emitted. It was renovated in the last decade and now accommodates 246 JMU student flats. The Walker Art Gallery was a gift to the city by brewer and Lord Mayor to the city, Sir Andrew Barclay Walker in 1873. The foundation stone was laid on 28th September in that year by HRH Duke of Edinburgh on the site of the Townsend Mill in Mill Lane, the lane still being in existence today. It was finally completed and opened on 6th September 1877 by Prince George, later the Duke of Kent. Its opening was also observed as a public holiday, a fine array of buildings now dominating William Brown Street, the pavement being laid out with Yorkshire stone. In 1882 Sir Andrew added an extension of five rooms at his own expense. It was renovated and further extended in October 1933 but its most unusual purpose came into command six years later when the building was occupied by the Ministry of food during WWII. It was July 1951 before the gallery re-opened to the public. Apart from its magnificent high ceilings in each room, one of its most striking features are the statues of Michaelangelo and Raphael that adorn the entrance. The County Sessions Court and Technical College at the East and West end of the street respectively were comparative late comers in 1887 and 1901, however, nothing has been lost in those extra years, It being almost impossible to tell which came first or last. Undoubtedly, one of the most famous skylines in the world, and still everchanging today. Sailors past and present have recorded that upon seeing Liver birds, they know they are home to Liverpool. out of the Mersey's 68 mile stretch, this is the gateway to the Irish sea and beyond. The Port of Liverpool building (top right) was the first of the 3 graces to be completed in 1907. At a cost of £250,000 it was the long standing home of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board until their relocation to Seaforth. It has a grand marble and wood interior with a central circular foyer encased by a magnificent staircase which rises 220 feet to its dome. The floor is of a hand crafted terrazzo marble compass, the two stone statues at the entrance represent commerce and industry. The Royal Liver Building foundation stone was laid on 11th May 1908, the building opening on 19th July 1911. It was built on the infilled George's dock which was named after King George III and was one of the first buildings in the world to use reinforced concrete. Aubrey Thomas was its architect who built the 322ft structure from grey Aberdeen granite, its purpose, to serve as the headquarters for the Royal Liver Assurance Co. It has four clock faces, three on the western tower facing north, west and south and one on the eastern tower (city side) facing into the city. The numbers on the clock are neither figures nor Roman numerals, but simply blocks. In keeping with the King George connection, the clock named the great George, which is actually bigger than that of the houses of parliament's, was set ticking at the precise moment that King George V was crowned at 1.40pm on 22nd June 1911. On top of the two massive towers are the 18 feet high liver birds, the legendary cormorants which are the emblem of the city of Liverpool. The Cunard Building was, for 125 years the headquarters of the Cunard Shipping line. The smaller of the 3 graces, it took 3 years to build, being completed and opened in 1916. The Pier Head was always a summer hive of activity with people passing the time of day, taking a rest and watching the world go by, listening to the speakers at 'speakers corner' on watching the ferries from the rooftop viewpoint. The Pier Head was also a long time destination for the trams and buses, the buses used to park diagonally into their respective bays, the Crosvilles would line nearby Mann Island. These early 1970s shots show the contruction of the Atlantic Tower Hotel (now the Thistle) and the Royal Sun Alliance/Echo office building. St Nic's church features prominently as it has done since the beginnings of Liverpool. The old floating roadway can also be seen as can another local landmark, Tower Buildings. Pics thanks to Martin S. The Overchurch heading across the water, Cammell Laird shipbuildings can be seen in the background. The Mountwood in its red, white and blue livery. A 70s view of the Princes landing stage, commonly known as the Lanny. Princes Dock, looking South towards the Liver. The first picture shows the dockside sheds, the next picture shows the metal stanchion stumps left in the ground after removal of the sheds, the last picture taken in July 07 shows what it is like now, the old Riverside station railtracks still present in the cobbles. NancyO captured a snowy scene of the Princes dock area and sheds of yesteryear. Surprisingly, in the shadow of the new multi million pound cruise liner terminal, dangerous structures still exist alongside Princes dock with warnings to keep off. Pure architectural genius greets your eye no matter what angle you observe the Anglican Cathedral from. Built from dark pink sandstone quarried locally, the foundation stone was laid on 19th July 1904 by Edward VII. The designer was 21 year old Giles Gilbert Scott. He supervised the building of the structure for 56 years until his death in 1960 and was knighted by King George V at Knowsley Hall prior to his death. The completion of the building was undertaken by Frederick Thomas. Buried under the foundation stone is political literature of the day, interesting reading today i'm sure. The Lady Chapel was the first portion to be completed in 1910 but it took two world wars to slow its steady progress. A feature of its construction was that once a portion was started, it was completed down to its finest detail before the next part was commenced. In 1924 it was partly consecrated at the eastern section in the presence of King George V and Queen Mary but it was not until 25th October 1978 that it was officially completed and consecrated with Queen Elizabeth II in attendance. Built on St. James Mount which was originally a pleasure ground called Mount Zion, it has a fantastic array of record breaking architecture and features. It contains the biggest gothic arches ever built, the largest gothic vaults in the world, has the highest (219ft) and the heaviest (31 tons) ring of bells in the world. It also houses the world's largest organ, commissioned at a cost of £3,000,000. The organ, built by Henry Willis & Sons (as was the St. George's Hall organ), and Lewis & Co. Ltd has 145 speaking stops and nearly 10,000 separate pipes. One of the magnificent stained glass windows contains 18,000 sq ft of glass, the spacious interior well being capable of accommodating a congregation of 3000. The central tower, called the Vesty tower is 330 ft high but actually stands at 466 ft above sea level giving excellent panoramic views making it one of the largest cathedrals in the world. This was Pope John Paul II's first port of call during his historic visit to the city in May 1982. The mini Greek Doric temple in the Cathedral grounds is the mortuary chapel which once oversaw the burials in the cemetary below. To the North, along the appropriately named Hope Street is the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King. Built on Mount Pleasant which was formerly Martindale Hill, the Catholic Cathedral is built on the site of what was the Brownlow Hill workhouse. The original attempt at this Cathedral got under way in 1856 but stopped no sooner had it started. It was on 5th June 1933 that the foundations were laid, Edwin Lutyens crypt containing the chapel of Relics, Our lady of Dolours and Crucifixion being the only part that was built before WWII blighted any further progress of the grand building that was to be housed there. It was 1958 before it was decided that the elaborate design could not be funded and modifications would have to be implemented. A year later, Frederick Gibbert, a protestant, designed what was to be the third attempt at the Catholic Cathedral. Bold in design, it was finally consecrated on the feast of Pentecost, Whit Sunday 14th May 1967. It contains some of the finest modern stained glass windows in the country. The lantern tower contains 16 vertical windows and produces ever changing interior lighting and colour depending on the position of the sun in the sky. The crown of thorns are not only represented by the spiked roof but also by the shining metal tubes which hang beneath the central tower. The high altar is a 19 ton single slab of white marble shipped from Yugoslavia. Outwards from the altar is seating for a congregation of 2,700. Outside the Cathedral are two concrete triangular structures encasing four bells named Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Pics with thanks to Martin S. On the right track...... Two views of Central Station from Ranelagh Street. Also a view of the disused Riverside Station near Princes Dock at the pier Head. Harland and Wolfe, builders of the Titanic at their Belfast shipyard also had an engine spares depot on Strand Road and the Dock Road in Bootle. Wilson King had a massive grain silo that for many year overlooked Sefton Street on the South Dock Road. Gradiose St. Domingo House was built by George Campbell, a West India Merchant, sugar refiner and privateer who named it and funded it after a prize captured in San Domingo. He became Lord Mayor of Liverpool in 1763. After changing ownership and being rebuilt over the years, the mansion was finally sold to the council and demolished in the mid 1930s for something a lot less elegant but equally important and required at the time, Sir Thomas White Gardens council tenement block. Part of the original sandstone wall of the mansion can still be seen on Penrose Street. Norton Street ventilation shaft/chimney is shown on the next picture, revealed as delapidated warehouses which hid it for many years, were demolished in the late 1980s. The chimney, which can still be seen behind the coach station, served the Waterloo tunnel line which runs from the docks in an easterly direction to Edge Hill station. The black clad and glass building towering above on the opposite side of Norton Street was built as the Midland Bank but it now used by the JMU. The next photo shows part of the Hartleys Jam factory on Long Lane, Aintree. Ello ello ello, three bridewells of yesteryear. Athol Street, Kirkdale, Collin's bridewell off Duke Street and the combined Police and Fire station on Westminster Road, Kirkdale that became the old bill public house and function room. Cornwallis Street salt water baths off Duke Street. Woolton baths and Woolton village hall in the quaint little sandstone haven which seems a million miles away from the hustle and bustle of the city centre madness. One of Liverpool's most famous art deco buildings. The original terminal building at Speke, Airport, Liverpool 24. Built in 1938, a favourite pastime of many including school trips was to watch the planes from the viewing platform. Upon the relocation of the airport a mile or two further south, the building was sold and converted to the Marriot hotel. The Albert Dock contains the largest collection of Grade I listed buildings in the country. Built by Jesse Hartley as fireproof warehousing for the wealthy shipping merchants, they fell into a state of what seemed like disrepair in the 1970s after conventional shipping methods were outdated by containerisation resulting in the new Seaforth terminal being built. After the Toxteth riots of 1981, Government ministers set about funding the de-silting of the dock system and now the city's Maritime museum is housed there as well as bars, restaurants, cafes and retail outlets. It is a major tourist attraction and sees a number of tall ships and seafaring events.The first pic shows the pumphouse, Foster & Steers house form the backdrop. Hear, Hear Brother. The Transport & General Workers Union (TGWU) building was originally on the corner of Christian Street and Islington facing the Wellington public house (known as Cassons) It was demolished in the early 1970s, a new one replacing it almost opposite. Also shown on the 2nd picture is the Transport House boxing club, Barney's sweet shop and Peppers public House. Stand up boy!!! Some of these educational establishments remind me of Tom Browns schooldays or the film 'If '. SFX school on Salisbury Street, The Liverpool Collegiate, now converted into flats and the University building on Pembroke Place take centre stage here. Magnificent architecture. St. Augustines church once stood on this sandstone rocky outcrop in the grounds of Whitley Gardens, known to locals as Shaw Street Park. For the last few decades a single story nursery block (now disused) was located here. Exchange Station, Tithebarn Street. One time, for a long time, the terminus for the northern line as the elevated line took you over the arches along Gt Howard Street. Upon closure, the facade was saved and Mercury Court created, housing offices and the George Stubbs bar. Brougham Terrace council offices was once where Births, deaths and marriages were registered, usually via a quill pen in a ledger. The Quaymasters house and offices at the Albert dock later housed Granada T.V. studios for the 'this morning' programme, this building currently being used to plan the new museum of liverpool life which is being built at Mann Island as is due to open in the next few years. Beetham House, Tithebarn Street. There is so much classic architecture in Liverpool's city centre, mainly centered on the business quarter of Dale, Victoria, Castle and Water Street but there are little unsung gems like this to be found all over the place. The Sandcastle early 70s effort towers above the 1930s art deco dock road tunnel exit. Behind is the ultra modern Beetham Tower. Stanley Dock in the heart of the Eldonian Village is being dredged here, the whole canal system is currently being extended afront the 3 graces and will lead into the South docks. Take your seats ladies and gentlemen. Comedy, Tragedy, Music says the famous line under the bust of the bard himself. The Shakespeare theatre on Fraser Street first stands derelict and then was gutted by fire one weekend in 1976. The HQ of the Paramount picture house can also be seen in the middle photo behind the Simon snorkel. A close up of the Paramount offices and in the neighbouring street, Camden St, stood the Gaumont picture house (as oppossed to 'cinema' and always cheaper than the nearby Odeon) The Gaumont in its latter years became a snooker hall. The Empire theatre in Lime st has played host to many plays, pantomimes, musicals and mainstream group concerts. The legs of man pub was demolished on the corner of Lime st and London Road and Coal st was built across as the Empire was expanded a few years ago. The ABC/Forum. Another fine art deco example. Here it is showing the last picture on Lime street - Casablanca. Another concert venue in the event of the city not having its own arena until the Echo arena is completed at the Kings dock is the Royal Court Theatre on Roe street. It is the only remaining structure on the whole block that saw the old St. John's market replaced by the current precinct. The David Lewis theatre (1906-1980) built as a hostel, was a fine building that stood just to the South West of the front of the Anglican Cathedral. The No.9 tram passes the Casino cinema on Prescot road around 1933 as 'Everywoman's man' starring Max Baer shows. The next shot shows the same establishment some 51 years later. The Astoria stood proud on Walton Road, the halfway house now being renamed the new halfway house after a short spell as Dickie Lewis's. The Curzon cinema, Prescot Road, Old Swan (1936-1960) and The Carlton (1932-1982) were both designed by architect A.E. Shennan. Of an art deco multi layered design it is a must that these should be preserved. The Carlton went under the name, The ABC Tuebrook between 1963-80. The Commodore on Stanley Road opened in 1930 and with 1,966 seats was Liverpool's largest cinema at the time. After closing in 1968, it spent 14 years as a Mecca bingo hall before becoming Coyne's funeral directors then a car salesroom and now Armadillo storage and packaging. Woolton picture house opened in early 1928, closing only in 2006 before a campaign to save it saw it re-open on 29th March 07. The Cameo Cinema, Webster Road, Wavertree. Infamous for a double murder in 1949 for which George Kelly and Charles Connolly were convicted after arrest by Chief Inspector Herbert Balmer and his team. Despite having alibis and the main prosecution evidence coming from untrustworthy sources, Kelly was hung for murder and Connolly was given 10 years for robbery. The sentences were subsequently quashed as unsafe in 2003, both men being pardoned. Liverpool Stadium, Bixteth Street was built on the site of St. Paul's Church and was opened in 1932 as a replacement to Pudsey Street stadium off London Road. It held bouts until 1985 but was also used for wrestling, pop concerts, mass meetings, circuses and bingo. It was demolished in 1987. Dating from 1904 and famous during the 1970s and 80s as the UAB or Leece Street labour exchange building, this fine structure was demolished as part of a proposed road widening scheme in 1995 which also saw St. Lukes under threat for a while before sanity finally prevailed. Greenberg's uniform outlet was housed in a fine building on Park Lane and was for many years a local landmark.(thanks to Marky). Dingle Tram sheds on Ullet Road were opened in 1898, Liverpool's first electric tram route. Extended in 1938 it closed in 1965 and sold to the Corporation housing department. Demolished in 1993, new housing now stands on the site. Central Hall, Renshaw St, was opened on 5th December 1905 as the Charles Gerrett memorial hall. During its life it has held concerts, organ recitals, film shows, mass gatherings, religious services, been a licenced premises and was home to Quiggins shops and stalls during 2007. Jubilee Hall (later, Our Lady's Parochial club) Burlington Street as captured by Harry Ainscough in 1967 and kindly sent to me by Mike Murphy. James Nugent, philanthropist, temperance advocate and social reformer (b 3/3/1822 at Liverpool d 27/6/1905 at Formby) purchased the building for Temperance meetings and concerts in memory of his golden jubilee as a priest. The inscription set in stone said 'league of the cross'. The citizens of Liverpool on 5/5/1897 presented him with his portrait which hangs in the Walker Art Gallery. A year after his death, a bronze statue of him was erected in St. John's Gardens in commemoration of his life as an Apostle of Temperance, Protector of the orphan child, consoler of the prisoner reformer of the criminal, Saviour of fallen womanhood, friend of all in poverty and affliction, an eye to the blind, a foot to the lame and the father of the poor. Another couple of pictures from the Vauxhall area, taken by Ron Formby. Tillotsons carton factory on Commercial Road and The Gem cinema, Vescock Street (a former converted factory) which later became St.Silvesters Parochial club as seen here. Thanks again to Philip G. Mayer (author of 'A tram ride to Dingle' for kindly allowing a number of his photographs to be used on this page. The Granada Cinema, Dovecot. Another designed by A.E. Shennan. Opened in 1932 - Closed 1961. The Graphic Cinema on Boaler Street opened in 1922, was renamed the Cosy in 1932 and closed altogether in 1958. It is probably the smallest purpose built cinema in liverpool. The Bedford, together with the Futurist and The Kensington (all still standing) were Liverpool's first purpose built cinemas. The Bedford, amazingly currently under threat can be seen here with its original 1910 facade (on the right of the photo), the waiting room (on the left) was added in 1924. To put this into perspective, there are less than 10 original frontages still in existance in the whole of the UK. Thank you to Philip Mayer for his wealth of information on this subject. L.F. Briggs building, Rachel St, dated at 1900. Bootle Central Fire Station at Strand Rd, Bootle became Flames nightclub during the 1980s. Bushell's Buildings, Springfield, housed a cork merchants before becoming a warehouse for E.A. Clare around the corner on St. Anne Street. FORE!!!! Art Deco splendour in the leisure world of Golf. The 19th hole clubhouses of Childwall (1938), designed by renowned Cinema architect Alfred Shennan and Royal Birkdale (1935), the first of it's kind in this design which was by George Tonge, also of the Grade II listed Garrick Theatre, Southport. With thanks to Ray Physick (author of 'Played in Liverpool') The Students Union building within the University complex off Mount Pleasant which houses a theatre and function Hall with a bar decked out in an art deco style. The County Sessions House flying swastikas as the backdrop for a film scene being shot in William Brown Street. The lone ventilation shaft for the under Mersey railway at Mann Island has been relieved of its neighbours for the time being, new ones have moved onto this site now in the shape of apartment blocks clad in a black granite finish, and thew new X shaped museum. What lad didn't have a dinky or Meccano set (or wanted one). This photo by Neville Bond is pretty much what was left of the site on Binns Road in 1989 as closure struck. The see more, visit Wes Dalefield's fantastic The Meccano History Site ! (Right) The Rialto Cinema on the corner of Upper Parliament Street and Princes Road in the aftermath of the Toxteth riots in the summer of 1981 as captured by Philip Mayer (author of A tram ride to Dingle). Eerily, many scenes of the riot have since been played to the soundtrack of that summer's No.1 chart blockbuster, the very apt 'Ghost Town' by the Specials. It was the only purpose built cinema in Liverpool to also incorporate a dance hall. Barclays Bank, Moss Street/Prescot Street as seen in 1991, it ceased trading as a bank a year later. Harper Street Bridewell was part of the Prescot Street police station and was used in the filming of 'Boys from the blackstuff'. The Art Deco Co-op building on London Road is now Borden House students accommodation. Herbert Rowse, builder of some of Liverpool's most magnificent art deco 1930s buildings built the Philharmonic Hall on the site of the previous ornate one dating from 1849 gutted by fire. Left: Imperial Chambers, 62 Dale Street. The interior during the 1980s looked like time stood still but it is now renovated to living accommodation - where isn't? Above: Art Deco, Tarleton St. St. Mary's, Edge Hill as seen from Irvine Street and across its cemetery at Towerlands Street. St. Monicas, Fernhill Road in Bootle is also a fine architectural specimen. The Pier Head area December 07: The Blitz & St. Nics. The Liver in all her glory, some shots including her surrounding monuments. Tower Buildings alone and complete with some old and new (St Nics from yesteryear, the sandcastle and the Atlantic Tower, now the Thistle, from the 1970s and the ultra new Beetham and Unity towers) Albion House, designed by the same architect of and in the style of the Scotland Yard Building was the HQ of the White Star Line. It was from the top balcony that the news of the Titanic's sinking was relayed to the crowds below in April 1912. In the 1980s, the whole ground floor was taken up by the shipping line, Lamport & Holt. Sat 19th Jan 08. Wet, grey and murky. Pictured from the roof of St. John's precinct aka the top level car park. St. George's Hall and Plateau and the Great North Western Hotel, now student accommodation incorporating the Head of Steam public House. Spin around 180 degrees to see the Holiday Inn (formerly the St. George's Hotel) Right: Looking up Richmond Street towards the 'Radio City' tower. THE STANLEY DOCK TOBACCO WAREHOUSE is bounded by Regent Road, Saltney Street, Gt Howard Street and Stanley Dock itself. The biggest brick built structure in the world, it would easily fit St. George's Hall inside it. Either they had forgotten to take it down or they're leaving it up for the following Christmas, but you could visit santa's grotto here anyway. Bridges spanning the buildings were colourfully painted at the time the photographs were taken. The 1900AD dock offices at the Regent Road end. The idea is to give the market a Camden, London feel. Also seen here is the lower warehouse section on the North side of Stanley Dock, the only existing dock which is landside of the dock road. The O five one cinema at the junction of Brownlow Hill and Mount Pleasant. This became a night club of the same name and is currently called 'Sunrise' - very fitting as it doesn't let out until 6am. The home of Joseph Williamson, 'The mole of Edge Hill' has had its facade retained, seen here on Mason Street, supported by steelwork. Petony's Building, dating from 1878 can be found on St. James Place. The one time entrance to one of Liverpool's Zoos, this one being situated at Rice Lane but not to be confused with Rice Lane farm which is on the junction with Hornby Road. You can make out a bird and monkeys in the ornate plasterwork above the mobility centre sign. The Swedish church on Park Lane was once fronted old business properties on Cornhill. New apartments now form part of its neighbourhood. Five photographs with thanks to K.G. Rose of 4 long lost cinemas and a fabulous theatre. The Atlas can be seen in 1971 sandwiched between the Plough and Stanley public houses on Rice Lane, Walton. The Plaza, Allerton Road was also captured the same year. The Hippodrome seen in August 1970 stood on West Derby Road between the Gregsons Well public house and Brougham Terrace, a builders yard now takes occupancy on this site. The magnificent David Lewis theatre (pictured earlier on the page) was just south of the Anglican Cathedral and is seen here in 1977, just 3 years before its demolition. The Majestic stood on the corner of Daulby Street and Prescot Street and is photographed here in 1970. All this property including the green building behind was cleared to make way for the Royal Hospital. Get yer cozzies on........... Burroughs Gardens baths in the Vauxhall area pictured in the mid 1960s. It was to here that many of the local tenement boys and girls would flock in the summer for a cool down. These bathing houses usually doubled as Wash-houses too and many prams, used for carting the laundry for washing would be parked outside or just in the foyer. Margaret Street baths, Everton was up by the Aubrey Street Water tower and is seen here in 1973. This is where we'd be bussed from our RCSM school, St. Gregory's, Prince Edwin Street during the mid 1970s. On more than one occassion though I can remember us having to walk to it up the hill which ate into our double lesson period which didn't bother me too much as I couldn't swim. My overiding memory of it was that it was freezing and you wouldn't dare get out of the water for a pee and in fact it was probably due to this that eventually warmed the water up a bit. A feature of these Victorian baths was that the changing cubicles or lockers were alongside the water. During one lesson we were informed to bend over and touch our toes when leaving our lockers and fall into the water when hit on the backside with the pump (our term for the slipper as it was the teachers old baseball pump). This was because of a misdemenour back at the school where a 5-a-side goal net was damaged. My problem was my locker was up by the 6ft end of the pool but my protests fell on deaf ears as I nearly drowned. The last pic, also from 1973 shows where I did eventually learn to swim just after leaving school, Westminster Road baths. Soho Street school founded around 1848 was relocated to here at 62 St. Anne Street in May 1869 when Brother Tertullian and five of his colleagues oversaw the teaching of 150 boys. It ended up as the Judges Lodgings for the nearby St. George's Hall sessions until closure for that purpose in May 1922 when they moved out to Newsham Park. This fine old property on the corner of Mansfield Street finally succumbed to demolition in 1972 when photographed here. Crawford House, Upper Warwick Street, 1969. This was the home of the Lancashire and Cheshire territorial army corps. Tillotsons packaging factory, known locally as 'Tillys' was based on Commercial Road, Kirkdale and along with the nearby British American Tobacco plant was a large employer in the area. Here it is shown in 1982 during its demolition. With best regards to Tricia at the Rotunda College who kindly let me have access to photographs in their archives, taken by Miss L.E. Thomas. A link to the great work done by the Rotunda is here . Six views of Liverpool Royal Infirmary as seen from Pembroke Place and Ashton Street in 1992. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse who consulted with Florence Nightingale, it was completed in 1889, this area had included medical practises and the lunatic asylum previously. Waterhouse also designed the University's Victoria Buildings on Brownlow Hill. The Infirmary was extended from 1909 to 1911 in a sympathetic gothic style, finally closing in 1978 and lying idle for 16 years before Liverpool University took over the running of it. Mill Road Maternity Hospital in 1992 showing the main building and departments to the side and rear. There were more Fagan deliveries made here than the local pizza man makes to our street. Built as a workhouse when changes were made to the poor law of 1834, three years later land was purchased off West Derby Road by the newly formed West Derby Union to build the West Derby Union Workhouse. A lot of the poor were sick and new buildings were added in 1852 between Hygeia and Horne Street to cater for these. It was rebuilt as a workhouse hospital in 1891, the 700 bed structure costing around £100,000 (£6M at 2002 values). Badly damaged during WWII air raids, it re-opened in June 1947 as a specialist Maternity Hospital closing in 1993 with the opening of the new womens hospital on Upper Parliament Street, Toxteth in 1995. For a full overview see here. One of the University buildings on Brownlow Street seen from Dover Street in 1991. It carries the names of famous people and stands on the site of the lunatic asylum. Top left is a Methodist Chapel on Chatham Street in 1992. Top right is a Wesleyan Chapel from Grove St/Myrtle Street, seen in 1991, demolished in 1996. Bottom Left is St. Saviours in 1991 and bottom right is the derelict St. Stephens, Crown Street, pictured from Bamber Street in the same year. The Harrison Jones school, West Derby Street - demolished in 1989. A disused bank on the Corner of Brunswick Road and Radcliffe Street as seen in 1992. The remains of the trustees savings bank on the corner of West Derby Road and Walker Street pictured in 1992. Bootle Hospital, Derby Road, Bootle. These imposing red brick buildings in an otherwise industrious area not far from the docks are now used as part of Mast Laboratories. Built on a plot of land donated by the 15th Earl of Derby and opened by him on 10th April 1872, the buildings carry the Bootle coat of arms and motto 'Respice, Aspice, Prospice'. Costing £4,200 to contruct, Bootle borough hospital was the first voluntary hospital in England to provide an ambulance service. (Left) The Seaforth Palladium (1913) on Seaforth Road is one of Liverpool's three listed cinemas. (Right) St Nicholas pro cathedral on Copperas Hill in 1967 as captured by Harry Ainscough. Built in 1850 and served by Fr. Nugent it stopped serving as the pro cathedral upon the consecration of the Metropolitan cathedral in 1967 and after closure in 1972 was demolished a year later. It's 9th April 1977 as K.G. Rose captures the closure of the liverpool Exchange Station. Just as remembered fondly by many with the shops, kiosks and taxi rank, the last special leaves heading north past the Bibbys factory and the 3 ugly sisters power station. The construction of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King. Carried out between 1963 and 1966 on the site of the old Workhouse. The site is bordered by Brownlow Hill and Mount Pleasant. The third attempt at this project, it was officially opened on the feast of pentecost in 1967. Built on Lutyens crypt from three decades earlier, scaffolding encompasses the pillars in 1963 which take the 12 concrete beams giving the structure its wigwam shape. The 2nd tier goes up in the shadow of the Anglican Cathedral, itself still under construction and would be until finished in 1978. Here we can see the arched templates and the scaffolding around the concrete structure that would house the 4 bells named Matthew, Mark, luke and John. By 1965 the lantern starts to take shape, the bells are lifted into place and the crane is dismantled from within to reveal the final showpiece in 1966. THE OLD LIVERPOOL AIRPORT TERMINAL Further to the pictures seen earlier on this page. This is the terminal building as now (May 08). Apron side is now a massive car park with splendid views of the art deco hangars and a number of small planes, also giving a good view of planes taking off and landing at JLA. The original cast iron down spouts carry an aeroplane motif. Two photographs showing the fantastic Sailors Home which was perched on the corner of Canning Place and Paradise Street. The left hand picture was taken in 1906, the other, in 1948. It was demolished for no apparent reason, the site laying empty and surrounded by hoardings for years. Some of the discarded stonework was only recently recovered and stored for safe keeping. The famous wrought iron Pooley gates which contain an image of the liver bird currently reside in the midlands at the home of their manufacturers awaiting an affordable approach by Liverpool city council. Another building lost which should never have been. Built c.1717 to house a school for poor children, this moved to new premises in Wavertree in 1906, but the building was preserved as an arts centre owing to its cultural significance, and has survived the growth of the city around it. The workshops to the rear once housed famous Liverpool sculptor, Herbert Tyson Smith. The oldest building in the heart of Liverpool city centre is Bluecoat Chambers, built in the Queen Anne style. It was recently refurbished and opened in the summer of our capital of culture year. The new and futuristic Liverpool Echo Arena. Already it has proved to be a valuable asset to Liverpool and along with its conference centre is booked up for years to come. (Below)A model of St. John's beacon and precinct with surrounding areas showing how it was proposed to look when created in 1963 by John Mills of the town planning department. World cup Willie and all that........ The first four pictures are taken from a Welcome to liverpool 1966 visitors guide as Goodison Park hosted games between Bulgaria, Brazil, Hungary and Portugal with such players as Pele and Eusabio gracing the turf. Showing the Walker Art Gallery, Museum, Airport and Speke Hall, the Corpy were clearly making the most of their assets though surprisingly not up to speed on the significance of the Cavern club just yet - that only took them about another 20 years or so. The last pic shows the very first Ford Anglia to roll off the Halewood production line and was housed in the basement transport section of the Museum. The old St. John's market When opened to the public in 1822, this was the first covered general food market in Great Britain. (Right) in 1963, traders consist of Lodges, Kenneth Acock, M. Hazeldine, The Biscuit Barrel, Wallasey Produce and Scott's. The hall ran the length of Gt Charlotte Street, an overspill of fruit and veg stalls were situated on Queens Square near the Stork Hotel. Cleanup time brings a deserted food hall. This picture is from the Festival of Britain year of 1951 showing the patriotic Union Jack flag and bunting The Harold Davies baths entrance and interior as pictured in 1958. The baths in the Dovecot district were named in honour of the Alderman who was chairman of the Liverpool baths committee. They are seen here under demolition too. St. Josephs church, Grosvenor Street, together with its presbytery and club. The next picture shows the fantastic interior after restoration in 1958. Sadly, deterioration of the roof during the 1970s, coupled with falling congregations led to its demise and demolition in 1979. The school attached, although known as St. Joey's was actually called Bishop Goss. Here, the infants section can be seen. The iron fire escape was removed around 1971 whilst I was in the juniors which was the newer building seen in the same picture. The fourth picture is a painting presented to Mr Tommy O'Keeffe after the last service at the replacement church which was sited niside the old infants school. I lived in the block of flats on the left, at No.16 Grosvenor Street from 1990 to 1993. Many 11+ failures from Bishop Goss, St. Anthony's, The Friary (and a smattering from Holy Cross) would move up to the big school which was St. Gregory's on Prince Edwin Street. This was built in 1967 which meant that the likes of St. Joey's life as an infants to seniors school, would come to an end. Seen here is the lower school which incorporated the woodwork rooms and gymnasium as well as mainstream classrooms. You can actually see the wallbars of the gymnasium through the large windows on the left. In the 1980s, the school became Campion and closed its doors in 2007, the future of the building being now uncertain. Johnson Brothers cleaners and dyeworks in Mildmay Road as seen in the early 1990s before part of it was demolished. Thousands of Bootle locals have worked in this establishment for more than a century and it is a major landmark on the skyline. Riversdale Technical College outside the navigation and engineering block on Riversdale Road, Grassendale. In the distance is the radio and electronics block. Apartments now stand on this site after the demolition of the whole college in the 1990s. Right is the engineering workshop where students from all over the world once studied navigation and maritime engineering. Old Swan tech. Broadgreen Road. Pics of this being demolished lower down the page. Old property on Broadgreen Road, Old Swan and (right) Cardinal Godfrey R.C.High School, Breckfield Rd South taken on 11.9.1972. The one time premises of L. Keizer Co. Ltd, St. Anne Street. With a datestone of 1876, the grey slabs either side of the steel shutter say 'Wedding Equipages, Broughams, Phaetons, Private Omnibuses, Wagonettes. Funeral Carriages and all requisite. Appointments of a Superior Description. A Merchant House at 34 St. Anne Street where i'm informed a certain Queen Victoria and her consort, Prince Albert once stayed, affording the owner the privelege of casting their likeness above his doorway. THAT'S ENTERTAINMENT Hope Hall, Hope St 1959. The Futurist, Lime St 1938 and The News Theatre (later The Jacey then the Blessed Sacrement - Holy Shrine) pictured here in Clayton Square in 1947. The original Cavern club, Mathew St pictured in 1973. The Playhouse and the Forum. The interior of The Shakespeare Theatre, Fraser Street L3. The Stadium at St. Paul's Square off Bixteth St. Hanson's Sports & Social Club Cabaret & Disco pictured in 1983 when my family, friends and I frequented it. Tony Silver was the resident dj with his Marilyn Munroe lookalike girlfriend, Liz Pugh. The Hanson's dancing girls (aka the barmaids) also did a turn on stage as a full house was guaranteed each weekend. Midway through the night, the lights would come on for bingo for the oldies, we would pile down to the pool tables or watch Match of the day, oh the taste of those pasties and chips from the little serving hatch. A B&W blast into the past. A fully lit Royal Liver Buidling. St. Peters Church, Church Street in 1919 including a stern looking fellow. I wonder if a funeral was going on inside. The first public wash-house in Upper Frederick Street. Renshaw Street German church as pictured in 1931. Last but not least, war damage to the Queen Anne style Bluecoat Chambers, School lane. TOWER BUILDINGS These first three photographs date from 10.5.1907, 17.6.1907 and 26.11.1907 respectively and show the old Tower Buildings at Prison Weint undergoing demolition. Designed by James Picton on the site of the original Liverpool tower in 1846 they contained Shipping and insurance offices. An advertisement hoarding for the Star Theatre proclaims a showing every evening at 7.30. These next two photographs show the present Tower Buildings under construction on 13.3.1908 and then on 14.8.1908. Designed by W. Aubrey Thomas in the same year as his other most famous building, The Royal Liver Assurance Buildings, other buildings of his include New Zealand House, Water Street (c1893), State House, 14 Dale Street (1903) Hanover House, Hanover Street (1913), The Owen Owen buildings, Clayton Square, Nos. 81-89 Lord Street and 28 Gateacre Brow. Tower Buildings was one of the first steel framed buildings to be erected in the country. In the latter part of the 20th century, this building contained many Shipping Companies and Freight Forwarding agents and even a carpet showroom at its ground floor. Ma Boyles Oyster Bar is located at the North East corner of the building. It has recently been converted to luxury apartments for the private market. Some photographs from 1941 depicting war damage to our eminent buildings. The Customs House at Canning Place minus its roof and including an internal shot of the blitz damage. The City Museum at William Brown Street was destroyed as next, we see the planning in the Citadel, Derby House, Exchange flags for the war's longest battle, the Battle of the Atlantic, also known as the Western Approaches. Many churches were decimated. St. Lukes (top left) has been left as a ruin to remind us. St. Mary's Highfield Street (top right) was razed to the ground, you can see the chimneys of Highfield Gardens tenements behind. A blander, more modern replacement of the 1950s has even since been demolished. St. Michael's, Pitt Street was a local landmark towering above the original Kent Gardens until the luftwaffe raided. St. Nic's, the sailors church at the foot of Chapel Street wasn't spared either. Here, we see the North Aisle and Chancel. Lastly we see Mossley Hill church in August 1940. Youth Clubs were a big part of growing up for many and this picture of the Rydal which was on Great Homer St almost facing Paddy's Market near Lawrence Gardens takes me back there, even though my visits were limited to probably only a dozen or so. I remember false partition walls painted black and structured maze like to form corridors with mirrors on them to give a feeling of disorientation whilst making your way through them. A downstairs area also existed which is where that very maze might actually have been. Another club we went to was the Manny club in Mansfield Street just facing the four squares. For us from Gerard Gardens it was just a scoot through the subway under St. Anne street then you were there. They had a big inflatable which everyone dived on, one of the first bouncy castle type of thingyos i'd ever seen, we're talking about 1976, I remember the Drifter's 'There goes my first love' being out at the time. Two photographs from 29th June 1927 which show the Greek Orthadox church in Princes Road with its landmark domes. Across Berkley Street, the Rialto is under construction. This would be burnt down during the Toxteth riots in the summer of 1981. Myrtle Street childrens infirmary on 8th June 1907. Myrtle Street eye and ear infirmary on 11th June 1906. The Royal Hippodrome theatre at the beginning of West Derby Road near Brougham Terrace. This was previously the Henglers Circus. The Gaumont picture house on Camden Street was originally The Trocadero. The 'Blackie' congrgational church on Gt George Street in 1950 looking just that, black with the city soot. A Hansom cab taxi rank heads Nelson Street near where the Chinese Arch now sits. Across Nelson Street sees a 1976 view of what is often referred to the Scandinavian hotel though that was situated behind this building which housed Europleasure camping supplies. This picture was taken by Edward Chambre Hardman. Sacred Heart Church and its Hall in Hall Lane taken from the Coach & Horses pub on the corner of Low Hill and Kensington - 1949. Lister Drive Baths is seen next. Still in situ, it has been re-invented into a tropical fish aqua centre. What was the Liverpool G.P.O. (General Post office) Situated on Victoria Street and flanked by Sir Thomas Street and Stanley Street. The upper floor together with its towers and turrets were removed and it was gutted and remodelled as 'The Met Quarter' shopping arcade with designer fashions. Aigburth Hall seen here in the first instance in 1908. Aigburth Hall Avenue runs down the side. John Alexander Brodies, Liverpool city engineer was the hall's last resident and in 1935 it can be seen undergoing demolition which was completed a year later. Highfield Military Hospital nurses home as part of Broadgreen Hospital. Lee Hall, Lee Park in 1956. A little bit of olde worlde amongst the city centre bustle and concrete, glass and steel. Pleasant Street board school, long since abolished but still looking good from the front and rear after a recent revamp. St. Peter's church, Seel Street which is now the Alma De Cuba bar restaurant. The Royal Mail sorting depot at Copperas Hill. The possible closure of this means it's time to get a shot of this very bland building. The new Odeon Cinema at the Grosvenor, Liverpool 1 development. This view is when approached from College Lane. The end of an era, the end of a famous city landmark. Barely four decades old, Concourse House finally bit the dust in January 2009 as part of the modernisation and public realm area which will front Lime Street station. It was of course modernisation 1960s style which saw a row of Georgian properties and the Royal public House pulled down in the name of progress which doesn't seem to last much longer than half a generation these days with lots of 60s architecture biting the dust. Note the yellow duck marine tour bus taking sightseers around the city centre on this overcast Saturday morning, it's actually one of two WWII landing crafts enjoying a new lease of life. A couple of evening shots one snowy, miserably February weekend. The John Moores Uni, always known just as the Technical College in decades gone by. This was taken from the foot of Leeds Street looking South down Byrom Street. St. Anne Street Police Station. They knocked our old blocks down in Holly Street to build this. The blocks were very similar to those at Eldon Grove in the mock Tudor style. Why do we only mock Tudor? :o) To think there was plenty of land that lay wasted for a couple of decades just to the left of this picture, those blocks would surely have been saved in this day and age. The very 1960s Royal Liverpool Hospital which fronts onto Prescot Street but is seen here from Pembroke Place/West Derby Street/Crown Street junction showing the wards which face out southwards. Another part of the building also lies nearer Low Hill including the incinerator block and its chimney. (Feb 09) The New Adelphi Cinema on Rose Place replaced the old Adelphi on Christian Street. This was bombed during WWII. The Eros on London Road went under a number of different names from 1911, The Electra, Alhambra, Kings, Essoldo, Curzon, Tatler and Classic before retiring into oblivion as a blue movie cinema before being closed down in 1981. The Art Deco Carlton on Green Lane, Tuebrook and the Abbey on Church Road, Wavertree hail from 1932 and 1939 respectively and although still standing, have long since lost their cinema status. Some churches of old.............. St Nathaniels stood on the North side of Upper Parliament Street from 1869 until 1993. Milner House can be seen in the background on this photo. St. Ambrose was situated near the top of Prince Edwin Street. Built in 1870, it was demolished in 1961. Heights on Netherfield Road South form the backdrop here. St Marks on Upper Duke Street was a large brick built imposing church. Established in 1803 and lasting 110 years, it was replaced in 1913 by the warehouse that now houses a Chinese Supermarket, just around the corner from Berry Street. St Johns church stood on open land to the West of St. Georges Hall in what is now St. Johns Gardens so could be viewed openly from three elavations. Designed and built in 1783 by Timothy Lightoler on a heath, it closed for services in 1898 and was demolished just a year later. St. Pauls in the square of the same name between Pall Mall and Old Hall Street was erected in 1769 when a well to do area. Later on, warehousing and industry took over as the area became a Welsh stronghold who attended their own chapels and it was loast in 1931 and Liverpool Stadium, Bixteth Street was built on its site. St. Michaels in Upper Pitt Street hails from 1816 and was a fine structure overlooking Kent Square. It was damaged by enemy action during May 1941, being demolished five years later. Renshaw Street Unitarian Chapel (1811-1899) is seen here with the Shaftsbury Hotel in the background to give you some idea of its location. Central Hall was built on its site and the rear gardens to this chapel still exist on Mount Pleasant as Roscoe Gardens. St. Philomons stood on Windsor Street from 1872 until 1958, a newer replacement now exists further along the street. The Church of the Holy Innocents, Myrtle Street was the church to the accompanying orphanage, hence its name and the name of Orphan Street where that too once stood. It was built in 1854 but demolished in 1934, Myrtle Gardens tenement block being built on its site, in fact the blocks main courtyard being its exact site. St Georges Church possibly occupied the most romantic site in the city. Formerly being the site of Liverpool Castle at Derby Square, it was designed by the first dock engineer, Thomas Steers in 1726 and closed for services in 1897. The steeple was built on the in-filled moat unlike the rest of the structure and had to be rebuilt due to subsidence during its lifetime. It was demolished in 1899, a bad year for churches, as there are three that were demolished in that year in this section alone. The Victoria monument was built on its site just after her death in 1901. The Church of Our Lady Immaculate on St. Domingo Road, Everton by Edward Pugin actually started life in 1856 as a chapel for the proposed Roman Catholic Cathedral. That idea never came to fruition as we know and although the building was listed, it didn't prevent its demolition in the mid 1970s. Part of Sir Thomas White Gardens tenement complex can be seen behind it here. St. Timothy's church on Rokeby Street as viewed from Everton Brow. The corner of John F. Kennedy heights can just be seen as the Piggeries High rise are constructed on William Henry Street. The steeple of SFX church up on Langsdale Street can be seen in the middle distance. St. Annes Church, Richmond as it was called gave rise to St. Anne Street's name. Bounded by Great Richmond Street and Rose Place, it was demolished in late 1970, the tenements seen here beyond it were refurbished and sold off privately. Everyone knows this building on the Netherton/Bootle border as the National Girobank or the Giro. It is now the Liverpool HQ for the Alliance & Leicester bank which itself has just been taken over (2008) by Spanish concern Santander who also own the Abbey National. Looking up! The Playhouse theatre, Williamson Square with the Radio City tower overlooking it. Pete price, compere to the Shakespeare Theatre looks forlornly at its shell following the 1976 fire. A little bit o' Bootle Looking across Oriel Road rail tracks from Millers Bridge to Bootle's civic centre. The Town Hall has its clock tower and the free library and museum is situated next door. The second pic shows the corner with Balliol Road. A close up of the Town Hall and the free library and museum dating from the 1800s. The civic buildings in Trinity Road hold the inscription 'Bootle cum Linacre Public offices. The second photograph shows Balliol Road baths. The former St. Judes school house in Oakes Street off Daulby Street in the London Road area. Dating from the 1800s, the church stood on Hardwick Street on what is now the Royal hospital. This building, like time stood still in the middle of new developments, is currently used as a gym. Oakes Street housed a Jewish Cemetery from 1802 with burials until 1836 until the Corporation bought the land in 1902 for the widening of Boundary Place. The bodies were exhumed in re-intered in Broad Green Jewish Cemetery in 1904. Easter Saturday 2009 in the William Brown Street area. Michaelangelo and Raphael as ever, watch the world go by beyond them. Bootle Strand takes shape in the 1960s as seen from what is now Washington Parade. The former Women's Hospital, Catharine Street. The architect was Edmund Kirby & Sons and it opened on 21st June 1932. Yet another fine building in Liverpool 8, it closed in 1995 but at least survives as apartments. On 14 October 1926 the foundation stone of a new hospital building in Catharine Street was laid by the Lady Mayoress of Liverpool. The new building was to house the amalgamation of the Women's Hospital, Shaw Street with the Samaritan Hospital for Women, Upper Parliament Street. The latter hospital had been opened in 1895 in Upper Warwick Street and had operated at various addresses until 1900 when it settled at premises in Upper Parliament Street. In the early 1920s plans to merge the two hospitals were at an advanced stage. The new Women's Hospital in Catharine Street, at first known as the Liverpool and Samaritan Hospital for Women, was opened on 21 June 1932 by the Duchess of York. In 1985 the Women's Hospital came together with the Liverpool Maternity Hospital and Mill Road Maternity Hospital under the control of the Liverpool Obstetric and Gynaecology Unit. This became an National Health Service Trust in 1992 and changed its name to the Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Trust in 1994. In 1995 the three hospitals' services were merged and moved to a new site where the new Liverpool Women's Hospital was officially opened in November 1995. Below is a pic of the Hospital in 1937. The Sir Alfred Jones memorial Hospital, Church Road, Garston which is currently under threat of closure and demolition (April 09) Sir Alfred Lewis Jones (1845 - December 13, 1909), British ship-owner, was born in Carmarthenshire. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to the managers of the African Steamship Company at Liverpool, making several voyages to the west coast of Africa. By the time he was twenty-six he had risen to be manager of the business. Not finding sufficient scope in this post, he borrowed money to purchase two or three small sailing vessels, and started in the shipping business on his own account. The venture succeeded, and he made additions to his fleet, but after a few years' successful trading, realizing that sailing ships were about to be superseded by steamers, he sold his vessels. About this time (1891) Messrs. Elder, Dempster & Co., who purchased the business of the old African Steamship Company, offered him a managerial post. This offer he accepted, subject to Messrs. Elder, Dempster selling him a number of their shares, and he thus acquired an interest in the business, and subsequently, by further share purchases, its control. In 1901 he was knighted. Sir Alfred Jones took a keen interest in imperial affairs, and was instrumental in founding the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He acquired considerable territorial interests in West Africa, and financial interests in many of the companies engaged in opening up and developing that part of the world. He also took the leading part in opening up a new line of communication with the West Indies, and stimulating the Jamaica fruit trade and tourist traffic. He died on the 13th of December 1909, leaving large charitable bequests. A memorial statue dedicated to him stands afront the Royal Liver Buildings at the Pier Head. The G.E.C. English Electric /Napiers plant on the East Lancs Road at Gillmoss as pictured by Chippie for all our yesterdays. This old property in Ford Cemetery can be found as you enter near the old yard off Sterrix Lane. A fantastic website has been put together here showing the plan/layout of the cemetery and detailing the interments from the 1850s up to 1989 with photographs of the older markers. St. John's House in St. John's Lane looks splendid these days doesn't it with it's Dr. Duncans pub and Tso's restaurant catering for locals and tourists alike. However, back in 1979 it was a gutted shell looking very sorry for itself. Under one of the country's very first Work Experience Programmes implemented by the then recently elected Maggie Thatcher, my best friend and I, along with around 30 other 16-18 year olds were directed to here from the local careers office, ours being situated under the nearby Fontenoy Gardens tenement complex. The idea was that we would be assembled into groups of five or six, to work with the half dozen or so tradesmen such as Gordon, the Electrician, Dezzie, the joiner, Steve the builder (not Bob) on the Kango and Charlie the painter and decorator to name but a few. Eric, Nicky and Terry were the bosses that oversaw the renovation but Chris and I were seconded to Bob Williams who owned the little art gallery that was then situated in the bottom room on St. Johns Lane as you look at the building. And so, the ceiling is our little cisteen chapel, our masterpiece. I remember the orangy colour being called Oasis and the blue was called wedgewood, we also had to buff up those expensive looking ceramic tiles which were caked in dirt. The other poor lads such as Martin, AJ, Ryano, Dale, Ian, Stan, Alan, Frank et al had to endure the great outdoors, scaling scaffolding, pointing brickwork, digging drains, shoveling sand and old bricks, re-tiling the roof etc etc. It all came to an abrupt end though after about six months due to some financial irregularities, but we'd had a laugh. All the big department stores such as Lewis's, Blacklers and TJ's had their toy sections but for specialised must haves there was no place better than Hobbies in Basnett Street. Pictured here (left) just how I remember it like time stood still, it stocked Subbuteo, airfix kits, air guns, plastic animal zoo and farm sets, Soldiers of every infantry, Jigsaws, board games, Dinky, Matchbox and Corgi vehicles, Action man - you name it, they had it. Right: St. Johns precinct in 1969, still under construction as the St. Georges Hotel completes the complex. Concourse House is only new too as the whole area is revamped. Longmoor Lane fire station in Fazakerly on 7th November 1930. Millbrook College on Bankfield Road which was Millbank when I went on day release there in the late 1970s. Our lunch times were sometimes spent in the nearness of the Jolly Miller pub. Well, what else could you do? The Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, The new Cathedral, The Catholic Cathedral, Paddy's Wigwam - so many names and so many angles at which to photograph it from too. Further to the photos shown earlier on this page. AndyD kindly supplies a couple of colour pics relating to the fire that devastated the Shakespeare Theatre on Fraser Street, Liverpool 3, one sunday in 1976. I don't know if they ever saved his bust or the ornate lettering and masks. The emergency vehicles are parked on Islington and you can just make out the vertical 'Pickwicks' nightclub sign above the police jeep. 3 different era. Bombed out Lewis's in 1941. Stanley Abattoir in 1959. St. Johns Beacon and dereliction 1974. The Pier Head area Spring 2009 style. The new museum and ferry terminal building, canal and landscaping making it as desirable as ever. No introductions required here. Another one by Peter Leeson and again, another that needs no introduction. Inside the Walker Art Gallery showing the majestic staircases leading to the first floor with its circular gallery as well as inside one of the rooms. For the history on this building, see earlier up the page. The 21st June 56, the height of summer and the underground car park to the new Exchange Flags buildings is under construction. You can measure the depth of this against the Nelson Memorial which stands isolated in the middle of the void. On 11th November 1955, the next photograph was taken from Clayton Street to record the war damage inflicted upon the Picton Library as restoration work got under way. It was re-opened in 1958. The splendour of the Anglican Cathedral is seen in all its finished glory elsewhere on this page but here are some photographs charting its progress as it grew large on the city's landscape during the 40s and 50s. The earliest known pictures of the site of the yet to be built Anglican Cathedral which predate 1904, possibly by just a few years. The Greek like Oratory can be seen on the left, the picture taken from the end of Rodney Street. St. James cemetery has been taking internments throughout the 1800s, the Chaplain's house seen here atop as well as houses on St. James Road, the oratory this time being on the right as it's pictured from Hope Street. Woolton Quarry supplied the red sandstone for the Cathedral as well as many local buildings in Woolton. The depth of the excavations is seen next as the vaulted space dwarfs one of the wagons used to cart away all the debris from the site. Next is a classic view up Nile Street at the work in progress. Two views showing the emerging cathedral's dominance over the city skyline. In the left photo we see the Customs House at Canning Place in the foreground, in the right hand photo we see the David Lewis building. The most severe winter on record to date held up progress from January to March in 1940 and then came the May blitz in 1941. A direct hit on the home of George Siddall, engineer to the dean, resulted in the death of himself, his wife and child. The blast was so powerful it shattered doors and stained glass in the Cathedral but direct hits were also taken by the mega structure during the course of that month. Pickford's haulage contractors were used to ferry the Great George bell from the John Taylor bell foundry in Loughborough. At over 16 tons, it is second only to Great Paul, housed in St. Pauls Cathedral. Here, it is seen arriving on St. James Road in 1951. Hello, Hello, Hello, what's all this then. Looks like some old police station pics. A couple with thanks to Johnny Blue. Crosby police station before making way for Sainsburys so it's shelves now instead of cells. Seaforth Road police station is also no longer, a new block of apartments stand there now. Anfield Road Police Station in 1972 showing it from Harrow Road towards Clapham Road. The obligatory 70s/80s Jeep in evidence m'lud. Can you guess where? No, it's not Letsbe Avenue, it's Childwall Valley Road station in Belle Vale which was 'D' Division, taken in 1976. The Pier Head Police Station, anyone remember it? Just along from the sweet shop with its long counter where Sandy Bromilow always used to sit. This was taken in 1970. Next we see the Canning Place HQ under construction as seen from Park Lane in 1980. Lark Lane Station in 1969. This was 'C' Division. Allerton Road Station is seen next on 3rd May 1971. Eaton Road cop shop near the junction with East Prescot Road - 1974. Walton Station 'E' Division is seen next which was situated at 85-89 Rice Lane. Westminster Road Bridewell as seen from Rockley Street in 1973. As with all stations built in this style around the same period, such as Old Swan and Allerton, they came as a package with adjoining Fire Stations as the plod were then called fire bobbies and did both. Quarry Street Police Station, Woolton - 1971. Undergoing demolition in Tuebrook is West Derby Road Station for road widening into a dual carriageway. A new one was built behind this at Orphan Drive. Liverpool & Bootle Constabulary / Merseyside Police Training School at Mather Avenue pictured in 1971. It is here where intense training of the bending of the knees as they say Hello, Hello, Hello is undertaken as they clasp their hands behind their backs ala Dixon of Dock Green style. 'What's goin' on ere then' and 'Let's be avin' you' said in a Cockney twang even though they're scousers is another art form. Seven photographs with thanks to Tony Hogan who snapped the demolition of Old Swan Tech on Broadgreen Road. The Co-op on the corner of Prescot Road and Queens Drive which has since been Garfields and The Navigator public house. English Martyrs Church on School Lane, Litherland and across the main boulevard of Church Road is St. Philips on Orrell Road. Lister Drive power station off Green Lane and Old Swan glass works which was an old established and large employer in the community until a law suit in London resulted in its demise. The Glass House pub which was erected nearby reminds us of the industry. Old Swan water tower once supplied the township with its own supply. The Premier cinema on Prescot Road lost its frontage and later became the premier public house. West Derby railway station in June 1969. The Bronte Youth and Community Centre on Bronte Street has lain in the shadow of the Bullring tenement development since the early 1970s at least when I knew it. Thousands of the local children will have passed through its doors with facilities such as pool, table tennis and football available. What the girls did, I just don't know so perhaps someone can enlighten us :o) The entrance, the foyer shop and the main staircase to the upper floors. Our band rehearsal requirements saw us stumble upon Vulcan Studios, an old Victorian warehouse on the dock road which has had some of its rooms converted to be noise friendly. Some pics of our set up in there have been posted on the 'Our Band' page of this site but here are some of general interest as this old building has lost none of its original charm with old winching gear, chains, curved stairwells, cast iron posts, heavy duty tiled floors and bevelled brick ceilings still on view. Wapping goods station, Kings Dock Road. I bet they didn't know back then it would end its days as a car park. Edge Lane Hall and Highfield House. St. John's Precinct - 1980, in its original design and layout just prior to undergoing a major refurbishment. Joseph and his amazing technicolour dreamcoat is being played out at the Royal Court theatre as a beer delivery takes place at Quinns which was formerly The Sportsman. A sign on the pedestrian bridge tells us that St. Johns temporary market is in place at Queens Square car park whilst refurbishments go on. Further down Roe Street, apart from the bank, Habitat store (scene of the devastating fire of the mid 70s) can be scene, further down is City pets and if you went around the corner, the Cunarder pub would be there. Some names from the past include Treasure Island, Foster Brothers and Radio Rentals. Top Rank function suite and ballroom is later to become Romeo & Juliets and Rotters nightclub. There was an escalator inside the club up to its entrance. I went there in 1978 to the 2nd Beatles convention having attended the inaugral one at Mr. Pickwicks a year earlier. My better half was a Rotters regular in the early 1980s despite being underage. Escalators galore including the double tier duo when the original top floor of the market was open. In the days before the glass security doors which are present now, you could walk through the precinct at night window shopping, access was also required for the Moonstone pub. Crosby baths in the 1970s, much loved and remembered by all who dived from the top board and even by those who didn't like me. Waterloo Tunnel was a rail line hailing from the 1800s which ran from Waterloo goods station (where Costco and ToysRus now is), up to Edge Hill Station. In fact the line was extended to Riverside Station at the Pier Head and the section running Eastwards to Edge Hill from the Byrom Street cutting (pictured here) was actually called Victoria Tunnel. I once walked this section in the late 1970s with a few friends, getting in the tunnel entrance at Pall Mall and looking up at Fontenoy Gardens at this cutting. Back then you couldn't see the ground as it was littered with bedsteads, old bike frames, prams, cushions, parts of three piece suites and anything else to be discarded. At Norton Street near to the coach station there is an air/smoke release vent. A FEW OLD HOSPITALS OF THE PAST The John Bagot Hospital bites the dust pictured here on 25th February 1974. It's distinctive tower is one of the last parts to go, seen here in the shadow of the heights on Conway Street. The rear of the hospital lodge is also seen. The last views from the steep, handrailed Havelock Street and also from Netherfield Road North. Mill Road Hospital photographed during the May Blitz of 1941. It's the 10th January 1972 and pictured here is Olive Mount Children's Hospital, Old Mill Lane, Wavertree. A set of hotographs taken on the 7th January 1974. Just one week into the new year and Harry Ainscough is making the journey across the Pennines again to snap in and around our very photogenic city. St Pauls eye hospital is the subject this time. Here we see the outpatients dept including the telephone exchange towering above it. The women's and men's wards respectively. Waiting to be seen to at the casualties department then awaiting your medication at the pharmacy. The old joke used to be. What was there before St. Paul's eye hospital? Answer: A site for sore eyes. Oh well. This pic was taken near the day ward, also captured are some of the kitchen staff. St Peter's Church, Church Street in the early 1900s. The one time Pro Cathedral had a magnificent interior as can be seen. Woolworths, later Top Shop and now the new walk through development stands on its site with a pavement mounted Maltese Cross to signify its whereabouts. The building known for many years as Kensington Market stands on Prescot Road just past the Sheil Road junction going out of town. A blaze saw the market close a few years back but in the lack of any new develoment planned, the building still stands. The side view looking West is from Lockerby Road. The market covered quite an expanse of land. Seen here from Lockerby Road and also the gutted interior. The ornate Everton Library on the junction of St. Domingo Road and Beacon Lane. St Domingo takes its name from San Domingo, read about the privateer who captured his treasure there and Built St. Domingo House there. Beacon Lane takes its name from the Beacon which stood nearby on this high ground. Also pictured is the library's ornate entrance columns and foundation stone tablet as well as one very old and well worn road sign. Central Station bookstalls and then later, its demolition. Pics courtesy of the Liverpool Echo. The three photos above are of Bibbys in February 1988. Later that year in June, demolition commenced as seen below. For other photos of Bibbys and the wasteland left after its demise, please see the 'Down by the docks' page. J. Bibby & Sons Ltd was a well known company to us townies as it was a constant supplier of corn for those who liked to keep pigeons or 'micks' as they were better known. As a result, the area around Bibby's with it's little side streets with overhead gantrys and passageways was a haven for pigeons and lads from the area would go down there, throw them some corn then wait until they got near enough then dive over them with their parka coats. The spoils would be examined for fleas or lice by lifting their wings and spreading them out then brought back to the tenements, ringed (a ring put on their legs for idenification purposes) then kept in a loft on a back veranda. A big white circle or X whitewashed onto the adjoining wall would be the birds homing point. The area around Bibbys always smelt strongly of oils and animal feeds. Some more blues and twos................. Allerton Road Police and Fire Station on 24th October 1930. The City crest has been added over the middle doorway as well as the training tower by the time this shot was taken on 3rd May 1971. Next we see Hatton Garden which was the city centre fire station for many years where appliances raced from to fires at the like of Hendersons and St. Johns Precinct. Longmoor Lane fire station, Fazakerly on 24/10/30 and Banks Road, Garston on 27th January 1975. The latter are now converted to, yes you've guessed, apartments. Westminster Road Police/Fire station captured in March 1976 with a couple of Panda cars outside. The nifty little Mini Cooper S series were painted in a light blue with white doors, some had the rooftop Police sign whilst others didn't as can be seen on the photo. The last shot shows Canning Place fire station on 13th November 2005 shortly before it was due to be demolished to make way for the new Grosvenor Liverpool 1 shopping development. It was an often criticised bland building of concrete with partial tiling more worthy of public toilets. Liverpool Prison, Hornby Road (originally known as Walton Gaol) was constructed in 1855 to replace a much older and more cramped establishment in the centre of Liverpool. The prison was the site of 62 judicial executions, from 1887 to 1964. The last execution at the prison was that of Peter Anthony Allen. He and his accomplice Gwynne Owen Evans were convicted for the murder of John Alan West in April 1964. They were simultaneously hanged on 13 August 1964; Allen was hanged at Walton Gaol, and Evans at Strangeways in Manchester. Walton Prison aerial views dating from 1922 and 1949. Christian Street mens reading rooms pictured in 1928 when newly opened. The reason for its good attendance was it was directly linked by the telephone to the labour exchange. It later became the local children's lending library, mostly frequented by the children from the surrounding tenement develoments across the road and on nearby Soho Street. In the 1980s it became the local community centre before, like its neighbouring housing, falling into the hands of the bulldozer. St. Margarets church on the corner of Belmont Road and West Derby Road pictured in 1965. It is seen elsewhere on these pages, notably the post war black and white scenes of West Derby Road and no doubt seen by many readers as they've passed by it on the bus or in the car, it's the one with the funny green roof. My dad actually worked on it as a brickie but below is an exterior and interior photograph of the original St. Margarets which was there until the 1960s though those below are dated from 1890. The disused Co-op bakery at 210-220 Walton Road as captured just before decontruction on 5th August 1966. Allerton Library.	i don't know
The Halle orchestra has been based in which English city since its formation in 1858 ?	Conductor Timeline \| Hallé Orchestra Conductor Timeline Principal Conductors of the Hallé * indicates permanent conductor Sir Charles Hallé * 1858-1895 Sir Charles Hallé dominated the musical life in Manchester for nearly 50 years. He is of course best remembered for his founding of the Orchestra that bears his name, but before that he conducted the Gentlemen’s Concerts, and the Royal Northern College of Music is another continuing part of his legacy. Karl Hallé was born into a musical family in Hagen, Westphalia, Germany in 1819. The young Halle was performing from the age of four, and aged 11 conducted Hagen’s annual opera season when his father was ill. Hallé went to Paris in 1836 and there met and made friends with Chopin & Berlioz and other musicians who frequented the salon society. The revolution of 1848 changed all thought of remaining in Paris however and with many other artistic refugees Hallé headed for England. It was at this point he anglicised his name, adding the accent to ensure it was pronounced correctly. Manchester in 1848 was a wealthy industrial city. It had a thriving German community and a flourishing musical tradition in the Gentlemen’s Concerts. Hermann Leo was a Manchester calico printer who had met Hallé in Paris, it was he who suggested that Hallé ‘take Manchester in hand’. Hallé performed in a concert for the Gentlemen’s Concerts in 1848 and a year later was appointed their conductor. He was given wide powers to raise standards, and one of his first moves was to insist on more concerts that the general public were admitted to, rather than private subscribers. Hallé saw his role as much as an educator as anything, and his determination to make music accessible was one of his outstanding qualities. In 1857 Manchester staged an arts treasures exhibition and Hallé was engaged to provide daily concerts. For this he recruited players from the continent to enlarge his existing orchestra to sixty. As Hallé himself later wrote: “When the Exhibition closed its doors in October 1857, the orchestra which I had taken so much trouble to form and which had given such satisfaction, was on the point of being dispersed to the four points of the compass, never to be heard of again in Manchester. This was excessively painful to me, and to prevent it I determined to give weekly concerts during the autumn and winter at my own risk and peril, and to engage the whole band, trusting to the now awakened taste for music for success…I felt that the whole musical education of the public had to be undertaken”. The first concert was, of course given at the Free Trade Hall on 30th January 1858, and they have continued uninterrupted ever since. Frederick Cowen 1896-1899 Richter was offered the conductorship of the Hallé in 1895, but was unable to accept at the time, making it clear however that he was keen to come at a later date. Cowen was appointed annually as conductor until the Hallé Concerts Society was formed. His departure was bitterly resented by Cowen, who had certainly regarded himself as the Permanent Conductor, he recalled in his autobiography “it was very galling to me to think that there I had been for a couple of years striving to maintain the success of the concerts to the best of my ability, without the faintest notion that I was simply ‘keeping the place warm’ all the while for my celebrated colleague to step into whenever he felt so disposed.” At the time Cowen was angry enough to bring in the press, with letters to the Manchester Guardian about his grievances and a personal letter to Richter asking him not to accept the Hallé position. Hans Richter * 1899-1911 By a strange quirk of fate Hans Richter was conducting at the Free trade Hall on the day Hallé died. He was acknowledged at the time as being one of the world’s greatest conductors, if not the greatest. His enthusiasm for moving from the Vienna Philharmonic to Manchester in 1899 shows just how highly regarded Sir Charles’ ‘band’ was. A strong personality Richter could play every instrument in the orchestra and conducted entirely from memory. He championed the work of Elgar, who dedicated his first symphony to Richter ‘True Artist & True Friend’ which was given its world premiere in Manchester on 3rd December 1908. He left one further lasting legacy in the Pension Fund. For many years there had been a tradition of a final concert in the series ‘for the benefit of the band’. The formation of the Hallé Concerts Society had provided for the endowment of a ‘sustentation fund’ for cases of need within the Orchestra and their families. At the end of the 1901 season Richter announced to the press his intention to give a special concert in aid of the fund at the end of each season. These concerts continued until 1961. Michael Balling * 1912-1914 A musical pioneer very much in the Charles Hallé mould, Balling’s tenure was cut short by the First World War, he was visiting his homeland when war broke out and therefore unable to return to England. A protégé of Richter’s at Bayreuth, he introduced many new composers and their works to Manchester including Mahler. He increased rehearsal time, took the press into his confidence and pushed for civic aid for the Hallé Concerts. Sir Thomas Beecham 1914-1920 & 1933-1939 During the First World War Beecham took the title Musical Adviser, conducting many concerts and planning those he could not. He was instrumental in revitalising the Hallé programmes still further with works by Delius, Ravel, Debussy and Stravinksy amongst others. He took no fees throughout the war-time period and this generosity did much to help ensure the Hallé’s survival. He was strongly in favour of the appointment of Hamilton Harty as permanent conductor. After Harty’s departure in 1933 Sir Thomas again took a role in maintaining the concert programming and planning, sharing responsibility for a number of years with Sir Malcolm Sargent and various guest conductors. Sir Hamilton Harty * 1920-1933 Under Sir Hamilton Harty the Hallé made its first commercial recordings, with Columbia, and its first broadcasts. Harty secured a contract from Columbia that allowed him to increase rehearsal times, and he re-approached the issue of municipal aid. He secured some financial support for a series of Municipal Concerts at Manchester’s Town Hall, which survived until 1940. His dismissal of the few women players who had joined the Orchestra during the First World War sparked controversy, as did his programming in the later years of his tenure. Sir Malcolm Sargent 1933-1942 Following Harty’s departure the Hallé relied on a succession of guest conductors as well as on regular appearances by Beecham and Sargent. Sargent’s work with the Hallé during the early part of the Second World War remains legendary, including a promise to conduct the Hallé ‘on the street corners if necessary’. Sir John Barbirolli * 1943-1970 Still remembered with great admiration and affection by many, Sir John arrived in a war-torn Manchester in June 1943. What happened next is the stuff of legend. He had a month to assemble and train an orchestra of 70 players who were required to follow a punishing schedule of concerts – 258 in 1944-45, only a third of which were in Manchester. He took the Hallé on their first foreign tours, oversaw its first television appearance and left a legacy of great recordings that are still enjoyed today. Sir John presided over the Hallé’s Centenary season in 1957-58 and is the only conductor to have been presented with the Hallé’s gold medal for long service. He declined several lucrative offers to conduct other orchestras, remarking to his wife after one ovation at Belle Vue ‘I simply can’t leave that’. James Loughran CBE * 1971-1983 Loughran oversaw the remodelling of the Industrial Concerts as the Opus One series, conducted at the Hallé Promenade Concerts and introduced several contemporary works to Manchester. An impressive discography includes the complete Brahms symphonies. He developed the Hallé’s touring schedule throughout Europe, including Norway and Sweden as well as Hong Kong and Australia for the first time. Stanislaw Skrowaczewski * 1982-1992 Under Skrowaczewski the Hallé toured to the United States for the first time in 1987, and in the same year made an emotional tour to Poland, the country of his birth. Memorable performances of Bruckner and Shostakovich stand alongside critically acclaimed recordings. Skrowaczewski continues to make regular visits to the Hallé. Kent Nagano * 1992-2000 Kent Nagano took the Hallé to its new home in Manchester, The Bridgewater Hall. Artistic highlights of his tenure included appearances at the Salzburg Festival, concert performances of Britten’s Billy Budd, Puccini’s Tosca and Mahler’s Das klagende Lied. The Orchestra also toured to Japan for the first time and played at the Hollywood Bowl. Sir Mark Elder CBE * appointed 2000 Sir Mark Elder, who was knighted for services to music in 2008, became Music Director in 2000. Under his leadership the Hallé has won numerous awards, including the South Bank Award for collaborations with the BBC Philharmonic, Royal Northern College of Music and City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. Sir Mark was awarded Honorary Membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society in 2011. The Hallé today ranks among the UK’s top symphonic ensembles, with award winning recordings, radio broadcasts and educational outreach programmes, one of which, the Hallé ‘Roadshow’ is very much Sir Marks’ inspiration. Join the Newsletter Sign Up Download The 2016-17 Season Brochure Don’t want to view online? You can find all of our 2016-17 season concerts in one handy pdf brochure here. Box office: 0161 907 9000 Hallé Concerts Society	Manchester
How were Shirley, Keith, Laurie, Danny, Christopher and Tracy known collectively in the charts in the early 70s ?	Wolverhampton What's On March 2016 by What's On Magazine for Wolverhampton and the Black Country, Staffordshire & Shropshire (page 17) - issuu issuu Classical Shrops/Staffs March - Region 1.qxp_Layout 1 22/02/2016 13:08 Page 2 Classical Music Carducci String Quartet Halle Orchestra Lion Hotel, Shrewsbury, Sun 13 March Victoria Hall, Stoke-on-Trent, Fri 18 March Performing more than 90 international concerts each year, Carducci are regarded as one of the most successful string quartets in the business. The Washington Post described their playing in a recent concert as displaying ‘a deep and almost familial sense of unity... full of life and vitality... extravagantly beautiful...’ The quartet here present a Shropshire Music Trust concert that takes its audience on a musical ‘journey of enlightenment’, from Shostakovich’s ‘springlike’ first quartet to the vigour of Beethoven’s Op.18 No.6 and Elgar’s only quartet, one of his last great works. Since its first concert in 1858, the Manchester-based Halle has been a real force to be reckoned with. The orchestra is renowned for its affinity with English music - particularly the works of Elgar and Delius - and is currently under the charge of acclaimed conductor Sir Mark Elder CBE. This Potteries concert sees the Halle presenting Beethoven’s ‘perfect’ Fifth under the conductorship of Markus Stenz. Wagner’s Siefried Idyll and Schumann’s Piano Concerto also feature in the programme. The soloist is Kirill Gerstein. Sir Mark Elder CBE Ex Cathedra: Easter with Bach St Philip’s Cathedral, Birmingham, Sat 19 March; Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Fri 25 March A favourite at Eastertide, Bach’s St John Passion, a re-telling of Christ’s betrayal and death, continues to be one of classical music’s most profound experiences. The work is here performed by the Ex Cathedra Consort and Baroque Orchestra under the direction of conductor Jeffrey Skidmore. And Skidmore picks up the baton again later in the week as Ex Cathedra present a Good Friday performance of Bach’s St Matthew Passion, widely considered to be among the most powerful and moving of sacred works. CBSO: Mahler’s Tenth Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Thurs 31 March Gustav Mahler died before finishing his 10th symphony. Although substantially complete in the form of a continuous draft, it was only the first movement that could be played in the way the composer had intended. Almost 50 years after Mahler’s death, and on the cusp of celebrations to mark the centenary of his birth, musicologist Deryck Cooke, in association with Berthold Goldschmidt, set about producing a 'performing version' of the unfinished draft... It’s the Cooke version of the 10th that the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra here perform, in a concert conducted by Nicholas Collon. The piece, hailed as a work of ‘shattering honesty and piercing beauty’, is presented alongside Brahms’ Four Songs For Women’s Voices and Webern’s Six Pieces Op. 6 (chamber version), two miniatures described as tiny, concentrated worlds of poetry and emotion. Brahms’ German Requiem St John’s United Reformed Church, Stourbridge, Sat 12 March It took Johannes Brahms three years to compose this stunning work, a large-scale piece - his longest ever composition - for chorus, orchestra, a soprano and baritone soloist. The Restoration Chorus and Stourbridge Chamber Orchestra here perform the work with the assistance of two eminent soloists - the baritone David Milner-Pearce and German soprano NinaMaria Fischer (pictured). The concert also features Vaughan Williams’ Wasps Overture and his Five Mystical Songs. Nicholas Collon	i don't know
Who was the lead singer with Wet Wet Wet until he went solo in 1999 ?	Marti Pellow interview: 'if it's cool for Elvis, it's cool for Marti' - Telegraph Music Marti Pellow interview: 'if it's cool for Elvis, it's cool for Marti' Marti Pellow talks to Roya Nikkhah about life after Wet Wet Wet, his love of musicals and how sobriety has changed him. Marti Pellow: 'You’ve entertained millions of people, and then you’re suddenly on your own. It can be quite surreal” Comments For a man who spent years addicted to heroin, Marti Pellow looks ludicrously well. Sitting in the full glare of afternoon sunshine streaming through a window of his private member’s club in London, the suited and booted singer bears no signs of an addiction that nearly killed him. Instead, Pellow sports a healthy tan from a recent trip to Los Angeles and the famous smile that won him millions of fans as the lead singer in the pop band Wet Wet Wet. Though his wild days have been replaced with sobriety, a successful solo career and a new direction as a musical star in the West End and on Broadway, Pellow, 45, is happy to humour an old Wet Wet Wet fan and reminisces about the band he founded as a 12-year-old in Clydebank with his three fellow classmates, Tommy Cunningham, Graeme Clark and Neil Mitchell. “We all met through our love of music – and smoking,” says Pellow, in seriously strong Glaswegian. “You access your music completely differently now, but a couple of hundred years ago you used to wait in queues to buy your records and we’d go to the record shops and talk about records. I was into soul music, like Marvin Gaye, while the other guys were listening to The Clash and Joy Division, so it was a very eclectic pot.” When the group struck a record deal in 1985, they did something almost unheard of in boy band land. Instead of succumbing to the generic Stock Aitken and Waterman sound of the 1980s, they insisted on choosing their own producer, opting for Willie Mitchell, the legendary Memphis-based producer behind the likes of Otis Reading and Ike & Tina Turner. “We just looked at the records we loved, and Willie’s name came up all the time,” says Pellow. “So me and Graeme went to Memphis, at 19 or 20, and there was Bobby Womack holding the door, saying to Willie: “Hey, there’s a couple of white kids at the door – you better get them in the studio or they’ll get taken away”. “It was important that we wrote our own songs and that we played on all our own records as opposed to just giving it to producers who were more famous than the artists. There was an element of that in the 80s, but it’s no way for artists’ identity to shine through.” What, then, does he make of the never-ending production line of pop acts that reality television shows like Pop Idol and The X-factor have churned out? Pellow smiles and attempts diplomacy: “I don’t think it’s a bad thing, when the industry has access to young musicians who are willing to do that format, if the music is good and it’s coming from a place of honesty.” But is the music any good? “It would be easy for me to put my music snobbery hat on and say, “well, that’s not really what it’s about” but if you’re pertaining to the X-factor as a way to put music out, then no, it doesn’t float my boat.” As someone who knows the pitfalls of overnight success all too well, he is uneasy with the disposability factor of the shows. “You see acts who struggle to find their identity in an industry that people now access really quickly, where it’s all “gimme this now”. For six weeks you’re on TV on Saturday night, invading the living room, and I feel a kinship with your journey, but after the show is finished and I look in to the artist, what’s there?” Wet Wet Wet hit the big time in 1987 with their single, Wishing I was Lucky, and mega stardom followed instantly. Their debut album Popped In, Souled Out, sold 2.5 million copies and before long, a 21-year-old Pellow had £3 million in the bank and two Ferraris in the garage. It was a long way from the band’s working class roots in Glasgow, and Pellow admits that during his 10 years of topping of the charts, he was swept away by having every rock and roll demand attended to, including having his favourite takeaway curries from Glasgow flown out to New York on a private jet when the band were performing at Madison Square Garden. “Yeah, it was different [from Glasgow] and it was weird because there was a domino effect that happened that was quite intense,” he says. “To put it in an analogy – you were living in the basement and you got in one of those express elevators and suddenly you were in the penthouse, but you couldn’t get off and level one, two, three and four and really enjoy the process. “You’re in a bubble, four guys in a band, travelling together as a gang, so everything is normal until you come out of that bubble – getting up, jumping on a plane in the morning, maybe doing two or three countries in a day, and ending the night playing to 20,000 people. “It’s easy to stay in that bubble when you’re having great chart success and you’re being adored by millions of people, and loads of people love you for your music or your smile.” Despite the success and adoration that went with 26 consecutive hit singles, including Love is All Around, the longest number one in UK chart history, Pellow confesses that at the height of his success he was never really happy. “I think that I’m quite a simple man,” he says. “And I’d do 30 or 40 shows in a row, hadn’t seen any of my family, and the lights are on and you feel a wee bit sad. You’ve entertained millions of people, and then you’re suddenly on your own doing that [he feigns flicking through channels on an imaginary remote control]. It can be quite surreal.” Pellow’s publicist has warned me not to ask him about his heroin addiction until the end of the interview, but now seems like an apt moment. “Look,” he shrugs, “it’s part of me and if this is a profile piece, it’s part of what my make-up is, so I’m cool with that.” I ask him when he actually realised he was an addict. “When you realise you’ve not had a straight day in 10 years or something,” he says. “When you’ve not had a day where you have nae been bevvying or using. I would get properly messed up when I wasn’t feeling happy and instead of being able to access why I felt that, I’d just get comfortably numb and that would be it.” But the realisation didn’t make him want to stop using and he admits that he kept his addiction secret for “loads of years”, a remarkable feat given that he maintained the ultimate squeaky clean image. “Addicts are pretty crafty, aren’t they? When you’re a fully blown addict, you’ll push everybody away, because you’re in a relationship with whatever addiction you’re dealing with, so there was a lot of carnage. When I was using all the time, I’d find it very difficult to shave, because I couldn’t look myself in the mirror, that was rock bottom. Lucky I had that ... whatever.” That “whatever” was an overdose in a Chelsea hotel in 1999 following a binge on vodka, Librium (a prescription drug) and the heroin substitute methadone. Shortly afterwards, Pellow’s longtime girlfriend, Eileen Catterson, a former Miss Scotland, confirmed that her partner was a drug addict. Pellow quit the band and checked into The Priory rehabilitation clinic. Sobriety has changed how Pellow writes, predominantly for his solo career these days, although Wet Wet Wet have reformed occasionally to work on more albums and the odd tour. “It’s taken me 10 years to be able to access that particular chapter in my life so I do write differently,” he says. “I got to reintroduce my love and passion for what I do.” Had he lost it? “Aye, of course. If you’re not engaging in the real world, then it’s fair to say when you get some clarity and clean up your life, you really do access things differently.” He has surprised himself with a successful career as a musical star, and when we meet, he has just finished another stint playing Billy Flynn in the West End production of Chicago, a role he first played in 2002. “Aye, I’ve discovered this love and passion for musical theatre and I never saw that one coming,” he laughs. “When they first said, “do you fancy doing this?” I was like, whoah. It involved me coming out of my comfort zone, so I was instantly like no, that’s not for me. But I think that was probably because I was really scared. My idea of musical theatre was just loads of people singing about nothing. But when I went and saw Chicago, I was seduced by it instantly. It engaged my imagination.” His success in the part led to other musical roles, including the libidinous Daryl Van Horne in The Witches of Eastwick and working with Sir Tim Rice last year on a 25th anniversary production of Chess, in which he played The Arbiter. He is so enamoured with musicals, he has even started to pen one himself, with the working title “Scarlet”. “It’s going to based on 1920s Soho with gangsters in a tale of a tailor’s shop that burns as a knocking shop at night.” Will there be a part for the composer? “Possibly as the corrupt policeman,” he laughs. Pellow still lives with Catterson in London, though he regularly returns to Memphis, which he considers his spiritual home. “It’s laid back and it has been a good city to me,” he says. “Hey, if it’s cool for Elvis, it’s cool for Marti.” Though the deadliest vices are gone, speed machines are one habit he can’t kick. “I still love fast cars, always have. Love my Ferraris and Aston Martins.” They are also responsible for his one and only remaining craving: “Top Gear, all I want to do is Top Gear. Aye, get me on Top Gear.” Marti Pellow’s new album, The Devil and the Monkey, is out now ( www.martipellowofficial.co.uk ). For details of his UK tour, visit www.ticketline.co.uk	Marti Pellow
Which record producer and band leader, who died in 1979, was responsible for 27 number ones in the UK for various artists including Cliff Richard and Frank Ifield?	Interview with Marti Pellow \| Global \| The Guardian Share on Messenger Close It's usually pretty easy to predict which pop stars will end up confessing all to the tabloids in one of those "My Drug Hell" pieces. Marti Pellow definitely wasn't one of them. The chipper housewives' choice who led Glasgow's Wet Wet Wet to 26 hit singles (including the sickeningly sincere Love Is All Around, which stayed at number one for 15 long weeks in 1994) was the good boy in a profession of delinquents and misfits. Aptly nicknamed Smiler since schooldays, his only addiction seemed to be an attachment to the old R&B albums that inspired him to form a band back in the mid-80s. He was the Ronan Keating of his day, the perfect gent with no bad habits. That was before the revelation, in February 1999, that Smiler wasn't so well-adjusted after all - he collapsed at the Conrad Hotel in Chelsea, west London, from an apparent drugs binge. The shock had barely subsided before his girlfriend, a former Miss Scotland named Eileen Catterson, revealed the even more unlikely truth: he had been on heroin for three years, and on the day in question became ill from "unintentionally" mixing alcohol with prescription drugs that he was using to withdraw from the heroin. It was passed off as an accident, but Pellow now admits, "I was weaning myself off smack with methadone and Librium, yet I was still self-destructive, so I thought, 'Have a drink!' I drank copious amounts of vodka and Strega for two or three hours, and collapsed." My drugs hell, indeed. Suddenly Pellow, who had been quietly forgotten about since Wet Wet Wet's long run of hits ended in 1997, was front-page news again. It wasn't just the drugs that shocked, but the realisation that, in an age where celebrities compulsively air their private lives, so little was known of his. He'd been a major star, and his relationship with Catterson made them the Caledonian equivalent of Posh and Becks, but he had seemed so uninterestingly normal that the media had left him alone. "He was the clean-cut boy with the nice grin, so when people found out he was a heavy drugs user they were so shocked, especially because there were never even any rumours," says a Scottish tabloid reporter. His former publicist, Linda Valentine, adds, "I was completely stunned when I heard, because I'd had chats about heroin with him and he knew it was a disaster area." Pellow has maintained a wary silence until now. He's never been one for five-page spreads in Hello! anyway, but now he needed space to pull himself together as he prepared to relaunch his career. His debut solo album will be released early next year, and next month he begins a tour in which he'll be playing his new music. Finally he's feeling more confident about talking publicly. "I'm more in touch with my feelings now," he says wryly. "A while ago, I had a really weird feeling of impending doom and I got really uptight - you know the kind of thing? And my friends who'd been in the same situation, they said, 'It's just a feeling, Marti.'" He shakes his head in wonder, almost embarrassed. He has the air of a man who has the chance of making a new beginning and is going to make the most of it as he takes a seat in a restaurant near Kensington Palace and orders a cappuccino - caffeine being the only drug, other than nicotine, in which he still indulges. Clean since July 1999, and a conscientious attender of Narcotics Anonymous meetings, Pellow is evangelical about the NA programme, which he says changed his life. He's on the fourth step, which advises "making a moral inventory". Apparently, this is the most difficult step, because it requires complete honesty on the addict's part. He says that it has forced him to rethink his priorities: "That step's a long-term project. Living with an addict is so frustrating because [other people] want to help, but it's got to come from the addict," he says in an accent that remains crunchy despite 13 years spent mostly outside Scotland. "Sobriety has been humbling, being in these rooms [at NA meetings]. There's a great cross-section of people. I hadn't done shit in 10 years because everything was done for me. I paid wages, so I didn't have to think of anything. Check myself on to a plane? Get my passport? 'This way, Mr Pellow, this way.' If it happens long enough, it becomes the norm. For me, it's been a real godsend that I can get in touch with my feelings." He speaks with the earnestness of the newly sober, so absorbed that he's soon leaning forward and making unwavering eye contact. After three years of drug abuse he is still handsome enough - or famous enough - for the waitress to flutter a bit as she brings his coffee. He's rather too thin - he's 5ft 11in and claims he was down to nine-and-a-half stone during his worst patch - but, physically, has weathered pretty well. The only outward sign of his travails is one of those mood bracelets, black for "peace and serenity", worn on the opposite wrist from a dangly gold Cartier watch. The latter was a gift from Elton John's ex-manager, John Reid, who managed Pellow for a short time last year before they split in mysterious circumstances that neither is willing to discuss. It's late morning, and Pellow is in talkative mood. I'd been told as much by his new songwriting partner, former Squeeze singer Chris Difford (the Cockney baritone on Cool For Cats). The two met in the Priory, where Difford was being treated for cocaine addiction, and Difford now functions as lyricist and unofficial helper. He ushers us to a table, gives Pellow a paternally anxious glance and adjourns to the lobby, where he settles down with a copy of the Mirror. Difford's involvement has been questioned by Pellow's former manager from the Wet Wet Wet years, Elliot Davies, from whom he split last year - "Chris Difford has never managed a band in his life," Davies gripes - but it's clear that his role is more to do with emotional support than business. Pellow talks with hardly a pause for two hours, sketching the 5am panic of running out of drugs, the Florida cottage where he spent Christmas 1998 alone and desperate, how he felt finishing treatment and going straight back on to heroin. "I was depressed every day. There was a tremendous amount of isolation. Just leave me alone with my drug of choice," he remembers. Yet there were never any rumours because he seemed so happy in his job as frontman of Scotland's biggest band. A natural attention-seeker, he was completely at home in front of huge audiences (a situation that occurred less often as the 90s wore on), flourishing under the spotlight. When his looks got him more notice than the rest of Wet Wet Wet, he didn't even pretend to be embarrassed. Some musicians find touring a necessary evil; for Pellow, it was an opportunity to bask in his public's approval. Linda Valentine says, "He was a charmer who just wanted to be liked. In the early days, when he finished a show, he'd go to the gym. I never even saw him smoke a spliff." Yet once Wet Wet Wet's career peaked with Love Is All Around and began a gentle downward slide, he needed numbing drugs just to get through the day. What he's never talked about until now is the lifelong sense of emptiness that drove him to find validation on stage: "I'd like to have thought I was a normal working-class kid, but I can remember being six or seven at school, and at the end of the day I would go off alone. I always felt there was something missing. I'd want to be with people, but then I couldn't because I could only take so much. The most poignant thing about my childhood was that I was always alone. When I discovered things - like the first time I've ever seen this tunnel or whatever, the things that kids do together - I'd do it alone." It's an equation that you keep encountering in the music business: an empty childhood plus a craving for attention equals a troubled pop star. "Big ego plus low self-esteem? That's the makings of an addict," points out a friend of mine who has grappled with addiction himself. But what's unclear, and even Pellow can't put his finger on it, is the source of this emptiness. His family, who come from a working-class part of Glasgow called Clydebank, was happy, he says, and even exceptionally attractive. His father was a bricklayer, his mother a singer and Marti, whose real name is Mark McLachlan, and his older brother John were the apples of their eye. John, who at 38 is three years Marti's senior, has been an alcoholic for some years. "He's working through it, but it's got to come from him," he sighs. "Is it better to be good-looking?" Pellow muses. "Ask John Merrick, the Elephant Man. Being nice-looking and a great singer ... can I have all that and credibility, too?" Ah, the C-word. Musical credibility has always been at the top of his wish-list, and the lack of same has been a thorn in his side for years. Not that he isn't justly renowned for his expressive voice - an early NME review advised him to ditch the rest of Wet Wet Wet - but real kudos somehow eludes him. When lists of classic British male vocalists are compiled, he's rarely included - overlooked, perhaps, or maybe just too identified with Wet Wet Wet's period of teen-idoldom. He never wanted to be a pop star in the first place, seeing himself and schoolfriends Graeme Clark, Tommy Cunningham and Neil Mitchell as inheritors of a Celtic white-soul tradition stretching back to the Average White Band in the 70s. Their heroes were Al Green and Marvin Gaye, unusual influences for a young band in the middle of the Culture Club 80s. Studying their musty vinyl records as if they were texts, Wet Wet Wet developed a soul-tinged sound that was hugely successful with the public but never quite passed muster with the critics. The Virgin Encyclopaedia Of Popular Music sniffs that they were "agreeable blue-eyed soul", while others derided them as "faceless" or "innocuous". Pellow's silky singing was praised by Al Green's producer, Willie Mitchell, as the best he'd heard since Green himself, but the package as a whole attracted slatings that stopped the Wets rising to the superleague. In a tangential way, much of the negativity was generated by Pellow himself or, rather, by his looks. With a face like his, he was a bespoke teen idol, and the teen 'zines pounced as soon as the band's debut single, Wishing I Was Lucky, came out in April 1987. With his first Smash Hits cover went any hope of credibility. Worse, he seemed unsure of which side of the fence he was on, anxious as he was for both populist adulation and critical plaudits. Wet Wet Wet also had the bad luck to come along just as British pop was about to be purged by the Madchester movement. The Wets - unfortunate abbreviation - suddenly looked like earnest traditionalists in stonewashed denim. So, while they were commercially hot, selling 2.5 million copies of their first album, Popped In, Souled Out, the more adult press never took them seriously. It bothered Pellow - a lot. "Credibility and success never came hand in hand," he says resignedly. "We had the success, so who was I searching for to say it's okay? The magazines, the papers? Within the nucleus of the band, they were annoyed that I was singled out. They got used to it after a few albums, because they got an extra hour in bed." As Wishing I Was Lucky became the first of 26 hits, they quickly got rich, too. Fresh off the dole, they indulged themselves like lottery winners. It wasn't just Ferraris (Pellow had two) and big houses, but larks such as having curries flown from their favourite Glasgow takeaway, Cafe India, to gigs in Europe. "Who cares how much it cost?" he says, still amused. "It made sense at the time. A lot of stuff like that went on. We were young guys with lots of money and no ties and not a care in the world. I look back and think how amazing it was, first time in Paris, the Eiffel Tower, Australia. I'd never even been out of the UK before." He still can't quite articulate what he sought from drugs, just that an indefinable something was missing from an otherwise enviable life. He had £3 million in the bank, the esteem of fans and a long-term relationship with the supportive Catterson. And yet, he gropes to explain, "it became hard work". It is currently fashionable for pop stars to insist that, despite achieving everything they have ever hoped for, it hasn't filled the void within. Robbie Williams claims that being rich and adored has left him "in bits", while Spice Girl Mel C recently admitted to being on anti-depressants. The term "paradise syndrome" has been coined to describe the feeling, pithily summed up by the late Michael Hutchence, of "getting to the top and finding there's nothing there". When it hit Pellow, 10 years into his career, he smothered the feeling with the strongest medication he could find. "The heroin started around 1996. I had always dabbled in other drugs and I was really drinking heavily by then, big time. Life was great, and I should have been happy, but ... I had the cars, the big house, but I lived in the servants' quarters. What's that all about? It was bullshit." He swirls his coffee and props his chin in his hand, looking unhappy. "I suddenly thought that there's not a day gone by that I haven't had a drink in the past five years. I'd binge for two or three days at a time. And then, as soon as I first tried heroin, I thought, 'Where has this been?' I'd found my private Idaho. What a pain reliever. It made me feel whole, made me feel ..." He pauses, searching for the word. Warm? He nods emphatically. "It's still crazy for me. I knew smackheads in the [housing] schemes and I used to think, 'I'll never do that', but when I started, I thought, 'This is what it's all about.'" His use quickly escalated. "As soon as I started, I wanted it all the time. I stopped drinking, substituting one for another. It was about self-medicating, making myself numb. I kept piling shite on, piling it on. I felt very dark. At Christmas 1998, I didn't want to be with anyone I knew, so I stayed alone in a cabin. I called my mother and Eileen to wish them happy Christmas and managed to sound happy. But I'd be up at 5am and run out of drugs and be having cold sweats and think, 'Fuck, why am I doing this?' I'd get occasional little moments of clarity and see pain on the faces of my family." He had tried rehab in the summer of 1998 at the Meadows clinic in Arizona, but bought more drugs the day he left. "They told me that I'd have to commit to a lifetime of sobriety, and I was like, 'Aaaahh!' But I had more knowledge of my disease after that, so using was never the same again. My disease wanted me dead. I was afraid to stand in front of the sun because [I thought] you'd see all my internal organs. Everyone in the Wet Wet Wet camp acknowledged the problem, but I was still in denial." Then came his collapse at the Conrad Hotel, after which he checked into the Priory and became the latest popster to begin the well-trodden road to recovery. He grins almost fondly. "My charm did not work in the slightest at the Priory. My smile was the first thing to go." He spent six weeks there, and his first act on leaving was to quit the band - against manager Elliot Davies's wishes. "The best chance he has of getting back to his best is to get back to Wet Wet Wet," Davies still maintains a year later. Pellow disagrees. That he has thrown himself into sobriety is obvious from a vocabulary that's dotted with words such as "sharing" and "co-dependence". Sometimes, he goes to more than one NA meeting a day, and says that he takes his recovery a day at a time. He's been proactive, finding new management and making a new album, which is said to be adult pop with a soulful twist. He recorded it in Memphis with Willie Mitchell, who apparently amused him during the sessions by telling stories about his old buddy Martin Luther King. "The feel is real, it's me. There's a dignity and simplicity to the songwriting I've never had before," he says, relieved to be talking about music, still his chief passion. Pellow is now a member of that very Y2K club of celebrities who nearly fell off the edge and were pulled back by a combination of therapy and abstinence. His experience has made him a more rounded individual, but for those to whom he'll always be Smiler it is still a shock. If even Smiler couldn't hack success, can any other supposedly wholesome star be quite what they seem? Marti Pellow's tour begins on November 10 at the Manchester Apollo and finishes at the Clyde Auditorium, Glasgow, on November 21, taking in the Albert Hall, London, on November 13 and 14.	i don't know
Who was the lead giutarist with Led Zeppelin?	Jimmy Page \| Led Zeppelin Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] Early Life James Patrick page was born on January 9, 1944 in Heston, Middlesex, England to James and Patricia Page. His father was an industrial personnel manager and his mother a doctor's secretary. When he was twelve years old, Page picked up his first guitar, a 1959 Futurama Grazioso. He said, "I don't know whether the guitar was left behind by the people before, or whether it was friend of the family's - nobody seemed o know why it was there." Although he took a few lessons in Kingston, Page mainly taught himself how to play. He would take his guitars to school, only to have them confiscated and returned to him that afternoon. Page was influenced by rockabilly guitarists Scooty Moore and James Burton, who both played on Elvis Presley recordings. Elvis Presley's song "Baby Let's Play House" was Page's inspiration to take up playing the guitar. He enjoyed played skiffle, the blues, and acoustic folk playing, such as B.B. King and Otis Rush. When Page was thirteen, he appeared on Huw Wheldon's All Your Own talent quest program in 1957. He and a skiffle quartet played "Mama Don't Want To Skiffle Anymore" and "In Them Ol' Cottonfields Back Home." When Wheldon asked him what he wanted to do after schooling, Page answered, "I want to do biological research" to find a cure for "cancer, if it isn't discovered by then." But Page would not find that cure. Instead, he would go on to be one of the most greatest guitar players of all time, and be in the biggest rock band in the world. Page left school to pursue music. He had difficulty finding other musicians to play with, although he would get anyone he could to get a gig together with. Page as asked by singer Neil Christian to join his band, The Crusaders, after Christian had seen him play at a local hall when Page was fifteen years old. They toured together for two years. Page recorded on his records, inlcluding the single, "The Road To Love." But Page soon fell ill with glandular fever and couldn't tour with him anymore. Page took up his other interest, painting, and enrolled at Sutton Art College. Page soon became a session guitarist known as "Little Jim," playing with artists such The Who, The Kinks, and Petula Clark. Session guitarists were they if another guitar was needed to use in the recording. In 1965, Page became a house producer and A&R man for Immediate Records label. He was allowed to produce and play on tracks by aritsts such as Eric Clapton. He even wrote lyrics with Jackie DeShannon and John Williams. He played guitar on five tracks of Joe Cocker's album, With A Little Help From My Friends, and ten tracks for Roy Harper. Page had even played "Little Queen of Spades" by Robert Johnson with Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards. The track is a rare one, being released as a bootleg recording on the album Jimmy Page: Session Man. Page left the studio when Stax Records had influenced popular music with brass and orchestral arrangements. Although he had quit because of this, Page was very pleased with working at the studio, saying that this was good schooling for his development as a musician. The Yardbirds In 1965, Page joined a band called The Yardbirds, replacing Eric Clapton, who had quit. He had still been worried about is health under touring conditions and had initially suggested his friend, Jeff Beck. Together, the two of them, drummer Keith Moon, bass player John Paul Jones , and keyboardist Nicky Hopkins had recorded "Beck's Bolero." Page had thought about creating a supergroup with him, Beck, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon. Although the idea flunked, Moon had suggested a familiar name "Lead Zeppelin," with Entwistle adding that the proceedings would take to the air like a lead balloon. Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, Jim McCarty, and Chris Dreja Page went to a Yardbirds concernt in Oxford where he learned that Paul Samwell-Smith was leaving the band. He offered to replace the band mate and was accepted. He played electric bass before switching places to lead guitar when Chris Dreja moved to bass. After Beck left, the Yardbirds remained and recorded the album, Little Games, making number 80 on the Billboards chart. They peformed concerts where Page played an early version of "Dazed and Confused." Page and Dreja were the only Yardbird left behind as the others slowly quit. Page decide that he was going to continue the band and quickly went out to recruit musicians. Terry Reid, a singer and composer, was offered the job as lead singer, but he had to turn down the offer. Instead, he suggest someone else - Robert Plant , an undiscovered singer with a strong and beautiful voice. Page quickly snatched up Plant, who suggest his friend John Bonham play on the drums. But then Dreja left to become a rock photographer. So Page recruited Jones to play the bass and keyboards. The New Yardbirds The four musicians first played together at a record store on Gerrard Street in London. They played "Train Kept A-Rollin," suggested by Page, where Jones knew they were going to be a hit as soon as he heard Bonham play the drums. The first studio track Led Zeppelin did was "Jim's Blues," a Three Week Hero album for P.J. Proby. The band had done a Scandinavian Tour in September of 1968. Page had used every penny he had to make the tour work, Plant had recalled, and they made no money at all. They continued on to make a first album, based upon their live set. Page covered the costs himself. After the album was complete, the band was forced to change their name due to a cease and desist letter via Chris Dreja. So the band changed their name from a previously suggest one - Led Zeppelin. Gaining $200,000 from Atlantic Records that November, Led Zeppelin was now under a contract, having been signed without even auditioning for the record company. Their contract stated that the band would have to release albums, tour, and design the album and its contents. They would also have to promote each release and decide which tracks to release as singles. So Led Zeppelin formed their own company, Superhype, to handle all publishing rights. Jimmy Page decided to produce all of it. Led Zeppelin The band announced their new name on October 14, 1968 and played their first show at the University of Surrey in Guildford on October 25. They then played a short British tour. Afterwards, Richard Cole organized their first North American Tour from December to February. They first played in Denver on the 26th followed by East Coast dates before moving to California to play in Los Angeles and San Francisco. The band completed four US and four UK tours during their first year. Led Zeppelin I , the band's eponymous debut, was released on January 12, 1969 during the US tour and on March 31, 1969 in the UK. Even thought Plant wrote the lyrics with Page, he received no credit. The album itself was number 10 on the Billboard chart and number 6 in the UK. Led Zeppelin II , their second album, was released on October 22, 1969 to the US and UK. In both countries the album reached number 1. On November 15, the album received a 12x Platinum by the RIAA for selling over 12 million copies. Steve Waksman has said that Led Zeppelin II was "the musical starting point for heavy metal." Led Zeppelin III was released on October 5, 1970. Page and Plant had originally gone to a cottage in Wales called Bron-Yr-Aur to write the songs on the album. The acoustic sound was due to the influenced folk and Celtic music. Critics and fans were surprised at the turn of electric arrangements from the first two albums to the now third album. "Immigrant Song" was released in November of 1970 against the band's wishes as a si ngle, reaching the top twenty on the Billboard chart. By now Led Zeppelin had reached to the top and were critically a success. The band members began to change up their image to more flamboyant clothing. They began to travel in a private jet called The Starship . They would rent out entire sections of hotels. They became the subject of repeated stories of debauchery. Bonham even rode a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House, or the Continental Hyatt House. They were even banned from the Tokyo Hilton for trashing a room they were staying in. Led Zeppelin IV was released on November 8, 1971. It was a blank album cover as they band wished to be anonymous. It was called Untitled, IV, and Led Zeppelin IV to fans because of the Four Symbols on the sides. Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best-selling albums in history, selling over 23 million copies by 2006. Houses of the Holy was released on March 28, 1973. It used more experimented sounds, such as the mellotron orchestration and synthesizers. The song "Houses of the Holy" did not appear on the album, but on Physical Graffiti, as it had been being recorded at the same time. The cover of the album was very controversial as it had nude children climbing the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland. It was even banned in some parts of the world, like the Bible Belt. The album, though, topped the charts. At Tampa Stadium, Florida, they played to 56, 800 fans, grossing $309, 000. The film The Song Remains The Same was filmed at Madison Square Garden where they performed three sold out shows. The movie was delayed until 1976 though. $180, 000 of the band's money was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel, causing a huge problem for the band, and striking tons of news. In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a small break and formed their own record label, Swan Song . named after their unreleased song. Their logo was based off of a drawing called Evening: Fall of Day by William Rimmer. The drawing can be found on Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially tee shirts. Besides using Swan Song to promote their own albums, they promoted other artists such as Bad Company, The Pretty Things, and Maggie Bell. The label lasted only three years after the band disbanded. Physical Graffiti was released on February 24, 1975, as the band's sixth studio and double album. Recording the songs were put on hold as Jones debated whether or not to leave the band. But they eventually reunited at Headley Grange to finish recording. Rolling Stone magazine referred to the album as Led Zeppelin's "bid for artistic respectability." Not to mentioned they had to compete with The Rolling Stones and The Who for "The World's Best Rock Band." In May 1975, Led Zeppelin played five sold-out nights at the Earls Court Arena in London, at the time the largest arena in Britain. Afterwards, they took off and planned a fall tour in America. Unfortunately that August, Plant and his wife, Maureen, were involved in a car crash whole on holiday in Rhodes, Greece. Plant suffered a broken ankle. Maureen was badly injury. A blood transfusion saved her life. Plant stayed in the Channel Island of Jersey that fall to recuperate. They later reconvened in Malibu, California, where they began to write their next album. Presence was released on March 31, 1976. Many ideas for the album came from the hiatus concerning the cancelled album due to Plant's car accident. During the recording of the album, Page had begun to use heroin, which may have affected their live shows and studio recordings, although Page denies this. The album, however, was a platinum record, but critics suggested that the band's excesses may have caught up with them. The band did not tour because of Plant's injuries, but instead, they completed the concert film, The Song Remains The Same , and the soundtrack album. Because they had not toured since 1975, the film was not popular in the UK. Led Zeppelin was forced to face an uphill battle to recapture the public's affection. In 1977, Led Zeppelin toured North America. They set another attendance record of an audience of 76, 229 at Pontiac Silverdome on April 30. According to the Guinness Book of Records, it was the largest attendance to date for a single act show. On April 19, over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash the Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold out concerts. Others tried to enter by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors. On June 3, a riot broke out at the Tampa Stadium because of a severe thunderstorm causing the concert to be cut short. Arrests were made and people were seriously injured. On July 23, Led Zeppelin held a show at the Days on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California. Unfortunately, Bonham and members of the band's support staff were arrested after a promoter from Bill Graham's staff had been badly beaten during the band's performance. The following day's second Oakland concert was the band's final live appearance in the United States. Two days later, on July 26, as the band checked into a French Quarter hotel, Plant received news that his five year old son, Karac Pendragon, had died from a stomach virus. The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled. Plant retreated to his home in the Midlands, reflecting on his future, mourning the death of his son. In Through The Out Door was released August 15, 1979, the band's eighth album, and the last album before the death of Bonham. The album reached number 1 on both US and UK sales charts. The song "All My Love" was written by Plant, inspired by the death of Karac. Break-Up On October 17, 1980, the band was scheduled for a North American Tour. On September 24, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studio. They stopped for breakfast where Bonham drank four vodkas (450ml/15 oz) with a ham roll, which he simply said to King, "Breakfast." He drank heavily at the studio and was later taken to Page's house - The Old Mill House in Clewer, Windsor. Bonham had fallen asleep after midnight and was taken to his bed, being placed on his side. At 1:45PM the next day, Led Zeppelin's new tour manager Benji LeFevre and Jones found Bonham dead. The cause of death was asphyxiation from vomit, accidental death. The verdict was found on October 27. An autopsy found no drugs in his system. Bonham was cremated on October 10, 1980, and his ashes were buried at Rishock parish church in Droitwich, Worcestershire. The tour was cancelled and despite rumors that others would join the group to replace him, the remaining members - Plant, Page, and Jones - decided to disband. A December 5, 1980 press statement stated that, "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were," and was signed, "Led Zeppelin." Life After Zeppelin Page refused to pick up another guitar out of sadness of his dear friend John Bonham's death. But in 1981 he joined Jeff Beck on the stage at the Hammersmith Odeon. He formed a supergroup called XYZ (ex-Yes-Zeppelin) with bassist Chris Squire and drummer Alan White. Although they rehearsed several times, the project didn't go as planned. Demos of the sessions were revealed on bootlegs. In 1982, director Michael Winner and Page recorded the Death Wish II soundtrack and in 1985, Death Wish III soundtrack. They both produced this at Page's recording studio, The Sol , in Cookham. Page had purchased this from Gus Dudgeon in the early 1980s. Page performed with the A.R.M.S charity series of concerts honoring Ronnie Lane, who suffered from Multiple Sclerosis. Page performed songs from the Death Wish II soundtrack and an instrumental of "Stairway To Heaven." Page was reunited with Beck and Clapton during this US city tour. On December 13, 1983, Page joined Plant on stage for one encore at the Hammermith Odeon in London. In 1984, Page and Harper collaborated from the Roy Harper album Whatever Happened To Jugula? They performed concerts together occasionally. Page and Plant joined together as The Honeydrippers and developed an album, ''The Honeydrippers: Volume 1'' . Page and Jones recorded together for the soundtrack of Scream For Help. Page and Paul Rodgers recorded two albums, The Firm and Mean Business under their band name of The Firm in 1985 and 1986. The Firm went gold in the US, getting number 17 on the Billboard pop albums chart. Although the band toured together in support of both albums, they soon split up. Through 1986 to 1993, Page performed with several artists on albums. He did session work for the song "One Hit (to the Body)" for The Rolling Stones. He played on tracks of Strange Land by Box of Frogs. Page released a solo album called Outrider in 1988 with contributions from Plant. In turn, Page contributed to Plant's solo album, Now and Zen. He worked on a collaboration in 1993 with David Coverdale for the album Coverdale Page. Zeppelin Reunited In 1985, Page and other Led Zeppelin members performed at the Live Aid concert. Unfortunately, Page was let down by his poorly tuned Les Paul guitar. On May 14, 1988, Page, Plant, Jones, and Jason Bonham performed at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary show. In 1990, Plant and Page performed together to aid the Nordogg-Robbins Music Therapy Centre and the British School for Performing Arts and Technology. Together, they did "Misty Mountain Hop," "Wearing and Tearing," and "Rock and Roll." Besides live concerts, Page performed at the band member's private family functions. in 1995, Page and Plant performed on MTV's "Unplugged" series, on a 90 minute special titled Unledded. That October, No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded was released on CD. In 2004, the DVD, No Quarter Unleeded was released. With this success, Page and Plant recorded an album in 1998 called Walking Into Clarksdale. Remastered Since 1990, Page has been remastering the entire Led Zeppelin back catalogue and participating in many charities, including the Action For Brazil's Children Trust (ABC Trust), founded by his wife Jimena Gomex-Paratcha in 1998. Page played guitar for singer Puff Daddy in his song, "Come With Me," which is compared to "Kashmir" and was included in the soundtrack of Godzilla. Page and Puff Daddy performed the song later on Saturday Night Live. In October of 1999, Page and The Black Crowes performed two nights in a row Led Zeppelin songs as well as old blues and rock standards. The concert was recorded and released as an album titled Live At The Greek in 2000. In 2001, Page went on stage with Fred Durst and Wes Scantlin at the MTV Europe Video Music Awards. They performed the Led Zeppelin song, "Thank You." In 2005, Page was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his Brazilian charity work for Task Brazil and Action For Brazil's Children's Trust. He was made an honorary of Rio de Janeiro and awarded a Grammy award that year. In November of 2006, Led Zeppelin was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame by admirers such as Roger Taylor, Jack White, Tony Iommi, Slash, Joe Perry, and Steven Tyler. He was presented an award and then gave a short speech. Wolfmother played a tribute to Led Zeppelin, playing "Communication Breakdown." He had given an interview to the BBC, saying he had plans to release an album in 2007 with new material and "Led Zeppelin things on the horizon." On December 10, 2007, Page, Plant, Jones, and Jason Bonham played a charity concert at the O2 Arena in London. For the 2008 Olympics, Page, David Beckham, and Leona Lewis represented Britian by performing during the closing ceremonies on August 24. Beckham rode a bus into the stadium and Page and Lewis performed "Whole Lotta Love." In 2008 Page produced a film by Davis Guggenheim titled It Might Get Loud, a documentary about the history of the electric guitar. In premiered on September 5, 2008 at the Toronto Film Festival. Page was also in the 3 part documentary, London Calling: The Making of the Olympic Handover Ceremony on March 4, 2009. On June 7, 2008, Page and Jones performed with the Foo Fighters to close out the band's concert at the Wembley Stadium. They performed "Rock and Roll" and "Ramble On." On April 4, 2009, Page inducted Jeff Beck into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. On December 16, 2009, while talking to Sky News, Page announced his 2010 solo tour. In January of 2010, Page announced he is publishing an autobiography in a hand-crafted, limited edition of 2, 500 copies. He has also been honored with a first-ever Global Peace award by the United Nation's Pathways To Peace organization after reports that he would be a headliner at the Show of Peace Concert in Beijing, China on October 10, 2010. On June 3, 2011, Jimmy Page played with Donovan "Mellow Yellow" and "Sunshine Superman" twice, live at the Royal Albert Hall in London, a filmed concert. Page made an appearance with The Black Crowes at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on July 13, 2011. He also played alongside Roy Harper at Harper's 70th birthday celebratory concert, in London's Royal Festival Hall on July 13 2011. In November of 2011, the Conservative MP Louise Mensch launched a campaign to have Page knighted for his contributions to the music industry. Drug Use Page has admitted to using drugs throughout the 1970s. He has said that "drugs were an integral part of the whole thing, right from the beginning, right to the end." He has said that he went over the top, not remembering what had happened. In 1975, Page had began to use heroin and used the drug during the recording sessions of the Led Zeppelin album ''Presence'' . Page admitted that he was even addicted to the drug. But by the 1977 US tour, his heroin addiction was getting too much to handle. Page had began to lose a lot of weight and his guitar playing wasn't like it used to be. He had even isolated himself from Plant as the two were a great pair. On the album ''In Through The Out Door'' , Page had barely influenced it. He was absent from the studio for long periods of time. But by the 1980s, Page had kicked his heroin addict, not very proud of the criticism he had received from the press, and the offence he took when heroin had been associated with his name In a 1988 interview with Musician magazine, he insisted "Do I look as if I'm a smack addict? Well, I'm not. Thank you very much." "I don't regret it at all because when I needed to be really focused," he told Q magazine. "I was really focused. That's it. Both Presence and In Through the Out Door were only recorded in three weeks: that's really going some. You've got to be on top of it." Guitars 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard (No. 1) 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard (No. 2) 1991 English luthier Roger Giffin built a guitar for Page based loosely on Page's #2. 1971 Gibson EDS-1275 1967 Vox 12 - String 1960 BlackGibson Les Paul Custom Because the guitar was too heavy, one of Jimmy Page'sLes Paul Custom Black Beauty guitars is now owned by Dan Hawkins of The Darkness 1969 Gibson Les Paul Standard 1964 Lake Placid BlueFender Stratocaster 1966 Cream Fender Telecaster 1965Fender Electric XII (12-String) 1972 Martin D28 Gibson released Jimmy Page Signature Les Paul which was discontinued in 1999, then released another version in 2004, which has also been discontinued. The 2004 version included 25 guitars signed by Page, 150 aged by a former Gibson employee (an acknowledged ageing 'master'), and 840 'unlimited' production guitars. The Jimmy Page SignatureEDS-1275 has been produced by Gibson. Recently, Gibson reproduced Page's 1960 Les Paul Black Beauty, the one stolen from him in 1970, with modern modifications. This guitar was sold in 2008 with a run of 25, again signed by Page, plus an additional 500 unsigned guitars. In December 2009, Gibson released the 'Jimmy Page "Number Two" Les Paul'. This is a re-creation of Page's famous number 2 Les Paul used by him since about 1974 until present. The model includes the same pick-up switching setup as devised by Page, shaved-down neck profile, Burstbucker pick-up at neck and 'Pagebucker' at the bridge. A total of 325 were made in three finishes: 25 Aged by Gibson's Tom Murphy, signed and played by Page ($26,000), 100 aged ($16,000) and 200 with VOS finish ($12,000). Relationships Charlotte Martin (1970 to 1982/1983) Patricia Ecker (1986-1995) Scarlet Page (born in 1971 with Charlotte Martin) James Patrick Page III (born in 1988 with Patricia Ecker) Jana (born in 1994, Jimena Gomez-Paratcha's daughter, who Jimmy adopted) Zofia Jade (born in 1997 with Jimena Gomez-Paratcha) Ashen Josan (born in 19999 with Jimena Gomez-Paratcha)	Jimmy Page
Which rock band did Jarvis Cocker form in Sheffield in 1978 - they had their big break in 1981 ?	Heart's Ann Wilson Kills Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway To Heaven' At Kennedy Center Honors Heart's Ann Wilson Kills Led Zeppelin's 'Stairway To Heaven' At Kennedy Center Honors {{article.article.images.featured.caption}} Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Full Bio The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer. Loading ... This story appears in the {{article.article.magazine.pretty_date}} issue of {{article.article.magazine.pubName}}. Subscribe Kennedy Center Honors (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Last night CBS aired its broadcast of this year’s Kennedy Center 2012 Honors, which took place in real-time on December 2, 2012. Honorees this year included actor Dustin Hoffman, late night host David Letterman , Russian ballerina Natalia Makarova, Chicago blues musician Buddy Guy, and the three surviving members of Led Zeppelin, Robert Plant, Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones . Entertainment Weekly said of the event: The Kennedy Center Honors ceremony is the annual event in which celebrities in various fields get all gussied up, travel to Washington, D.C., rub shoulders with the President, and hear exalting speeches about themselves. This year, the testimonials were laced with traces that don’t often make it into a taped TV awards-show final cut: frankness, near-brutal honesty, and almost tearful love. One great thing about the Kennedy Center Honors is that the recipients don’t do any speaking themselves, and thus they and we are spared minutes of humble, and mock-humble, acceptances speeches. The honorees just sit there, grinning, with their medals hanging from ribbons around their necks." During this holiday week with many other distractions and a lot of people traveling, the Kennedy Center broadcast helped win the major broadcast networks’ ratings night, with just over 8 million viewers for the 9-11 pm est time slot, and a rating of 1.4 among adults 18-49. However, with those still modest numbers, I would not be surprised if you missed the broadcast. Highlights included Robert De Niro speaking on behalf of Dustin Hoffman (the reference above to ‘frankness’), Tracy Chapman and Bonnie Raitt performing during the Buddy Guy tribute (which included emotional remarks by Morgan Freeman), and celebs Alec Baldwin, Tina Fey, Ray Romano, and Jimmy Kimmel with some fond and amusing mild roasting of David Letterman. De Niro said, in some admiration of Hoffman, “He is a spectacular, world-class, pain in the ass.” Kimmel might have had the funniest line of the night when he addressed Letterman, saying, “You are the hero of all of us, with the possible exception of the people who came to see the ballerina.” President Obama and the First Lady appeared to enjoy the show immensely, even “rocking out” during the Led Zeppelin homage performances. Obama had earlier thanked Led Zeppelin for “behaving at the White House” the previous night at a dinner hosted by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. He jokingly described the award winners as “some extraordinary people who have no business being on the same stage together.” And Clinton had poked some fun previously at Letterman, saying “He must be wondering what he is doing with this group of talented artists” and “Dave and I have a history. I have been a guest on his show several times, and if you include references to my pant suits, I’m on at least once a week.” (NY Daily News ) But as a rock fan, and especially a huge fan of Led Zeppelin, the closing portion of the broadcast was truly the hands-down moment of the night. EW said of Plant, Page, and Jones: The three members of Zeppelin present — Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, and John Paul Jones — sat in the audience looking like delighted, if aging, schoolboys let into a grown-ups’ party; they were all smiles, as much during salutes to Hoffman and Letterman as when an array of musicians performed Zeppelin music." Jack Black delivered the introduction to the Zeppelin segment, calling them “the best band ever.” This was followed by performances of Zeppelin classics by the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Lenny Kravitz. There was some excellent musicianship displayed, but frankly it was tough for any of the lead singers to truly come close to matching Plant’s unique singing style. But then Ann and Nancy Wilson came on stage for the finale, an inspiring “bring down the house” version of “Stairway to Heaven”, with Jason Bonham on drums. UltimateClassicRock.com said of the moment: In a performance that had Robert Plant on the verge of tears, Ann & Nancy Wilson of Heart sang ‘Stairway to Heaven’ as the finale of a star-studded musical tribute to Led Zeppelin during the Kennedy Center Honors , which were broadcast last night (Dec. 26) on CBS. It seems like about 3,000 people were on stage during this performance, with the Wilson sisters joined by late Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham’s son Jason on drums, as well as a gigantic house band featuring string and horn sections and what appeared to be two different vocal choirs. As anyone who’s seen their frequent live performances of ‘ Rock and Roll ‘ or ‘ The Battle of Evermore ‘ can tell you, the Wilson sisters know how to play Led Zeppelin live. From the moment they began, all eyes and ears were focused on Ann Wilson, and she knocked this one out of the park, leaving John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page and a clearly misty Plant with big smiles on their faces as they watched from the balcony." You can see a video of this great and “tears-of-joy-inducing” performance of “Stairway” here ( Video Link ). (Courtesy of UltimateClassicRock.com , CBS, and YouTube). You can also see an interview with Ann and Nancy Wilson, discussing their pressure-packed performance here ( Video Link ). (Courtesy of Artisan News Service and YouTube).	i don't know
Billy don't be a Hero in 1974 was which group's only UK No 1?	Paper Lace - Billy don't be a Hero 1974 - YouTube Paper Lace - Billy don't be a Hero 1974 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 21, 2009 Paper Lace - Billy don't be a Hero 1974 The marchin' band came down along Main Street The soldier-blues fell in behind I looked across and there I saw Billy Waiting to go and join the line And with her head upon his shoulder His young and lovely fiancee From where I stood, I saw she was cryin' And through her tears I heard her say "Billy, don't be a hero, don't be a fool with your life" "Billy, don't be a hero, come back and make me your wife" And as he started to go she said "Billy, keep your head lo-o-ow" "Billy, don't be a hero, come back to me" The soldier-blues were trapped on a hillside The battle raging all around The sergeant cried "We've got to hang on, boys" "We got to hold this piece a'ground" "I need a volunteer to ride up" "And bring us back some extra men" And Billy's hand was up in a moment Forgettin' all the words she said She said	Papercutting
Cricket - which Yorkshireman scored a then Test record 364 runs against Australia at the Oval in 1938 ?	Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Paper Lace - Greatest Hits Paper Lace - Greatest Hits 3.3 out of 5 stars 5 0Comment \|Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Paste the product's web address below: Product not found. Only products offered on Amazon can be linked. Select What's this? What are product links? In the text of your review, you can link directly to any product offered on Amazon.com. To insert a product link, follow these steps: 1. Find the product you want to reference on Amazon.com 2. Copy the web address of the product 3. Click Insert product link 4. Paste the web address in the box 5. Click Select 6. Selecting the item displayed will insert text that looks like this: [[ASIN:014312854XHamlet (The Pelican Shakespeare)]] 7. When your review is displayed on Amazon.com, this text will be transformed into a hyperlink, like so: Hamlet (The Pelican Shakespeare) You are limited to 10 product links in your review, and your link text may not be longer than 256 characters. Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Showing 0 of 0 comments Sort by:	i don't know
At which Grand Prix was Ayrton Senna killed in 1994 ?	1994 San Marino GP: The world sees Senna die - F1 Fanatic F1 Fanatic The crash seen around the world 1994 San Marino Grand Prix flashback: SundayPosted on \| Author Keith Collantine The Santerno river rises in the hills south-west of Imola. It winds its way down for 50 kilometres until it reaches the town, which is home to over 68,000 people and to a racing circuit: the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari. In April 1994 two men who had raced at the circuit many times before looked down at the river from the first of the track’s 15 corners: Tamburello. They had been testing their cars at the track, rounding the corner at over 300kph (186mph), and had become concerned about the concrete wall which separated the circuit from the river. One of the men had crashed at the corner five years earlier. His car exploded into flames, but men with fire extinguishers quickly arrived at the scene and saved his life. His companion pointed towards the Santerno. “Look,” he said, “we can’t move the wall, there’s a river behind it”. The two men agreed there was nothing that could be done about the wall. And with that Gerhard Berger and Ayrton Senna walked away. Tamburello Tamburello is an innocuous enough word in Italian: it means ‘tambourine’, and is also the name of a court game similar to squash. But to the Formula One world Tamburello is like Terlamenbocht at Zolder where Gilles Villeneuve died, or the nameless stretch of the Hockenheimring which claimed Jim Clark . It is the place where one of the greatest of them all met an untimely, unthinkable end. The Imola circuit had been in use for four decades and by the time it held its first world championship race in 1980 a chicane had been inserted before the start/finish line to reduce the speed of the cars as they approached Tamburello. But the constant improvements in car design had their inevitable effect and by 1994 drivers were tackling the corner at close to maximum speed without a hint of a lift on the throttle as their cars screamed towards the Tosa hairpin. It was uncommon to see anyone struggle in the corner unless they were unlucky enough to suffer a technical failure there. When that happened, the consequences were often fearful. In 1987 a suspected tyre failure sent Nelson Piquet’s Williams into the Tamburello wall, leaving him with concussion and forcing him to miss the race. Then came Berger’s crash in 1989, caused by front wing failure. Two years later the same happened to Michele Alboreto , who was hospitalised with broken ribs and a deep gash. In 1992 a second Williams driver, Riccardo Patrese, was taken to hospital after crashing at the corner during testing – again a tyre failure was to blame. Senna The subject of safety had been a growing concern of Senna’s for several years. He had befriended Professor Sid Watkins, taken an interest in his work and had a heart-to-heart talk with him following Ratzenberger’s death. At the drivers’ meeting, held at 11 o’clock on the morning of the race, Berger led the drivers in raising a complaint about the use of a course car to lead the field on the formation lap at the previous race. He did so at Senna’s urging, as both believed the car was too slow and prevented drivers from being able to get their tyres up to temperature. The decision was taken not to use the course car for the formation lap. Before leaving the drivers observed a minute’s silence in memory of Ratzenberger. Some of the more experienced drivers had witnessed fatalities before – including Martin Brundle , Michele Alboreto and Andrea de Cesaris. Senna himself had competed in a support race at Zolder in 1982 on the same weekend Gilles Villeneuve was killed . For many others the shock hit them all the harder for being unfamiliar. While increasingly concerned with safety matters, Senna’s impulse to compete spurred him on, and that side of his life presented him with further challenges. He had agonised over his switch from McLaren to Williams at the beginning of the year, and was still acclimatising to his new environment. Against expectations Williams had begun the season on the back foot. The FW16 handled nervously, and while Senna had tamed its knife-edge handling to claim three pole positions in a row, he went into the third race of the season pointless. He’d spun out in Brazil and been eliminated at the first corner in Japan – and on both occasions he’d been running second to Michael Schumacher . Designer Adrian Newey produced a heavily revised FW16 for Imola. The front wing was raised, its wheelbase shortened and the cockpit reshaped to reduce buffeting. Out on the track, Senna had another spin in the car. He returned to the garage and debriefed race engineer David Brown with the words no one in the team wanted to hear: “It’s worse…” In contrast Schumacher arrived in Italy with 20 points on the board. Benetton had ironed out many of their problems with their B194 which they had started testing a month earlier than Williams, and seemed to have sussed the new variable of refuelling far better than Williams. Still Senna suspected there was more to it than that. Watching Schumacher’s Benetton in action in Japan he had become convinced the car was using an illegal traction control system. Ahead of the race, Williams stationed commercial manager Richard West on the roof of their garage to film Schumacher’s start in a bid to gather evidence. 1994 San Marino Grand Prix grid Almost unnoticed amid the dire events of the previous day, JJ Lehto had made an encouraging return to racing in his first event of the year after being injured in testing. He qualified his Benetton on the third row of the grid, within a second of team mate Schumacher. The crowd was pleased to find both of their beloved Ferraris within the first three rows. The V12-engined cars were quickest of all through the Tosa speed trap, hitting 334kph (208mph), and had achieved their best combined qualifying performance of the year so far. The carnage of the preceding days left a single car each from Jordan, Simtek and Pacific on the grid, belonging to De Cesaris, David Brabham and Bertrand Gachot respectively. Rubens Barrichello , Jordan-Hart – 14’57.323 Did not start: Roland Ratzenberger , Simtek-Ford – 1’27.584 1994 San Marino Grand Prix While Williams’ covert cameraman was focused on the back of one Benetton as the race started, the other failed to move at all. Car after car missed JJ Lehto but Pedro Lamy was not so fortunate. The Lotus driver had started 17 places further back and didn’t see the Benetton until he pulled out to pass De Cesaris. His car slammed into the Benetton and an explosion of shrapnel burst into the air. Some of it cleared the debris barrier and nine spectators were injured, one seriously. While wrecked cars were cleared away the Safety Car was summoned. This came as a surprise to most onlookers – the Safety Car was still novel in F1 20 years ago, the idea having been borrowed from IndyCar racing not long previously. And start-line accidents such as this one had normally prompted a stoppage of the race so the track could be cleared of debris. Max Angelelli was at the wheel of the Opel Vectra which now headed the field, and the Italian Formula Three champion was driving close to the limit of the car’s abilities. But he was doing one lap in the time it took F1 cars to do two, and Senna drew alongside in a vain attempt to urge the car to move faster. Angelelli headed for the pits at the end of the fifth lap. Senna’s race engineer David Brown told him the Safety Car was coming in and he radioed back an acknowledgement. It was the last the team heard from him. The crash Senna had said in a pre-race interview he didn’t enjoy how the reintroduction of refuelling that year had turned races into a series of sprints. Previously drivers had to manage heavy fuel loads in the early stages of the race, preserving their cars while their handling gradually improved. Senna led at the restart and Schumacher gave chase. The Benetton driver was scheduled to pit three times and so his car would have been lighter than Senna’s, which was due to make two stops. Rounding Tamburello once more at full speed Senna hugged the inside of the corner, a stream of sparks flying from the rear of his car, the largest plume appearing as he left the third dark patch of resurfaced tarmac in the middle of the corner. It was on that same patch of tarmac where, one lap later, Senna’s Williams inexplicably snapped out of control. Theories of varying credibility for what happened in this moment abound, but what is known was that Senna was trying to regain control of the car until the moment of impact. While millions of people around the world witnessed what happened next, Schumacher had the clearest view of what unfolded at Tamburello on lap seven. “I saw that Senna’s car was already touching [the ground] quite a lot at the back on the lap before,” he said after the race. “The car was very nervous in this corner, and he nearly lost it.” “On the next lap he did lose it. The car touched with the skids, went a bit sideways, and he just lost it.” Senna had enough time to get onto the brakes and reduce his speed to 217kph (135mph). Drivers had survived accidents at higher speeds – it was Senna’s misfortune to be struck by a flying piece of suspension which inflicted a fatal head injury. That much was clear to Professor Sid Watkins when he arrived at the scene. Just hours earlier he had suggested his friend walk away from the sport, telling him “I don’t think the risk is worth continuing”. The race was stopped and the medical helicopter landed next to the crash scene, waiting to carry Senna away as it had done for Ratzenberger 24 hours earlier. Amid the chaos and confusion Erik Comas, who had pitted on the first lap, was accidentally released from the pits and came around Tamburello at speed, braking to a stop as he reached the crash scene. He parked his Larrousse facing the helicopter, and could see the medical team working on Sennas’s grievously wounded body. Two years earlier Senna had come to his aid when Comas had crashed at Spa-Francorchamps. Now he felt powerless to help the man he felt had helped save his life. Comas eventually returned to the pits and took no further part in the race. As was the case following Ratzenberger’s crash, those watching on television were spared none of the horror. The intrusive and upsetting coverage of the dying minutes of the sport’s most famous driver, appalled and transfixed 200 million viewers worldwide. Those in the UK watching the race on the BBC were spared the graphic coverage of the accident aftermath. By sheer chance the British broadcaster had chosen the race to bring their own camera to film material in the pit lane for the first time, and so were able to supply alternative footage. Eventually Senna was put in the helicopter and flown to Maggiore hospital in Bologna. And now, to the surprise of some, the race would continue. Before the deaths of 1994 Bernie Ecclestone had said a race would be resumed in the event of another fatal accident. Now the contingency plan was being enacted, just as it had after Ricardo Paletti’s death 12 years earlier . Ecclestone had arrived in race control to impose some order on a chaotic scene. He was given an update on Senna’s conditions from Watkins via the FIA’s press delegate Martin Whitaker, which Ecclestone passed on to Senna’s brother Leonardo. But somewhere along the line Watkins’ report that Senna’s injuries were to his ‘head’ was confused with the word ‘dead’. Understandably distraught, Leonardo’s grief multiplied as Ecclestone’s original report was corrected, and he was further upset when he learned the race would resume. The race restarts In the Benetton hospitality suite, a weeping Schumacher initially told his manager Willi Weber he did not want to race any more. But when the call to resume the race was given, all the drivers bar Comas returned to the grid. The cars headed around the track on another formation lap. Twice they passed the places where their comrades had fallen – the scarred wall where Ratzenberger had crashed, the bloodstained ground where Senna’s car came to a stop. If anyone at Williams was still paying attention to how good Schumacher’s starts were, they would have seen him get beaten off the line by Berger, whose V12 out-gunned the Benetton’s Ford V8 on the long drag to Tosa. While waiting for the restart, Berger noticed he had incurred heavy damage to his front suspension after striking a piece of debris from the Senna crash. It was repaired in time for the restart and he led the first 11 laps. Of all the drivers on the grid, Berger had the closest connections to Senna, his friend and former McLaren team mate, and to Ratzenberger, his fellow Austrian. This understandably weighed heavily on his mind, and when his car’s handling began to deteriorate due to a broken rear shock absorber he pitted from the lead and retired. Like Brabham, Hill bravely chose to continue despite his team mate’s serious and unexplained accident. Williams had seen Senna’s broken steering column lying next to the car and took the precaution of disabling the power steering system on Hill’s car. He also made a good start and lunged down the inside of Schumacher at Tosa on the first lap. The pair made contact and Hill slipped back with a broken front wing which was remedied in the pits soon afterwards. As the cars could not be topped up with fuel on the grid, Schumacher arrived in the pits for his first of three scheduled refuelling stops just a few laps later. Berger retired soon after and that handed the lead of the race to Mika Hakkinen , for the first time in his career. It was only ever going to be a temporary situation before Schumacher strode past on his way to a third consecutive victory. But it was joyless triumph, and on this dark day for the sport Nicola Larini also had no cause for cheer despite taking second place, achieving his first podium finish – and the last to date for an Italian in a Ferrari. In a weekend which had delivered one nasty shock after another, the final trauma occurred on the 44th lap of the combined two-part race. Michele Alboreto , who had not been on the grid for the original start, was accelerating from his pit box when the right-rear wheel separated from his Minardi. As there was no pit lane speed limit at the time the wheel hurtled from the car, striking three Ferrari mechanics and one from Lotus, before bouncing across the track where it was fortunately not collected by another driver. Shortly afterwards the sole Jordan of de Cesaris became the last retirement of the race when he crashed at the exit of Tosa. Brabham had already parked his Simtek after feeling a problem develop in his steering. Christian Fittipaldi lost a likely points finish after a brake failure on his Arrows four laps from home. That allowed Hill to claim the final point after recovering from his troubled restart. The result was decided on an aggregate of the first five laps prior to Senna’s crash and the subsequent 53-lap race, which further added to the confusion. Schumacher, Larini and Hakkinen attended a sombre podium ceremony. 1994 San Marino Grand Prix result Pos. Did not start An Austrian flag During the race news filtered through about the seriousness of Senna’s condition. But it wasn’t until 6:40pm that the organisers confirmed the staggering news that he had succumbed to his injuries. An earthquake had struck the motorsport world, and the tremors were soon felt far beyond the perimeter of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari. Jackie Stewart and son Paul gathered around a television monitor at Silverstone where their F3 team was competing. Not far away at the Rye House kart circuit at Hoddesdon, nine-year-old Lewis Hamilton cried when his father told him his hero was dead. Across the Atlantic in Michigan Emerson Fittipaldi , Brazil’s first world champion, was called in from a test to be given the dreadful news about his countryman. The shattered remains of Senna’s FW16 was sealed in the garage. Marshals had recovered a small Austrian flag from the cockpit, which Senna had hoped to wave in memory of Ratzenberger after the race. Fatalities in motor racing did not end with the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at Imola 20 years ago. But this was the moment which prompted the sport to proactively seek new areas for safety improvement, instead of waiting for the next tragedy to point out where improvements needed to be made. Seventeen years later Berger reflected on his fateful conversation with Senna in an interview with Maurice Hamilton . “Instead of looking at the bigger picture and thinking about adding a chicane, we were just thinking how we could move the wall,” he said. “I remember we talked about this at the exact place where Ayrton died. I think about this a lot.” In the days that followed Imola Formula One came under unparalleled media scrutiny. The deaths of Senna and Ratzenberger headed news bulletins and filled front pages worldwide. The inevitable questions of why the crashes happened and how the fatalities could have been prevented eventually forced the sport to take drastic measures. But as the teams departed Imola there was only deep, numbing shock as they left behind two of the drivers who had gone there with them. Grand Prix flashback	San Marino
Including the goalkeeper, how many players are there in a water Polo team ?	Amateur footage, San Marino F1 Grand Prix 1994, Imola - YouTube Amateur footage, San Marino F1 Grand Prix 1994, Imola Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 2, 2009 Amateur footage taken from the stands at the Minerali corner during 1994 San Marino F1 Grand Prix, including a touching slow pass of Ayrton Senna behind the safety car Category	i don't know
The most famous horse race in the USA, the Kentucky Derby, is traditionally run on the first Saturday of which month ?	Kentucky Derby - Horse Racing Topics - ESPN Results The Kentucky Derby is a stakes race for 3-year-old thoroughbred horses, held each year in Louisville, Ky., in May. The race covers one and one-quarter miles and is known as "The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports" after its approximate time length. The Derby is the first leg of the Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing. The race is an extremely popular event, both in sports and in culture, and typically draws about 155,000 fans. The Derby is the final event of a two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. It holds many popular traditions, in everything from fashion -- large and distinctive hats for female attendants -- to drinks -- the popular mint julep. Horse racing has been a popular sport in Kentucky for more than 150 years, with the first race course laid out in Lexington in 1789. The first Derby, though, came about 100 years later, in 1875. Founded by Col. M. Lewis Clark, the Derby was the first of its kind in the South and was modeled after popular stakes races in England. The first Kentucky Derby took place on May 17, 1875, and was watched by more than 10,000 viewers. Four races were scheduled that day, but the Derby was the premier event. The first race was won by a 3-year-old chestnut colt, Aristides. Despite the high attendance and popularity of the event, the Derby and the Louisville Jockey Club were not financially successful, and it was bought and incorporated in 1894. In 1913, Donerail became the longest shot ever to win the Derby, at $92.40 to 1 odds. Donerail paid out $184.90 on a $2 bet and collected $5,475 for the victory. He won in 2:04.80, at the time the fastest time ever run. That record was broken again just a year later, when Old Rosebud set a track record of 2:03.40 -- winning the race by eight lengths. The Derby had another marquee year in 1915, when Regret became the first filly to win the race. After two record-setting years and a history-making race the next, the Derby had become a premier American sporting event. Having been taken over yet again, and consolidating its power with other Kentucky racing sites, the Derby became part of the Kentucky Jockey Club and its popularity grew over the next decade. The club obtained several new tracks in both Kentucky and Illinois and eventually reorganized as a holding company to increase its capitalization by almost 100 percent. By 1928, the American Turf Association was the new holding company for Churchill Downs and its partner tracks. In 1925, the race was broadcast live on the radio for the first time, spreading its popularity across the country. Its first international broadcast came not long after, when the transmission was sent from Louisville to New Jersey to England in 1933. Two years later, the first Kentucky Derby Festival was held. After the American Turf Association sold many of its holdings, Churchill Downs and Latonia merged into its own incorporated company, Churchill Downs-Latonia Incorporated, in 1937. After Latonia was sold in 1943, the company became just Churchill Downs Incorporated. The ATA was dissolved in 1953, and Churchill Downs became the sole holding company. World War II provided some challenges for the Derby, but it continued each year. In 1943, government travel restrictions precluded the sale of any out-of-town tickets, and Count Fleet won a race known as the "Street Car Derby." The government banned all horse racing in January 1945, threatening the Derby's continuous run of races, but it was lifted in May and the 71st Derby was held in June. Over the 10 years from 1940 to 1950, Churchill Downs Foundation donated $1.5 million to war charities and other causes. The first televised Derby -- on a local channel and a limited basis -- was run in 1949. The first national telecast came three years later, on May 3, 1952; and a video replay system was installed for the first time in 1954. The 1950s also saw vast improvements and renovations done to Churchill Downs, modernizing and expanding the track. The first (and only) Derby winner disqualification took place in 1968, when the winner, Dancer's Image, was found to have had an illegal medication in its blood during post-race testing. The second-place finisher, Forward Pass, was declared the winner. After several takeover bids, from private groups and the city of Louisville, the board of directors created the Derby Protection Group to outbid all suitors and maintain control of the company -- also successfully driving stock up significantly. In 1973, Secretariat won the Derby and broke two minutes for the first time in Derby history. Secretariat finished the race in 1:59.40. He went on to become the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. After that history-making race, the Derby followed with another landmark event when a record 163,628 viewers -- more than for any other thoroughbred race -- watched the 100th running of the Derby. Cannonade topped a field of 23 for the win. Pat Day was the man of the hour in the mid-1980s. In 1983, he rode 169 winners in the spring meet and 54 in the fall meet. Five times he ran five winners in one day. The following year, he broke a 77-year- old record by riding seven winners in eight races in one day. Renovations continued through the 1970s and 1980s, completing renovations to the turf, press box, sky boxes, clubhouse and paddocks by the late 1980s. The renovations both kept the Derby as the premier horse racing event in the country and attracted the Breeders' Cup to Churchill Downs, earning a record crowd of 80,452 in 1998. The growth impacted all aspects of the Derby. Derby Day wagering had increased from $26,805,205 in 1985 to $88,941,006 in 1998. That led to increases in the winnings, which rose from a daily average of $187,363 in 1990 to $469,643 in 1999. It also led to further expansion by Churchill Downs Incorporated, which bought several new holdings in Indiana and Kentucky in the 1990s, and, in 1999, Miami. Throughout the 2000s, the Derby continued to grow and expand and entered the age of technology. A new simulcast betting system was put into place and a state-of-the-art center was built several miles from the track specifically for betting. By 2004, the Churchill Down Stakes schedule included a record 45 races, 33 in the spring and 12 in the fall. That same year, the Kentucky Derby winner, Smarty Jones, was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, the first time in 20 years a horse had graced the cover. The company continued to buy more tracks across the country, in New Orleans and other cities. Queen Elizabeth II visited the Derby during a trip to the United States in 2007. Calvin Borel became the most famous jockey in recent history when he won three out of four Derbies from 2007 to 2010 -- the first jockey ever to win three in four years. Borel won with Super Saver in 2010, Mine That Bird in 2009 and Street Sense in 2007. Borel's victory with Mine That Bird was the second biggest upset in Derby history, after Donerail. Churchill Downs is a racetrack in Louisville, Ky., that hosts the Kentucky Derby each year. It is one of the most famous tracks in the world, and was ranked the No. 5 course in North America in 2009. Churchill Downs also is the host for the 2011 Breeders' Cups, which it has hosted six times before. The course features a one-mile dirt racetrack. The facility usually hosts about 50,000 viewers on its signature grandstands, though that number can triple on Derby days. One of the track's signature images is that of the twin spires that sit on top of the course's grandstand, and they now serve as the course's official logo -- and that of its owner, Churchill Downs Incorporated. Churchill Downs opened in Louisville in 1875 with the inaugural Kentucky Derby. The race was created by horse breeder Col. M. Lewis Clark, who was inspired by the derbies in England in the 1870s. Clark created three stakes races to be held at Churchill Downs: the Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Oaks and Clark Handicap. The first Derby was held on May 17, 1875, the first day the track formally opened. Churchill Downs was named a National Historic Landmark in October 1986. Kentucky Derby Year-by-Year Winners Uncontested all the way in Smarty Jones Stakes Mary Rampellini \| Daily Racing Form, Daily Racing Form Uncontested was left alone on the lead in the $150,000 Smarty Jones Stakes on Monday at Oaklawn Park and put on a show in the slop. NFL - An A.I. platform that predicted the Kentucky Derby superfecta and Chicago Cubs title likes Green Bay Packers to win Super Bowl LI David Purdum An artificial intelligence platform that correctly picked the Kentucky Derby superfecta and the Chicago Cubs to win the World Series has chosen the Green Bay Packers to win Super Bowl LI. Watchmaker: Gormley shows he doesn't need it all his way Mike Watchmaker, Daily Racing Form January may be barely a week old, but for many the real road to the May 6 Kentucky Derby began Saturday at Santa Anita in a sloppy-track Sham Stakes. Gormley gets the better of American Anthem in Sham Jay Privman \| Daily Racing Form, Daily Racing Form Gormley is named for a famed British sculptor, but it is trainer John Shirreffs who is molding Antony Gormley's namesake into one of the top prospects for the Kentucky Derby. El Areeb takes first step toward Kentucky Derby David Grening \| Daily Racing Form, Daily Racing Form Trainer Cal Lynch believes El Areeb could be the best horse he's trained in a 20-year career and, after the colt's performance in Monday's Grade 3, $150,000 Jerome Stakes.	May (disambiguation)
Which animals feature on the Royal Arms of England?	Epsom Derby History - Epsom Downs © racing-images.co.uk In 1776, ‘Gentleman’ Johnny Burgoyne, a soldier, playwright and politician who married into the Derby family and had leased his Surrey mansion, the Oaks, to the 12th Earl of Derby, Edward Smith- Stanley, urged his friend to introduce a race for three-year-old fillies over a mile and a half to emulate old comrade in arms Anthony St Leger, founder of the St Leger at Doncaster . Three years later, on May 14, 1779, the Downs above the spa town of Epsom, hosted the initial Oaks and, appropriately, Lord Derby’s Bridget collected victory’s spoils. At a celebratory party that evening, Burgoyne proposed, because the Oaks was such a great success, a similar race should be founded for both colts and fillies. Sir Charles Bunbury, a distinguished figure in the world of horseracing, was behind the concept of racing over a mile or a mile and a half. Legend has it that Bunbury and Derby discussed the possibility and all that was left to do was name the race. Apparently, it was the toss of a coin in the latter’s favour that secured the race title, which lives on as strongly as ever. On May 4, 1780, the inaugural Derby Stakes was run for £1,065 15s. Despite losing the flip of the coin, Bunbury got some compensation when Diomed carried his pink and white silks to success. Lord Derby had to wait until 1787 before he saw his colours triumph in the Classic, when the previously unraced Sir Peter Teazle scored under Sam Arnull. Sir Peter Teazle was retired to stud in October, 1789, and developed into a great sire. By the middle of the 19th century, the Derby had established itself as the most important race of the year in Britain, with many thousands flocking to Epsom Downs where there was also a huge fair. Traditionally run on the first Wednesday in June, but now on the first Saturday of the month, the British Parliament did not sit on Derby Day such was the importance of the premier Classic. Copies were spawned around the world and there are well over 200 different Derbys, some very illustrious like the Kentucky Derby - America’s most famous race – and others less so. After the American Civil War, the Kentucky Thoroughbred industry experienced hard times and Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark represented a group interested in reviving racing in the state. He travelled to England and France in 1872 to study European horseracing. While in England, Colonel Clark saw the famous Epsom Derby and, when he returned to Louisville, he made plans to create a race like the one he had witnessed. The first Kentucky Derby was run at Churchill Downs in 1875. The fact that the Kentucky Derby takes place on dirt rather than turf and over 10 rather than 12 furlongs on the first Saturday in May does not diminish the sense of flattery towards Epsom Downs. The name Derby was used in America and many other countries to denote the best race for three-year-olds. Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey has been the stage for the premier British Classic, except during both World Wars (1915-1918, 1940-1945) when the course was used to house prisoners of war. A substitute race, the New Derby, was staged at Newmarket instead. The Derby, a supreme challenge for threeyear- olds over the unique undulating track and a mile and a half, remains one of the most prestigious Flat races in the world and is the richest race for that age group in Europe, as well as being Britain’s richest offering, with a prize fund of at least £1,325,000. There is a hugely illustrious roll of honour, which includes Bay Middleton, Ormonde, Isinglass, Hyperion and Bahram, while the last 50 years alone have seen such luminaries prevail as Sea-Bird, Nijinsky, Mill Reef, Shergar, Nashwan, Generous, Lammtarra, Galileo, High Chaparral, New Approach , Sea The Stars , Workforce and Camelot . Such names contribute to the Derby’s rich history, partly through their outstanding performances over Epsom Downs but also, for some, through their legacy as top stallions. Galileo, European champion sire in 2008 thanks largely to his Derby winner New Approach and Coronation Cup victor Soldier Of Fortune and again in 2010, 2011 & 2012, demonstrated his prowess over the course as recently as 2001. There is an undoubted crescendo towards the first Saturday in June that commences with a lively ante-post market up a year before the race and helps sustain interest through the winter and into the spring. Then the Classic trials get under way and the hopes and dreams of owners, trainers, jockeys, racegoers and punters are either encouraged or dashed as Derby Day approaches. Derby Day draws the biggest infield crowd of any raceday each year in Britain and the sense of occasion is palpable. There is a huge roar of anticipation as the runners break from the stalls and make their way uphill to the highest point of the course, over 500 feet above sea level, before sweeping down and around Tattenham Corner to enter the straight where the finish is fought out. The Investec Derby is one of five British Classics, the others being the Investec Oaks , QIPCO 1000 Guineas (Newmarket), QIPCO 2000 Guineas (Newmarket) and Ladbrokes St Leger (Doncaster). The last two, along with the Investec Derby, make up the British Triple Crown which 15 horses have achieved, starting with West Australian in 1853 and most recently Nijinsky in 1970. Camelot went close in 2012, winning the first two legs and then finishing the St Leger runner-up.	i don't know
Stretching from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east which is England's newest National Park, established in April, 2011 ?	South Downs National Park Rangers - Wildlife - Sussex Life South Downs National Park Rangers 00:24 01 March 2012 South Downs National Park Rangers While you're enjoying our new National Park, give a thought to the men and women maintaining and enhancing it. Kate Eastman learns more about the life of a ranger. Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in. The South Downs is Englands newest National Park and it became fully operational on 1 April 2011. The Park covers an area of 1,627 square kilometers in southern England, stretching for 140 kilometers (87 miles) from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east through the counties of Hampshire, West and East Sussex. Recognised as an area of outstanding beauty, the South Downs is also home to a multitude of vibrant working communities steeped in history and traditional English culture and is home to more than 110,400 people. The Park covers the chalk ridge of the South Downs, with its celebrated chalk downland landscape culminating in the iconic chalky white cliffs of Beachy Head, but also a substantial part of a separate physiographic region, the western Weald, with its heavily wooded sandstone and clay hills and vales. Ranger Jeremy Burgess (pictured overleaf) manages rangers from the Brighton and Hove part of the South Downs across to Beachy Head, which is about 350 square km. Jeremy has been working with the National Park since last April and worked in the Sussex Downs for four years before that, but he has been a ranger for 25 years. There are four of us in the National Park team. My job involves managing that team, and all of us work in partnership to build relationships with land owners and communities, explains Jeremy. Our work can include anything from leading volunteers, conservation work, mending gates on open access land to working with village communities. The parishes down the Ouse valley are a good example of this, theyre looking to develop an off-road cycleway for safe cycling between Lewes and Newhaven and weve been working with them to help draw together the different communities to get them constituted as a group and wherever we can advise and support the project. Jeremys job is different every day. I can be in discussions one day about clearing some scrub off a historic monument and the next day Im talking about transport and bus services. I first became interested in becoming a ranger when I was 14, spending my summer holidays volunteering in Dartmoor National Park, he says. Then I followed the career path of going to college, studying a degree in countryside management and then starting out into the role. Jeremy wanted to become a ranger initially because he enjoyed working outside. In the early days it was much more practical, I was doing more rural skills like building stone walls, especially on Dartmoor. As time goes on the rangers roles are very different, and you evolve to the environment. Theres still a practical element but there is much more community involvement. Because were in our first year as a National Park were very much developing relationships. We are also very keen to try and develop some large initiatives, one of which is to do with the heritage coast. All around the white cliffs of Seven Sisters and Beachy Head were trying to draw people together to get added value for the area in terms of managing the landscape but also in education and recreation. There are lots of different people working in the area but actually getting them to work together is difficult. The best thing about my job is that no two days are the same and that I am doing something that I really enjoy and feel privileged to be able to do. Tom Parry covers the central east area of Sussex from the river Adur across to Storrington. One of the projects I have been working on recently is a community scheme called Steyning Downing scheme. As part of Steyning Grammer Schools forest skills education, we bring 30 children out into the Downs every Wednesday to work on this project. The scheme has been leased about three hectares of derelict chalk downland by the Wiston Estate and I help the children out where I can, explains Tom. Last summer a lady from the Sussex Wildlife Trust and I co-wrote a management plan to cover the whole scheme that involved clearing some ash trees. The children and I have been doing that all winter, chopping some big trees, and we couldnt have done it without them. Youve got to watch the children very closely otherwise theyll end up cutting a tree with somebody else sitting where it would fall. It would be less tiring if I was on the saw but theyve done a brilliant job. The trees are being cut down because there is an old rifle range called Steyning Combe which is quite a decent chalk down that is grazed and fenced and the area were working on is next to it. There is a scrubby pasture area where you can see there is grass underneath so were cutting back these trees to bring back the downland. Weve got this 1947 aerial photo and there isnt a tree in sight! Tom has been a ranger for a couple of years and volunteered before that. I was volunteering whilst at college where I was studying wildlife management. When I finished a couple of years ago I managed to get a job with the National Park, says Tom. My day to day job varies depending on the season, this time of year there is a lot of scrub clearance, organising volunteers and contracting some work. We get some cash for ourselves that we can spend on areas of land where the managers are good enough to let us on. Farmers will get funds for scrub clearance but a lot of the time the payments are pretty poor so we can help out and top up there or help with volunteers. Tom wanted to become a ranger because: Its quite nice to see the changes we make over time, you dont achieve anything quickly, so a lot of the time we work on neglected downland that is all scrubbed over. You clear a load and it looks awful, it looks like a bombs hit it but give it a few years and you see things popping up that havent been there for 50 years. That is really nice, as long as you have the appropriate management going on. Graham West covers part of the western Weald about 100 square miles from Gratham and Lodsworth, going east to Bury, Fittleworth, Stopham and up to Northchapel. Its probably the most wooded part of the National Park. The main area of my work is woodland management so I work in partnership with farmers and land owners, explains Graham. We have a lot of large estates in our patch and we work with those guys to get conservation projects off the ground. There is a mixture of liaising, facilitating and manual work, getting permission to get the volunteers in and getting permission to work on the ground. We also help landowners with grant scheme applications, particularly woodland grant schemes and felling licences so we can get the work done on the ground. At the moment Graham has two big projects hes working on in terms of woodland management. One is working with the Cowdray Estate. They have one of the last strongholds of Pearl Bordered Fritillary butterflies, a very woodland butterfly that only survives in big open spaces in coppice fields. There are only three sites in West Sussex where the butterfly still exists so weve gone in there and started coppicing again to ensure the species survives. This has been achieved by partnership with the butterfly conservation and the Cowdray Estate. Last year we had the largest number seen there for years, about 40, explains Graham. The other project Graham is working on with a colleague is called Duncton Hanger. It is escarpment woodland planted in the 1960s with western red cedar which is not a native conifer. Its a very difficult site with a scarp slope but its a high designation conservation area. It has special scientific interests so its really important that we get the conifers removed, explains Graham. Its not so much felling the conifers but getting them off site too, were looking at the possibility of using heavy horses for the extraction which is still a niche specialisation but there is still a demand for it as they can get in quite unusual terrain. Graham has been ranging for 16 years, working on the South Downs for 10 years. I remember being dragged up to the top of Southwick Hill by my mum and Nan, explains Graham. Ive always really enjoyed the Downs in particular. Close	South Downs
Which river, which flows into the Irish Sea between Lytham St Annes and Southport, marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of Mercia?	Home - South Downs National Park Authority Communicating the South Downs Cookies Some people find the idea of a website storing information on their computer or mobile device a bit intrusive, particularly when this information is stored and used by a third party without them knowing. Although this is generally quite harmless you may not, for example, want to see advertising that has been targeted to your interests. If you prefer, it is possible to block some or all cookies, or even to delete cookies that have already been set; but you need to be aware that you might lose some functions of that website.	i don't know
What is the two digit country calling code for England from abroad?	United Kingdom Country Code 44 Country Code GB About United Kingdom Hide CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details United Kingdom phone code. The United Kingdom country code 44 will allow you to call United Kingdom from another country. United Kingdom telephone code 44 is dialed after the IDD. United Kingdom international dialing 44 is followed by an area code. The United Kingdom area code table below shows the various city codes for United Kingdom. United Kingdom country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete United Kingdom dialing code, you can make your international call.	44
Which is the most easterly of the five boroughs that make up the metropolitan county of Merseyside?	How Do International Dialing Codes Work - calling the right international phone number How Do International Dialing Codes Work Every country in the world has a unique country dialing code. This means that telephone calls can be made from anywhere in the world to anywhere in the world without and problems. Before you dial an international country dialling code, it is necessary to tell the telephone system you want to do so - see the instructions on how to make an international call for more information. Composition of country dialing codes Most countries have a 2-digit calling code, the code for the United Kingdom is 44; France is 33. The United States is an exception as the code is 1. Some smaller countries (in terms of people, not area) have a three-digit country dialling code, such as the Republic of Ireland (353). Representation of international phone numbers Because you need to dial different codes to make international calls in different countries, it is recommended not to write an international phone number starting with 0 or 00. It is much better to use the + sign to represent the code needed. So, a number in the United Kingdom might be represented as +44 1296 999999. National dialing codes when calling internationally In some countries, it may be necessary (when dialling a number from within the country) to add a zero - or depending on how you look at it - take the zero out when calling the number internationally. For example: To call the above number in the UK, you would need to dial 01296 999999. The 01296 is the national area code (in this case the Aylesbury area in the South-East of England). To call this number from outside of the United Kingdom, it is necessary to not dial the 0 at the beginning of the area code, so in this example it would become 1296 999999. You then add the country code onto the front of the number (it is 44 for the UK), eg 44 1296 999999. If you wanted to call the number from France, you would need to dial 00 first as this is the was in France to initiate an international call. Putting it all together for this example: 00 44 1296 999999. Information for expatriates : people working, studying and living abroad	i don't know
What is the name of the 28 acre recreational lake in hyde Park, London, created by George II's royal gardener in 1730 ?	serpentine lake : definition of serpentine lake and synonyms of serpentine lake (English) Basin countries England The Serpentine (also known as the Serpentine River) is a 28-acre (11 ha) recreational lake in Hyde Park, London , England, created in 1730. Although it is common to refer to the entire body of water as the Serpentine, strictly the name refers only to the eastern half of the lake. Serpentine Bridge, which marks the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens , also marks the western boundary of the Serpentine; the long and narrow western half of the lake is known as the Long Water. The Serpentine takes its name from its snakelike, curving shape. [1] Contents Geography of the lake Sluice gate of the 1730 dam at the eastern end of the lake Originally the lake was fed by the River Westbourne entering at the Italian Garden at the north-western end of the Long Water. The Westbourne ceased to provide the water for the Serpentine in 1834, as the river had become polluted, [2] and it is now supplied from water pumped from the Thames. The Long Water runs south-east from this point to Serpentine Bridge, where the lake curves sharply to the east. At the eastern end, water flows out of the lake via a sluice in the dam, forming a small ornamental waterfall. Historically, the river flowed due south from this point marking the boundary between Westminster and Kensington , but since 1850, the river has been diverted into a culvert, running underground to join the Thames near Chelsea Bridge . The lake has a maximum depth of 40 feet (12 m). [3] There are two lakeside restaurants and various recreational facilities on the shore of the Serpentine, as well as the Serpentine Gallery and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain . History Detail of the 1746 Rocque map showing the newly constructed Serpentine. The paths converging on the Round Pond to the west of the lake are also visible. In 1730 Queen Caroline , wife of George II , ordered the damming of the River Westbourne in Hyde Park as part of a general redevelopment of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. [4] At that time, the Westbourne formed eleven natural ponds in the park. During the 1730s, the lake filled to its current size and shape. The redevelopment was carried out by Royal Gardener Charles Bridgeman , who dammed the Westbourne to create the artificial lake, and also dug a large pond in the centre of Kensington Gardens (the Round Pond) to be a focal point for pathways in the park. [5] At the time of construction, artificial lakes were long and straight. The Serpentine was one of the earliest artificial lakes designed to appear natural, [6] and was widely imitated in parks and gardens nationwide. [6] The Long Water from the Italian Garden. Large numbers of mute swans nest in this area. The lake achieved notoriety in December 1816 when Harriet Westbrook, the pregnant wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley , was found drowned in the Serpentine [7] having left a suicide note addressed to her father, sister and husband. [8] Shelley married Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin less than two weeks later. Serpentine Bridge The lake formed a focal point for the 1814 celebrations commemorating the British victory at Trafalgar , and of the 1851 Great Exhibition , with the Crystal Palace standing on its southern shore. [6] Following the introduction of more stringent regulations to protect the environment in the park, the relocation of the Crystal Palace, and the construction of the nearby Albertopolis complex of museums and exhibitions, large-scale events ceased to take place on the banks of the Serpentine. However, it was the location for the 1977 Silver Jubilee celebrations, [4] and will serve as a venue for the 2012 Olympics . [9] In the 1820s, the park was extensively redesigned by Decimus Burton . At the same time, John Rennie built the Serpentine Bridge to carry the newly built West Carriage Drive along the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, formally dividing the lake into the Serpentine (east) and the Long Water (west). [6] View across the Long Water to Kensington Palace Edward Jenner Memorial The Long Water At the northern end of the Long Water are five fountains surrounded by classical statuary and sculpture, the area is officially known as the Italian Gardens. [10] A large bronze memorial to Edward Jenner , the developer of modern vaccination , dominates the area; it was originally located in Trafalgar Square in 1858, but four years later was moved to its present site. [11] In recent years there has been an ongoing campaign for the memorial to be moved to the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square. [12] [13] The Long Water is surrounded by dense overgrowth for much of its length, and is relatively undeveloped in comparison to the Serpentine. Due to its undisturbed nature, it forms a significant wildlife habitat and is designated as a bird sanctuary. [14] A 2005 survey showed it as home to 90 species of moth alone. [15] On the western bank of the Long Water, deliberately hidden in foliage, is a bronze sculpture of Peter Pan by George Frampton . [16] The "real world" elements of the play and novel were set in the park and in the surrounding streets. Lansbury's Lido Recreation Swimming A rectangular swimming area on the southern bank was opened in 1930. It is known as Lansbury 's Lido, and is partitioned off from the rest of the lake by a perimeter of buoys. [4] There is a fee for entering the lido, and changing rooms are available. It is normally open only in the summer, typically between 10:00 and 17:30, although members of the Serpentine Swimming Club may swim all the year round from 06:00 to 09:30. The Peter Pan Christmas Day Race is only open to regular participants of the Saturday swimming competitions during the winter. [17] The Serpentine will be used as the venue for the Open Water Marathon (10 km) Swim and the swimming leg of the triathlon at the London 2012 Olympics . [9] Wicker elephants on the banks of the Serpentine, part of the 2007 "Trunks Meet Trunks" event The Peter Pan Cup Since 1864, the Serpentine has hosted a 100 yard (91.4 m) swimming competition every Christmas morning at 9 am. In 1904, author J. M. Barrie awarded the Peter Pan Cup to the winner of the race, a tradition which has continued ever since. Due to the hazards of swimming in freezing water, the race is open only to members of the Serpentine Swimming Club. [18] Boating Rowing boats are available for hire. Until the 1970s pleasure boats were able to use the whole lake. Since that time The Long Water has been separated from The Serpentine by chains and is no longer accessible. In 2002, the Serpentine hosted the World Rowing Sprints , in which several international crews raced over 547 yards (500 m). The Solarshuttle, moored in front of Hyde Park Barracks The Solarshuttle In the summer months, the Solarshuttle solar powered boat ferries passengers between the northern and southern banks of the Serpentine. At 48 feet (14 m) long and carrying 42 passengers, it is the largest wholly solar powered passenger boat currently operating in the UK. [19] Landmarks Hyde Park by Camille Pissarro , 1890, showing the footpath along the southern bank of the Serpentine London's Holocaust Memorial is situated at the eastern end of the Serpentine, immediately beyond the dam, and a memorial on the northern shore of the lake commemorates the Norwegian Defence Forces ' role in World War II . The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain is sited on the southern shore of the Serpentine near West Carriage Drive. It currently receives approximately one million visitors per year. [20] There is another fountain, 'The Diana Fountain', on the north side of the Serpentine Road, at the north-east corner of the lake. This, much earlier, fountain is dedicated to the Roman Goddess. It is much eroded and has not worked for many years. It now resembles a bird-bath. Ranger's Lodge is one of a group of buildings to the north of the lake. The most prominent of these is the 1903 Metropolitan Police Station ('AH'). Hyde Park is/was the only Royal Park policed by this force. The 'Met' were first housed, from 1867–1903 in 'The Magazine' at the north end of the Serpentine Bridge. Policing was,in the 1970s, passed to the Royal Parks Constabulary . Following the RPC's abolition in 2004, it is now the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service 's Royal Parks Operational Command Unit , although as with the rest of the MPS, command and control of day-to-day incidents has been centralised to the Metcall complex. On the northern side of the lake, opposite The Lido, is a grass amphitheatre called 'The Cockpit'. It was here that The Rolling Stones played their 'Stones In The Park' concert in 1969. There is a film of the event and, behind the stage, both the Lido and people in rowing boats can be seen. This area can also be seen in the film, 'Genevieve'. It is the starting point for the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run. The Serpentine Gallery , one of London's leading art galleries, is not in fact located on the Serpentine, but in Kensington Gardens, on the western side of West Carriage Drive immediately south of the Long Water. Image gallery View east from Serpentine Bridge The Italian Garden; as the fountains are fed by the Westbourne River, they do not function at times of low rainfall. Fountains in the Italian Garden The Italian Garden View south across the Serpentine to the Diana Memorial Fountain on the south bank. The Serpentine in a rainstorm, looking southeast towards Hyde Park Barracks Serpentine Bridge from the north bank Lansbury's Lido The Serpentine, viewed from the footpath across the dam The brutalist architecture of the Dell restaurant, situated on the northern end of the dam, dominates the eastern end of the lake. The Holocaust Memorial, immediately east of the dam Cormorants fishing from posts in the Long Water The Serpentine Bridge from below Birds sitting on poles in Long Water External links	Serpentine
There are just two towns in Rutland - Oakham, the county town and which other, best known for its 428 year old public school ?	1730s photos on Flickr \| Flickr 16 Photo taken at Drayton Hall. "Drayton Hall is an 18th-century plantation located on the Ashley River about 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Charleston, South Carolina and directly across the Ashley River from North Charleston, in the "Lowcountry." An outstanding example of Palladian architecture in North America and the only plantation house on the Ashley River to survive intact through both the Revolutionary and Civil wars, it is a National Historic Landmark. The mansion was built for John Drayton (c. 1715–1779) after he bought the property in the late 1730s.[3] As the third son in his family, he knew he was unlikely to inherit his own nearby birthplace, now called Magnolia Plantation and Gardens." Quoted from Wikipedia Yeah, I have a thing for sunsets lately. I arrived for the sunset and had some time before it went totally down. So I figure, why not try a panorama because it is nearly impossible to stand this close to the Beavertail Lighthouse and fit the whole structure in. This one was done with 6 frames in the panorama. Some info on this location: "Although Rhode Island’s first settlers were farmers, the colony shortly developed a thriving maritime economy as well. By the early 18th century, it was estimated that one in four men living in Rhode Island made their living in some way from the sea. Although exports included tobacco, maize, and lumber, the export of rum was the basis of a notorious trade triangle involving rum, slaves, and molasses. Ships took rum to West Africa, where it was traded for slaves. The slaves were then taken to the West Indies, where they were traded for molasses and sugar, which was brought back to Newport. In a single five-year period in the 1730s, over six thousand Africans were delivered to the Caribbean islands. Slave commerce was an important part of Rhode Island’s economy for around 100 years. The rising importance of shipping to the colony of Rhode Island led to a lighthouse being proposed for the southern tip of Conanicut Island, known as Beavertail Point. Beginning in 1731, ships calling at Newport had their cargoes taxed to fund the future lighthouse. Construction was delayed for about ten years by war between England and Spain, but the lighthouse was finally finished in 1749. The wooden tower stood sixty-eight feet tall, was twenty-four feet in diameter at its base, and tapered to thirteen feet at the lantern deck. The lighthouse, known early on as the Newport Lighthouse, was the third to be built in what would become the United States. The wooden lighthouse burned to the ground only four years after it was finished, but in 1754 a fifty-eight-foot brick and stone tower was built to replace it. A wooden spiral staircase led to the lantern room, which housed a light consisting of a two-tiered spider lamp with fifteen whale-oil burning wicks, each with a nine-inch reflector. During the early part of the Revolutionary War, British troops controlled Newport. In 1779, as they were retreating, the redcoats set fire to the lighthouse and took the optic. Although the fire warped the masonry walls, the tower was repaired and put back into service in 1783. In 1827 the lantern was refitted with a Winslow Lewis optic that could be seen for sixteen miles. Since the station was so close to the water, it often caught the full force of storms. Sometime during the early 1800s, Keeper Philip Caswell and his family were forced to flee when high waves threatened to destroy the small two-room keeper’s house. The dwelling escaped this storm with minimal damage, but the hurricane of 1815 would destroy the edifice. Fortunately, Caswell had again moved his family elsewhere before the storm as a precaution. The lighthouse tower survived the hurricane, although all twenty panes of glass in the lantern house were broken. The next year, a new five-room keeper’s dwelling was constructed. The Beavertail Lighthouse was used repeatedly to conduct experiments with new fog signals and lighting equipment. In 1817 a local inventor named David Melville tried out a new coal gas process. The gas was generated by burning a mixture of coal and tree resin and piped through copper tubing to a chandelier in the lantern room. The cheaply produced gas resulted in a brighter and cleaner light, but lobbying pressure from the companies that sold whale oil (which was the standard fuel for lighthouse beacons at that time) brought an abrupt end to Melville’s work less than a year after it began. In 1851, another experiment involved a fog signal created by Celadon Daboll, an inventor from New London, Connecticut. Daboll’s foghorn, which consisted of a vibrating metal reed inside a long trumpet, was powered by compressed air that was pumped into a holding tank by a horse attached to a revolving walker. Six years later, Daboll’s foghorn was replaced by an experimental steam whistle. Robert H. Weeded accepted the position of keeper of Beavertail Lighthouse in 1844. Upon his death, four years later, his wife, Damaris, took over responsibility for the lighthouse. Damaris is the only female keeper to serve at Beavertail, and aided by her son, she remained at the lighthouse for nine years after her husband’s death, just long enough to see the completion of the currently standing 52-foot granite block tower. The old 1754 tower was razed to its foundation, and when a new keeper’s dwelling was completed in 1859, the prior dwelling was demolished as well. The new 1856 tower was equipped with a third-order Fresnel lens that produced a fixed white light. Somewhere around 1899, the optic was downgraded to a smaller fourth-order lens. Artillerymen at nearby Fort Adams often practiced firing dummy shells into the sea, but one day in December 1908, their aim was particularly bad. One five-inch shell narrowly missed the lighthouse tower, another landed in the yard behind the keeper’s house, and a third hit the tower’s foundation, causing the keepers to run for cover. The War Department repaired the damage and assured the Lighthouse Board that it would not happen again. When electricity reached the station in 1931, the lantern room’s clear windows were covered with green Plexiglas storm panes to change the light’s characteristic, and an electric strobe device was mounted on top of the keeper’s dwelling to automatically activate a fog signal when visibility fell below two miles. With its exposed location, the Beavertail Lighthouse was bound to suffer from the infamous hurricane of 1938 that caused so much damage at stations in Rhode Island. The wind-driven waves swept away the station’s fog signal building, revealing the foundation of the 1749 lighthouse. Although the facilities at the lighthouse were damaged, the loss suffered by Keeper Carl Chellis was far worse. His son, Clayton, and daughter, Marion, were returning home on a school bus, when storm surge toppled the vehicle as it crossed a causeway. Norman Caswell, the driver of the bus, recalls “I saw that we would have to leave the bus or be drowned like rats. I told the children to grab each other tightly. I had hold of several when the huge wave came over us. I went down twice. When I came up, I saw Clayton Chellis swimming around. He was the only one who was saved besides me.” When a passerby tried to rescue Caswell, he responded “Please let me die. I lost a whole bunch of the kids I had in the school bus. Everything's gone. Please don't move me. Let me die.” Caswell did survive, and when Keeper Chellis arrived at the scene, Caswell told him “I got your boy, but your daughter’s dead – gone.” Grief-stricken by the news, Chellis grabbed a handful of rocks and broke out all the windows in the overturned bus. Caswell died shortly after the incident, unable to cope with the deaths of the children. Seven years later, Clayton Chellis drowned in the Pacific Ocean, during his World War II tour of duty. Beavertail Light was automated in 1972. The station remains an active aid to navigation, currently equipped with a modern plastic lens, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The grounds are open to the public, and the Beavertail Lighthouse Museum Association (BLMA) operates a museum in the keeper's quarters and assistant keeper’s dwelling that is open seasonally. One of its main exhibits is the fourth-order Fresnel lens formerly used in the lighthouse. The Champlin Foundations awarded a 2007 grant of $227,000 to BLMA to preserve and restore the granite light tower. BLMA has plans to expand into other buildings on the property as soon as they are excessed by the Coast Guard. The fog signal building currently houses an aquarium display operated by the state Department of Environmental Management." SOURCE of all this good info: www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=403 View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Ty7.^ ,^>?«>^^<^ ^t^-/iay9^. <$.^y£^^^v^e/: ^yyjy. Text Appearing After Image: {37)The red Peruvian Hen, Numb. XL. THIS Bird is of the Bignefs and Shape of the CarafowHen J its Bill, fides of its Face and upper part of itsNeck were of a dark aih Colour 5 the Pupil of the Eyesblack, the Irides red j round the top of the Head was aCreft of white Feathers with black Tips; the lower part ofthe Neck and the whole Body were red, the Legs and Feetare black. This Name is impofed on it for want of know-ing its real Name; It was kept at Richmond Palace, whenHer late Majefly was Princefs of Waks^ amongft her Col-lection of Rarities of this kind 5 I drew it from the Bird,but could not meet with any one that could give me a par-ticular account of it, excepting in the Colour; it is prettymuch like the Carafow Hen^ and feems to be of the fameSpecies with that Fowl: The difagreement that is betweenthem in the Colours may be perhaps owing from the diffe-rent Places they are brought from, or fuch difference as iscommon amongft tame Fowls. T/j >]e ( 38)^^?r lloe French Field Du Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. Do not use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my permission. COUNTY LAOIS, IRELAND. RESTORATION work commenced in September last on All Saint’s Church, Ballinakill, which was built in 1821 for the sum of £1,558. History records that there was another church here prior to 1821 because there is at least one grave near the present church, dating back to the 1730s. The restoration work will cost £100,000 and the Church of Ireland were delighted when they were told that they were allocated a grant of £75,000 from the Heritage Council in Kilkenny, which is the highest grant percentage-wise from the Heritage Council to any project nationally. Canon Patrick Harvey was in Ballinakill on Thursday last, October 26 with members of his church committee to launch the restoration work which is being carried out by Charlie Breen, Building Contractors, Mountrath. Also present on the day was Mr Martin Rohan, Chairman Laois Co. Council who announced that the council had allocated a conservation grant of £4,000 to the reconstruction project. All Saints Church has many unique qualities, the most significant of which are its stained glass windows dating back to the 16th century, one of which is dedicated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Another unusual feature is that the church has never been electrified and any night services held there are by candlelight. One of those is the Ecumenical Christmas Carol Service when the congregation are joined by the parishioners from nearby Roman Catholic Church and Parish Priest Fr. Seán Conlon. All Saints has a most unusual style of interior decoration. Immediately inside the main door there is a remarkable oval shaped baptistry with a rose window and a ceiling full of five, six and seven pointed stars on a dark blue night sky. In recent years the church fabric has deteriorated and the congregation became concerned about its future. But that is all being taken care of with the big job of restoration underway. The most urgent work will be carried out first which is the pointing of the tower and spire. The lead covering on the tower was removed and transported to England during the first World War in 1914, and this lead covering will now be replaced during the restoration project. The origin and history of All Saints Church is spelt out in a plaque in the Church which reads; In affectionate remembrance of Louisa Elizabeth-de-Bille, daughter of Sir Compton Domville Bart, and widow of Torben de Bille, late Danish Minister at the Court of St. James, who died March 26, 1888 aged 91 years. Erected by her niece Mary Adelaide Poe. The tower clock is operated by weights. The clock was out of use for many years but was restored in 1987. Another plaque in the church tells us that Ambrose Congreve Webb was Rector and Vicar of Dysart Galen for 46 years and died February 21, 1908. All Saints Church is the inheritor of the Parochial title Dysart Galen. SOURCE: LAOIS NATIONALIST. 3 In the time of Frederick William (1688), shortly after the Thirty Years' war and a century before the gate was constructed, Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates: Spandauer Tor, St. Georgen Tor, Stralower Tor, Cöpenicker Tor, Neues Tor, and Leipziger Tor. Relative peace, a policy of religious tolerance, and status as capital of the Kingdom of Prussia facilitated the growth of the city. When a much larger Berlin was partitioned after World War II, the central borough of the city fell into the Soviet sector, adjoining the British sector at the Brandenburg Gate. The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old fortifications but one of 18 gates within the Berlin Customs Wall (German: Akzisemauer), erected in the 1730s, including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs. The new gate was commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm II to represent peace. The Gate was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, the Court Superintendent of Buildings, and built between 1788 and 1791, replacing the earlier simple guard houses siding the original gate in the Customs Wall. The Gate consists of twelve Doric columns, six to each side, forming five passageways. Citizens originally were allowed to use only the outermost two on each side. Atop the gate is the Quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses. The new gate was originally named the Peace Gate (German: Friedenstor)[2] and the goddess is Eirene, the goddess of peace. View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: em 965-, enby ftorf, Gen. f. Doch ru heet het; Ons le-ven duurt 70 jaren ; als t hooT: komt is het80 ; maar dan gaat het al, by ftorf. Een gr^^oteafflag zeker, dat ons leven in plaats van 8 of900 jaren , nu op zyn hoogft maar 60, 70 of80 duurt. Maar de veelheit der jaren doetniets ter zake,* want een kind van 8 dagen isvoor God oud genoeg om te fterven : Hyvraagt niet, bce lang ivy gekeft bebben , maar«ƒ wy uoel bebben gekeft. Heeft God aan ie-mand veelc jaren toegelegt, heeft hy ook temeerder rekcnfchap te geven, hoe hy alle diejaren hefteed heeft. De geenc aan wienveel is aan vertrouwt > zal ook veel te verant-woorden hebben. Hoe korter daar tegen onsleven duurt, hoe zorgvuldiger wy onzen tydin agt moeten ncemcn. En worden wy oud.,20 moeten wy de bou\{valiigheit onzes lig-chaams als een kenteken en waarfchou\ï inis:van onzen korten tyd op handen zynde doodaanmerken , en gedenken Hoe hoger dat men is van jaren,Hoe eer men moet ten grave varen. Ende jpo Dr K A P E L L E No. 4^. Text Appearing After Image: Ende het doode ïighaam Jezebeh , zalzyngelyk mejt opdenveide. z Kon. 9: Ilicr DER D o o D E K 19^1 Hier baat geen fchoonheit van gelaat;De Dood het al ter neder flaat. Men hoord en ziet wel dat de Dames ligin de Comedien ^ in Danls-gezelfcfiap-pen op Bruiloften en Gaftmalcn ficrlyk op-fchikken ; maar om te fterven heeft mogelyknooit een van te voren zich opgefchikt, ge-poejert en geblanket, behalven de fchandc-Jykc Jezebety die zich op pronkte om voorccaen Honds maaltyd te verftrekkcn. Deze vcrfchrikkclyke Honde-gaftery, waarin een opgepronktc en geblankette Koningsdogter van t hooft tot de voeten verteert,en van de paarden vcrtrecden wierd , is nietronder verwondering te Jcezen zKon. 9., al--waar van haar gemeld word : ^Is Jezehel dminto^t o&n Jebu boorde, zo Mankette zy baaraangezigt, ^ ende verfierde Jjoar booft, ende keekter venjler uit. BoenuJ-ebu ter poort e inquam.,zeidezyy enz. Ende by zeide , ftoot ze-uan bo-ven neder ..zodat van baar hlo^d aan den wand.,ende aan ée pa Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. 1 photograph : glass lantern slide, hand-colored ; 3.25 x 4 in. Notes: Site History. House Architecture: Unknown architect, built 1730s. Other: Birthplace of Robert E. Lee. Today: House preserved as historic site by the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association, which purchased the property in 1929. Title, date, and subject information provided by Sam Watters, 2011, with outhouse designation from the Stratford Hall website. Forms part of: Garden and historic house lecture series in the Frances Benjamin Johnston Collection (Library of Congress). Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication. Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.16194 45 Peterhof ( Петерго́ф, Petergof, originally named Peterhof, the Dutch for "Peter's Court") is a municipal town within Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland (population 64,791 (2002 census)). It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also situated there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The dominant natural feature of Peterhof is a sixteen-metre-high bluff lying less than a hundred metres from the shore. The so-called Lower Gardens (Nizhny Sad), at 1.02 km² comprising the better part of Peterhof's land area, are confined between this bluff and the shore, stretching east and west for roughly 200 metres. The majority of Peterhof's fountains are contained here, as are several small palaces and outbuildings. East of the Lower Gardens lies the Alexandria Park with 19th-century Gothic Revival structures such as the Kapella. The Grand Cascade is modeled on one constructed for Louis XIV at his Château de Marly, which is likewise memorialized in one of the park's outbuildings. At the center of the cascade is an artificial grotto with two stories, faced inside and out with hewn brown stone. It currently contains a modest museum of the fountains' history. One of the exhibits is a table carrying a bowl of (artificial) fruit, a replica of a similar table built under Peter's direction. The table is rigged with jets of water that soak visitors when they reach for the fruit, a feature from Mannerist gardens that remained popular in Germany. The grotto is connected to the palace above and behind by a hidden corridor. The fountains of the Grand Cascade are located below the grotto and on either side of it. Their waters flow into a semicircular pool, the terminus of the fountain-lined Sea Channel. In the 1730s, the large Samson Fountain was placed in this pool. It depicts the moment when Samson tears open the jaws of a lion, representing Russia's victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War, and is doubly symbolic. The lion is an element of the Swedish coat of arms, and one of the great victories of the war was won on St Samson's Day. From the lion's mouth shoots a 20-metre-high vertical jet of water, the highest in all of Peterhof. This masterpiece by Mikhail Kozlovsky was looted by the invading Germans during the Second World War; see "History" below. A replica of the statue was installed in 1947. Perhaps the greatest technological achievement of Peterhof is that all of the fountains operate without the use of pumps. Water is supplied from natural springs and collects in reservoirs in the Upper Gardens. The elevation difference creates the pressure that drives most of the fountains of the Lower Gardens, including the Grand Cascade. The Samson Fountain is supplied by a special aqueduct, over four km in length, drawing water and pressure from a high-elevation source. 3 Early in 1724 Sir John Vanbrugh, an English architect sent Lord Carlisle some designs for a pavilion for the south-east corner of Ray Wood, and shortly afterwards he was pleased to learn that the Earl had at last chosen the Temple with four Porticos. Known originally as the Temple of Diana, the building - a cube with dome and porticos - is modelled in part on Andrea Palladio's famous 16th century Villa Rotonda in Vicenza. By the time of Vanbrugh's death in 1726, the Temple was unfinished and another ten years were to pass before the interiors were finally decorated with scagliola in 1738 by the stuccoist Francesco Vassalli. Beneath the temple is a cellar where servants would have stored and prepared food before serving it to polite company above. Used as a place for refreshment and reading, it commands impressive views, and to the north, a quarter of a mile away, is the site of Hawksmoor's Temple of Venus. This had been built in the 1730s in the form of an open rotunda of eight Tuscan columns under an octagonal entablature and dome, but it collapsed in the 1940s. Vanbrugh's Temple narrowly avoided a similar fate before it was restored in 1955, one of the first of the major restoration projects undertaken by George Howard after the Second World War. It is hoped that Hawksmoor's lost temple can be rebuilt. In 2001 the base of the Temple of Venus was cleared revealing a low octagonal plinth and surrounding walkway. The original statue of Venus has survived and is today located in the Venus Rose Garden. Looking beyond the temple there is an expanse of some of the greenest fields you may ever see, they sweep majestically down to the South Lake with it's steep bridge. Visibly sticking out from behind the trees you can see the grand Mausoleum which is one of the finest free standing examples in Northern Europe. You can purchase this photo on Getty Images The Rynok Square in Lviv (Ukrainian: Площа Ринок, Polish: Rynek we Lwowie) is a central square of the city of Lviv, Ukraine. It was planned in the second half of the 14th century, following granting city rights by Polish king Casimir III, who annexed Red Ruthenia. The king ordered Lviv to be moved more to the south, where a new city was built to the plan of a traditional European settlement: a central square surrounded by living quarters and fortifications. Old, Ruthenian Lviv had become a suburb of the new city. The square is rectangular in shape, with measurements of 142 meters by 129 meters and with two streets radiating out of every corner. In the middle there was a row of houses, with its southern wall made by the Town Hall. However, when in 1825 the tower of the Town Hall burned, all adjacent houses were demolished and a new hall, with a 65-meter tower, was built in 1835 by architects J. Markl and F. Trescher. Around the square, there are 44 tenement houses, which represent several architectural styles, from Renaissance to Modernism. In the four corners, there are fountains—wells from 1793, probably designed by Hartman Witwer. The sculptures represent four Greek mythological figures: Neptune, Diana, Amphitrite and Adonis. In front of the Town Hall, there was a pillory. In 1998 the Market Place, together with the historic city center of Lviv, was recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site. The square was designed soon after Lviv’s location as a city. Originally, the buildings were Gothic; however, a great fire on 3 June 1527) destroyed most of the city. The new city, then known in Polish as Lwow, was rebuilt in Renaissance style, with a few remaining examples of Gothic architecture. There is a vault in tenement house number 24 and a portal in house number 25. The Rynok Square was witness to several important events in the history of Poland and Ukraine. Among these, in 1387 King Wladyslaw Jagiello accepted the homage of Petru I of Moldavia here. In 1436 another Moldavian ruler, Ilias of Moldavia, paid homage to King Wladyslaw III in Lviv. Also, at the pillory, several historical figures were executed, including rulers of Moldavia Ştefan Tomşa (1564), Ioan Potcoavă (Ivan Pidkova) (1577) and Iancu Sasul (1582). In 1848, during the Spring of Nations, a Polish National Guard was formed here. On 11 November 1920, prime minister Jozef Pilsudski hosted a military parade to commemorate awarding the Virtuti Militari cross to the city. Also, on 30 June 1941, Yaroslav Stetsko proclaimed Ukraine's independence in a house located on the square. In 2006, a major restoration of the square’s pavement was carried out. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market Square, Lviv The Lviv palace of Prince Stanisław Lubomirski was built in the 1760s to Jan de Witte's design on the site of several older houses (one of which had been the property of Szymon Szymonowic). The palace's main façade, featuring decoration by Sebastian Vessinger, is on the Market Square. The two other fronts are considerably less conspicuous. Between 1771 and 1821, the Lubomirski Palace served as the residence for Austrian governors of Galicia. It was purchased by a Ukrainian organization, Prosvita, in the 19th century and subsequently became a hotbed of nationalist activities. It was there that Yaroslav Stetsko proclaimed Ukraine's independence several days after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. Next door to the Lubomirski Palace is the former palace of the Roman Catholic archbishops where King of Poland Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki died in 1673. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubomirski Palace, Lviv The Dormition or Assumption Church (Ukrainian: Успенська церква, Uspenska tserkva) is the main Orthodox church in the city of Lviv, Ukraine. At present it is leased to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. It was constructed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with funds provided by the Greek merchant Constantine Corniaktos and other members of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood, a local bratstvo which also operated a well-known Orthodox school and press. The church's architecture bears the mark of the Renaissance. This especially applies to the profusely decorated façade of the adjacent Chapel of the Three Hierarchs, built between 1574 and 1591 to Piotr Krasowski's designs. Nearby is one of Lviv's most conspicuous landmarks, the Korniakt Tower, which was carried to its present height of 65 meters after a conflagration in 1695. This ornate bell-tower was originally commissioned by Corniaktos from architect Piotr Barbon in the 1570s. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition Church, Lviv The Carmelite Church in Lviv was first mentioned in 1634 as the church of the monastery of the Barefoot Carmelites. In 1748 it was the scene of a notorious scuffle ("monomachia") between the Carmelites and their neighbours, the Capuchins. The suburban location caused the church to be rather well fortified, yet it was ravaged by the Cossacks in the Khmelnytsky Revolt and the Swedes in the Great Northern War. The entire façade was redesigned in the 19th century. Still, the building retains much of its original character and design, attributed to architect Jan Pokorowicz. Especially noteworthy are the 300-year-old black marble altar and a series of frescoes executed by Giuseppe Pedretti in the 1730s. After 1789 the church has passed through a succession of owners, ending with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church which reconsecrated the church to Michael the Archangel in 1991. 14 Weathercocks of Nida: Each kurenas sailing on the Curonian lagoon was carried a colored weathercock. The purpose was not only to show the wind direction, but also to identify the particular sailing boat. Decoration of weathercocks: Curonian Lagoon fisherman from the villages framed their weathercocks with timber, and decorated with openwork chaff. The fishermen carved such ship decorations while sailing under good weather conditions after fishing, or during some other long trip. Nida, Lithuania Nida (German: Nidden) is a resort town in Lithuania, located on the Curonian Spit. It has 1,650 residents and is the administrative center of the Neringa municipality. Nida is the westernmost point of Lithuania and the Baltic States. Continuously threatened by sand drifts, the village was moved away from the dune to today's position in the 1730s. The town is known for Nidden Kurenwimpel, ornate carved flags peculiar to local families resident on the Curonian Spit. The flags, replicas of which can be seen around Nida, feature animal and human figures as pictograms reminiscent of a pagan writing tradition. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida,_Lithuania Since 2000, the Curonian Spit has been on UNESCO's World Heritage List under cultural criteria "V" (an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture [...], or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change). Wildlife gathering in the eerie, misty meadows surrounding Newark Priory, Surrey, at sunrise. _________________ Newark Priory was established in the late 12th Century by Rauld de Calva and his wife Beatrice de Saudes for Augustian canons. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Thomas Beckett and was a "novo loco" - a new place for monks from nearby. The Priory's name changed over the years to Newstead and then finally Newark. During King Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries Newark Priory was Dissolved. The prior himself was pensioned off, valuables sent to the Tower of London and the land given to the Master of the Kings Horse. It has been said that a cannon was employed from the top of Church Hill to bombard or demolish, what were, the then extensive buildings. This incident is portrayed in one of a series of paintings made by artist Tessa Kewen. The last known prior of Newark Priory was Richard Lipscombe, appointed just before the surrender of the house in 1538. The building falling into ruin, was said to have been further destroyed by locals using the stones for road mending; until Lord Onslow, the owner in the 1730s, decided to preserve what remained Stowe Gardens The history of the gardens In the 1690s, Stowe had a modest early-baroque parterre garden, owing more to Italy than to France, but it has not survived, and, within a relatively short time, Stowe became widely-renowned for its magnificent gardens created by the man who owned Stowe at the time, Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham. In the 1710s and 1720s, Charles Bridgeman, the garden designer, and John Vanbrugh, the architect, designed an English baroque park, inspired by the work of London, Wise and Switzer. In the 1730s, William Kent and James Gibbs were appointed to work with Bridgeman, who died in 1738. Kent had already created the glorious garden at Rousham House, and he was joined by Giacomo Leoni to build temples, bridges, and other garden structures. Kent's Temple of Ancient Virtue (1734) looks across the Elysian Fields to the Shrine of British Worthies. In 1741, Capability Brown was appointed head gardener. He worked with Kent until the latter's death in 1748, before his own departure in 1751. In these years, Bridgeman's octagonal pond and eleven-acre lake were given a "naturalistic" shape, and a Palladian bridge was added in 1744. Brown contrived a Grecian valley which, despite its name, is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. As Loudon remarked in 1831, "nature has done little or nothing; man a great deal, and time has improved his labours". View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: n.O Jezus, Jezus, neem my aen!Ik wil met U den kruiswegh gaen. * Ce- ss O Gebedt. Heilige, o Geduchte Geest,Die voor de weerek zyc geweeftIn Godt, en zelf Godcs wezen zyt,Wicn, al wat Godt erkent, belydc;Wiens Goddelyke PinkfterlichtDe deucht en waerheic houdt verplicht,Die nogh in alle vromen werktGeloof en liefde en hoop j en fterktPlet hart van uwe Chriftenfchaer,O Wonderwerk er, Zegenaer,En hulp van die, gewont in t hartDoor eene Godtgewyde f mart,U aenbidt met een rein gemoet;Ik valle ootmoedigh U te voet,En fmeeke in zwakheit om uw kracht!Och help my, die uw hulp verwaeh:!Verlicht den nacht van myn verftam !Sterk mynen wil! Verbreek den bandeDer eigeliefde, die my plaegt!Hoe worde ik meenigmael geknaegtAenc hart, wanneer myn zonde en fchult,En uw verwaerelooft gedukJn myn gemoet naer boven welt,En zelf myn eigen vonnis velt!Och, helpt, en fta, op nieuws, my by!Neem Gy geheel de heerfchappyVan myn e ziele, en lluw my voortLangs t hcmclpadt, door denge poort. I. Godt I. <3V 57. ƒ ocvxvs K IfON ATIDIT,Tl 3TECAVIIISË£ AYDIVIT Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. Christiansborg Slot • Christiansborg Palace • Copenhagen, DK Located on the small island Slotsholmen and separated from the city centre by a moat-like canal, you can see Christiansborg Slot, a large palace that is home to Folketinget - the Danish parliament and various government offices and is the official reception area of Queen Margrethe II The main courtyard, which was once used as royal riding grounds, is overseen by a statue of Christian IX (1863-1906) on horseback and flanked to the north by stables and to the south by carriage buildings. The stables and buildings surrounding the main courtyard date back to the 1730s when the original Christiansborg palace was built by Christian VI to replace the more modest Copenhagen Castle that previously stood there. The grander west wing of Christian VI's palace went up in flames in 1794, was rebuilt in the early 19th century and was once again destroyed by fire in 1884. In 1907 the cornerstone for the third (and current) Christiansborg Palace was laid by Frederik VIII and, upon completion, the national parliament and the Supreme Court moved into new chambers there. 10 Our visits to Colonial Williamsburg generally are for part of one day, but that part nearly always includes late afternoon, when the light can be very nice. The Thomas Everard is one the 88 original structures still in existence when restoration of Virginia's second colonial capital got underway in the latter part of the 1920s. It is immediately SE of Governor's Palace and faces west onto Palace Green. Although I have photographed this house several times, this is the first from this perspective. Thomas Everard arrived in Virginia in the 1730s; he served about 40 years as clerk of the York County Court and twice was mayor of Williamsburg. He lived in the house shown here for about 25 years, after acquiring it in 1755; it was built in 1718 by John Brush, the first keeper of the Magazine (where munitions were kept). When I first visited in 1974, the house was known as the Brush-Everard house; later, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation started calling it just Thomas Everard house because Everard had enlarged and upgraded the house during his ownership. (Official Guide to Colonial Williamsburg, 3rd edition, pp. 80-81). Thomas Everard House is part of the Williamsburg Historic District, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 (66000925). View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: of that Order all wear Hoodsto cover their bald Crowns j hence the upper part of thisRange is called the Hood j and the more compaA thefe Fea-thers are, and the clofer to the Head, fo much the morethis Bird is efteemed. The lower part of this Range ofFeathers is called by us the Chain, but by the Dutch it iscalled the Cravat; the Feathers of this Chain ought to belong and clofe, fo that if you ftrain the Neck a little, bytalcing hold of the Bill, the two fides will lap over eachother in fome of the beft; but there are very few now to befound in Kngland compleat. The jfacohine ought to have avery Ihort Bill, the fhorter the better, and a clean pearl Eye,as for their Colours there are reds, yellows, blews, blacksand mottles; but be the Colours what they will, they oughtto have a clean white Head, white Feet and white Tail.Of thefe Pigeons fome are feather leggd and footed, othersare not, and both forts are equally eileemd, according tothe various Inclination of different Fancies. 3 ^^c 5^^ ^ezc^r^-i^Tze^ _^caCa.e-er?t c^. ^///^^z. ^e/.- J/J y. ^^ Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: nfte ooren,die den beftenH(azewindhqnd in fnei luifteren niet haddenbehoeven toe te geven , zyn gelyk ae ooreneens dovep adders, die door den Bezweerderverftopt zyn geworden. BER DQODEN. 7^ De genen die zo memgen Rondeau gemaakthebben, en zomenigen conditie van gezond-heden hebben helpen uitdrinken, inzonder-heit als ^y den wyn Franco konden krygen;die alzo gemakkelyk een flefch of drie binnenkonden flaan gelyk de vaarzen uit de vluggeDigters vloejen; 2I dit voJkje ziet er tegen-woordig zo dorftig en verfmagt uit , als ofzy in de zon verdroogt of ais bokkens in denwind opgehangen waren. Kei heet nu Ritor-nello tacety alles gaat even Piano ^ envaneeaAllegro word niet het minft meer gehoort,ten ware dan dat de Kapelmcefter der Do-den met fpeelnoten van 16 of 31 in een maatnaar t graf toe fpocd , als of hy ter poftrecd.Dan geld geen ContrapunEt; maar wel betliedje is uitgezongen; en dan zegt en lammen-teert men, ach heiaas ! De Geeft is er uit,Het Ipel is verbruid De fo DeKAPELLE No. 2C. Text Appearing After Image: Gy hebt geen deel nog lot. Act 8: 21» Schoon gyvol zyt van praktyken. Kunt gy niet den Dood ontwyken. E lang er, breedbaardige Joden, de gouden geldfnoejers , de valfche munters de D DER D O O D E N. ^t de bedrieglykc Schacheraars , de zo genaam-de Waarzeggers en Tekenbediedcrs , Hexen,Tovenaars , Bezweerders, en meer diergclylceerloos en fchclmagtig volkje van beiderJy ge-Üagt , die eikanderen beftaan als Coufms Ger.mains , zyndeApoftclcnen Profeten van denDuivel, die hy in de waereld uitzend » omeenvoudige , ligtgelovige of bygelovige men-fchen elendig te bedriegen. Want de Satanvertoont zich in hen als een Engel des ligts ,en leert hun voorts vele kunftjes om met eersaan den koft te komen , als beurzefnyden,Üeelen , moorden , vergiftigen , valfch fpcc-len , goochelary, koppelary, en hondertdier-gelyke fnode prakt} Ken ; onder deze ClafTezou men ook eenigzmts konnen begrypen deAlchimiden, die gaarne goud en zilver zoudenmaken , maar niet konnen : de Pasquil-ma-kers , en opftelle Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. This one was shot about 18 minutes after the Round Pond Sunset . I think I placed the camera on the bank of the lake and shot blind . . . I am not really sure anymore because I shot many exposures that evening; some were handheld and some were shot blind with the camera on the bank of the lake. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The Serpentine (also known as the Serpentine River) is a 28-acre (11.34 ha) recreational lake in Hyde Park, London, England, created in 1730. Although it is common to refer to the entire body of water as the Serpentine, strictly the name refers only to the eastern half of the lake. Serpentine Bridge, which marks the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, also marks the western boundary of the Serpentine; the long and narrow western half of the lake is known as the Long Water. The Serpentine takes its name from its snakelike, curving shape. [...] In 1730 Queen Caroline, wife of George II, ordered the damming of the River Westbourne in Hyde Park as part of a general redevelopment of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. At that time, the Westbourne formed eleven natural ponds in the park. During the 1730s, the lake filled to its current size and shape. The redevelopment was carried out by Royal Gardener Charles Bridgeman, who dammed the Westbourne to create the artificial lake, and also dug a large pond in the centre of Kensington Gardens (the Round Pond) to be a focal point for pathways in the park. At the time of construction, artificial lakes were long and straight. The Serpentine was one of the earliest artificial lakes designed to appear natural, and was widely imitated in parks and gardens nationwide. The Temple Of The Four Winds Early in 1724 Vanbrugh sent Lord Carlisle some designs for a pavilion for the south-east corner of Ray Wood, and shortly afterwards he was pleased to learn that the Earl had at last chosen the Temple with four Porticos. Known originally as the Temple of Diana, the building - a cube with dome and porticos - is modelled in part on Andrea Palladio's famous 16th century Villa Rotonda in Vicenza. By the time of Vanbrugh's death in 1726, the Temple was unfinished and another ten years were to pass before the interiors were finally decorated with scagliola in 1738 by the stuccoist Francesco Vassalli. Beneath the temple is a cellar where servants would have stored and prepared food before serving it to polite company above. Used as a place for refreshment and reading, it commands impressive views, and to the north, a quarter of a mile away, is the site of Hawksmoor's Temple of Venus. This had been built in the 1730s in the form of an open rotunda of eight Tuscan columns under an octagonal entablature and dome, but it collapsed in the 1940s. Vanbrugh's Temple narrowly avoided a similar fate before it was restored in 1955, one of the first of the major restoration projects undertaken by George Howard after the Second World War. In 2001 the Hon Simon Howard held his marriage ceremony with Rebecca Sieff in the Temple. It is hoped that Hawksmoor's lost temple can be rebuilt. In 2001 the base of the Temple of Venus was cleared revealing a low octagonal plinth and surrounding walkway. The original statue of Venus has survived and is today located in the Venus Rose Garden. 12 In the early 1730s, the English decided to colonize the islands between the Carolinas and Florida. A charter was granted in 1732, and the first colonists set sail in the same year. The English colonists that arrived at Savannah in 1733 formed the core of what would eventually become the colony and state of Georgia. Among them was Noble Jones (d. 1775), a physician and carpenter from Lambeth, England who made the Transatlantic crossing with his wife and two children. Jones was apparently a loose acquaintance of Oglethorpe, and just before the colonists set sail from England, the colony's Trustees made Jones one of the settlement's lead officials. Like the other first settlers, Jones received a town lot in Savannah and a small farm on the outskirts of the town. Follow more of my adventures on Facebook , Twitter and Google+ . View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. ^A:i . ^ZUTn. deti^ . jP^^ttzicu^ 13 Text Appearing After Image: T^UTi- iZllrin de^in. iyUzLcua a.FiV oir (M) The Laurey from the Brafils, Numb. XIII, THIS Bird is fomething bigger than a Pigeon; theBill large, of a pale BufF Colour; the Irides of theEye yellow, the Pupil black; on the top of the Head it hatha tuft of Feathers of a bright blue; all the reft of the Headand Neck are of a Scarlet Colour, below that a beautifolRing of yellow; the Breaft and upper Part of the Backis alfo Scarlet, the covert Feathers of the Wings greenintermixt with yellow. The Quill Feathers are of a beau-tiful ultramarine blue; the lower Part of the Back, Bellyand Thighs, are white intermixt with rofe Colour, endingnear the Tail with a Mixture of Scarlet. The Tail is pur-ple intermixt with a redifh brown; the Legs and Feet areAlh-colourd, the Claws black. This Bird is the moftbeautiful of all the Parrot Kind that I have yet feen; itis very docible, learning any Language, and pronouncingvery articulately any thing he is taught. I faw one ofthefe Birds fold for twenty Gu Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: Spectres de la Classe Illb. 3=152 Schj. 4=19 Piscium 5=7 Schj. 6 = 541 Birm. 3tfe Hi? Bc6 Se5 Scr Sc3 Beg £ci Text Appearing After Image: —I— —I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1—I—I—1 sm i30 SiO SSO SSO 570 S80 130 SOO 610 tiO 130 «OeS0S60pp. 430p.fi. iso eo iSO soo no LonguAiws oL oncU, Iiiti.Af. ScWachter, Stockholiti, KONGL. SVENSKA VETENSKAPS-AKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR, Bandet 21. No 3. OM •t « NEDERBÖRDENS FÖRÄNDRINGAR I SVERIGE UNDEE SOMMARHALFÅRET AF S. A. HJELTSTRÖM. MED 2 TAFLOR. riLL KONGL. SVENSKA VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN INLEMNADT DEN 9 JUNI 1884. STOCKHOLM, 1884. KONGL. BOKTEYCKEBIET.P. A. NORSTEDT i: SÖNEB. N ederbördens årliga förändringar hafva sällan blifvit undersökta för någon kortaretidrymd än månaden. Orsaken härtill är lätt att inse. De flesta något pålitligarenederbördsobservationer gå endast några årtionden tillbaka. Och då med de serier,som gifvas, månadernas medelvärden visa en oregelbunden gång och en ganska storopålitlighet, huru mycket mer skola då icke medeltal för en kortare tidrj-md af t. ex. 10eller 5 dagar göra det. Så, för att taga ett exempel, har d:r H Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: h not onlyfmall Birds, but alfo young F^r/r/(^a. Tha (6)The black JVim^d Horned Owl. o Nwmb. VI, IT was twice as big as the iejfer Horn Owl\ its Bill black,the Irides of the Eyes of a fhining Orange Colour, theHead brown variegated with long Marks of black; theHorns not fo large as in the others of this kind 5 the Ringsor Hoods that encompafs the Face, dark brown, mixedwith Ibme white Hair here and there, the Back and Wingsalmoft black j the Breaft, Belly, and Thighs of a dulkyyellow, with long Marks of brown and white. The Tailwas made up of twelve dufky yellow Feathers, havingtwelve Crofs Bars on each, fet at equal diftances from eachother. The Legs were feathered down to the Feet which wereof a reddilh yellow j the Talons long, crooked and black jthey are found near Bologna and other Places in Italy. TheSituation of the Toes agrees with thofe of the great HornOwl^ having three before and one behind. This Bird Ihad out of the Collection of Sir Thomas Lowther, The 6. z/^e /S;^z^ y^^ View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. C(^?/m //^U-J ,^lii?tv-r I^A^Do^ C/ti^L A Text Appearing After Image: ^-l/i^ ^J7a7?i€nt7Z . ( 71 ) The Fhmmant, Phoenicopterus. Numb. LXXVII. JTS Length, from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws was four•^ Foot ten Inches and a half; Breadth four Foot; the Legs fixteenInches from the Knee to the end of the middle Claw ; its Bill five Inchesand a Quarter long, of a lingular Shape; the upper Mandible is flat andbroad, crooked and toothed; the lower thicker than the upper ; the Tipblack, in the^young Birds of a dark blew. It is two Years before it arrives to its perfect Colour, at which time itis entirely red, except the prime Feathers of the Wings, which are black,when it is at its full bignefs; its Weight is two Pounds Hx Ounces and ahalf; its Legs are long, and of a red Colour, bare of Feathers a goodway above the Knees; the Toes webbed together; the Claws black. Thefe Birds make their Nefts on Hillocks in {hallow Water, on whichthey fit with their Legs extended downward. They breed on the Coafts ofCuba and the Bahama Iflands, and frequent t Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. Newark Priory was before its reconstruction run by the canons regular of St Augustine and the register of Bishop Woodlock (1312) states that the priory was first founded by a Bishop of Winchester. The Priory was granted substantial lands "to the canons there serving God" in the late 12th Century by Rauld de Calva and his wife Beatrice de Sandes for the Augustian canons "to build a church" when Richard I reigned (1189-1199) so according with its Early English Gothic architecture, the present priory dates to then. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and saint Thomas Becket in contemporary documents "Thomas the Martyr" and originally, the land where the church was built was called Aldbury. This gradually changed its name from Aldbury to Newark or the New Place (novo loco) of St. Thomas near Guildford, at one point being called Newstead. The taxation roll of 1291 shows considerable non-ecclesiastic assets (temporalities). The priory held tenements or rents in ten London parishes, producing an income of £5 16s. 3d.; in the wider Diocese of London .; in the Diocese of Rochester £1 6s. was produced annually; and in Diocese of Winchester income of £27 10s. 3½d. During King Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries Newark Priory was dissolved. The prior himself was pensioned off, all valuables sent to the Tower of London and the land given to the Master of the Kings Horse. It has been said that a cannon was employed from the top of Church Hill to bombard or demolish what were the then extensive buildings. This incident is portrayed in one of a series of paintings made by artist Tessa Kewen. The last known prior of Newark Priory was Richard Lipscombe, appointed just before the surrender of the establishment and lands in 1538. The building, falling into ruin, was said to have been further destroyed by locals using the stones for road mending until Lord Onslow, the owner in the 1730s, decided to preserve what remained. To view more of my images, in this series, please click "here" ! Click any image to view large! Hanbury Hall was built by the wealthy chancery lawyer Thomas Vernon in the early 18th century. Thomas Vernon was the great grandson of the first Vernon to come to Hanbury, Worcestershire, Rev Richard Vernon (1549–1628). Rev Richard and his descendants slowly accumulated land in Hanbury, including the manor, bought by Edward Vernon in 1630, but it was Thomas through his successful legal practice who added most to estates, which amounted to nearly 8,000 acres (32 km2) in his successor Bowater Vernon’s day. The Hall is thought to stand on the site of the previous mansion, Spernall Hall, and Thomas Vernon first describes himself as ‘of Hanbury Hall’ in 1706, and this and other evidence leads to a likely completion date of about 1706. The date of 1701 above the front door is thought to be a Victorian embellishment, but no building accounts are known to exist. Although Hanbury Hall appears to be of a very uniform style, the rear wall is clearly of a different and rather earlier style, and may mark the first phase of a building campaign when Thomas Vernon and his wife Mary first came into possession of Spernall Hall in 1692 when his bachelor uncle John Vernon died. A notable feature of Hanbury Hall is the painting of the staircase, hall ceiling, and other rooms by the English painter Sir James Thornhill. They include a small representation of Rev Henry Sacheverell being cast to the furies – this relates to an incident in 1710 when Sacheverell, a Tory, was put on trial for sedition by the Whig government, and dates the paintings to that year. The focus of the paintings around the stairwell is the life of the Greek hero Achilles, as told by a range of classical sources. They are surmounted by a large representation of the Olympian gods on the ceiling. The original plan of the Hall had a large undivided central hall with the main staircase leading off it, with many rather small rooms in the corner pavilions and north range – the south range was given over mainly to service rooms. The 18th century Worcestershire historian Treadway Nash, in his Collections for the History of Worcestershire, wrote “Here is a large handsome house built by Counsellor Vernon about the year 1710 when a bad style of architecture prevailed; many windows and doors, rooms small, many closets, few arched cellars, large stables and offices in full view, are marks of that time”. When the heiress Emma Vernon (1754–1818) married Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter in 1776, Cecil clearly was of the same opinion, as he remodelled the interior (other than the great hall) creating larger rooms and enlarging the north east pavilion. On the south façade, having removed a doorway he repositioned all the windows to lie under their first floor equivalent. On the south side there had been large formal gardens, clearly shown in Dougharty’s perspective drawing contained in the estate maps of the 1730s, and Cecil swept all these away (including the farm buildings in front of the Hall) and landscaped the park in the fashion of the time – he would have had contact with Capability Brown when being brought up by his uncle 9th Earl of Exeter at Burghley House. Following Henry and Emma’s divorce in 1791 the contents were all sold, and the house remained empty until Henry’s death in 1804, when Emma and her third husband, John Phillips, were able to regain possession. As the house had lain unoccupied for so long, many repairs had to be carried out at that time. Emma died in 1818 and left her second cousin, Thomas Shrawley Vernon (1759-1825), as the heir to her estate after the death of her husband John Phillips. Phillips married again and had two daughters in Hanbury before finally moving out in 1829. From then, the eldest son of Emma's heir, Thomas Tayler Vernon (1792–1835), was able to occupy it. His grandson Harry Foley Vernon (1834–1920) MP, was created 1st Baronet of Hanbury in 1885, and was succeeded by his son Sir (Bowater) George Hamilton Vernon (1865–1940), 2nd Baronet. Sir George led an unhappy life, separating from his wife Doris, and spending his last 10 years living with his secretary and companion Ruth Horton, who later changed her name by deed poll to Vernon. During this time the agricultural depression led to a reduction in rental income, and Hanbury Hall suffered a lack of care. In poor health, Sir George Vernon took his own life in 1940. There were no further heirs to the Baronetcy which became extinct. Sir George's estranged wife was able to move back in after his death, dying there in 1962. In the meantime, negotiations had led to the National Trust having the reversion, and after making essential repairs on Lady Vernon’s death, the hall was let to tenants and opened to the public on a restricted basis. In recent years the hall has been managed more commercially and is now open daily. A September sunrise over the tranquil meadows surrounding Newark Priory, Surrey, England. Newark Priory was established in the late 12th Century by Rauld de Calva and his wife Beatrice de Saudes for Augustian canons. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Thomas Beckett and was a "novo loco" - a new place for monks from nearby. The Priory's name changed over the years to Newstead and then finally Newark. During King Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries Newark Priory was Dissolved. The prior himself was pensioned off, valuables sent to the Tower of London and the land given to the Master of the Kings Horse. It has been said that a cannon was employed from the top of Church Hill to bombard or demolish, what were, the then extensive buildings. This incident is portrayed in one of a series of paintings made by artist Tessa Kewen. The last known prior of Newark Priory was Richard Lipscombe, appointed just before the surrender of the house in 1538. The building falling into ruin, was said to have been further destroyed by locals using the stones for road mending; until Lord Onslow, the owner in the 1730s, decided to preserve what remained	i don't know
Cleeve Hill, at 330m, is the highest point in which range of hills in south-western and west central England ?	Cotswolds Homes in Cotswolds Cotswolds Homes in Cotswolds Cotswolds From Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia The Cotswolds is the name given to a range of hills in central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m or 1000 feet. The area has been designated as the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330m/1083ft. The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds. Description The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties (see note above), particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep escarpments down to the Severn valley and the Avon. This escarpment or scarp feature (sometimes called the Cotswold Edge) is a result of the uplifting (tilting) of the limestone layer, exposing its broken edge. The dip slope is to the southeast. On the eastern boundary lies the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south the middle reaches of the Thames Valley and towns such as Cirencester, Lechlade and Fairford are often considered to mark the limit of this region. However, key features of the area, especially the characteristic uplift of the Cotswold Edge, can be clearly seen as far south as Bath, and towns such as Chipping Sodbury and Marshfield retain elements of Cotswold character. The area is characterised by attractive small towns and villages built of the underlying Cotswold stone (a yellow oolitic limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils, in particular fossilised sea urchins. In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches so the area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches". The area remains affluent and has attracted wealthy people who own second homes in the area or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds. Jeremy Clarkson of the BBC motoring programme Top Gear lives close to Chipping Norton Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The village of Chipping Campden is notable for being the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. William Morris lived occasionally in Broadway Tower a folly now part of a country park. Chipping Campden is also known for the annual Cotswold Games, a celebration of sports and games dating back to the early 17th century. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty The Cotswolds were designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1966, with an expansion on 21 December 1990 to 1,990 square kilometres. In 1991 all AONBs were measured again using modern methods. The official area of the Cotswolds AONB increased to 2,038 square kilometres. In 2000 the government confirmed that AONBs had the same landscape quality and status as National Parks. 2006 is the 40th anniversary of The AONB. The largest of 40 AONBs in England and Wales, the Cotswolds AONB stretches from the border regions of South Warwickshire and Worcestershire, through West Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire and takes in parts of West Wiltshire and Bath and North East Somerset in the South. The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath (approx 103 miles) running the length of the AONB. The Cotswold Voluntary Wardens Service was established in 1968 to help conserve and enhance the area. There are now over 300 Wardens. In 2005 they gave over 36,000 hours of their time. Transport The M5 motorway and Cross Country rail line run north - south close to the western boundary of the area. The M4 motorway and Great Western Main Line cross the area in the south as do the A40 road and Cotswold Line in the north. Cheltenham is a hub for National Express coach services. Note on counties Between 1974 and 1995 parts of the AONB fell within the newly formed administrative and ceremonial County of Avon. After 1995 Avon was divided between four administrative unitary authorities with 'shadow county' status, the relevant ones for the AONB being South Gloucestershire and Bath and North-East Somerset. For ceremonial purposes these counties are returned to their pre-1974 lord lieutenancies. This article was copied on 11 July 2006. The current version with history is available on Wikipedia. Text on this page is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see Copyrights for details) HHRCOUK_Area_Key f851267c-a94d-4182-b39f-631be21e02b5	Cotswolds
Which state has the longest coastline and 75% of the active volcanoes in the USA?	worcestershire b & b - The Olive Branch - guest house worcestershire b & b worcestershire b & b, bed breakfast, cotswolds accommodation, worcestershire, guest house, olive branch, guesthouse, short breaks uk, broadway, worcestershire b & b You may find this information helpful when researching the area prior to your visit The Cotswolds is a range of hills in west-central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", an area 25 miles (40 km) across and 90 miles (145 km) long. The area has been designated as the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds range is Cleeve Hill at 1,083 ft (330 m), 2.5 miles (4 km) to the north of Cheltenham. The Cotswolds lie mainly within the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, but extend into parts of worcestershire, Somerset, Worcestershire and Warwickshire. The spine of the Cotswolds runs south west to north east through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, west Oxfordshire, and south western Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep escarpments down to the Severn valley and the Warwickshire Avon. This escarpment or scarp feature, sometimes called the Cotswold Edge, is a result of the uplifting (tilting) of the limestone layer, exposing its broken edge. This is a cuesta, in geological terms. The dip slope is to the south east. On the eastern boundary lies the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south-east the upper reaches of the Thames Valley and towns such as Lechlade, Tetbury and Fairford are often considered to mark the limit of this region. To the south the Cotswolds, with the characteristic uplift of the Cotswold Edge, reach as far south as Bath and towns such as Chipping Sodbury and Marshfield share elements of Cotswold character. Corsham in the south western CotswoldsThe area is characterised by attractive small towns and villages built of the underlying Cotswold stone (a yellow oolitic limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils, in particular fossilised sea urchins. In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous; hence the Speaker of the British House of Lords sits on the Woolsack showing where the Medieval wealth of the country came from. Some of this money was put into the building of churches so the area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches". The area remains affluent and has attracted wealthy people who own second homes in the area or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds. Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is notable for being the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. William Morris lived occasionally in Broadway Tower a folly now part of a country park. Chipping Campden is also known for the annual Cotswold Games, a celebration of sports and games dating back to the early 17th century. The Cotswolds were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1966, with an expansion on 21 December 1990 to 1,990 square kilometres (768 sq mi). In 1991 all AONBs were measured again using modern methods. The official area of the Cotswolds AONB increased to 2,038 square kilometres (787 sq mi). In 2000 the government confirmed that AONBs had the same landscape quality and status as National Parks. The largest of 40 AONBs in England and Wales, the Cotswolds AONB stretches from the border regions of South Warwickshire and Worcestershire, through West Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire and takes in parts of West worcestershire and Bath and North East Somerset in the South. The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath, approximately 103 miles (166 km) long, running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpment with views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham. The Cotswold Voluntary Wardens Service was established in 1968 to help conserve and enhance the area. There are now over 300 Wardens. In 2005 they gave over 36,000 hours of their time.	i don't know
"In 2002, which Secretary of Defence explained about ""known knowns"", ""known unknowns"" and ""unknown unknowns"" in a speech referring to terrorism?"	Andrew Arbuckle: When unknowns outweigh knowns - The Scotsman Andrew Arbuckle: When unknowns outweigh knowns Donald Rumsfeld's comments could apply to new bill. Picture: AP Photo/Ed Wray ANDREW ARBUCKLE Have your say Long after everyone has forgotten who said it and in what context, former US defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld’s comment on there being “known knowns, known unknowns and worst of all unknown unknowns” is still applicable in some modern day situations. His complex strangulation of the English language could easily be applied to the land reform legislation currently going through the Scottish Parliament. Just before they departed on their Christmas holidays, MSPs held a debate on this extremely complex and multi-faceted bill which covers everything from creating a register of who owns land to far-reaching changes in agricultural holdings. Listening to the debate, it was easy to concur with the view of NFU Scotland and Scottish Land & Estates that it would have been better to split the proposed bill into two, with agricultural tenancy matters being dealt with separately. READ MORE: Fears Land Reform Bill is being rushed through As it is, the whole clamajamphrie will be pushed through in the first 12 weeks of 2016 as this is also the last twelve weeks of a Parliament which closes down at the end of March with MSPs up for election in May. As some of the grey beard politicians who had dealt with the 2003 agricultural tenancy legislation warned, rushing through changes in complex laws needs time and consideration. Some of the errors in that earlier legislation are still bedevilling tenants, landlords and the government more than a decade later. Starting with the known knowns, there will be a Tenant Farming Commissioner to help resolve disputes between landlords and tenants. There is cross party support for establishing this post. There are other known knowns that do not have support across the political divide but which will be enacted courtesy of the government’s majority. Included in this category is the proposal to tax shooting estates. Now to the knowns but which contain unknown elements. Landlords listening to the pre-Christmas debate might have been chilled by the broadsword (sabre?) rattling by some MSPs calling for farm tenants to have an absolute right-to-buy their leased properties. The unknown element here is just how broad-based is the absolute right-to-buy call. Another piece of the legislation to come under the positive/negative category is the right of a tenant to assign his lease to someone outwith the family or to sell the lease back to the landlord at a premium. These unheralded concepts shocked landowners who may have believed the cabinet secretary’s agricultural holdings review report would form the basis of the government’s position on farm tenancies. The consequences of both are in the unknown category as landlords are already referring to them as breaching their human rights. Then we come to the unknown unknowns. Some of those might emerge when the Scottish Government gets round to publishing its comprehensive response to the proposals in the legislation. Not only had it not managed to publish its views but the minister leading the debate confirmed some hefty pieces of law would be sneaked through as secondary legislation. OK, she did not use the word sneaked, but opposition MSPs took that interpretation. For clarity, the use of secondary legislation allows ministers to push through sections of law without bothering too much about debate. Thus parts of the most radical changes to land holding in 100 years or more may come into being either through piecemeal additions such as the proposal to allow tenants to assign their tenancies, or it may pass undebated through the use of the legalistic device of secondary legislation. One of the fundamental reasons for establishing the Scottish Parliament was that it would allow time to debate purely Scottish matters. The land reform legislation is an ideal subject for thorough dissection and yet much of it will be decided either outwith the chamber or with limited time within it. Rumsfeld’s comments were uttered in 2002 during the Iraq war. More than a decade later, there are still many unknowns hidden in that warmongering expedition. Will Scotland still be unearthing unintended consequences from a not properly scrutinised Land Reform Bill many years down the line?	Donald Rumsfeld
In 1851 a club team led by John Cox Stevens won the world's oldest active sporting trophy. It was not until 1983 that an Australian team won the trophy thus ending a 132 year winning streak. What was the sport?	Simulation, Human Factors and Quality of Care: Experts and their unknown knowns Simulation, Human Factors and Quality of Care Thoughts, musings and information from the staff at the Scottish Centre for Simulation and Clinical Human Factors, Larbert. Pages Thursday, 18 April 2013 Experts and their unknown knowns On the 12th February 2002, Donald Rumsfeld uttered his most memorable words as US Secretary of Defence: "Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because, as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we do not know we don't know" (1) Wikipedia has a nice article on this statement , including the missing pair: unknown knowns. Rumsfeld does not mention it, perhaps because there is some confusion about what an "unknown known" is. The Wikipedia article calls it "the most dangerous type of unknown" but then (at the time of writing and with an understanding that Wikipedia is constantly edited) goes on to make a bit of a hash trying to explain it. There is a suggestion that an "unknown known" is the claim that weapons of mass destruction existed in Iraq, or the Abu Ghraib scandal or things we refuse to acknowledge that we know. Personally I prefer to think of "unknown knowns" as things we didn't know we knew. This is what Dörner, in his book Logic of Failure , is talking about when he says he knew a doctor who could diagnose a disease with great certainty but this doctor didn't know how he did it. Dörner explains it as a type of intuition and goes on to comment that experts often display this type of intuition. This integrates very nicely with a 4-stage framework (first developed by Noel Burch) for looking at expertise: Unconsciously incompetent: unknown unknown (The total beginner who has no idea what he doesn't know and is oblivious to the breadth and depth of possible knowledge. This is a dangerous place to be and a scary person to be looking after you in an emergency) Consciously incompetent: known unknown (The novice who has become aware of how little he/she knows. A somewhat less dangerous place to be and now, instead of having a scary person looking after you, you have a scared person looking after you.) Consciously competent: known known (The journeyman who knows a lot but has to spend a lot of time thinking about what he/she is going to do.) Unconsciously competent: unknown known (The expert who has a sixth sense about things which are about to go wrong or can stop a situation from escalating without telling you how they knew what to do.) In many ways then the extremes of the framework are the most untroubled places to be; at one end ignorance is bliss and at the other end ignorance is due to the achievement of expertise. This 4-stage competence framework allows us to see how a learner may progress and implies that moving through the 4 stages is beneficial without drawbacks. However, later on in his book Dörner goes on to explain how more information (loss of the unknown) may be detrimental: "Anyone who has a lot of information, thinks a lot, and by thinking increases his understanding of a situation will have not less but more trouble coming to a clear decision... We realize how much we still don't know, and we feel a strong desire to learn more. And so we gather more information only to become more acutely aware of how little we know..."(p. 99) In terms of how the framework relates to simulation-based education, I would like to think that it can help us understand at which stage a participant is. This knowledge should allow the course faculty to tailor the course to the participant. I would also like to think that simulation lends itself well to the little-known 5th stage of competence: Consciously aware of unconscious competence: known unknown known (An ability to reflect on and examine the behaviours and actions one is carrying out as an expert.) The Elaine Bromiley case involved a number of experts in anaesthesia and ENT surgery who failed to do the right thing. Partly due to an underdeveloped final stage of competence, these experts were not able to reflect in situ and realise what the correct sequence of actions should be. Simulation with debriefing allows experts to watch how they make mistakes and learn to develop mechanisms for preventing them. Unfortunately it is experts (consultants) who we see least often in the simulation suite as participants and this needs to change. Posted by	i don't know
999 is the number for Police, Ambulance, Fire Service, Coast Guard, Mountain Rescue and which other emergency service?	Nick Harrison: Responding to Emergency Service Incidents Responding to Emergency Service Incidents Unit 15: responding to emergency service incidents The 999 system The 999 system was first introduced in London on 30th June 1937 on the occurrence of a fire on the 10th November 1935 in a house on Wimpole Street in which five women were killed. The 999 number is the official emergency contact number for the key services which the public can gain contact with 24 hours a day for urgent assistance. By using this number the caller could call the Police, Fire & Rescue, Ambulance, Coast guard, Mountain Rescue and Cave rescue. The process of which the caller will go through when using the 999 system. Incident grading is the process how each emergency service responds, by the action of priority. Police The police have four categories they use to prioritise the incidents that occur Grade 1 (Emergency Response) An example of an emergency response would be any situation where there is a risk to a person's life or, a person who has had threatening behaviour or in progress of this behaviour occurring. Also any form of crime that is being committed or any serious injury to any person. Grade 2 (Priority Response) A grade 2 response classifies incidents that can range from a road traffic collision, which involves serious injury of the people involved and obstruction of access. Another grade 2 response is where a suspect has been arrested or detained and there is no danger of this person causing any harm to themselves or another. Grade 3 (Scheduled Response) The time in which the police respond to this incident is not of high priority. For example, the police have to take a statement from a person who has been assaulted. However the Police could arrange a time and place to question or take a statement for the given incident. Grade 4 (Resolution Without Deployment) These types of incidents can be concluded by advice over the telephone, or by being directed an Internet page of frequently asked questions. An example for these incidents could be, a driver has been given a fixed speeding penalty, speeders must attend a speed awareness course, the police can send a letter, or call the person about the detail of when to attend this course. ____________________________________________________________________________ Roles and Responsibilities (P2) The Roles and Responsibilities of any emergency service that is first to any scene of an emergency must assess and provide information of the scene according to the following: Casualties - how many casualties there are. Hazards - any dangers that may threaten the services or casualties. Access - are there any obstacles that are preventing the services from gaining access to the scene or preventing rescue. Location - identify quickest route to the scene of the emergency incident. Emergency services - must provide information on which emergency services are required at the scene. Type of incident - they must use incident grading to assess the situation for each emergency service required. Start a log - they must record all details of all of the above. ____________________________________________________________________________ The roles and responsibilities of the police are to: Uphold the law the fairly and firmly. Pursue and bring to justice those who break the law. Keep the Queen's peace. Protect, help and reassure the community. Operate with integrity, common sense and fair judgement. ____________________________________________________________________________ The roles and responsibilities of the ambulance service are to: Save life. Provide treatment, stabilisation and care at the scene. Provide support to those who involved with the patient. ____________________________________________________________________________ The roles and responsibilities of the fire service are to: Prevent and control a fire. Protect the lives of civilians. Quarantine hazardous areas. Preserve evidence at the scene of a deliberate fire. Protect the environment. ____________________________________________________________________________ Importance of Safely Responding to Emergency Incidents as an Emergency Response Driver (P3) For each emergency service, responding to an emergency incident needs to be achieved quickly but safely. The emergency response driver will be driving at excessive speeds through built up areas which has high risk to pedestrians. In order for a response driver to respond in reality, they must first pass an advanced driving test to prove they can react to any distractions or other problems which may occur and prove they can control a vehicle at high speeds when responding to an emergency incident. For example, the ambulance service respond driver must travel fast enough to get to the patient to treat the injuries, however if the driver is not quick enough then the casualty may be fatal before the response team gets to them. When the driver gets the emergency call to respond with the highest priority, the drivers from each of the three emergency services must not exceed the set speed limit on that piece of road by a over excessive amount. For example, the driver is travelling on a 30 MPH road in a built area; the driver must not exceed speeds of around 45 MPH. This expectation is purely for the pedestrian's safety in these types of areas; which emergency response driver will excessively driver through every day to respond to an emergency situation. The chances of knocking over a child playing in the street is much high travelling at excessive speeds, this is where the advanced driver's training will become reality. ____________________________________________________________________________ Scene Preservation and the Service Provisions of Specialist Units at Emergency Incidents (P4) Any witnesses must been escorted away for the crime scene to limit any further contamination from that person and their details must be taken so that they can give a statement from their own opinion of what happened; this statement may be used to match against evidence. For example, the witness speaks of a knife being used to harm the victim at the scene, the knife has been collected for evidence, blood from the knife matches blood of the victim therefore the witnesse's statement matches the evidence collected. ____________________________________________________________________________ Statutory and Voluntary Agencies (P5) The Statutory agencies that attend an emergency incident are the Police, Ambulance service and the fire service. Sometimes the Statutory agencies will need assistance from voluntary services for some incidents that occur; these voluntary agencies are specialised in a specific area of rescue. For example: Mountain rescue, a voluntary service that is train to rescue people who may have an accident it the peak or lake district where there is limited ways to contact anybody for assistance. The British Red Cross, trained personnel to tackle any sort of disaster or crisis to help anybody in need of treatment of support after an accident. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution is a service that saves lives at sea. They provide a 24-hour lifeboat search and rescue service around the coasts of the UK and Republic of Ireland, as well as a seasonal lifeguard service on many of the busiest beaches in England and Wales. Lincolnshire air Ambulance, based at RAF Waddington, they fly 29 air ambulances to respond to any major incident. The current number of missions flown this year (26/11/2010 12:51) is 635. ___________________________________________________________________________ If there is an incident that may require both the Statutory and Voluntary agencies, teamwork between all the services needs to work like clockwork to resolve the situation quickly and effectively. For example, a young boy was out with his friend and has fallen down onto a ledge on the cliff, he has a broken ankle and he can't escape. The mountain rescue would be first on the scene to assist the young boy; they will also need to give a grid reference to the air ambulance service to rescue the boy due to his injuries. ____________________________________________________________________________ Health and Safety Measures (P6) The first service on the scene of the incident must assess the situation to comply with the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. This Act is the first piece of legislation which explains how the be safe and healthy in a work environment, this Act branches of into other legislation's which include hoe to work safely at height, driving and other subjects. Here is a link to a website that I have found that explains in further detail about the Health and Safety Act; http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm The first service; for example the Ambulance service, they must assess the situation and take note of the area that could be hazardous to their health or to others. For example, there could be a fuel leak from a wrecked vehicle and a pedestrian is beginning to light a cigarette. This is considered hazardous because fuel is highly flammable and the situation could get out of control very quickly. All pedestrians should be removed or put at a safe distance from the scene, so the services can do their jobs and resolve the situation quickly but safely. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Merit criteria Roles and Responsibilities (M1) The Police, Ambulance and Fire service all have their own responsibilities; however they all must work together at a major emergency incident. At a major incident the services must establish the chain of command: Gold command - this is the highest form of command at an incident, gold command sets the strategy or the plan to resolve the incident. Silver command - this is the secondary form of command, silver implements or passes on Gold's strategy for the incident. Bronze command - this is the final command style which refers to everyone else who is called out to the incident and puts Gold's strategy into action. The common objectives of the command structure is to save lives of those involved, prevent escalation of the incident, protect the environment and surrounding area of where the incident has occurred, restore the normality quickly but efficiently and without causing further damage or harm, and to contribute to a debriefing process when the above has been achieved and the incident is resolved. ____________________________________________________________________________ The Police The Police will have to control the flow of traffic if there is any, block of the road or incident from the sight of civilian view so the services can operate quickly and effectively. If the Police was the first service on the scene then they would have to produce a log of the incident to inform the other services of what has happened and what needs to be done to resolve the situation at the scene of the incident. Most likely any sort of major incident will become a crime scene, even more so if there is a fatality. The Police will have to conduct an investigation at the scene to gather evidence for conviction. For example, there has been a road traffic collision, it was a head on impact, one of the cars that were involved, and the driver and passenger were fatal. After the ambulance have done what they have needed to, the police now need to reconstruct the moment of impact and take into account the markings on the road that could be anything from scuff marks on the road surface, to braking marks from the tyres. By doing this they can gather the evidence needed to figure out the collision, find out who was travelling above the speed limit and create a digital reconstruction of the event. This can be presented to a Magistrate or Judge if the case was to go to court. ____________________________________________________________________________ The Ambulance The first priority of the Ambulance service is the save the life of any casualties involved in the incident. Also they must provide treatment and stabilise the casualties at the scene, unless they immediately need to get to hospital for major treatment. Same goes again for the Ambulance service if they are the first on the scene, they must create a log for the other services to work quickly and effectively. The scene of the incident must be preserved as the Police and investigation teams will need to investigate the scene to understand why the incident happened, or to gather the evidence needed to convict a suspect. Going back to the head on impact collision scenario, the driver of the other car is still alive but unconscious, due to the other two people already fatal, the priority is with the person from the other car who is still alive. ____________________________________________________________________________ Fire Service At a major incident the Fire service could be extinguishing a car fire or a surrounding fire that could threaten the rescue process of a casualty. The Fire service must detect and protect the scene from any hazards that may compromise the scene later for investigation. Same as the other two services, the Fire service must create a log so the situation can be resolved as soon as possible. The scene of the incident must have limited amount of personnel compromising the scene that could make the investigation into what happened more difficult to solve. Finally back to the head on collision scenario, the unconscious driver is alive but is trapped in his car. This is a situation where the Fire and Ambulance service will have to work together quickly to get to the man before his injuries get worse. ____________________________________________________________________________ There are other agencies such the local authorities who assist with road closures and clearing up after the incident has occurred, the health and safety executive would have to be informed if it is a work related incident. If there was a spillage of dangerous chemicals or fuels, then the environmental agencies will need to be notified of this issue, also the utility companies E.G. gas, water, electricity and telephone cable companies will need to be informed if the incident effects any of these systems. ____________________________________________________________________________ Scene Preservation (M2) The first personnel at the scene of the incident must record the time and date of when the incident occurred also they must record the weather conditions and protect the scene in a way possible. For example, the area of where the incident happened must be cordoned or blocked off to stop access to the scene by pedestrians. If the scene is outdoors then a tent must be constructed to protect that specific area for later investigation. The purpose of a search is to prove or disprove an offence. No individual must be left unattended at the crime scene, as the evidence can be sabotaged; removed or contaminated that can make the investigation more difficult to determine a conviction from the evidence at the scene. The smallest fingerprint, fibre, hair, residue or substance, drop of blood or anything that could convict the criminal of the offence they have committed. The emergency services must not disturb the scene to much that the service becomes part of the investigation, in order to stop any evidence of the emergency service being at the scene the personnel must: Gloves - to limit the risk of fingerprints being left at the scene. Masks and Hats - to stop hairs and any residue that can be left by the service personnel. Shoe or Boot covers - to stop tread prints of the service personnel at the scene of the incident. Long clothing - keep arms and legs covered to limit the loss of arm or leg hair at the scene. Goggles - to protect the forensics team when using specialist tools, gasses or liquids. It is very important to preserve the scene as much as possible as the scene may have to be reconstructed to help determine how the incident happened and in what sequence the events of the incident occurred. At the very start of the investigation, before any disruption of potential evidence is moved or touched, sketches and photographs are to taken for later reference. For example, the investigator may need to refer back to the images taken at the scene to confirm suspicions of a missed piece of evidence that is shown on the photograph taken at the scene. Also when the photographs are taken, they can be referred back to when the investigators need to reconstruct the scene. For example, the scene reconstruction team need to re-enact the moment of impact of a head on collision; with the images and markings on the road surface they determine where the moment of impact occurred. At any form of crime scene the Forensics team will be required to investigate the incident as they have the equipment and special training and knowledge to detect and collect evidence. When the forensic team arrives at the scene, in theory they take over the situation and begin taking photos and collecting evidence, this is why the scene must be preserved to gather as much evidence as possible to identify the criminal that has committed the offence. The emergency services still have to be attending the scene when the specialist units arrive, as they need to control the flow of traffic, direct pedestrians an alternate route away from the crime scene and assist the specialist units when needed whilst the investigation is underway. Also the Health and Safety executive will be involved in this situation; also there are abbreviations which help the services to be prepared for a search or any other situation. For example, PPE (1992) stands for Personal Protective Equipment; this abbreviation is given to all the equipment that will assist the crime scene investigation team prevent contaminating the scene any further. The second abbreviation is RIDDOR (1995) stands for Reporting Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations, this term describes how a team should produce a report or take notes as they search if something was to occur. For example, if a team was searching a car and there was a leak of fuel, this would a dangerous situation because this liquid is flammable therefore is a hazard and will cause serious injuries if ignited, also the evidence on the car will be destroyed is the car ignites. ____________________________________________________________________________ Health and Safety (M3) The Police follow other Health and Safety legislation's that are part of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, the Police Health and Safety Act 1997. Additions were made to the Health and Safety act 1974 so the Police have guidelines to what valid extent they can put themselves or others (at the scene and on the route to responding the situation) at risk whilst responding to an emergency incident. For further information on the Police Health and Safety Act 1997, here's a link explaining what was added to the Health and Safety Act 1974. http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=9&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1431334&ActiveTextDocId=1431334&filesize=37086 The first response service on the scene will move all pedestrians away from the scene for their own safety and to prevent the scene gaining further contamination. "To many cooks spoil the broth" The responders to the incident are at risk if there are too many pedestrians obstructing access to the casualties. Also the first crew on the scene must access what has occurred and inform the other services as they arrive at the scene of the incident, also brief them on how the situation is going to be resolved quickly but safely. The services must watch out for their own welfare, so they don't cause injury for themselves, or even cause further injury to casualties or other service personnel. All emergency response drivers who are advanced driver qualified will be tested responding to a situation where there is a large group of people obstructing the access to the scene, these drivers must be aware of situation at the scene before they arrive. For example, the driver can be briefed about the situation via the radio system that will be in their emergency response vehicle. This is to ensure the driver has been forewarned and no further incident will occur whilst the driver is on route to the scene. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Distinction criteria Inter co-operation of the response services (D1) The co-operation of the voluntary rescue services, other agencies and the emergency services is vital for purpose of the casualty and the people who are affected by the incident. If the services are not working together effectively the casualty or casualties injuries could become worse or the person could die at the scene. The people who could be affected are those who are related to the casualty and those who are travelling along where the incident has taken place. The first priority in any emergency incident is to save the life of those involved, the emergency services have the responsibility to get people to safety quickly and safely as possible. For example, there has been an emergency incident where two small cars and a HGV lorry involved in a collision at junction 28 of the motorway. In the first car there is a woman who is in critical condition, in the second car there is a man and a young boy who are both fatal, the HGV driver has managed to get from his vehicle with minor cuts and scrapes. Firstly the ambulance service must stabilise the critical women in the first small car, if the paramedics cant gain access to the car by opening the door, the fire service will have to work quickly but safely to remove the roof of the vehicle so the medics can safely remove the casualty for further treatment. The HGV driver would now be treated for his injuries now the woman has been safely removed from her car, after the HGV driver has been treated, the Fire Service and Police must remove the bodies from the other small car. Now all casualties and fatalities have been removed and are in process of being treated, the police and investigation team will need to photograph the scene for later reference and highlight specific markings on the road surface that could indicate towards any form of prevention by the drivers of the collision. Also when photographing the scene wide angle shots must be taken of where the cars were, to refer back to if the scene was needed to be reconstructed at a later date. After the investigation team have gathered all the evidence, the Police will require assistance from recovery vehicles to remove the damaged cars and HGV lorry from the scene for further investigation in a controlled environment and less chance of contaminating any evidence that could be in any of the three vehicles. Any debris that may cause any further problems for other motorists must be cleared of the road to ensure the safety of other road users. ____________________________________________________________________________ Impact of health and safety legislation/regulations on responding services (D2) The health and safety executive (HSE) inspector is responsible for the encouragement, regulation and the enforcement of health and safety of the workplace. The HSE was established in 1974 by the health and safety at work act 1974. The health and safety at work act 1974 The health and safety at work act 1974 effects the public services as the act states that "It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees." Therefore the public services must ensure their officers and personnel are of the best standard of health and are working safely within an emergency incident. For instance if the HSE was not present to enforce safety regulations, unsafe environments of the workplace will not be inspected for hazardous items that can cause harm to employees. Relating to the emergency services, the fire service has had an emergency call, the responding team to an incident must prepare to do so, however in the equipment room Oxygen tanks have been left out and one of the members has fallen and has badly hurt themselves. However, the HSE has been in to the fire station and has addressed that problem of equipment being left out causing a hazard for personnel. PPE at work Act 1992 The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 is a set of rules and regulations that were set under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. This Act orders employers to supply their personnel with the required protective equipment for the given situation. For example, the crime scene investigation team, their job is to gather every little piece of evidence to convict a suspect. To do this the team will need the necessary protective equipment to prevent the crime scene getting further contamination. Such as, gloves, protective suit, shoe covers or even an oxygen supply. If the search team didn't have the suitable equipment, many criminals would get away with committing crime due to insufficient evidence to convict the criminal. COSHH Act 2002 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 is in place as a statutory instrument which states requirements of an employer to protect their personnel and other people of hazardous materials and substances that are used or a person may come across when responding to an emergency incident. Relating to the emergency services, if there was a hazardous substance such as fuel is around the area of where the casualty is, the responding team need to remove that person as quickly as possible but safely to not cause any further harm to the casualty. If this problem occurred and the hazard was not identified this will endanger the casualty's lives and those of whom are responding to this incident. RIDDOR Act 1995 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995, is in place to clarify the lawful obligation of the employer and employees to report deaths, injuries, diseases and "dangerous occurrences that take place at the work place or in connection with responding to an emergency incident. For example, almost every week we have a report of another soldier fatality out in current operations, or how another dangerous explosion has destroyed a patrol vehicle. But relating to the three key services if there is major RTC incident on the M1, the injuries and dangers at the scene caused must be reported for later investigations. Also the media will inform the UK of the event that occurred and inform them of the road closures. If the dangers were not reported then the situation could become much worse as the road users will not be aware of the current incident and may become involved into the RTC and cause more injuries even fatalities.	Cave rescue
In which decade was the telephone invented?	Careers in the Police & Emergency Services A salesman, tired of his job, gave it up to become a policeman. Several months later, a friend asked him how he liked his new role. "Well," he replied, "the pay is good and the hours aren't bad, but what I like best is that the customer is always wrong." Â As a police officer your job will be to reduce crime and the fear of crime, and promote confidence among local people that the police understand and are prepared to deal with the issues that matter most to them. www.policecouldyou.co.uk Police officers work on the frontline and everyone who wants to become a police officer has to complete a two-year probationary period as a constable working on the beat. Once you have completed your initial training you may choose to move into a specialist area such as CID, counter-terrorism, drugs, fraud or dog handling. Civilian roles Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) PCSOs work with police officers and share some, but not all of their powers (for example, they cannot make an arrest themselves). They provide a visible and reassuring presence on the streets and help to tackle issues such as anti-social behaviour. This is a paid, usually full-time position that can lead to a long career with the police. http://recruit.college.police.uk/pcso/Pages/default.aspx Scene of Crime Officer (SOCO) SOCOs work with police in the investigation of serious crime. They are among the first to arrive at a crime scene and their job is to retrieve, examine and investigate physical evidence that may help to trace and convict criminals. They determine from the crime scene whether assistance from specialists, such as a forensic scientist, is needed. For further information, see www.kent.ac.uk/careers/forensicsci.htm Criminal Intelligence Analyst Criminal intelligence analysts collect and evaluate information which they use to analyse patterns of crime, build up a picture of criminal suspects and their activities to help solve crimes and prevent future crimes being committed. Job profile of a Criminal Intelligence Analyst on the National Careers Service website All new police officers in England and Wales could require a degree in future, under plans proposed by the College of Policing. Currently there is no service-wide minimum qualification for new police officers, but the college says the job is now of "degree-level complexity". It is consulting on the plans, which if approved could run as a pilot in 2017 and be fully adopted by 2019. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34805856 Getting in/getting experience Typically, when recruiting police officers, forces look for life experience that has involved communication, team working and working with people from a broad range of backgrounds. If you have experience of dealing with people in difficult situations, addressing anti-social behaviour and similar issues, this will strengthen your application. Increasingly, forces will require a Certificate in Knowledge of Policing and/or experience in a relevant policing or policing related role, such as Special Constable or PCSO. Check with individual forces to find out their specific requirements. Some forces (including the Metropolitan Police) prefer people who are resident in their area, as they can relate well to the local community and their local knowledge is also likely to be helpful. Â Volunteering with police forces Police forces have used Special Constables for many years to support the work of full-time police officers. Special Constables are volunteers but have the same powers as police officers. This experience will be particularly helpful when applying for a police officer role and, with some forces, may even be compulsory. See individual forces’ web pages for information about Special Constable recruitment Kent Police Specials www.kent.police.uk/specials Police Specials www.policespecials.com/forum/ General information, questions about recruitment and training etc Other volunteer roles As a result of budget cuts to police forces over the past few years, volunteers are also used in other roles, as this Guardian article shows. These may include working on front desks in Police stations, supporting investigating officers, acting as a mystery shopper or CCTV monitoring. www.kent.police.uk/join_us/volunteering/vol.html Certificate in Knowledge of Policing This Certificate is a national qualification introduced by the College of Policing in 2012. Many forces, including the Metropolitan Police, now require applicants to have achieved a CKP within the last three years prior to application and it may give an advantage when applying to other forces Police forces Kent Police www.kent.police.uk Metropolitan Police www.metpolicecareers.co.uk As well as holding the Certificate in Knowledge of Policing, applicants also need to have lived in London for at least three of the last six years to be eligible to apply for Police Officer roles. A second language (in addition to English) is desirable but not essential. Police www.police.uk/contact/force-websites Links to individual police forces web pages including the Ministry of Defence, British Transport Police and Port of Dover Police. Other sites carrying police vacancies As a female shopper exited a New York convenience store, a man grabbed her purse and ran. The clerk called 911 immediately, and the woman was able to give them a detailed description of the snatcher. Within minutes, the police apprehended the snatcher. They put him in the car and drove back to the store. The thief was then taken out of the car and told to stand there for a positive ID. To which he replied, "Yes, officer, that's her. That's the lady I stole the purse from. All Police Jobs www.allpolicejobs.co.uk policing and a wide range of civilian support roles. Blue Line Jobs www.bluelinejobs.co.uk Site aimed at serving police officers Blood Bikes www.serv.org.uk volunteer emergency medical transport service Coast guard Service and RNLI The role of the coastguard service is to coordinate search and rescue at sea, check that ships meet UK and international safety rules, and to prevent coastal pollution. Watch Assistants (CWA) and Watch Officers (CWO) operate a 24-hour emergency service, responding to emergencies and requests for assistance. Other jobs in the service include administration and customer service roles, such as registration officers, who deal with registering vessels on the UK Ships Register, as well as specialised roles such as marine surveying. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) is a purely voluntary organisation providing a 24-hour service around the coast of the UK and Republic of Ireland. For information about volunteering as part of a lifeboat crew, see https://volunteering.rnli.org/join-the-crew-2051.html The RNLI also provides summer lifeguards Â Â Search and Rescue Mountain Rescue (MR) is a charity providing a 24 hour emergency service MR teams are made up of unpaid volunteers who normally have a hill walking or mountaineering background. There are 48 mountain rescue teams in England and Wales and 27 in Scotland. Â Mountain Rescue England & Wales www.mountain.rescue.org.uk Scottish Mountain Rescue www.scottishmountainrescue.org The British Cave Rescue Council www.caverescue.org.uk is the representative body for underground rescue in the UK and Ireland. As with mountain rescue, all rescue teams are made up of volunteers. Lowland Rescue www.lowlandrescue.org a charitable organisation dedicated to assisting the emergency services in the search for and rescue of vulnerable missing persons Emergency Response Volunteering British Red Cross www.redcross.org.uk/Get-involved/Volunteer/Emergency-response-UK The Red Cross supports the emergency services in emergencies such as transport accidents, floods, fire, evacuations and industrial accidents Kent Resilience Forum Aims to ensure that agencies and organisations plan and work together to provide a co-ordinated response to emergencies in Kent. Last fully updated July 2016	i don't know
Lesley Griffiths, Wrexham's Assembly Member, holds which Welsh Cabinet post?	Welsh Government \| Lesley Griffiths AM Lesley Griffiths AM Justice Legislative programme » The Welsh Governmentâs legislative priorities for the coming year are outlined in an annual statement by the First Minister. The scheme will support local community and environmental projects in areas affected by the disposal of waste to landfill. Final Budget 2017-18 » The amount of funding allocated to Welsh Government Main Expenditure Groups (MEGs) for 2017-18 is Â£15bn. Last updated 07 July 2016 Related Links Farming and countryside issues which affect your agricultural business. Biographical details and ministerial responsibilities of the Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Rural Affairs. Lesley Griffiths was brought up in North East Wales and has lived and worked in Wrexham all her adult life. She has 2 daughters and has served as a school governor and community councillor. She worked at the Wrexham Maelor Hospital for 20 years. Prior to her election she worked as constituency assistant to Ian Lucas, MP. As a strong supporter of devolution for Wales, she played an active role in the 1997 'Yes for Wales' campaign. She is a member of Unison. She was elected to the National Assembly for Wales in May 2007 and served on several Assembly Committees. She set up and chaired the Cross Party Hospice Group. In December 2009, she was appointed Deputy Minister for Science, Innovation and Skills. Following re-election to the National Assembly for Wales in May 2011, Lesley Griffiths was appointed Minister for Health and Social Services and in March 2013 was appointed Minister for Local Government and Government Business. In September 2014, she was appointed Minister for Communities and Tackling Poverty. In May 2016, following re-election, she was appointed Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Rural Affairs. Outside of politics, her main hobbies are music, walking and watching Wrexham Football Club. Lesley is formerly an elected director of the Wrexham Supporters Trust. The Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Rural Affairs is responsible for: National strategy and policy for Natural Resources Management, including oversight and implementation of the Environment (Wales) Act and Natural Resources Wales Cross-cutting measures of mitigation and adaptation in relation to climate change, including water, land drainage, flood and coastal risk, and control of marine and air pollution National strategy and policy for water Sustainable resource and waste management in Wales Energy policy including small-medium scale energy production, domestic energy, energy efficiency and the reduction of fuel poverty Access to the countryside, coast and rights of way and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and National Parks Biodiversity policy, including implementation of the Nature Recovery Plan Forestry policy and legislation, including re-stocking, tree health and forest reproductive material Inland, coastal and sea fisheries: policy regulation and enforcement, including Common Fisheries Policy and the management of fishery harbours Marine and fresh water planning, biodiversity, conservation and licensing Oversight and implementation of the Planning Acts, all aspects of planning policy and the determination of called-in planning applications and appeals and compulsory purchase orders Planning gain – Section 106 Agreements contained in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 Developments of National Significance: determination of planning applications and connected consents All aspects of building regulations Wales Spatial Plan and the National Development Framework Strategic lead on allotments and urban green infrastructure Local environment quality, including litter, fly-tipping, noise policy and regulation The Rural Development Programme Common Agricultural Policy Direct Payments and responsibility for cross-compliance Agriculture sector development, including wages and skills Developing agri-food sector, associated supply chains, promotion and marketing of food and drink from Wales Animal health and welfare	Health
Who was the leader of the forces defeated in the Battle of Watling Street in 61 AD?	Agriculture gets new 'dedicated' cabinet secretary in Wales - Farmers Weekly Friday 20 May 2016 9:00 Lesley Griffiths A dedicated cabinet secretary with responsibility for agriculture and rural affairs has been restored in Wales following a campaign by farming unions. In a surprise move, first minister Carwyn Jones has created the post of environment and rural affairs Cabinet secretary in his new Welsh government, appointing Wrexham AM Lesley Griffiths to the role. The announcement, which follows the National Assembly for Wales election earlier this month, has been welcomed by the country’s farming sector. See also: Welsh badger cull hopes ‘up in the air’ after election Under the previous Welsh administration, the agricultural portfolio was moved between ministers and deputy ministers a number of times following various cabinet reshuffles. With farming generating an annual gross output of £1.5bn and employing about 60,000 people, the industry had long campaigned for this to be recognised by an appointment at Cabinet level in the Welsh government. NFU Cymru president, Stephen James, said the appointment of Ms Griffiths, the former minister for communities and tackling poverty, came at a “crucial time” for the sector. “Markets are in difficulty and farm incomes under severe pressure, so we very much look to her to hit the ground running,” he said. Mr James made reference to the “curse of bovine TB”, which he said must be tackled in wildlife as well as cattle, although Labour has consistently ruled out introducing a badger culling policy in Wales. He said he would seek an early meeting with the new Cabinet secretary to discuss the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for Welsh farming. The new environment and rural affairs Cabinet secretary, a mother of two, has no direct connection to agriculture. Before entering politics in 2007, she worked at Wrexham Maelor Hospital for 20 years. Outside of politics, she lists as her hobbies music, walking and watching Wrexham Football Club. The post-election cabinet reshuffle also sees a return to government of the sacked farm minister, Alun Davies. The controversial minister, who was removed from the Welsh government’s cabinet in 2014 after asking civil servants for details of farm subsidies paid to opposition politicians, is the new minister for lifelong learning and the Welsh language, outside the cabinet. The immediate past deputy minister for food and farming, Rebecca Evans, remains as a junior minister, this time with responsibility for social services and public health. Read more on:	i don't know
Which two A roads now follow the vast majority of the old Watling Street, running from Dover to Wroxeter?	Roman Sites and Roman Remains in Britain Aldborough Roman Site, Yorkshire Urban Centre Once the capital of a Romanised tribe of native Britons, visitors today can still see two beautiful Roman mosaics as well as the remains of the town wall and a museum exploring the history of the town. Ambleside Roman Fort, Cumbria Roman Fort Dating back to the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, this fort was originally built for two purposes; to protect the Ravenglass to Brougham Roman Road as well as acting as a supply base for Hadrian's Wall to the north. Aesica Roman Fort Hadrian's Wall Fort Excavated in the late 19th century, Aesica is the ninth fort on Hadrian's Wall. A Roman bathhouse has also been discovered a short distance south of the fort. Agricola's Ditch Roman Road / Ditch This enormous earthwork follows the route of Hadrian's Wall from coast to coast, although its purpose has long been argued. It is now thought that Agricola's Ditch (also known as the Vallum) was built as a boundary for the militarised zone around Hadrian's Wall, i.e. so that the local civilians would keep their distance! Arbeia Roman Fort, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Once a maritime supply fort for Hadrian's Wall, today Arbeias barracks and gatehouse have been reconstructed and a museum set up to showcase the history of the site. Ardotalia, Derbyshire Roman Fort This unexcavated fort could have once housed up to 1000 troops and until the late 18th century, the stone remains could still be seen. Unfortunately the remains of the fort now lie underground although it is still possible to make out the ramparts. Beckfoot (Bibra) Fort, Cumbria Roman Villa Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall, linked by a road rather than a wall. Although many of these defences have now been lost, one of the major forts was located at Beckfort. Now just a series of crop marks, the fort was manned by the Romans until around AD 407 and was once home to the Cohors II Pannoniorum, a 500-strong infantry unit from the province of Pannonia, now a region of the Czech Republic. Excavated in 1879, evidence of a civilian settlement, or vicus, was also uncovered. Bignor Roman Villa, Sussex Roman Villa Boasting some of the most complete Roman mosaics in the country, Bignor Roman Villa was discovered in 1811 by a local farmer and has been a popular visitor attraction ever since. The villa dates from around 200AD and was demolished or burnt down around 200 years later. Birdoswald Roman Fort, Cumbria Hadrian's Wall Fort This well preserved fort on Hadrian's Wall was built around 110AD and included barracks, granaries, officers mess and even an exercise building (i.e. a Roman gym). There is also a visitor centre which includes displays and artifacts from the fort, and rumour has it that the tea rooms here are also very good! Binchester Roman Fort, County Durham Roman Fort This large Roman fort was established around AD80 as a defensive measure for the newly built Dere Street. There is still a wonderfully preserved stretch of Roman road at the site, as well as remains of a bath house with underfloor heating. Brading Roman Villa, Isle of Wight Roman Villa This large Roman villa and courtyard was built in the 1st century AD and despite frequent Anglo-Saxon raids and the occasional fire, remained in use until the 4th century AD. Today all of the 12 ground floor rooms can still be seen, including a fabulous mosaic in the main entertaining room. Bremenium, Northumberland Roman Fort Bremenium was once an extremely well defended Dere Street fort complete with artillery defences. Remains of catapult emplacements have been found, once used by the Romans to fire boulders at marauders coming down Dere Street from the north. Bremetennacum, Lancashire Roman Baths This cavalry fort actually sits in the middle of the modern day village of Ribchester. Although only small parts of the fort have been excavated, there have been some fantastic finds uncovered over the centuries including the Ribchester Hoard. Burgh Castle, Suffolk Roman Fort This third century Saxon Shore Fort was built to defend the south coast of Britain against invaders from Denmark and Germany. Today the walls still stand up to an impressive 4 and half metres high. Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk Roman Fort Although nowhere near as well preserved as its neighbour Burgh Castle just a few miles away, this Saxon Shore Fort was partially excavated in the 1950s although much of the fort now lies under modern housing. The excavated part of the site is now managed by English Heritage and is open to the public free of charge. Caistor St. Edmund (Venta Icenorum), Norfolk Urban Centre Once the capital of the Iceni tribe (of Boudica fame), Venta Icenorum soon became one of the most important Roman settlements in East Anglia. Today the most visible part of the remains is the town wall which still stands at around 20 feet high. Much of the rest of the site still lies unexcavated. Calleva Atrebatum, Hampshire Urban Centre This relatively well preserved town is unique in that it did not become completely abandoned after the end of the Roman rule in Britain. Instead, the Anglo-Saxons decided to make nearby Winchester their home, leaving the remarkably intact remains that can still be seen today, including the city walls and the amphitheatre. Camulodunum (Colchester), Colchester Urban Centre Camulodunum (or modern day Colchester) was the home of the first permanent Roman fortress to be built in Britain in AD 43. Over the next 400 years the fort grew into one of the largest Roman cities in the country and even, for a short time, the capital of Britain. If visiting, be sure to check out Balkerne Gate right next to the Hole in the Wall pub: this is the best preserved Roman gateway in Britain. Carrawbugh, Northumberland Roman Temple Once the most northern fort on Hadrian's Wall, today the only visible remains of Carrawburgh fort (a.k.a. Brocolitia) are earthworks and a small Temple of Mithras. The site of a small Roman town, fort, amphitheatre and mines. Only earthworks remain. Chedworth Roman Villa, Gloucestershire Roman Villa Although the structure of this villa dates from around AD120, it went through a dramatic extension and improvement in around AD310. Today the site is managed by the National Trust and is one of the largest villas of its type in the UK. Be sure to look out for the amazing mosaics, some of which were unearthed as recently as 2011. Chester Roman Amphitheatre, Cheshire Roman Amphitheatre Currently the largest amphitheatre ever found in Britain, only half of the site has actually been excavated. It is thought that the arena was rebuilt more than once, and that the remains of the current amphitheatre date from around 280AD. At its peak, the amphitheatre could have seated up to 8,000 people. Chesters Bridge , Northumberland Roman Bridge This Roman bridge would have spanned the North Tyne River for some 60 metres, carrying the weight of both a military road and Hadrian's Wall upon its arches. Unfortunately very little remains of the western side of the support abutments, but on the eastern side there is still considerable stonework to be seen. Chichester City Walls, Chichester Roman Wall A surprisingly large amount of the original Roman core remains in Chichester's city walls, although most of the visible stonework is the result of 18th century restoration. Cilurnum, Nothumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Cilurnum was the supporting fort to Chesters Bridge, and today is considered the best preserved Roman fort along Hadrian's Wall. There is also a museum at the site which houses a collection of Roman finds from the nearby area. Cirencester Roman Amphitheatre, Gloucestershire Roman Amphitheatre The remains of one of the largest Roman amphitheatres ever found in Britain although unfortunately no stonework can be seen, only earthworks. At its height the amphitheatre could have seated over 8,000 people. Concangis, County Durham Roman Fort Little remains of this Dere Street fort except for a small excavation of the officers quarters which is located in the centre of Chester Le Street. Corbridge Roman Site, Nothumberland Urban Centre Starting life as a Hadrian's Wall fort, Cordbridge developed into a large civilian centre sometime in the late 2nd century AD. Amongst the remains here are some of the best surviving examples of military granaries in Britain. There is also a museum on the site which displays the Corbridge Hoard. Crofton Roman Villa, Kent Roman Villa The only publicly accessible Roman villa in London, Crofton is situated next door to Orpington Station and features some quite substantial remains including tessellated floors and a hypocaust. There is also a museum on site. Cunetio, Wiltshire Urban Centre First discovered in the 1940s, Cunetio was a Roman town between the 2nd and 5th century AD. Today all of the remains lay underground with only minor earthworks being visible. Dere Street Roman Road Dere Street was once the main supply route and only major road between York, Hadrian's Wall and onwards to the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Today the route is still used by many major roads including the A1, although the occasional Roman milestone still remains. There are also sections of the original Dere Street which have not been built on, such as at West Woodburn in Northumberland and Gilston in Scotland. Devils Causeway, Northumberland Roman Road A spur road leading from Dere Street to Berwick-upon-Tweet, the route of which can still be made out in several places. Dubris, Kent Urban Centre and Roman Lighthouse Dubris, now known as Dover, was one of the most important sites in Roman Britain. Originally a base for the Roman fleet of the Classic Britannica (a branch of the navy designed to protect the English Channel), the town quickly grew into a major trading centre due to both its proximity to Gaul and its positioning at the start of Watling Street. Today there are considerable remains of both a Roman villa and the west wall of a fort at the Roman Painted House (which also includes a museum). The remains of a Roman lighthouse can also be seen within the grounds of Dover Castle. Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) Urban Centre (User Submitted) Once the capital of a Celtic tribe called the Cantiaci, Canterbury was captured by the Romans in the 1st century AD and renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum (meaning 'stronghold of the Cantiaci'). By the 3rd century AD the city had been rebuilt and grown into an area of around 130 acres, enclosed by a massive city wall with seven gates and a substantial earth bank. Unfortunately not much remains of Roman Canterbury, however sections of the original city wall around the North Gate area can still be seen. There is also a Roman gate still visible, albeit blocked up and incorporated into the medieval city walls. If visiting, be sure to stop in at the Roman Museum which, amongst a host of finds from the city, includes an in situ mosaic dating from the late 2nd century AD. Eboracum (York) Urban Centre (User Submitted) Founded in AD71, Eboracum started out as a Roman fort but soon grew into a urban centre with residents from throughout the Roman Empire. Remains that can be seen today include the military headquarters which is open to the public and located underneath modern day York Minster, as well as a Roman bath (located under the Roman Bath pub in St Sampson's Square), a temple and a portion of city wall in the Museum Gardens known as the Multangular Tower. Epiacum (Whitley Castle), Cumbria Roman Fort This peculiar lozenge shaped fort was thought to have protected Roman lead mine interests in the area, as well as acting as a support fort for nearby Hadrian's Wall. The site is currently unexcavated but is popular with mole hill archaeologists, i.e. rummaging through mole hills looking for Roman remains! Ermine Street Roman Road A major Roman road that ran from London to York via Lincoln. Most of the route has now been incorporated into the A1, but there are still parts (namely just south of Lincoln) where the original Roman road is a public footpath. Exeter City Wall, Devon Roman Wall Over 70% of the original Exeter city wall still exists, and although much of it dates from Anglo-Saxon and medieval times, there are still large portions of the original Roman stonework. Fishbourne Roman Palace, West Sussex Roman Villa Larger than Buckingham Palace and easily the largest Roman residence north of the Alps, Fishbourne Roman Palace was built in the 1st century AD although it is not known who for. Today there are some fantastic mosaics on display, as well as a museum and a reconstructed Roman garden. Fosse Way Roman Road The Fosse Way was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain, linking Exeter, Bath, Cirencester, Leicester and ending in Lincoln. Many sections of the road are now public footpaths. Gabrosentum, Cumbria Roman Fort and Civilian Settlement This former fort and adjoining settlement was built during Emperor Hadrian's reign and was in use until the late 4th century AD. Excavations have revealed official buildings including the commanding officers house, as well as numerous civilian buildings, a fort and a small natural harbour. Gadebridge Roman Villa, Hertfordshire Roman Villa Excavated in the 1960s and again in 2000, Gatesbridge Villa once housed the second largest swimming baths ever found in Britain. Now that the excavations have been completed the villa has been recovered with grassland. Great Witcombe Roman Villa, Gloucestershire Roman Villa Built in the first century AD, it is thought that Great Witcombe Villa once housed a fabulous water garden. Today the remains consist of a latrine, bath house and hypocaust, as well as the outline of the walls of the villa and a mosaic floor. Habitancum, Northumberland Roman Fort Only ditches and a small amount of stonework at the north-eastern corner of this Dere Street fort can still be seen. Hadrian's Wall, North of England Roman Wall Hadrian's Wall is the most prominent and important monument left by the Romans in Britain, spanning the entire width of the country. Read our full article about Hadrian's Wall here . Halton Chesters, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Located at the juncture of Hadrian's Wall and Dere Street lies Halton Chesters Fort (also known as Hunnum), although only earthworks can still be seen. Originally an Iron Age hill fort, the Romans captured the site from the Britons in AD45. Hardknott Roman Fort , Cumbria Roman Fort Built between AD120 and AD138 during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, Hardknott Fort (Mediobogdum) appears to have been occupied initially only briefly before being re-occupied probably in the late 2nd century. It housed a cohort of 500 men, the fourth Cohort of Dalmatians, infantry soldiers from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro. Read our full article on Hardknott Roman Fort here . Housesteads, Northumberland Roman Fort Built to house around 800 soldiers, Housesteads is one of a series of Hadrian's Wall forts and is relatively well preserved. In fact, rumour has it that Housesteads boasts the best preserved Roman latrine in all of Britain! Jewry Wall, Leicester Public Building Standing up to 8 metres high, this strikingly well preserved wall was once part of a Roman bath house. The reason it has survived for almost 2000 years is that the wall was once used in the structure of a nearby church. Letocetum, Staffordshire Urban Centre Letocetum was once a significant Roman settlement with temples, villas, a basilica, forum and amphitheatre. Although the majority of the remains now lie under the modern village of Wall, a bath house and official stopping place (mansio) can still be seen. Littlecote Roman Villa, Wiltshire Roman Villa The remains of Littlecote Roman Villa is perhaps most famous for its well preserved Orpheus mosaic which dates from the latter half of the 4th century AD. London Wall, London Roman Wall From around 200 AD, the shape of London was defined by one single structure; it’s massive city wall. Lost for centuries, many sections of the wall were uncovered during WW2 bombing and can now be seen from Tower Bridge all of the way to Farringdon. Click here for our full walking guide. Longovicium, County Durham Roman Fort Yet another Dere Street fort, Longovicium is situated some 20 miles south of Hadrian's Wall. Although it is not currently open the public, there are plans by local authorities, Durham and Newcastle Universities and English Heritage to allow public access to the site. Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent Roman Villa Built in around 100AD, Lullingstone Villa is a family friendly site boasting fantastic mosaics and wall paintings, as well as the remains of a bath-suite and temple. Lunt Fort, Warwickshire Roman Fort Built in AD60 to support the Roman army in their campaign against Boudica and the Iceni, Lunt Roman Fort has now been fully excavated and is open to the public. The fantastic wooden gateway was built in the 1970s with the same tools and equipment as would have been used by the Romans. Lydney Park, Gloucestershire Roman Temple Once a Iron Age fort, Lydney Park was used by the Romans for the mining of iron ore. In the 4th century AD a temple was built on the site, the remains of which can still be seen today. Carvoran Roman Fort, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort One of sixteen forts along Hadrian's Wall, Carvoran is not the most spectacular or most excavated site in the area, but it is the home to the Roman Army Museum which is well worth a visit. Highfield Barrow, Hemel Hempstead Roman Barrow (User submitted by Stephanie Nield) This well preserved Roman barrow is at the junction of Queensway and High Street Green in Hemel Hempstead, and although not currently open to the public it can be seen from the side of the road. Maryport (Alauna) Fort & Senhouse Roman Museum, Cumbria Roman Fort An early Roman fort, rebuilt around AD122 as a supply base for the coastal defences of the mighty Hadrian's Wall. The coastline to the south of the wall being vunerable to attack was defended by a series of Roman milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast. Maryport represents the southernmost fort of these defences, guarding a crossing of the Solway Firth. An observation tower in the museum grounds reveals the extensive remains of the site. Restricted opening times and entrance charges apply. Milefortlet 21 Hadrian's Wall Fortlet Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall. Although many of these defences have now been lost, including the watchtowers that stood between each milefortlet, Milefortlet 21 is the first to be fully excavated. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Moresby (Gabrosentum) Fort, Cumbria Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall, linked by a road rather than a wall. Many of these defences have now been lost, and only the earthwork remains of Gabrosentum are visible. Occupied until the early 4th century, St Bridget’s church and graveyard now stand on the north-east corner of the fort. Newport Arch / Lincoln City Wall, Lincoln City Wall and Arch Newport Arch was built in the 3rd century to carry Ermine Street through the city of Lincoln and is still used by traffic today. There is also a small section of Roman city wall to the east of the arch. Noveum Museum & Roman Baths, Chichester Public Baths A purpose built museum designed to show the remains of the city’s Roman bath house, previously hidden under a car park. Excavated in 1975, the public baths served the local Romano-British community between the 2nd and 5th centuries. The museum also includes other collections, charting the social history, archaeology and geology of region. Restricted opening hours and entrance charges apply. Pevensey Roman Fort, East Sussex Roman Fort This Saxon Shore Fort was built around AD290, and although most of the structure dates from the medieval times there is significant Roman masonry in the outer curtain wall. Piddington Roman Villa, Northamptonshire Roman Villa and Museum This Roman villa was discovered by workmen in 1781 when they uncovered a complete mosaic. Unfortunately when the local townspeople of Northampton came along to see the mosaic they decided to break it up and take it away as souvenirs! Recently a museum was set up on the site displaying a host of finds and remains from the villa. Piercebridge Roman Bridge, County Durham Roman Bridge The remains of a Roman Bridge which once led into Piercebridge Roman Fort from across the River Tees. Large masonry blocks and one of the bridge abutments can still be seen to this day. Piercebridge Roman Fort, County Durham Roman Fort Piercebridge is the southernmost of the Dere Street forts, the main road linking York to Hadrian's Wall and on to the Antonine Wall. Plumpton (Voreda) Fort Roman Fort With the earthworks still clearly visible from the adjacent A6, the fort was built upon the old Roman road that ran northwards to Hadrian’s Wall. Occupied between the first and fourth centuries, it is thought the fort was built by the 2nd Cohort of Gauls, or Cohors II Gallorum, a mounted cavalry unit recruited from the Gallic tribes of northern France. Although excavations around the fort have revealed the existence of a large civil settlement or vicus, we can find no evidence of this from the satellite image... but don’t just take our word for it, take a look for yourself! Portchester Roman Fort, Hampshire Roman Fort The best preserved of all of the Roman Saxon Shore Forts, Portchester Fort (also known as Portus Adurni) appears almost as it did the day it was built… at least from a distance! Only four bastions have been lost in the past 1600 years, whilst inside the Roman perimeter walls is a Norman stronghold. Ravenglass Bath House, Cumbria Roman Bath House With its stone walls still standing at almost 4m high, the ruined bath house stands outside the nearby 2nd century Ravenglass Roman fort. Although now on private land, the earthwork remains of the fort are still visible from the bath house. Originally of turf and timber construction, the fort served as an important naval base guarding the nearby harbour. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Rockbourne Roman Villa, Hampshire Roman Villa This courtyard villa includes fabulous Roman mosaics, a bath house, living quarters, workshops and underfloor heating. There is also a museum of the site which includes artefacts from the villa. Roman Baths, Bath Roman Baths The Roman Baths and magnificent Temple were built around the natural hot spring which rises at 46°C and were at the centre of Roman life in Aquae Sulis between the first and fifth centuries. The remains are remarkably complete and include sculpture, coins, jewellery and the bronze head of the goddess Sulis Minerva. Richborough Castle, Kent Roman Fort Situated on the site where the Romans first invaded Britain in 43AD, Richborough Castle was built in the late 3rd century as a Saxon Shore Fort. The castle is now managed by English Heritage and in places the walls stand at around 20 feet high. Segedunum Roman Fort, North Tyneside Hadrian's Wall Fort Lying at the eastern corner of Hadrian's Wall, Segedunum is the most thoroughly excavated Roman fort in the country. Unfortunately only the foundations of the fort still remain, although there is also a modern reconstruction of the military bath house. Stanegate, Cumbria / Northumberland Roman Road Stanegate Roman Road was built in around AD80 to link together two major forts but only became a frontier road after the withdrawal from Scotland in 105AD. The original path of Stanegate, including milestones, can still be seen in locations such as Corbridge and Vindolanda. Temple of Mithras, London Roman Temple During the post-war reconstruction of London, an archaeological treasure was found amongst all of the rubble and debris; the Roman Temple of Mithras. Click here to read our full article about this site. Tripontium, Warwickshire Urban Centre Situated around three miles from the town of Rugby, Tripontium was originally a frontier fort built in AD50 to support the Roman invasion to the north. The following centuries saw the site grow in size and become one of the most important towns in the area. Unfortunately the site is not open to the public after excavations were completed in 2006. Verulamium, Hertfordshire Urban Centre Verulamium was settled in the first 10 years of the Roman occupation of Britain and was granted city-like status in AD50. In AD61 Boudica sacked the city and burnt it to the ground but it was soon rebuilt after the Iceni uprising had been quelled. Remains that are now visible include city walls and a theatre, although the majority of the old Roman city remains unexcavated. Vindolanda, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Built to protect the Stanegate (a road which ran just south of Hadrian's Wall), Vindolanda is perhaps best known as the site where the Vindolanda Tablets (the oldest handwritten documents in Britain) were found. Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter Roman City), Wroxeter Urban Centre Once the fourth largest Roman city in England, Viroconium Cornoviorum (now called Wroxeter) contains the largest free-standing Roman ruin in England as well as other extensive remains. There is also a museum on the site which is managed by English Heritage. Watling Street Roman Road Running from Dover to Wroxeter via London, the path of the original Watling Street is today covered by the A2 and A5 roads although there are certain portions which are either accessible either as footpaths or bridleways. Welwyn Roman Baths, Hertfordshire Roman Baths Preserved in a steel vault under the A1(M) motorway, these fantastic remains of a large villas baths are remarkably intact. There is also a small museum which includes an exhibition about the site as well as finds which were uncovered during excavation. Wigton (Maglona) Fort, Cumbria Roman Fort Also known as Old Carlisle, the fort was constructed towards the end of the first century AD. A strategically important outpost, it formed part of a military frontier against the hostile Picts to the north. Home to a 500 strong cavalry regiment, a small civilian settlement or vicus formed just to the south of the fort. Although much of the stonework was recycled in the 18th century to rebuild Wigton, much of the earthen ramparts are well preserved. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Winchester City Walls, Winchester Fragments of the Roman City Wall Surrounding Winchester Cathedral's grounds is the old medieval city wall, with one visible section of the original Roman wall still intact. Antonine Wall Roman Wall The building of the Antonine Wall started in AD 142 and is thought to have taken six years to complete. Running from east to west and stretching some 37 miles from modern Boness on the Firth of Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the River Clyde, the wall marked the extent of the Roman military advance northwards from the existing frontier of Hadrian's Wall. Dere Street Roman Road Roman Road Dere Street was once the main supply route and only major road between York, Hadrian's Wall and onwards to the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Today the route is still used by many major roads including the A1, although the occasional Roman milestone still remains. There are also sections of the original Dere Street which have not been built on, such as at West Woodburn in Northumberland and Gilston in Scotland. Inchtuthil, Perthshire Roman Fort Built in AD 82 as a command headquarters for the Roman invasion of Scotland, Inchtuthil is fairly unique in that it was never built over and therefore was in remarkably good condition when excavated in the 1950s and 60s. Trimontium, Scottish Borders Roman Fort Built as a base for the Romans advance into Scotland, Trimontium would have at one time housed around 2000 soldiers and civilians. Only faint earthworks can now be seen, along with a monument which marks the site of the fort. Bar Hill Fort, East Dunbartonshire Antonine Wall Fort Situated on the highest point of the Antonine Wall, the remains of Bar Hill include a bath house, granary, barracks and fort headquarters. There are also the remains of an Iron Age fort on the site. Bearsden Bath House, Glasgow Antonine Wall Fort / Roman Baths Almost all of the Roman fort at Bearsden is hidden under modern housing, although the fort's bath house has been excavated and is now on public display. These remains date back to around 143AD and were discovered by builders in 1973. Castlecary, North Lanarkshire Antonine Wall Fort Built in AD 80 by Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the impressive remains of Castlecary Antonine Wall fort are well worth a visit and are easily accessed from the M80. Croy Hill, North Lanarkshire Antonine Wall Fort Not much remains of this Antonine Wall fort except for a single wall ditch and two beacon platforms. Pennymuir Roman Camps, Scottish Borders Temporary Roman Camp Pennymuir was once home to three temporary camps for Roman legions heading between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall. Remains that can be seen today include Dere Street as well the camp's ramparts and entrances. Rough Castle, Falkirk Antonine Wall Fort Although Rough Castle was the second smallest fort on the Antonine Wall, it is also one the best preserved with relatively well defined ramparts still visible today. Also visible is a set of Lilas pits which would have had stakes at the bottom, as well as the line of the military road that would have linked all of the Antonine Wall forts together. Alabum Llandovery Roman Fort, Carmarthenshire Roman Fort / Roman Road Although not much of this 1st century auxiliary fort still remains, it is possible to see some scarped slopes to the north and west of St Marys Church. To the north of the church the path of a Roman road can also be seen. Finally, be sure to look out for Roman masonry which has been reused in the walls of the church. Caer Gybi, Anglesey Roman Fort, Anglesey Roman Fort Built in the 4th century AD to protect Anglesey against Irish invaders, Caer Gybi is remarkably well preserved with some parts of the original wall standing to over 4 metres in height (notably the north-western corner). The other walls have Roman foundations although were rebuilt some time later. Caerleon (Isca Augusta), Gwent Romant Fort, Wall and Amphitheatre Built in AD75 to support the Roman conquest of Wales, Isca Augusta once housed up to 5,000 soldiers and was not abandoned until the late 4th century / early 5th century AD. There is a phenomenal amount of remains still visible including an amphitheatre, baths and barracks. Cardiff Roman Fort, Cardiff Roman Fort Although the majority of the Cardiff Roman Fort is a Victorian reconstruction, the original Roman walls can still be seen incorporated into certain portions of the Cardiff Castle. These visible remains are that of a Saxon Shore Short which was built around 300AD, although it is thought that the site housed at least two earlier forts. Cold Knap, Barry, Barry Island Roman Building, unknown use Cold Knap was once a Roman port, and the remains of a 3rd century building can still be seen along the shore. Dolaucothi Gold Mines and Luentinum Fort, Carmarthenshire Roman Mines and Fort Dolaucothi is though to have been the only Roman gold mine in Britannia, and would have been protected by an accompanying fort (known as Luentinum). In the 18th century a large hoard of Roman gold ornaments was found (now on show in the British Museum). Moridunum, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire Roman Fort, Town and Amphitheatre Situated in modern day Carmathen, the visible remains of Moidunum are limited to an amphitheatre thought to have been the furthest west ever built within the Roman empire. Artefacts from Moridunum excavations can be seen at the nearby museum in Abergwili. Nidum, Neath, Neath Roman Fort Situated at the corner of a main road and a modern housing estate lies the remains of the south gate of Nidum Roman Fort. Sarn Helen Roman Road, Powys Roman Road One of the best preserved Roman roads in the whole of Britain, the remains of both cobbles and a ditch are still visible at the Maen Madoc stone in the Brecon Beacons. Segontium, Gwynedd Roman Fort, Town and Temple Built in around 80AD just a few years after completing their conquest of Wales, Segontium was the largest and most important Roman fort in north Wales. The remains of many of the forts buildings are still visible, quite surprising really considering that Edward I plundered most of the stonework for his castle at Caernarfon! Tomen-y-Mur Roman Fort, Snowdonia Roman Fort and Amphitheatre Visible earthworks of a Roman amphitheatre (albeit a very small one), bath house, temple, parade ground and even a Roman road can be seen, although most of the remains here are from a much later Norman motte and bailey castle. Venta Silurum, Monmouthshire Urban Centre Unquestionably the best surviving Roman town defence walls in Britain (standing up to 5 metres in places!), the remains at Venta Silurum also include a house with underfloor heating, basilica, forum and temple. The site is open to the public. Y Gaer, Brecon Beacons Roman Fort Built in AD75 at the crossroads of two Roman roads, Y Gaer would have been occupied by a contingent of 500 Spanish-recruited cavalrymen. Visible remains today include the perimeter walls, gatehouses and guard towers.	a2 and a5
Which other 230 mile pre-Roman road crosses Watling Street at a point called High Cross in Warwickshire?	Roman Sites and Roman Remains in Britain Aldborough Roman Site, Yorkshire Urban Centre Once the capital of a Romanised tribe of native Britons, visitors today can still see two beautiful Roman mosaics as well as the remains of the town wall and a museum exploring the history of the town. Ambleside Roman Fort, Cumbria Roman Fort Dating back to the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, this fort was originally built for two purposes; to protect the Ravenglass to Brougham Roman Road as well as acting as a supply base for Hadrian's Wall to the north. Aesica Roman Fort Hadrian's Wall Fort Excavated in the late 19th century, Aesica is the ninth fort on Hadrian's Wall. A Roman bathhouse has also been discovered a short distance south of the fort. Agricola's Ditch Roman Road / Ditch This enormous earthwork follows the route of Hadrian's Wall from coast to coast, although its purpose has long been argued. It is now thought that Agricola's Ditch (also known as the Vallum) was built as a boundary for the militarised zone around Hadrian's Wall, i.e. so that the local civilians would keep their distance! Arbeia Roman Fort, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Once a maritime supply fort for Hadrian's Wall, today Arbeias barracks and gatehouse have been reconstructed and a museum set up to showcase the history of the site. Ardotalia, Derbyshire Roman Fort This unexcavated fort could have once housed up to 1000 troops and until the late 18th century, the stone remains could still be seen. Unfortunately the remains of the fort now lie underground although it is still possible to make out the ramparts. Beckfoot (Bibra) Fort, Cumbria Roman Villa Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall, linked by a road rather than a wall. Although many of these defences have now been lost, one of the major forts was located at Beckfort. Now just a series of crop marks, the fort was manned by the Romans until around AD 407 and was once home to the Cohors II Pannoniorum, a 500-strong infantry unit from the province of Pannonia, now a region of the Czech Republic. Excavated in 1879, evidence of a civilian settlement, or vicus, was also uncovered. Bignor Roman Villa, Sussex Roman Villa Boasting some of the most complete Roman mosaics in the country, Bignor Roman Villa was discovered in 1811 by a local farmer and has been a popular visitor attraction ever since. The villa dates from around 200AD and was demolished or burnt down around 200 years later. Birdoswald Roman Fort, Cumbria Hadrian's Wall Fort This well preserved fort on Hadrian's Wall was built around 110AD and included barracks, granaries, officers mess and even an exercise building (i.e. a Roman gym). There is also a visitor centre which includes displays and artifacts from the fort, and rumour has it that the tea rooms here are also very good! Binchester Roman Fort, County Durham Roman Fort This large Roman fort was established around AD80 as a defensive measure for the newly built Dere Street. There is still a wonderfully preserved stretch of Roman road at the site, as well as remains of a bath house with underfloor heating. Brading Roman Villa, Isle of Wight Roman Villa This large Roman villa and courtyard was built in the 1st century AD and despite frequent Anglo-Saxon raids and the occasional fire, remained in use until the 4th century AD. Today all of the 12 ground floor rooms can still be seen, including a fabulous mosaic in the main entertaining room. Bremenium, Northumberland Roman Fort Bremenium was once an extremely well defended Dere Street fort complete with artillery defences. Remains of catapult emplacements have been found, once used by the Romans to fire boulders at marauders coming down Dere Street from the north. Bremetennacum, Lancashire Roman Baths This cavalry fort actually sits in the middle of the modern day village of Ribchester. Although only small parts of the fort have been excavated, there have been some fantastic finds uncovered over the centuries including the Ribchester Hoard. Burgh Castle, Suffolk Roman Fort This third century Saxon Shore Fort was built to defend the south coast of Britain against invaders from Denmark and Germany. Today the walls still stand up to an impressive 4 and half metres high. Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk Roman Fort Although nowhere near as well preserved as its neighbour Burgh Castle just a few miles away, this Saxon Shore Fort was partially excavated in the 1950s although much of the fort now lies under modern housing. The excavated part of the site is now managed by English Heritage and is open to the public free of charge. Caistor St. Edmund (Venta Icenorum), Norfolk Urban Centre Once the capital of the Iceni tribe (of Boudica fame), Venta Icenorum soon became one of the most important Roman settlements in East Anglia. Today the most visible part of the remains is the town wall which still stands at around 20 feet high. Much of the rest of the site still lies unexcavated. Calleva Atrebatum, Hampshire Urban Centre This relatively well preserved town is unique in that it did not become completely abandoned after the end of the Roman rule in Britain. Instead, the Anglo-Saxons decided to make nearby Winchester their home, leaving the remarkably intact remains that can still be seen today, including the city walls and the amphitheatre. Camulodunum (Colchester), Colchester Urban Centre Camulodunum (or modern day Colchester) was the home of the first permanent Roman fortress to be built in Britain in AD 43. Over the next 400 years the fort grew into one of the largest Roman cities in the country and even, for a short time, the capital of Britain. If visiting, be sure to check out Balkerne Gate right next to the Hole in the Wall pub: this is the best preserved Roman gateway in Britain. Carrawbugh, Northumberland Roman Temple Once the most northern fort on Hadrian's Wall, today the only visible remains of Carrawburgh fort (a.k.a. Brocolitia) are earthworks and a small Temple of Mithras. The site of a small Roman town, fort, amphitheatre and mines. Only earthworks remain. Chedworth Roman Villa, Gloucestershire Roman Villa Although the structure of this villa dates from around AD120, it went through a dramatic extension and improvement in around AD310. Today the site is managed by the National Trust and is one of the largest villas of its type in the UK. Be sure to look out for the amazing mosaics, some of which were unearthed as recently as 2011. Chester Roman Amphitheatre, Cheshire Roman Amphitheatre Currently the largest amphitheatre ever found in Britain, only half of the site has actually been excavated. It is thought that the arena was rebuilt more than once, and that the remains of the current amphitheatre date from around 280AD. At its peak, the amphitheatre could have seated up to 8,000 people. Chesters Bridge , Northumberland Roman Bridge This Roman bridge would have spanned the North Tyne River for some 60 metres, carrying the weight of both a military road and Hadrian's Wall upon its arches. Unfortunately very little remains of the western side of the support abutments, but on the eastern side there is still considerable stonework to be seen. Chichester City Walls, Chichester Roman Wall A surprisingly large amount of the original Roman core remains in Chichester's city walls, although most of the visible stonework is the result of 18th century restoration. Cilurnum, Nothumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Cilurnum was the supporting fort to Chesters Bridge, and today is considered the best preserved Roman fort along Hadrian's Wall. There is also a museum at the site which houses a collection of Roman finds from the nearby area. Cirencester Roman Amphitheatre, Gloucestershire Roman Amphitheatre The remains of one of the largest Roman amphitheatres ever found in Britain although unfortunately no stonework can be seen, only earthworks. At its height the amphitheatre could have seated over 8,000 people. Concangis, County Durham Roman Fort Little remains of this Dere Street fort except for a small excavation of the officers quarters which is located in the centre of Chester Le Street. Corbridge Roman Site, Nothumberland Urban Centre Starting life as a Hadrian's Wall fort, Cordbridge developed into a large civilian centre sometime in the late 2nd century AD. Amongst the remains here are some of the best surviving examples of military granaries in Britain. There is also a museum on the site which displays the Corbridge Hoard. Crofton Roman Villa, Kent Roman Villa The only publicly accessible Roman villa in London, Crofton is situated next door to Orpington Station and features some quite substantial remains including tessellated floors and a hypocaust. There is also a museum on site. Cunetio, Wiltshire Urban Centre First discovered in the 1940s, Cunetio was a Roman town between the 2nd and 5th century AD. Today all of the remains lay underground with only minor earthworks being visible. Dere Street Roman Road Dere Street was once the main supply route and only major road between York, Hadrian's Wall and onwards to the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Today the route is still used by many major roads including the A1, although the occasional Roman milestone still remains. There are also sections of the original Dere Street which have not been built on, such as at West Woodburn in Northumberland and Gilston in Scotland. Devils Causeway, Northumberland Roman Road A spur road leading from Dere Street to Berwick-upon-Tweet, the route of which can still be made out in several places. Dubris, Kent Urban Centre and Roman Lighthouse Dubris, now known as Dover, was one of the most important sites in Roman Britain. Originally a base for the Roman fleet of the Classic Britannica (a branch of the navy designed to protect the English Channel), the town quickly grew into a major trading centre due to both its proximity to Gaul and its positioning at the start of Watling Street. Today there are considerable remains of both a Roman villa and the west wall of a fort at the Roman Painted House (which also includes a museum). The remains of a Roman lighthouse can also be seen within the grounds of Dover Castle. Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) Urban Centre (User Submitted) Once the capital of a Celtic tribe called the Cantiaci, Canterbury was captured by the Romans in the 1st century AD and renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum (meaning 'stronghold of the Cantiaci'). By the 3rd century AD the city had been rebuilt and grown into an area of around 130 acres, enclosed by a massive city wall with seven gates and a substantial earth bank. Unfortunately not much remains of Roman Canterbury, however sections of the original city wall around the North Gate area can still be seen. There is also a Roman gate still visible, albeit blocked up and incorporated into the medieval city walls. If visiting, be sure to stop in at the Roman Museum which, amongst a host of finds from the city, includes an in situ mosaic dating from the late 2nd century AD. Eboracum (York) Urban Centre (User Submitted) Founded in AD71, Eboracum started out as a Roman fort but soon grew into a urban centre with residents from throughout the Roman Empire. Remains that can be seen today include the military headquarters which is open to the public and located underneath modern day York Minster, as well as a Roman bath (located under the Roman Bath pub in St Sampson's Square), a temple and a portion of city wall in the Museum Gardens known as the Multangular Tower. Epiacum (Whitley Castle), Cumbria Roman Fort This peculiar lozenge shaped fort was thought to have protected Roman lead mine interests in the area, as well as acting as a support fort for nearby Hadrian's Wall. The site is currently unexcavated but is popular with mole hill archaeologists, i.e. rummaging through mole hills looking for Roman remains! Ermine Street Roman Road A major Roman road that ran from London to York via Lincoln. Most of the route has now been incorporated into the A1, but there are still parts (namely just south of Lincoln) where the original Roman road is a public footpath. Exeter City Wall, Devon Roman Wall Over 70% of the original Exeter city wall still exists, and although much of it dates from Anglo-Saxon and medieval times, there are still large portions of the original Roman stonework. Fishbourne Roman Palace, West Sussex Roman Villa Larger than Buckingham Palace and easily the largest Roman residence north of the Alps, Fishbourne Roman Palace was built in the 1st century AD although it is not known who for. Today there are some fantastic mosaics on display, as well as a museum and a reconstructed Roman garden. Fosse Way Roman Road The Fosse Way was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain, linking Exeter, Bath, Cirencester, Leicester and ending in Lincoln. Many sections of the road are now public footpaths. Gabrosentum, Cumbria Roman Fort and Civilian Settlement This former fort and adjoining settlement was built during Emperor Hadrian's reign and was in use until the late 4th century AD. Excavations have revealed official buildings including the commanding officers house, as well as numerous civilian buildings, a fort and a small natural harbour. Gadebridge Roman Villa, Hertfordshire Roman Villa Excavated in the 1960s and again in 2000, Gatesbridge Villa once housed the second largest swimming baths ever found in Britain. Now that the excavations have been completed the villa has been recovered with grassland. Great Witcombe Roman Villa, Gloucestershire Roman Villa Built in the first century AD, it is thought that Great Witcombe Villa once housed a fabulous water garden. Today the remains consist of a latrine, bath house and hypocaust, as well as the outline of the walls of the villa and a mosaic floor. Habitancum, Northumberland Roman Fort Only ditches and a small amount of stonework at the north-eastern corner of this Dere Street fort can still be seen. Hadrian's Wall, North of England Roman Wall Hadrian's Wall is the most prominent and important monument left by the Romans in Britain, spanning the entire width of the country. Read our full article about Hadrian's Wall here . Halton Chesters, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Located at the juncture of Hadrian's Wall and Dere Street lies Halton Chesters Fort (also known as Hunnum), although only earthworks can still be seen. Originally an Iron Age hill fort, the Romans captured the site from the Britons in AD45. Hardknott Roman Fort , Cumbria Roman Fort Built between AD120 and AD138 during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, Hardknott Fort (Mediobogdum) appears to have been occupied initially only briefly before being re-occupied probably in the late 2nd century. It housed a cohort of 500 men, the fourth Cohort of Dalmatians, infantry soldiers from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro. Read our full article on Hardknott Roman Fort here . Housesteads, Northumberland Roman Fort Built to house around 800 soldiers, Housesteads is one of a series of Hadrian's Wall forts and is relatively well preserved. In fact, rumour has it that Housesteads boasts the best preserved Roman latrine in all of Britain! Jewry Wall, Leicester Public Building Standing up to 8 metres high, this strikingly well preserved wall was once part of a Roman bath house. The reason it has survived for almost 2000 years is that the wall was once used in the structure of a nearby church. Letocetum, Staffordshire Urban Centre Letocetum was once a significant Roman settlement with temples, villas, a basilica, forum and amphitheatre. Although the majority of the remains now lie under the modern village of Wall, a bath house and official stopping place (mansio) can still be seen. Littlecote Roman Villa, Wiltshire Roman Villa The remains of Littlecote Roman Villa is perhaps most famous for its well preserved Orpheus mosaic which dates from the latter half of the 4th century AD. London Wall, London Roman Wall From around 200 AD, the shape of London was defined by one single structure; it’s massive city wall. Lost for centuries, many sections of the wall were uncovered during WW2 bombing and can now be seen from Tower Bridge all of the way to Farringdon. Click here for our full walking guide. Longovicium, County Durham Roman Fort Yet another Dere Street fort, Longovicium is situated some 20 miles south of Hadrian's Wall. Although it is not currently open the public, there are plans by local authorities, Durham and Newcastle Universities and English Heritage to allow public access to the site. Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent Roman Villa Built in around 100AD, Lullingstone Villa is a family friendly site boasting fantastic mosaics and wall paintings, as well as the remains of a bath-suite and temple. Lunt Fort, Warwickshire Roman Fort Built in AD60 to support the Roman army in their campaign against Boudica and the Iceni, Lunt Roman Fort has now been fully excavated and is open to the public. The fantastic wooden gateway was built in the 1970s with the same tools and equipment as would have been used by the Romans. Lydney Park, Gloucestershire Roman Temple Once a Iron Age fort, Lydney Park was used by the Romans for the mining of iron ore. In the 4th century AD a temple was built on the site, the remains of which can still be seen today. Carvoran Roman Fort, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort One of sixteen forts along Hadrian's Wall, Carvoran is not the most spectacular or most excavated site in the area, but it is the home to the Roman Army Museum which is well worth a visit. Highfield Barrow, Hemel Hempstead Roman Barrow (User submitted by Stephanie Nield) This well preserved Roman barrow is at the junction of Queensway and High Street Green in Hemel Hempstead, and although not currently open to the public it can be seen from the side of the road. Maryport (Alauna) Fort & Senhouse Roman Museum, Cumbria Roman Fort An early Roman fort, rebuilt around AD122 as a supply base for the coastal defences of the mighty Hadrian's Wall. The coastline to the south of the wall being vunerable to attack was defended by a series of Roman milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast. Maryport represents the southernmost fort of these defences, guarding a crossing of the Solway Firth. An observation tower in the museum grounds reveals the extensive remains of the site. Restricted opening times and entrance charges apply. Milefortlet 21 Hadrian's Wall Fortlet Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall. Although many of these defences have now been lost, including the watchtowers that stood between each milefortlet, Milefortlet 21 is the first to be fully excavated. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Moresby (Gabrosentum) Fort, Cumbria Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet Although the mighty Hadrian's Wall stood as the main defensive feature protecting the northern extent of the Roman Empire in Britain, the coastline close to the Scottish border was still exposed to attack. To plug this gap in their defences, the Romans built a series of milefortlets extending down the Cumbrian coast from Hadrian's Wall, linked by a road rather than a wall. Many of these defences have now been lost, and only the earthwork remains of Gabrosentum are visible. Occupied until the early 4th century, St Bridget’s church and graveyard now stand on the north-east corner of the fort. Newport Arch / Lincoln City Wall, Lincoln City Wall and Arch Newport Arch was built in the 3rd century to carry Ermine Street through the city of Lincoln and is still used by traffic today. There is also a small section of Roman city wall to the east of the arch. Noveum Museum & Roman Baths, Chichester Public Baths A purpose built museum designed to show the remains of the city’s Roman bath house, previously hidden under a car park. Excavated in 1975, the public baths served the local Romano-British community between the 2nd and 5th centuries. The museum also includes other collections, charting the social history, archaeology and geology of region. Restricted opening hours and entrance charges apply. Pevensey Roman Fort, East Sussex Roman Fort This Saxon Shore Fort was built around AD290, and although most of the structure dates from the medieval times there is significant Roman masonry in the outer curtain wall. Piddington Roman Villa, Northamptonshire Roman Villa and Museum This Roman villa was discovered by workmen in 1781 when they uncovered a complete mosaic. Unfortunately when the local townspeople of Northampton came along to see the mosaic they decided to break it up and take it away as souvenirs! Recently a museum was set up on the site displaying a host of finds and remains from the villa. Piercebridge Roman Bridge, County Durham Roman Bridge The remains of a Roman Bridge which once led into Piercebridge Roman Fort from across the River Tees. Large masonry blocks and one of the bridge abutments can still be seen to this day. Piercebridge Roman Fort, County Durham Roman Fort Piercebridge is the southernmost of the Dere Street forts, the main road linking York to Hadrian's Wall and on to the Antonine Wall. Plumpton (Voreda) Fort Roman Fort With the earthworks still clearly visible from the adjacent A6, the fort was built upon the old Roman road that ran northwards to Hadrian’s Wall. Occupied between the first and fourth centuries, it is thought the fort was built by the 2nd Cohort of Gauls, or Cohors II Gallorum, a mounted cavalry unit recruited from the Gallic tribes of northern France. Although excavations around the fort have revealed the existence of a large civil settlement or vicus, we can find no evidence of this from the satellite image... but don’t just take our word for it, take a look for yourself! Portchester Roman Fort, Hampshire Roman Fort The best preserved of all of the Roman Saxon Shore Forts, Portchester Fort (also known as Portus Adurni) appears almost as it did the day it was built… at least from a distance! Only four bastions have been lost in the past 1600 years, whilst inside the Roman perimeter walls is a Norman stronghold. Ravenglass Bath House, Cumbria Roman Bath House With its stone walls still standing at almost 4m high, the ruined bath house stands outside the nearby 2nd century Ravenglass Roman fort. Although now on private land, the earthwork remains of the fort are still visible from the bath house. Originally of turf and timber construction, the fort served as an important naval base guarding the nearby harbour. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Rockbourne Roman Villa, Hampshire Roman Villa This courtyard villa includes fabulous Roman mosaics, a bath house, living quarters, workshops and underfloor heating. There is also a museum of the site which includes artefacts from the villa. Roman Baths, Bath Roman Baths The Roman Baths and magnificent Temple were built around the natural hot spring which rises at 46°C and were at the centre of Roman life in Aquae Sulis between the first and fifth centuries. The remains are remarkably complete and include sculpture, coins, jewellery and the bronze head of the goddess Sulis Minerva. Richborough Castle, Kent Roman Fort Situated on the site where the Romans first invaded Britain in 43AD, Richborough Castle was built in the late 3rd century as a Saxon Shore Fort. The castle is now managed by English Heritage and in places the walls stand at around 20 feet high. Segedunum Roman Fort, North Tyneside Hadrian's Wall Fort Lying at the eastern corner of Hadrian's Wall, Segedunum is the most thoroughly excavated Roman fort in the country. Unfortunately only the foundations of the fort still remain, although there is also a modern reconstruction of the military bath house. Stanegate, Cumbria / Northumberland Roman Road Stanegate Roman Road was built in around AD80 to link together two major forts but only became a frontier road after the withdrawal from Scotland in 105AD. The original path of Stanegate, including milestones, can still be seen in locations such as Corbridge and Vindolanda. Temple of Mithras, London Roman Temple During the post-war reconstruction of London, an archaeological treasure was found amongst all of the rubble and debris; the Roman Temple of Mithras. Click here to read our full article about this site. Tripontium, Warwickshire Urban Centre Situated around three miles from the town of Rugby, Tripontium was originally a frontier fort built in AD50 to support the Roman invasion to the north. The following centuries saw the site grow in size and become one of the most important towns in the area. Unfortunately the site is not open to the public after excavations were completed in 2006. Verulamium, Hertfordshire Urban Centre Verulamium was settled in the first 10 years of the Roman occupation of Britain and was granted city-like status in AD50. In AD61 Boudica sacked the city and burnt it to the ground but it was soon rebuilt after the Iceni uprising had been quelled. Remains that are now visible include city walls and a theatre, although the majority of the old Roman city remains unexcavated. Vindolanda, Northumberland Hadrian's Wall Fort Built to protect the Stanegate (a road which ran just south of Hadrian's Wall), Vindolanda is perhaps best known as the site where the Vindolanda Tablets (the oldest handwritten documents in Britain) were found. Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter Roman City), Wroxeter Urban Centre Once the fourth largest Roman city in England, Viroconium Cornoviorum (now called Wroxeter) contains the largest free-standing Roman ruin in England as well as other extensive remains. There is also a museum on the site which is managed by English Heritage. Watling Street Roman Road Running from Dover to Wroxeter via London, the path of the original Watling Street is today covered by the A2 and A5 roads although there are certain portions which are either accessible either as footpaths or bridleways. Welwyn Roman Baths, Hertfordshire Roman Baths Preserved in a steel vault under the A1(M) motorway, these fantastic remains of a large villas baths are remarkably intact. There is also a small museum which includes an exhibition about the site as well as finds which were uncovered during excavation. Wigton (Maglona) Fort, Cumbria Roman Fort Also known as Old Carlisle, the fort was constructed towards the end of the first century AD. A strategically important outpost, it formed part of a military frontier against the hostile Picts to the north. Home to a 500 strong cavalry regiment, a small civilian settlement or vicus formed just to the south of the fort. Although much of the stonework was recycled in the 18th century to rebuild Wigton, much of the earthen ramparts are well preserved. Free and open access at any reasonable time. Winchester City Walls, Winchester Fragments of the Roman City Wall Surrounding Winchester Cathedral's grounds is the old medieval city wall, with one visible section of the original Roman wall still intact. Antonine Wall Roman Wall The building of the Antonine Wall started in AD 142 and is thought to have taken six years to complete. Running from east to west and stretching some 37 miles from modern Boness on the Firth of Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the River Clyde, the wall marked the extent of the Roman military advance northwards from the existing frontier of Hadrian's Wall. Dere Street Roman Road Roman Road Dere Street was once the main supply route and only major road between York, Hadrian's Wall and onwards to the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Today the route is still used by many major roads including the A1, although the occasional Roman milestone still remains. There are also sections of the original Dere Street which have not been built on, such as at West Woodburn in Northumberland and Gilston in Scotland. Inchtuthil, Perthshire Roman Fort Built in AD 82 as a command headquarters for the Roman invasion of Scotland, Inchtuthil is fairly unique in that it was never built over and therefore was in remarkably good condition when excavated in the 1950s and 60s. Trimontium, Scottish Borders Roman Fort Built as a base for the Romans advance into Scotland, Trimontium would have at one time housed around 2000 soldiers and civilians. Only faint earthworks can now be seen, along with a monument which marks the site of the fort. Bar Hill Fort, East Dunbartonshire Antonine Wall Fort Situated on the highest point of the Antonine Wall, the remains of Bar Hill include a bath house, granary, barracks and fort headquarters. There are also the remains of an Iron Age fort on the site. Bearsden Bath House, Glasgow Antonine Wall Fort / Roman Baths Almost all of the Roman fort at Bearsden is hidden under modern housing, although the fort's bath house has been excavated and is now on public display. These remains date back to around 143AD and were discovered by builders in 1973. Castlecary, North Lanarkshire Antonine Wall Fort Built in AD 80 by Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the impressive remains of Castlecary Antonine Wall fort are well worth a visit and are easily accessed from the M80. Croy Hill, North Lanarkshire Antonine Wall Fort Not much remains of this Antonine Wall fort except for a single wall ditch and two beacon platforms. Pennymuir Roman Camps, Scottish Borders Temporary Roman Camp Pennymuir was once home to three temporary camps for Roman legions heading between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall. Remains that can be seen today include Dere Street as well the camp's ramparts and entrances. Rough Castle, Falkirk Antonine Wall Fort Although Rough Castle was the second smallest fort on the Antonine Wall, it is also one the best preserved with relatively well defined ramparts still visible today. Also visible is a set of Lilas pits which would have had stakes at the bottom, as well as the line of the military road that would have linked all of the Antonine Wall forts together. Alabum Llandovery Roman Fort, Carmarthenshire Roman Fort / Roman Road Although not much of this 1st century auxiliary fort still remains, it is possible to see some scarped slopes to the north and west of St Marys Church. To the north of the church the path of a Roman road can also be seen. Finally, be sure to look out for Roman masonry which has been reused in the walls of the church. Caer Gybi, Anglesey Roman Fort, Anglesey Roman Fort Built in the 4th century AD to protect Anglesey against Irish invaders, Caer Gybi is remarkably well preserved with some parts of the original wall standing to over 4 metres in height (notably the north-western corner). The other walls have Roman foundations although were rebuilt some time later. Caerleon (Isca Augusta), Gwent Romant Fort, Wall and Amphitheatre Built in AD75 to support the Roman conquest of Wales, Isca Augusta once housed up to 5,000 soldiers and was not abandoned until the late 4th century / early 5th century AD. There is a phenomenal amount of remains still visible including an amphitheatre, baths and barracks. Cardiff Roman Fort, Cardiff Roman Fort Although the majority of the Cardiff Roman Fort is a Victorian reconstruction, the original Roman walls can still be seen incorporated into certain portions of the Cardiff Castle. These visible remains are that of a Saxon Shore Short which was built around 300AD, although it is thought that the site housed at least two earlier forts. Cold Knap, Barry, Barry Island Roman Building, unknown use Cold Knap was once a Roman port, and the remains of a 3rd century building can still be seen along the shore. Dolaucothi Gold Mines and Luentinum Fort, Carmarthenshire Roman Mines and Fort Dolaucothi is though to have been the only Roman gold mine in Britannia, and would have been protected by an accompanying fort (known as Luentinum). In the 18th century a large hoard of Roman gold ornaments was found (now on show in the British Museum). Moridunum, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire Roman Fort, Town and Amphitheatre Situated in modern day Carmathen, the visible remains of Moidunum are limited to an amphitheatre thought to have been the furthest west ever built within the Roman empire. Artefacts from Moridunum excavations can be seen at the nearby museum in Abergwili. Nidum, Neath, Neath Roman Fort Situated at the corner of a main road and a modern housing estate lies the remains of the south gate of Nidum Roman Fort. Sarn Helen Roman Road, Powys Roman Road One of the best preserved Roman roads in the whole of Britain, the remains of both cobbles and a ditch are still visible at the Maen Madoc stone in the Brecon Beacons. Segontium, Gwynedd Roman Fort, Town and Temple Built in around 80AD just a few years after completing their conquest of Wales, Segontium was the largest and most important Roman fort in north Wales. The remains of many of the forts buildings are still visible, quite surprising really considering that Edward I plundered most of the stonework for his castle at Caernarfon! Tomen-y-Mur Roman Fort, Snowdonia Roman Fort and Amphitheatre Visible earthworks of a Roman amphitheatre (albeit a very small one), bath house, temple, parade ground and even a Roman road can be seen, although most of the remains here are from a much later Norman motte and bailey castle. Venta Silurum, Monmouthshire Urban Centre Unquestionably the best surviving Roman town defence walls in Britain (standing up to 5 metres in places!), the remains at Venta Silurum also include a house with underfloor heating, basilica, forum and temple. The site is open to the public. Y Gaer, Brecon Beacons Roman Fort Built in AD75 at the crossroads of two Roman roads, Y Gaer would have been occupied by a contingent of 500 Spanish-recruited cavalrymen. Visible remains today include the perimeter walls, gatehouses and guard towers.	i don't know
Which former England Cricket Captain of the 60's and 70's who played in six unbeaten test series with a batting average of 45 is a vice president of Wolverhampton Wanderers football club?	Wolverhampton people F-J "> Robert Felkin - Born in 1853, Dr Robert William Felkin LRCS (Edinburgh), MD (Marberg), FRSE, FRGS, was a medical missionary, ceremonial magician, member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and founder of the Whare Ra lodge. He was also an author on Uganda and Central Africa as well as an explorer and anthropologist. His father was a manager at Mander Brothers and Robert was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, where he met and was inspired by the explorer David Livingstone. A full account of his life can be found in A Wayfaring Man, a fictionalised biography written by his second wife, Harriet. James Fleet - Born in Bilston in 1954, actor James Fleet is most famous for his roles as the well-meaning Tom in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral, and on television as the ineffectual Hilary Tripping in Chambers and dim-witted Hugo Horton in The Vicar of Dibley. Other films have included Phantom of the Opera and Sense and Sensibility, in which he played John Dashwood. James lived in Wolverhampton until he was ten and began his career in the 1980s at the Royal Shakespeare Company. Pete Forbes - Singer/songwriter Pete Forbes is the frontman of Wolverhampton Indie band The Rubikons. The bandï¿½s original lineup was made up of Pete Forbes (vocals/guitar, Daniel Wheway (lead guitar), Byron Benton (bass), and John Hodgkiss (drums). The group was heavily influenced by British alternative arena rock bands, particularly U2. They recorded their first set of demos in 2006 with acclaimed producer Gavin Monoghan and went on to earn a growing following as news of the self-proclaimed best band in the country started to spread. Laurence Foster - Born in Wolverhampton in 1944, Laurence Foster was educated at Regis School and Birmingham Theatre School, where he won the Outstanding Student Award. Seasons of twice nightly rep followed in 1968 and he was then engaged by Peter Dews at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in Othello, Romeo & Juliet, St. Joan and After The Rain with Michael Gambon and Timothy Dalton. He was also a Birmingham League and Leinster League cricketer. Laurence then acted in and directed childrenï¿½s theatre seasons in Weston-Super-Mare and Burnham-on-Sea. Dick Condon invited him to Ireland in 1968 as leading man in Billy Liar and other productions. He was a member of the Gate Theatre Company from 1969 to 1971 and, in 1972 returned to Birmingham Rep to play in Vivat,Vivat,Regina!. On returning to Ireland, he appeared in all the major Dublin Theatres taking leading roles in plays such as Arms & the Man, Hamlet and Under Milk Wood, as well as pantomimes and summer revues. In 1974, he joined the RTE Radio Drama Department as an actor and performed in over 750 plays. He acted and directed many plays and ï¿½radio soapsï¿½, eventually being appointed head of RTï¿½ Radio Drama. Film appearances include Privilege, Cal and The Escapist. He was Chairperson for the Prix Italia and represented Irish Broadcasting in Europe. Television appearances include Vikings, Rainbow City, United, Remington Steele, Law & Order and The Tudors. Recent theatre includes Allï¿½s Well That Ends Well at the Helix Theatre, Dublin, and The Constant Wife in Dublin and in Charleston, South Carolina. Laurence has also received acclaim for his solo performances as Dickens in Dublin. He now lives in Terenure and his autobiography, Rising Without Trace - The Life and Times of an English Actor in Ireland, was published by in 2007. In this he writes honestly and humorously about the highs and lows of a career in one of the most precarious of professions, his move from the theatre to radio drama, and his more recent acting career in theatre and films. He has worked with many famous actors and entertainers, including Micheï¿½l MacLiammï¿½ir, Spike Milligan and Michael Gambon, and recently played Charles Dickens in a film of A Christmas Carol. Watch video of Laurence Foster as Dickens in Dublin. Sir Henry Hartley Fowler - The first Viscount Wolverhampton was a solicitor and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 until 1908 when he was raised to the peerage - the first solicitor and the first Methodist to enter the Cabinet or to be raised to the peerage. Born in Sunderland, Henry Hartley Fowler moved to Wolverhampton and served as a local councillor, becoming Mayor of Wolverhampton in 1866. Henry married Ellen Thorneycroft at St Markï¿½s, Chapel Ash, and they lived at ï¿½Summerfieldï¿½ in Chapel Ash, then at ï¿½Woodthorneï¿½ on Wergs Road. At the 1880 general election he became MP for Wolverhampton, serving under Gladstone as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, Secretary of State for India, and Grand Commander of the Star of India. Under Campbell-Bannerman and Asquith he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was ennobled in 1908 as Viscount Wolverhampton, of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, and was widely thought of as a future Prime Minister until ill health prevented this. Lord Wolverhampton died in 1911, aged 80. Edith Henrietta Fowler - Edith and Ellen Thorneycroft-Fowler were the daughters of the first Lord of Wolverhampton, Henry Fowler, and granddaughters of the cityï¿½s first mayor, George Thorneycroft. Ellen was born in 1865 at 7 Summerfield Road, West Park. Both sisters began to write at an early age, contributing to magazines and periodicals, and Edithï¿½s first two novels were The Young Pretenders and The Professorï¿½s Children, which brilliantly observed the world from a childï¿½s perspective. In 1903, she married the Minister of St Georgeï¿½s Church, William Hamilton, and had two sons, but continued writing novels as well as a biography of her father, which gives revealing insights into family life and the politics of the time. Edith had a strong faith and her imaginative, amusing stories reflect that Christian outlook. Her last published works were Patricia and Christabel. Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler - Like her sister, Edith, Ellen Fowler was educated at home in Wolverhampton, where their father, Henry Hartley Fowler , encouraged them to have intelligent, witty conversations. Ellen was born in 1860 at 7 Summerfield Road and went on to study at a private school in London. She had two volumes of poetry published - Verses Grave and Gay in 1891 and Verses Wise and Otherwise in 1895. Her sonnet, Wulfrunaï¿½s Hampton , written for the 900th anniversary of St Peterï¿½s first Charter, can be seen in the church guide book. A book of short stories was followed in 1898 by Ellenï¿½s hugely successful first novel, Concerning Isabel Carnaby. This sold over a million copies and she went on to write several other clever, imaginative and entertaining novels that combine romance, mystery and drama. In 1903, she married a schoolmaster, Alfred Felkin, who was the son of Robert Felkin, manager of Mandersï¿½ Varnish Works in the town. Ellen moved to London, but still often visited the family locally and continued to reference places such as Wolverhampton (sometimes renamed ï¿½Silverhamptonï¿½), Tettenhall (disguised at ï¿½Tetleighï¿½), Sedgley (ï¿½Sedghillï¿½) and Tong in her novels, including A Double Thread (called by the Daily Graphic ï¿½The Novel of the Yearï¿½ in 1899) and The Farringdons as well as books of poetry ( Fuel of Fire ; Place and Power). Ellen and Alfred moved to Bournemouth in 1916, partly for the sake of her health, and she wrote less frequently, except for Beauty and Bands which is set in Bridgnorth. Ellen died in 1929 and is buried with her husband at All Saints, Branksome Park. John Fraser - Dr John Fraser was born in Glasgow in 1820 and after studying Medicine at Glasgow University he moved to Wolverhampton in 1854, where he lived for the rest of his life and worked as a GP. He was also Honorary Surgeon-Major to the 4th Staffordshire Volunteers. John Fraser was married in Wolverhampton to Sarah Wilkes and lived at 30 Darlington Street and 5 Tettenhall Road, where his blue plaque can be seen. Like many educated men of his time John was a competent scientist in other fields and as well as being one of Staffordshireï¿½s foremost botanists, he was also an amateur geologist with a passion for fossils, which he collected from all over the world. He was at one time president of the Dudley and West Midlands Geological Society and on his death in 1909, he bequeathed his fossil collection to the people of Wolverhampton for educational purposes. This now forms the largest part of the geology collection cared for by Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Services. An exhibition, ï¿½The Riches Beneath Usï¿½, opened at Bantock House Museum in 2015 to explore the collection of rocks and fossils he bequeathed in 1911. This was the largest display of Wolverhamptonï¿½s impressive geology collection in decades and featured many fascinating fossils, collected from the Black Countryï¿½s collieries and limestone mines, dating from when this area was a tropical forest or shallow coral reef. Among the exhibits was the 315 million year old ï¿½Coseley Spiderï¿½, never shown in Wolverhampton before, and a rare example of the species Eophrynus Prestvicii. Discovered in 1871 at the former Parkfields Colliery near Coseley, it shows the early evolution of spiders. Other items included ï¿½The Dudley Bugï¿½ trilobite from the Silurian paeriod (over 400 million years ago), an ammonite from the Middle Jurassic period, a perfectly preserved fossilised fern leaf which fell from a prehistoric tree more than 300 million years ago, and a tooth from one of the Jurassic worldï¿½s most vicious predators, the plesiosaur. Helen Geake - Dr Helen Geake was born in 1967 in Wolverhampton and grew up in Bath. She originally trained as a secretary but after reading archaeology books and attending lectures by Mick Aston she went on to study medieval archaeology at University College London. Subsequently she took a PhD at the University of York then worked as assistant keeper of archaeology at Norwich Castle Museum. Currently she is Finds Advisor for Early Medieval to Post-Medieval Objects for the Portable Antiquities Scheme, based at Cambridge University Department of Archaeology. She first worked for Channel 4's popular and long-running archaeology series Time Team in 1998 as a digger and occasionally as an Anglo-Saxon specialist. She joined the frontline team of presenters, alongside Tony Robinson and Mick Aston, for the 2006 series. Helen has contributed a number of articles on her specialist field, editing and writing other works, and is a regional member of the Council of Rescue: The British Archaeological Trust. In 2003 she was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Helen is married with two sons and a daughter and lives in Suffolk. She is a cousin of the late John E Geake, after whom the asteroid 9298 Geake is named. James Glaisher - Born in Rotherhithe, James Glaisher was a founder member of the Meteorological Society and the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. Between 1862 and 1866, usually with Henry Tracey Coxwell as his co-pilot, he made numerous balloon ascents in order to measure the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at its highest levels. On 17 July in 1862, he and Coxwell rose to some 22,000ft over Wolverhampton in an attempt to set an altitude record. They reached 24,000 feet in a second attempt on 18 August and at on 5 September they reached a record height in a balloon of 11,887m (39,000 feet) from Wolverhampton Gas Works (now the Science Park on Glaisher Drive). Due to reduced atmospheric pressure and exposure during the ascent, Glaisher passed out, and because of his frost-bitten hands Coxwell opened the gas valve with his teeth to make a rapid but safe descent. One of the pigeons making the trip with them died. In the year 2000, Mike Kendrick from Bridgnorth and American-born Jim Dexter, now of Telford, broke the world airship speed record in a dramatic flight over the Midlands from Halfpenny Green airfield. Their airship reached 94.7 kilometres per hour (58mph), causing passing cars and ramblers to stop and watch. The pilots' Lightship Group is the worldï¿½s largest airship operator and has been involved in Richard Bransonï¿½s ballooning exploits. Goldie - Electronic music artist, disc jockey, visual artist and actor Clifford Joseph Price, better known as Goldie, was born of Jamaican and Scottish heritage in Walsall in 1965, growing up in Wolverhampton from the age of 18. He was a member of the breakdance crew Westside, based in the Whitmore Reans and Heath Town areas of the city, and later joined a breakdance crew called the Bboys before making his name as a graffiti artist in the West Midlands. Well known for his innovations in the jungle and drum and bass music genres, Goldie has also worked as an actor (including James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and the TVï¿½s EastEnders) and has appeared in Celebrity Big Brother, Strictly Come Dancing, Celebrity Mastermind and Come Dine with Me. He was placed second behind Sue Perkins when learning to conduct a concert orchestra in the BBCï¿½s Maestro reality television show. Goldieï¿½s box set album, The Alchemist, features the best tracks from throughout his musical career to 2012. Goldie was romantically involved with singer Bjï¿½rk for several years and is now married to Mika Wassenaar, a Canadian. His autobiography, Nine Lives, was published in 2002. Goldie received an honorary degree of Doctor of Design from the University of Wolverhampton and in 2016 he was awarded an MBE for his contribution to the music, TV and film industries as well as his work with a number of charities. Video Jaki Graham - Wolverhampton-based Jaki Graham is one of the UKï¿½s original female soul singers. She rose to fame in the 1980s, starting out as a backing singer for UB40 before finding solo success with with top ten tracks such as ï¿½Could it be Iï¿½m Falling in Loveï¿½ and ï¿½Set Me Freeï¿½. Her first album, ï¿½Real Lifeï¿½, sold more than 800,000 copies in under four weeks, with tickets for her tour selling out in 20 minutes. Jaki had an international hit in the 1990s with her cover of Chaka Khanï¿½s ï¿½Ainï¿½t Nobodyï¿½, which was top of the USA Billboard dance charts for five weeks and also reached gold in Australia and Japan. She has released more than 20 singles and numerous albums worldwide, achieving a Guinness World Record as the first Black British female solo artist to have six consecutive Top 10/20 hits. Jaki has inspired many other artists including Beverley Knight, who regards her as a role model. The two finally met in 2009 after being asked by a Wolverhampton charity to take part in a gala Jaki was involved in and have since made a long-lasting friendship. Beverley has said that, ï¿½When weï¿½re together weï¿½re two Black Country girls. When she speaks she has a far stronger accent than me but after Iï¿½ve been with her for a few hours I go into her half-Jamaican, half-Wolverhampton speak.ï¿½ In recent years Jaki has enjoyed a phenomenal worldwide success for her ï¿½Gershwin & Soulï¿½ and Duke Ellington concerts with the BBC Big Band and joined Cliff Richard as the only British special guest on his successful ï¿½Souliciousï¿½ Arena Tour. She has also released ï¿½For Sentimental Reasonsï¿½, her first, long awaited studio album in over 15 years, and published her autobiography, Heaven Knows. In 2013 she received an honorary degree from the University of Wolverhampton for her contribution to music, and addressed students at the University in 2015 when she was made one of four Pro Chancellors who act as ambassadors. W G Grace - Supreme amateur cricketer William Gilbert ï¿½W Gï¿½ Grace was important in the development of the sport and one of its greatest-ever players. The majestically-bearded former England and Gloucestershire captain, an intimidating 6ft 2in and 16 stone, scored over 54,000 runs and played for England until he was past 50. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons up to his retirement, aged 60, in 1908. In July 1911, he played as part of a G L Jessop Select XI versus Wolverhampton Cricket Club captain H D Strattonï¿½s Select XI. Wolverhampton Cricket Club is the oldest sporting club in the city, founded in 1835 and located at various grounds before settling in 1890 on its present site at Danescourt. In the famous two-day, two-innings match in 1911, fast scoring batsman Jessop and his team won by 26 runs. Grace was out cheaply in both his innings but took two wickets. H D Stratton was the club captain from 1882 to 1911 and the result of this match may have contributed to his retirement. In nearby Enville, in July 1870, I Zingari defeated a United South England XI by an innings in a three-day game at the beautiful cricket ground on the Earl of Stamfordï¿½s 6,500 acre Enville Hall estate. A total of 30,000 spectators saw several Test cricketers in the beaten side, including a younger W G Grace, Henry Jupp, Fred Grace, James Lillywhite, James Southerton and Henry Charlwood. An under-arm bowler, Osbert Mordaunt, captured nine wickets for the Zingari side who had no less than 18 batsmen including the Earl himself, who was out for a duck. Keedie Green - Known only as Keedie on stage, Keedie Green is a soprano with three octaves in her voice that reaches a top A above a top E. She born was Keedie Babb in 1982 in Wolverhampton and baptised as Keedie because her father is a fan of Kiki Dee. The family moved to Torquay when she was three years old and Keedie left school aged 14 to pursue a singing career, signing her first record contract when she was 16 years old. Success in a local talent show led to an appearance at a World AIDS Day event in London with Liberty X in aid of Crusaid. Keedie entered the classical crossover market in 2004 by reaching number two in the UK singles chart with Andrew Lloyd Webberï¿½s I Believe My Heart, taken from his then-new musical The Woman in White. Her album (also called I Believe My Heart) is an eclectic mix of pop, opera, classical and original material. Keedieï¿½s working class background and jeans and top clothing surprised audiences that had other expectations for what a classical singer should look like and come from. She sings in two voices ï¿½ a sweet pop voice, and a powerful operatic one that far exceeds the required ability of a crossover artist. She is as happy to burst into arias such as Vissi dï¿½Arte as she is to cover songs by Madonna and Enya or interpret new material. Despite a seven figure record deal and a large amount of money thrown at her promotion, a sustainable marketing campaign failed to materialise and she parted ways with her record company, EMI classics. Keedie scored a second Top 20 hit with her version of the hymn Jerusalem, released to celebrate the England cricket teamï¿½s victory in The Ashes, and performed at events such as the Carling Cup Final and David Beckhamï¿½s first L.A. Galaxy match, supported Tina Turner at her one-off gig at The Bedrock Ball, provided vocals for OMDï¿½s comeback single, Sister Marie Says, and reached the boot-camp stage of the seventh season of The X-Factor. Rosalie Glynn Grylls - Biographer, lecturer and Liberal Party politician, Rosalie Glynn Grylls was born in Cornwall in 1905 and educated at Queenï¿½s College, London, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where she graduated with a Master of Arts. She worked as secretary to the Liberal MP Edgar Granville and in 1930 she was selected as Liberal prospective parliamentary candidate for the Reading Division of Berkshire for the at the following yearï¿½s General Election. In 1930 she married Geoffrey Mander , MP for East Wolverhampton, and by the time the Election came, a National Government had been formed and the Reading Liberals did not contest the constituency. Although she remained interested in politics, she concentrated instead on her writing. A prolific biographer, with a special interest in the writers and artists of the Romantic period, she was an early connoisseur of the Pre-Raphaelite movement at a time when they had fallen out of fashion. Rosalie was shrewd collector, buying a Millais self-portrait for just ï¿½15, and transformed her home, Wightwick Manor, into an ad-hoc gallery. Wightwick Manor contains many pieces of fine stained glass created by the celebrated Victorian designer and manufacturer C E Kempe. Rosalie Glynn Grylls wrote that, ï¿½Kempeï¿½s work has a unique charm; its colours shine out from jewels that cluster on the mitres or the crowns his figures wear and from their peacocksï¿½ feathers, while angels playing their instruments are drawn with tender delicacy and scattered above the main windows informally but making a pattern of precision. Above all, the prevailing yellow wash is literally translucent, for it lets through the rays of the full or the setting sun...ï¿½ Two more fine examples of Kempeï¿½s work can be seen in Christ Church, Tettenhall Wood. Her biographical subjects included Mary Shelley, Claire Clairmont, Edward John Trelawny, William Godwin, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ivy Compton-Burnett and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. She was influential in the overdue reassessment of artists and writers of the Victorian period and frequently lectured in USA. Although Rosalie died in 1988, her unique collection continues to grow as contacts that she made during her lifetime are still giving Wightwick Manor works of art. Elvis Gordon - One of Wolverhamptonï¿½s greatest sporting heroes, Elvis Gordon was a giant in the sport of Judo. The Black Country heavyweight legend won numerous titles at national, international and world level and put Wolverhampton on the map during the 1980s and 1990s. He was three times Olympian World Silver Medalist, European Champion, Double Commonwealth Champion, Shoriki Cup Champion, twice Paris Tournament Medalist and British Open Champion 11 times. Weighing in at 23 stone, he competed in the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics Games before retiring in 1992. The father of five, who worked as a caretaker at Moseley Park School in Bilston, passed away at the age of 52 in 2011 following a brave battle against cancer. Button Gwinnett - Born in 1735, Button Gwinnett moved to Wolverhampton in 1755 and married a local girl, Ann Bourne, at St. Peterï¿½s Church. In 1762 the couple left England and sailed to America, where he prospered as a planter and was elected to the Provincial Assembly. As a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776 he was one of fifty-six signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Button Gwinnettï¿½s extremely rare autograph is among the most valuable in the world, with single examples selling for as much as $150,000, and this fact was used by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in his short story, Button, Button. Sydney Guy - Guy Motors of Wolverhampton was the Black Countryï¿½s longest surviving powered vehicle manufacturer, continuously in production for 68 years. The factory was established at Fallings Park in 1913 by Sydney Slater Guy, a clever, ambitious and determined young man with great drive, enthusiasm and engineering ability. Sydney continued to run the business until his retirement in 1957 at the age of 72. Famous at home and abroad for its commercial vehicles, Guyï¿½s originally manufactured lorries before turning to the production of charabancs after the First World War. In the 1920s, they made cars, buses and trolley buses and contributed important innovations to the motor industry such as a V8 petrol engine, automatic chassis lubrication, rear-hinged doors, adjustable steering columns, six-wheel bus and trolleybus chassis, the first bus and truck available with diesel engines, four-wheel disc brakes and air suspension. Customers included London Transport, Harrods and Wolverhampton Corporation and the Guy slogan, ï¿½Feathers In Our Capï¿½, became well known thanks to the Red Indian mascot that was fitted to almost every vehicle. In 1928, Guyï¿½s took over Star Cars Ltd, continuing production of the Star car until 1932, and in 1948 they acquired Sunbeam-Karrier. At one point, Guyï¿½s were one of the largest manufacturers of trolley buses in the world and developed the largest bus in the world, designed to carry 110 passengers. Production continued until the 1960s, when fondly remembered trolley buses fell out of favour. With falling sales, Guy Motors Ltd ceased trading in 1961 and was taken over by Jaguar Cars Ltd. Vehicle production ended in 1975 and final production of components came in 1978. Ricki Hall - Called ï¿½the man with the most influential haircut in Britainï¿½ by Esquire Weekly, Ricki Hall also sports an impressive beard and more than a hundred tattoos, including a McDonalds Golden Arch, Mr Men characters and a coffin design that covers the name of his ex-girlfriend. Born in Codsall, he was working at his fatherï¿½s garage, Highway Motorcycles in Wolverhampton, when he was spotted by a model scout at Topmanï¿½s Oxford Circus branch, while dressed in his mechanics overalls when visiting a friend in London. After signing to the prestigious Nevs Models, Ricki landed his big break in a Lyle & Scott fashion campaign and gained an impressive social media profile, with more than 170,000 followers on Instagram and Twitter alone. He has featured in countless fashion magazine shoots and thousands of people around the world have started asking their barbers for ï¿½a Ricki Hallï¿½. He now lives in Brixton but makes regular visits to his hometown. Sir Leslie Geoffrey Hampton - Born in 1952, Leslie Geoffrey Hampton is best known as Geoff Hampton and he became head teacher of Northicote School in Wolverhampton. In 1998 he received a knighthood in recognition for his achievements in transforming in five years the fortunes of the school, the first in Britain which had been deemed by OFSTED inspectors as ï¿½failingï¿½. Sir Leslie has since left Northicote School and is now a Professor at the University of Wolverhampton. Remarkably, only two headteachers have ever been knighted (the first being Sir Godfrey Cretney ) and both worked in Wolverhampton. Johnny Hancocks - Born in 1919 in Oakengates, Johnny Hancocks played for for Oakengates Town and Walsall before joining Wolves in 1946. A diminutive figure, standing just 5' 4" with size 3 boots, Johnny thrilled crowds for ten years with his fast wing play, unstoppable shots and never-say-die spirit, becoming a part of the Molineux folklore. He helped Wolves win their first league title in 1953/54 and was top goalscorer for the club in the following two seasons. He also collected an FA Cup winners medal in 1949 and in total scored 168 goals for Wolves in 378 appearances (his tally of 158 top-flight goals is still a club record). He later became player/manager of non-league Wellington Town, then moved to Cambridge United, Oswestry Town and GKN Sankeys before retiring from football in 1961. He then worked at the ironfounders Maddock & Sons in Oakengates until his retirement on his 60th birthday. Johnny died on February 19, 1994, aged 74. Gilbert Harding - Born in Hereford in 1907, Gilbert Charles Harding was an irascible radio and television personality who was one of the most famous people in the country during the 1950s. His father died at an early age so his mother placed Gilbert into the care of The Royal Orphanage of Wolverhampton, now the Royal School. After studying at Cambridge he worked as a schoolmaster, journalist, policeman, disc-jockey, interviewer and television presenter, and appeared in several films, usually as a version of himself. The gruff, moustachioed presenter was a regular on the BBCï¿½s Whatï¿½s My Line? panel show and became known as ï¿½the rudest man in Britainï¿½, though he could be kind and sensitive in private life. A tortured, self-destructive, lonely, alcoholic, homosexual Catholic who always regarded himself as a failure, he was almost reduced to tears in John Freemanï¿½s famous Face to Face interview. Gilbert died suddenly, aged 53, in 1960, a few weeks after the programme was broadcast. ï¿½Behold in me the common peopleï¿½s sage, The Plato of the television age. In place of wisdom, piety or grace, I offer endless prospects of my face.ï¿½ Douglas Harris - Able Seaman Douglas Morris Harris of Pennfields, Wolverhampton, was a wireless telegrapher on board the Italian drifter Floandi during World War 1, one of a number of armed drifters used to blockade the port of Cattaro (Kotor) to prevent the Austrian Navyï¿½s use of the Adriatic. On the night of the 14th/15th May 1917, the drifters came under attack from three ships of the Austrian Navy. Douglas remained at his post during the battle and was killed, aged just 19. For his bravery he was awarded one of Italyï¿½s highest honours, and a bronze memorial to him, created by Robert Jackson Emerson and cast in 1919, now stands in St Peterï¿½s Gardens. Douglas Harris is also commemorated on the war memorial in the garden opposite St Philipï¿½s Church at Penn Fields. Billy ï¿½Artilleryï¿½ Hartill - Footballer William ï¿½Billyï¿½ John Hartill was born in Wolverhampton in 1905 and spent most of his playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Nicknamed ï¿½Artilleryï¿½ after serving as a bombardier in the Royal Horse Artillery, he joined Wolves in 1928 and in the following year, his first full season as a professional, he scored 33 goals to become the clubï¿½s top goalscorer. He repeated this feat for the next three seasons (five times in total) and altogether scored 170 goals in 234 games. This was a record until it was broken in 1980 by John Richards and Billy remains the clubï¿½s third-highest ever goalscorer. He twice scored five goals in a single match, a record never bettered by any other Wolves player, and achieved a then club record of 16 hat-tricks (later beaten by Steve Bull). Billy remained at Molineux until 1935, when he moved briefly to Everton, then to Liverpool and Bristol Rovers. He retired in 1940 and died in Walsall in 1980. Helene Hayman - Baroness Hayman was born Helene Middleweek in 1949 and was a Labour Member of Parliament from 1974 to 1979, when she was the youngest member of the House of Commons and the first woman to breastfeed at Westminster. She became a Life Peer and in 2006 won the initial election for the newly created position of Lord Speaker. Lord McNally, the Liberal Democrat leader in the Lords, called her ï¿½the Julie Andrews of British politicsï¿½. Sir Jack Hayward, OBE - The son of Wolverhampton factory owners, Sir Jack Arnold Hayward was a millionaire industrialist and philanthropist, benefactor of countless charities, including many local ones. In his remarkable life he was a Dakota fighter pilot in the Second World War and a lover of all things British, including HP Sauce and Colmanï¿½s mustard. He was the saviour of Lundy Island, Brunelï¿½s ship, SS Great Britain, and Wolverhampton Wanderers FC. After relocating his business from the United States to the Bahamas in the 1950s, he became a Vice President of The Grand Bahama Port Authority and continued to play an active role in Freeport, where the Sir Jack Hayward High School is named after him. He became the owner and chairman of his beloved boyhood football club Wolverhampton Wanderers after buying it in 1990 for ï¿½2.1million. Sir Jack had financed England womenï¿½s cricket tours in the 1970s and his close friend Rachael Heyhoe Flint persuaded him to buy the club. He spent an estimated ï¿½70million of his own money on redeveloping Molineux Stadium, writing off debts and buying players during the 17 years he was the owner. In 2007 he sold control of Wolves to businessman Steve Morgan for a nominal ï¿½10 fee in exchange for a conditional ï¿½30m of investment in the club. The training complex at Compton is now called ï¿½The Sir Jack Haywardï¿½ training ground and a street, Jack Hayward Way, beside Molineux (previously Molineux Way) was renamed to commemorate his 80th birthday in 2003. Sir Jack remained life president of Wolverhampton Wanderers and was a member of the clubï¿½s Hall of Fame. He was knighted in 1986 for his many charitable enterprises and in 1994 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Wolverhampton University to mark his services to the country. The Sunday Times Rich List placed him as 125th richest in Britain with an estimated ï¿½160million fortune in 2009. Sir Jack died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 2015, aged 91. The Prime Minister of the Bahamas, Perry Christie, described him as ï¿½the single most important figure behind the economic development of the city of Freeport and a colourful, larger-than-life personality who was held in great affection by the Bahamian people.ï¿½ It was announced that the new Grand Bahamas Highway Bridge would be named in his honour. Robert Plant said that ï¿½He was a charming, warm gentleman. As I met him more often I was aware of his deep love of all things Wolverhampton. He loved the football club and had strong, passionate opinions ï¿½ the colours ran through his veins. As our legions of followers will never forget . . . he did indeed ï¿½save the dayï¿½.ï¿½ Thousands of people lined the streets of Wolverhampton for his funeral at St Peterï¿½s Collegiate Church to say an emotional farewell. Over 650 mourners, including 250 fans chosen by ballot, joined Sir Jackï¿½s friends and family and a clutch of Wolves legends. Queen Square was packed as hundreds of fans gathered to follow the service on a big screen. watch video tributes by Matt Murray and Suzi Perry . Karl Henry ï¿½ Born in in 1982 and originally from Dovecotes in Pendeford, Karl Levi Daniel Henry was the first black captain of a Wolverhampton Wanderers Premier League football team. He began his career with Stoke City before joining Wolves in 2006. Karl excelled during the 2010/2011 season and was an ever present in the Wolves midfield, spennding seven seasons at Wolves making 272 appearances in all competitions, until losing the captaincy shortly after the arrival of new signing Roger Johnson. Karl also joined the ranks of Wolves players who have played for the club over 200 times. He joined Queens Park Rangers in the summer of 2013 and helped them to victory in the 2014 Championship play-off Final. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint - Probably the best known female cricketer in England, Rachael Heyhoe-Flint, OBE, was a member of the English womenï¿½s cricket team from 1960 to 1982. She played in 22 Womenï¿½s Test cricket matches, with a batting average of 45.54 in 38 innings. Her three Test centuries included her highest score of 179, a world record when she achieved this against Australia at the Oval in 1976, earning a draw to save the series by batting for more than 8ï¿½ hours. Rachael was captain from 1966 to 1978, unbeaten in six Test series, and led England to triumph in the inaugural Womenï¿½s Cricket World Cup of 1973. Since retiring from cricket, she has been a journalist, broadcaster and after-dinner speaker, and was one of the first women to be admitted to the MCC. In 2010, Rachael was appointed to the House of Lords, joining Baroness Hayman and Lord Turner of Bilston. She is a director of Wolverhampton Wanderers FC, supports many local organisations and charities, and co-authored a history of womenï¿½s cricket, Fair Play. Alfred Hickman - Industrialist and politician Sir Alfred Hickman was born in Tipton in 1830. His father was the owner of the Goveland Ironworks and Moat Colliery in Tipton. Alfred was educated at King Edwardï¿½s School, Birmingham and went to work in his fatherï¿½s business aged 16, eventually taking over the company with his brother. He became a colliery proprietor and modernising ironmaster, as the family acquired Springvale Furnace in 1866. He was a director of Lloydï¿½s Staffordshire Proving House, a Member of Council of Mining Association of Great Britain, and chairman of Staffordshire Railway and Canal Freighterï¿½s Association. In 1882 he formed the Staffordshire Steel Ingot & Iron Company Ltd (which eventually became part of Stewarts & Lloyds) to produce steel using the Bessemer process. Alfred Hickman stood for the Conservatives at the 1885 general election and was elected MP for Wolverhampton West. He was created a baronet in 1892. He became both President of the British Iron Trades Council and President of Wolverhampton Chamber of Commerce, and in 1902 he was given the honorary freedom of the borough of Wolverhampton. He later became Chairman of the newly formed Tarmac Limited. On his death in 1910, he bequeathed a park (Hickman Park) to the people of Bilston. Alfred married Lucy Owen Smith in 1850 and his grandson Alfred succeeded to the baronetcy. In 1920, Hickmanï¿½s was taken over by the Stewarts and Lloyds company and continued to dominate employment in Bilston until the furnaces closed in 1980, despite the great efforts of Dennis Turner to keep ï¿½Big Lizzieï¿½ going. Barbara Hicks - Stage and screen actress Barbara Hicks was born in Wolverhampton, the youngest of three daughters of iron and steel merchant, William ï¿½Copperï¿½ Hicks, and his wife, Hester Woolley, a strong-minded suffragette. Barbara was educated at Adcote School for Girls in Shrewsbury and served as a land girl in Wales during the war. After graduating from the Webber Douglas school in London in 1947, she made her acting debut at the Royal Court in Liverpool and married a stage manager, Robert Loblowitz in 1951. She was at the Royal Court in Noï¿½l Cowardï¿½s Look After Lulu, starring Vivien Leigh, and Christopher Logueï¿½s The Lily White Boys, starring Albert Finney and directed by Lindsay Anderson, who became a friend. She then joined the National at the Old Vic, acting with Maggie Smith, Laurence Olivier, Edith Evans and Derek Jacobi. After separating from Loblowitz she met Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Taylor, twice awarded the MC during the Italian campaign in the war, and went to live on the island of Elba, opting out of her career for ten years to raise her child, Giles, also now an actor. She appeared inTony Richardsonï¿½s film The Charge of the Light Brigade, Terry Gilliamï¿½s cult film Brazil and the award-winning Merchant Ivory production of Howards End. The family returned to London in the mid-1970s and Barbara rejoined the National, making her her last stage appearance there in 1995 in a revival of Rodney Acklandï¿½s Absolute Hell, with her friend Judi Dench. Barbara died in 2013, aged 89. Although she never worked for Alan Bennett on stage, her roles in his semi-autobiographical Me! Iï¿½m Afraid Of Virginia Woolf and A Question Of Attribution led him to observe, ï¿½When you go, Barbara, thereï¿½ll be a terrible hole in Spotlightï¿½. American director Mel Brooks called her the funniest woman he had ever met. Alexander Staveley Hill - Barrister and staunch conservative politician Alexander Staveley Hill (1825-1905) was the only son of banker Henry Hill of Dunstall Hall, Staffordshire, and Anne, daughter of Luke Staveley. Having become a barrister and QC, he was recorder of Banbury from 1866 to 1903 and deputy high steward of Oxford University from 1874 until his death. He enjoyed a good common law practice, besides holding a leading position in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division and frequently acting as arbitrator in important rating cases. He was leader of the Oxford circuit from 1886 to 1892. After an unsuccessful attempt in Wolverhampton in 1861, Alexander was elected for Coventry in 1868 and sat in the house for thirty-two years - representing Coventry (1868-74), West Staffordshire (1874-85), and Kingswinford (1885-1900). He was counsel to the admiralty and judge advocate of the fleet from 1875 till his retirement through failing health in 1904. In 1881 he went to Canada to study its suitability as a centre for emigration. He created a large cattle ranch seventy miles south of Calgary, now included in the province of Alberta. To this ranch, called New Oxley, he often returned, and he published a volume descriptive of the life among the foothills of the Rocky Mountains entitled From Home to Home: Autumn Wanderings in the North West, 1881-1884, illustrated by his wife, Mary. The town of Stavely, Alberta was named after him and Toronto University made him an hon. LL.D. in 1892. He lived at Oxley Manor in Bushbury, Staffordshire, where he was a JP and Deputy Lieutenant of the county. In 1880 he and his wife funded a school and chapel at Bushbury. His only child (from marriage to his first wife Katherine) was Henry Staveley-Hill, who succeeded him as recorder of Banbury and also became MP for Kingswinford. Dunstall Hall, which was surrounded by a moat and had a gatehouse dating from the sixteenth century, had been located in pleasant countryside some distance from Wolverhampton. Dame Maggie Teyte lived at Dunstall House in the grounds. Dunstall Park became overlooked by the new Great Western Railway locomotive works and sidings from 1855, causing Alexander to move out to Oxley Manor. The Park was sold to a new horse racecourse company in 1887 and Dunstall Hall was demolished in 1915. Dunstall Park became Britainï¿½s first all-weather, floodlit course in 1993 and was the first to have a revolutionary ï¿½Tapetaï¿½ track surface installed. Dunstall is the busiest racecourse in Britain and holds the record for 125 meetings in a single year. Every race is screened live in more than 10,000 UK bookmakers and 53 countries worldwide. Dave Hill - Born in Devon, Dave Hill moved with his parents to Penn when he was a year old. He attended Springdale Junior school and Highfields Secondary school, and after leaving played lead guitar with drummer Don Powell in a band called The Vendors, later changing their name to The Nï¿½Betweens. They met bass player Jimmy Lea and singer Noddy Holder , forming the massively successful Slade . Dave became famous for his ï¿½John Birch Superyobï¿½ guitar, huge platform boots, outrageous costumes and ï¿½YOB 1ï¿½ car numberplate. Slade split up in 1991 but Dave Hill and Don Powell carried the group on as Slade II (now shortened back to Slade). Dave and his wife have embraced the Jehovahï¿½s Witnesses faith and live in Lower Penn, where he occasionally teaches music at Lower Penn School and Penn Hall School. Despite having suffered a stroke while performing in 2010, Dave has no plans slow down and continues to tour. In 2014, wearing his trademark cowboy hat, he won a celebrity edition of the television quiz show Pointless, making ï¿½2,750 for two charities. Sir Roland Hill - Born in Kidderminster in 1795, Roland Hill moved with his family to Horsehills Farm in Wolverhampton, located on the corner of Compton Road and Richmond Road. He met his future wife, Caroline Pearson, there at the age of six, married her in St Johnï¿½s Church in 1827, and lived at Graiseley House, off the Penn Road. Roland and Caroline later moved to London, where he became secretary of the South Australia Commission. His interest in postal reform led to a proposal that letters should be charged by weight, not distance, with the sender paying the postage. This scheme went before Parliament, and from 1840 a letter could be sent to any part of the country for one penny with the famous Penny Black stamp. Roland was given a job in the Treasury to help initiate of the new ï¿½penny postï¿½ service and eventually he became Secretary to the Post Master General. During this time he introduced money orders, travelling post offices, the Post Office Savings Bank and improved rural services. He was knighted in 1860 and granted the freedom of London, where he died aged 84 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Laurence Hodson - Brewery owner, art collector and philanthropist Laurence W Hodson (1864ï¿½1933) became a partner in the Springfield Brewery ( Butlers ) off the Cannock Road in Wolverhampton following the death of his father in 1890. He also inherited his fatherï¿½s mansion, Compton Hall, originally built for a Black Country hardware merchant in the mid-1840s. Among the Hallï¿½s previous owners was a mayor of Wolverhampton who had been accidentally knighted by Queen Victoria. Laurence Hodson was a founder of Birmingham University, supporter of the Guild of Handicraft, and chairman of the Wolverhampton Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1902, for which he employed the future poet-laureate, John Masefield , as his secretary. He filled Compton Hall with one of the finest private collections in the Midlands and commissioned William Strang to paint a cycle of large murals on the life of Eve. A great patron of the Arts and Crafts movement, Laurence also commissioned his close friend William Morris to refurbish the interior, giving a name to one of ï¿½the Firmï¿½sï¿½ best-known wallpaper designs, ï¿½Comptonï¿½. He also purchased a set of the Grail tapestries by Morris and Edward Burne-Jones married Georgiana, companion and soulmate of William Morris and one of the three beautiful and talented daughters of the local Methodist minister, George Browne Macdonald . The library at Compton Hall included an early 15th-century edition of Chaucer, woodcuts by Durer, engravings by Hogarth and 16th-century copies of Mantegnaï¿½s Triumphs of Caesar, made for the ducal palace at Mantua and later owned by Charles I. There was also a complete set of volumes from Morrisï¿½s Kelmscott Press, many printed luxuriously on vellum, and 87 glass slides of Burne-Jonesï¿½s illustrations for the Kelmscott Chaucer. Unfortunately, Laurence got into financial difficulties in 1906, probably as a result of his lavish expenditure on arts and crafts. Compton Hall had to be sold, along with much of the collection. The Hall was bought by Thomas Adams, a Wolverhampton industrialist, who lived there until his death in 1939. It was opened in 1982 by the Duchess of Kent (still the Patron) as Compton hospice. Laurenceï¿½s private papers are now housed in Harvard University library and one of the Strang Adam and Eve panels can be seen at the Tate Gallery. Two auctions held in Newbury and London in 2013 featured many items from Compton Hall, including rugs, wall hangings, carpets, curtains and furniture, the Kelmscott editions, the Burne-Jones slides, letters from William Morris and John Ruskin, and an autograph copy of a sonnet by Oscar Wilde. The London sale alone raised ï¿½1.3 million. Philip Webb, Morrisï¿½s architect, had trained in Wolverhampton, and four of the exquisite sketches and watercolours he produced for the famous Forest Tapestry are now owned by nearby Wightwick Manor . The stunningly beautiful pieces depict a lion, a hare, a fox and a raven. Noddy Holder - Neville John ï¿½Noddyï¿½ Holder was born in Walsall in 1946, the son of a window cleaner. He then attended the then new T. P. Riley Comprehensive School and formed a group called The Rockinï¿½ Phantoms with school friends at the age of 13, and with money earned from a part-time job, he bought a guitar and an amplifier. He turned professional with a band called The Memphis Cutouts and then with Steve Brett & the Mavericks in the early 60s made four singles for Columbia Records. Noddy went on to fame as the lead singer and showman with Slade , where he co-wrote most of the bandï¿½s songs with fellow member Jim Lea . In those happy days Noddy and the boys, including drunner Don Powell and flamboyant lead guitarist Dave Hill , could often be found hanging out at the Trumpet in Bilston. Since leaving Slade, Noddy has appeared on television, notably in The Grimleys, Coronation Street and Have I Got News for You, had his own radio show and written his autobiography, Whoï¿½s Crazee Now? His distinctive voice was used to record the lift announcements at Walsallï¿½s Art Gallery and can be heard in many advertisements, memorably for Nobbyï¿½s Nuts and Crisps. Dave Holland - Born in Wolverhampton in 1946, bassist, composer and bandleader Dave Holland taught himself how to play ukele at the age of four and went on to become a legend among jazz fans. After playing at Ronnie Scottï¿½s in London, ï¿½Wolverhamptonï¿½s jazz sonï¿½ got his big break as a performer from Miles Davis, with whom he played during the great trumpeterï¿½s ground-breaking Bitches Brew period. Solo, and in collaboration, Dave has worked with folk and rock musicians such as Bonnie Raitt and John Hartford, and even had a passing encounter with Jimi Hendrix, as well as Stan Getz, Chick Corea, Thelonious Monk and Herbie Hancock. In 2009, he co-founded an all-star group, The Overtone Quartet, and currently lives in upstate New York. His new Prism Quartet goes back to basics with blues, ballads and a definite dance vibe influenced by Caribbean sounds and the John McLaughlinï¿½s Mahavishnu Orchestra fusion. Philip Horsman - Well-known city dignitary and philanthropist Philip Horsman (1825ï¿½1890) was a self-made man who became a very successful building contractor whose firm built Wolverhampton Art Gallery from designs by Birmingham architect Julius Chatwin. The gallery opened in 1884, generously funded at a cost of ï¿½8,000 by the builder, who also donated a significant part of the original collection of art. Other early bequests and gifts came from a local tin toy manufacturer, Sidney Cartwright and his wife Marie Christian Cartwright, as well as from industrialist Paul Lutz, retailer James Beattie and the Jones Brothers, who were manufacturers of metalware and holloware. The Cartwright collection was valued at the time at ï¿½17,000 - more than the cost of the building itself. Under its charismatic curator David Rodgers , the Art Gallery would later acquire one of the countryï¿½s finest collections of Pop Art. At the foot of the imposing staircase inside is a fine painting of Philip Horsman by George Phoenix . Philip also built Wolverhamptonï¿½s Town Hall and founded the Eye Infirmary, to which he contributed ï¿½5,000, and helped rescue the Blind School in Victoria Street by giving ï¿½800. He was described as being of a modest, retiring nature and a quiet, unostentatious man of a kindly disposition. The Horsman Fountain in nearby St Peterï¿½s Gardens was erected in grateful recognition of his generosity and unveiled by the Mayoress, Mrs Mander, in 1896. Sculpted by Messrs Farmer and Brindley, it has a red granite lower bowl and the rest is in ï¿½stoneï¿½, with six dolphins supporting the central bowl and four putti supporting the upper bowl. Don Howe - Born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton in 1935, Donald ï¿½Donï¿½ Howe was educated at St. Peterï¿½s Collegiate School before going on to have a significant career in football as a player, coach and manager. He made 342 professional appearances for West Bromwich Albion and a further 70 for Arsenal (signing for Billy Wright and made club captain) as well as 23 games for England. As a coach he worked at West Bromwich Albion, Galatasaray SK, Arsenal , Queens Park Rangers and Coventry City, and was Assistant Manager with England (1977-1982). For 25 years Don was regarded as the most revered training ground guru in English football. He managed West Bromwich Albion and Arsenal and in 1988 he won the FA Cup whilst assistant manager of Wimbledon - one of the biggest shocks in the history of the competition. After leaving Wimbledon, he managed QPR and secured a place in the new FA Premier League for Coventry City. In 2003 he retired with a reputation as one of the most well-liked and respected figures in British football. Don then moved into journalism and broadcasting, becoming a pundit for Channel 4ï¿½s coverage of Serie A and for the BBC Sport website, and continued to run youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom. After Don died aged 80 in 2015, tributes poured in from football luminaries such as Roy Hodgson and Gary Lineker for a great coach, who revelled in working with players and had a superb tactical awareness - a visionary with an old-fashioned ability to organise and, above all, a gentleman. Matthew Hudson-Smith - Born in Wolverhampton in 1994, Matthew Hudson-Smith joined his local athletics club, Birchfield Harriers, and competed in sprint events before becoming a 200 metres runner. He was twice runner-up at the English Schools Championships over that distance before winning the title in 2013 at the age of eighteen. He also made his international debut for Great Britain at the 2013 European Athletics Junior Championships, getting the bronze medal, and in the 2014 season he started to concentrate on competing at 400 metres. in In Zurich he finished right behind Martyn Rooney to win a European Championship silver in a new personal best of 44.75. Matthew had only run five 400 metre races in the season before being chosen as part of Englandï¿½s 4ï¿½400 metres relay team at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. The 19-year-old, competing at his first major senior championship, picked up the baton for the final leg of the race in second place before passing Trinidad and Tobagoï¿½s Zwede Hewitt and holding off Chris Brown of the Bahamas to win the race in a storming finish. This sensational performance continued Matthewï¿½s meteoric rise from complete unknown to world-class one-lap runner. Matthew comleted a triumphant 2014 by being crowned British Athletics Young Athlete of the Year. Glenn Hughes - Born in 1951 in Cannock, Glenn fronted Finders Keepers in the 1960s and was bass player and vocalist for funk rock pioneers Trapeze, formed in 1969 with Mel Galley, Dave Holland, John Jones and Terry Rowley. Glenn joined Deep Purple in 1973 and also briefly fronted Black Sabbath. Stevie Wonder once called him his favourite white singer, and as well as being an active session musician he has maintained a notable solo career. His album called Live In Wolverhampton was recorded on a two-night stint in June 2009 at the Robin 2 in Bilston. The first night featured some of his greatest songs, including solo material and songs from his glory days with Deep Purple. The next night concentrated on his time in Trapeze. Dedicated to the memory of his friend and former Trapeze guitarist Mel Galley, who passed away in July 2008, Glenn delivered emotionally charged versions of songs taken from the albums Medusa and You Are the Music... We're Just the Band. Glenn currently fronts the supergroup Black Country Communion, with guitar star Joe Bonamassa, keyboard player Derek Sherinian and drummer Jason Bonham, son of the late Led Zeppelin legend John Bonham. William Huskisson - Born in 1770 in Worcestershire, William Huskisson spent the first five years of his life there until the family moved to the estates of his grandfather at Oxley and Bushbury, near Wolverhampton. In 1783, William and his brother Richard were adopted by their motherï¿½s uncle and went to live with him in Paris, where he witnessed the French Revolution first hand. On his return to England, he became and member of parliament and was made President of the Board of Trade in 1823. Plans for the Manchester to Liverpool railway were first made known to him the following year as the canals were proving insufficient for this area - William was a shareholder in the canals which had done so much for the counties of his birth and family and was a rail enthusiast. Unfortunately he became ill as the railway neared completion in 1830 though he was determined to be present at the opening ceremony. During this, he and some friends left their carriage during a halt when a warning was given that Stevensonï¿½s Rocket was approaching. Still feeble from illness, William attempted to board the carriage, fell across the line and was run over. He died later that day, becoming the first person in Britain to be killed in a rail accident. He was buried, with great pomp in Liverpoolï¿½s St. James's Cemetery. Eric Idle - Comedian, actor, author, singer, writer and composer Eric Idle was born in South Shields, County Durham, in 1943 and enrolled into the Royal Wolverhampton School aged seven as a boarder. At this time the school was a charitable foundation dedicated to the education and maintenance of children who had lost one or both parents (Ericï¿½s father Ernest died in a hitch-hiking accident on Christmas Eve in 1945). Eric is quoted as saying: ï¿½It was a physically abusive, bullying, harsh environment for a kid to grow up in. I got used to dealing with groups of boys and getting on with life in unpleasant circumstances and being smart and funny and subversive at the expense of authority. Perfect training for Python.ï¿½ The two things that made his life bearable were listening to Radio Luxembourg under the bedclothes and watching Wolverhampton Wanderers. He went on to become head boy but would often sneak out of school to the local cinema. He was eventually caught watching the X-rated Butterfield 8 at The Savoy Cinema in Bilston Street and stripped of his prefecture. Boredom drove Eric to study hard and he won a place at Cambridge before going on to great things with Monty Pythonï¿½s Flying Circus and beyond. Asteroid 9620 Ericidle is named in his honour. Howard Jacobson - Manchester-born author and journalist Howard Jacobson is best known for his comic novels, and won the Man Booker Prize for The Finkler Question. At a table-tennis trial in Wolverhampton in the Fifties he failed to make it into the English team and the scar of defeat clearly hadnï¿½t healed when he came back to teach English Literature at Wolverhampton Polytechnic. ï¿½When I returned to Wolverhampton 20 years later, the streets were still sodden with my disappointment. Wolverhampton didnï¿½t make everyoneï¿½s life hell, only mine; the rest of the population, even those only passing through, being of the conviction that there was no pleasanter place on the planet.ï¿½ The novelist has said many unflattering things about the city, though he enjoyed the curries at the Taj Mahal on the Willenhall Road and admired John Boulton, then head of English at Poly. He has described himself as ï¿½an unpleasant snobï¿½ in those days and perhaps he has now seen the error of his ways. Margaret Gray, a student of Jacobsonï¿½s at the Poly, has written, ï¿½I am sure he has a great deal to thank Wolverhampton for. I suggest that his continual criticism of a resourceful and warm-hearted city owes more to his being ï¿½at a rubbishy time in my lifeï¿½ than to the shortcomings of his surroundings.ï¿½ His experiences in Wolverhampton formed the basis of his first novel, Coming from Behind, a campus comedy about the fictitious Wrottesley Polytechnicï¿½s plans to merge with the local football club. Francesca Jackson - Musical theatre actress Francesca Jackson was born in Wolverhampton in 1983. At the age of eight she moved to Swansea, where she grew up and where her parents Mel and Steve still live. Francesca joined the National Youth Music Theatre in 1991 and studied Performing Arts at Neath Port Talbot College before gaining a place at the prestigious Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts (sharing a flat with her best friend, Sound of Music star Connie Fisher). Since graduating has played leading roles in a number of West End Shows including Dyanne in Million Dollar Quartet, Sue in Dreamboats and Bill Kenwrightï¿½s Petticoats (Playhouse and UK tour), Joanne in Rent, alongside Denise van Outen, Bet in Oliver! at the London Palladium, and Bugsy Malone (Queenï¿½s). She has also performed the role of Petra in A Little Night Music at the Thï¿½ï¿½tre du Chï¿½telet in Paris (alongside Leslie Caron and Greta Sacchi.), Lucy in the Barry Manilow based musical Canï¿½t Smile Without You, Dee Dee in Tonightï¿½s the Night and Lucinda in Into the Woods. Francescaï¿½s television work includes Heno, The House and Refresh. She also made the final ten in the BBC TVï¿½s search for Nancy and sang on the soundtrack recording of Evita. Francesca is a regular concert performer in the UK and abroad, including A Little Night Music in Concert for Radio France and appearing as soloist with the Transworld Orchestra at the Edinburgh Festival Theatre. Stuart Jeffries - Born in Wolverhampton, Stuart Jeffries used to edit the Walsall Observerï¿½s childrenï¿½s page under the pseudonym ï¿½Uncle Tomï¿½. He started his journalistic career at the Birmingham Post and Mail and now works for the Guardian as a feature writer and columnist. He is also the author of Mrs Slocombeï¿½s Pussy: Growing Up in front of the Telly - a highly entertaining social history described by the Daily Mail as an ï¿½hilariously Proustian, witty, entertaining and wholly idiosyncratic studyï¿½. Stephen Jenyns - Knighted by Henry VIII, wool merchant Sir Stephen Jenyns was born in Wolverhampton around 1448 and founded the Grammar School in 1512. He was a master of the ancient guild of Merchant Taylors and became Lord Mayor of London in 1509, the year of Henry VIIIï¿½s coronation. He became one of the wealthiest men in the country, reputedly paying more tax than any other person in the year 1519. Bob Jones - Robert Moelwyn ï¿½Bobï¿½ Jones was born in Wolverhampton in 1955 and lived here all his life except when he studied public administration at Nottingham University. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1980 to 2013 with responsibility for Leisure and Community Safety as well as Education, Finance, Youth Committees and many others on the City Council. He was the Labour Party candidate for Wolverhampton South West in the 1983 general election, but was defeated by Conservative Nicholas Budgen. Bob was a member of the West Midlands Police Authority from 1986 to 2012, and chaired the Authority from 1995 to 2000. He also served as a member of the Association of Police Authorities (APA) and was a member of the National Policing Board, National Criminal Justice Board, and Senior Appointment Panel. He was also a member of the service authorities for the National Crime Squad (NCS) and National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) and chaired the disciplinary committee for both authorities. He served as a non-executive director of the Black Country Cluster PCT Boards and chaired various other local community organisations and trusts. He was also the campaigning strategy director for the Campaign for Real Ale. In 2010 Bob was awarded the CBE for services to policing. On 22 November 2012, he was elected as the first Police and Crime Commissioner for the West Midlands and made an immediate impact. Bob died suddenly in his sleep in 2014 aged 59. His widow Sarah described him as a ï¿½warm and wonderful manï¿½ and many people, including Teresa May and Ed Miliband, paid tribute as ï¿½Bob Jonesï¿½ trended on Twitter UK. Flags outside Wolverhampton Civic Centre were flown at half-mast and a memorial event was held at Wolverhampton Civic Hall to honour a great public servant man of the people, respected across the political spectrum. In 2015, Blakenhall Community and Healthy Living Centre was renamed the Bob Jones Community Hub in recognition of his contribution to the city. Charles Jones - Born the son of a butcher in Wolverhampton in 1866, Charles Harry Jones was a gardener and photographer, famous for his beautiful black and white still lifes of fruit and vegetables. He worked in gardens on private estates in England from the 1890s and photographed the fruits of his labours. These inspired creations were never exhibited in his lifetime, but since a trunk containing 500 of his prints was discovered by a photography scholar at an antiques market in 1981 they have been shown widely across the world. Charles is now recognised as a master of the camera as well as the kitchen garden and a book of his photographs, The Plant Kingdoms of Charles Jones, was published in 1998. Wayne Jones - Darts player Wayne Alan Jones was born in 1965 in Wolverhampton and uses the nickname The Wanderer for his matches. He started his career in the British Darts Organisation in the late 1980s and reached the final of the British Open in 1990, but his greatest achievement was reaching the final of the Winmau World Masters in 1999 when Andy Fordham ended his hopes of a first major title. Wayne made his debut at the PDC version of the World Championship in 2004, producing his best ever performance two years later by reaching the semi-finals. In 2010, he made his first televised final appearance in the European Championships, which guaranteed him a place in the Grand Slam of Darts in his home town of Wolverhampton, where he produced a big upset by beating Scotlandï¿½s number one Gary Anderson in a thrilling victory.	Rachael Heyhoe Flint, Baroness Heyhoe Flint
"In the 1990 Oscar winning film ""Dances with wolves"", John Dunbar befriends Indians calling themselves Lakota. To which tribe of plains Indians did Lakota belong?"	Wolverhampton people F-J "> Robert Felkin - Born in 1853, Dr Robert William Felkin LRCS (Edinburgh), MD (Marberg), FRSE, FRGS, was a medical missionary, ceremonial magician, member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and founder of the Whare Ra lodge. He was also an author on Uganda and Central Africa as well as an explorer and anthropologist. His father was a manager at Mander Brothers and Robert was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, where he met and was inspired by the explorer David Livingstone. A full account of his life can be found in A Wayfaring Man, a fictionalised biography written by his second wife, Harriet. James Fleet - Born in Bilston in 1954, actor James Fleet is most famous for his roles as the well-meaning Tom in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral, and on television as the ineffectual Hilary Tripping in Chambers and dim-witted Hugo Horton in The Vicar of Dibley. Other films have included Phantom of the Opera and Sense and Sensibility, in which he played John Dashwood. James lived in Wolverhampton until he was ten and began his career in the 1980s at the Royal Shakespeare Company. Pete Forbes - Singer/songwriter Pete Forbes is the frontman of Wolverhampton Indie band The Rubikons. The bandï¿½s original lineup was made up of Pete Forbes (vocals/guitar, Daniel Wheway (lead guitar), Byron Benton (bass), and John Hodgkiss (drums). The group was heavily influenced by British alternative arena rock bands, particularly U2. They recorded their first set of demos in 2006 with acclaimed producer Gavin Monoghan and went on to earn a growing following as news of the self-proclaimed best band in the country started to spread. Laurence Foster - Born in Wolverhampton in 1944, Laurence Foster was educated at Regis School and Birmingham Theatre School, where he won the Outstanding Student Award. Seasons of twice nightly rep followed in 1968 and he was then engaged by Peter Dews at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in Othello, Romeo & Juliet, St. Joan and After The Rain with Michael Gambon and Timothy Dalton. He was also a Birmingham League and Leinster League cricketer. Laurence then acted in and directed childrenï¿½s theatre seasons in Weston-Super-Mare and Burnham-on-Sea. Dick Condon invited him to Ireland in 1968 as leading man in Billy Liar and other productions. He was a member of the Gate Theatre Company from 1969 to 1971 and, in 1972 returned to Birmingham Rep to play in Vivat,Vivat,Regina!. On returning to Ireland, he appeared in all the major Dublin Theatres taking leading roles in plays such as Arms & the Man, Hamlet and Under Milk Wood, as well as pantomimes and summer revues. In 1974, he joined the RTE Radio Drama Department as an actor and performed in over 750 plays. He acted and directed many plays and ï¿½radio soapsï¿½, eventually being appointed head of RTï¿½ Radio Drama. Film appearances include Privilege, Cal and The Escapist. He was Chairperson for the Prix Italia and represented Irish Broadcasting in Europe. Television appearances include Vikings, Rainbow City, United, Remington Steele, Law & Order and The Tudors. Recent theatre includes Allï¿½s Well That Ends Well at the Helix Theatre, Dublin, and The Constant Wife in Dublin and in Charleston, South Carolina. Laurence has also received acclaim for his solo performances as Dickens in Dublin. He now lives in Terenure and his autobiography, Rising Without Trace - The Life and Times of an English Actor in Ireland, was published by in 2007. In this he writes honestly and humorously about the highs and lows of a career in one of the most precarious of professions, his move from the theatre to radio drama, and his more recent acting career in theatre and films. He has worked with many famous actors and entertainers, including Micheï¿½l MacLiammï¿½ir, Spike Milligan and Michael Gambon, and recently played Charles Dickens in a film of A Christmas Carol. Watch video of Laurence Foster as Dickens in Dublin. Sir Henry Hartley Fowler - The first Viscount Wolverhampton was a solicitor and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 until 1908 when he was raised to the peerage - the first solicitor and the first Methodist to enter the Cabinet or to be raised to the peerage. Born in Sunderland, Henry Hartley Fowler moved to Wolverhampton and served as a local councillor, becoming Mayor of Wolverhampton in 1866. Henry married Ellen Thorneycroft at St Markï¿½s, Chapel Ash, and they lived at ï¿½Summerfieldï¿½ in Chapel Ash, then at ï¿½Woodthorneï¿½ on Wergs Road. At the 1880 general election he became MP for Wolverhampton, serving under Gladstone as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, Secretary of State for India, and Grand Commander of the Star of India. Under Campbell-Bannerman and Asquith he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was ennobled in 1908 as Viscount Wolverhampton, of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, and was widely thought of as a future Prime Minister until ill health prevented this. Lord Wolverhampton died in 1911, aged 80. Edith Henrietta Fowler - Edith and Ellen Thorneycroft-Fowler were the daughters of the first Lord of Wolverhampton, Henry Fowler, and granddaughters of the cityï¿½s first mayor, George Thorneycroft. Ellen was born in 1865 at 7 Summerfield Road, West Park. Both sisters began to write at an early age, contributing to magazines and periodicals, and Edithï¿½s first two novels were The Young Pretenders and The Professorï¿½s Children, which brilliantly observed the world from a childï¿½s perspective. In 1903, she married the Minister of St Georgeï¿½s Church, William Hamilton, and had two sons, but continued writing novels as well as a biography of her father, which gives revealing insights into family life and the politics of the time. Edith had a strong faith and her imaginative, amusing stories reflect that Christian outlook. Her last published works were Patricia and Christabel. Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler - Like her sister, Edith, Ellen Fowler was educated at home in Wolverhampton, where their father, Henry Hartley Fowler , encouraged them to have intelligent, witty conversations. Ellen was born in 1860 at 7 Summerfield Road and went on to study at a private school in London. She had two volumes of poetry published - Verses Grave and Gay in 1891 and Verses Wise and Otherwise in 1895. Her sonnet, Wulfrunaï¿½s Hampton , written for the 900th anniversary of St Peterï¿½s first Charter, can be seen in the church guide book. A book of short stories was followed in 1898 by Ellenï¿½s hugely successful first novel, Concerning Isabel Carnaby. This sold over a million copies and she went on to write several other clever, imaginative and entertaining novels that combine romance, mystery and drama. In 1903, she married a schoolmaster, Alfred Felkin, who was the son of Robert Felkin, manager of Mandersï¿½ Varnish Works in the town. Ellen moved to London, but still often visited the family locally and continued to reference places such as Wolverhampton (sometimes renamed ï¿½Silverhamptonï¿½), Tettenhall (disguised at ï¿½Tetleighï¿½), Sedgley (ï¿½Sedghillï¿½) and Tong in her novels, including A Double Thread (called by the Daily Graphic ï¿½The Novel of the Yearï¿½ in 1899) and The Farringdons as well as books of poetry ( Fuel of Fire ; Place and Power). Ellen and Alfred moved to Bournemouth in 1916, partly for the sake of her health, and she wrote less frequently, except for Beauty and Bands which is set in Bridgnorth. Ellen died in 1929 and is buried with her husband at All Saints, Branksome Park. John Fraser - Dr John Fraser was born in Glasgow in 1820 and after studying Medicine at Glasgow University he moved to Wolverhampton in 1854, where he lived for the rest of his life and worked as a GP. He was also Honorary Surgeon-Major to the 4th Staffordshire Volunteers. John Fraser was married in Wolverhampton to Sarah Wilkes and lived at 30 Darlington Street and 5 Tettenhall Road, where his blue plaque can be seen. Like many educated men of his time John was a competent scientist in other fields and as well as being one of Staffordshireï¿½s foremost botanists, he was also an amateur geologist with a passion for fossils, which he collected from all over the world. He was at one time president of the Dudley and West Midlands Geological Society and on his death in 1909, he bequeathed his fossil collection to the people of Wolverhampton for educational purposes. This now forms the largest part of the geology collection cared for by Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Services. An exhibition, ï¿½The Riches Beneath Usï¿½, opened at Bantock House Museum in 2015 to explore the collection of rocks and fossils he bequeathed in 1911. This was the largest display of Wolverhamptonï¿½s impressive geology collection in decades and featured many fascinating fossils, collected from the Black Countryï¿½s collieries and limestone mines, dating from when this area was a tropical forest or shallow coral reef. Among the exhibits was the 315 million year old ï¿½Coseley Spiderï¿½, never shown in Wolverhampton before, and a rare example of the species Eophrynus Prestvicii. Discovered in 1871 at the former Parkfields Colliery near Coseley, it shows the early evolution of spiders. Other items included ï¿½The Dudley Bugï¿½ trilobite from the Silurian paeriod (over 400 million years ago), an ammonite from the Middle Jurassic period, a perfectly preserved fossilised fern leaf which fell from a prehistoric tree more than 300 million years ago, and a tooth from one of the Jurassic worldï¿½s most vicious predators, the plesiosaur. Helen Geake - Dr Helen Geake was born in 1967 in Wolverhampton and grew up in Bath. She originally trained as a secretary but after reading archaeology books and attending lectures by Mick Aston she went on to study medieval archaeology at University College London. Subsequently she took a PhD at the University of York then worked as assistant keeper of archaeology at Norwich Castle Museum. Currently she is Finds Advisor for Early Medieval to Post-Medieval Objects for the Portable Antiquities Scheme, based at Cambridge University Department of Archaeology. She first worked for Channel 4's popular and long-running archaeology series Time Team in 1998 as a digger and occasionally as an Anglo-Saxon specialist. She joined the frontline team of presenters, alongside Tony Robinson and Mick Aston, for the 2006 series. Helen has contributed a number of articles on her specialist field, editing and writing other works, and is a regional member of the Council of Rescue: The British Archaeological Trust. In 2003 she was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Helen is married with two sons and a daughter and lives in Suffolk. She is a cousin of the late John E Geake, after whom the asteroid 9298 Geake is named. James Glaisher - Born in Rotherhithe, James Glaisher was a founder member of the Meteorological Society and the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. Between 1862 and 1866, usually with Henry Tracey Coxwell as his co-pilot, he made numerous balloon ascents in order to measure the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at its highest levels. On 17 July in 1862, he and Coxwell rose to some 22,000ft over Wolverhampton in an attempt to set an altitude record. They reached 24,000 feet in a second attempt on 18 August and at on 5 September they reached a record height in a balloon of 11,887m (39,000 feet) from Wolverhampton Gas Works (now the Science Park on Glaisher Drive). Due to reduced atmospheric pressure and exposure during the ascent, Glaisher passed out, and because of his frost-bitten hands Coxwell opened the gas valve with his teeth to make a rapid but safe descent. One of the pigeons making the trip with them died. In the year 2000, Mike Kendrick from Bridgnorth and American-born Jim Dexter, now of Telford, broke the world airship speed record in a dramatic flight over the Midlands from Halfpenny Green airfield. Their airship reached 94.7 kilometres per hour (58mph), causing passing cars and ramblers to stop and watch. The pilots' Lightship Group is the worldï¿½s largest airship operator and has been involved in Richard Bransonï¿½s ballooning exploits. Goldie - Electronic music artist, disc jockey, visual artist and actor Clifford Joseph Price, better known as Goldie, was born of Jamaican and Scottish heritage in Walsall in 1965, growing up in Wolverhampton from the age of 18. He was a member of the breakdance crew Westside, based in the Whitmore Reans and Heath Town areas of the city, and later joined a breakdance crew called the Bboys before making his name as a graffiti artist in the West Midlands. Well known for his innovations in the jungle and drum and bass music genres, Goldie has also worked as an actor (including James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and the TVï¿½s EastEnders) and has appeared in Celebrity Big Brother, Strictly Come Dancing, Celebrity Mastermind and Come Dine with Me. He was placed second behind Sue Perkins when learning to conduct a concert orchestra in the BBCï¿½s Maestro reality television show. Goldieï¿½s box set album, The Alchemist, features the best tracks from throughout his musical career to 2012. Goldie was romantically involved with singer Bjï¿½rk for several years and is now married to Mika Wassenaar, a Canadian. His autobiography, Nine Lives, was published in 2002. Goldie received an honorary degree of Doctor of Design from the University of Wolverhampton and in 2016 he was awarded an MBE for his contribution to the music, TV and film industries as well as his work with a number of charities. Video Jaki Graham - Wolverhampton-based Jaki Graham is one of the UKï¿½s original female soul singers. She rose to fame in the 1980s, starting out as a backing singer for UB40 before finding solo success with with top ten tracks such as ï¿½Could it be Iï¿½m Falling in Loveï¿½ and ï¿½Set Me Freeï¿½. Her first album, ï¿½Real Lifeï¿½, sold more than 800,000 copies in under four weeks, with tickets for her tour selling out in 20 minutes. Jaki had an international hit in the 1990s with her cover of Chaka Khanï¿½s ï¿½Ainï¿½t Nobodyï¿½, which was top of the USA Billboard dance charts for five weeks and also reached gold in Australia and Japan. She has released more than 20 singles and numerous albums worldwide, achieving a Guinness World Record as the first Black British female solo artist to have six consecutive Top 10/20 hits. Jaki has inspired many other artists including Beverley Knight, who regards her as a role model. The two finally met in 2009 after being asked by a Wolverhampton charity to take part in a gala Jaki was involved in and have since made a long-lasting friendship. Beverley has said that, ï¿½When weï¿½re together weï¿½re two Black Country girls. When she speaks she has a far stronger accent than me but after Iï¿½ve been with her for a few hours I go into her half-Jamaican, half-Wolverhampton speak.ï¿½ In recent years Jaki has enjoyed a phenomenal worldwide success for her ï¿½Gershwin & Soulï¿½ and Duke Ellington concerts with the BBC Big Band and joined Cliff Richard as the only British special guest on his successful ï¿½Souliciousï¿½ Arena Tour. She has also released ï¿½For Sentimental Reasonsï¿½, her first, long awaited studio album in over 15 years, and published her autobiography, Heaven Knows. In 2013 she received an honorary degree from the University of Wolverhampton for her contribution to music, and addressed students at the University in 2015 when she was made one of four Pro Chancellors who act as ambassadors. W G Grace - Supreme amateur cricketer William Gilbert ï¿½W Gï¿½ Grace was important in the development of the sport and one of its greatest-ever players. The majestically-bearded former England and Gloucestershire captain, an intimidating 6ft 2in and 16 stone, scored over 54,000 runs and played for England until he was past 50. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons up to his retirement, aged 60, in 1908. In July 1911, he played as part of a G L Jessop Select XI versus Wolverhampton Cricket Club captain H D Strattonï¿½s Select XI. Wolverhampton Cricket Club is the oldest sporting club in the city, founded in 1835 and located at various grounds before settling in 1890 on its present site at Danescourt. In the famous two-day, two-innings match in 1911, fast scoring batsman Jessop and his team won by 26 runs. Grace was out cheaply in both his innings but took two wickets. H D Stratton was the club captain from 1882 to 1911 and the result of this match may have contributed to his retirement. In nearby Enville, in July 1870, I Zingari defeated a United South England XI by an innings in a three-day game at the beautiful cricket ground on the Earl of Stamfordï¿½s 6,500 acre Enville Hall estate. A total of 30,000 spectators saw several Test cricketers in the beaten side, including a younger W G Grace, Henry Jupp, Fred Grace, James Lillywhite, James Southerton and Henry Charlwood. An under-arm bowler, Osbert Mordaunt, captured nine wickets for the Zingari side who had no less than 18 batsmen including the Earl himself, who was out for a duck. Keedie Green - Known only as Keedie on stage, Keedie Green is a soprano with three octaves in her voice that reaches a top A above a top E. She born was Keedie Babb in 1982 in Wolverhampton and baptised as Keedie because her father is a fan of Kiki Dee. The family moved to Torquay when she was three years old and Keedie left school aged 14 to pursue a singing career, signing her first record contract when she was 16 years old. Success in a local talent show led to an appearance at a World AIDS Day event in London with Liberty X in aid of Crusaid. Keedie entered the classical crossover market in 2004 by reaching number two in the UK singles chart with Andrew Lloyd Webberï¿½s I Believe My Heart, taken from his then-new musical The Woman in White. Her album (also called I Believe My Heart) is an eclectic mix of pop, opera, classical and original material. Keedieï¿½s working class background and jeans and top clothing surprised audiences that had other expectations for what a classical singer should look like and come from. She sings in two voices ï¿½ a sweet pop voice, and a powerful operatic one that far exceeds the required ability of a crossover artist. She is as happy to burst into arias such as Vissi dï¿½Arte as she is to cover songs by Madonna and Enya or interpret new material. Despite a seven figure record deal and a large amount of money thrown at her promotion, a sustainable marketing campaign failed to materialise and she parted ways with her record company, EMI classics. Keedie scored a second Top 20 hit with her version of the hymn Jerusalem, released to celebrate the England cricket teamï¿½s victory in The Ashes, and performed at events such as the Carling Cup Final and David Beckhamï¿½s first L.A. Galaxy match, supported Tina Turner at her one-off gig at The Bedrock Ball, provided vocals for OMDï¿½s comeback single, Sister Marie Says, and reached the boot-camp stage of the seventh season of The X-Factor. Rosalie Glynn Grylls - Biographer, lecturer and Liberal Party politician, Rosalie Glynn Grylls was born in Cornwall in 1905 and educated at Queenï¿½s College, London, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where she graduated with a Master of Arts. She worked as secretary to the Liberal MP Edgar Granville and in 1930 she was selected as Liberal prospective parliamentary candidate for the Reading Division of Berkshire for the at the following yearï¿½s General Election. In 1930 she married Geoffrey Mander , MP for East Wolverhampton, and by the time the Election came, a National Government had been formed and the Reading Liberals did not contest the constituency. Although she remained interested in politics, she concentrated instead on her writing. A prolific biographer, with a special interest in the writers and artists of the Romantic period, she was an early connoisseur of the Pre-Raphaelite movement at a time when they had fallen out of fashion. Rosalie was shrewd collector, buying a Millais self-portrait for just ï¿½15, and transformed her home, Wightwick Manor, into an ad-hoc gallery. Wightwick Manor contains many pieces of fine stained glass created by the celebrated Victorian designer and manufacturer C E Kempe. Rosalie Glynn Grylls wrote that, ï¿½Kempeï¿½s work has a unique charm; its colours shine out from jewels that cluster on the mitres or the crowns his figures wear and from their peacocksï¿½ feathers, while angels playing their instruments are drawn with tender delicacy and scattered above the main windows informally but making a pattern of precision. Above all, the prevailing yellow wash is literally translucent, for it lets through the rays of the full or the setting sun...ï¿½ Two more fine examples of Kempeï¿½s work can be seen in Christ Church, Tettenhall Wood. Her biographical subjects included Mary Shelley, Claire Clairmont, Edward John Trelawny, William Godwin, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ivy Compton-Burnett and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. She was influential in the overdue reassessment of artists and writers of the Victorian period and frequently lectured in USA. Although Rosalie died in 1988, her unique collection continues to grow as contacts that she made during her lifetime are still giving Wightwick Manor works of art. Elvis Gordon - One of Wolverhamptonï¿½s greatest sporting heroes, Elvis Gordon was a giant in the sport of Judo. The Black Country heavyweight legend won numerous titles at national, international and world level and put Wolverhampton on the map during the 1980s and 1990s. He was three times Olympian World Silver Medalist, European Champion, Double Commonwealth Champion, Shoriki Cup Champion, twice Paris Tournament Medalist and British Open Champion 11 times. Weighing in at 23 stone, he competed in the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics Games before retiring in 1992. The father of five, who worked as a caretaker at Moseley Park School in Bilston, passed away at the age of 52 in 2011 following a brave battle against cancer. Button Gwinnett - Born in 1735, Button Gwinnett moved to Wolverhampton in 1755 and married a local girl, Ann Bourne, at St. Peterï¿½s Church. In 1762 the couple left England and sailed to America, where he prospered as a planter and was elected to the Provincial Assembly. As a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776 he was one of fifty-six signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Button Gwinnettï¿½s extremely rare autograph is among the most valuable in the world, with single examples selling for as much as $150,000, and this fact was used by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in his short story, Button, Button. Sydney Guy - Guy Motors of Wolverhampton was the Black Countryï¿½s longest surviving powered vehicle manufacturer, continuously in production for 68 years. The factory was established at Fallings Park in 1913 by Sydney Slater Guy, a clever, ambitious and determined young man with great drive, enthusiasm and engineering ability. Sydney continued to run the business until his retirement in 1957 at the age of 72. Famous at home and abroad for its commercial vehicles, Guyï¿½s originally manufactured lorries before turning to the production of charabancs after the First World War. In the 1920s, they made cars, buses and trolley buses and contributed important innovations to the motor industry such as a V8 petrol engine, automatic chassis lubrication, rear-hinged doors, adjustable steering columns, six-wheel bus and trolleybus chassis, the first bus and truck available with diesel engines, four-wheel disc brakes and air suspension. Customers included London Transport, Harrods and Wolverhampton Corporation and the Guy slogan, ï¿½Feathers In Our Capï¿½, became well known thanks to the Red Indian mascot that was fitted to almost every vehicle. In 1928, Guyï¿½s took over Star Cars Ltd, continuing production of the Star car until 1932, and in 1948 they acquired Sunbeam-Karrier. At one point, Guyï¿½s were one of the largest manufacturers of trolley buses in the world and developed the largest bus in the world, designed to carry 110 passengers. Production continued until the 1960s, when fondly remembered trolley buses fell out of favour. With falling sales, Guy Motors Ltd ceased trading in 1961 and was taken over by Jaguar Cars Ltd. Vehicle production ended in 1975 and final production of components came in 1978. Ricki Hall - Called ï¿½the man with the most influential haircut in Britainï¿½ by Esquire Weekly, Ricki Hall also sports an impressive beard and more than a hundred tattoos, including a McDonalds Golden Arch, Mr Men characters and a coffin design that covers the name of his ex-girlfriend. Born in Codsall, he was working at his fatherï¿½s garage, Highway Motorcycles in Wolverhampton, when he was spotted by a model scout at Topmanï¿½s Oxford Circus branch, while dressed in his mechanics overalls when visiting a friend in London. After signing to the prestigious Nevs Models, Ricki landed his big break in a Lyle & Scott fashion campaign and gained an impressive social media profile, with more than 170,000 followers on Instagram and Twitter alone. He has featured in countless fashion magazine shoots and thousands of people around the world have started asking their barbers for ï¿½a Ricki Hallï¿½. He now lives in Brixton but makes regular visits to his hometown. Sir Leslie Geoffrey Hampton - Born in 1952, Leslie Geoffrey Hampton is best known as Geoff Hampton and he became head teacher of Northicote School in Wolverhampton. In 1998 he received a knighthood in recognition for his achievements in transforming in five years the fortunes of the school, the first in Britain which had been deemed by OFSTED inspectors as ï¿½failingï¿½. Sir Leslie has since left Northicote School and is now a Professor at the University of Wolverhampton. Remarkably, only two headteachers have ever been knighted (the first being Sir Godfrey Cretney ) and both worked in Wolverhampton. Johnny Hancocks - Born in 1919 in Oakengates, Johnny Hancocks played for for Oakengates Town and Walsall before joining Wolves in 1946. A diminutive figure, standing just 5' 4" with size 3 boots, Johnny thrilled crowds for ten years with his fast wing play, unstoppable shots and never-say-die spirit, becoming a part of the Molineux folklore. He helped Wolves win their first league title in 1953/54 and was top goalscorer for the club in the following two seasons. He also collected an FA Cup winners medal in 1949 and in total scored 168 goals for Wolves in 378 appearances (his tally of 158 top-flight goals is still a club record). He later became player/manager of non-league Wellington Town, then moved to Cambridge United, Oswestry Town and GKN Sankeys before retiring from football in 1961. He then worked at the ironfounders Maddock & Sons in Oakengates until his retirement on his 60th birthday. Johnny died on February 19, 1994, aged 74. Gilbert Harding - Born in Hereford in 1907, Gilbert Charles Harding was an irascible radio and television personality who was one of the most famous people in the country during the 1950s. His father died at an early age so his mother placed Gilbert into the care of The Royal Orphanage of Wolverhampton, now the Royal School. After studying at Cambridge he worked as a schoolmaster, journalist, policeman, disc-jockey, interviewer and television presenter, and appeared in several films, usually as a version of himself. The gruff, moustachioed presenter was a regular on the BBCï¿½s Whatï¿½s My Line? panel show and became known as ï¿½the rudest man in Britainï¿½, though he could be kind and sensitive in private life. A tortured, self-destructive, lonely, alcoholic, homosexual Catholic who always regarded himself as a failure, he was almost reduced to tears in John Freemanï¿½s famous Face to Face interview. Gilbert died suddenly, aged 53, in 1960, a few weeks after the programme was broadcast. ï¿½Behold in me the common peopleï¿½s sage, The Plato of the television age. In place of wisdom, piety or grace, I offer endless prospects of my face.ï¿½ Douglas Harris - Able Seaman Douglas Morris Harris of Pennfields, Wolverhampton, was a wireless telegrapher on board the Italian drifter Floandi during World War 1, one of a number of armed drifters used to blockade the port of Cattaro (Kotor) to prevent the Austrian Navyï¿½s use of the Adriatic. On the night of the 14th/15th May 1917, the drifters came under attack from three ships of the Austrian Navy. Douglas remained at his post during the battle and was killed, aged just 19. For his bravery he was awarded one of Italyï¿½s highest honours, and a bronze memorial to him, created by Robert Jackson Emerson and cast in 1919, now stands in St Peterï¿½s Gardens. Douglas Harris is also commemorated on the war memorial in the garden opposite St Philipï¿½s Church at Penn Fields. Billy ï¿½Artilleryï¿½ Hartill - Footballer William ï¿½Billyï¿½ John Hartill was born in Wolverhampton in 1905 and spent most of his playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Nicknamed ï¿½Artilleryï¿½ after serving as a bombardier in the Royal Horse Artillery, he joined Wolves in 1928 and in the following year, his first full season as a professional, he scored 33 goals to become the clubï¿½s top goalscorer. He repeated this feat for the next three seasons (five times in total) and altogether scored 170 goals in 234 games. This was a record until it was broken in 1980 by John Richards and Billy remains the clubï¿½s third-highest ever goalscorer. He twice scored five goals in a single match, a record never bettered by any other Wolves player, and achieved a then club record of 16 hat-tricks (later beaten by Steve Bull). Billy remained at Molineux until 1935, when he moved briefly to Everton, then to Liverpool and Bristol Rovers. He retired in 1940 and died in Walsall in 1980. Helene Hayman - Baroness Hayman was born Helene Middleweek in 1949 and was a Labour Member of Parliament from 1974 to 1979, when she was the youngest member of the House of Commons and the first woman to breastfeed at Westminster. She became a Life Peer and in 2006 won the initial election for the newly created position of Lord Speaker. Lord McNally, the Liberal Democrat leader in the Lords, called her ï¿½the Julie Andrews of British politicsï¿½. Sir Jack Hayward, OBE - The son of Wolverhampton factory owners, Sir Jack Arnold Hayward was a millionaire industrialist and philanthropist, benefactor of countless charities, including many local ones. In his remarkable life he was a Dakota fighter pilot in the Second World War and a lover of all things British, including HP Sauce and Colmanï¿½s mustard. He was the saviour of Lundy Island, Brunelï¿½s ship, SS Great Britain, and Wolverhampton Wanderers FC. After relocating his business from the United States to the Bahamas in the 1950s, he became a Vice President of The Grand Bahama Port Authority and continued to play an active role in Freeport, where the Sir Jack Hayward High School is named after him. He became the owner and chairman of his beloved boyhood football club Wolverhampton Wanderers after buying it in 1990 for ï¿½2.1million. Sir Jack had financed England womenï¿½s cricket tours in the 1970s and his close friend Rachael Heyhoe Flint persuaded him to buy the club. He spent an estimated ï¿½70million of his own money on redeveloping Molineux Stadium, writing off debts and buying players during the 17 years he was the owner. In 2007 he sold control of Wolves to businessman Steve Morgan for a nominal ï¿½10 fee in exchange for a conditional ï¿½30m of investment in the club. The training complex at Compton is now called ï¿½The Sir Jack Haywardï¿½ training ground and a street, Jack Hayward Way, beside Molineux (previously Molineux Way) was renamed to commemorate his 80th birthday in 2003. Sir Jack remained life president of Wolverhampton Wanderers and was a member of the clubï¿½s Hall of Fame. He was knighted in 1986 for his many charitable enterprises and in 1994 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Wolverhampton University to mark his services to the country. The Sunday Times Rich List placed him as 125th richest in Britain with an estimated ï¿½160million fortune in 2009. Sir Jack died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 2015, aged 91. The Prime Minister of the Bahamas, Perry Christie, described him as ï¿½the single most important figure behind the economic development of the city of Freeport and a colourful, larger-than-life personality who was held in great affection by the Bahamian people.ï¿½ It was announced that the new Grand Bahamas Highway Bridge would be named in his honour. Robert Plant said that ï¿½He was a charming, warm gentleman. As I met him more often I was aware of his deep love of all things Wolverhampton. He loved the football club and had strong, passionate opinions ï¿½ the colours ran through his veins. As our legions of followers will never forget . . . he did indeed ï¿½save the dayï¿½.ï¿½ Thousands of people lined the streets of Wolverhampton for his funeral at St Peterï¿½s Collegiate Church to say an emotional farewell. Over 650 mourners, including 250 fans chosen by ballot, joined Sir Jackï¿½s friends and family and a clutch of Wolves legends. Queen Square was packed as hundreds of fans gathered to follow the service on a big screen. watch video tributes by Matt Murray and Suzi Perry . Karl Henry ï¿½ Born in in 1982 and originally from Dovecotes in Pendeford, Karl Levi Daniel Henry was the first black captain of a Wolverhampton Wanderers Premier League football team. He began his career with Stoke City before joining Wolves in 2006. Karl excelled during the 2010/2011 season and was an ever present in the Wolves midfield, spennding seven seasons at Wolves making 272 appearances in all competitions, until losing the captaincy shortly after the arrival of new signing Roger Johnson. Karl also joined the ranks of Wolves players who have played for the club over 200 times. He joined Queens Park Rangers in the summer of 2013 and helped them to victory in the 2014 Championship play-off Final. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint - Probably the best known female cricketer in England, Rachael Heyhoe-Flint, OBE, was a member of the English womenï¿½s cricket team from 1960 to 1982. She played in 22 Womenï¿½s Test cricket matches, with a batting average of 45.54 in 38 innings. Her three Test centuries included her highest score of 179, a world record when she achieved this against Australia at the Oval in 1976, earning a draw to save the series by batting for more than 8ï¿½ hours. Rachael was captain from 1966 to 1978, unbeaten in six Test series, and led England to triumph in the inaugural Womenï¿½s Cricket World Cup of 1973. Since retiring from cricket, she has been a journalist, broadcaster and after-dinner speaker, and was one of the first women to be admitted to the MCC. In 2010, Rachael was appointed to the House of Lords, joining Baroness Hayman and Lord Turner of Bilston. She is a director of Wolverhampton Wanderers FC, supports many local organisations and charities, and co-authored a history of womenï¿½s cricket, Fair Play. Alfred Hickman - Industrialist and politician Sir Alfred Hickman was born in Tipton in 1830. His father was the owner of the Goveland Ironworks and Moat Colliery in Tipton. Alfred was educated at King Edwardï¿½s School, Birmingham and went to work in his fatherï¿½s business aged 16, eventually taking over the company with his brother. He became a colliery proprietor and modernising ironmaster, as the family acquired Springvale Furnace in 1866. He was a director of Lloydï¿½s Staffordshire Proving House, a Member of Council of Mining Association of Great Britain, and chairman of Staffordshire Railway and Canal Freighterï¿½s Association. In 1882 he formed the Staffordshire Steel Ingot & Iron Company Ltd (which eventually became part of Stewarts & Lloyds) to produce steel using the Bessemer process. Alfred Hickman stood for the Conservatives at the 1885 general election and was elected MP for Wolverhampton West. He was created a baronet in 1892. He became both President of the British Iron Trades Council and President of Wolverhampton Chamber of Commerce, and in 1902 he was given the honorary freedom of the borough of Wolverhampton. He later became Chairman of the newly formed Tarmac Limited. On his death in 1910, he bequeathed a park (Hickman Park) to the people of Bilston. Alfred married Lucy Owen Smith in 1850 and his grandson Alfred succeeded to the baronetcy. In 1920, Hickmanï¿½s was taken over by the Stewarts and Lloyds company and continued to dominate employment in Bilston until the furnaces closed in 1980, despite the great efforts of Dennis Turner to keep ï¿½Big Lizzieï¿½ going. Barbara Hicks - Stage and screen actress Barbara Hicks was born in Wolverhampton, the youngest of three daughters of iron and steel merchant, William ï¿½Copperï¿½ Hicks, and his wife, Hester Woolley, a strong-minded suffragette. Barbara was educated at Adcote School for Girls in Shrewsbury and served as a land girl in Wales during the war. After graduating from the Webber Douglas school in London in 1947, she made her acting debut at the Royal Court in Liverpool and married a stage manager, Robert Loblowitz in 1951. She was at the Royal Court in Noï¿½l Cowardï¿½s Look After Lulu, starring Vivien Leigh, and Christopher Logueï¿½s The Lily White Boys, starring Albert Finney and directed by Lindsay Anderson, who became a friend. She then joined the National at the Old Vic, acting with Maggie Smith, Laurence Olivier, Edith Evans and Derek Jacobi. After separating from Loblowitz she met Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Taylor, twice awarded the MC during the Italian campaign in the war, and went to live on the island of Elba, opting out of her career for ten years to raise her child, Giles, also now an actor. She appeared inTony Richardsonï¿½s film The Charge of the Light Brigade, Terry Gilliamï¿½s cult film Brazil and the award-winning Merchant Ivory production of Howards End. The family returned to London in the mid-1970s and Barbara rejoined the National, making her her last stage appearance there in 1995 in a revival of Rodney Acklandï¿½s Absolute Hell, with her friend Judi Dench. Barbara died in 2013, aged 89. Although she never worked for Alan Bennett on stage, her roles in his semi-autobiographical Me! Iï¿½m Afraid Of Virginia Woolf and A Question Of Attribution led him to observe, ï¿½When you go, Barbara, thereï¿½ll be a terrible hole in Spotlightï¿½. American director Mel Brooks called her the funniest woman he had ever met. Alexander Staveley Hill - Barrister and staunch conservative politician Alexander Staveley Hill (1825-1905) was the only son of banker Henry Hill of Dunstall Hall, Staffordshire, and Anne, daughter of Luke Staveley. Having become a barrister and QC, he was recorder of Banbury from 1866 to 1903 and deputy high steward of Oxford University from 1874 until his death. He enjoyed a good common law practice, besides holding a leading position in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division and frequently acting as arbitrator in important rating cases. He was leader of the Oxford circuit from 1886 to 1892. After an unsuccessful attempt in Wolverhampton in 1861, Alexander was elected for Coventry in 1868 and sat in the house for thirty-two years - representing Coventry (1868-74), West Staffordshire (1874-85), and Kingswinford (1885-1900). He was counsel to the admiralty and judge advocate of the fleet from 1875 till his retirement through failing health in 1904. In 1881 he went to Canada to study its suitability as a centre for emigration. He created a large cattle ranch seventy miles south of Calgary, now included in the province of Alberta. To this ranch, called New Oxley, he often returned, and he published a volume descriptive of the life among the foothills of the Rocky Mountains entitled From Home to Home: Autumn Wanderings in the North West, 1881-1884, illustrated by his wife, Mary. The town of Stavely, Alberta was named after him and Toronto University made him an hon. LL.D. in 1892. He lived at Oxley Manor in Bushbury, Staffordshire, where he was a JP and Deputy Lieutenant of the county. In 1880 he and his wife funded a school and chapel at Bushbury. His only child (from marriage to his first wife Katherine) was Henry Staveley-Hill, who succeeded him as recorder of Banbury and also became MP for Kingswinford. Dunstall Hall, which was surrounded by a moat and had a gatehouse dating from the sixteenth century, had been located in pleasant countryside some distance from Wolverhampton. Dame Maggie Teyte lived at Dunstall House in the grounds. Dunstall Park became overlooked by the new Great Western Railway locomotive works and sidings from 1855, causing Alexander to move out to Oxley Manor. The Park was sold to a new horse racecourse company in 1887 and Dunstall Hall was demolished in 1915. Dunstall Park became Britainï¿½s first all-weather, floodlit course in 1993 and was the first to have a revolutionary ï¿½Tapetaï¿½ track surface installed. Dunstall is the busiest racecourse in Britain and holds the record for 125 meetings in a single year. Every race is screened live in more than 10,000 UK bookmakers and 53 countries worldwide. Dave Hill - Born in Devon, Dave Hill moved with his parents to Penn when he was a year old. He attended Springdale Junior school and Highfields Secondary school, and after leaving played lead guitar with drummer Don Powell in a band called The Vendors, later changing their name to The Nï¿½Betweens. They met bass player Jimmy Lea and singer Noddy Holder , forming the massively successful Slade . Dave became famous for his ï¿½John Birch Superyobï¿½ guitar, huge platform boots, outrageous costumes and ï¿½YOB 1ï¿½ car numberplate. Slade split up in 1991 but Dave Hill and Don Powell carried the group on as Slade II (now shortened back to Slade). Dave and his wife have embraced the Jehovahï¿½s Witnesses faith and live in Lower Penn, where he occasionally teaches music at Lower Penn School and Penn Hall School. Despite having suffered a stroke while performing in 2010, Dave has no plans slow down and continues to tour. In 2014, wearing his trademark cowboy hat, he won a celebrity edition of the television quiz show Pointless, making ï¿½2,750 for two charities. Sir Roland Hill - Born in Kidderminster in 1795, Roland Hill moved with his family to Horsehills Farm in Wolverhampton, located on the corner of Compton Road and Richmond Road. He met his future wife, Caroline Pearson, there at the age of six, married her in St Johnï¿½s Church in 1827, and lived at Graiseley House, off the Penn Road. Roland and Caroline later moved to London, where he became secretary of the South Australia Commission. His interest in postal reform led to a proposal that letters should be charged by weight, not distance, with the sender paying the postage. This scheme went before Parliament, and from 1840 a letter could be sent to any part of the country for one penny with the famous Penny Black stamp. Roland was given a job in the Treasury to help initiate of the new ï¿½penny postï¿½ service and eventually he became Secretary to the Post Master General. During this time he introduced money orders, travelling post offices, the Post Office Savings Bank and improved rural services. He was knighted in 1860 and granted the freedom of London, where he died aged 84 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Laurence Hodson - Brewery owner, art collector and philanthropist Laurence W Hodson (1864ï¿½1933) became a partner in the Springfield Brewery ( Butlers ) off the Cannock Road in Wolverhampton following the death of his father in 1890. He also inherited his fatherï¿½s mansion, Compton Hall, originally built for a Black Country hardware merchant in the mid-1840s. Among the Hallï¿½s previous owners was a mayor of Wolverhampton who had been accidentally knighted by Queen Victoria. Laurence Hodson was a founder of Birmingham University, supporter of the Guild of Handicraft, and chairman of the Wolverhampton Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1902, for which he employed the future poet-laureate, John Masefield , as his secretary. He filled Compton Hall with one of the finest private collections in the Midlands and commissioned William Strang to paint a cycle of large murals on the life of Eve. A great patron of the Arts and Crafts movement, Laurence also commissioned his close friend William Morris to refurbish the interior, giving a name to one of ï¿½the Firmï¿½sï¿½ best-known wallpaper designs, ï¿½Comptonï¿½. He also purchased a set of the Grail tapestries by Morris and Edward Burne-Jones married Georgiana, companion and soulmate of William Morris and one of the three beautiful and talented daughters of the local Methodist minister, George Browne Macdonald . The library at Compton Hall included an early 15th-century edition of Chaucer, woodcuts by Durer, engravings by Hogarth and 16th-century copies of Mantegnaï¿½s Triumphs of Caesar, made for the ducal palace at Mantua and later owned by Charles I. There was also a complete set of volumes from Morrisï¿½s Kelmscott Press, many printed luxuriously on vellum, and 87 glass slides of Burne-Jonesï¿½s illustrations for the Kelmscott Chaucer. Unfortunately, Laurence got into financial difficulties in 1906, probably as a result of his lavish expenditure on arts and crafts. Compton Hall had to be sold, along with much of the collection. The Hall was bought by Thomas Adams, a Wolverhampton industrialist, who lived there until his death in 1939. It was opened in 1982 by the Duchess of Kent (still the Patron) as Compton hospice. Laurenceï¿½s private papers are now housed in Harvard University library and one of the Strang Adam and Eve panels can be seen at the Tate Gallery. Two auctions held in Newbury and London in 2013 featured many items from Compton Hall, including rugs, wall hangings, carpets, curtains and furniture, the Kelmscott editions, the Burne-Jones slides, letters from William Morris and John Ruskin, and an autograph copy of a sonnet by Oscar Wilde. The London sale alone raised ï¿½1.3 million. Philip Webb, Morrisï¿½s architect, had trained in Wolverhampton, and four of the exquisite sketches and watercolours he produced for the famous Forest Tapestry are now owned by nearby Wightwick Manor . The stunningly beautiful pieces depict a lion, a hare, a fox and a raven. Noddy Holder - Neville John ï¿½Noddyï¿½ Holder was born in Walsall in 1946, the son of a window cleaner. He then attended the then new T. P. Riley Comprehensive School and formed a group called The Rockinï¿½ Phantoms with school friends at the age of 13, and with money earned from a part-time job, he bought a guitar and an amplifier. He turned professional with a band called The Memphis Cutouts and then with Steve Brett & the Mavericks in the early 60s made four singles for Columbia Records. Noddy went on to fame as the lead singer and showman with Slade , where he co-wrote most of the bandï¿½s songs with fellow member Jim Lea . In those happy days Noddy and the boys, including drunner Don Powell and flamboyant lead guitarist Dave Hill , could often be found hanging out at the Trumpet in Bilston. Since leaving Slade, Noddy has appeared on television, notably in The Grimleys, Coronation Street and Have I Got News for You, had his own radio show and written his autobiography, Whoï¿½s Crazee Now? His distinctive voice was used to record the lift announcements at Walsallï¿½s Art Gallery and can be heard in many advertisements, memorably for Nobbyï¿½s Nuts and Crisps. Dave Holland - Born in Wolverhampton in 1946, bassist, composer and bandleader Dave Holland taught himself how to play ukele at the age of four and went on to become a legend among jazz fans. After playing at Ronnie Scottï¿½s in London, ï¿½Wolverhamptonï¿½s jazz sonï¿½ got his big break as a performer from Miles Davis, with whom he played during the great trumpeterï¿½s ground-breaking Bitches Brew period. Solo, and in collaboration, Dave has worked with folk and rock musicians such as Bonnie Raitt and John Hartford, and even had a passing encounter with Jimi Hendrix, as well as Stan Getz, Chick Corea, Thelonious Monk and Herbie Hancock. In 2009, he co-founded an all-star group, The Overtone Quartet, and currently lives in upstate New York. His new Prism Quartet goes back to basics with blues, ballads and a definite dance vibe influenced by Caribbean sounds and the John McLaughlinï¿½s Mahavishnu Orchestra fusion. Philip Horsman - Well-known city dignitary and philanthropist Philip Horsman (1825ï¿½1890) was a self-made man who became a very successful building contractor whose firm built Wolverhampton Art Gallery from designs by Birmingham architect Julius Chatwin. The gallery opened in 1884, generously funded at a cost of ï¿½8,000 by the builder, who also donated a significant part of the original collection of art. Other early bequests and gifts came from a local tin toy manufacturer, Sidney Cartwright and his wife Marie Christian Cartwright, as well as from industrialist Paul Lutz, retailer James Beattie and the Jones Brothers, who were manufacturers of metalware and holloware. The Cartwright collection was valued at the time at ï¿½17,000 - more than the cost of the building itself. Under its charismatic curator David Rodgers , the Art Gallery would later acquire one of the countryï¿½s finest collections of Pop Art. At the foot of the imposing staircase inside is a fine painting of Philip Horsman by George Phoenix . Philip also built Wolverhamptonï¿½s Town Hall and founded the Eye Infirmary, to which he contributed ï¿½5,000, and helped rescue the Blind School in Victoria Street by giving ï¿½800. He was described as being of a modest, retiring nature and a quiet, unostentatious man of a kindly disposition. The Horsman Fountain in nearby St Peterï¿½s Gardens was erected in grateful recognition of his generosity and unveiled by the Mayoress, Mrs Mander, in 1896. Sculpted by Messrs Farmer and Brindley, it has a red granite lower bowl and the rest is in ï¿½stoneï¿½, with six dolphins supporting the central bowl and four putti supporting the upper bowl. Don Howe - Born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton in 1935, Donald ï¿½Donï¿½ Howe was educated at St. Peterï¿½s Collegiate School before going on to have a significant career in football as a player, coach and manager. He made 342 professional appearances for West Bromwich Albion and a further 70 for Arsenal (signing for Billy Wright and made club captain) as well as 23 games for England. As a coach he worked at West Bromwich Albion, Galatasaray SK, Arsenal , Queens Park Rangers and Coventry City, and was Assistant Manager with England (1977-1982). For 25 years Don was regarded as the most revered training ground guru in English football. He managed West Bromwich Albion and Arsenal and in 1988 he won the FA Cup whilst assistant manager of Wimbledon - one of the biggest shocks in the history of the competition. After leaving Wimbledon, he managed QPR and secured a place in the new FA Premier League for Coventry City. In 2003 he retired with a reputation as one of the most well-liked and respected figures in British football. Don then moved into journalism and broadcasting, becoming a pundit for Channel 4ï¿½s coverage of Serie A and for the BBC Sport website, and continued to run youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom. After Don died aged 80 in 2015, tributes poured in from football luminaries such as Roy Hodgson and Gary Lineker for a great coach, who revelled in working with players and had a superb tactical awareness - a visionary with an old-fashioned ability to organise and, above all, a gentleman. Matthew Hudson-Smith - Born in Wolverhampton in 1994, Matthew Hudson-Smith joined his local athletics club, Birchfield Harriers, and competed in sprint events before becoming a 200 metres runner. He was twice runner-up at the English Schools Championships over that distance before winning the title in 2013 at the age of eighteen. He also made his international debut for Great Britain at the 2013 European Athletics Junior Championships, getting the bronze medal, and in the 2014 season he started to concentrate on competing at 400 metres. in In Zurich he finished right behind Martyn Rooney to win a European Championship silver in a new personal best of 44.75. Matthew had only run five 400 metre races in the season before being chosen as part of Englandï¿½s 4ï¿½400 metres relay team at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. The 19-year-old, competing at his first major senior championship, picked up the baton for the final leg of the race in second place before passing Trinidad and Tobagoï¿½s Zwede Hewitt and holding off Chris Brown of the Bahamas to win the race in a storming finish. This sensational performance continued Matthewï¿½s meteoric rise from complete unknown to world-class one-lap runner. Matthew comleted a triumphant 2014 by being crowned British Athletics Young Athlete of the Year. Glenn Hughes - Born in 1951 in Cannock, Glenn fronted Finders Keepers in the 1960s and was bass player and vocalist for funk rock pioneers Trapeze, formed in 1969 with Mel Galley, Dave Holland, John Jones and Terry Rowley. Glenn joined Deep Purple in 1973 and also briefly fronted Black Sabbath. Stevie Wonder once called him his favourite white singer, and as well as being an active session musician he has maintained a notable solo career. His album called Live In Wolverhampton was recorded on a two-night stint in June 2009 at the Robin 2 in Bilston. The first night featured some of his greatest songs, including solo material and songs from his glory days with Deep Purple. The next night concentrated on his time in Trapeze. Dedicated to the memory of his friend and former Trapeze guitarist Mel Galley, who passed away in July 2008, Glenn delivered emotionally charged versions of songs taken from the albums Medusa and You Are the Music... We're Just the Band. Glenn currently fronts the supergroup Black Country Communion, with guitar star Joe Bonamassa, keyboard player Derek Sherinian and drummer Jason Bonham, son of the late Led Zeppelin legend John Bonham. William Huskisson - Born in 1770 in Worcestershire, William Huskisson spent the first five years of his life there until the family moved to the estates of his grandfather at Oxley and Bushbury, near Wolverhampton. In 1783, William and his brother Richard were adopted by their motherï¿½s uncle and went to live with him in Paris, where he witnessed the French Revolution first hand. On his return to England, he became and member of parliament and was made President of the Board of Trade in 1823. Plans for the Manchester to Liverpool railway were first made known to him the following year as the canals were proving insufficient for this area - William was a shareholder in the canals which had done so much for the counties of his birth and family and was a rail enthusiast. Unfortunately he became ill as the railway neared completion in 1830 though he was determined to be present at the opening ceremony. During this, he and some friends left their carriage during a halt when a warning was given that Stevensonï¿½s Rocket was approaching. Still feeble from illness, William attempted to board the carriage, fell across the line and was run over. He died later that day, becoming the first person in Britain to be killed in a rail accident. He was buried, with great pomp in Liverpoolï¿½s St. James's Cemetery. Eric Idle - Comedian, actor, author, singer, writer and composer Eric Idle was born in South Shields, County Durham, in 1943 and enrolled into the Royal Wolverhampton School aged seven as a boarder. At this time the school was a charitable foundation dedicated to the education and maintenance of children who had lost one or both parents (Ericï¿½s father Ernest died in a hitch-hiking accident on Christmas Eve in 1945). Eric is quoted as saying: ï¿½It was a physically abusive, bullying, harsh environment for a kid to grow up in. I got used to dealing with groups of boys and getting on with life in unpleasant circumstances and being smart and funny and subversive at the expense of authority. Perfect training for Python.ï¿½ The two things that made his life bearable were listening to Radio Luxembourg under the bedclothes and watching Wolverhampton Wanderers. He went on to become head boy but would often sneak out of school to the local cinema. He was eventually caught watching the X-rated Butterfield 8 at The Savoy Cinema in Bilston Street and stripped of his prefecture. Boredom drove Eric to study hard and he won a place at Cambridge before going on to great things with Monty Pythonï¿½s Flying Circus and beyond. Asteroid 9620 Ericidle is named in his honour. Howard Jacobson - Manchester-born author and journalist Howard Jacobson is best known for his comic novels, and won the Man Booker Prize for The Finkler Question. At a table-tennis trial in Wolverhampton in the Fifties he failed to make it into the English team and the scar of defeat clearly hadnï¿½t healed when he came back to teach English Literature at Wolverhampton Polytechnic. ï¿½When I returned to Wolverhampton 20 years later, the streets were still sodden with my disappointment. Wolverhampton didnï¿½t make everyoneï¿½s life hell, only mine; the rest of the population, even those only passing through, being of the conviction that there was no pleasanter place on the planet.ï¿½ The novelist has said many unflattering things about the city, though he enjoyed the curries at the Taj Mahal on the Willenhall Road and admired John Boulton, then head of English at Poly. He has described himself as ï¿½an unpleasant snobï¿½ in those days and perhaps he has now seen the error of his ways. Margaret Gray, a student of Jacobsonï¿½s at the Poly, has written, ï¿½I am sure he has a great deal to thank Wolverhampton for. I suggest that his continual criticism of a resourceful and warm-hearted city owes more to his being ï¿½at a rubbishy time in my lifeï¿½ than to the shortcomings of his surroundings.ï¿½ His experiences in Wolverhampton formed the basis of his first novel, Coming from Behind, a campus comedy about the fictitious Wrottesley Polytechnicï¿½s plans to merge with the local football club. Francesca Jackson - Musical theatre actress Francesca Jackson was born in Wolverhampton in 1983. At the age of eight she moved to Swansea, where she grew up and where her parents Mel and Steve still live. Francesca joined the National Youth Music Theatre in 1991 and studied Performing Arts at Neath Port Talbot College before gaining a place at the prestigious Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts (sharing a flat with her best friend, Sound of Music star Connie Fisher). Since graduating has played leading roles in a number of West End Shows including Dyanne in Million Dollar Quartet, Sue in Dreamboats and Bill Kenwrightï¿½s Petticoats (Playhouse and UK tour), Joanne in Rent, alongside Denise van Outen, Bet in Oliver! at the London Palladium, and Bugsy Malone (Queenï¿½s). She has also performed the role of Petra in A Little Night Music at the Thï¿½ï¿½tre du Chï¿½telet in Paris (alongside Leslie Caron and Greta Sacchi.), Lucy in the Barry Manilow based musical Canï¿½t Smile Without You, Dee Dee in Tonightï¿½s the Night and Lucinda in Into the Woods. Francescaï¿½s television work includes Heno, The House and Refresh. She also made the final ten in the BBC TVï¿½s search for Nancy and sang on the soundtrack recording of Evita. Francesca is a regular concert performer in the UK and abroad, including A Little Night Music in Concert for Radio France and appearing as soloist with the Transworld Orchestra at the Edinburgh Festival Theatre. Stuart Jeffries - Born in Wolverhampton, Stuart Jeffries used to edit the Walsall Observerï¿½s childrenï¿½s page under the pseudonym ï¿½Uncle Tomï¿½. He started his journalistic career at the Birmingham Post and Mail and now works for the Guardian as a feature writer and columnist. He is also the author of Mrs Slocombeï¿½s Pussy: Growing Up in front of the Telly - a highly entertaining social history described by the Daily Mail as an ï¿½hilariously Proustian, witty, entertaining and wholly idiosyncratic studyï¿½. Stephen Jenyns - Knighted by Henry VIII, wool merchant Sir Stephen Jenyns was born in Wolverhampton around 1448 and founded the Grammar School in 1512. He was a master of the ancient guild of Merchant Taylors and became Lord Mayor of London in 1509, the year of Henry VIIIï¿½s coronation. He became one of the wealthiest men in the country, reputedly paying more tax than any other person in the year 1519. Bob Jones - Robert Moelwyn ï¿½Bobï¿½ Jones was born in Wolverhampton in 1955 and lived here all his life except when he studied public administration at Nottingham University. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1980 to 2013 with responsibility for Leisure and Community Safety as well as Education, Finance, Youth Committees and many others on the City Council. He was the Labour Party candidate for Wolverhampton South West in the 1983 general election, but was defeated by Conservative Nicholas Budgen. Bob was a member of the West Midlands Police Authority from 1986 to 2012, and chaired the Authority from 1995 to 2000. He also served as a member of the Association of Police Authorities (APA) and was a member of the National Policing Board, National Criminal Justice Board, and Senior Appointment Panel. He was also a member of the service authorities for the National Crime Squad (NCS) and National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) and chaired the disciplinary committee for both authorities. He served as a non-executive director of the Black Country Cluster PCT Boards and chaired various other local community organisations and trusts. He was also the campaigning strategy director for the Campaign for Real Ale. In 2010 Bob was awarded the CBE for services to policing. On 22 November 2012, he was elected as the first Police and Crime Commissioner for the West Midlands and made an immediate impact. Bob died suddenly in his sleep in 2014 aged 59. His widow Sarah described him as a ï¿½warm and wonderful manï¿½ and many people, including Teresa May and Ed Miliband, paid tribute as ï¿½Bob Jonesï¿½ trended on Twitter UK. Flags outside Wolverhampton Civic Centre were flown at half-mast and a memorial event was held at Wolverhampton Civic Hall to honour a great public servant man of the people, respected across the political spectrum. In 2015, Blakenhall Community and Healthy Living Centre was renamed the Bob Jones Community Hub in recognition of his contribution to the city. Charles Jones - Born the son of a butcher in Wolverhampton in 1866, Charles Harry Jones was a gardener and photographer, famous for his beautiful black and white still lifes of fruit and vegetables. He worked in gardens on private estates in England from the 1890s and photographed the fruits of his labours. These inspired creations were never exhibited in his lifetime, but since a trunk containing 500 of his prints was discovered by a photography scholar at an antiques market in 1981 they have been shown widely across the world. Charles is now recognised as a master of the camera as well as the kitchen garden and a book of his photographs, The Plant Kingdoms of Charles Jones, was published in 1998. Wayne Jones - Darts player Wayne Alan Jones was born in 1965 in Wolverhampton and uses the nickname The Wanderer for his matches. He started his career in the British Darts Organisation in the late 1980s and reached the final of the British Open in 1990, but his greatest achievement was reaching the final of the Winmau World Masters in 1999 when Andy Fordham ended his hopes of a first major title. Wayne made his debut at the PDC version of the World Championship in 2004, producing his best ever performance two years later by reaching the semi-finals. In 2010, he made his first televised final appearance in the European Championships, which guaranteed him a place in the Grand Slam of Darts in his home town of Wolverhampton, where he produced a big upset by beating Scotlandï¿½s number one Gary Anderson in a thrilling victory.	i don't know
What is the name of the so called God Particle that the Hadron Collider scientists claim to have found evidence of in December 2011?	We may have glimpsed the Higgs boson, say Cern scientists \| Science \| The Guardian Higgs boson We may have glimpsed the Higgs boson, say Cern scientists Physicists have seen strong hints the Higgs boson exists, but a firm discovery may not come before the end of 2012 Tuesday 13 December 2011 11.06 EST First published on Tuesday 13 December 2011 11.06 EST Close This article is 5 years old Scientists believe they may have caught their first glimpse of the Higgs boson , the so-called God particle that is thought to underpin the subatomic workings of nature. Physicists Fabiola Gianotti and Guido Tonelli were applauded by hundreds of scientists yesterday as they revealed evidence for the particle amid the debris of hundreds of trillions of proton collisions inside the Large Hadron Collider at Cern, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva. First postulated in the mid-1960s, the Higgs boson has become the most coveted prize in particle physics. Its discovery would rank among the most important scientific advances of the past 100 years and confirm how elementary particles acquire mass. While the results are not conclusive – the hints of the particle could fade when the LHC collects more data next year – they are the strongest evidence so far that the Higgs particle is there to be found. "We have narrowed down the region where the Higgs particle is most likely to be, and we see some interesting signals, but we need more data before we can reach any firm conclusions," said Gianotti, who heads the team that works on the collider's enormous Atlas detector. "It's been a busy time, but a very exciting time." Finding the Higgs boson has been a major goal for the £10bn LHC after a less powerful machine at Cern called LEP failed to find the missing particle before it closed for business in 2000. The Higgs boson is the signature particle of a theory published by six physicists within a few months of each other in 1964. Peter Higgs, at Edinburgh University, was the first to point out that the theory called for the existence of the missing particle. Ben Allanach, a theoretical physicist at Cambridge University, said: "My own personal feeling is that they probably have some kind of Higgs. Of course, discovery cannot be officially claimed yet, but I do feel in my heart of hearts that we have just seen the precursor to a discovery announcement." According to the Higgs theory, an invisible energy field fills the vacuum of space throughout the universe. When some particles move through the field they feel drag and gain weight as a result. Others, such as particles of light, or photons, feel no drag at all and remain massless. Without the field – or something to do its job – all fundamental particles would weigh nothing and hurtle around at the speed of light. That would spell disaster for the formation of atoms in the early universe and rule out life as we know it. Scientists have no hope of detecting the field itself, but discovery of the Higgs boson would prove that it exists. While the field is thought to give mass to fundamental particles, including quarks and electrons (the two kinds of particles that make up atoms), it accounts for only one or two percent of the weight of an atom itself, or any everyday object. That is because most mass comes from the energy that glues quarks together inside atoms. To hunt for the Higgs boson physicists at the LHC sift through showers of subatomic debris that spew out when protons collide in the machine at close to the speed of light. Most of the energy released in these microscopic fireballs is converted into well known particles that are identified by the collider's giant detectors. Occasionally the collisions might create a Higgs boson, but it is expected that it would disintegrate immediately into more familiar particles. To find it scientists must look for telltale "excesses" of particles. They appear as bumps, or peaks, in data. Particle physicists use a "sigma" scale to grade the significance of results, from one to five. One and two sigma results are unreliable because they come and go with statistical fluctuations in the data. A three sigma result counts as an "observation", while a five sigma result is enough to claim an official discovery. There is less than a one in a million chance of a five sigma result being a statistical fluke. Gianotti and Tonelli led two separate teams – one using Cern's Atlas detector, the other using the laboratory's Compact Muon Solenoid. At their seminar yesterday one team reported a 2.3 sigma bump in their data that could be a Higgs boson weighing 126GeV, while the other reported a 1.9 sigma Higgs signal at a mass of around 124GeV. There is a 1% chance that the Atlas result could be due to a random fluctuation in the data. Oliver Buchmueller, a physicist on the CMS experiment, said: "We see a small bump around the same mass as the Atlas team and that is intriguing. It means we have two experiments seeing the same thing and that is exactly how we would expect a Higgs signal to build up." Early next year the Atlas and CMS teams will pool their results, a move that should see the signals strengthen. Both teams are expected to need around four times as much data before they can finally confirm whether or not the Higgs boson exists. That might be difficult to collect before the end of next year, when the machine is due to close for at least a year for an upgrade before it can run at its full design power. "There is definitely a hint of something around 125GeV but it's not a discovery yet. We need more data! I'm keeping my champagne on ice," said Jeff Forshaw, a physicist at Manchester University. "It should be said this is a fantastic achievement by all concerned. The machine has been working wonderfully and it is great to be closing in on the Higgs so soon." The director general of Cern, Rolf-Dieter Heuer, said: "I find it fantastic that we have the first results in the search for the Higgs, but keep in mind these are preliminary results. The window for the Higgs mass gets smaller and smaller, however it is still alive. But be careful, … it's intriguing hints in several channels, in two experiments, but we have not found it yet, we have not excluded it yet." If the glimpse of the Higgs boson turns into a formal sighting next year it may be one of several Higgs particles outlined in a radical theory of nature called supersymmetry, which says every known type of particle has an undiscovered twin. It is popular among many physicists because it explains how some of the forces of nature might have behaved as one in the early universe. Unifying these fundamental forces was a feat that eluded Einstein to the grave. Dick Hagen, a physicist at Rochester University who helped to develop the Higgs theory in 1964, said: "Einstein once said that God may be subtle but he is not perverse. Today's results seem to favour the simplest manifestation of [the Higgs mechanism], and that is very gratifying as it coincides with the choice we made in 1964 – not to mention the more personal issue that more complicated versions could easily fail to appear in the lifetimes of its principal authors."	Higgs boson
What name connects the 1971 Christmas No 1 record, which is the story of a love triangle involving Sue, Ted and the hero of the song, with a number machine first used on 1st June 1957 that has made over 100 million people happy?	Scientists: ‘God particle’ proof closer than ever – Light Years - CNN.com Blogs Next up- The God wave..... Particles that decay into wave and never back again- Gravitons becoming monopole gravitational waves generated from all mass and energy, a decay process of all matter. Time space and gravity are by-products of the three forces of mass in a three dimensional universe. Solid,liquid and gas, proton,neutron and electron three quarks in protons and electrons, kind of a Trinitarian universe. It's would really be funny if we were the third planet from the sun, hey- wait a minute. Water comes easily in three forms and three colors make up all the colors... What was it that Jeaus used to baptize? God does not play dice, he plays pool and the big bang was his opening shot- nice break God. March 9, 2012 at 6:13 am \| c laro Nowhere in the Bible or any other religious dogma text does it speak to earth as a living organism/Gaia. So right off the bat these books are meaningless related to the birth of anything. They speak only to us humans and far as bible goes the absurdity of that Hebrew soap opera astounds me.Religion speaks to the ego of men not a god and surely not to the goddess mother earth as the divine feminine is removed intentionally to maintain the paternity of the authors. Why do MEN discuss the birth of anything? When will human beings stop reading religion and just sit under the welkin of infinity and shut up! This universe is so huge and complex only insipid ego-maniacs like humans assume a god cares about them and that they have the power to control/hold dominion over this planet. Shame, shame, shame on you all really, become enlightened and stop reading or listening to others. They have no answers. May 16, 2013 at 11:43 am \| Rufoscoe Calling the Higgs boson the 'God' particle was a dumb idea. If it was just called the Higgs boson it would remain in the sphere of science and would be tangentially interesting to most people. Just look at the length of the posts to this thread. It is disproportionate; look at the number of posts to other leading science stories. These posts have very little to do with science and NOTHING to do with God. January 10, 2012 at 3:58 pm \| Roger Cotton Too much technology, too soon for human kind! January 4, 2012 at 5:45 pm \| anon Why do people on here have to turn this "god particle" thing into a battle between science and religion? Science and religion aren't at war with each other at all. How does explaining the complexities of HOW the universe works in anyway negate the existence of a supreme being? It doesn't. I'm a devout Christian and I absolutely LOVE the idea that we have reached a point in science where we can do these things. Folks are so caught up bashing the existence of God that they haven't given pause to truly how awe inspiring and wonderful this is. It's like a car mechanic slowly unfolding to his child (as they can handle it) just how the car works, and lets them tinker with it to "discover" things as time goes by. If atheists want to even come close to winning the, "There's no god" argument, then they need to change their foundation from "there's no god" to something positive. Even if they are completely correct and there ISN'T a God, their stance is still doomed to failulure because it's foundation is based on a negative. It's amazing that a group that claims to be so caught up in science hasn't yet grasped that simple scientific truth. January 3, 2012 at 11:00 am \| 7omnia7 Anon... The difference between Faith and Science is that the first pretends to know the Truth while the second constantly searches for It. In a certain sense an Atheist claim: "God doesn't exist", is a claim of Faith (since it can't be (yet) demonstrated). But also your: "It's amazing that a group that claims to be so caught up in science hasn't yet grasped that simple scientific truth" doesn't make sense at all. The God concept belongs to the sphere of Faith! January 4, 2012 at 9:32 am \| lunchbreaker The "God particle" name was the result of censorship by Leon M. Lederman's publisher. He wrote a boke in 1993 called "The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?". He originally wanted to call it the "godd@^n particle", but his publisher wouldn't have it. December 14, 2011 at 11:28 am \| Reji M. Issac This is going to prove Deism belief of the founders of USA, proving its mission and glorifying the Great Seal of the United States, and National anthem, which even the US citizens never wanted. December 14, 2011 at 10:17 am \| Sean You're god@^m right it will! December 15, 2011 at 3:14 am \| enkephalin07 Is it too late to change such a poorly-considered name? Now it just allows journalists sensationalize the "God particle!", muddy the water with politics, and put the subject into public discourse in such a way that readers can remain ignorant but feel more right to their opinion. December 14, 2011 at 7:48 am \| costa do sol this probablay the greatest scientific news this century so far....... and besides all the other official stuff its the beginning of the science of Teleportation...!! December 14, 2011 at 4:52 am \| Craig Damn there's god particles in my tea. December 14, 2011 at 6:15 am \| ismail durak It is really difficult for the people working in CERN to admit that they failed. Millions of funds have been spent for a ghost particle. December 14, 2011 at 1:45 am \| fimeilleur As opposed to the billions upon trillions of dollars wasted on the "holy ghost" that answers no prayers to any greater effect than that of a placebo. Oh wait, you don't understand science, it makes you question your faith in gawd, therefore it must be evil... December 14, 2011 at 1:50 am \| ismail durak Please read my answer to mr Sean and Mr Robert G. below. December 14, 2011 at 9:04 am \| fimeilleur Ok, i read your responce... what do you propose? The world population has surpassed 7 billion... airdrop condoms to the Asias and Africa? Maybe free sterilization for the masses, and we'll even let you decide who gets to propogate the future generations?... please do tell, how should we fix the issue of world hunger... the Nobel commitee awaits your reply. December 14, 2011 at 9:39 pm \| Robert G Better spending millions to find a particle wich is important for physics than spending millions for holy churches to pray to holy ghosts or other nonsens December 14, 2011 at 2:53 am \| ismail durak Please read my answer to mr sean below. December 14, 2011 at 9:01 am \| Sean It is really difficult for IDIOTS like you to understand that the damn World you're living in (with pcs, mobile phones,telecom.) depends on scientific research and not on theological research. December 14, 2011 at 5:00 am \| ismail durak Theological research is a worse alternative. We should spend more on social issues, for the millions of human beings starving and for the animals which are destroyed for profit. Only an idiot may think that a person criticising so called research for ghost particles is defending theological research. December 14, 2011 at 8:58 am \| optomist If one could research all of the information a couple of the most powerful religious organizations have hidden away from the public we might find quite a bit of science in theology. January 3, 2012 at 9:17 am \| Primewonk We have more than enough food to feed the world. The problem is in distribution. And all to often it is politics and religion that block this distribution. It seems you have an issue with this particle accelerator. Earlier research (many years ago) lead to accelerators that were linear. We learned many things. Now days, many hospitals have at least one accelerator. They're used to create isotopes used in medicine. They're used in radiation therapy. If you, or anyone you know has been treated for cancer, you should be on your knees thanking physicists and other scientists. December 14, 2011 at 1:11 pm \| transoid How do you see this as failed? Looking for "Higgs Boson" is one of many experiments that are conducting at CERN. You may see this irrelevant to your daily life, but it may be important later. Who knew when they discovered "transistor-effect", that would lead to the big revolution now in many ways including socially. So I don't see how you see this as failed. December 20, 2011 at 6:47 pm \| Brian Article in a nutshell: "Please don't stop our funding, we're getting closer... really.". December 14, 2011 at 1:40 am \| RonH It's not the article that needs to be put in a nutshell. 9 billion dollars spent on the LHC and the researchers need to fabricate progress to get funding. Really. I guess you are proof that it is possible to live in another dimension. December 20, 2011 at 2:40 pm \| msbetz I don't claim to be a scientist or have any great understanding of the galaxy, but the Cern scientists claim of alternative universes and dimensions existing in the universe has caught my interest and I think their experiment has actually worked in some weird way, as soon as the collider was turned on the US was thrown into a tail-spin politically and climatically, perhaps we have actually entered another dimension of space and time because of their experiments with physics and their attempts to create black holes with the collider....The financial world has been a black hole ever since. December 14, 2011 at 1:16 am \| LarryRollins The never attempted to "create a black hole" they're using collisions, on the magnitude of partical collisions that occur every day on earth, they are just measuring them. Besides CERN collaborates heavly with many scientist in the USA... December 14, 2011 at 1:54 am \| Adam ...because everything revolves around the u.s. right? December 14, 2011 at 4:28 am \| cyberbeing Looks like they need to show something so the funding would continue. December 14, 2011 at 1:10 am \| zedds I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE SOME TIME OFF TO VISIT EVOLUNIST CHARLES DARWINS GRAVE AND STAND ABOVE IT TO PEE OFF BECAS ALL THIS WHILE WE WERE DISILLUSIONED BY THE MONNKEY CRAP THAT DOES NOT FIT WELL WITH THE UNIVERSE IN WHICH WE LIVE NOW AND NOW THAT HE IS EXPOSED WE WANT TO VISIT EVERY EVOLUNIST GRAVE TO PEE OFF... December 14, 2011 at 12:03 am \| fimeilleur Your CAPS LOCK key is stuck again... And it's time for your meds again. December 14, 2011 at 12:23 am \| Primewonk The really scary things are that folks like zed DS are allowed to vote, and breed. December 14, 2011 at 8:51 am \| ThaGerm Yes and fossils where put there by Satan to test your faith, believe whatever gets you by, but please turn the caps lock off. December 14, 2011 at 11:12 am \| Science rocks God particle? Uhh? What??? Nobody calls it god particle CNN. Or is this just a way to please the American audience? It's called boson particle regulary and referred to as Higgs particle informally. Also not Higgs boson since there is just one boson. Simple as that. December 13, 2011 at 11:44 pm \| wasso The real God-particle is the graviton, not this one. December 14, 2011 at 12:42 am \| mr774 I fear such an experiment may produce `Black Hole`. Even if it is a tiny one, onece black hole appear our earth will be absorbed easily. And the year 2012 will soon come .... December 13, 2011 at 10:35 pm \| Nick I fear you have no idea what you're talking about. You claim to know more than particle physicists??? December 13, 2011 at 11:21 pm \| H. B. It has been said "a little knowledge can be dangerous." Your comment tends to show some of that, even though it presents no danger to anyone. On other subjects, someone like you COULD present danger of a sort. The possibility of a black hole from a collider is as close to ZERO as anything can get. And ARE you truly ABLE to believe that crockpot stuff about the world ending in 2012? Since you obviously do some reading on science matters, may I suggest that you switch from the purveyors of pseudo-science to something more solid, like Scientific American mag? The popular mags that talk about black holes emerging from the accelerator's use are pushing pure yippledung. They offer stuff like that because it sells copies to people like YOU. GULLIBLE people like YOU, who want to max out on the "Gee Whiz" factor. The real science has gobs of those, but you have to think and read a little more, after carefully selecting only reliable sources. Another good source for you, to get some good layman-level knowledge of the sciences, are the writings of Isaac Asimov. He was called "the Great Explainer." A biochemist himself, he had a memory that forgot nothing, and he could absorb all kinds of material one day and teach it the next. He was that good. But he also had the gift of words, which enabled him to put some extremely complex scientific knowledge into the heads of lay people – and he was not offering "pseudo" stuff, but the real thing. On black holes, specifically, check out the vast knowledge about them from the world's acknowledged expert on black holes: Stephen Hawking. There are videos, which are good, but there are also fake ones put on youtube by cranks, religious fanatics and troublemakers. There are books about Hawking and BY Hawking, which should feed your curiosity admirably. Your brain is yours, and it has huge capacities that even you don't realize are there. But as its custodian, you are in charge of what you will fill it with. Choose more wisely henceforth. December 13, 2011 at 11:53 pm \| Hawk Well said, well said indeed! December 14, 2011 at 12:43 am \| Sean You're waisting your time with a bunch of poes, trolls and conservative IDIOTS that don't understand a damn and keep complaining about where their tax money goes. December 14, 2011 at 4:30 am \| wasso Black holes of small sizes are produced and just as quickly disappear all the time on Earth. When a person dies, their soul in fact go through a black hole and exit a white hole [thus the near-death reported seeings of a very bright light at the end of a tunnel ] connecting them to next existence, whether that be 'Heaven', 'Hell' or whatever. December 14, 2011 at 1:04 am \| H. B. Your claim would be all the more convincing with a bit of proof. Or do you just glom onto any far-out idea you find, regardless of the source? If so, why don't you glom onto the real stuff scientists find? Are you a science-bigot or something? Profiling? Discriminating? Shame on you! Have you read "Broca's Brain" by Carl Sagan? His suggestion about why people see that light in "near-death" experiences is every bit as good as yours, better, actually, since he doesn't have to rely on mysticism or what he read in some pseudo-science mag. His possibility is entirely plausible. No black holes needed – or white holes, either! The old saying, "He who knows NOT and knows NOT that he knows NOT, is a fool; SHUN HIM. Tell me, pal, are you shunned kinda often? The cure, of course, is to only comment about things where you have some serious KNOWLEDGE. Otherwise, you get shunned. December 14, 2011 at 3:03 am \| wasso H.B. What's your job on this forum ? To 'put to shame' anyone whose ideas or conjectures don't meet with your 'quality standards' ? Speaking of Carl Sagan, wasn't he the one who openly (yet naively) welcomed contact with Aliens, while, on the other hand, Prof Stephen Hawking begs to differ ! I had a near-death experience and felt the same way as I had described on black and white holes. Perhaps it was caused by some misfirings of my neuron synapses or oxygen deprivation to give that experience..who knows ? Nonetheless, I don't have to clear my perspective through a peer review by eminent scientists to post here, thank you very much ! December 14, 2011 at 4:37 am \| Pete50 Don't call it God particle, whoever called it that is silly. December 13, 2011 at 9:59 pm \| Wowow Some things aree not meant to be discovered, 2012 December 13, 2011 at 9:23 pm \| Hawk I'm sure steam power frightened people too. Read the post above from H. B., written December 13, 2011 at 11:53 pm. Do as suggested, you will be better for it. The notion that an ancient people could predict the end of the world 5000 odd years down the road, but could not predict their own demise, is just, well, ludicrous. December 14, 2011 at 12:50 am \| PushtaPansyInDaBushesAndMonkeyHereHerYellNancyBoy Its a small world after all its a small world after all its a small, small world! December 13, 2011 at 5:33 pm \| PushtaPansyInDaBushesAndMonkeyHereHerYellNancyBoy As we have witnessed through quantum the seeker will create the sought. When indigenous tribes of the south pacific demonstrated by building replicas of WWII US airplanes out of wood to coax down the "Gods" that once visited them with cans of Spam, you see what you expect ...and you expect what you see to return again, ummm love that spam! December 13, 2011 at 5:24 pm \| desert voice (troubledgoodangel or Nathanael or Bohdan or Voiceinthedesert) God is not a "particle"! He is a matterless Spirit! His Son, the Spirit of the Father celebrates His birthday in ten days! When the Jew by the name of Jesus was born in Nazareth, to Jewish Mother and the Holy Spirit of Yahweh, the world had changed forever! First and foremost, because of His sacrifice on the Cross, we no longer die! This is why I am anxiously awaiting Jesus Birthday on December 25th! And this is why I am proud of having some Jewish blood through my Chassidic roots. What is momentous in Christmas, is that it is the Nativity of the Son of God! The Word of God, spoken by Isaiah 9, 6, has become the only ruler of Israel! The Jewish people "have seen a great light," the very light that has created the world! We Christians celebrate the coming of this Light, each Christmas. It is a source of an immense blessing for humanity! Six billion people can now say, "we will never die"! There is no greater feast on earth, than the feast of our eternal life! It's the greatest reason for rejoicing, especially for those who were dispossessed and tormented in this life! Blessed Christmas to all! Humankind, including the mad scientists! December 13, 2011 at 5:09 pm \| me ffs man read a little. they're not calling god a particle, they're not calling this particle god. it's a sad mix up that coined the term "god particle" in the first place and is not relevant at all to this article. please don't use the term "god particle" as an excuse to preach. thank you. December 13, 2011 at 5:15 pm \| bill.x the responses from believers was not to take it as a chance to preach, maybe our fried went way beyond, but a response to those who assumed and stated that the article says that it disproves god. December 13, 2011 at 5:19 pm \| PushtaPansyInDaBushesAndMonkeyHereHerYellNancyBoy The Bible tells you especially in the Gospels to WAKE UP. December 13, 2011 at 5:27 pm \| me the bible says lots of stuff.... December 13, 2011 at 5:38 pm \| Thinks They calld it "the God paticle" because, if it exists, it is the foundation, the "force" that makes the universe exist (have mass). They meant no disrespect, just a metaphor... By the way, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, the Holy Trinity, is just a metaphor for Universe, Life and Laws of Physics/Evolution, as penned by 320 intellectuals for Constantine in Nicea, in 325 AD, but don't tell anyone! Ssschhhh. December 13, 2011 at 6:01 pm \| Engr. Ali Ghafoor Dear, There is no son of God. Jesus will appear near qayamat to terminate the Dajal(friend of jews). So kindly read bible and quran to have an asnwer December 14, 2011 at 12:36 am \| mr anderson Ali...follow your own advice and read the bible. Jesus is a Jew! He is not returning to destroy Jews, but to establish a new reign over the earth. Moving on...the sad fact is, scientists are wasting their time trying to explain something that we Christians are well aware of. God created the universe. Period. All this other mumbo jumbo will continue to be proved wrong over and over...as much as they are the smartest brains, they can't get over the loopholes. December 14, 2011 at 1:31 am \| fimeilleur Dear Mr Anderson, Please explain the mental gymnastics required to reconcile the loopholes in the Bible: Genesis 1:16 God made two great lights—the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars. God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth. The stars gave light to the earth immediately, although the closest star, Alpha Centauri, is 4.3 light years away. So the very first star light would have taken 4.3 years to reach earth. The light we see from the Andromeda Galaxy takes 2.2 million years to reach earth, which also debunks the argument that the earth is only 6,000-10,000 years old. Genesis 1:11-12 and 1:26-27 Trees came before Adam. Genesis 2:4-9 Trees came after Adam. Genesis 1:20-21 and 26-27 Birds were created before Adam. Genesis 2:7 and 2:19 Birds were created after Adam. Genesis 1:24-27 Animals were created before Adam. Genesis 2:7 and 2:19 Animals were created after Adam. Genesis 1:26-27 Adam and Eve were created at the same time. Genesis 2:7 and 2:21-22 Adam was created first, woman sometime later. Genesis 1:31 God was pleased with his creation. Genesis 6:5-6 God was not pleased with his creation. Which raises the question, how can an omnipotent, omniscient God create something he’s not pleased with? Genesis 2:3 Then God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done. An omnipotent being required…rest? Genesis 2:16-17 And the Lord God commanded the man, "You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat of it you will surely die." God placed temptation in the direct path of his two naïve children and allowed them to be tempted by the serpent (Genesis 3: 1-7), resulting in a single mistake that would contaminate hundreds of billions with a sin nature worthy of eternal torture? Genesis 3:1 Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God really say, ’You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?" A talking snake. Enough said. (with credit due to thethinkingatheist dot com) And that's just the book of Genesis... December 14, 2011 at 1:47 am \| Sean God acts in mysterious ways, just like subatomic particles! HAAHHAHAHAHAA! December 14, 2011 at 8:06 am \| Sean "because of His sacrifice on the Cross, we no longer die!" So you meen Moses didn't go to Heaven since he died BEFORE Jesus was born!?! Where is Moses? December 14, 2011 at 7:49 am \| dave Jesus died for the past, present and future sins of all mankind. Moses is in heaven. If you don't believe in heaven, keep it to yourself. It was a theological question. December 14, 2011 at 10:17 am \| fimeilleur What the phoque is a theological question doing on a SCIENCE blog? December 14, 2011 at 9:34 pm \| georg You forgot about the easter bunny and santa claus, and the tooth fairy as well. January 2, 2012 at 3:36 pm \| JT It's called the God Particle to apease frightened Christians who fear science because it threatens their delusion...er...faith. Hopefully they won't vote down funding of real world progress and understanding as they attend their tax exempt churches and work tirelessly to stop the teaching of Bilogy (evolution) in our classrooms. December 13, 2011 at 5:03 pm \| bill.x December 13, 2011 at 5:05 pm \| bill.x it seems you have found your god. that explains in what you believe. it stinks to me. December 13, 2011 at 4:57 pm \| Div_Dawson please hurry up and finish it so the military can use it kill all us all! December 13, 2011 at 4:50 pm \| The Real Sarah Palin I have one of those too. December 13, 2011 at 4:35 pm \| Sally It is incredible how just the mention of the word, God, brings out all the anti-intellectuals. Obviously many, many people are interested in knowing how the world works, but not the religious zealots who somehow think that using one's mind to understand our world is wicked!. December 13, 2011 at 4:35 pm \| bill.x they don't think the mind or it's use is wicket – it is just limited to the physical world, which they too understand. some of the best minds in science have been and continue to be believers. December 13, 2011 at 4:51 pm \| nurduling Is this world not wicked? where were you from? were you born blind? to ask if this world is not wicked....reflect and make assesment..... December 13, 2011 at 11:28 pm \| GaryP I have seen the "God particle". I call it "Tim Tebow" though. Rolls off the tongue better. December 13, 2011 at 4:28 pm \| TonyNVA Tim's next job will be preacher. Have his own big tele-church. December 13, 2011 at 4:32 pm \| lunchbreaker My favorite scripture is Sec Championship verse 2009: Tebow wept. December 13, 2011 at 5:35 pm \| Mike Just stop calling the Higgs the "God particle." Please MSM. You haven't the faintest clue what you are talking about and it's misleading millions of theists. December 13, 2011 at 4:22 pm \| me the term "god particle" has done nothing but confuse people. December 13, 2011 at 4:32 pm \| ObjectiveOpinion One god particle is Jesus Christ, who ended up on a stick. Maybe there were trying to determine if he was Higgs boson. December 13, 2011 at 4:21 pm \| asdf You are mentally handicapped...aren't you December 13, 2011 at 4:34 pm \| Thinking7 December 13, 2011 at 4:20 pm \| Smukers They have found "nothing". This is not news worthy. December 13, 2011 at 4:18 pm \| I'm The Best! This is VERY newsworthy. They have found that there appears to be a particle that they were not sure existed before. If it is repeatable enough times then they can say it definitely exists. This has HUGE implications in the particle physics/string theory world. December 13, 2011 at 4:24 pm \| bill.x that is silly. thier work is like saying that they may have found a way to shine light in an otherwise half dark room and will prove whether there is something in the dark side of room that influences the the light and prove how the other lighted side is influenced by the darkside. well, we already know that god made everything that is known and unknown, seen and unseen, capable of being measured or infinite – including the whole room, the building it is in, the planet the building rest on and the space and dynamics that allowed big-bang to happen December 13, 2011 at 4:15 pm \| me "we already know that god made everything that is known and unknown" says who??? December 13, 2011 at 4:21 pm \| TonyNVA You are silly goose billy. God made nothing. We already know that. December 13, 2011 at 4:22 pm \| BlaisePaschal Actually, that's not what they are saying at all. That's a very bad metaphor. By looking at all the different pieces of the puzzle, they can see how it's put together and what it looks like. It's not too dissimilar to forensics - looking at the available pieces and putting it all together based on the evidence at hand. The purpose of these experiments is not to prove or disprove that God exists - that's not the goal of science. It is to see how creation is put together and how it works. This work has profound implications for physics, and it is very exciting to learn how they are going about solving this great mystery of science. December 13, 2011 at 4:24 pm \| ScienceSoma We do not know that god made everything. The only evidence of that is a bunch of people saying it. Science at least has evidence to back its claims and conclusions it can draw through analysis of data sets like CERN is collecting. Prove that God made the universe and I will believe. Prove that aliens abducted people, and I will believe. Prove ghosts are real, and I will believe. The position on a god's role is the same as anything else in this universe: until there is evidence to prove it, no rational person should believe it. December 13, 2011 at 4:28 pm \| Timmy "well, we already know that god made everything that is known and unknown, seen and unseen, capable of being measured or infinite" Please explain how you KNOW this because I am sure you do not have some special intelligence that allows you to know the unknown. December 13, 2011 at 4:47 pm \| bristoltwit palin... America's favorite dancing cow. I thought I lost my buttplug again the other day but then I found it. Guess where it was... giggle December 13, 2011 at 4:10 pm \| zeeba December 13, 2011 at 4:46 pm \| Patrick The "God" particle will not determine if there is or is a God. That is a separate argument based upon "In Fides Sola" (By Faith Alone)- or in the case of Santa is seeing=believing or is Believing=seeing....do you belive or not believ because you have had or haven't had a "connection" (seeing, hearing, feeling) or do you just believe that the sun will come out tommorow (you have no proof that it will, but you believe it will). Some people believe in a higher power/ some believe in society, George Carlin belived in the Sun and Joe Pesci, while other believ they will have another drink. Any of these, based upon your feelings, could be concidered "God". To describe what the Higgs-Boson perticle is meant to determine, look the following link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson December 13, 2011 at 4:08 pm \| JPopNC I'll consider this a 'god particle' if, and only if, they can create something out of absolute NOTHING! They are working to collide particles, but that's using something. I say create a vacuum and let it sit there, then if a whole universe is created out of nothing, then you have it!!! December 13, 2011 at 4:23 pm \| Timmy whos to say that the big bang wasnt created from two particles colliding? December 13, 2011 at 4:49 pm \| palintwit Amazing how they can find something like this but can't find one single brain particle in the entire 2012 GOP presidential line-up. December 13, 2011 at 4:04 pm \| Thinking7 Couldn't find one in Obama either much less the people that voted for him. December 13, 2011 at 4:21 pm \| MrHanson December 13, 2011 at 4:23 pm \| ScienceIsGod Awesome science.....congratulations coming soon to the folks at LHC and around the world who have, in collaboration, accomplished so much. Just one more tiny glimpse into the amazing creations of God. December 13, 2011 at 4:01 pm \| Byrd The actual "god" particle is the photon. Physicists sometimes get so carried away with blasting things into their tiniest particles that they miss the real goal entirely. December 13, 2011 at 4:00 pm \| ScienceSoma No, the "god" particle is the Higg's boson. A photon is a photon and can be directly observed. December 13, 2011 at 4:31 pm \| Yoda If they find the God Particle will they also find the Anti-God Particle,.... are we in any kind of trouble ??? December 13, 2011 at 3:57 pm \| John B ....... ........ There...I found it for you. The God particle is right there on the left. Its the one that come in between all the ones that actually exist. Now worship it. December 13, 2011 at 4:30 pm \| Geezer Why don't all the jesus nazis stay out of this. December 13, 2011 at 3:53 pm \| Converted Because we can't... Like Paul in Ephesians we are Prisoners of Christ Jesus. The Good News will be told. December 13, 2011 at 4:04 pm \| JOE in LOS ANGELES December 13, 2011 at 4:08 pm \| shrub how does Jesus have anything to do with nazis? he is God, nazi's were atheists.. December 13, 2011 at 4:10 pm \| Dan Hahaha. That's a joke, right? December 13, 2011 at 4:32 pm \| ScienceSoma Yes, Nazis were atheists.. so much so that they literally marched around with buckles on their uniforms that said "Gott Mit Uns". Translation: "God With Us". You are simply historically inaccurate. December 13, 2011 at 4:36 pm \| Johnny 5 Hopefully this will contribute to the end of religion and we can move forward as a species December 13, 2011 at 3:50 pm \| bill December 13, 2011 at 3:57 pm \| Usmelllikepee December 13, 2011 at 3:58 pm \| Dan, TX I think the end of belief in God will require biological evolution to reduce the frequency of those in the population whose brains were hard-wired to believe in an authority figure (GOD) to allow them to be good followers of God's representatives on Earth. They were literally born believers and their upbringing led them to the exact beliefs they have now. But they have almost no choice, their brains were made wired to have the behavior of believing in God, much like gays are born gay. December 13, 2011 at 3:59 pm \| couch The purpose of science is NOT to prove or disprove religion. It's only purpose is to understand how things in the universe(and maybe someday alternate universes) work. It can never disprove the existence of a god. December 13, 2011 at 3:59 pm \| Me It does – thats why it called "Gods particle". If they find and catch that matter they would say "See – this is God's particle. This particle created the world, not God". December 13, 2011 at 4:03 pm \| Tim Best post of the thread. Thanks for sneaking in a little sanity. December 13, 2011 at 4:08 pm \| NT Actually, "Me," your assumption is incorrect. It's called the God particle because it serves as the foundation of unifying the various subsets of physics equations that govern the known universe. It is theorized to be both ubiquitous and elusive, just as God, and is thought to be the most fundamental component of matter as we know it. Its reference ("God particle") is an analogy that only coincidentally puts modern day geocentrists into a frenzy. December 13, 2011 at 4:09 pm \| zeeba So that's how it got the nickname. Thanks for explaining that, NT – none of the other articles I've read even address it. December 13, 2011 at 4:50 pm \| Mrcupobean I agree. Science wasn't the result of putting up a fight to destroy religion; yet science has been making great strides in being a more honest, gracious, fun, and enlightening lens to understand the world around us all than of (especially) monotheistic religions. Religions similar to Christianity will be slowly changed and contorted by society itself until quite possibly the only real message left will be similar to the golden rule. The stories of Arks and resurrections will be left as markers as we all grew to understand each other and the real world we live in. December 13, 2011 at 4:55 pm \| Gina I can't wait for science to finally show us the proof! That will be the greatest day ever! ...I wonder how all of the religious people out there will respond X ) December 13, 2011 at 4:12 pm \| Thinking7 God created science and the curiosity that each one of us has as human beings. He is the master of all creation. December 13, 2011 at 4:22 pm \| MrHanson Probably we will respod the same way when science proved that the cell is not a simple 'blob' of protoplasm like Charles Darwin said it was. December 13, 2011 at 4:25 pm \| Timmy "God created science and the curiosity that each one of us has as human beings. He is the master of all creation." God created science yet there is no mention of science in the bible. And 1500 years ago, people were afraid to enter the scientific community simply because Christians would kill them for thinking critically. December 13, 2011 at 4:53 pm \| bill.x that is silly. thier work is like saying that they may have found a way to shine light in an otherwise half dark room and will prove whether there is something in the dark side of room that influences the the light and prove how the other lighted side is influenced by the darkside. well, we already know that god made everything that is known and unknown, seen and unseen, capable of being measured or infinite – including the whole room, the building it is in, the planet the building rest on and the space and dynamics that allowed big-bang to happen. December 13, 2011 at 4:13 pm \| Mark Did you really need to post this same comment twice in the same thread??? It makes no sense no matter where you post it December 13, 2011 at 4:31 pm \| Clif Never going to happen. Science disprove the God that made it possible to exist. The very fact that we are discussing this with thoughts, judgement, anger, and love is proof to me that God exists. The discovery of a particle. Sadly, from what I read it is not likely to be proven. December 13, 2011 at 4:14 pm \| MrHanson Atheism is religion. Get over it. December 13, 2011 at 4:24 pm \| fimeilleur You have your fingers in your ears again. Atheism is to religion as not playing football is to sports, or not collecting stamps is to hobbies. You are an idiot. December 15, 2011 at 8:00 am \| MrHanson Ahh yes. Maybe when we finally evolve out of all our emotions. Finally when there is no such thing as happiness, sadness and hope. We will finally become atonomous organisms with the only sole purpose is to survive and procreate. No more searching for meaning in our life and the universe. December 13, 2011 at 4:33 pm \| DoctorDave Johnny 5, we need religion. It is the only thing that keeps people who do not have an internal source of morality from killing those of us that do. December 13, 2011 at 4:51 pm \| Jo I don't think they should call it the "God" particle, as this is offensive to those who believe in God. It's called the Higgs boson, in the physics community, and I have never heard it called the other name. No need to sensationalize unnecessarily, CNN. December 13, 2011 at 3:47 pm \| steveg it's not CNN who named it as such...also if it offends....there's a little red box at the top right containing an X that you can use to make this page never exist... December 13, 2011 at 3:50 pm \| Sharkfisher If my believing in an Almighty God and his Son Jesus offends you, you can also use the red x button.Whether you believe or not does not offend me. That is your choice.I'll pray for you. December 13, 2011 at 4:00 pm \| bill I am tired of those idiot scientists and things like you. They say "Lets build and see what it does" Neither them, nor you have the idea what this "smasher" does – yet scream "Go Go". Just plain stupid. December 13, 2011 at 4:01 pm \| NT Actually, Bill, I'm pretty sure those "idiot" scientists have a pretty good idea of what their multi-billion dollar atom smasher does. You can read their descriptions in almost any science journal. Be careful about assuming other people lack knowledge just because you do. December 13, 2011 at 4:06 pm \| I'm The Best! Bill, These scientists know exactly what this particle collider does. And I have a pretty good idea about how it works. Just because you don't want to take the time to learn or are just to stupid to understand doesn't mean you should be responding to anyone's post about it. In fact, you should just attempt to educate yourself and not post stupid responses to things you don't understand. December 13, 2011 at 4:12 pm \| Nick This is the nickname of the particle in a community much more extensive than CNN sensationalism. December 13, 2011 at 3:50 pm \| Cynthia C Often I find those who believe in God offend me on a regular. Just saying. It's what people call it. Get over it. Or ask God to stop it. December 13, 2011 at 3:59 pm \| Ana Costa December 13, 2011 at 4:28 pm \| Ric I'm afraid this Higgs boson might turn out to be immaterial thus undiscoverable by science. Something akin to the inside of the black hole where singularity or immaterialism can be found. They just have to acknowlege that not everything in the universe is matter. December 13, 2011 at 3:43 pm \| Luther51 Science spares no expense trying to disprove God. December 13, 2011 at 3:36 pm \| steveg nowhere has it said they are trying to "disprove" god...because they aren't. i mean there is the possibility that may be a sideline casualty but its not their intent. December 13, 2011 at 3:41 pm \| Ethan Wilson Looks like they are trying to prove him, not DISprove him. December 13, 2011 at 3:41 pm \| Not Stupid. December 13, 2011 at 3:41 pm \| Nick Religious fundies (distinct from spirituality in general) spare no expense in demonizing science. The Higgs-Boton is not an attempt to "disprove God," but to unify the seemingly arbitrary behavior of the different forces at work in the known universe into a unified theory. This was the goal of Einstein's life, although he never reached it, and Einstein was certainly no atheist. It's called the "God particle" because, through it, the universe could be described through a single governing equation as opposed to several subsets. December 13, 2011 at 3:46 pm \| MJ December 13, 2011 at 4:05 pm \| BL Nick, you sound like an intelligent, reasonable, well educated person. So what are you doing here? December 13, 2011 at 4:12 pm \| DoctorDave It is true, science does not spare any expense at all trying to disprove the existence of God. No money or time is spent on it at all. Scientists are smart enough to know that you cannot logically prove that something does not exist. We prefer to spend our time and money working on things that we can prove DO exist. Science works. Your ability to read this message proves it, because you need a device that is based entirely on chemistry and physics to even see it. When your computer or cell phone turns into a demon and flies away to Hell, let us know, and please, provide pictures. December 13, 2011 at 4:01 pm \| mark don't mess with MY particle or i'll smite all of you humans December 13, 2011 at 3:31 pm \| localdelii A few months back, t CERN said it is unlikely Higgs boson exists—perhaps a 5% chance, so what's this? Science or spin science? December 13, 2011 at 3:29 pm \| steveg science changes practically every couple days...does it surprise you that in a few months they went from doesnt exist to here it is? December 13, 2011 at 3:36 pm \| Canadian Funny, a few thousands years ago everyone knew the Earth was the centre of the universe. A few hundred years after that, everyone knew the Earth was flat. A few years after that, everyone knew it was impossible to send a message across the atlantic ocean via wireless morse code A few hundred years after that, everyone knew flight was impossible A few years after that, everyone knew it was impossible to go the moon Imagine what we as people today deem impossible will realise IS possible tomorrow. December 13, 2011 at 3:44 pm \| steveg isn't that the long version of a quote from a movie? i just ask because i heard it the other day....was it angels and demons? (im generally curiously asking....and also agree with the point therein) December 13, 2011 at 3:48 pm \| augustghost December 13, 2011 at 3:51 pm \| MIB It comes from men in black. December 13, 2011 at 4:02 pm \| johann1965 Are you suggesting that in the light of discovery, they suppress the truth and stick to the 5% statement because that is the only way to stay consistent? Either you are scientifically ignorant or a Republican. December 13, 2011 at 3:54 pm \| Sharon Bolstad Confused. Am pretty sure those aren't mutually exclusive (quite the opposite, in fact). December 13, 2011 at 4:35 pm \| johann1965 Agreed. That's should be an and/or. December 13, 2011 at 4:39 pm \| tmack Our particle who art in science, Higgs Boson be thy name Thy presence come when the accelerator is done In higher math as it is in nature Amen December 13, 2011 at 3:28 pm \| an agnostic As an agnostic that was raised in a Catholic family, I must say that comment made my day. 🙂 December 13, 2011 at 3:54 pm \| pm ha ha same here. i was raised Catholic and I am now agnostic...made my day too. Might use it later... December 13, 2011 at 4:24 pm \| Clayton Our film, The Atom Smashers, chronicles the hunt for the Higgs boson when it was centered at Fermilab, the US lab near Chicago. It explores the culture and politics surrounding particle physics, and gives scientists a human face. Then budget cuts happened and everything changed... now the race is centered at CERN in Europe. Here's a link: http://www.137films.org/The-Atom-Smashers.aspx December 13, 2011 at 3:25 pm \| m. dhanani Every particle is GOD particle. there is no particle that humans have made ...... December 13, 2011 at 3:20 pm \| BELIEVER RIGHT ON! ALL OF IT WAS AND IS CREATED BY GOD!! December 13, 2011 at 3:30 pm \| jb December 13, 2011 at 3:41 pm \| pm We don't take people seriously who use ALL CAPS. btw December 13, 2011 at 4:26 pm \| Tim Tebow December 13, 2011 at 3:39 pm \| johann1965 Classic! This is the hail mary of particles! December 13, 2011 at 3:58 pm \| tmack The synthetically prepared elements are (with name, symbol, atomic number): technetium (Tc), 43 December 13, 2011 at 3:42 pm \| StructuralDude How many of these are stable elements? December 13, 2011 at 4:11 pm \| Bobs your uncle Nice! Tmack -1 – jesus freaks -0 December 13, 2011 at 4:16 pm \| dave All of those are elements fit perfectly within the laws of physics. potentialy ALL of them could now or could have existed naturally but most of them have a half life of .02 seconds thus are no longer around in nature. When man makes a particle that throws the laws of physics out the window we can truly call it man-made rather than man-ufactured. When we have made a particle that makes left be right up be down or time be the same color as potato, then we could call it man made. December 14, 2011 at 12:17 pm \| lawoman December 13, 2011 at 3:19 pm \| AZLib I wonder if this group of researchers are the same bunch that came up with cold fusion? December 13, 2011 at 3:12 pm \| EuphoriCrest December 13, 2011 at 3:25 pm \| Mike Uh, no. Those were geniuses right here in the U.S. of A. December 13, 2011 at 3:39 pm \| DoctorDave Nope. There is absolutely connection between Pons and Fleischmann, the "cold fusion" guys, and CERN. There is also no connection between "cold fusion" and the Higgs boson. If, as it appears, your intent was to draw an analogy between one pair of incompetent and deluded electrochemists pretending to be physicists the people and work being done at CERN, EPIC FAIL! December 13, 2011 at 3:48 pm \| Jayj7 I know a Physicists reply when I see one. December 13, 2011 at 4:18 pm \| Ian The discovery will be verified in 2012... COINCIDENCE??? Yes. Seriously, this is awesome though. Science! December 13, 2011 at 3:11 pm \| augustghost it all ends as we know it in 2012 December 13, 2011 at 3:53 pm \| Hey You Perhaps ALL particle physics is actually "background variation"..... December 13, 2011 at 3:10 pm \| Canadian I recommend the "God" particle be renamed the "Athiest Particle". Face it…this particle could potentially open up a world of greater understanding as to how the smallest elements of the smallest elements within the universe operates and you will STILL have people standing on street corners holding a bible stating "in the beginning, God created the universe" – come on. No 21st century, logical thinking human being will ever be satisfied with that statement. It's the most simplistic statement ever written by the hand of man. When I was in Grade 4, I was taught about the 5W's…Who, What, When, Where and Why If there was to be a logical discussion about "In the beginning, God created the universe" based on the 5W's you will come up with, Who – God…a mystifying person, object, abstract being who despite being all never shows himself What – What was the universe made out of?? Don't worry yourself about, all you need to know, In the beginning, God created the universe, no more, no less When – In the beignning. That's all you need to know. Where – Doesn't matter. Don't worry about it. Why – To act as a silient and invisible mentor to the people of Earth. But when you think about it, the people who wrote the Bible didn't know the Earth was round or rotated around the sun, which in turn, rotates around the centre of the milky way galaxy, which in turn is home billions of billions of billions of stars and planets which in turn is one galaxy out of billions of billions of billions of billions of galaxies that can be seen using today's advanced technologies. But that said, don't worry your little self about – God created the universe. December 13, 2011 at 3:08 pm \| JJ Amen, my Canadian brother, amen. Could not have said it better myself. December 13, 2011 at 3:17 pm \| Michael Yes, there's no way an all-knowing and all-powerful God could possibly use science to make the universe. If I can't understand it, it must not be real. December 13, 2011 at 3:26 pm \| Canadian I will add to that statement...If people can't understand it, God must have done it....it's just THAT SIMPLE. Look at the ancient populations of history. Greek, Egypt, Norse...they all had Gods for every possible natural wonder and feelings. They built temples, made sacrifices, statues, celebrations all in the name of Gods they created. Do we 21st century refer to the a hurricane or 100 year wave as act of Poseidon?? Do we offer sacrifices or prayers in hopes Poseidon will save us from destruction? Perhaps the people of New Orleans should have sacrified a 1000 heads of cattle to save their city from Poseidon's wrath in 2005....???? Better, maybe the national weather service should offer a 1000 heads of cattle and build a temple in along the Coastline, in honour of Poseidon in hopes hurrican season won't happen. Please. Our 21st century ignorance is really humourous. We look at these civilisations and their Gods and say, "oh how cute, they built a temple in honour of Poseidon, or Apollo, or Neptune or Rah, or Ares or Aphrodite". Guaranteed in 1000 years time, civilisations will be looking our present day society and will say the EXACT SAME THING ABOUT US. December 13, 2011 at 3:38 pm \| Great Really... So, is that why whenever scientists can't describe something they shield themselves under the cloak of "singularity." And, I am to believe everyting came out of "infinitely dense", "infinitely small" perfect sphere that somehow exploded into big bang... Ok may be God did that, I agree. The point is God will just keep teasing us... I am not against science because we made science. We agreed on numerals that describe quantification. May be if we agree to a different numbering system we would not have those mysterious strange numbers like pi, boltzman's, or planck's, etc... So, stay grounded otherwise, if you're overwhelmed by your wits you may end up in a wheel chair...like you know who? December 13, 2011 at 3:30 pm \| Dan, TX Humans have evolved so that many in the population are predisposed to believe in God because of selection for that trait (belief in God gave a survival benefit by either improving the survival of the group or allowing the group organized by religion to kill off those who did not believe). There certainly is variation for this trait, and many people don't inherently believe in God through a genetic predisposition, however, some believers have been trained to believe. The important point is that you can't expect people who were born believers to not believe in God anymore than you could expect people who were born gay to stop being gay. Let's have some understanding that we should treat each other believers and non-believers with respect. December 13, 2011 at 3:45 pm \| prw Just a little insight to the name "god particle". Scientists are not trying to replace God in any way. In fact it could be a way of praising God in that the name was given because of the hopes that by finding the Higgs Boson, the "god particle", they will begin to understand how mass came about. If there were no mass we would not exist. In short it is a pinnacle in the study of science not a replacement of any religious ideology ( God) ). December 13, 2011 at 3:03 pm \| Big Worm I'd like to replace god. December 13, 2011 at 3:12 pm \| shrub you can't. he is there. you can try and deny it but how do you explain morality? how do you explain life? where did it come from? make excuses. it will only hurt you in the end.. December 13, 2011 at 4:15 pm \| palintwit Scientists studying at the prestigious Sarah Palin University (Floyd County, Arkansas campus) have been aware of the "god particle" for some time. They discovered it by accident while researching new ways of making really cool stuff out of Lego blocks. (One of Ms. Palin's personal favorites) December 13, 2011 at 2:58 pm \| Googliano December 13, 2011 at 3:27 pm \| Rod in Dallas TX Finally gonna prove that God is an imaginary being created to scare people. I love it. Bye bye religion. December 13, 2011 at 2:56 pm \| Michael How would this disprove God? December 13, 2011 at 2:57 pm \| Ian The burden of proof, not disproof, is what makes the idea of God sound so silly. December 13, 2011 at 3:15 pm \| Michael The fact that the creation story lines up almost perfectly with the big bang theory is good proof. And since it is Rod in Dallas Texas who expects this discovery to disprove God, it is his burden to explain how it would disprove it. December 13, 2011 at 3:31 pm \| Converted Amen brother Michael... I agree with this statement: "The fact that the creation story lines up almost perfectly with the big bang theory is good proof" December 13, 2011 at 3:50 pm \| Converted Once again people... you are only witnessing God's creations. Did a scientist create this? NO... God did!! December 13, 2011 at 3:02 pm \| Steve I agree. How would this disprove God? December 13, 2011 at 3:04 pm \| romin256 How do you know god created everything? What if it was a giant spaggetti monster that created everything? Dont pretend to know when none of us know. December 13, 2011 at 3:10 pm \| Ian Don't strain your brain too hard, Converted, you might actually do some critical thinking. December 13, 2011 at 3:17 pm \| Converted Critical thinking like Romin256? I will stay with God!! Please don't think I am being naive... I was once agnostic leaning toward athiesm... I used agree with the athiests out there... Then Jesus found me in a very real and powerful way... I belive in spirts... I belive in God and Jesus Christ... There is a good chance you will be converted also some day. Peace be with you. December 13, 2011 at 3:26 pm \| Can't be proved Some things just can't be explained, such as God. If the big bang theory were true, then how did those gases and explosion happen? Where did they come from? If the universe is expanding (and not infinite), then what is outside of the universe? Existence (and God) is something that will never be proved by any lifeform. Ever. But it will never be disproved either. Thus let us believe what we want through our roots and personal experiences/miracles with God. December 13, 2011 at 4:14 pm \| johann1965 December 13, 2011 at 3:57 pm \| Ron What if photons decay over time? What if the red=shift isn't the Doppler Effect at all? That is to say, if you bounced a photon back and forth between two mirrors in a laboratory for 5 billion years would you observe a red-shift identical to the red-shift of observed light coming from distant galaxies? Is the Big Bang Theory so weak that imaginary paricles, energy, matter and dimensions have to be fabricated to make it work? From what I see, CERN could be spelled with just two letters B and S. December 13, 2011 at 2:53 pm \| Sam I would recommend reading more. December 13, 2011 at 3:11 pm \| Troy Your problem is that this can easily be tested over much shorter time scales, even down to fractions of a second. It would certainly have been noticed in all the experiments done. Also, how then do you explain blue shifts? Are the photons 'anti-decaying'? December 13, 2011 at 3:14 pm \| Time light Rather than photon decay, it is more likely that there are actually two time dimensions as predicted by string theory. The second time dimension, only detectable at extreme speeds or in infinitely small space accounts for the red shift and also would dispel the problems with singularities. December 13, 2011 at 3:16 pm \| Ian If i'm understanding what you're saying right, wouldn't photon decay break the law of conservation of energy? December 13, 2011 at 3:19 pm \| Steve December 13, 2011 at 4:57 pm \| TT "...it’s very likely we might get an answer that we could consider solid." I'm convinced. December 13, 2011 at 2:53 pm \| Steve God is Love. More than this we can not ask. December 13, 2011 at 2:50 pm \| Ancient Curse True. Not until that "love" thing starts to take effect. If anything, we are a patient people. December 13, 2011 at 2:53 pm \| sam December 13, 2011 at 3:12 pm \| Steve December 13, 2011 at 4:55 pm \| D Be sure to watch the video as he explains how we can actually use this new technology/discovery. Science, recognize. December 13, 2011 at 2:45 pm \| closetiguana I open they hurry up. All the other gods I've been praying to don't seem to be listening. December 13, 2011 at 2:45 pm \| closetiguana ^ – I hope they hurry up. (I blame the type god for that mistake). December 13, 2011 at 2:46 pm \| Steve PLEASE stop calling it the God particle for emotive appeal. If people can't appreciate the theory for what it is, it's their loss. Stop trying to make science a comic book. December 13, 2011 at 2:41 pm \| Steve Sorry, guys. My daughter posted that. I've always called it the god particle. December 13, 2011 at 2:46 pm \| Steve Sorry again guys, that was my wife. She's a nag; forgive her. December 13, 2011 at 3:02 pm \| Steve December 13, 2011 at 3:05 pm \| Jim Pappas If they are not actually observing it, but observing the effects it has on other particles, how do they know it is the hoped for Higgs boson, and not some other as yet undiscovered particle or energy? Conserving the integrity of the tool and discipline of science is important. Observing a "bump" on a graph is not quite the same thing as observing the particle itself. Kudos to the scientists who are doing this painstaking and tedious research, their efforts are to be lauded, regardless of the outcome. Zeus had an origin and even had parents according to the mythologies. Almighty God has no origin, but is eternal, and is the origin of all creation. If the Higgs boson is believed to be the original particle, or the most base particle of matter, the "God" particle makes sense. If it is a particle of great power, but has something preceding it, then the Zeus particle would make more sense. However, just calling it the Higgs boson would make the most sense; it just doesn't have the same impact. December 13, 2011 at 2:41 pm \| Mycenia If it does what it is expected to do, it is what it is. You can name it anything, but the effect will be the same. December 13, 2011 at 2:43 pm \| Jim Pappas If you cannot see it, how do you know what is the cause? The Higgs boson could be 4 more steps beyond what is being measured. Science requires observation and confirmation. If you cannot observe it, but can only measure some effect, true, something is causing the effect, but you cannot actually say with any scientific certainty it is what you claim unless it can be observed and confirmed. Observing a "bump" on the graph is not the same as observing the particle. The "bump" is a measurement open to interpretation, the particle is the particle. "It is what it is" but may not be what you believe it is; perception is not always the same as reality. Something may be there, but it may not be the something you expect or claim. December 13, 2011 at 3:25 pm \| Evskie If there is any effect at all that you can measure then you are observing. Quit tryting be silly December 13, 2011 at 3:40 pm \| I'm The Best! They haven't actually observed many particles. Once you get small enough light no longer hits things because the wavelength is bigger than the thing you're looking at. No fermion or boson has ever actually been seen but their effects are. December 13, 2011 at 3:17 pm \| Bemused If it walks like a duck repeatedly, and quacks like a duck repeatedly, chances are it's a duck December 13, 2011 at 3:18 pm \| Bob S In this case they've only gotten a 3sigma quack, so it has not quite been proven to be a duck December 13, 2011 at 3:28 pm \| teacher How do you know what the Sun looks like? All you can see is the light coming from it. How do you know gravity exists? All you can see is its effects. That's poor thinking. December 13, 2011 at 4:42 pm \| Bob Wow! No matter which theory prevails the particle that started it all came from somewhere, or the energy that created the particle came from somewhere. December 13, 2011 at 2:40 pm \| D And this particle found it very important as to what hat is worn and when. December 13, 2011 at 2:43 pm \| Steve You you mind reposting your comment in English? December 13, 2011 at 2:47 pm \| James The name is stupid because there is no God, bear0402 is correct that science cannot be argued and will always win. Stop believing in an imaginary figure and get on with your life. Religion was created to dupe people into giving their money to a snake oil salesman. December 13, 2011 at 2:40 pm \| Michael Except that science and God are not mutually exclusive and religion has been around since before currency. December 13, 2011 at 2:45 pm \| Steve You must lead a very sad existence. December 13, 2011 at 2:49 pm \| ralph Some folks may remember what the first cosmonaut said upon his return to earh. December 13, 2011 at 3:24 pm \| matt ...........Seek and ye shall find.............. December 13, 2011 at 2:40 pm \| D Ahhh, there's my left sock! Thanks Jesus! December 13, 2011 at 2:44 pm \| Bemused All I know about the Higgs boson is that no matter how well Sheldon drew his Pictionary version of the particle, Penny still couldn't guess what it was... December 13, 2011 at 2:39 pm \| tevii I think its appropriately called the god particle since neither exist December 13, 2011 at 2:38 pm \| Phil in KC OK – so exactly what is this so-called "God particle"? How does it inform us? The article fails to explain that. I guess I'm just a dumb old Iowa Boy, because I'm not familiar with sub-molecular physics and it's impact on scientific reasoning. December 13, 2011 at 2:34 pm \| 2yossarian2 The Higgs boson (or Higgs field) is hypothesized to be what gives matter its mass...Basically, it makes e=mc2 work by being the internal link that allows energy to convert to matter and vice-versa December 13, 2011 at 2:40 pm \| PinkSwan Thank you! I read that whole thing and still couldn't figure out why I should care. December 13, 2011 at 2:53 pm \| ..,.. but they just proved that e isnt mc2, besides in partical physics that never was the case anyway December 13, 2011 at 3:09 pm \| Mycenia There's a good chance the author has no idea himself. From what I understand, finding it would help to confirm the Higgs mechanism, which is one way of explaining why particles have mass and don't remain mass-less energy. December 13, 2011 at 2:41 pm \| EuphoriCrest The article isn't meant to be a complete course in physics. Get a hold of Fabric of the Cosmos by Brian Greene for a good start in understanding physics for beginners. December 13, 2011 at 2:44 pm \| Bob S Just ignore the String Theory part December 13, 2011 at 3:25 pm \| H. B. If you're just a dumb Iowa boy, why did you come here to read this? If the article doesn't leave you informed, or knowing why you should care, please note that pleasing YOU wasn't on the author's agenda. If it's confusing, there's a cure. Bone up on the subject. There are many fine books in the library and in stores which could help you grasp some of it. Particle physics is probably the most demanding and difficult science of all. Articles like this are for those of us who DO know a wee bit about it and are interested in learning more. I'm one of them, and I'll freely admit that I am still profoundly ignorant of what particle physics is about. What I DO know is that they are learning things about how the cosmos assembles itself, what the nature of matter is, and I know a few things about how they're going about it. One thing is for sure: it is important research. And I'd also know better than to presume I know more than the researchers do. I might have questions I'd like to ask them, naturally. Why not hit the library? Learning never hurt anyone, of any age. Ignorance isn't anything to be ashamed of; curing it can be great FUN. It starts in libraries and bookstores, and the fun comes from learning from what you read. Try it. December 14, 2011 at 1:51 am \| fimeilleur I am officially a fan. December 14, 2011 at 2:01 am \| Godless Here's the difference between science and religion: Science says things like: "Scientists ... said they had made strides in their search for the Higgs boson but did not have strong enough conclusions to claim a discovery." Whereas religions says things like: "THIS IS THE WAY IT IS AND THE WAY IT ALWAYS SHALL BE, AND THOU SHALT NOT QUESTION IT!" December 13, 2011 at 2:31 pm \| Question Science Too Ever heard of an Axiom. It's a mathmatical term. Axiom is a rule or a statement that is accepted as true without proof. An axiom is also called a postulate. Sounds kind of similar to your statement, "THIS IS THE WAY IT IS AND THE WAY IT ALWAYS SHALL BE, AND THOU SHALT NOT QUESTION IT!" December 13, 2011 at 2:55 pm \| us1776 The Higgs is a figment of physicists overactive imaginations. The Higgs does not exist. What does exist is errors in our current understanding of the universe. . December 13, 2011 at 2:30 pm \| bear0402 No more or less than the religious explanation that god created everything. December 13, 2011 at 2:36 pm \| Easy E Heavier-than-air aircraft cannot fly. People will suffocate if they try to drive more than 30 miles an hour. The lightbulb cannot work because all light must come from combustion. the rocket cannot fly in outer space because there is no air for the exhaust to push on. Etc. etc. etc. The scientists have always been crazy, because noew ideas are bad, just figments of the imagination. No wonder convervatives are the enemies of science and progress. December 13, 2011 at 3:02 pm \| us1776 Easy E, this has nothing to do with politics whatsoever. Our fundamental understanding of the universe is flawed in some way. We now have mathematical equations that give bizarre results using our current theories. And too many physicists have been led down this path of creating concepts like Higgs, dark matter, dark energy in order to try and shoehorn our current theories to match the experimental observations. We need to revisit our assumptions. . December 13, 2011 at 3:19 pm \| fimeilleur And what do you propose as an alternative? Please don't say "goddoneit"... we've heard that one before and nobody believes it. Present your credentials and your alternative to the peer review process, or STFU. December 14, 2011 at 12:21 am \| Ron Higgs bosons, dark matter and dark energy are imaginary. They simply don't exist. The only reason we are talking about them is because of an irrational refusal to consider an alternative cause for the observed red-shift of distant photons other than a doppler shift. This so-called breakthrough is nothing more than mathmatical mumbo-jumbo with no basis in fact. It is equally possible that the Universe is infinite in time and space or there was a Big Bang, but not both. FThe failure to consider and reconsider alternatives to the Big Bang Theory is a flaw of the basic scientific method. Pasteur and Galileo were true scientists who questioned prevailing theories, CERN workers are no't. December 13, 2011 at 2:27 pm \| Mycenia That's a lot of talking with nothing to offer in return... December 13, 2011 at 2:32 pm \| Nofoldems Is that what the bible says? December 13, 2011 at 2:34 pm \| Schmedley So put your money where your mouth is and publish a paper. December 13, 2011 at 3:00 pm \| Troy First time I've ever heard an attempt to test part of a scientific theory called unscientific. They are doing EXACTLY what Galileo did – they have a moderately well-supported theory that makes certain predictions, and they are doing experiments to test those predictions. If they were as dogmatic as you suggest, the minute the 'bump' showed in the data they would have declared victory. Instead, they are cautiously optimistic and are going to dig further to see what the results really signify. Besides, if you have something that explains everything the Big Bang theory does more elegantly and offers better avenues for further research (makes predictions that can be tested), why are you keeping it to yourself? I'm pretty sure there'd be a Nobel prize in it for you... December 13, 2011 at 3:00 pm \| Ian Right, so your complete rambling makes them fake. Evidence? Can we at least see a high school diploma? Or did you take Bible studies? December 13, 2011 at 3:09 pm \| Zeus CERN workers know more about science, experimentation, and the scientific method than you ever will. There is a solid mathematical model that supports the existence of these particles and well as evidence from other experiments. The mathematical models explain the behaviors they have seen in experiments so far. From basic research, they have concluded that this is the next logical step in their search, and there will be much more work after these experiments have finished. All the evidence they have found so far has pointed in this direction. Read a few of the papers in the scientific journals. This is not the lack of imagination, it is the height of human ingenuity. December 13, 2011 at 4:37 pm \| asdf Stop calling it the god particle – nobody really calls it that, and it sounds stupid. It's not any more important than the other subatomic particles, its just the last one we have yet to figure out. December 13, 2011 at 2:25 pm \| Mycenia Seriously... They just want to stir up some controversy with the religious sector. December 13, 2011 at 2:30 pm \| EuphoriCrest Leon Lederman originally wanted to call it the goddam particle but now is commonly called the champagne bottle particle. December 13, 2011 at 2:37 pm \| oh come on! Yup, you knew the news would come out, after spending sooo much money on the hadron collider, you know they wanted to come out with something..anything.. to show they didnt waste all that money, although,, they did.. HA! December 13, 2011 at 2:23 pm \| darkstar Quit calling it the god particle and appropriately name it the Zeus Particle. December 13, 2011 at 2:19 pm \| Zeus You know nothing of my work! December 13, 2011 at 4:30 pm \| bear0402 Thankfully, this scientific research is beyond the reach of the American Conservatives and American Politics in general, so they can't skew the results to serve their narrow minded views and goals. Science will always win in the end. December 13, 2011 at 2:18 pm \| Jerry and when it doesn't, then what will you do? December 13, 2011 at 2:30 pm \| bear0402 Ignore is because you know it is nothing more than a bunch of B.S. December 13, 2011 at 2:34 pm \| D It already has. Deal with it. December 13, 2011 at 2:35 pm \|	i don't know
The brother of Zeus and Hades and married to Amphitrite, which of the twelve Olympian Gods had both the horse and bull as symbols and was beleived to cause earthquakes?	1000+ images about Images of POSEIDON/NEPTUNE Ποσειδῶν (Poseidōn) on Pinterest \| Rome, Roman and Brother Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Images of POSEIDON/NEPTUNE Ποσειδῶν (Poseidōn) 26 Pins1.66k Followers The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident. The horse and the dolphin are sacred to him.	Poseidon
At 26 miles 385 yards, the marathon is the longest Olympic running race. What is its distance to the nearest kilometre?	CH 1060 Study Guide (2014-15 Kaloudis) - Instructor Kaloudis at University of Missouri- Columbia - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. CH 1060 Study Guide (2014-15 Kaloudis) CH 1060 Study Guide (2014-15 Kaloudis) StudyBlue Son of Cronus and Rhea. God of Kings, storms, and upholder of justice Symbols: eagle, oaktree, thunderbolt Important colt site: Olympia married to Hera, after many love affairs swallowed his first lover Metis and birthed Athena out of his split head "a manifestation of his imagination" Hera (roman: Juno) Zeus' wife and sister. Goddess of marriage and child birth. symbols: peacock, lillies Children with zeus: Hebe, Eileithyia, Hephaestes Advertisement ) Queen of the Gods, presides over the home and marital sanctity Sister and wife of Zeus Symbols: peacock, lilies Important cult sites: Argos, Samos, Greek cities of southern Italy Usually shown wearing a crown or has a scepter Constantly fights with Zeus over his affairs/ always suspicious at what he is doing Has her virginity renewed every year by bathing in a magical spring Athena/ Minerva: Roman goddess of wisdom, war, weaving symbol: aegis, owl, olive tree, special eyes, snake born from zeus split head "manifestation from his imagination" cult site: Athens Arachnes Hubris: turns arrogant weaver into a spider rejects Hephaestus, he ejaculates on her leg and causes the birth of Erichitonius Athena (Roman: Minerva) goddess of wisdom, the strategy of war, household arts; protector of cities and heroes Unmarried; remains a virgin Symbols: owl, olive, aegis, weaving, special quality to her eyes; sometimes a snake Daughter of Zeus alone; frequently attended to by Nike Important cult sites: Athens (Parthenon-temple) Puts Medusa’s head on her aegis Blonde and beautiful like all goddesses; usually wearing her aegis Philanthropist- helps everyone Couldn’t live without olive oil- created the olive tree (picture on Parthenon) Acropolis- ancient citadel on Athens Aphrodite (Roman: Venus) (most likely) Zeus’s daughter, offers the most beautiful women (suiting b/c she’s goddess of sexual desire) birth from sea symbols: dove, myrtle tree, red roses, a magic girdle, cult sites: corinth, cypher, cyprus first mortal lover Anchises, son Aeneas second mortal lover, Adonis-transforms into a flower Her servants->Hetaira-escorts Poseidon/Neptune God of the Sea; born of Cronus and Rea, brother of Zeus and second to him in power; not officially part of Mt. Olympus because lives in the sea and has triton; competed to be patron of Athens but lost; his cruel and unpredictable violence of the sea is the result of his anger; symbol is trident Poseidon(Neptune) God of the seas, earthquakes, and tidal wave. Symbols include the horse, bull, dolphin, and trident. Middle son of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like most male Greek Gods, he had many lovers. - Daughters of Mnemnosyne=Memory and Zeus Zeus slept with Mnemnosyne 9 nights with 9 pregnancies Graces and desire lives goddesses of the Arts Muses in Greek mythology, poetry and literature, are the goddesses of the inspiration of literature, science and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge, related orally for centuries in the ancient culture, that was contained in poetic lyrics and myths. --The Muses, the personification of knowledge and the arts, especially literature, dance and music, are the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne The 9 muses children of Zeus and Mnemosyne Inspiration for poets and authors A “museum” is technically a temple to the Muses Apollo is their leader Artwork titled- Apollo making music with the muses Hestia sister of zeus;kindest and most loved of the gods; guardian of the home virgin goddess daughter of Cronus and Rhea God of War, Son of Zeus and Hera - often hated by other Gods. (brute strength) Warrior in armour, dagger... youth or older with a beard. lover of Aphrodite goddess of agriculture, harvest, motherhood abduction and marriage of Persephone by Hades and consequential search by Demeter tried to immortalized child, child makes shrine for her - replacement for Persephone suspends human fertility before the compromise of Persephone’s half year leave from the underworld and Hades to be with her mother. explains the seasons Strong connection with childbirth (sometimes merged with Eileithyia, the midwife goddess) Found in borderlands, marshes, woods Sister of Apollo Daughter of Zeus and Leto Advertisement god of the sun, archery, and music Apollo(Apollo) God of light, knowledge, healing, plague and darkness, the arts, music, poetry, prophecy, archery, the sun, manly youth, and beauty. Son of Zeus and Leto. Symbols include the sun, lyre, bow and arrow, raven, dolphin, wolf, swan, and mouse. Twin brother of Artemis. Hephaestus Fire/ smith / lame god. Son of Hera and Zeus (Iliad book 1) OR just Hera (Hymns 22) in response to Zeus's birth of Athena. Expelled by Hera as cripple, saved by Thetis. Creates Pandora, shield of Achilles. Married to Aphrodite, but a cuckold. Gaia their children are the titans, cyclopes and the hundred handed ones Gais helps Rhea by hiding Zeus Thetis Thetis was destined to bear a son greater than his father (Zeus). Zeus learned this from Prometheus and avoided mating with her. A mortal, Peleus, tried to marry her but she changed shapes rapidly. When he did catch her, they married and had Achilles. Thetis dipped Achilles into the River Stix to become s god. However, Peleus interrupts and he doesn't get dipped all the way. He becomes very strong but his heel is his weakness. Thetis sea nymph- daughter of Nereus “The golden apple thrown into the wedding of Peleus and Thetis by angry Eris” Athena, Hera, Aphrodite are the contenders of the apple (addressed to the fairest of them all) and argue about who gets it Poseidon God of sea, brother of Zeus. Also called Earth Shaker because he believed to cause earthquakes. Enemy of Odysseus. Nereus Old man of sea. son of Gaea and Pontus. shape-shifter. wife Doris. Children: Nereids(mermaids of sea). Nereus had to catch him for him to help you; getting lost at sea is common Amphitrite Daughter of Nereus, one of the Nereids. Famous for marrying Poseidon. Queen of undersea world for long time, had similar relationship to Zeus and Hera. Gave birth to merman Tryton Achilles trojan war hero; mother dipped him into the river Styx holding him by the ankles to make him immortal; killed when Paris shot and arrow which struck his heel Nereids Nereus and Doris (an Oceanid) bore fifty daughters - the Nereids (mermaids). (Notable three: Thetis, Galatea, Amphritrite.) Galatea Galatea (a Nereid) was loved by a cyclops, Polyphemus. However, Galatea loves Acis. Polyphemus was enraged with hurt and jealousy and threw a large rock at him. It killed him and Acis resprouted as a river-god. represented as a beareded old man, often as a bust, with crabs' claws in his hair. He can also assume the form of a cosmic serpent.. The cosmic river that girds the universe, presiding over the birth and death of all things. He is the original, source of life, and the inescapable destiny of existence. Oceanus titan; god of the ocean's surface Hesiod(Creation) wrote The Theogeny("the genealogy or birth of the gods") -describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods Chaos(Spontaneous) First Being. All things came from it -arose spontaneously -From Chaos came Erebus (place of darkness between the earth and the underworld) and Nyx (Night) Ge(Gaia)(Spontaneous) -From Gaia came Uranus (Sky), the Ourea (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea). Tartarus(spontaneous) is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans.[2] As far below Hades as the earth is below the heavens,[2] Tartarus is the place where,, souls were judged after death and where the wicked received punishment. -spontaneously produced like Ge Chaos & Eros -From Chaos came Erebus (place of darkness between the earth and the underworld) and Nyx (Night). Eros as the Greek god of love. -the fairest among the deathless gods. Eros serves an important role in sexual reproduction, before which children had to be produced asexually. Eros Alternatively explained as one of the gods from chaos or from Aphrodite’s son Goes from older to younger over time; as he becomes less important Could he be the “current day” cupid? Erebus(place of darkness btwn earth & underworld) & Nyx(night) -spontaneous offspring of Tartarus -Erebus and Nyx reproduced to make Aether (the outer atmosphere where the gods breathed) and Hemera (Day). Gaia & Uranus Uranus mated with Gaia to create twelve Titans: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetos, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys and Cronus; three cyclopes: Brontes, Steropes and Arges; and three Hecatonchires: Kottos, Briareos, and Gyges.[15] Uranus Death -Uranus drew the enmity of Cronus' mother, Gaia, when he hid the gigantic youngest children of Gaia, the hundred-handed Hecatonchires and one-eyed Cyclopes, in the Tartarus, so that they would not see the light. Gaia created a great stone sickle and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to castrate Uranus -Only Cronus was willing to do the deed, so Gaia gave him the sickle and placed him in ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, castrating him and casting his testicles into the sea. From the blood that spilled out from Uranus and fell upon the earth, the Gigantes, Erinyes, and Meliae were produced. The testicles produced a white foam from which the goddess Aphrodite emerged.[2] For this, Uranus threatened vengeance and called his sons Titenes (Τιτῆνες; according to Hesiod meaning "straining ones," the source of the word "titan", but this etymology is disputed) for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act. Nyx(night) Asexual Offspring Meanwhile, Nyx alone produced children parthenogenetically: Moros (Doom), Oneiroi (Dreams), Ker and the Keres (Destinies), Eris (Discord), Momos (Blame), Philotes (Love), Geras (Old Age), Thanatos (Death), Moirai (Fates), Nemesis (Retribution), Hesperides (Daughters of Night), Hypnos (Sleep), Oizys (Hardship), and Apate (Deceit). Gai & Pontus After Uranus's castration, Gaia married Pontus and they have a descendent line consisting of sea deities, sea nymphs, and hybrid monsters. One child of Gaia and Pontus is Nereus (Old Man of the Sea), who marries Doris, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and has Nereids, the fifty nymphs of the sea, one of whom is Thetis. Another child of Gaia and Pontus is Thaumas, who marries Electra, a sister of Doris, and has Iris (Rainbow) and two Harpies. Hermera child of erebus and nyx mnemosyne -Mnemosyne (/nɨˈmɒzɨniː/ or /nɨˈmɒsɨni/; Greek: Mνημοσύνη, pronounced [mnɛːmosýːnɛː]), source of the word mnemonic,[2] was the personification of memory in Greek mythology. A Titanide, or Titaness, she was the daughter of Uranus and Gaia, and the mother of the nine Muses by Zeus: -Zeus and Mnemosyne slept together for nine consecutive nights, thus birthing the nine Muses. - titan; goddess of memory Oceanus(titan) -believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the World Ocean, an enormous river encircling the world. -Oceanus and Tethys marry and have three thousand rivers (including the Nile and Skamandar) and three thousand Okeanid Nymphs (including Electra, Calypso, and Styx). Cronus -the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, the divine descendants of Uranus, the sky and Gaia, the earth. He overthrew his father and ruled during the mythological Golden Age, until he was overthrown by his own son Zeus and imprisoned in Tartarus. -Cronus envied the power of his father, the ruler of the universe, Uranus. Cronus titan; leads and uprising against his father (a common theme in mythology) Rhea(Titan) -sister and wife to Cronos -mother of the Olympian goddesses and gods, but not as an Olympian goddess in her own right. Themis(Titan) -She is described as "of good counsel", and is the personification of divine order, law, natural law and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance -no noteable children -With Zeus she more certainly bore the Horae,[7] those embodiments of the right moment Downfall Of Cronus -After dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes and set the dragon Campe to guard them. He and his sister Rhea took the throne of the world as king and queen. The period in which Cronus ruled was called the Golden Age, as the people of the time had no need for laws or rules; everyone did the right thing, and immorality was absent. -Cronus learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own sons, just as he had overthrown his father. As a result, although he sired the gods Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Hades and Poseidon by Rhea, he devoured them all as soon as they were born to prevent the prophecy. When the sixth child, Zeus, was born Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save them and to eventually get retribution on Cronus for his acts against his father and children. -Rhea secretly gave birth to Zeus in Crete, and handed Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, also known as the Omphalos Stone, which he promptly swallowed, thinking that it was his son. -Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on Mount Ida, Crete. According to some versions of the story, he was then raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of Kouretes, armored male dancers, shouted and clapped their hands to make enough noise to mask the baby's cries from Cronus. -Once he had grown up, Zeus used an emetic given to him by Gaia to force Cronus to disgorge the contents of his stomach in reverse order: first the stone, which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Mount Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, and then his two brothers and three sisters -n a vast war called the Titanomachy, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, with the help of the Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in Tartarus -he is imprisoned with the other Titans in Tartarus. Rhea & Cronus -Hestia, Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus in that order -Cronus ate first 5 children, had zeus in secret on crete(gave cronus a disguised stone to eat instead) -Zeus raised on Mt. Ida by gaia and goat cousin named amalthea -zeus then forced cronus to disgorge the stone and then the children, with the oldest becoming the youngest. 12 Olympians 8.Athena(Minerva) Zeus(Jupiter) King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, and thunder. Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, scepter, and scales. Brother and husband of Hera, although he had many lovers. Brother of Poseidon and Hades. -These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo and Artemis, Hermes, Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); by Hera, he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.[6] --took power from father - Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive. Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive. -had many affairs - Hera(Juno) Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family. Symbols include the peacock, pomegranate, crown, cuckoo, lion, and cow. Youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children. -Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature against Zeus's lovers and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed her, such as Pelias. Paris also earned Hera's hatred by choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess. - The legitimate offspring of her union with Zeus are Ares (the god of war), Hebe (the goddess of youth), Eris (the goddess of discord) and Eileithyia (goddess of childbirth). -disgusted with Hephaestus' ugliness and threw him from Mount Olympus. -Hera is the stepmother and enemy of Heracles, who was named "Hera-famous"[37] in her honor; Heracles is the hero who, more than even Perseus, Cadmus or Theseus, introduced the Olympian ways in Greece Demeter(Ceres) Goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, and pig. Middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Hephaestus(Vulcan) Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite, though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano." Hestia(Vesta) Goddess of the hearth and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians. Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus, but the speculation that she gave her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be modern invention. She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea, eldest sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus. Also the eldest of the Olympians. Athena(Minerva) Goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, defense, and strategic warfare. Symbols include the owl and the olive tree. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor after he swallowed her mother. Artemis(Diana) Goddess of the hunt, virginity, childbirth, archery, the moon, and all animals. Symbols include the moon, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree, and bow and arrow. Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo. Artemis(Diana) n the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis (Ancient Greek: Ἄρτεμις) was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.[6] The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth. Contents Ares(Mars) God of war, violence, and bloodshed. Symbols include the boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods (except Aphrodite) despised him. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word "martial." Aphrodite(Venus) Goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Symbols include the dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus' semen dripped into the sea after being castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw his father's genitals into the sea. Married to Hephaestus, although she had many adulterous affairs, most notably with Ares. Her name gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Venus, gave us the word "venereal".[B] Hermes(mercury) Messenger of the gods; god of commerce, thieves, and games. Symbols include the caduceus (staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus. Dionysus God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy. Patron god of the art of theatre. Symbols include the grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, dolphin, goat and pinecone. Son of Zeus and the mortal Theban princess Semele. Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian, as well as the only one to have a mortal mother. mt. Ida where rhea hid zeus Crete Crete has a rich mythology mostly connected with the ancient Greek Gods but also connected with the Minoan civilization. According to Greek Mythology, The Psychro cave at Mount Dikti was the birthplace of the god Zeus. The Paximadia islands were the birthplace of the goddess Artemis and the god Apollo. Their mother, the goddess Leto, was worshipped at Phaistos. The goddess Athena bathed in Lake Voulismeni. The ancient Greek god Zeus launched a lightning bolt at a giant lizard that was threatening Crete. The lizard immediately turned to stone and became the island of Dia. The island can be seen from Knossos and it has the shape of a giant lizard. The islets of Lefkai were the result of a musical contest between the Sirens and the Muses. The Muses were so anguished to have lost that they plucked the feathers from the wings of their rivals; the Sirens turned white and fell into the sea at Aptera ("featherless") where they formed the islands in the bay that were called Lefkai (the islands of Souda and Leon).[47] Hercules, in one of his labors, took the Cretan bull to the Peloponnese. Europa and Zeus made love at Gortys and conceived the kings of Crete, Rhadamanthys, Sarpedon, and Minos. The labyrinth of the Palace of Knossos was the setting for the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur in which the Minotaur was slain by Theseus. Icarus and Daedalus were captives of King Minos and crafted wings to escape. After his death King Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades, while Rhadamanthys became the ruler of the Elysian fields. Helios(sun) - son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia -brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn. -Helios was described as a handsome god crowned with the shining aureole of the Sun, who drove the chariot of the sun across the sky each day to earth-circling Oceanus and through the world-ocean returned to the East at night. -The best known story involving Helios is that of his son Phaëton, who attempted to drive his father's chariot but lost control and set the earth on fire. Hecatoncheires -"Hundred-Handed Ones" -three giants of incredible strength and ferocity that surpassed that of all the Titans, whom they helped overthrow. -Kottos, Briareos, and Gyges. -offspring of Uanus/Gai Cyclopes -Hesiod described three one-eyed Cyclopes, Brontes, Steropes and Arges the sons of Uranus and Gaia, brothers of the Titans, builders and craftsmen -Zeus releases three Cyclopes from the dark pit of Tartarus. They provide Zeus' thunderbolt, Hades' helmet of invisibility, and Poseidon's trident, and the gods use these weapons to defeat the Titans Cyclopes one-eyed giants Selene(moon) -daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, and sister of the sun-god Helios, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. -She drives her moon chariot across the heavens. -Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths, including Zeus, Pan, and the mortal Endymion -Fifty daughters to Endymion; Pandia and Ersa to Zeus Eos(the dawn) -goddess[1] of the dawn, who rose each morning from her home at the edge of the Oceanus. -Eos had a brother and a sister. Helios, god of the sun, and Selene, goddess of the moon.(parents hypherion & thera) -Thus Eos, preceded by the Morning Star, is seen as the genetrix of all the stars and planets; her tears are considered to have created the morning dew, personified as Ersa or Herse -She was the Mother of several notable offspring, including the Winds, Zephyrus, Boreas, and Notus, and the Morning Star, Eosphoros, all of whom she bore to the Titan Astraeus ("of the Stars"), and Memnon, her son by Tithonus. Endymion the lover of Selene, the moon, is attributed primarily to an Endymion who was either a shepherd or an astronomer, which profession provides justification for him to spend time beneath the moon. -Had 50 daughters with Selene Atlas -was the primordial Titan who held up the celestial spheres(punishment from zeus) He is also the titan of astronomy and navigation. -Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Clymene -governs the moon not a specific god of anything; child of the titans Titanomachy(events leading up) -Uranus drew the enmity of Gaia when he imprisoned her children the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus. - Cronus (Kronos), overthrew his own father, Uranus (Ουρανός, the Heaven itself and ruler of the cosmos), with the help of his mother, Gaia -became the King of the Titans -Uranus made a prophecy that Cronus's own children would rebel against his rule, just as Cronus had rebelled -secured his power by re-imprisoning his siblings the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus. -swallows children, zeus tricks him, titanomachy begins Titanomachy(war) -Zeus then waged a war against his father -Zeus released the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes from the earth (where they had been imprisoned by Cronus) and they allied with him as well. -One titan (Prometheus) sided w/ olympians -The war lasted ten years, but eventually Zeus and the other Olympians won, the Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus, and the Hecatonchires were made their guards. Atlas was given the special punishment of holding up the sky. In some accounts, when Zeus became secure in his power he relented and gave the Titans their freedom -Following their final victory, the three brothers divided the world amongst themselves: Zeus was given domain over the sky and the air, and was recognized as overlord. Poseidon was given the sea and all the waters, whereas Hades was given the Underworld, the realm of the dead. Each of the other gods was allotted powers according to the nature and proclivities of each. Prometheus -f-Iapetus m-Clymene. Brother is Atlas - Titan who sided with Zeus and the ascending Olympian gods in the vast cosmological struggle against Cronus and the other Titans. -later betrays zeus, chained to caucus mtns. liver picked @ by eagle Prometheus not a specific god of anything, child of the titans Prometheus vs. Zeus -Hesiod introduces Prometheus as a lowly challenger to Zeus's omniscience and omnipotence. -Tricks Zeus to let humans keep good meat instead of sacrificing -Zeus hid fire from humans in retribution -Then prometheus steals it back, so Zeus sends Pandora(1st woman, crafted by Hephaestus) -Prometheus then chained to rock @ mt caucus where eagle picks at liver each day which regenerates. -years later hercules frees him - Pandora -"All Gifts" -first human woman created by the gods, specifically by Hephaestus and Athena on the instructions of Zeus. -each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. -According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as "Pandora's box" (see below), releasing all the evils of humanity—although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod—leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again.[6] She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act Hades -Greek god of the underworld. - name came to designate the abode of the dead. In Greek mythology, Hades is the oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea considering the order of birth from the mother, or the youngest, considering the regurgitation by the father. The latter view is attested in Poseidon's speech in the Iliad. -he and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated the Titans and claimed rulership over the cosmos, ruling the underworld, air, and sea, -married to persephone Colossus of Rhodes -statue of the Greek titan-god of the sun Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. It is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. -constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. Phaeton -offspring of Oceanid Clymene and the solar deity Apollo or Helios. -Placed in charge of the chariot for one day, he was unable to control the horses. The earth was in danger of being burnt up and, to prevent this disaster, Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt Medusa(gorgon) -a monster, a Gorgon, generally described as having the face of a hideous human female with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Gazing directly into her eyes would turn onlookers to stone. -Medusa was beheaded by the hero Perseus, who thereafter used her head as a weapon[4] until he gave it to the goddess Athena to place on her shield. Hubris extreme pride or self-confidence. When it offends the Gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. The adjectival form of the noun hubris is "hubristic". hubris reckless arrogance/excessive pride Gigantomachy(Giants) race of great strength and aggression, though not necessarily of great size, known for the Gigantomachy (Gigantomachia), their battle with the Olympian gods. -he Giants were the offspring of Gaia (Earth), born from the blood that fell when Uranus (Sky) was castrated by their Titan son Cronus.[3] Typon deadliest monster of Greek mythology. The last son of Gaia, fathered by Tartarus, he was known as the "Father of All Monsters"; his wife Echidna was likewise the "Mother of All Monsters." --Typhon attempts to destroy Zeus at the will of Gaia, because Zeus had imprisoned the Titans. Typhon overcomes Zeus in their first battle, and tears out Zeus' sinews. However, Hermes recovers the sinews and restores them to Zeus. Typhon is finally defeated by Zeus, who traps him underneath Mount Etna. -- Instead of a human head, a hundred dragon heads erupted from his neck and shoulders lo -a priestess of Hera in Argos,[1] a nymph who was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a heifer to escape detection. Argus -the king and eponym of Argos. He was a son of Zeus and Niobe Deucalion -son of Prometheus; Oracle -person or agency considered to interface wise counsel or prophetic predictions or precognition of the future, inspired by the gods. As such it is a form of divination -Oracles were thought to be portals through which the gods spoke directly -he most important oracles of Greek antiquity were Pythia, priestess to Apollo at Delphi, and the oracle of Dione and Zeus at Dodona in Epirus. Other temples of Apollo were located at Didyma on the coast of Asia Minor, at Corinth and Bassae in the Peloponnese, and at the islands of Delos and Aegina in the Aegean Sea. The Sibylline Oracles are a collection of oracular utterances written in Greek hexameters ascribed to the Sibyls, prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in a frenzied state. -Pythia, the oracle at Delphi, was said to be infallible.[6] Pythia only gave prophecies the seventh day of each month, seven being the number most associated with Apollo, during the nine warmer months of the year; thus, Delphi was not the major source of divination for the ancient Greeks -Dodona was another oracle devoted to the Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione. -Trophonius was an oracle at Lebadea of Boeotia devoted to the chthonian Zeus Trophonius. Trophonius is derived from the Greek word "trepho" (nourish) and he was a Greek hero, or demon or god. Demeter-Europa was his nurse.[12] Europa (in Greek: broad-eyes) was a Phoenecian princess who Zeus transformed into a white bull abducted and carried her to Creta, and is equated with Astarte as a moon goddess by ancient sources Asklepios -god of medicine in ancient Greek religion. -He was the son of Apollo and a human woman, Coronis. His mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo and was laid out on a funeral pyre to be consumed, but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. -Apollo carried the baby to the centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine.[6] It is said that in return for some kindness rendered by Asclepius, a snake licked Asclepius’ ears clean and taught him secret knowledge (to the Greeks snakes were sacred beings of wisdom, healing, and resurrection). -Zeus killed Asclepius with a thunderbolt because he raised Hippolytus from the dead and accepted gold for it. Bronze Age Palaces where kings and queens were believed to live Linear B- the writing of the Greek Bronze Age Olives and Grapes were sacred- olive oil was used for lamps, wine Trojan War- 1180’s BCE Dark Age sun god; child of the titans; drove a fiery chariot across the sky Helios at the Colossus of Rhodes 107 foot statue; one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world; toppled in an earthquake in 226 BCE The Hubris of Phaethon child of Helios; wants to drive the sun chariot; he does and sets fire to the earth- which creates deserts; Zeus zaps him with his thunderbolt and kills him Selene moon goddess; child of the titans Selene falls for sleeping Endymion have 100 sons, abandons duties of the moon goddess because she is in love; the gods put Endymion into eternal sleep and Selene resumes goddess duty Eos goddess of the dawn; child of the titans Lovely Eos opens the gates of dawn Eos sleeps with Ares (Aphrodite's most famous lover; she then puts a curse on Eos to make her fall in love with mortals; Eos abducts a boy (Tithonus) and gets him to live forever; but she doesn't grant him eternal youth so he keeps aging Ge conspires with Cronus to overthrow Ouranus Cronus takes power after castrating his father (cutting off his fathers genitals); they land in the sea by Cythera and wind up on the island of Cyprus "the birth of Aphrodite from the sea"; Cronus seizes power and marries his sister Rhea Cronus/Rhea's first generation of Olympians Hestia - Helmet of darkness for Hades Titanomachy- Cronus' army brothers and sisters; Atlas, brother of Prometheus Aftermath of Titanomachy Atlas is condemned to hold Ge (Earth) up and the other titans are imprisoned on Tartarus Gigantomachy Ge produces the giants herself because she was angry about being abused after the titanomachy; giants- sometimes snake-like appearance; Zeus kills Typhon with his thunderbolts; Zeus and Olympians are triumphant- order over chaos, intelligence over force, beauty over mutation The creation of man- The Golden Age an age of gods when Cronus ruled. Life was good, but Earth covered them over eventually and now they exist only as spirits who can help the living the creation of man- The Silver Age humans created by Zeus but they grew up corrupt and were destroyed, also covered over by the Earth the creation of man- The Bronze Age created by Zeus, a terrible warlike race with weapons of bronze who became arrogant and did not worship the gods; Zeus ended their lives and Earth consumed them the creation of man- The Heroic Age the age of valiant Heroes created by Zeus, the period of the Trojan War. After they died off, they went to a sort of Heaven, called the “Islands of the Blessed” or “Elysium.” Archaeologically, we know the Trojan War took place in the Bronze Age the creation of age- The Iron Age the humans created by Zeus in Hesiod’s own time. According to Hesiod, it is a miserable time of nothing but work and toil. “For mortals, only grief is left and there will be no defense against evil Prometheus steals fire for men tries to deceive Zeus with a sacrifice; Zeus tortured Prometheus for eternity Zeus's revenge on man Zeus creates Pandora (the first woman) and gives her a box/tells her not to open it; Hermes carried Pandora to the earth as "payback"; Pandora opens the box (inside is all the evils of the worlds) and unleashes it Zeus seduces Io in the form of a thundercloud Io is serving Hera (Zeus' wife); Hera gets mad at Io and turns her into a cow- Io the cow is guarded by Argus Zeus sends Hermes to lull/charm Argus the guard to sleep- once asleep Zeus decapitates him & Io escapes Hera discovers Argus' death/ sends flies to torture Io- Hera digs Io's eyes out and sticks them on her peacock While wandering, Io meets Prometheus Zeus eventually changes Io back Zeus destroys the world by flood (biblical- Noah's ark/flood) sends flood to end man (saves 2 people- a man and a woman) Deucalion and Pyrrha- regenerate the human race- they consult an oracle that says "you must throw the bones of your mother behind you" so they throw stones behind them and the human race is regenerated the abduction of Ganymede by Zeus Zeus swoops down to get the human Ganymede by taking the form of an eagle - he takes him to Olympus and makes him immortal -Ganymede becomes the cupbearer of Zeus Matriarchy to Patriarchy “dangerous/ unpredictable wild animal” Delos (Artemis) tiny island: 5sq miles; today is uninhabited- Apollo and Artemis are said to be born here Mt. Cynthus, Delos (Artemis) Leto was said to give birth to Artemis and Apollo at the foot of the mountain Brauron (Artemis) little girls of a certain age had to serve as priestesses there- make sacrifices of small animals; little girls there were called "little bears" Ephesus (Asia Minor) most famous cult site; Temple of Ephesus was one of the biggest of the ancient word; one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world Hades/Dionysus/Asklepios Children of Zeus and Hera Hebe Pouring a libation and roasting the meat You give this stuff up to the gods to preserve life The statue of the particular god always faces the temple doors “to watch” Titan Oceanus children 3000 daughters and 3000 sons (all the water on the planet) Iris goddess of the rainbow, sometimes a messenger; sleeps at the foot of Hera’s bed, takes water up to the clouds so it can rain Grandchild of Pontus and Ge Gorgons Medusa (the only mortal), becomes Poseidon’s Grandchildren of Pontus and Ge Harpies grandchildren of Pontus and Ge; part woman/part bird The Graeae 3 women who share one eye and one tooth; are incredibly wise; like an oracle; give you information, but only for a price Grandchildren of Pontus and Ge Polyphemus spies on Galatea Galatea is also loved by a Cyclopes (Polyphemus) Polyphemus kills Acis by tearing off a piece of the mountain, hurling the boulder, and killing him Galatea escapes Arachne is an excellent weaver and boasts about her ability Athena disguises herself as an old woman, and argues with Arachne She undisguised herself and Arachne was embarrassed They have a weaving contest, Arachne’s was perfect so Athena ripped it up and beat Arachne up bloody Arachne was humiliated, so she hung herself but Athena saved her from death Athena rejects Hephaestus- the bizarre birth of Ericthonius Hephaestus ejaculates on Athena’s leg while trying to seduce her She wipes it up with a piece of wool and throws it on the ground (Ge) Ericthonius (a snake like creature) is born The story of the sculptor Pygmalion- origin of prostitution (Aphrodite) She comes ashore and none of the women worship her, so she forces all of them to become prostitutes Pygmalion wants a pure woman; so he made a statue of the most beautiful woman at home and prays about it Aphrodite grants his wish- the statue comes alive They have a son named Paphos (founder of a major city dedicated to Aphrodite) Harmonia daughter of Aphrodite and Ares Priapus son of Aphrodite and Dionysus; Hera curses him in the womb and he is born ugly with an ever persistent “gnome-like” look Aphrodite's lover Anchises Everyone is subject to Aphrodite’s spells Said to take place on Mt. Ida (by Troy) Son Aeneas (in the Trojan war) Lover Adonis (mother- Myrrha) Aphrodite Myrrha has incestrous desires for her father Transforms into a myrrh tree to get away from her problems (still pregnant at this point) Adonis is born from the myrrh tree and is “as beautiful as the gods” Known for his hunting skills Aphrodite tries to get him to give up his hunting skills because of certain premonitions Adonis was killed by a boar (Artemis was behind it) His death is “celebrated” every year- remembered/mourning creation of the red rose Aphrodite scratches her leg on a white rose bush, the blood drips onto the rose, which sucks up the blood and becomes a red rose Aphrodite transforms Adonis Into a flower called the anemone- which is said to be so fragile; even the wind could damage it Hetairai Aristophanes speech Originally 3 sexes- male, female, and androgynous (combination of both) Each were two bodies, joined back-to-back, with one head but faces looking both ways, 4 arms, 4 legs Very powerful and ambitious; attempted to scale Olympus and assault the gods Zeus cuts them in half; the halves mourned for each other Those cut from the androgyne love the opposite sex (heterosexual) Those cut from the double-man, love men (homosexual) Those cut from the double-woman, love women (lesbian) In sum, whether heterosexual or homosexual, we long for the missing half, to be made whole through love Socrates Socrates speech The “ladder of love” As we mature and grow from physical love and desire, we turn from producing children of the body to producing “children of the mind,” becoming teachers for others Like the rungs of a ladder we move up, turning from physical desire for the beautiful person to something much more universal Human beings should strive for love of the whole, not just the one This is the nature of the true Eros, love of the whole, the universal, not just the one These are the people who truly impact the world Psyche Psyche is a beautiful princess (“Aphrodite reincarnated”) Has two evil sisters, who marry Men are scared of psyche because she is too beautiful Aphrodite doesn’t like being compared to Psyche- so she sends Eros to put a curse on her so she will marry the most monstrous man When Eros sees Psyche, he falls in love with her Psyche’s father consults an oracle that says to sacrifice her (to this mountaintop serpent) She is left there to be the serpents bride, but Eros swoops in and rescues her; takes her to a palace in the sky and becomes his lover She can’t ever see him though- he only comes at night Her evil sisters find out and go visit- convince her that she is sleeping with the serpent and not Eros; they give her a knife to kill him when he comes back She lights a lamp at night and sees he isn’t a monster, but spills some of the oil on him and he wakes up She broke the rule and will never see him again Aphrodite denounces and abuses Psyche and forces her to perform next to impossible tasks Psyche has aid for all the tasks and is able to complete them Inside a box, there is eternal sleep; psyche trips and opens the box and falls into eternal sleep Eros revives her with a kiss and takes her to Olympus; wants her for his wife The massacre of the children at Niobe 14 children (niobids) 7 girls, 7 boys Set up a temple at Thebes for Leto (Apollo & Artemis) Niobe tells her kids not to worship Leto Apollo and Artemis kill the boys first while they are exercising The girls are killed the next day at the boys funeral Niobe is turned to rock: Niobe transformed- the weeping rock at Mt. Sipylus, Turkey Artemis and the revenge against Acteaon Acteaon is hunting with friends, loses his group, and accidentally runs into Artemis naked- she gets mad and changes him into nymph Zeus and the doomed Callisto (one of Artemis’ nymphs) Zeus turns himself into Artemis- Callisto is confused with “Artemis’ behavior” Zeus rapes Callisto; who becomes pregnant and attempts to hide it; it is discovered She is kicked out of the virgin brigade by Artemis and left to fend for herself in the wilderness Encounters Hera, who curses her beauty and turns her into a bear As a bear she gives birth to a human child who grows up to be a hunter, one day he encounters his own mother in the woods and is about to kill her Zeus intervenes and turns them into constellations- “big bear” and “little bear” aka Ursa major and Ursa minor the bizarre birth of Orion Zeus/Poseidon/Hermes disguised; pee on a hide and bury it in Ge Orion is born Artemis conjures a deadly scorpion against Orion The scorpion stings him to death; he is placed as a constellation and the scorpion becomes Scorpio Syncretism the fusion of more gods or religious ideas into one Triple-faced goddesses- Artemis, Selene, Hecate Lives in the underworld	i don't know
"The 1981 film ""Chariots of Fire"" featured the achievements of Harold Abrahams and which Scottish missionary who refused to run in the 100m heats on a Sunday and instead won the 400m Gold Medal in the 1924 Olympics?"	Chariots of Fire Chariots of Fire $5.5 million (£3 million) [1] Box office $59 million (U.S.) [2] Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical drama film . It tells the fact-based story of two athletes in the 1924 Olympics : Eric Liddell , a devout Scottish Christian who runs for the glory of God, and Harold Abrahams , an English Jew who runs to overcome prejudice. The film was conceived and produced by David Puttnam , written by Colin Welland , and directed by Hugh Hudson . It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four, including Best Picture and Best Screenplay . It is ranked 19th in the British Film Institute ‘s list of Top 100 British films . The film is also notable for its memorable instrumental theme tune by Vangelis , who won the Academy Award for Best Original Score . The film’s title was inspired by the line, “Bring me my chariot of fire,” from the William Blake poem adapted into the popular British hymn “Jerusalem” ; the hymn is heard at the end of the film. [3] The original phrase “chariot(s) of fire” is from 2 Kings 2:11 and 6:17 in the Bible. Contents 11 External links Plot In 1919, Harold Abrahams ( Ben Cross ) enters the University of Cambridge , where he experiences anti-Semitism from the staff, but enjoys participating in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. He becomes the first person to ever complete the Trinity Great Court Run – running around the college courtyard in the time it takes for the clock to strike 12. Abrahams achieves an undefeated string of victories in various national running competitions. Although focused on his running, he falls in love with a leading Gilbert and Sullivan soprano, Sybil ( Alice Krige ). Eric Liddell ( Ian Charleson ), born in China of Scottish missionary parents, is in Scotland. His devout sister Jennie ( Cheryl Campbell ) disapproves of Liddell’s plans to pursue competitive running. But Liddell sees running as a way of glorifying God before returning to China to work as a missionary. When they first race against each other, Liddell beats Abrahams. Abrahams takes it poorly, but Sam Mussabini ( Ian Holm ), a professional trainer whom he had approached earlier, offers to take him on to improve his technique. This attracts criticism from the Cambridge college masters ( John Gielgud and Lindsay Anderson ), who allege it is not gentlemanly for an amateur to “play the tradesman” by employing a professional coach. Abrahams dismisses this concern, interpreting it as cover for anti-Semitic and class-based prejudice. When Eric Liddell accidentally misses a church prayer meeting because of his running, his sister Jennie upbraids him and accuses him of no longer caring about God. Eric tells her that though he intends to eventually return to the China mission, he feels divinely inspired when running, and that not to run would be to dishonour God, saying, “I believe that God made me for a purpose. But He also made me fast, and when I run, I feel His pleasure.” The two athletes, after years of training and racing, are accepted to represent Great Britain in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Also accepted are Abrahams’ Cambridge friends, Lord Andrew Lindsay ( Nigel Havers ), Aubrey Montague ( Nicholas Farrell ), and Henry Stallard ( Daniel Gerroll ). While boarding the boat to Paris for the Olympics, Liddell learns the news that the heat for his 100-metre race will be on a Sunday. He refuses to run the race – despite strong pressure from the Prince of Wales and the British Olympic committee – because his Christian convictions prevent him from running on the Sabbath . Hope appears when Liddell’s teammate Lindsay, having already won a silver medal in the 400 metres hurdles , proposes to yield his place in the 400-metre race on the following Thursday to Liddell, who gratefully agrees. His religious convictions in the face of national athletic pride make headlines around the world. Liddell delivers a sermon at the Paris Church of Scotland that Sunday, and quotes from Isaiah 40, ending with: But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. Abrahams is badly beaten by the heavily favoured United States runners in the 200 metre race. He knows his last chance for a medal will be the 100 metres. He competes in the race, and wins. His coach Sam Mussabini is overcome that the years of dedication and training have paid off with an Olympic gold medal. Now Abrahams can get on with his life and reunite with his girlfriend Sybil, whom he had neglected for the sake of running. Before Liddell’s race, the American coach remarks dismissively to his runners that Liddell has little chance of doing well in his now far longer 400 metre race. But one of the American runners, Jackson Scholz , hands Liddell a note of support for his convictions. Liddell defeats the American favourites and wins the gold medal. The British team returns home triumphant. As the film ends, onscreen text explains that Abrahams married Sybil, and became the elder statesman of British athletics. Liddell went on to missionary work in China. All of Scotland mourned his death in 1945 in Japanese-occupied China. Cast Brad Davis as Jackson Scholz , American Olympic runner Historical accuracy Characters The film depicts Abrahams as attending Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge with three other Olympic athletes: Henry Stallard , Aubrey Montague , and Lord Andrew Lindsay. Abrahams and Stallard were in fact students there and competed in the 1924 Olympics. Montague also competed in the Olympics as depicted, but he attended Oxford, not Cambridge. [4] Aubrey Montague sent daily letters to his mother about his time at Oxford and the Olympics; these letters were the basis of Montague’s narration in the film. The character of Lindsay was based partially on Lord Burghley , a significant figure in the history of British athletics. Although Burghley did attend Cambridge, he was not a contemporary of Harold Abrahams, as Abrahams was an undergraduate from 1919 to 1923 and Burghley was at Cambridge from 1923 to 1927. One scene in the film depicts the Burghley-based “Lindsay” as practising hurdles on his estate with full champagne glasses placed on each hurdle – this was something the wealthy Burghley did, although he used matchboxes instead of champagne glasses. [5] The fictional character of Lindsay was created when Douglas Lowe , who was Britain’s third athletics gold medallist in the 1924 Olympics, was not willing to be involved with the film. [6] Abrahams (left) and the Burghley -based Lindsay (right) attempt the Great Court Run . Another scene in the film recreates the Great Court Run , in which the runners attempt to run around the perimeter of the Great Court at Trinity College, Cambridge in the time it takes the clock to strike 12 at midday. The film shows Abrahams performing the feat for the first time in history. In fact, Abrahams never attempted this race, and at the time of filming the only person on record known to have succeeded was Lord Burghley , in 1927. In Chariots of Fire, Lindsay, who is based on Lord Burghley, runs the Great Court Run with Abrahams in order to spur him on, and crosses the finish line just a moment too late. Since the film’s release, the Great Court Run has also been successfully run by Trinity undergraduate Sam Dobin, in October 2007. [7] In the film, Eric Liddell is tripped up by a Frenchman in the 400-metre event of a Scotland–France international athletic meeting. He recovers, makes up a 20-metre deficit, and wins. This was based on fact; the actual race was the 440 yards at a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England, and Ireland at Stoke-on-Trent in England in July 1923. His achievement was remarkable as he had already won the 100- and 220-yard events that day. [8] Also unmentioned with regard to Liddell is that it was he who introduced Abrahams to Sam Mussabini . [9] This is alluded to: In the film Abrahams first encounters Mussabini while he is watching Liddell race. The film, however, suggests that Abrahams himself sought Mussabini’s assistance. Abrahams and Liddell did race against each other once, but not quite as depicted in the film, which shows Liddell winning the final of the 100 yards against a shattered Abrahams at the 1923 AAA Championship at Stamford Bridge. In fact, they raced only in a heat of the 220 yards, which Liddell won, five yards ahead of Abrahams who did not progress to the final. In the 100 yards, Abrahams was eliminated in the heats and never raced against Liddell, who won the finals of both races the next day. [10] Abrahams’ fiancée is misidentified as Sybil Gordon , a soprano at the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company . In fact, in 1936, Abrahams married Sybil Evers , who sang at the D’Oyly Carte, but they did not meet until 1934. [11] Also, in the film, Sybil is depicted as singing the role of Yum-Yum in The Mikado , but neither Sybil Gordon nor Sybil Evers ever sang that role with D’Oyly Carte, [12] [13] although Evers was known for her charm in singing Peep-Bo, one of the two other “little maids from school”. [11] Harold Abrahams’ love of and heavy involvement with Gilbert and Sullivan , as depicted in the film, is factual. [14] Liddell’s sister was several years younger than she was portrayed in the film. Her disapproval of Liddell’s track career was creative licence; she actually fully supported his sporting work. Jenny Liddell Somerville cooperated fully with the making of the film and has a brief cameo in the Paris Church of Scotland during Liddell’s sermon. [15] At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams, which opens the film, Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive. However, Montague died in 1948, 30 years before Abrahams’ death. 1924 Olympics The film takes some liberties with the events at the 1924 Olympics, including the events surrounding Liddell’s refusal to race on a Sunday. In the film, he doesn’t learn that the 100-metre heat is to be held on the Christian Sabbath until he is boarding the boat to Paris. In fact, the schedule was made public several months in advance. Liddell did however face immense pressure to run on that Sunday and to compete in the 100 metres, getting called before a grilling by the British Olympic Committee, the Prince of Wales, and other grandees ; [14] and his refusal to run made headlines around the world. [16] The decision to change races was, even so, made well before embarking to Paris, and Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres, an event in which he had previously excelled. It is true, nonetheless, that Liddell’s success in the Olympic 400m was largely unexpected. The film depicts Lindsay, having already won a medal in the 400-metre hurdles, giving up his place in the 400-metre race for Liddell. In fact Burghley , on whom Lindsay is loosely based, was eliminated in the heats of the 110 hurdles (he would go on to win a gold medal in the 400 hurdles at the 1928 Olympics), and was not entered for the 400 metres. The film reverses the order of Abrahams’ 100m and 200m races at the Olympics. In reality, after winning the 100 metres race, Abrahams ran the 200 metres but finished last, Jackson Scholz taking the gold medal. In the film, before his triumph in the 100m, Abrahams is shown losing the 200m and being scolded by Mussabini. And during the following scene in which Abrahams speaks with his friend Montague while receiving a massage from Mussabini, there is a French newspaper clipping showing Scholz and Charlie Paddock with a headline which states that the 200 metres was a triumph for the United States. In the same conversation, Abrahams laments getting “beaten out of sight” in the 200. The film thus has Abrahams overcoming the disappointment of losing the 200 by going on to win the 100, a reversal of the real order. Eric Liddell actually also ran in the 200m race, and finished third, behind Paddock and Scholz. This was the only time in reality that Liddell and Abrahams competed in the same race. Their meeting in the 1923 AAA Championship in the film was fictitious, though Liddell’s record win in that race did spur Abrahams to train even harder. [17] Abrahams also won a silver medal as an opening runner for the 4 x 100 metres relay team, not shown in the film. Aubrey Montague placed sixth in the steeplechase , as depicted. [4] Personal inaccuracies at the Olympics In the film, the 100m bronze medallist is a character called “Tom Watson”; the real medallist was Arthur Porritt of New Zealand, who refused permission for his name to be used in the film, allegedly out of modesty. His wish was accepted by the film’s producers, even though his permission was not necessary. [18] However, the brief back-story given for Watson, who is called up to the New Zealand team from the University of Oxford , substantially matches Porritt’s history. With the exception of Porritt, all the runners in the 100m final are identified correctly when they line up for inspection by the Prince of Wales. Jackson Scholz is depicted as handing Liddell an inspirational Bible-quotation message before the 400 metres final: “It says in the good Book, ‘He that honors me, I will honor.’ Good luck.” [19] In reality, the note was from members of the British team, and was handed to Liddell before the race by his attending masseur at the team’s Paris hotel. [20] For dramatic purposes, screenwriter Welland asked Scholz if he could be depicted handing the note, and Scholz readily agreed, saying “Yes, great, as long as it makes me look good.” [14] [21] Production Script and direction Ian Charleson , who studied the Bible intensively for his role, wrote Eric Liddell’s post-race inspirational speech to a working-class crowd. Producer David Puttnam was looking for a story in the mold of A Man for All Seasons (1966), regarding someone who follows his conscience, and felt sports provided clear situations in this sense. [22] He discovered Eric Liddell’s story by accident in 1977, when he happened upon a reference book on the Olympics while housebound from the flu in a rented house in Los Angeles. [23] [24] Screenwriter Colin Welland , commissioned by Puttnam, did an enormous amount of research for his Academy Award -winning script. Among other things, he took out advertisements in London newspapers seeking memories of the 1924 Olympics, went to the National Film Archives for pictures and footage of the 1924 Olympics, and interviewed everyone involved who was still alive. Welland just missed Abrahams, who died 14 January 1978, but he did attend Abrahams’ February 1978 memorial service, which inspired the present-day framing device of the film. [5] Aubrey Montague ‘s son saw Welland’s newspaper ad and sent him copies of the letters his father had sent home – which gave Welland something to use as a narrative bridge in the film. Except for changes in the greetings of the letters from “Darling Mummy” to “Dear Mum” and the change from Oxford to Cambridge, all of the readings from Montague’s letters are from the originals. [14] Welland’s original script also featured, in addition to Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams, a third protagonist, 1924 Olympic gold medallist Douglas Lowe , who was presented as a privileged aristocratic athlete. However, Lowe refused to have anything to do with the film, and his character was written out and replaced by the fictional character of Lord Andrew Lindsay. [25] Ian Charleson himself wrote Eric Liddell’s speech to the post-race workingmen’s crowd at the Scotland v. Ireland races. Charleson, who had studied the Bible intensively in preparation for the role, told director Hugh Hudson that he didn’t feel the portentous and sanctimonious scripted speech was either authentic or inspiring. Hudson and Welland allowed him to write words he personally found inspirational instead. [26] The film was slightly altered for the U.S. audience. A brief scene depicting a pre-Olympics cricket game between Abrahams, Liddell, Montague, and the rest of the British track team appears shortly after the beginning of the original film. For the American audience, this brief scene was deleted. In the U.S., to avoid the initial G rating, which had been strongly associated with children’s films and might have hindered box office sales, a different scene was used – one depicting Abrahams and Montague arriving at a Cambridge railway station and encountering two World War I veterans who use an obscenity – in order to be given a PG rating . [27] Puttnam chose Hugh Hudson , a multiple award-winning advertising and documentary filmmaker who had never helmed a feature film, to direct Chariots of Fire. Hudson and Puttnam had known each other since the 1960s, when Puttnam was an advertising executive and Hudson was making films for ad agencies. In 1977, Hudson had also been second-unit director on the Puttnam-produced film Midnight Express . [28] Casting Director Hugh Hudson was determined to cast young, unknown actors in all the major roles of the film, and to back them up by using veterans like John Gielgud , Lindsay Anderson , and Ian Holm as their supporting cast. Hudson and producer David Puttnam did months of fruitless searching for the perfect actor to play Eric Liddell. They then saw Scottish stage actor Ian Charleson performing the role of Pierre in the Royal Shakespeare Company ‘s production of Piaf , and knew immediately they had found their man. Unbeknownst to them, Charleson had heard about the film from his father, and desperately wanted to play the part, feeling it would “fit like a kid glove”. [29] Ben Cross , who plays Harold Abrahams, was discovered while playing Billy Flynn in Chicago . In addition to having a natural pugnaciousness, he had the desired ability to sing and play the piano. [14] [30] Cross was thrilled to be cast, and said he was moved to tears by the film’s script. [31] 20th Century Fox , which put up half of the production budget in exchange for distribution rights outside of North America, [32] insisted on having a couple of notable American names in the cast. [24] Thus the small parts of the two American champion runners, Jackson Scholz and Charlie Paddock, were cast with recent headliners: Brad Davis had recently starred in Midnight Express (also produced by Puttnam), and Dennis Christopher had recently starred, as a young bicycle racer, in the popular indie film Breaking Away . [31] All of the actors portraying runners underwent a gruelling three-month training intensive with renowned running coach Tom McNab. This training and isolation of the actors also created a strong bond and sense of camaraderie among them. [31] Music Ian Charleson (foreground) and Ben Cross (left) running in the “ Chariots of Fire ” music scene which bookends the film. Although the film is a period piece, set in the 1920s, the Academy Award -winning original soundtrack composed by Vangelis uses a modern 1980s electronic sound, with a strong use of synthesizer and piano among other instruments. This was a bold and significant departure from earlier period films, which employed sweeping orchestral instrumentals. The title theme of the film has become iconic, and has been used in subsequent films and television shows during slow-motion segments. Vangelis, a Greek-born electronic composer who moved to Paris in the late 1960s, had been living in London since 1974. [33] Director Hugh Hudson had collaborated with him on documentaries and commercials, and was also particularly impressed with his 1979 albums Opera Sauvage and China . [34] David Puttnam also greatly admired Vangelis’s body of work, having originally selected his compositions for his previous film Midnight Express . [35] Hudson made the choice for Vangelis and for a modern score: “I knew we needed a piece which was anachronistic to the period to give it a feel of modernity. It was a risky idea but we went with it rather than have a period symphonic score.” [28] The soundtrack had a personal significance to Vangelis: After composing the iconic theme tune he told Puttnam, “My father is a runner, and this is an anthem to him.” [5] [33] Hudson originally wanted Vangelis’s 1977 tune “L’Enfant”, [36] from his Opera Sauvage album, to be the title theme of the film, and the beach running sequence was actually filmed with “L’Enfant” playing on loudspeakers for the runners to pace to. Vangelis finally convinced Hudson he could create a new and better piece for the film’s main theme – and when he played the now-iconic “Chariots of Fire” theme for Hudson, it was agreed the new tune was unquestionably better. [37] The “L’Enfant” melody still made it into the film: When the athletes reach Paris and enter the stadium, a brass band marches through the field, and first plays a modified, acoustic performance of the piece. [38] Vangelis’s electronic “L’Enfant” track eventually was used prominently in the 1982 film The Year of Living Dangerously . Some pieces of Vangelis’s music in the film did not end up on the film’s soundtrack album. One of them is the background music to the race Eric Liddell runs in the Scottish highlands. This piece is a version of “Hymne”, the original version of which appears on Vangelis’s 1979 album, Opéra sauvage . Various versions are also included on Vangelis’s compilation albums Themes , Portraits , and Odyssey: The Definitive Collection , though none of these include the version used in the film. Five lively Gilbert and Sullivan tunes also appear in the soundtrack, and serve as jaunty period music which nicely counterpoints Vangelis’s modern electronic score. These are: “He is an Englishman” from H.M.S. Pinafore , “Three Little Maids from School Are We” from The Mikado , “With Catlike Tread” from The Pirates of Penzance , “The Soldiers of Our Queen” from Patience , and “There Lived a King” from The Gondoliers . The film also incorporates a major traditional work: “ Jerusalem “, sung by a British choir at the 1978 funeral of Harold Abrahams. The words, written by William Blake in 1804-8, were set to music by Parry in 1916 as a celebration of England. This hymn has been described as “England’s unofficial national anthem”, [39] concludes the film and inspired its title. [40] A handful of other traditional anthems and hymns and period-appropriate instrumental ballroom-dance music round out the film’s soundtrack. Filming locations The beach running scene. The beach scenes associated with the theme tune were filmed at West Sands, St. Andrews . A plaque commemorating the filming can be found there today. The very last scene of the opening titles crosses the 1st and 18th holes of the Old Course at St Andrews Links . [41] [42] All of the Cambridge scenes were actually filmed at Hugh Hudson’s alma mater Eton College , because Cambridge refused filming rights, fearing depictions of anti-Semitism. The Cambridge administration greatly regretted the decision after the film’s enormous success. [14] Liverpool Town Hall was the setting for the scenes depicting the British Embassy in Paris. [14] The Colombes Olympic Stadium in Paris was represented by the Oval Sports Centre , Bebington , Merseyside. [43] The nearby Woodside ferry terminal was used to represent the embarkation scenes set in Dover . [43] The railway station scenes were filmed in York, using locomotives from the National Railway Museum . [14] The scene depicting a performance of The Mikado was filmed in the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool with members of the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company who were on tour. [44] Revival for the 2012 Olympics Chariots of Fire became a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The film’s theme tune was featured at the opening of the 2012 London New Years fireworks celebrating the Olympics, [45] and the film’s iconic beach-running scene and theme tune were used in The Sun ‘s “Let’s Make It Great, Britain” Olympic ads. [46] The runners who first tested the new Olympic Park were spurred on by the Chariots of Fire theme tune, [47] and the iconic music was also used to fanfare the carriers of the Olympic flame on parts of its route through the UK. [48] [49] The film’s theme was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Simon Rattle , during the Opening Ceremony of the games; the performance was accompanied by a comedy skit by Rowan Atkinson which included the opening beach-running footage from the film. [50] The film’s theme tune was also played during each medal ceremony of the 2012 Olympics. Stage adaptation The Chariots of Fire stage adaptation: Stars Jack Lowden and James McArdle flank Vangelis , watching the Olympic Torch Relay set to the iconic tune, from the Gielgud Theatre , July 2012. A stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire was mounted in honour of the 2012 Olympics. The play, Chariots of Fire , which was adapted by playwright Mike Bartlett and included the iconic Vangelis score, ran from 9 May to 16 June 2012 at London’s Hampstead Theatre , and transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End on 23 June, where it ran until 5 January 2013. [51] It starred Jack Lowden as Eric Liddell and James McArdle as Harold Abrahams, and Edward Hall directed. Stage designer Miriam Buether transformed each theatre into an Olympic stadium, and composer Jason Carr wrote additional music. [52] [53] [54] Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production. [55] [56] The stage version for the London Olympic year was the idea of the film’s director, Hugh Hudson, who co-produced the play; he stated, “Issues of faith, of refusal to compromise, standing up for one’s beliefs, achieving something for the sake of it, with passion, and not just for fame or financial gain, are even more vital today.” [57] Another play, Running for Glory, written by Philip Dart, based on the 1924 Olympics, and focusing on Abrahams and Liddell, toured parts of Britain from 25 February to 1 April 2012. It starred Nicholas Jacobs as Harold Abrahams, and Tom Micklem as Eric Liddell. [58] [59] UK cinematic re-release, Blu-ray As an official part of the London 2012 Festival celebrations, a new digitally re-mastered version of the film screened in 150 cinemas throughout the UK. The re-release began 13 July 2012, two weeks before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics. [60] A Blu-ray of the film was released on 10 July 2012 in North America, [61] and was released 16 July 2012 in the UK. [62] The release includes nearly an hour of special features, a CD sampler, and a 32-page “digibook”. [63] [64] Critical reception Since its release Chariots of Fire has received generally positive reviews from critics. As of 2017 the film holds an 83% “Certified Fresh” rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews, accompanied by the summary “Decidedly slower and less limber than the Olympic runners at the center of its story, the film nevertheless manages to make effectively stirring use of its spiritual and patriotic themes.” [65] For its 2012 re-release, Kate Muir of The Times gave the film five stars, writing: “In a time when drug tests and synthetic fibres have replaced gumption and moral fibre, the tale of two runners competing against each other in the 1924 Olympics has a simple, undiminished power. From the opening scene of pale young men racing barefoot along the beach, full of hope and elation, backed by Vangelis’s now famous anthem, the film is utterly compelling.” [66] Accolades Chariots of Fire was very successful at the 54th Academy Awards , winning four of seven nominations. When accepting his Oscar for Best Original Screenplay , Colin Welland famously announced “The British are coming”. [67] At the 1981 Cannes Film Festival the film won two awards and competed for the Palme d’Or. [68]	Eric Liddell
In 1980 the Olympics were boycotted by countries led by the USA protesting against the Afghan war. In 1984 they were boycotted by countries led by the USSR protesting about America's attitude towards them. Only one country, which underwent a revolution in 1979 boycotted both years. Which country was this?	1000+ ideas about Eric Liddell on Pinterest \| Billy Graham, Jim Elliot and Christian Missionary Eric Liddell, as played by actor Ian Charleson, reads a section from Isaiah, chapter from the film Chariots of Fire This video is intended as ins... See more	i don't know
In which card game is the 5th card often called the River?	Texas Hold'em Poker Rules - 2017's Ultimate Guide Texas Hold'em Poker Rules Reviews: PokerStars Full Tilt SkyPoker 888Poker UK NZ PT Australia Canada Canadien Mobile iPhone Android Paypal CA Casinos AU Casinos PT Casinos Real Money Rules of Texas Hold'em: Limit and No Limit Texas Hold'em is the most popular game at all of the poker sites that you will find on the internet. Texas Hold'em is a poker game where players each have two concealed cards and all players share five common cards, making their best five card poker hand from the combination of their hole cards and the community cards. There are two ways to win, as in all poker games. You either must have the best called hand on the last round of betting or you must convince other players to concede to your bet and fold. This may look like a long page to read, but the rules of Texas Hold'em are surprisingly simple. In fact, you can be up and playing at the tables in just a few minutes. However, mastery of Texas Hold'em takes a lot longer. Like every great game Hold'em is simple to learn, but it has very deep strategies that will keep you coming back to the tables for a long time to come. Quick Navigation FAQ How Texas Hold'em is Dealt Each player is dealt two cards, one at a time, face down. These are known as "hole cards," "down cards," or "pocket cards". There is an initial betting round. Three common cards are then dealt in the middle of the table face-up. These are known collectively as "the flop." This is followed by the second round of betting. A fourth common card is then dealt face up. This is known as "the turn." This is followed by a third round of betting. A fifth and final community up card is dealt. This is known as "the river." A fifth and final betting round follows. Making Your Hand Each player determines his five card poker hand by making the best combination of the five common cards, known as "the board," and his two individual cards. He may use both of his hole cards, one card only, or none of his hole cards. Here are some sample hands. Can you figure out what each player's best poker hand is and who has the best hand? Test yourself first, then look below to see how you did. Notice that the very best hand started out as just two sixes in Jono's hand but became four 6s by the end of the deal for the best hand. There's also a full house, held by Mona who uses her two Queens with the Queen and two sixes on the board to make Queens full. This is the highest full house that is possible. There is no flush. A player in this hand would have to have two diamonds to make a flush -- combining them with the three diamonds on the board. If there had been four diamonds on the board then Mary, with her one Jack of diamonds, would have had a flush. Look at Horace and Erin's hands. They each have two pair, Aces and 6s. But Erin's hand is better since hers is Aces and 6s with a King kicker and Horace's is Aces and 6s with a Queen kicker. This happens a lot in hold'em. The fifth card often separates a winner from a loser. Notice finally that the worst two hands don't use their two hole cards at all. Their best hand consists of just the five cards on the board. They cannot improve it by using their hands. So they would "play the board" as it is known in this game. If the board is the best hand anyone can make then all players still in the hand tie and split the pot. How Texas Hold'em is Bet General Betting Rules There are many different forms of Hold'em. They divide into three broad categories of betting structure: limit, pot limit, and no limit. I'll describe the two most common: limit and no limit. Let me begin with some elements and definitions that are common to all forms of the game. There are four rounds of betting in Hold'em. They are known as "pre-flop," "flop," "turn," and "river" respectively. Pre-flop: the round of betting when each player has two hole cards only. Flop: the round of betting when each player has two hole cards and there are three exposed common cards. Turn: the round of betting when each player has two hole cards and there are four exposed common cards. River: the final round of betting when each player has two hole cards and there are four exposed common cards. Pre-flop Betting The betting begins in all forms of hold'em with what are known as "blinds" or "blind bets". A blind bet is a bet that must be made without a player knowing his hole cards -- when he is blind so to speak. Typically, in the modern form of hold'em, there are two blind bets, known respectively as the "small blind" and the "large blind" (or "big blind"). The large blind is usually double the small blind. The small blind is made, or "posted" as it is called in hold'em, by the player sitting to the immediate left of the dealer. The large blind is posted by the player to the left of the small blind -- two to the left of the dealer. The "dealer," in a casino, where there is a non-playing employee who deals every game, is designated by a plastic or wooden disc called "the button" that circulates clockwise around the table after each hand. This is done to make sure that each player takes his turn at being the small and large blind. Otherwise, the poor guy who sat to the immediate left of the house employee dealing the cards would have to post a bet without looking on every hand -- which would be a terrible disadvantage. Blind bets act just as any other bet in a poker game. Each player, in turn, starting to the left of the large blind, have a choice of making one of three betting actions. They may call, fold or raise. They may call the bet by placing in the pot an amount equal to the large blind. They may fold, declining to call the bet, and ending their play of the hand, no longer competing for the money in the pot. Or they may raise, increasing the bet for all subsequent players -- usually by an amount of no less than the large blind. Please note that if no player raises the large blind, he may raise his own blind bet. He has what is known as "last action" pre flop. It is an exception to the general rule that a player cannot raise himself. So, for example, if we were playing a five person game of hold'em with a $1 small blind and a $2 large blind, the action might go like this (imagine these players from top to bottom are sitting clockwise around the table). 1 Jim Call Raise $2 Once all players have either called the last bet or raise, or folded and ended their play of the hand, the betting round ends and the next round of dealing, the flop, takes place. Flop Betting There are no blinds on this or any subsequent rounds of betting. The first player to the left of the dealer has the option of initiating the betting or checking. A "check" means that the bettor with the first betting option passes that option to the next player, who then has the same two options of either betting or checking. Once a bet has been made, however, there is no more option to check. A player must either call the bet, fold, or raise. Just as in the pre-flop round of betting, the betting option proceeds clockwise around the table. Once all remaining players have called the last bet, raised, or folded and ended their play of the hand, the betting round ends and the next round of dealing, the turn, takes place. The next round also follows if all players check. Turn Betting Betting after the turn is the same as betting on the flop. The option to bet begins with the player to the immediate left of the dealer and proceeds clockwise around the table, ending when all bets are equalized or all players check. If a player bets or raises and then all remaining players fold, the player who initiated the last bet or raise wins and is awarded the pot. River Betting Betting on the river is the same as betting on the flop and on the turn. The only difference is that when betting ends, either with everyone checking or all bets and raises being called, the players remaining in the hand expose their hole cards and the pot is awarded to the highest hand. Players must show both of their hole cards to be awarded the hand. Should a player make a bet or a raise that is not called by any other player (all remaining player folding when it becomes their turn to act), then the player making the uncalled bet or raise is the winner of the hand and is awarded the pot. Variations: Limit, No Limit Limit Betting In limit hold'em, the betting amounts are pre-determined and limited to a fixed sum. So, for example, a game could be played with a $2.00 limit. This would mean that all bets (with the exception of the small blind) would have to be $2.00. The small blind would be $1; the large blind would be $2.00. Thereafter, if players wanted to bet or raise it would have to be by $2.00, and $2.00 only. No one could bet $1.00, or $1.75. And no one could ever bet $4. They could raise a $2.00 bet by $2.00 making it $4.00 to call, but they could not initiate the betting at $4.00 or raise by $4.00. Limit poker usually has a lower limit for the first two rounds of betting and a higher limit for the latter two rounds of betting. Hence, a game would be called "$2.00 and $4.00 limit hold'em" or "$2/4 limit" for short. Accordingly, the pre-flop and flop bets would be $2.00 but the turn and river bets would be $4.00. There used to be games where each of the four betting rounds had different betting limits. And there used to be what were called "spread limit" games where players had the option of betting up to a certain amount, from $1-5 for example -- but those games are rarely played any longer). Limit hold'em is generally played "table stakes." This means that no player is required nor is allowed to bet more than the amount he had sitting in front of him "on the table" so to speak, when his hand began. I'll explain how this affects the betting in more detail under no limit because it comes into play more frequently in that form of hold'em. Casinos require that players buy-in for a minimum amount, usually equal to ten times the minimum bet in the lower limit games and ten times the maximum bet in higher limit games. Here are some examples of the typical limit hold'em games and the standard blinds and buy-ins that you'll be likely to find: Limit $800 No Limit Betting No limit hold'em is played exactly like limit hold'em except for the maximum and minimum bets and raises that may be made by each player. No limit has blinds, just as limit does. The deal and ranking of poker hands is exactly the same as well. But there is no pre-determined betting amount that must be bet, as there is in limit. There is no maximum bet or limit. However, since games are played "table stakes," as they are in limit poker, bets are limited, practically, by the size of the stack of chips a player has in front of him when the hand he is playing commences. They may not go into their wallets for more money while the hand is in play. So, for example, if when the play of the hand begins I have $150.00 in chips in front of me, I may bet all of it at once but I may not bet more than that amount. Similarly, if someone bets more than I have in front of me, I may call the bet for my entire stack -- going "all-in" as it is known in poker lingo. I may call that portion of the bet for which I have chips. So, for example, if I start a hand with $300 and an opponent bets $500, I may call for $300. If I win I will win $300 of his $500 bet. The remaining $200 that he bet goes into side pot with any other players who have the money to call this additional amount. This is best explained with an example. This is the last round of betting. There is $50 already in the pot from previous betting rounds. Player $165 Folds Portia raised Roger's bet of $20 to $100. But Zongo only has $50. He calls the $50. Kreena calls the full $100. Everyone else folds. The dealer then makes two pots, the main pot, with the $50 from the previous betting rounds, the $20 from Roger (who folded when his bet was raised), and $50 each from Portia, Zongo, and Kreena. A side pot is made of the $50 remaining from Portia's raise and $50 remaining from Kreena's call. The main pot is $220 (50 + 20 + 50 + 50 + 50). The side pot is $100. The side pot is awarded first, to the better hand between Portia and Kreena. After that is decided then the main pot is awarded to the best hand among all three remaining players: Portia, Zongo, and Kreena. As you can see, there is a limit in no limit hold'em. It is the stack size of the players. Your betting limit is not pre-determined, but there is one. It is either the size of your stack or your opponent's stack. There is also a minimum bet and a minimum raise in no limit. These are two concepts that you don't have in limit hold'em since the amount bets are completely defined. But in no limit they are variable, and so there are minimums. The minimum bet on each round of betting is the amount of the large blind. So, for example, if you are playing a $1/2 blind no limit game you may not initiate the betting on any round for less than $2.00. The minimum raise is the amount of the last amount bet or raised during that round of betting. So, for example, if the game is a $1/2 blind game and the player to the left of the big blind raises to $10 and a player to his left wants to raise he must raise by no less than $8.00, since the big blind was raised by $8.00 to make it $10.00. On subsequent betting round this rule continues. The minimum bet remains at $2.00. So, in the same game as described above, let's say that two players remain. If the first player wishes to bet it must be at least $2.00, even though on the last betting round someone raised $8.00. If he does bet $2.00 and the next player raises him to $50, let's say, if the first bettor wants to re-raise he must re-raise by at least $48. The only exception to these minimums occurs when the player who wishes to bet or raise does not have enough left in his stack to make the minimum bet or raise. If that is the case he may be bet all that he does have, going "all-in." Let's look at a typical game and see how this would work. Assume this is a $1/2 blind game. Player $440 Calls the $16 raise In the above example, Marika raised the $2 large blind to $20 -- an $18 raise. In limit poker she would only have been able to raise to $4.00 for a $2 raise. And then, on the next round of betting, Marika bets $40. She had to bet at least $2.00 but could bet as much as she had in front of her. Jill, with just $56, decides not only to call the $40 but to raise. The minimum raise would normally be $40 -- since this was the size of the bet. But since she only had $16 more, she is allowed to go all in for her remaining $16 in chips. With all other players folding, Marika and Jill will see the turn and the river without any more betting, since Jill has no more chips. Buy-ins in No Limit Most casinos limit the buy-in -- the initial stack size -- for each player, establishing a minimum and a maximum, especially for those games with relatively small blinds. Typically, these limits on stack size correspond to the size of the blind. So, for example, you might see "no limit games" with the following blinds and buy-in limits. Blinds	Poker
"""The Haywain"" and ""Dedham Valley"" are paintings by Constable both feature which river that forms much of the border between Essex and Suffolk?"	Basic Poker Rules The Rules of Poker Poker is a game of chance. However, when you introduce the concept of betting, poker gains quite a bit of skill and psychology. (This isn't to say that there isn't skill at poker when nothing is at risk, there just isn't nearly as much). This is meant as a very basic primer into the rules of poker, for more information, get a book on the game (or start playing with a group of people who know how. It's more expensive than reading a book, but the group won't mind. Snicker). This list is currently broken into several parts: The Very Basics An Example 5-Card Draw Hand The Very Basics Poker is played from a standard pack of 52 cards. (Some variant games use multiple packs or add a few cards called jokers.) The cards are ranked (from high to low) Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Ace. (Ace can be high or low, but is usually high). There are four suits (spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs); however, no suit is higher than another. All poker hands contain five cards, the highest hand wins. Some games have Wild Cards, which can take on whatever suit and rank their possessor desires. Sometimes jokers will be used as wild cards, other times, the game will specify which cards are wild (dueces, one-eyed jacks, or whatever). How the hands are ranked Hands are ranked as follows (from high to low): Five of a Kind A five of a kind (which is only possible when using wild cards) is the highest possible hand. If more than one hand has five of a kind, the higher card wins (Five Aces beats five kings, which beat five queens, and so on). Straight Flush A straight flush is the best natural hand. A straight flush is a straight (5 cards in order, such as 5-6-7-8-9) that are all of the same suit. As in a regular straight, you can have an ace either high (A-K-Q-J-T) or low (5-4-3-2-1). However, a straight may not 'wraparound'. (Such as K-A-2-3-4, which is not a straight). An Ace high straight-flush is called a Royal Flush and is the highest natural hand. Four of a Kind Four of a kind is simply four cards of the same rank. If there are two or more hands that qualify, the hand with the higher-rank four of a kind wins. If, in some bizarre game with many wild cards, there are two four of a kinds with the same rank, then the one with the high card outside the four of the kind wins. General Rule: When hands tie on the rank of a pair, three of a kind, etc, the cards outside break ties following the High Card rules. Full House A full house is a three of a kind and a pair, such as K-K-K-5-5. Ties are broken first by the three of a kind, then pair. So K-K-K-2-2 beats Q-Q-Q-A-A, which beats Q-Q-Q-J-J. (Obviously, the three of a kind can only be similiar if wild cards are used.) High Card This is any hand which doesn't qualify as any one of the above hands. If nobody has a pair or better, then the highest card wins. If multiple people tie for the highest card, they look at the second highest, then the third highest etc. High card is also used to break ties when the high hands both have the same type of hand (pair, flush, straight, etc). Betting So, how do you bet? Poker is, after all, a gambling game. In most games, you must 'ante' something (amount varies by game, our games are typically a nickel), just to get dealt cards. After that players bet into the pot in the middle. At the end of the hand, the highest hand (that hasn't folded) wins the pot. Basically, when betting gets around to you (betting is typically done in clockwise order), you have one of three choices: Call When you call, you bet enough to match what has been bet since the last time you bet (for instance, if you bet a dime last time, and someone else bet a quarter, you would owe fifteen cents). Raise When you raise, you first bet enough to match what has been bet since the last time you bet (as in calling), then you 'raise' the bet another amount (up to you, but there is typically a limit.) Continuing the above example, if you had bet a dime, the other person raised you fifteen cents (up to a quarter), you might raise a quarter (up to fifty cents). Since you owed the pot 15 cents for calling and 25 for your raise, you would put 40 cents into the pot. Fold When you fold, you drop out of the current hand (losing any possibility of winning the pot), but you don't have to put any money into the pot. Betting continues until everyone calls or folds after a raise or initial bet. Some Standard Betting Rules In the group I play in, we ante a nickel. The maximum first bet is fifty cents, and the maximum raise is fifty cents. However, during one round of betting, raises may total no more than one dollar. An Example Five Card Draw Hand. Five card draw is one of the most common types of poker hands. Each player is dealt five cards, then a round of betting follows. Then each player may discard up to 3 cards (4 if your last card is an ace or wild card, in some circles) and get back (from the deck) as many cards as he/she discarded. Then there is another round of betting, and then hands are revealed (the showdown) and the highest hand wins the pot. So you are the dealer at a five card draw game (against four other players, Alex, Brad, Charley and Dennis (seated in that order to your left). Everyone puts a nickel into the pot (Ante) and you deal out 5 cards to each player. You deal yourself a fairly good hand Ks-Kd-Jd-5c-3d. A pair of kings isn't bad off the deal (not great, but not bad). Then the betting starts... Alex 'Checks' (checking is basically calling when you don't owe anything to the pot). Brad bets a dime. Charley calls (and puts a dime into the pot). Dennis raises a dime (and puts twenty cents into the pot). Well, it's your turn. Twenty cents to you. You can fold, call or raise. Like I said before, pair of kings isn't bad, not good but not bad. You call and put twenty cents into the pot. Back to Alex, who grumbles and tosses his cards into the center of the table, folding. (Note, when folding, never show your cards to anyone). Brad calls. The total bet is twenty cents, but he had already bet a dime, so he owes a dime, which he tosses into the pot. Charley is in the same position as brad, and tosses a dime into the pot. The round of betting is over. After Dennis's raise, everyone else folded or called (there weren't any raises) so, everyone is all square with the pot. Now everyone can discard up to 3 cards. Brad discards 3 cards, Charley discards one card, Dennis discards two cards. (You deal replacements to everyone) and now it's your turn. You have a pair of kings, three spades, and no chance for a straight. It's best to just keep the two kings and hope to get a 3rd or fourth king. You discard three cards, and your new hand is: Ks-Kd-Kc-4c-8h. Three Kings! A nice little hand. What do you suppose the others were trying for? Well, Brad kept two cards, so he probably had a pair (just like you) but it probably wasn't aces, so even if brad got a three of a kind, you probably beat him. Charley kept four cards, so he was probably trying for a straight or flush. (If Charley had four of a kind, he might have bet much harder). The big problem is Dennis. He raised earlier, and only drew two cards. He might be bluffing, but he could have had three of a kind off the deal... In any case, the second round of betting starts (with dealers left). Brad bets a nickel. Charley folds (I guess he didn't get his straight or flush). Dennis raises twenty cents (to a quarter total). You call. Brad looks at his cards, then calls (betting twenty cents). Again, everyone called Dennis's raise, so the round of betting is over. Well, the betting is over, everyone reveals his hand: You had Ks-Kd-Kc-4c-8h.	i don't know
The Mekong river is the border between Laos and which other Asian country for about 1000km of its length?	Mekong River \| river, Southeast Asia \| Britannica.com river, Southeast Asia Alternative Titles: Lan-ts’ang Chiang, Lancang Jiang, Mae Nam Khong, Mékôngk River, Mènam Khong, Song Cuu Long, Sông Tiên Giang Related Topics Khone Falls Mekong River, Cambodian Mékôngk, Laotian Mènam Khong, Thai Mae Nam Khong, Vietnamese Sông Tiên Giang, Chinese (Pinyin) Lancang Jiang or (Wade-Giles) Lan-ts’ang Chiang, river that is the longest river in Southeast Asia , the 7th longest in Asia , and the 12th longest in the world. It has a length of about 2,700 miles (4,350 km). Rising in southeastern Qinghai province, China , it flows through the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province, after which it forms part of the international border between Myanmar (Burma) and Laos , as well as between Laos and Thailand . The river then flows through Laos, Cambodia , and Vietnam before draining into the South China Sea south of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). Vientiane (Viangchan), the capital of Laos, and Phnom Penh , the capital of Cambodia, both stand on its banks. About three-fourths of the drainage area of the Mekong lies within the four countries the river traverses on its lower course—Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Irrawaddy and Mekong river basins and their drainage networks. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Overview of the Mekong River and its declining fish population. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Physical features The Mekong River drains more than 313,000 square miles (810,000 square km) of land, stretching from the Plateau of Tibet to the South China Sea . Among Asian rivers, only the Yangtze and Ganges have larger minimum flows. Mekong River delta, southern Vietnam. M. Gifford/De Wys Inc. The contrast between the physical conditions that prevail above and below the Mekong’s descent from the Yunnan highlands divide it into two major parts. The upper Mekong flows 1,215 miles (1,955 km) through a long, narrow valley comprising roughly one-fourth of the total area, cutting through the mountains and plateaus of southwestern China. The lower Mekong, below the point where it forms the border between Myanmar and Laos, is a stream 1,485 miles (2,390 km) in length draining the Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand, the western slopes of the Annamese Cordillera in Laos and Vietnam, and most of Cambodia, before reaching the sea through the distributary channels of its delta in southern Vietnam. Similar Topics Godavari River In its upper reaches, the Mekong rises in the Tibetan Plateau between the Salween and Yangtze rivers; the streambed has cut deeply into the rugged landscape through which it flows. Along its course between Myanmar and Laos, the Mekong drains about 8,000 square miles (21,000 square km) of territory in Myanmar, comprising rough and relatively inaccessible terrain. In its more gentle lower stretches, where for a considerable distance it constitutes the boundary between Laos and Thailand, the Mekong inspires both conflict and cooperation among Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Physiography The sources of the Mekong, including its principal headstream, the Za Qu River, rise at an elevation of more than 16,000 feet (4,900 metres) on the north slope of the Tanggula Mountains in Qinghai province. They flow southeast through the Qamdo (Chamdo) region of Tibet, where the Za Qu joins other headstreams to form the main stream, called the Lancang in Chinese. It descends south across the highlands of Yunnan, through which it carves a deep valley, to a point south of Jinghong , where it briefly marks the border between Myanmar and China. The river then bends southwest; over a reach of more than 125 miles (200 km) it forms the Myanmarese-Laotian border. Although two great roads cross it—the caravan route from the southeast to Lhasa and the road from Kunming to Myanmar—much of the river valley in the highlands of Tibet and Yunnan is remote and sparsely populated. Below Myanmar, the river basin may be divided into six major sections on the basis of landforms, vegetation, and soils: the northern highlands, Khorat Plateau, eastern highlands, southern lowlands, southern highlands, and delta . Most of the vegetation in the lower basin is of the tropical broad-leaved variety, although the occurrence of individual species varies with latitude and topography . Britannica Stories Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales The northern highlands have highly folded ranges that reach elevations of about 9,000 feet (2,700 metres) above sea level, many with steep slopes. As far south as Vientiane, these dissected uplands (i.e., cut by erosion into hills and valleys) are covered with dense deciduous forest that has deteriorated as a result of frequent cutting and burning for shifting cultivation. The Mekong’s important tributaries in this region include the Tha , the Ou , and the Ngum rivers, all draining northern Laos. All About Asia To the south of the east-west course of the river below Vientiane lies the Khorat Plateau , which embraces almost all of the Thai portion of the basin as well as the lower parts of the Mekong’s Laotian tributaries. This is an area of gently rolling hills set amid relatively flat alluvial plains. Soils and deciduous vegetation on the hills are thin, and much of the original forest has been replaced by grassland as a result of grazing and repeated burning. The Songkhram River drains the northern part of the plateau and enters the Mekong above Tha Uthen in Thailand. The Mun River —one of the Mekong’s most important tributaries—drains the majority of the plateau and joins the Mekong at Ban Dan, Thailand. The eastern highlands form part of the Annamese Cordillera, from which streams drain west into the Mekong. Throughout most of the distance between Ky Son (Muong Sen) in northern Vietnam and Ban Hèt in southern Laos, the watershed forms the border between Vietnam to the east and Laos to the west. There is greater relief in the northern than the southern parts of the watershed, but the highlands in general are characterized by rapid streams that flow through narrow valleys before entering the lowlands bordering the Mekong. The Mekong’s most important tributaries in this region are the Kading, the Bangfai, the Banghiang, and the Kong—which, with its affluent the San, drains a large area of southern Laos, central Vietnam, and eastern Cambodia. Forest degradation , which has resulted from lumbering, shifting cultivation, and grazing, is widespread in this region. The southern lowlands border both sides of the Mekong below Pakxé (Pakse) in Laos. The Mekong enters Cambodia with a sudden plunge at Khone Falls. Between the falls and Krâchéh there are rapids interspersed with alluvial plains. Below Kâmpóng Cham the river’s gradient becomes gentle, and it flows through wide stretches of alluvium in its floodplain. Near Phnom Penh a junction occurs between the Mekong and the Sab River, which connects it to the Tonle Sap , sometimes called the Great Lake . The direction of flow of the Sab River varies according to the season. During the peak flood season, when the level of the Mekong is high, waters flow through the Sab River to the lake, which then expands from a little more than 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) to a maximum of about 4,000 square miles (10,400 square km). In the dry season when the floods subside, the Sab reverses its flow to drain southeastward into the Mekong. The Tonle Sap is a highly productive fishing ground. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The Dâmrei (Elephant) and Krâvanh (Cardamom) mountains in southwestern Cambodia constitute the southern highlands. Several streams flow from these uplands into the Tonle Sap. The river divides into two branches below Phnom Penh: the Mekong proper and the Bassac (Basak). Below this point the delta spreads out to the sea. It has a total area of about 25,000 square miles (65,000 square km) and can be divided into three major sections. The upper section, above Chau Doc (Chau Phu), has strong natural levees (embankments built on either side of the river by accumulated deposits of silt) behind which are low, wide depressions. The middle section has some areas that are well drained, others that are poorly drained and swampy. Along the lower section, formed by the river mouths and by the area to the southwest, sediment carried down from the upper river is in the process of being deposited, and the flooding is less extreme than in the upper sections of the delta. The area north of the Ca Mau Peninsula is forested and swampy. Climate and hydrology The Mekong’s flow comes chiefly from rainfall in its lower basin, which fluctuates seasonally with the monsoon winds. In April the flow is ordinarily at its lowest. In May or June—as the rain-bearing southerly monsoon winds arrive—the flow begins to increase, with an especially rapid increase in the eastern and northern highlands. The Mekong’s highest water levels occur as early as August or September in the upper reaches and as late as October in the southern reaches. The northeasterly monsoon wind, beginning ordinarily in November in the southern areas, brings dry weather until May. During the long dry period, rice cultivation is impossible without irrigation, and the river’s waters are vital to agricultural production. Britannica Lists & Quizzes	Thailand
"The song ""Ol' Man River"" from the 1927 musical ""Showboat"" was sung most famously by Paul Robeson. To which river does it refer?"	The Mekong \| Magazine Articles \| WWF wet too wet Tri’s house is less than a minute’s walk from the ranger station where he and Cu have their fishing gear checked by park rangers before they enter the park each morning. When they are done fishing, they return to the station to report their catch and have it weighed. They are committed participants in this management system, which helps keep Tram Chim’s natural bounty in balance. Once cleared by the rangers, they head home. At Tri’s house—a patchwork of wooden beams with gaps that let in the sunshine—his wife Trau hovers over a huge wok that is scratched and burned from years of use. Mud carps sizzle in oil, salt and chili. When Tri hands off his morning’s catch of crabs, she immediately begins cleaning and cooking those as well. It’s only 10 a.m., but the family has been up for almost six hours, and the belly of their 11-year-old son Khanh is grumbling. In a diet that consists almost entirely of fish and rice, he says, fried snakefish is his favorite food. It’s a similar picture around town: Every little food stall and restaurant seems to serve fish exclusively, whether it's turned into savory fried patties; used in omelets, soups and stir-fries; or transformed into fish sauce, the region’s ubiquitous condiment. None of these fish would be in Tram Chim if it weren’t for the park’s connection to the Mekong. The rich alluvial silt that flows downstream forms the basic environment in which fish can grow. A healthy hydrology also nurtures couch grass, sedges and watermeal, as well as small crustaceans, which in turn entice water birds. And the river carries the necessary nutrients to help grow rice at four times the yield that was seen in this region four decades ago. “If it weren't for the silt from the Mekong, the park wouldn’t be as unique,” says park director Nguyen Van Hung. But Tram Chim’s relationship with the river is also its biggest weakness. Hundreds of miles upstream, Cambodia and Laos, under pressure to develop new energy and economic resources for their people, are building dams on the Mekong and its tributaries. Those dams, which will not only block fish from migrating but keep sediment from flowing downstream, are the “biggest and most significant threat” to the park’s fragile ecosystem, Hung says. Dams cause changes in “water quality, water quantity and the timing of water flow changes,” he says. “This means, for example, that the flooding season that historically started in July now starts later.” He adds that once the population of any one species—a water plant or crustacean, for instance—diminishes, other species that depend on them could quickly follow. Dams, however, are only one example of the mounting pressure that the socioeconomic development of the region is having on the ecosystem. In addition to upstream activities like agriculture, deforestation and pollution, which damage both water quality and water quantity downstream, there are the effects of climate change. Scientists have already observed irregular river flows and flooding periods, as well as a reduction in the river-carried sediments and nutrients that refresh Tram Chim and restore the coast of the Mekong Delta. In fact, evidence shows that the delta is actually sinking and shrinking, leading to the infiltration of saltier water farther and farther upstream—and putting Tram Chim in yet another squeeze. “I am really not sure if we can maintain the same biodiversity or if some species will become extinct,” says Hung. “The water flow really changes the conditions.” Villagers clean and pick fish to sell at a local market. Fishing provides a key source of income for many of the communities living near the park, as well as all along the Mekong. The Value of Fish and Fowl In spite of all that, Tri insists his community is excited about the future. WWF is supporting a burgeoning tourism business in the park, he says—an expansion of opportunities for local people to show visitors from Ho Chi Minh City and beyond the landscapes and lives of the people who live here. While fishing earns Tri enough to meet the basic needs of his family, he, like many breadwinners, hopes to offer them a better life. For him, that would mean things as simple as providing a concrete house that doesn’t shake when strong winds blow over the delta, and enabling his sons to go to university. They study hard, he says, and are too smart to become fishermen like their father and grandfather. He says that showing tourists how to fish might bring his family much-needed income, but at the same time he is thankful for what he has. “I wish there was more tourism development for the park,” says Tri. “But now, I just do everything the best I can for the future of my family.” Thao, a fisherman’s wife, cleans vegetables harvested legally within the park. On the way to an observation tower built to encourage tourists to visit, WWF’s Viet Hoang leads a small group along a waterway surrounded by a thick wall of melaleuca trees that look like a stage curtain. Oriental darters fly past while a family of water buffaloes grazes on the slightly raised ground of an engineered levee. Viet points out that the dikes were built to solve one problem, but soon came to cause another. In the dry season, he explains, forest fires used to plague the area. Although trees grew back quickly, the park management could be held responsible for such fires, no matter the cause. So a massive system of dikes was built with the sole purpose of keeping water inside the park year-round. Unfortunately, the policy backfired. Each of Tram Chim’s different habitats demands a different system of water movements—a unique hydrological cycle—that the park had supported naturally. With the dikes, trees like the melaleuca started to die off— essentially, they drowned. “The eleocharis is another one,” Viet says, pointing at the seemingly ubiquitous green grassy rushes rustling above the water. “It’s food for the Sarus crane. The plants need to be dry for four to five months of the year. If it’s flooded year-round, the plants die and there is no food for the cranes.” After the dikes’ installation raised water levels in the park, the number of Sarus cranes—and other bird species that thrive in lower water levels—began to decline. “When we started working here, we talked to experts and studied the history of the park, the hydrological regime of the park, and we think the way it was managed was not suitable for Tram Chim,” Viet says. After several studies, WWF and park management decided to mimic the historical Mekong hydrological regime and take down parts of the elaborate dike system at prime locations to restore natural water flows. And while their numbers are still alarmingly low, the cranes began to return. Today, Tram Chim (which translates roughly as “bird swamp”) supports nine globally threatened bird species and is home to more than 20,000 water birds in the dry season. The newly constructed observation tower puts tourists eye-to-eye with nesting birds. Just 10 feet from the leaf- and twig-covered platform, a young Oriental darter frantically cleans his plumage; his nest-mate appears to be yawning. Their mother returns, her throat filled with treats from the park, and quickly feeds her chicks, pushing the food past their wide-open beaks. As soon as she leaves, the siblings join the greedy screams of hundreds of juvenile egrets, cormorants and darters. It is a deafening declaration of life. The Center of their Lives For the park rangers, waking up to a concert of trilling, tweeting and chirping is the best part of their job. They sleep on the edges of the park, typically in huts on stilts, and birdcalls signal the beginning of their workday on the winding waterways. Cu sits in Tri’s house with Tri’s wife and son. They are among the 50,000 people who live closest to Tram Chim and are working with rangers to protect wetlands and a way of life. Tri regularly meets a ranger when he is out with Cu; friendly words are exchanged. In the evenings, rangers and fishermen sit together, sharing homemade rice wine, roasted snails and fried snakehead fish. They often sing, and Tri always seems to be the one to encourage people to share just one more song before calling it a night. The rangers and Tri agree that these cheerful gatherings would have been impossible five years ago, when fishing in the park was illegal. Tri is one of the growing contingent who understand both sides: before he was a fisherman, he was a park guard. Ranking lower than the rangers, and with little experience, Tri received a meager wage. Still, he remembers those days fondly, not least because it was through his job that he got to know his wife, Trau. “I was fishing in the park, together with my brother,” Trau says. “And I was a guard, so when I found them, I had to tell them off,” Tri interjects. “But then,” Trau continues, “he kept coming to our house to explain why we couldn’t fish in the park.” Tri laughs sheepishly and admits: “When I first saw her, that was it. Love struck. I knew I had to make a move, so I needed the excuse to visit her at her house.” “I know I must go away for university, but as soon as I graduate, I will return. This park has everything. It has birds, fish, vegetables, and there is the river. Definitely, I want to live here.” Khanh Tri's son Stories like this make Tri thoughtful. More than once, Tram Chim National Park has played a fateful role in his life. As best he can, he tries to pass his love and appreciation of Tram Chim on to his three sons. He’s proud that they do well in school, and that they have set themselves goals in life. At 11, his son Khanh has his mind full of soccer, but knows he must concentrate on his studies. He wants to go to medical school, “so I can take care of the health of my whole family.” He smiles, showing a big gap between his front teeth. On the other hand, the thought of ever leaving Tram Chim bewilders Khanh. “I know I must go away for university,” he says, “but as soon as I graduate, I will return.” Looking from his mother to his father, he says, “This park has everything. It has birds, fish, vegetables, and there is the river. Definitely, I want to live here.” Location of the Don Sahong dam Seeking solutions along the Mekong Over the next 10 years, demand for electricity in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam is expected to grow by 6% to 7% annually. To meet this demand and fulfill the unmet energy needs of millions of people in rural areas, the region will look to the Mekong River, which still remains close to untapped and holds the potential to be Southeast Asia’s powerhouse. But the Mekong and its countless tributaries already serve as the primary source of protein for 60 million people. So the question of how to access the energy potential of the Mekong must be thoughtfully addressed. One approach is hydropower. While dams offer a cleaner source of energy than coal or other traditional power sources, some (such as the Don Sahong dam proposed for southern Laos) could decrease downstream fish stocks by 80% and put the health of entire ecosystems at risk. We must find a solution, and WWF is supporting a 10-year moratorium on hydropower projects on the Lower Mekong in the hopes of achieving a smart balance. For example, the Thako Water Diversion Project would produce almost the same amount of electricity as Don Sahong without blocking the channel and preventing fish migration. Both projects would impact the same watershed near the Khone Phapheng falls in Laos, so the choice represents a true crossroads: As we seek to meet the needs of people and wildlife, which path will we choose? Our needs are linked to the health of freshwater ecosystems. Of all the water on the planet, only 3% is fresh, and less than 1% is both fresh and accessible. Most of the world’s fresh water is used for food and energy production, and these human demands put a strain on freshwater ecosystems. Globally, food production accounts for around: 30%	i don't know
Brittany ferries operate a direct service for Irish passengers from Cork to which French port in the Finisterre department?	Contact details for Reservations & Enquiries - Brittany Ferries Brittany Ferries (Group = 10 passengers or more travelling in one vehicle or by foot). Tel: 0330 159 5400 Follow us for information, advice and ideas. Visit us for information and destination videos. Lost Property For enquiries on or close to the day of departure, please contact our port information desks. UK & Irish Ports Wharf Road, Portsmouth, Hants, PO2 8RU Tel: 0330 159 7003 New Harbour Road, Poole, Dorset, BH15 4AJ Tel: 0330 159 7004 Millbay, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3EW Tel: 0330 159 7005 Tel: +35 3214 378 401 Continental Ports Terminal de Brittany Ferries, Puerto de Bilbao, Muelle A3, 48508 Tel: +34 902 10 81 47 Santander Tel: +34 902 10 81 47 Caen (Ouistreham) Avenue du Grand Large, Ouistreham, 14150 Tel: +33 231 36 36 36 Le Havre Terminal de la Citadelle, Le Havre, 76600 Tel: +33 235 51 10 20 St Malo Gare Maritime du Naye, St Malo, 35400 Tel: +33 299 40 64 41 Cherbourg Quai de Normandie, Cherbourg, 50100 Tel: +33 233 88 44 88 Roscoff Gare Maritime, Port de Bloscon, Roscoff, 29680 Tel: +33 298 29 28 13 112 - The European emergency number Call 112 in any emergency requiring an ambulance, the fire brigade or the police. The emergency number is reachable from fixed and mobile phones, free of charge, everywhere in the EU. Our registered address and company information BAI sa / Port du Bloscon / BP 72 / 29680 ROSCOFF. SA à Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance au Capital de 22 831 056€. RCS Brest B927 250 217 - SIRET 927 250 217 00019 - Code APE 5010Z HABILITATION N° HA 029 95 0003 - TVA FR86 927250217	Roscoff
Literally meaning three planks, what is the six letter name of the flat bottom boats, generally about four metres long, used in Asia for inshore transport and fishing?	Brittany - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top etymologies of country subdivision names Did you know ... the founder of the artists' group Les Nabis , Paul Sérusier , spent long visits painting in the Breton village of Châteauneuf-du-Faou ? the top of the Chapel of Saint-Michel at Parc naturel régional d'Armorique is the highest point in Brittany , France ? the first Earl of Wiltshire was a Breton viscount, Harvey of Léon , who served Stephen of England in the first phase of the civil war called the Anarchy ? the Barnenez Mound (pictured) in Brittany , France , is a cairn with 11 chambers built of 13,000 to 14,000 tons of stone dating to about 4500 BC, making it one of the earliest megalithic monuments in Europe? Gavrinis , an island in the Gulf of Morbihan off the coast of Brittany , France , has a rich abundance of megalithic art from the New Stone Age ? according to Breton folklore , not completing the 600 km long Tro Breizh in one's lifetime would condemn their soul to repeating a tour of equivalent length every seven years from within their coffin ? Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the cultural region in the north-west of France. For the current French administrative région of Bretagne, see Brittany (administrative region) . For other uses, see Brittany (disambiguation) . Brittany "Rather death than dishonour" Anthem : " Bro Gozh ma Zadoù " Location of historical Brittany (green) and the administrative region of Brittany (dark green) in France (orange) and the European Union (camel) Country Area - Total 34,023 km2 (13,136 sq mi) Population (January 2007 estimate) - Total 4,365,500 Time zone CET ( UTC+1 ) - Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC+2 ) Brittany ( French : Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] listen ) ; Breton : Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo : Bertaèyn) is a cultural and administrative region in the north-west of France . Previously a kingdom and then as a duchy , Brittany was a fief of the Kingdom of France . At one time Brittany was called Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain ). It is one of the six Celtic nations . [1] Brittany occupies a large peninsula in the north west of France , lying between the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, the Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay. During World War II , the government of Vichy France detached the Loire-Atlantique département (around the city of Nantes ) from Brittany, and placed it within a region based around the city of Angers . [2] Today, 80% of historic Brittany has become the administrative région of Bretagne , while the remaining area, the Loire-Atlantique département around Nantes (formerly one of the historic capitals of Brittany), forms part of the Pays de la Loire région . In January 2007 the population of Brittany was estimated to be 4,365,500. Of these, 71% lived in the Bretagne région, while 29% lived in the Pays-de-la-Loire région. At the 1999 census, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (711,120 inhabitants), Rennes (521,188 inhabitants), and Brest (303,484 inhabitants). Contents Main article: History of Brittany Historical regions of Brittany in the 14th century The peninsula that became "Brittany" was a centre of ancient megalithic constructions in the Neolithic era. It has been called the "core area" of megalithic culture. [3] It later became the territory of several Celtic tribes, of which the most powerful was the Veneti . After Caesar's conquest of Gaul , the area became known to the Romans as Armorica , from the Celtic term for "coastal area". Its transformation into "Brittany" occurred in the late Roman period, with the establishment of Brythonic settlement in the area. The history behind such an establishment is unclear, but medieval Breton and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as Conan Meriadoc . Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica with the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus , who took his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica. Regardless of the truth of this story, Brythonic settlement likely increased during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th century. Scholars such as Léon Fleuriot have suggested a two-wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the Brythonic (British Celtic) Breton language in Armorica. [4] Over time the Armorican British colony expanded, forming a group of petty kingdoms which were later unified in the 840s under Nominoe in resistance to Frankish control. [5] Anne of Brittany A Breton couple (Léna and Théodore Botrel ) wearing traditional Breton costumes at the beginning of the 20th century In the mid-9th century Nominoe and his successors won a series of victories over the Franks which secured an independent Duchy of Brittany . In the High Middle Ages the Duchy was sometimes allied to England and sometimes to France. The pro-English faction was victorious in 1364 in the Breton War of Succession , but the independent Breton army was eventually defeated by the French in 1488, leading to dynastic union with France following the marriage of Duchess Anne of Brittany to two kings of France in succession. [6] In 1532 the Duchy was incorporated into France . In the 18th century the Pontcallec Conspiracy arose from continuing Breton claims to legal distinction from France, [7] but the Duchy was legally abolished during the French Revolution . The area became a centre of royalist and Catholic resistance to the Revolution during the Chouannerie . In the 19th century the Celtic Revival led to the foundation of the Breton Regionalist Union and later to independence movements linked to Irish , Welsh and Scottish independence parties in the UK and to pan-Celticism . There was a major cultural renaissance in the 20th century associated with the movement Seiz Breur . [8] The alliance of the Breton National Party with Nazi Germany in World War II weakened Bretonism in the post-war period. However, Brittany was legally reconstituted as the Region of Brittany , although the region excluded the ducal capital of Nantes and the surrounding area . Over this period the Breton language declined precipitously. Children were not allowed to speak Breton at school, and were punished by teachers if they did. Famously, signs in school were saying: "it is forbidden to speak Breton and to spit on the floor" ("Il est interdit de parler breton et de cracher par terre"). [9] As a result, a generation of native Breton speakers were ashamed of their language and avoided speaking it or teaching it to their children. These factors contributed to the disappearance of the language. Nevertheless Brittany retained its cultural distinctiveness. Sights Cap Fréhel Brittany is home to many megalithic monuments which are scattered across the peninsula . The largest alignments are near Karnag/ Carnac . The purpose of these monuments is still unknown, and many local people are reluctant to entertain speculation on the subject. The words dolmen (from "taol" table and "maen" stone) and menhir (from "maen" stone and "hir" long) are Breton and commonly used by either Breton or French people. Brittany is also known for its calvary sculptures , elaborately carved crucifixion scenes found at crossroads in villages and small towns, especially in Western Brittany. Besides its numerous intact manors and châteaux , Brittany has several old fortified towns also. The walled city of Saint-Malo (Sant-Maloù), a popular tourist attraction, is also an important port linking Brittany with England and the Channel Islands . It also was the birthplace of the historian Louis Duchesne , acclaimed author Chateaubriand , famous corsair Surcouf and explorer Jacques Cartier . The town of Roscoff (Rosko) is served by ferry links with England and Ireland . Significant urban centres include: Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt, Breton: Naoned) : 282 853 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 804 833 in the urban area. Rennes (Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon) : 209 613 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 521 188 in the urban area. Brest (Breton Brest) : 148 316 inhabitants in the commune (2006), ca. 300 000 in the urban area. Saint-Nazaire (Gallo: Saint-Nazère, Breton: Sant-Nazer) : 71 373 inhabitants in the commune (2006); in the urban area of Nantes. Lorient (Breton: an Oriant) : 58 547 inhabitants in the commune (2006). Quimper (Breton: Kemper) : 64 900 inhabitants in the commune (2006). Vannes (Breton: Gwened, Gallo: Vann) : 53 079 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 132 880 in the urban area. Saint-Brieuc (Gallo: Saint-Bérieu, Breton: Sant-Brieg) : 46 437 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 121 237 in the urban area (2005). Saint-Malo (Gallo: Saent-Malô, Breton: Sant-Maloù) : 52,737 inhabitants in the commune (2007), 81 962 in the urban area. Redon (Gallo: Rdon, Breton: Redon) : 9 601 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 52 758 in the urban area. The island of Ushant (Breton: Enez Eusa, French: Ouessant) is the north-westernmost point of Brittany and France, and marks the entrance of the English Channel. Other islands off the coast of Brittany include: Île-d'Arz an Arzh The coast at Brittany is unusual due to its colouring. The Côte de Granit Rose (pink granite coast) is located in the Côtes d'Armor department of Brittany. It stretches for more than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Plestin-les-Greves to Louannec and is one of the most outstanding coastlines in Europe. This special pink rock is very rare and can be found in only two other places in the world, Corsica and China . [10] The landscape has inspired artists, including Paul Signac , Marc Chagall , Raymond Wintz and his wife Renee Carpentier Wintz, who both painted coastal and village scenes. Paul Gauguin and his famous School of Pont-Aven in the Finisterre département, Brittany also painted many village scenes. Language Bilingual road signs can be seen in traditional Breton-speaking areas. French , the only official language of the French Republic, is today spoken throughout Brittany. The two regional languages have no official status with regards to the state, although they are supported by the regional authorities within the constitutional limits: Breton , strongest in the west but to be seen all over Brittany, is a Celtic language most closely related to Cornish and Welsh . Gallo , which is spoken in the east, is one of the Latinate Langues d'oïl . From the very beginning of its history and despite the end of the independence of Brittany, Breton remained the language of the entire population of western Brittany, except for bishops and French administrators or officers, but has always been widely spoken everywhere else. French laws and economic pressure led people to abandon their language to that of the ruler, but until the 1960s, Breton was spoken and understood by the majority of the western inhabitants. Breton was traditionally spoken in the west (the " Breizh-Izel " or " Basse-Bretagne "), and Gallo in the east (the "pays Gallo", "Breizh-Uhel" or "Haute-Bretagne"). The dividing line stretched from Plouha on the north coast to a point to the south east of Vannes . French had, however, long been the main language of the towns. The Breton-speaking area formerly covered territory much farther east than its current distribution. A bilingual road sign In the Middle Ages , Gallo expanded into formerly Breton-speaking areas. Now restricted to a much reduced territory in the east of Brittany, Gallo finds itself under pressure from the dominant Francophone culture. It is also felt by some to be threatened by the Breton language revival which is gaining ground in territories that were never part of the main Breton-speaking area. Diwan ("seed") schools, where classes are taught in Breton by the immersion method , play an important part in the revival of the Breton language. These schools are privately funded, as they receive no French central government support. The issue of whether they should be funded by the State has long been, and remains, controversial. Some bilingual classes are also provided in ordinary schools. Despite the resistance of French administration, bilingual (Breton and French) road signs may be seen in some areas, especially in the traditional Breton-speaking area. Signage in Gallo is much rarer. A large influx of English-speaking immigrants and second-home owners in some villages sometimes adds to linguistic diversity. Religion Sculpted "calvaries" can be found in many villages. The Landévennec Abbey in Finistère, destroyed in 913 by Vikings , but since 1950 bought and rebuilt by the Benedictines of Kerbénéat. [11] While Christianization may have occurred during Roman occupation, the first recorded Christian missionaries came to the region from Wales and are known as the "Seven founder saints". They are: St Patern , at Vannes (Breton: Gwened), St Corentin (sant Kaourintin), at Quimper (Breton: Kemper). Other notable early evangelizers are Gildas and the Irish saint Columbanus . With more than 300 " saints " (only a few recognised by the Catholic Church ), the region is strongly Catholic . Since the 19th century at least, Brittany has been known as one of the most devoutly Catholic regions in France, in contrast to many other more secularised areas (see " Bl. Julien Maunoir "). The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. As in other Celtic regions, the legacy of Celtic Christianity has left a rich tradition of local saints and monastic communities, often commemorated in place names beginning Lan, Lam, Plou or Lok. The patron saint of Brittany is Saint Anne , the Virgin's mother. But the most famous saint is Saint Ivo of Kermartin ('saint Yves' in French, 'sant Erwan' in Breton), a 13th century priest who devoted his life to the poor. Once a year, believers go on a " Pardon ", the saint's feast day of the parish . It often begins with a procession followed by a mass in honour of the saint. There is always a secular side, with some food and craft stalls. The three most famous Pardons are: from Sainte-Anne d'Auray/Santez-Anna-Wened, where a poor farmer in the 17th century explained how the saint had ordered him to build a chapel in her honour. from Tréguier /Landreger, in honour of St Yves, the patron saint of the judges, advocates, and any profession involved in justice. from Locronan /Lokorn, in honour of St Ronan , with a troménie (a procession, 12 km-long) and numerous people in traditional costume. The Notre-Dame church in Bodilis , Finistère There is a very old pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh (tour of Brittany), where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one of the seven founder saints to another. Historically, the pilgrimage was made in one trip (a total distance of around 600 km) for all seven saints. Nowadays, however, pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales , symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol, Sant Brieg, and Sant Samzun. Whoever does not make the pilgrimage at least once in his lifetime will be condemned to make it after his death, advancing only by the length of his coffin each seven years. [12] Some traditions and customs from the old Celtic religion have also been preserved in Brittany. The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death". Sometimes a skeleton wrapped in a shroud with the Breton flat hat, sometimes described as a real human being (the last dead of the year, devoted to bring the dead to Death), he makes his journeys by night carrying an upturned scythe which he throws before him to reap his harvest. Sometimes he is on foot but mostly he travels with a cart, the Karrig an Ankou, drawn by two oxen and a lean horse. Two servants dressed in the same shroud and hat as the Ankou pile the dead into the cart, and to hear it creaking at night means you have little time left to live.[citation needed] Breton music Main article: Music of Brittany Brittany is an area of strong Celtic heritage, rich in its cultural heritage. Though long under the control of France and influenced by French traditions, Brittany has retained and, since the early 1970s, revived its own folk music, modernising and adapting it into folk rock and other fusion genres. Gastronomy A Coreff porter and a Coreff pale ale Although some white wine is produced near the Loire , the traditional drinks of Brittany are: cider ( Breton : sistr) - Brittany is the second largest cider-producing region in France; Traditionally served in a ceramic cup resembling an English Tea cup. beer ( Breton : bier) - Brittany has a long beer brewing tradition, tracing its roots back to the seventeenth century; Young artisanal brewers are keeping a variety of beer types alive [13] , such as Coreff de Morlaix [14] , Tri Martolod and Britt; a sort of mead made from wild honey called chouchenn ; an apple eau de vie called lambig. Kornog peated Breton whisky Historically Brittany was a beer producing region. However, as wine was increasingly imported from other regions of France, beer drinking and production slowly came to an end in the early to mid- 20th century . In the 1970s, due to a regional comeback, new breweries started to open and there are now about 20 of them. Whisky is also produced by a handful of distilleries with excellent results, such as Glann ar Mor distillery which makes an un-peated Single Malt, as well as a peated expression named Kornog. Another recent drink is kir Breton ( crème de cassis and cider) which may be served as an apéritif . Tourists often try a mix of bread and red wine. A galette served with cider Very thin, wide pancakes made from buckwheat flour are eaten with ham, eggs and other savoury fillings. They are usually called galettes (Breton: galetes), except in the western parts of Brittany where they are called crêpes (Breton: krampouezh). Galettes are often served with a cup of cider, but in Brittany they should traditionally be accompanied by breton buttermilk called lait ribot (Breton: laezh-ribod). Brittany also has a dish similar to the pot-au-feu known as the Kig ha farz , which consists of stewed pork or beef with buckwheat dumplings. Thin crêpes made from wheat flour are eaten for dessert or for breakfast. They may be served cold with local butter. Other pastries , such as kouign amann ("butter cake" in Breton) made from bread dough, butter and sugar, or far, a sort of sweet Yorkshire pudding , or clafoutis with prunes, are traditional. Surrounded by the sea, Brittany offers a wide range of fresh sea food and fish, especially mussels and oysters . Among the sea food specialities is cotriade . Climate Boats at low tide in Roscoff Located on the west coast of France, Brittany has a warm, temperate climate. Rainfall occurs regularly - which has helped keep its countryside green and wooded, but sunny, cloudless days are also common. In general, Brittany has a moderate climate during both summer and winter. [15] [16] In the summer months temperatures in the region can reach 30 °C (86 °F ), yet the climate remains comfortable, especially when compared to parts of France south of the Loire . Despite rumours in France that Brittany is rainy, rain is neither uncomfortably common nor rare, and in Brittany a common expression and response to people complaining about the rain is "En Bretagne, il ne pleut que sur les cons", which litterary translates as "In Brittany, it only rains on the idiots", and should be understood as if you are not pleased with Brittany, you should leave it. Brittany's most popular summer resorts are on the south coast ( La Baule , Belle Île , Gulf of Morbihan ), although the wilder and more exposed north coast also attracts summer tourists. Transport Airports in Brittany serving destinations in France, Great Britain and Ireland include Brest , Dinard , Lorient , and Rennes . Flights between Brittany and the Channel Islands are served by Saint-Brieuc airport, which also has direct flights to Bournemouth . Several cities in Great Britain and Ireland are also served from Nantes , Loire-Atlantique département and former capital of the historic province of Brittany. [17] TGV train services link the region with cities such as Paris , Lyon , Marseille , and Lille in France. In addition there are ferry services that take passengers, vehicles and freight to Ireland, England and the Channel Islands. Brittany Ferries operates the following regular services: Plymouth - Roscoff (Armorique, Pont-Aven, certain winter sailings operated by Bretagne) Portsmouth - St Malo (Bretagne with winter service operated by Pont-Aven) Roscoff - Cork (Pont-Aven, occasionally Bretagne) Irish Ferries operates the following routes: Vitré Mont Saint Michel - actually in Normandie, but very close to the Brittany border; monastery and town built on a tiny outcrop of rock in the sand, which is cut off from the mainland at high tide. It is one of France's major tourist destinations, and as such gets very busy in high season. Check the times of the tides before you visit! Carnac - the megalithic menhirs - stones erected by the prehistoric peoples of Brittany Lac de Guerledan - artificial lake created by EDF, a scenic highlight of interior Brittany Cote d'Emeraude - verdant rocky coast stretching from St Malo to St Brieuc - bustling resorts, charming fishing villages Breton islands: Channel Islands Breton flag Brittany received its modern name when it was settled (in around 500 AD) by Britons, whom the Anglo-Saxons had driven from Britain . Breton history is one long struggle for independence — first from the Franks (5th-9th century), then the Counts of Anjou and the Dukes of Normandy (10th-12th century), and finally from England and France. The Breton people maintain a fierce sense of independence to this day, as displayed by their local customs and traditions. In the past 5 years or so a resurgence of the regional identity has happened in France. Breton art, music and culture are recognized across the nation. France has now accepted that in diversity lies strength and unity. Talk The people of Brittany all speak French, many speak the regional Breton language Breton , and many speak English very well. While France tried to discourage the use of regional languages their use is rebounding, bringing a stronger understanding of culture, contributions, and history. Through the local efforts of the Bretons and the DIWAN Breton Language schools, children are being tought in the native language while they learn standard curriculum. The DIWAN schools are supported by world wide efforts through various groups, including the International Committee for the Defense of the Breton Language. SNCF website By car The A11, the Océane Route, links Brittany to Paris. A dual carriageway runs from Rennes to Nantes, and there is a motorway from Nantes to Bordeaux . By bus SNCF offers bus services from all major rail stations in Brittany. Get around In Brittany, all roads are free (no tolls). Menhirs and Dolmens Brittany has a large number of megaliths, which simply means "big rocks". These menhirs (standing stones) and dolmens (stone tables) were sites for burials and worship. See some magnificent examples at the bay of Morlaix and the gulf of Morbihan . Museums at Vannes and Carnac detail the archaeolgical finds made at these sites. Kig ha farz - meat and stuffing Coquilles Saint-Jacques Crêpes and galettes (crêpes made from buckwheat flour) are among the regional specialties Tourteaux (large crabs) and spider crabs Far breton - cake made with prunes Kouign amann - butter cake, served lukewarm Chouchen - Breton mead, a sweet alcohol made from fermented honey, water and yeast Cider - alcoholic drink made from fermented apples. Very good ciders are also found in Normandy Beer - there is a great variety (some of them are made with sea water) Whisky - There are Breton whiskies. Nevertheless there are better ones in the Gaelic world... Kir Breton - the local adaptation of the kir. You pour Breton cider insrtead of white wine, preferably from the Rance valley. (Kir, for those uninitiated, is blackcurrent liqueur and white wine,) Stay safe When swimming in the sea, watch out for rips and undercurrents. Be mindful that the tide can come at a very fast pace soatch out or you might be stranded on an outlying island! Check the tides (marées) in your local tourist office. Ask for a table of the tides. This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow! 1595 William Shakespeare: Third Part of King Henry the Sixth: Act II, Scene VI: And then to Brittany I'll cross the sea, To effect this marriage so it please my lord. 1990 Alice Munro: Friend of My Youth. ISBN 0679729577 page 102: - - - No one has family names. These girls with rooster hair I see on the streets. They pick the names. They're the mothers." "I have a granddaughter named Brittany," Hazel said. " And I have heard of a little girl called Cappuccino." "Cappuccino! Is that true? Why don't they call one Cassaulet? Fettuccini? Alsace-Lorraine?" 1999 Andrew Pyper: Lost Girls: Chapter Ten: Names of the times. Borrowed from soap opera characters of prominence fifteen years ago, who have since been replaced by spiffy new models: the social-climbing Brittany now an unscrupulous Burke, the generous Pamela a refitted, urbanized Parker. Translations	i don't know
What is the name of the Derby based firm which recently won a £180 million contract to build rail carriages for Southern Rail after losing out on a larger contract earlier in the year to build carriages for Thames line?	Rail Professional July 2014 issue by RAIL PROFESSIONAL MAGAZINE - issuu issuu JULY/AUGUST 2014 ISSUE 204 £3.95 THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR RAIL Mind the gap IRR’s Professor Simon Iwnicki on the skills gap and getting the message across about railway engineering as a career Plus... What are the ‘golden keys’ to solving complex problems in rail? Leading training and education initiatives in rail engineering HS2 - time to address freight issues says FTA Greg Morse on Polmont, 30 years on How will Scotland’s transport system cope this year? Asking what’s needed: An invitation from the British Transport Police Association to influence its work Leaving with our heads held high: First Capital Connect MD David Statham on why the Toc’s employees should be proud www.railpro.co.uk Excellence In All We Do WHEELS ▪ AXLES ▪ WHEELSET OVERHAUL ▪ TYRES ▪ GEARBOX OVERHAUL ▪ WHEELPAN REPROFILING Lucchini UK is part of the Lucchini RS Group of Italy, specialising in the machining of train wheels and axles, the assembly of complete wheelsets for new passenger carriages and the maintenance of train wheelsets and gearboxes. The plant in Trafford Park, Manchester, claims over 100 years of involvement in the rail industry, however it belies its age: since purchasing the site in the year 2000 Lucchini RS has upgraded the facilities, investing £15m to make it a “one-stop shop” for any activity related to passenger and freight wheelsets and gearboxes. Lucchini UK has met with outstanding success promoting the high quality of its products and developing a close relationship between Staff, Customers and Suppliers, in particular via its Continuous Improvement Programme called LukoMotion. The company commitment is constantly to update its machining capability and its non-destructive testing technology, keeping up with customer demands for top quality, service and flexibility. The company is approved to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 and to the Link-up, IRIS and RISAS schemes. LUK’s parent company in Italy is at the forefront of the design and manufacture of wheels, axles and wheelsets, with its own steel production, R&D laboratories and state-of-the-art facilities for wheel and axle manufacture. The home of Lucchini RS - Lovere, Italy Lucchini UK Ltd ▪ Wheel Forge Way ▪ Trafford Park ▪ Manchester ▪ M17 1EH Tel: +44 (0)161 886 0300 ▪ [email protected] ▪ www.lucchinirs.co.uk Welcome march 2014 Issue 200 £3.95 JULY 2014 ISSUE 204 £3.95 THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR RAIL A man for Mind the gap all countries THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR RAIL www.railpro.co.uk www.railpro.co.uk IRR’s Professor Simon Iwnicki on the skills gap and getting the message across about railway Global transportasdesigner engineering a career Paul Priestman on stations, high speed, increasing capacity and how the industry should advertise itself Plus... Will BIM fail in the rail industry? How smart technology is powering rail’s digital revolution Is HS2 welcome in Yorkshire? Rail’s challenges now that Ofcom has given the go ahead for superfast satellite broadband Plus... What are the ‘golden keys’ to solving complex problems in rail? Leading training and education initiatives in rail engineering HS2 - time to address freight issues says FTA Greg Morse on Polmont, 30 years on How will Scotland’s transport system cope this year? RSSB on strengthening rail’s defences against extreme weather Asking what’s needed: An invitation from the British Transport Police Association to influence its work Should we forget the driver? How technology Leaving with heads held high: Firstof Capital Connect MD isour changing the face our networks David Statham on why the Toc’s employees should be proud PUBLISHER RAIL PROFESSIONAL LTD Hallmark House, Downham Road, Ramsden Heath, Essex CM11 1PU Tel : 01268 711811 EDITORIAL EDITOR: LORNA SLADE [email protected] ASSISTANT EDITOR: DAVE SONGER [email protected] DISPLAY ADVERTISING CHRISTIAN WILES [email protected] STEVE FRYER [email protected] STUART HARDY [email protected] ANDREA HAKWINS [email protected] RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING DEAN SALISBURY [email protected] SUBSCRIPTIONS LISA ETHERINGTON [email protected] ADMINISTRATION CHERIE NUGENT [email protected] LISA ETHERINGTON [email protected] DESIGN & PRODUCTION MILES JOHNSTONE [email protected] Rail Professional welcomes contributions in the form of articles, photographs or letters, preferably by email. Original photographs may be submitted, but, while every care will be exercised, neither the editor nor the publisher take responsibility for loss of, or damage to, material sent. Submission of material to Rail Professional will be taken as permission for it to be published in the magazine. ISSN 1476-2196 © All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the copyright owners. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher, nor does it accept liability for any printing errors or otherwise which may occur. editor’ s note Editor’ s Note T his issue is devoted to one of the biggest concerns facing the industry — the skills shortage, and to that end it was a pleasure to meet Professor Simon Iwnicki, head of the Institute of Railway Research at Huddersfield University, and a man at the forefront of raising awareness among the UK’s schoolchildren and undergraduates of a career in rail engineering and the rewards it can offer. Discussing the shortcomings of school careers advice services, Iwnicki points out that the situation is stifled by the fact that most advisors don’t have direct experience of engineering, let alone rail engineering. He believes that the skills shortage may have to become quite acute before the message really gets through though, and if we can’t find the number of engineers required, more of those jobs will have to be imported, as they are already. An interesting report commissioned by the Royal Academy of Engineering, Thinking like an engineer - implications for the education system, takes the problem back to the earliest days of schooling. It says that young children are natural born engineers, constantly seeking to understand the properties of materials and testing the structures they build. However the education system then expects them to move away from practical learning and become more theoretical and abstract, with the implication that people who design, make and fix things are less intelligent. The report proposes that the whole of the curricula is redesigned, starting from the premise of trying to cultivate learners who think like engineers through more engineeringbased content in the new 2014 National Curriculum for England. Will the rail MoU with China be a good thing? ‘I can see great mutual benefit to be gained from increased co-operation between the UK and China on rail,’ said Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin, and there’s no doubt a sharing of expertise can only be a positive. A DfT spokesman said HS2 is planned on the basis it is publicly funded, but as the project develops ‘there will be potential to secure private sector investment in the new railway infrastructure, rolling stock or wider station developments.’ The spokesman made it clear that ‘HS2 - and the tens of thousands of jobs it will create - will provide hugely significant opportunities for British firms and workers.’ It will be interesting to see how the new situation will affect the UK’s rail engineering skills gap. Indeed, Frank Dobson MP recently tabled a question to the Secretary of Transport whether he expects Chinese workers to be employed in the construction of HS2. The Chinese want to invest in HS2, and the Canadian pension-fund owners of HS1 are waiting in the wings as well. One thing is for sure, the HS2 news engine will not be reducing in speed. Lorna Slade Editor Speciality Greases- making a point of being on time. www.klueber.com tel: 01422 015515 [email protected] your global specialist ISSUE 204 • JULY / AUGUST 2014 News 08 48 UK and China sign MoU on rail; DfT study to put a value on time spent travelling; modern working patterns not reflected in ticketing says Campaign for Better Transport; Infrarail 2014 busiest ever; joint project to enhance communication during disruptions; transport industry needs a more feminine voice; British Transport Police news; Abellio Greater Anglia Demonstrator train takes to the tracks; government refuses to raise HS2’s environmental aims; apprentices dismantle DMU at Swanage Railway; Network Rail apprentices do battle with armed forces; HS2 petition committee announces timetable; GNWR deal nearly sealed; HS1 eyeing HS2; engineering succession planning more important than ever; Derby Enterprise Growth Fund initiative; Railfuture photography competition; letters to the editor Professor Simon Iwnicki, head of the Institute of Railway Research (IRR) at Huddersfield University, talked to Lorna Slade about his forthcoming year of office as chair of the Railway Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, a role which he is clear will be devoted to helping to address the skills shortage in railway engineering Building awareness 58 Kevin P. Stenson describes the big impact that educational charity The Smallpeice Trust is having on raising young people’s awareness of careers in rail engineering Passenger Focus 24 59 The spotlight will be on Scotland and its sporting events this year. How will the country’s public transport system cope asks Anthony Smith? Laying down the law 26 Claudia Gerrard looks at letters of intent and says that one recent real-life scenario shows they are still largely misunderstood and misused Patent pending 30 As employers are being increasingly challenged to take ownership of the opportunities to prevent a new wave of engineering skills shortages, Angela Dean explains how the University of Derby is helping rail firms to do this The TotalVALUE of team working 63 How can the rail industry integrate multiple fields of research and practice, whole systems engineering, innovation, creativity and complex problem solving? Adrian Terry has the answer Steven Charlton outlines the positive effects that upcoming changes in European patent law will have on the European rail industry British Transport Police Authority 32 In the first of a regular series, chair of the BTPA, Millie Banerjee, talks about ten years of the Authority overseeing the work of the BTP, and why she believes integrated working will see it on track to success for the next ten years IRO news and diary Latest news and events from the Institution of Railway Operators Delivering the goods 40 The Freight Transport Association is petitioning on the HS2 Bill to ensure that issues for rail freight are properly addressed. Chris MacRae lays out his concerns and suggestions A radical offer on rail? 44 Jay Turner looks at Labour’s options for reforming the structure of UK passenger rail services RAIL PROFESSIONAL banner ads 2014 outline.indd 1 Page 6 July/August 2014 13/01/2014 13:15 Follow us on Twitter RailProMag@twitter Other countries think of engineers as people who design, innovate and find solutions, whereas in the UK an engineer is someone who comes to fix your fridge INTERVIEW - P. 48 Opening doors to the next generation of engineers 67 The Royal Greenwich University Technical College has been a great success. TfL describes how it has supported the teaching of real world engineering skills to the college’s students Meeting the transformation 71 TfL’s apprentices are playing a key role in the modernisation and improvement of London Underground and other parts of the transport network Getting in line puts lives on track 75 Former Gurkhas - and other men and women from the military - are in the front line of work to modernise Britain’s railways, thanks to new qualifications being pioneered by EAL Getting on board with apprenticeships 79 Paul Compton describes one of the largest rail apprentice schemes in the South Wales Region Polmont, 30 years on 83 Greg Morse looks back to the fatal collision at Polmont on 30 July 1984 and considers the current risk from animals on the line Leaving with our heads held high 87 First Capital Connect MD David Statham says the operator’s employees should be proud of all they have achieved together Business news 91 B Hepworth Co.; Birley Manufacturing Solutions; Colas Rail; Gleeds; Keyline; Northern Rail; Rennicks UK; Severn Partnership; SIG Rail & Infrastructure; Smith Brothers & Webb; TrainFX; VTG Rail UK; Zonegreen; new members of the Rail Alliance Business profiles 101 1stinrail; Amaro; Arbil; Arcadia Alive; ARC Academy; Daventry Business and Consultancy Services; Enable Rail Academy; Flexicon; GKN Land Systems; Hurst Green Plastics; Kopta; Mechan; pbh Rail; Speedy Services; Thales; Vivax-Metrotech; York EMC Services People RAIL PROFESSIONAL banner ads 2014 outline.indd 2 Philip Hoare; Jim Crawford; Nick Howers; Charles Horton; Dyan Crowther; Wilma Allan; Elodie Brian 13/01/2014 13:15 July/August 2014 Page 7 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk UK and China sign MoU on rail Prime Minister David Cameron and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang have agreed that the UK and Chinese rail industries will work together to boost economic growth, jobs and skills. The two countries signed a bilateral agreement at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, paving the way for closer cooperation on areas such as rail design, engineering, construction, supply, operation and maintenance. Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: ‘I can see great mutual benefit to be gained from increased co-operation between the UK and China on rail. The railways are a massive success story in both countries and we can boast world-class expertise across the sector. ‘The government’s long-term economic plan is working, and Britain is on the rise. But the job is not done. The success stories of the future will be economies that invest in infrastructure and welcome overseas involvement and we want this partnership to be a win-win situation creating economic growth and jobs here and abroad, including in China.’ The memorandum of understanding – which covers all modes of rail, including high speed - states the scope of the partnership may include: • the development of new build and upgrading rail infrastructure projects • the supply of products and services to third markets • collaboration on research and development within the rail sector • station design • equipment supply • rail transport safety and evaluation • energy saving and environmental protection in rail. McLoughlin signed the MoU on behalf of the UK government, with Xu Shaoshi, chairman of the National Development and Reform Committee (NDRC), signing for the Chinese. The agreement states that contracts won in the UK should utilise and build upon the UK supply chain. Engineering employers say succession planning more important now than before recession Engineering employers say succession planning is more important to them now than it was in 2006 according to researcher Randstad Construction Property & Engineering. In a poll of 100 leading HR directors, 63 per cent of those working in the engineering sector believe planning is more important now than before the economy crashed. According to Workpocket 2014/15, Randstad’s guide to HR, succession planning focuses on identifying potential future leaders to fill key positions. In a climate of talent shortage and lack of confidence in leadership potential, there is renewed interest in succession planning. Half of HR directors working in engineering said it is set to become a higher priority in the future. Owen Goodhead, MD of Randstad Construction, Property & Engineering said: ‘Sound succession planning is not just about risk-mitigation. It helps ensure employees know they’re being groomed for a particular position, which gives them a strong sense of having a clearly defined future within the company. With the growing shortage at senior and middle manager level, and a number of engineers decamping overseas, focusing on succession planning could make all the difference. Less than half (44 per cent) of the UK’s blue-chip employers undertake both short and long-term succession planning. But in engineering, the figure is around three quarters (71 per cent). Said Goodhead: ‘When it comes to succession planning the UK’s employers appear to be lagging behind the engineering industry. You have a choice: raise the bar on your succession planning or watch your top talent – and a host of competitive benefits – fly out the door. Unlike other sectors, the engineering sector isn’t just going through the motions. Effective succession planning can’t be done in a vacuum and needs to be an integrated component of a company’s approach to talent management. It’s a part of the HR process that just isn’t being properly exploited at the moment elsewhere. Engineers are used to dealing with massive projects that can take years – even decades – to complete. That appears to have rubbed off on their HR departments.’ Additionally, 43 per cent of engineering employers focus their succession planning on more than just the top level of management – compared to the UK average of 30 per cent. Page 8 July/August 2014 GNWR WCML deal nearly sealed Great North Western Railway Company (GNWR) has reached an agreement with Network Rail on the sale of access rights to begin the operation of two new direct high-speed rail services on the West Coast Main Line (WCML). The period of industry consultation is due to finish early this month, and then the open access contract only needs final approval from the Office of Rail Regulation so that new trains can be ordered and the recruitment process can begin. GNWR, a subsidiary of the Arriva-owned Alliance Rail Holdings, plans to operate six return trains a day between London and Blackpool, starting in 2017. It will also run six return trains a day between London and Huddersfield via Manchester Victoria and then continuing on to Leeds, starting in 2018. Smaller and lighter . . . . . . than conventional systems, KNORR-BREMSE EP2002 DISTRIBUTED BRAKE CONTROL, designed and manufactured in the UK, uses advanced mechatronic technology to optimise braking performance across the whole train. Proven in service on London Underground and around the world, on metros such as Dubai and Shanghai, EP2002 is recognised as setting new standards in brake control. \| www.knorr-bremse.co.uk \| July/August 2014 Page 9 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk HS2 petition committee announces timetable The committee of MPs who will hear the petitions of people wanting changes to the HS2 Hybrid Bill has announced four days of hearings in July, which will solely be concerned with HS2 Ltd challenging the right of people and organisations to be heard by the committee. There will also be four days of hearings concerning the petitions of Birmingham City Council and Centro, both staunch supporters of HS2, before the Committee breaks up for the summer recess, until reconvening in September. The committee will not meet outside of London but will conduct site visits, which petitioners can attend, starting with Birmingham and Lichfield on July 15th. The committee will hear petitions on a geographical basis, going from the North to South after it has concluded in Birmingham. Although the committee decided in the main not to hear national issues first, it has agreed to hear from a noise expert from the HS2 action groups early into the process, after a visit to a sound laboratory. At some point, HS2 Ltd is going to make ‘additional provisions’, which are intended to be amendments to the current plans. Government refuses to raise ambition of HS2’s environmental protections The government has rejected the call of an Environmental Audit Committee report on HS2 and the environment for a more ambitious objective than ‘no net biodiversity loss’. It has also discounted the Committee’s call to provide greater ‘environmental compensation’ (or off-setting) for ancient woodlands destroyed by the rail line. Chair of the Committee, Joan Walley MP, (see her feature in Rail Professional June 2014, pg51) said: ‘Opinion is divided on the merits or otherwise of HS2. But everyone should be united in wanting the environmental impacts of the railway to be avoided or minimised as much as possible. It is disappointing that the government will settle for no overall biodiversity loss, when it could use the enormous budget for the scheme to provide more gains than losses for the environment. If ancient woodlands and other critical habitats will be lost, they should at least be much more fully compensated for than currently planned by the government’s off-setting system.’ In its response to the Committee’s April report, the government states that its ambition in seeking ‘no net biodiversity loss’ is ‘appropriate’. This is despite its commitment in its 2011 Natural Environment White Paper for this to be ‘the first generation to leave the natural environment in a better state that it inherited’. In calculating how much new woodland to provide, to replace damaged ancient woodland, it will give the highest possible score for the ancient woodland’s ‘distinctiveness’, but not for its ‘condition’ or ‘connectedness’. Lower scores for these attributes will lower the amount of new woodland required, despite ancient woodlands being universally regarded as irreplaceable. The response also largely rejects the Committee’s recommendations on allowing compensatory habitats away from the route, which might provide better results in well-being terms. It rejects the call for a ring-fence for a budget for environmental protection measures. More positively, the government has conceded that it recognises the benefit of having an independent body to monitor the creation of off-set habitats and whether there is any overall biodiversity loss, and will ‘consider further’ the options for Natural England or local authorities having such a role. Following its report, the Environmental Audit Committee wrote to the chair of the new select committee hearing the petitions of people wanting changes to HS2 (see above), drawing its attention to government commitments that the select committee would be able to examine and report on environmental mitigation measures. HS1 eyeing HS2 The Canadian pension-fund owners of the Channel Tunnel rail link have expressed an interest in bidding for HS2 if it is offered up to the private sector according to The Telegraph. The Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan (OTPP) and Borealis Infrastructure have told the Treasury of their desire to add the new high-speed network to their portfolios once the project is complete. Ministers are considering whether to operate HS2 as a private-sector concession after Lord Heseltine suggested that doing so could save £10 billion. The two funds, which paid £2.1billion for the first HS1 concession in 2010, are understood to be ‘very serious’ about the potential deal. Nicola Shaw, chief executive of HS1 Ltd, which operates the line from the Channel Tunnel to London St Pancras, said her investors had been impressed by the early growth after already receiving a £200 million dividend. Regarding HS2, ‘The vote on the second reading was very clear, and if it gets built, my shareholders would like to buy another concession,’ said Shaw. ‘Getting the £200m dividend was very nice for them and I think they’ve understood that they like the UK investment environment. They have long horizons and they are very serious.’ Andrew Claerhout, of OTPP, said: ‘The HS2 project represents a significant opportunity for further growth and investment in UK infrastructure. We’ll continue paying close attention to it – particularly once the costs have been finalised – as it is clear that high-speed rail can provide the necessary returns for our investors as well as deliver an important public service.’ Page 10 July/August 2014 D T N A S A IX Y S R A M T W R A E O M ID TF TE S/W LA E G P PL N N M SI O O OS C VE A CR TI C OF EL FE T EV R E F PA L R S E A ID W ROSEHILL ANTI-TRESPASS PANELS Engineered For Simplicity Approved by Network Rail Cert No. PA05/01732 DOUBLE FLANGE STANDARD PANEL • Designed to deter animals, trespassers, or metal thieves from accessing the track. • Can be used as an anti-suicide measure. SINGLE FLANGE PANEL • Available in three types to fit any situation. • Simple to install. FLANGELESS FLAT PANEL • All panels are delivered with fixing kits. For more information about Rosehill Rail’s Level Crossing systems, call Peter Anderson on +44 (0)1422 317 482, or email [email protected]. Alternatively visit our website www.rosehillrail.com July/August 2014 Page 11 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk News in brief New centre for smart transport technology ocated in Milton Keynes, the ‘Imovation Centre’ (combining intelligent mobility and innovation) will ‘improve the movement of people and goods around the world’, generating up to £90 billion in annual revenue for the UK by 2025. Operated by Transport Systems Catapult, the centre will provide a world-class collaboration space for innovators, entrepreneurs, research organisations and businesses to trial and demonstrate new products. L Talk is cheap ondon Midland has changed its helpline number to make it cheaper for customers to get in touch. The changeover means that customers now pay the same rate as they would when dialling a landline rather than a premium rate number. For mobile phone users, the new number allows customers to call using their inclusive minutes rather than being charged extra. Just one digit on the phone number has changed; the previous number was 0844 811 0133 and the new number 0344 811 0133. L Large following for rail alliance he South West Trains-Network Rail Alliance has hit the 100,000 mark for Twitter followers. Since the @SW_Trains account was launched in September 2011 it now has more followers than the majority of other Toc’s, which the company says is ‘down to the open and honest real-time updates being provided to customers’. The biggest gain in numbers happened during last winter’s storms, with the addition of more than 10,000 followers. T Crime at lowest level for TfL ew figures show that the rate of crime for London Underground, Docklands Light Railway, London Tramlink, London Overground and buses remain at their lowest level since recording began. The figures, which cover 2013/14 April to March show crime fell by 11.3 per cent meaning there are now just 7.7 crimes per million passenger journeys on London’s transport system, down from 8.9 in 2012/13. In 2007/8 levels were at a rate of 15.2 crimes per million passenger journeys. N Page 12 July/August 2014 New DfT study will put a value on time spent travelling The study will provide up-to-date valuations of travel time savings and reliability in order to ‘better appraise transport infrastructure schemes’. It follows the publication of scoping reports by the DfT in October 2013, which recommended that values should be updated; the most recent UK national value of time study was conducted nearly 20 years ago, before the internet revolution and other changes in working and commuting practices. The study will provide national average values of travel time savings. It will also investigate the factors which cause variation in the values, and improve understanding of the uncertainties around them. Values of reliability benefits and quality impacts such as relief of overcrowding will also be provided. The DfT has appointed Arup to manage and deliver market research for the study. Arup will do this in partnership with the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) at the University of Leeds, which will be responsible for the technical research and analysis, and Accent, who will undertake the data collection. The new information will feed into the UK’s official transport analysis guidance, WebTAG, which mandates values of in-vehicle travel time savings for business, commuting and non-work travel for use in the assessment of publicly funded transport projects. Modern work patterns not reflected in ticketing The government is not responding to modern work patterns according to the Campaign for Better Transport, which it says is leaving many of Britain’s 12 million part-time workers unable to commute by train or paying too much for their ticket. New research from the transport campaign charity shows an average parttime commuter to London would save more than £1500 a year if the government honoured its pledge to introduce flexible season tickets. Campaigners from the CBT’s 15 organisations last month delivered a joint letter to the Secretary of State for Transport, and protested outside the offices of the DfT. Martin Abrams, public transport campaigner, Campaign for Better Transport said: ‘The days of everyone working 9:00 to 5:00, Monday to Friday are long gone but government is dragging its heels over season tickets for part-time workers. The result is part-timers who catch the train to work paying huge sums for tickets they don’t use, and in some cases being priced out of jobs altogether. Government needs to stop dithering and make sure all train companies introduce season tickets for part-time workers across the network as a matter of urgency.’ The research compared the price of full-time season tickets and a part-time equivalent on popular commuting routes into major cities. Those commuting to part-time jobs in London from the South East would be an average of £1500 a year better off. Part-time commuters to Birmingham would save around £600, with those commuting to part-time roles in Manchester and Bristol saving £460 and £765 respectively. More than eight million people now work part-time, constituting 29 per cent of those in employment. Of this group, nearly 75 per cent are women, the majority of whom have dependent children. A further four million people work flexibly, working some days each week from home. Another 1.5 million work under so-called zero hours contracts, with very limited knowledge of how many hours they will work each week. The DfT began consulting on fairer ticketing in March 2012, and in October 2013 pledged to trial part-time season tickets on a London commuter route. Although the trial was originally intended to run in 2014, no date has been set for it to begin and no line has yet been agreed. The government published research in May 2014 showing parttime season tickets would benefit many employers. 0845 600 4332 www.arbil.co.uk \| [email protected] Accredited Service Centre Arbil Rail \| Service Arbil: Accredited Permaquip Service Centre Arbilâ€™s sophisticated service centres have raised the bar again by being awarded Permaquip Service centre status at all locations offering nationwide coverage. Using only genuine Permaquip parts, Arbil offers Permaquip customers some of the most competitive prices in the market from servicing Ironmen to Stressors. To find out more around what Arbil can offer simply contact a member of Arbilâ€™s dedicated Permaquip Service Team on 0845 600 4332 Sales \| Service \| Hire \| Engineering Lye \| Cradley Heath \| Bristol \|2014 Coventry July/August Page 13 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk Greater Anglia Demonstrator train takes to the tracks The joint project of Angel Trains, Bombardier and Abellio Greater Anglia to invite passengers to have a positive input in train design has moved on with the inaugural run of the partly refurbished Class 317 emu, No 317 722. Senior rail industry figures and journalists were on board for the trip that took place between London Liverpool Street and Bishops Stortford and back last month. The train, known as the Class 317 Demonstrator, made the journey having undergone a £7 million overhaul as part of the joint project. Originality has played a major part all the way with this project for only two of the coaches have been fully refurbished, with tables having been removed, more space being created, a smoother ride and less noise. The other two coaches which include a First Class compartment have been left as they were, allowing passengers to make comparisons. A spokesman for Abellio Greater Anglia explained: ‘This was a preview of a refurbished and re-tractioned Class 317 that will be entering passenger service on the Abellio Greater Anglia West Anglia routes network this summer. ‘This project is designed to help in understanding the technical opportunities and customer requirements for the longer-term for this fleet and to demonstrate the possibilities of how these trains could be modified and improved as part of any future upgrade.’ Passengers will be asked for feedback to improvements that have been made including better performance through improved acceleration; the fitting of new motors and traction electronics resulting in reduced maintenance; power units resembling the performance of a new train for greater reliability, and reduced environmental impact with the Demonstrator using up to 40 per cent less power. Written by Peter Brown, transport journalist Derby Enterprise Growth Fund supports rail skills initiative Derby Enterprise Growth Fund (DEGF) has pledged support for a Derby-based rail consultancy in its bid to tackle growing skills shortages in the industry. The QSS Group in Vernon Gate specialises in health and safety, engineering and environmental management audits and training for the rail industry and has embarked on a strategic development and growth plan requiring the addition of new skills into the business. The company has therefore launched a recruitment campaign to attract six new consultants into the business. A £63,000 grant from DEGF is enabling the company to train and mentor these new recruits alongside its established consultants who can pass on their knowledge and expertise. DEGF is supported by the government’s Regional Growth Fund and run by Derby City Council. It aims to support the growth and job creation at businesses in Derby and the surrounding area through a mix of loans and grants. The QSS Group managing director Robert Brooks said that lack of investment in rail industry-specific training had now created a pending shortage of skills and knowledge at a higher level. ‘Our company is embedded in the rail industry and was established initially as a department within British Rail before privatisation in the 1990’s. Our consultants work with a wide range of companies within the rail sector from engineering and manufacturing to train operating companies and carry out the essential work required to keep our railway network safe.To deliver our growth plans, we are looking to attract professionals from allied industries and particularly graduates who have the skills in new technologies.’ He continued: ‘Thanks to the DEGF support, we are able to recruit, train and mentor these people while retaining our existing staff.’ The QSS Group has been working closely with the University of Derby – utilising the innovative IT, design and data analysis skills of students to work on a range of innovative rail projects. The first person to be recruited as part of the DEGF-supported expansion and the relationship with the university is Ian Davison who returned to education to study for a Masters in Environmental Page 14 July/August 2014 Management after leaving the gas industry. Davison was introduced to QSS by the University of Derby and recently won the University’s Student Employment Agency Award in recognition of his employment success. According to Robert Brooks, ‘Ian is a perfect example of how transferable skills in environmental management, computer programming and the gas industry can be relevant for our rail industry client base and he has brought many new qualities to the business.’ Applications continue to be welcomed by Derby City Council. To find out more visit: www.derby.gov.uk/degf. Tel: 01332 641628 Email: [email protected] One of the most inspiring companies in Britain A 'standout' UK business, as named by the Telegraph and identiﬁed by the London Stock Exchange as one of the top 1000 companies to inspire Britain www.telegraph.co.uk/ﬁnance/1000companies-inspire-britain/ SPECIALIST UK STRUCTURAL REFURBISHMENT AND STRENGTHENING CONTRACTORS Published in the Telegraph recently, Taziker Industrial Ltd (TI) were recognised by the London Stock Exchange for helping to spearhead the UKs economic recovery as they rub shoulders with the top 1000 companies to inspire Britain. in Scotland, after successfully completing the £15m contract for phase three. TI is a multi-discipline specialist UK Rail contractor providing innovative structural refurbishments and strengthening throughout the UK. Their in-house services include surface preparation and application of protective coatings, steelwork fabrication, repairs and strengthening and in order to bring efﬁciencies to every job TI utilise their own scaffolding divisions. News of the London Stock Exchange accolade arrived just as the specialist rail contractors were celebrating being awarded a three year, £22m contract for phase four of refurbishment works to the Tay Rail Bridge It seems the 600 strong company, who have ofﬁces throughout the UK, are not just darlings of the National press but are also striking a chord closer to home near their HQ in Bolton, where they were recently crowned the 9th fastest growing business in Greater Manchester for 2014. TI offer market-leading technologies and unparalleled expertise on every project. Their commitment to adding value stretches across all aspects of their business and was recognised recently with the ‘Platinum Badger Award’ for works to the Royal Albert Bridge over the River Tamar. This award represents the ultimate recognition by Network Rail IP Western for demonstrating sustained excellence and raising industry standards in health, safety and environmental controls. Contact Taziker Industrial Ltd Learn more about Taziker Industrial Ltd Taziker Industrial Ltd (Head Ofﬁce) Unit 6 Lodge Bank Crown Lane Horwich Bolton, BL6 5HY web: www.ti.uk.com Twitter: @Tazikerind Youtube: www.youtube.com/user/TazikerIndustrial Facebook: www.facebook.com/TazikerIndustrial Telephone: email: July/August 2014 Page 15 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk Apprentices join forces at Swanage Railway A team of more than twenty apprentices from Siemens and the South West Trains-Network Rail Alliance took part in a two-day team-building event at Swanage Railway, dismantling a Class 101 DMU before it was scrapped. The ex-British Rail unit from the 1950’s last saw service in 2000. Salvaged parts will form a valuable source of spares for the main line’s upgraded and certificated DMU’s that will be used on future train services between Swanage and the main line at Wareham from next year. Siemens apprentice and director at The Swanage Railway Trust, Nathan Au, who initiated the idea with colleagues, said: ‘We are lucky enough to learn about and work with modern fleets such as the Class 444 and 450 Desiro units for South West Trains in our apprenticeships, and this gave us a chance to practice our mechanical skills and techniques on older rolling stock while also helping towards a bigger railway project.’ Shannon Fox, 1st year apprentice at South West Trains, said: ‘I only joined in August last year and so this has been a lot to take in but it’s been good getting to work with Siemens and also see behind the scenes.’ Network Rail apprentices in battle with the armed forces Who’s tougher - the RAF, the Royal Navy or Network Rail’s apprentices? In fact, it’s the lattermost, as proved in the annual Junior Leaders Field Gun Competition, held at HMS Collingwood in Gosport, Hampshire last month. In the ultimate show of strength, endurance, speed, accuracy and teamwork, NR’s apprentices fended off the military services in the final by taking both first and second places. A third NR team also triumphed in the ‘plate’ contest – fought between those crews that make an earlier exit from the competition. The Junior Leaders Field Gun traditionally marks the end of Network Rail’s Year 1 Advanced Apprenticeship Scheme graduation ceremony. Organised by the Royal Navy, the competition is open to crews formed of trainees or apprentices aged 16-25. Each crew of 18 is required to run, dismantle, Page 16 July/August 2014 reassemble and fire the antique 12-pounder field gun – equivalent in weight to a small car – in the shortest possible time. Network Rail’s winning team triumphed over 11 other crews drawn from the military services and other organisations including BAE Systems and Chichester College. Michelle Nolan-McSweeney, apprentice development manager for Network Rail said: ‘The teamwork and dedication the apprentices showed in the competition and during their training should serve them well as they go on in their careers. Excellent teamwork, attention to detail and good communication are a vital part of maintaining the railway, and the Network Rail crews in this competition demonstrated these qualities in abundance.’ Dedicated lines of communication If the smooth operation of a rail network is your goal reliable communication is key to staying on track. Telecom Products Telephone companies throughout the world use Hosiden Besson test equipment. Handset Type 46 A rugged and versatile Handset that can be customised to suit all applications. Transmission Products Expertise in OEM Exchange-based transmission equipment allows us to offer design and manufacturing packages for Broadband, Video, and Audio Transmission equipment. The line powered high output Bedlam Loud TonecallerTM has been designed for installation in large ofﬁces trackside environments. Fire & Security A complete range of sounders designed to meet all the latest regulations including EN54-3. The IS28 Mk4 (Atex Approved) is the industry standard for sounders used in hazardous environments. Intrinsically Safe Intrinsicly safe versions are available. Hosiden Besson Making industry standard equipment since 1950 www.hbl.co.uk Contact Damon Cadman: [email protected] for more information T: +44 (0)1332 258823 July/August 2014 Page 17 for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk BRITISH TRANSPORT POLICE NEWS Commendations for Abellio Greater Anglia employees Three of the Toc’s staff have been recognised for their role in tackling railway crime and antisocial behaviour and were presented with Divisional Commander’s Commendations by chief superintendent Paul Brogden at a special ceremony at Stationer’s Hall, London. Brogden described how Hackney Downs station supervisor Binay Prasad’s ‘quick actions certainly helped save a person’s life’ during an incident late last year, when, noticing a man on the tracks, he acted to flag down and stop an oncoming train. On approaching the man, Prasad discovered that he was intent on committing suicide and managed to build enough of a rapport to escort him off the tracks to safety, keeping the man calm until emergency services arrived. Waltham Cross booking office clerk, Stella Emelone, received her commendation along with Alba Turnbull, a member of the public who worked at the station’s coffee shop. Emelone noticed a woman acting erratically, and fearful that she may be suicidal, asked her to leave the station. The woman refused, and as a fast train approached, she walked toward the platform edge. When Emelone tried to prevent her doing this she was viciously attacked. Turnbull intervened, putting her own safety at risk, but preventing Emelone from receiving potentially serious injuries. Matthew Leathers a customer services worker at Shenfield was involved in an incident at the station earlier this year. Having recently completed his Samaritans training course, Leathers approached a woman who told him that she intended to commit suicide. Although the woman was positioned next to the tracks, he managed to encourage her away from the platform before calling the police. Four sentenced in Operation Amelia Four Gloucestershire men have been sentenced for their part in a nationwide fraud to steal industrial batteries from the rail network and sell them on. Ryan Brazil, Martin Goodwin, Ronnie Smith and Carl Brazil received a range of sentences at Bristol Crown Court last month after pleading guilty to fraudulent trading. The court heard how the men had posed as contractors to steal the batteries between September 2009 and July 2013. Detective sergeant Anthony Jones of the BTP’s National Metal Theft Team, said: ‘Wearing branded outfits and arriving in liveried vehicles, the men posed as genuine contractors at depots across the country and convinced officials to allow them to take the valuable batteries. No Page 18 July/August 2014 company received money for the batteries which should have been sold to, and collected by, designated waste contractors. These batteries were then taken to scrap metal dealers who, acting in good faith, paid money to a group of men they thought were acting on behalf of bona fide contractors. In many cases the four also made sure they carried waste consignment notes and waste carrier licenses. ‘As a result of their spree, the men defrauded a number of industries and companies of at least £100,000 though the true level of their offending is probably much higher, and it seems for years they thought they could act without fear of being brought to justice.’ P HI ! RS LE SO AB ON AIL SP AV LE S IB GE EX KA F L AC P rail infrastructure supply chain forum 2014 6th November â€“ The Building Centre - London The UK rail industry is benefiting from the largest investment programme since Victorian times. Network Rail has announced that it plans to invest ÂŁ38bn in major new rail infrastructure over the next five years. Procurement and Contract Management Effective Planning Design Development and Innovation Project Management Priority will be given to the construction of new tracks, renovation of stations and the upgrade of existing lines. Values and Behaviours This annual event will showcase supply chain excellence, promote collaborative working and help business leaders develop a greater understand of their customers goals and objectives. Connect and learn with industry procurement and contract management professionals on a one day conference and workshop. To register, contact: Dean Salisbury - Rail Professional [email protected] - 01268 710957 Chris Williams Lilley - Rail Champions [email protected] - 01788 891714 For more information and to apply for delegate places visit: www.supplychainforum2014.eventbrite.co.uk Follow @RailChampions or #SupplyChainForum2014 THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR RAIL www.railpro.co.uk for the latest news visit www.railpro.co.uk Transport industry needs a more feminine voice A study conducted by audio branding specialist PH Media Group found the most popular voice used in public transport operators’ audio branding is male and aged between 45 and 55. Regarded as authoritative, trustworthy and corporate in tone, it helps to convey a sense of reliable service. But PH Media Group advises firms not to follow industry trends and instead choose branding that suits their specific company values, customer base and service proposition. As such, a female voice may be equally as effective. ‘An older, deeper, masculine voice, especially when combined with corporate music, can portray a sense of knowledge and professionalism to customers,’ said Dan Lafferty, director of Voice and Music at PH Media Group, ‘but that doesn’t mean it will necessarily be the best fit across the board. A feminine voice can be equally authoritative but is also perceived as soothing and welcoming, reinforcing an ethos of dedicated service.’ The most popular music tracks were corporate, dynamic and motivational in style, designed to reinforce the senses conveyed through the accompanying tone of voice while lifting the mood of customers. Many firms opt to use popular music tracks but, due to existing emotional associations, these tracks are often unsuitable in convincing a customer to buy. ‘Sound is a powerful emotional sense,’ added Lafferty. ‘People will often attach feelings, both positive and negative, to a piece of commercial music, which will be recalled upon hearing it. Placing a piece of commercial music in an on-hold situation, no matter how cheery and upbeat it may seem, is a lottery of the individual’s previous experience of the track. Using commercial music is also a square peg, round hole scenario, taking a piece of music and trying to make it fit a new purpose to convey a message it was never intended to.’ Lafferty recommends a bespoke music track which reflects the brand proposition, with the added advantage of there being no previous exposure among the client base. Page 20 July/August 2014 Big increase in visitor numbers at busiest-ever Infrarail The Infrarail 2014 rail infrastructure technology exhibition was the busiest-ever say the organisers, with a 13 per cent increase in the number of industry managers, engineers and decision-makers visiting. Feedback from the 200 exhibitors was ‘very positive with regards to visitor quality’ and this was confirmed by data showing some 63 per cent of visitors possessed purchasing authority. Supported by Network Rail, Transport for London and the Railway Industry Association plus other leading professional bodies, this tenth biannual exhibition boasted a number of features: Rail Alliance members exhibited alongside each other in a ‘Hub’ and ‘The Track’, sponsored by Tata Steel, saw sections of the firm’s latest highperformance track acting as a display setting for several companies’ products. Visitor numbers were further boosted through the Civil Infrastructure & Technology Exhibition – CITE 2014, which ran concurrently at the Earls Court 2 venue. The joining of the exhibitions made Infrarail the largest infrastructure exhibition held in the UK this year and the two combined had an increased visitorship of 17 per cent on Infrarail 2012. Infrarail 2014 was opened by Baroness Kramer, Minister of State for Transport, who delivered a keynote speech listing the many rail programmes underway and pointing to the opportunities these create for suppliers. Looking ahead, Kramer emphasised the government’s plans to end ‘stop-start investment’ through ‘a pipeline of future funding that will meet the country’s long-term needs and provide a sustained boost for the industry.’ Simon Kirby in his recently vacated role as managing director, infrastructure projects at Network Rail, and Clare Moriarty, director-general of the newly created Rail Executive at the Department for Transport, also gave speeches. This year’s Infrarail & CITE Awards’ winners were: Excellence in track or infrastructure: GGR Rail Best new signalling product: FT Transformers Best new electrification product: Trough Tec Innovation in safety: iSeeUGlobal Innovation in technology: Wireless CCTV Newcomer award: Linbrooke Services Judges choice award: DWG Best space only stand: Imtech Best shell scheme stand: dBD Communications Exhibition manager Heidi Cotsworth said: ‘I would like to thank everyone who supported Infrarail 2014 and congratulate the winners of the Awards. Planning is now underway for Railtex 2015 which will take place from 12-14 May at the NEC in Birmingham.’ Joint project aims to enhance communication during disruption Aston University has partnered with Chiltern Railways in a research project aimed at helping to minimise the impact of disruptive incidents on passengers. Aston’s team of researchers, led by Dr Ben Clegg, reader in operations improvement and systems thinking and associate dean for Business Partnerships, will analyse recent critical and disruptive incidents; looking for patterns of failure in information communication. The team will work to identify the root causes of failures associated with these incidents and seek to understand how quicker recovery can be facilitated through better information communication. Rob Brighouse, managing director of Chiltern Railways said: ‘We recognise that travel disruption can be stressful so it is vital that we give our passengers timely, accurate and clear information.’ Dr Clegg said: ‘Working with Chiltern Railways gives us a first-hand insight into the rail industry and provides us with a complex challenge.’ Novel techniques developed at Aston (such as modeling and simulation) will be used to gain insight into how to minimise future disruptions. July/August 2014 Page 21 Letters Readers air their views about the railway industry and Rail Professional Trainofthought Please email your letters to: [email protected] Or post to The Editor, Rail Professional, Hallmark House, Downham Road, Ramsden Heath, CM11 1PU. Letters may be edited for length. Dear Madam I have had a couple of robust discussions with Rupert Fausset of Forum for the Future (see Rail Professional interview on sustainability in rail, June 2014, pg56), and he has kindly given me the source of the figures he quoted. They reveal that in terms of gCO2/ pkm, rail improved by 21 per cent (2008-2013) whereas road improved seven per cent in the same period. This hardly represents cars catching up! However, in terms of new vehicles the SMMT show that they have improved by 22 per cent in the same period. (168gCO2/vkm 2008, 128gCO2/ vkm in 2013) Fausset said that as most of the rail improvement comes from increased passenger numbers (17 per cent on his DEFRA figures) that we are missing out on the technology of sustainability. To measure per passenger km and then take the passengers out of the equation is of course nonsense. I also suspect that the impact of regeneration, and driver advisory systems, plus re-engineering for fuel economy, is missing from the numbers, but cannot be sure. This is where we need better industry effort and figures. Then we come to ‘Are we missing out on technology?’ The fact is. of course, that we are electrifying and replacing dirty diesels with electric trains which have zero tail pipe emissions. So if we quote on the same basis as the SMMT (new vehicle tail pipe emissions) then we are eliminating them altogether. So rail improvement is 100 per cent, cars 22 per cent. Difficult to see this as cars catching up. This is somewhat better than new cars at 128gCO2/vkm. Cars need new battery technology to deliver effective electric vehicles, so that could take some time. The only emissions from an electric train are accepted as those implicit in the generation mix, albeit the UK is pretty dirty. All of which leads us to the point that the real opportunity to reduce rail emissions comes from de-carbonising the electricity supply, where the numbers are staggering.... In 2005 I was part of a measurement exercise with ATOC and Bombardier, overseen by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. This repeated a similar exercise that had been carried out in Sweden also looking at Bombardier trains. We measured real energy use in traffic. While the trains in the UK used just as much energy as those in Sweden, the emissions associated with the electricity for electric trains were 2100, (yes two thousand times) less in Sweden where their electricity comes from hydro and nuclear. In general then we come to a situation where rail is getting better faster than roads, and could eliminate emissions if we cleaned up our electricity supply and electrified our system. All possible under current technology without battery and energy storage technology breakthrough. With such advantages on our side there is little real point in the rail industry spending time money and effort getting more sustainable. In fact, it makes sense for us to make faster, bigger more comfortable trains that use more energy but attract folk out of their dirty old cars or aeroplanes. This is exactly why the new LUL ‘S’ stock uses more energy than the trains it replaces. HS2 will be close to the same thing. On this basis there is also a case that rail should be exempt from European regulation on vehicle emissions. All we need is informed sources like Rail Professional to help educate policy makers and the public and we will nail the myth that cars are catching up, which even some railway folk believe. Sincerely, Clifford Perry BSc; C.Eng.; F.I. Mech. E.; F.I.R.O.; MCILT Dear Madam R egarding your editor’s note about Dawlish (June 2014, pg3), the three great storms of February 2014 were some of the worst ever recorded going back to that of 1703 (according to Alex Beresford on the Channel 4 series Britain’s Most Extreme Weather). According to Wikipedia, the last breech in the Dawlish sea wall was in 1859 and that was at the west end of the Parson’s tunnel. One must, therefore, assume that the structure was soundly engineered by the resident engineer’s team which included my great, great grandfather (latterly Divisional Engineer, Neath South Wales Railway). The TV news photos (obviously from Riviera Terrace) showed the huge hole gouged out not only from the railway but also from the moderate soft Devon red sandstone at the end of that terrace. Sincerely, Leonard Lean Page 22 July/August 2014 For demanding applications • Prevents loosening caused by vibration and dynamic load • Locking function is not affected by lubrication • No special tools required • Reusable The cam angle ‘α’ is larger than the thread pitch ‘ß’, making the pair of washers expand more than the corresponding pitch of the thread. Nord-Lock Ltd. • Tel +44 (0) 1264 355557 • Fax +44 (0) 1264 369555 [email protected] • www.nord-lock.com July/August 2014 Page 23 Opinion In the passenger seat Get me to the Games on time! The spotlight will be on Scotland as a million spectators head to the Commonwealth Games during July and August. The Ryder Cup at Gleneagles in September follows. How will public transport cope asks Anthony Smith? U sing public transport features large in Glasgow. The Ryder Cup is served by rail and three park and ride sites among other ways to get there. The media interest, as with the Olympics, is likely to be intense. Passenger Focus held a seminar in Glasgow in June looking at these questions – the presentation slides are on our website. Scotland starts from a good place in terms of public transport. The Passenger Focus National Rail Passenger Survey shows 87 per cent satisfaction with the last journey, with punctuality being the main driver of satisfaction. Each year 2,000 passengers take part in this survey. First Glasgow and Lothian Buses took part in our Bus Passenger Survey scoring 91 per cent and a whopping 96 per cent respectively. More than 5,000 passengers took part. We have just completed a survey of GB rail passenger’s priorities for improvement – value for money, getting a seat, frequency, information during disruption came top in Scotland. Interestingly punctuality is in fifth place. In terms of joined up journeys our recent work with First and Network Rail on the improvements at Edinburgh Waverley showed the most commonly recognised improvements – the new roof and floors – have made a positive impact on passenger’s experiences. However, there is further room for improvement with signage and accessing platforms. Our recently published work with Transport Scotland on integrated transport threw up interesting challenges. Looking in detail at passengers using Paisley, Perth, Dunbar and Aviemore it is clear that car travel provides the benchmark for integrated public transport journeys. Expectations of journeys using more than one mode are low and the barriers are seen as high – a more joined up offering is needed. Legacy, legacy, legacy So, what will make the Games a success? Some clear lessons emerged from the passenger experience of the Olympics. Good advance planning, Page 24 July/August 2014 involving all stakeholders. More staff trained and visibility with better signage around. Excellent information for passengers. The total absence of planned engineering works combined with fewer peak travellers. The improved Passenger Assist rail booking service worked well and the installation of kit to create step-free environments helped. Being so clearly in the spotlight galvanises the operators. Add that lot together and you have a good package. Yes, these are unique events but it’s all about legacy, legacy and legacy. The plans look good for both events but what endures? The National Rail Passenger Survey had an inexplicable jump upwards in Autumn 2012 – the Olympic afterglow? Anecdotal evidence from industry surveys shows very high levels of satisfaction with the 2012 arrangements. Hopefully some of the tactics employed during the Scottish games and the more joined up approach will pay dividends for passengers long into the future. Anthony Smith is chief executive of Passenger Focus Visit: www.passengerfocus.org.uk Quality products for the modern overhead contact line Conical couplings and collar sockets Catenary suspension Clamps / Turnbuckles Material for safety and earthing Section insulator Neutral Section / Phase Break Insulators and installation material Miscellaneous railway tools Arthur Flury ARTHUR FLURYAG (UK) LTD Fabrikstrasse 4, CH-4543 Deitingen / Switzerland Unit 218 Milton Keynes Business Centre Tel +41 (0)32Drive 613 33 66, Fax +41 (0)32 613 33 68 Foxhunter www.aflury.ch, July/August 2014 Page 25 Milton Keynes [email protected] Tel: 01908 686766 MK14 6GD Email: [email protected] Legal Laying down the law Claudia Gerrard Letters of intent in the rail industry Claudia Gerrard has previously looked at how to form a legally binding contract and the need to make sure you get it right. However, a recent real life scenario shows that one aspect, letters of intent, is still largely misunderstood and misused I n a recent case, a client in the rail industry wanted to employ a new contractor. And, inevitably, wanted to make sure the contractor would provide the required services. Equally importantly, those services had to be provided at the price the parties had discussed during the negotiations. The client decided to draw up a letter of intent. Letters of intent have been the subject of numerous court cases, mostly within the construction industry. But their application is much wider and particularly relevant to a lot of industries. The general aim of such a letter is to detail the agreement reached by the parties; so it can cover matters such as the services to be provided and the associated costs. Parties often include start and end date of the contract and how the contract can be terminated. What’s the true intention? All in all, a letter of intent can cover a wide range of different subject matters, depending on the particular circumstances. But, a letter of intent might also be a letter of comfort or take the form of a heads of agreement. There are key legal differences between the three forms of document. Letters of comfort are generally not legal contracts. Exactly as the name suggests, they are intended to give a party comfort that a contract will be entered into. They usually aren’t a contract in themselves. Heads of agreement look like letters of intent but it is generally clear that a formal contract must follow. Without certainty, there is no legally binding contract. Something which can often work in the favour of the parties. Letters of intent, by contrast, can be Page 26 July/August 2014 Letters of intent 1. Use with caution As an initial starting point, consider whether a letter of intent is really necessary. Think about its purpose and aim and whether the same effect can be achieved by other means 2. Make sure a contract is not formed inadvertently As per earlier articles, consider if there is offer and acceptance, certainty of terms, consideration (price/payment) and an intention to create legal relations. If so, you may create a contract, not a letter of intent 3. Keep it simple The more detailed the letter, the more likely it will become a contract. Don’t include more information than is absolutely necessary 4. Include any areas which are still subject to negotiation Mention any matters which the parties are still discussing. In particular, identify any pricing issues or service provision issues which still need to be finalised 5. Refer to a formal contract Make it clear that the parties intend to enter into a formal contract, so that the letter is effectively a heads of agreement and not a contract 6. Impose time limits State the date by which the formal top 10 contract must be agreed and only allow this to be extended in writing, signed by both parties tips 7. Don’t forget confidentiality issues Even though in letter form, think about confidential information. It is important to protect such information with specific confidentiality provisions 8. Include conditions precedent A condition precedent refers to something which must happen before the contract comes into effect. This could be that the parties are not bound until a formal contract is signed by both parties. Again this avoids the suggestion of a legally binding contract 9. Attach a sample contract This could show that the letter by itself is not a valid contract. It can also be used to show what the parties intended to include in the contract, if there is a dispute at a later date 10. Include termination provisions State how each party can bring the letter to an end. Combined with time limits, this can prevent a letter of intent from becoming a legally binding contract. 1. Test site Walenstadt, Switzerland 2. Schnepfau, Austria 3. Federal Railway, Sölden, Austria 1 RXE rockfall protection barriers: The robust barrier from high-tensile steel wire with moderate deflection. 3 • • • • • • high-tensile steel wire (tensile strength of at least 1770 N/mm2) tested in accordance with the toughest European and Swiss guidelines ETAG 027 Category A moderate deflection after maximumimpact events tried-and-tested protection against corrosion quick to install thanks to modular design Scan and watch our movie on www.geobrugg.com/youtube/RXE-en Geobrugg AG Geohazard Solutions CH-8590 Romanshorn • Switzerland Phone: +41 71 466 81 55 Fax: +41 71 466 81 50 www.geobrugg.com • [email protected] July/August 2014 Page 27 Legal legally binding contracts. Ultimately it depends upon the content and wording. So why would this be an issue? Well, in a nutshell, a contract can be created which doesn’t reflect the true intention of the parties. In our case scenario, the client specified some of the services to be provided at a very high level: just an outline of what was required. However, the client also wanted additional services but had neglected to say so. The letter of intent, though, contained all the legal requirements to make it a valid contract. This included a price for provision of the services. That proved to be crucial. When the client tried to finalise the formal contract, a dispute arose over what the price included. The wording in the letter of intent was specific. Services were defined and a price given for those services. However, certain services had been left out. So the contractor could successfully argue that he was due extra payment for the omitted services. He said that he priced the job simply for the specified services and not for anything else. As the letter could be viewed as a contract in itself, the client could be bound by the wording. And then find that he was paying significantly more than he had expected to. From the contractor’s viewpoint, the position is equally risky. If the services are generic, for example, could he find himself having to provide services which he hasn’t actually charged for? Could the client force him to comply with the letter because it is a legally binding contract? Ultimately, it is important to use letters of intent with extreme caution. Otherwise, you could find yourself bound into a contract - with no easy means of getting out. a non-binding document outlining the main issues relevant to a tentative (partnership or other) agreement Claudia Gerrard is a legal consultant at Excello Law. You can contact her on 07447 985647 or email her at: [email protected] Healthcare Connections Creating Healthy Organisations We are delighted to now be part of the Alere group of companies. Talk to us today about this exciting development, and discover how we create healthy organisations through our innovative occupational health solutions. » Drug & Alcohol Testing » Medication Checking » Health Surveillance » Employee Wellbeing Call Alere Healthcare Connections on +44 (0)8456 773 002 [email protected] \| alerehealthcareconnections.com @Healthcare247 © 2014 Alere. All rights reserved. The Alere Logo and Alere are trademarks of the Alere group of companies. AHCC 0033 Ed.1a Page 28 July/August 2014 Times House, Bravingtons Walk, Regent Quarter London N1 9AW. Tel: +44 (0) 7042 9961 [email protected] www.rmf.co.uk   July/August 2014 Page 29 Legal Unitary patent pending Steven Charlton outlines the positive effects which upcoming changes in European patent law will have on the European rail industry I t’s no secret in any industry that offering products that competitors cannot offer is an effective way for a company to maintain its position in an industry supply chain. Patenting technical developments can help to achieve this and upcoming changes in European patent law will make it easier and more cost-efficient for companies to protect their market share across Europe using patents. This is particularly important in the rail industry due to the European Railway Agency’s requirement for interoperability and harmonisation of technical standards throughout the EU. Due to this, developments made by companies supplying the European rail industry are increasingly capable of being used throughout the EU. In other words, once a development has been approved for use in one EU country, little or no alteration is required for it to be approved for use in other EU countries. It may therefore be advantageous for companies to patent their developments in a number of EU countries to maximise their share of the European market. This is taken seriously by rail industry players; last year more than 400 European patent applications were filed that related Page 30 July/August 2014 specifically to railway technology. A common misunderstanding is that the European Patent Office grants pan-European patents, although this is not the case. Briefly, if the European Patent Office considers a company’s technology to be patentable, the company can validate a European patent for that technology in countries of interest and will end up with separate patent rights in each of those countries. For example, a company desiring to protect business interests in the UK and France will end up with national patent rights in the UK and, separately, national patent rights in France. The greater the number of EU countries in which patent protection is sought, the more it will cost to obtain those patent rights. For instance, at the grant stage of a European patent application, in order to secure patent rights in all EU countries, it would not be unusual for costs to exceed £24,000 (although the cost is much lower if protection in only a handful of EU countries is desired). Cheaper to protect developments Positively, however, when upcoming changes in European patent law come into effect (expected to be late 2015 or 2016) it will become much cheaper for companies to protect their developments throughout Europe using patents. This is because it will be possible, for the first time, to obtain a single patent, known as a ‘unitary patent’, which has effect across almost the whole of the EU, with the exception of a small number of countries that have not yet fully signed up to the unitary patent agreement. Although the precise cost of obtaining a unitary patent has not yet been set, the unitary patent will eliminate the costs associated with validating in individual countries, so that it will inevitably become much cheaper than it currently is to obtain pan-European patent protection. These imminent changes to the European patent landscape provide an excellent opportunity for companies to use patents to protect their position in the European rail industry supply chain more cost effectively. Steven Charlton is a chartered patent attorney at Venner Shipley LLP, European Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys Email: [email protected] July/August 2014 Page 31 BTPA Asking what is needed In the first of a regular series, chair of the British Transport Police Authority (BTPA), Millie Banerjee, talks about ten years of the Authority overseeing the work of the Force and why she believes integrated working will see it on track to success for the next ten years ‘I want to launch this column with an invitation. Understanding policing from the perspective of the rail industry is a key driver for determining the priorities for policing Britain’s railways each year and we cannot perform effectively without a range of input from industry experts telling us of what you need. With that in mind I’d like you to join me in September for our annual workshop held for rail industry professionals where you will once again have the opportunity to influence the work of the Force and its future operations. To ensure you get the most out of this event you are also invited to shape the agenda. I want your suggestions about what you expect to take away from the workshop, what you want to hear and what you are keen to discuss. I believe if we are all prepared to put something in then we each stand to get a lot more out. More on how you can get involved later, but for now, I’d like to continue along this important theme of collaborative working. BTPA celebrates its tenth year of Page 32 July/August 2014 operation on 1 July. Our success is measured by the success of the Force. This is dependent upon its ability to develop ways to meet the operational requirement and the Authority’s ability to resource these to the objectives agreed with the industry. It is the primary function of the Authority to ensure that it keeps the required operational outcomes in balance with the Force’s ability to achieve them and the funding necessary to do so. The Authority has to be both constructive and robust in testing the Forces’ financial requirement as well as demanding in setting realistic objectives which will enable the industry to meet passenger and freight demand. Since the introduction of the Authority, crime on the railways has been down year-on-year. Last year we launched the strategy for the Force which set its course until 2019. BTP is delivering these objectives in part by meeting targets laid out in the annual policing plans. Disruption a key area of discussion Following the recent publication of the 2014-15 National Policing Plans the performance of the Force last year was reviewed by the Authority in May and disruption, a major concern for the industry, was a key area of discussion. BTP, despite over-performing the year before, missed its 2013 -14 disruption targets. Interestingly however, the context around why it fell short of its expected target actually relates to an area where BTP is performing well. Suicides and attempted suicides on the railways have increased, reflecting figures that suggest suicide is high nationally. I have always had an interest in mental health issues. As chair of the BTPA it was clear that the Force was having to deal with individuals who had mental health problems, sadly many of whom were suicidal. Part of the challenge for individual officers was how to recognise mental health problems and then, how to help the individual. As the High Sheriff of Greater London in 2012 -13 I decided to use my knowledge and contacts to help the Force mobilise support from health professionals, government, and other experts to construct a programme now being led by Mark Smith, BTP’s head of Suicide Prevention and Mental Health. Thomson Engineering Design Ltd 7KRPVRQ (QJLQHHULQJ·V UDQJH RI RYHU ÀIW\ VWDQGDUG products includes equipment for handling and replacing rail, sleepers, track panels, cable and signalling equipment. Latest products include our Instant Barrier System for access and walking route demarcation and Traxess - a unique on and off-tracking system for RRV’s up to 35 tonnes As well as our wide range of catalogue products, Thomson Engineering Design provides a bespoke design and build service creating unique solutions to the unique challenges of the railway environment.67 From a fell rail brake which allows RRV’s to work safely on mountain lines to a radio controlled panel lifting system for a 90 tonne crane we can supply cost effective specialist solutions with full CE marking and ISO9001 quality assurance. The Thomson Cable Handling Yoke eliminates double handling of cables to increase cable laying output. Models are available up to 15,000kg capacity. Thomson Engineering Design Ltd Bespoke sleeper changing grab for Signapore Mass Transit system. Valley Road Cinderford Gloucestershire Tel: +44 (0) 1594 82 66 11 Fax: +44 (0) 1594 82 55 60 Email: [email protected] www.thomsonrail.com BTPA Prevention of suicides is central to the caring agenda of the Force and of course has a hugely beneficial effect in reducing delays thereby supporting passengers and the train companies. For the rail industry, delay minutes cost a substantial amount of money, and a recent report by Network Rail, based on figures calculated by the RSSB, has identified that suicide costs the industry £157,000 per event - last year there were nearly 300 suicides on the railways. BTP however, prevented nearly twice as many attempted suicides which, had these interventions not taken place, would have resulted in an additional 773,000 minutes delay across the network at a cost of £91 million. Understanding policing need on the railways and responding jointly with operations such as ‘Avert’ - launched in partnership with the Samaritans, Network Rail and BTP in 2013 to prevent suicides - is an excellent example of how industry input and collaborative work can be successfully translated to operational activities on the ground. This work has culminated with an agreement signed earlier in the year between police, the NHS and other service providers which seeks to improve mental health crisis care and drive up standards. I will be paying close attention to the progress of this work, best practice and to any issues the Force may encounter which might require support from the Authority at a national level. Reducing disruption is a national target for the Force as it continues to work towards achieving a 20 per cent reduction in police related distribution by 2019. Invitation to participate Treading the line between setting achievable targets that deliver for the rail industry and passengers, while still allowing the Force to effectively do its job, all within the backdrop of a commercial environment is a unique challenge which is more effectively managed through close working relationships. This brings me back to what I alluded Save the date Annual Stakeholder Workshop London venue TBC 25 September 10:00 am – 1:00 pm Space is limited. To reserve your space or for more details email [email protected] Tel: 020 7383 0259 Visit www.btpa.police.uk to earlier about your involvement in the forthcoming workshops. My intention is that they will help build on some excellent work we have already started and also shine a light on where you feel more needs to be done. We are also expecting to have the results of a Triennial review carried out by DfT which studied the work of the Authority and we hope to discuss those findings at the event, as well as reporting back on the restructuring of the Force. The workshop is also an opportunity to thank everyone who has contributed to the enormous job of policing Britain’s railways in the past ten years and the dedicated work of the Force. I look forward to seeing many of you there and although we would welcome you in September I want to make clear that this is an opened-ended invitation. I am very interested in hearing your views at anytime, including what you would like to see at the workshop. Email me at [email protected] with your comments or suggestions. Millie Banerjee is chair of the British Transport Police Authority. Page 34 July/August 2014 Many information information providers providersrely relyon on Many software to scan sources for keywords. software to scan sources for keywords. Theresult resultcan canmean meanfalse false hits, lots The hits, lots of of repetitions and a fair share of blah! repetitions and a fair share of blah! Our 'smart ﬁlters' are are different diﬀerent––they’re they're Our ‘smart filters’ people. That means they use real people. That means they use real intelligence to ﬁnd the information intelligence to find the information you you actually need. actually need. And as information is so critical in the And as information is so critical in the railway industry, you need it pertinent, railway industry, you need it pertinent, up to date and succinct. After all, who up to date and succinct. After all, has time to wade through reamswho of has time to wade throughand reams of unnecessary repetition irrelevance? unnecessary repetition and irrelevance? So, whether you are interested in monitoring news oninmajor So, whether the youlatest are interested railway projects in Russia, rolling monitoring the latest news on majorstock investment plans across the CIS or the railway projects in Russia, rolling stock latest developments in ASPAC signalling investment plans across or worldwide, people like Sandra can help the latest developments in signalling you make sense oflike it all. worldwide, people Sandra can help you make sense of it all. As part of our very human team of over 160 analysts worldwide, she will As part of our very team of summarise the keyhuman stuﬀ into abstracts over 160 analysts worldwide, she will which are delivered to you every day summarise the key stuff into abstracts as a tailored personal report. which are delivered to you every day as aSuper tailored personal report. Sandra! PeopleSandra! 1, machines 0. Super People 1, machines 0. Read less. Do more. www.m-brain.com www.esmerk.com Tel: +44 (0) 118 956 5820 Tel: +44 (0)118 956 5820 www.esmerk.ru Tel: +7 812 333-08-86 Enquiries to: [email protected] Become a member… www.railwayoperators.co.uk DeltaRail visit: IECC and quite a lot besides workstations where the operator can select and supported by a number of Adam’s whatever part of the control area they need colleagues. The main topic for the evening to concentrate on, allowing for specific was what is known as IECC Scalable. intervention or focus. The functionality This is a contemporary re-engineering his event for IRO Midlands took Our Annual Lunch for Members and Guests will be held at also allows areas of control to be moved of the classic 1980’s IECC using modern the form of a site visit to DeltaRail’s The Mermaid, PuddleInDock, London. Onbetween Friday 19th April around workstations, so enabling hardware and software capabilities. offices in Derby where attendees 2013 from midday. Our guest speaker is the to Rt.concentrate Hon. the operator on managing simple terms, what previously would have were treated to an in-depth look at the Simon Burns, Minister of Stateafor Transport. particular scenario and allowing a required five or six full-height computer latest developments from the company colleague to temporarily look after the cabinets can now be accommodated including its IECC Scalable system. rest of the patch. This is a fundamental in just one such cabinet. clearly per head IECC (integrated electronic control TicketsThis – £47.00 requirement for the ROC’s and their offers benefits such as reduced space centre) has been part of the fabric of the Table of 10 – £470.00 per table traffic management control systems of the requirement, power consumption, modern railway since the 1980’s. A joint (Ticket prices are inclusive of VAT @ 20%) future. and environmental control such as air proposal by British Rail Research and The visit included a look at other conditioning and so on. But the real the Department for Transport in 1983 Download a booking form at:developments in CCF (the graphical recent benefits come from what the technology suggested the replacement of hardwired representation of trains in real-time), realoffers in functional terms. entrance-exit (NX) signaller panels with www.railwayoperators.co.uk time graphing, stock and crew tools and For example, the use of IP banks of high-resolution VDU monitors, 01785 even the use of Twitter feeds as a source communicationsCall: between the 248113 supported by a tracker ball, function of measuring customer satisfaction in realinterlocking and the control system buttons and a keyboard. Development time. itself make it possible to remotely and innovation over the following six DeltaRail, and its IECC Scalable product, is not part of the emerging traffic management landscape in the UK. Nevertheless, what was demonstrated on this visit showed that the spirit of BR Research is very much alive and shaping opinions in the rail industry of today, and enabled those present to develop their awareness and understanding of that landscape. IRO Midlands would like to thank Adam Perry and the DeltaRail team for Your local IRO Area runs events all year round. There are opportunities see how hostingtothe event andothers all those who work, broaden your experience and add to your professional development. attended. T C o Visit the website to find out more… www.railwayoperators.co.uk IRO Australia arren King is an IRO Fellow on a mission to find more operators to include in the IRO association. re-control interlocking years culminated in the first During recent work projects in Australia, equipment without the IECC being commissioned Darren made contact with two up-andneed for dedicated pointat Liverpool Street in coming rail professionals in the shape of to-point telecoms links; March 1989. This included Jennifer Aiton and Richard Singleton. this is known as RIF. This a sophisticated automatic Having explained how the IRO worked RIF capability has allowed route setting capability or in the UK, the two became enthusiastic the inter-lockings formerly ARS. about having the benefits of IRO controlled by Cowlairs PSB IECC’s based on the membership across the geographically to be recontrolled from 1980’s architecture were dispersed railway communities in Edinburgh Signalling Centre. subsequently commissioned Australia. In reality,2 Cowlairs could be at Yoker (1),1 Edinburgh They worked up a proposal for the UK recontrolled from any scalable (3), Tyneside (2), York (3), IRO to consider. What if we allowed free IECC anywhere theOperations Experience SandhillsSouth (1), Marylebone membership West Area: South Westin Area: Day –for a limited period of time (1), Liverpool Street (4), to help get2012 a critical mass of people to take Modernising the Western Route – Swindon October 2012 country! West Somerset Railway, Minehead October Under scalable, Upminster (3), Ashford the IRO forward? functions within the IECC (2), Slough (2), Didcot (2) Jen and Rick have already established such as ARS, RIF, Timetable and Swindon (1). The two supportive groups in New South Processor (TTP) and so on are instances at Slough were later Wales, Victoria, Western Australia housed on a single blade within the overall absorbed into Didcot. and Queensland and they secured processor. These blades talk to each other The use of software-based intelligent free exhibition space at a prestigious using modern IT protocols and this makes control for a signalling application and conference on Railway Excellence in the whole product ‘plug and play’ - or train control in the 1980’s was regarded Adelaide in May. ‘service-oriented architecture’ in IT-speak. as a bold step. The outcomes enabled by Darren is working with the IRO in the It also ensures that the functions can be the development of IECC by BR Research UK to undertake a review and an approach interfaced to other systems, such as realare still informing the way the railway to rail organisation in Australia and to time train graphing, incident management operates today, and to some extent intends re-contextualise one of our core texts – and so on. Furthermore, the ‘other systems’ to operate in the future. The Operators’ Handbook, to allow a more don’t even have to be DeltaRail products. The visit was led by Adam Perry, international perspective on some of the Other features include re-configurable DeltaRail’s sales and marketing director principles there-in. D Become a member at www.railwayoperators.co.uk There are now four ways to fund your IRO study NEw wayS to FuNd CouRSES sTaRTIng OcT ‘14 It’s now easier than ever for you to study for and fund an IRo qualification to fill the gaps in your professional development… • Interest FREE monthly payments – Funded by yourself • Company sponsorship – Funded by your employer • Part sponsorship – Part employer funded part funded by you • Student loan or grant – You can apply for a government grant or loan Certificate Diploma Degree Email [email protected] or call Christine on 03333 440523 to request a copy of our student finance guide to government loans and grants Call Christine on 03333 440523 for more help and advice “I self-funded my study to achieve my career goals.” Irene Beale – Train Driver Register your interest in our courses at… www.railwayoperators.co.uk/register What did our students think of studying with the IRO? It’s easier than you think to study with the IRO. With three levels of qualification, four funding options and a number of ways to assess your existing qualifications and/or experience it’s worth looking into. If you are interested let us know… www.railwayoperators.co.uk/register/ “I decided to take a year off to ‘have a rest’ from two years of hard work doing the Diploma. However, you don’t realise how much you can miss the stimulation and challenge that researching and studying can give you. I did think it would be difficult getting back into the studying after a 12 month break but its been really easy and I feel like I have had a head start by doing the Diploma first.” Susan Nichol Engineering Strategy Manager Virgin Trains Page 38 July/August 2014 IRO Diary of events Irish Area For information on Irish Area events contact Hilton Parr at [email protected] Scottish Area For further information on the IRO Scottish Area please contact Jim Douglas on 0141 354 5684 or email at [email protected] North East Area 15 July 2014: Visit to the National Railway Museum, York Join us for an interactive experience of signalling through the years, hosted by Phil Graham. 29 July 2014: Visit to Neville Hill depot, Leeds Neville Hill Traincare depot is used by East Midlands Trains, Northern Rail and East Coast for maintenance, fuelling, cleaning and stabling of trains sets and units. This visit is an opportunity for delegates to see the Northern Rail facilities first hand. All speaker events are normally held (unless otherwise stated) at the East Coast Academy, Platform 9, York Station, 17:00 for a 17:30 start. If you would like to attend any of these events or for further details please contact David Monk-Steel at [email protected] North West and Wales Area 15 July 2014: Joint IRO/CILT event: Summer canal cruise Departing and returning to Castlefield Wharf in Manchester. 26 July 2014: Family social event The North West and North Wales Area council are organising a trip to Liverpool and Birkenhead. If you would like to attend any of North West Area event, please contact Tricia Meade at [email protected]. For general membership enquires please contact Carl Phillips at [email protected] 19 August 2014: Visit to Bombardier, Derby & EMCC Derby The visit to Derby will include a visit to Bombardier and East Midlands Control Centre for a talk about the Nottingham re-signalling scheme. Midlands Area For information on Midlands Area events contact Julia Stanyard on 0121 345 3833 or email: [email protected]. Events start at 17:30 for 17:45. 9 September 2014: Network Rail Devolution – two years on A talk by Phil Verster, NR LNE & EM route managing director. South West and Wales Area For information on South West and Wales Area events contact Martin Bonnington by email: [email protected] South East Area 14 July 2014: Creating a customer-focused operations culture James Burt, service delivery director at Southern presentation will be on creating a culture within railway operations that is focused towards the customer. Time 18:00 to 19:30. Contact: David Pinder at [email protected] 18 November 2014: New members’ reception A chance for new IRO members to meet those who have been around for a bit longer, as well as the Council team and invited guests at The Parcel Yard, King’s Cross Station, Euston Road, N1 9AL. Time 18:30 to 21:00 For further information on the IRO South East Area contact Jonathan Leithead at [email protected] Young Operators To register your interest in IRO Young Operators events, please contact Petr Mikyska at [email protected] More details of area events are listed on the website at www.railwayoperators.co.uk/whats-on/ “My experience gained during the Diploma has equipped me with a wider knowledge of production and strategic railway management, which will further support my current role. The commitment required to succeed is immense, especially when having a demanding job and a family, but my aim is always to improve on past achievements and would recommend the experience to everyone looking for that challenge, rewarded by a ceremonious graduation in glasgow” Gary Rainbow Driving Standards Manager crosscountry “I am self funding because I believe firmly in continuous personal development. Though it is a huge financial burden, the benefits far outweigh the sacrifice” Kingsley Aziagba Train Guard LOROL July/August 2014 Page 39 Delivering the goods Chris MacRae HS2 - time to address rail freight issues FTA is petitioning on the HS2 Bill to ensure that issues for rail freight are properly addressed. Chris MacRae lays out his concerns and suggestions T he Rail Freight Council in February discussed the issues for freight surrounding HS2. This included giving feedback to HS2 Ltd, who attended to present on freight issues. The same issues were later that day recounted to DfT officials and the Minister responsible for HS2 at the DfT’s Listening to Industry event that FTA hosted, co-located with its Rail Freight Council. These issues are picked up in the FTA petition. The following key themes have emerged to shape FTA policy work: • Government must consider freight Petitioning by the freight industry on the HS1 Hybrid Bill forced freight to be taken into account in terms of provision for its use of HS1 and there are likely to be the same arguments with HS2. It would be better if this could be dealt with up front as the inclusion of provision for overnight freight services on HS1 was forced upon it after the design stage leading to a sub-optimal outcome • HS2 Ltd and DfT’s HS2 team must engage with the freight sector This is key to avoiding future problems and misunderstandings that could lead to further petitioning against the Hybrid Bill process to construct the line and that would slow its progress down • The rail freight industry needs clarity up front on how promised released capacity on the network will be allocated once HS2 is in operation This point is key to the debate on the benefits to freight of building HS2. Irrespective of whether freight is allowed to use HS2 itself for such as overnight fast express parcels type Page 40 July/August 2014 traffic (which at this point in time HS2 Ltd intends it shouldn’t be), the main benefit to freight that HS2’s promoters and supporters claim for it is the capacity that will be released for freight on the existing ‘classic’ network once the high speed line is built. The argument from HS2 Ltd goes that once HS2 starts operating, existing intercity passenger services will come off the West Coast Main Line (WCML) between the HS2 Junction and London, so there will be spare capacity on the southern part of the WCML. The danger though is that there will be pressure from towns along the southern WCML for more connecting services to London in fear that they become economic backwaters not on HS2. Slower but cheaper services along WCML south competing on a different economic model with HS2 could also become an issue. What is absolutely missing from this issue at the moment is any clarity on a regulatory process (around franchising and track access agreements) involving ORR and/or DfT for the allocation of this released capacity and any guarantee of what freight will get and how usable and customer friendly those released paths will be. So what the freight industry needs here is clarity of how the process will work to turn the theoretical released capacity into actual and customerusable freight train paths. • the freight industry wants a commitment to generate a minimum number of freight train paths on the post HS2 network Leading on from the last point there needs to be an up-front commitment that the processes for allocating the released capacity on WCML south will be translated into an increase in customer-usable freight train paths. This is especially important in trying to win more retail freight traffic to rail • there needs to be meaningful engagement between Network Rail, DfT and HS2 Ltd: DfT has to ensure this happens All of the above issues need full and inclusive engagement to avoid future problems. Impact HS2 will have on the existing rail freight network The impacts during the development and implementation operation phases of HS2 will be different. There are some potentially negative ones: • as rail freight operators are at effective capacity at moment without further substantial investment in equipment and personnel (locomotives, wagons and drivers) there could easily be market distortion during the construction phase. • at the interface between HS2 and the existing network, passenger trains coming off HS2 will impact on freight on the classic network. HS2 will not be built to Scotland (though a feasibility study will look into ways of extending HS2 to Scotland) so HS2 trains running on from HS2 to the classic network or passenger services to connect Scotland with HS2 via the classic network will be competing for paths with freight. The northern WCML over Shap and Beattock is already a constrained railway nearly (if not already some would contend) at capacity so this is certainly a challenge. The northern WCML is also a two track railway unlike the southern WCML four track sections of fast and Level Crossing Installations From this…. To this…. Don't have an access to where you need to work? No problem. Level Crossing Installations can install line side approved palisade gates, rail padlocks and NR standard semi-permanent RRAPs, be it rubber or treated timber. We are skilled installers of all types of crossings and experienced providers of associated construction services. For information, please visit: www.levelcrossinginstallations.co.uk Our expertise, backed up by excellent service, has enabled us to build an ever expanding client base and reputation as a company committed to delivering work of the highest quality. or contact our office on 01684278022 Opinion slow lines where four tracking was also extended in the Trent Valley during the WCML upgrade as part of the Virgin Trains franchise commitment. • during Phase1 of HS2 to the West Midlands, HS2 could eat up the capacity on the classic network north of Hansacre Junction to Manchester and Liverpool before Phase 2 takes it on to Leeds and Manchester: this is likely to lead to particular congestion in the Colwich area. • the HS2 route as published will cut through a number of freight operating companies’ sites: ironically there will be direct disruption to rail freight operations during construction. Industry’s view on how government should maximise the benefits to freight of HS2 • there needs to be recognition that freight delivers more socio-economic (e.g. carbon and road congestion) benefits than any other train except peak time passenger trains. • freight could be used to help bolster the HS2 business case. As with HS1, fast moving freight (intermodal, overnight parcels, automotive etc.) could run on HS2 at less busy times, if this is catered for at the design and construction phases. DB Schenker is currently running trains on HS1 • rail freight has a key role to play in the construction of HS2 and has demonstrated its ability to deliver against major construction capacity, for example for the Olympics. But, the supply of aggregates etc. for the HS2 project needs to be considered alongside demand from existing projects and Network Rail’s infrastructure renewals and enhancements programme. C For more information on FTA’s rail freight policy work and its Rail Freight Council contact Chris MacRae at [email protected] M When you need expertise in embedded computers in the rail industry CMY K TALK TO DIAMOND POINT CALL 01634 300900 Suite 13, Ashford House, Beaufort Court, Sir Thomas Longley Road, Rochester, Kent ME2 4FA Email: [email protected] www.dpie.com Page 42 July/August 2014 Opinion A radical offer on rail? With all the major political parties assessing the merits of various manifesto proposals ahead of next year’s general election, Jay Turner looks at Labour’s options for reforming the structure of UK passenger rail services A recent survey conducted by Opinium* for the Observer on the future of rail showed that more than three times as many people back some form of renationalisation of rail services (55 per cent) as oppose it (18 per cent). It also showed that the suggestion of bringing franchises back under state control as they come to an end was backed by 60 per cent of Conservative voters, and opposed by only 20 per cent. Among Labour voters, the figures were 71 per cent in favour and 8 per cent against. Then last month, the Observer published a letter from more than 30 prospective Page 44 July/August 2014 parliamentary candidates calling for Ed Miliband to seriously consider some form of these ideas for Labour’s general election manifesto. In the Observer letter, the candidates suggested that the notfor-profit East Coast model should be extended to the rest of the network. And Labour’s policy chief Jon Cruddas met with representatives from affiliated rail unions TSSA, ASLEF and Unite as well as the RMT earlier in the year to discuss these very issues. So, clearly Labour is keen on a revision of the passenger rail franchising system. But will Ed Miliband and his team opt for a truly radical alteration to the franchising system? Since publication of the letter, Ed Miliband has admitted that Labour is considering the policy, which if tied to a radical offer on rail fares, would represent a similar market intervention to Labour’s pledge to freeze energy bills. And back in April, in an interview with the Guardian, Miliband admitted that Labour is looking at different issues around franchising. He said: ‘There are different models you can use. You can have a competitive model where there is a public option like there is in East Coast at the moment. So we are looking at different models for this.’ And since taking over from Maria Eagle PRISTINE CONDITION ACHIEVING ZERO MANUAL HANDLING ACCIDENTS Unrivalled Manual Handling training, delivering excellent results worldwide Proven track record in Incident Prevention Bespoke programmes that meet your operational needs and budgets Full back up and support provided All from only £26.00 per delegate For more information call 01491 414464 or visit our website www.pristinecondition.com July/August 2014 Page 45 Opinion as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport, Mary Creagh, has made a number of public attacks on the current system. At a recent meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Rail Group, she said that Labour is: ‘Looking at how our rail system could deliver more for passengers and taxpayers, who are paying for this out-of-touch government’s franchising fiasco through higher fares and more public subsidy.’ What are the options? So what are the options being considered as part of Labour’s policy review? A number of Labour campaigners favour taking franchises back into public ownership as they expire (and if Labour was to gain power, this would likely affect the Northern and TransPennine franchises first). Labour has been campaigning vociferously on the current East Coast arrangements and would like to see DfT delays in letting the franchise, allowing it (if it wins the election) to maintain public ownership of that franchise. Another related option would be to allow Directly Operated Railways to bid for control of other franchises against private sector bidders. Moves towards bringing rail franchises back into the public sector will likely be heavily scrutinised by Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls, however, given the potential impact of the policy on the government’s balance sheet. Ed Balls would also be wary of Labour being portrayed as anti-business or as rolling back to the pre-Thatcher era of nationalised industries. And although many Labour MP’s would support moves to full renationalisation (or some form of it), for many of them, opposition to renationalisation is down to the cost of doing so, as well as reservations on whether services would actually improve. But if Labour could find a way for a move on franchises to fund a bold offer on fares it will be expecting to pick up a high number of commuter votes in marginal seats across the country, particularly in the South East where it needs them the most. While it is certain we will not see proposals for a return to a British Railstyle model (not least as the European Commission would have something to say about putting track and train back together), we can expect Labour to suggest either gradually bringing franchises back into state control, or, less radically, allowing Directly Operated Railways to bid for franchises in the same way as Deutsche Bahn/Arriva, Nederlandse Spoorwegen/ Abellio or SNCF/Keolis. So what are the next steps for these plans? This summer all policy proposals will be discussed at Labour’s National Another option would be to allow Directly Operated Railways to bid for control of other franchises against private sector bidders Policy Forum and then annual conference, with the final versions being adopted into the manifesto. And for rail? I think the option on allowing DOR to bid is most likely. And though it won’t be enough for many Labour campaigners, I just can’t see the two Eds opting for a more radical offer on rail. Jay Turner is an account director at Freshwater Public Affairs in London Visit www.freshwater-uk.com Opinium is a research and insight generation agency Morris Line Engineering Manufacturers of High Voltage Disconnectors & Switches Morris Line Engineering has the capacity to meet any electrical project or maintenance requirements you may have. Our business is based on satisfied customers and a reputation for high quality project support and we welcome the opportunity to discuss your project requirements in more detail. 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Call 0121 580 6300 for more information [email protected] RT01/14 It’s high time now that we tackle this skills shortage for the industry A fter a fairly ordinary journey to the London-based offices of the RSSB, little did I know the pace was set to change to warp speed in meeting Professor Simon Iwnicki, head of the Institute of Railway Research (IRR) at Huddersfield University. Since he was there primarily to meet colleagues we had no formal meeting room, so I found myself desperately trying to keep up with him, up and down the stairs of a local café which we decided was too noisy, jumping in and out of lifts and diving into different rooms back at the RSSB, until he thought of ‘using a contact’ who suggested the library, where we finally settled. Wiry, keen eyed and clearly physically fit, Iwnicki isn’t one of those people who you imagine could be hostage to a bad night’s sleep, and with no time wasted on platitudes we move straight into talking about his forthcoming year of office as chair of the Railway Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), a role which he is very clear will be devoted to addressing the ‘tremendous skills shortage’ that exists, especially in railway engineering. As an academic, Iwnicki is better placed than most previous chairs of the Railway Division to have a clear picture of young peoples’ perception of the rail industry and whether they see it as an attractive career, and he points out the shortage encompasses academia as well as industry. ‘I see that when young people come to our open days at the university they have thought about automotive engineering – they’re all into motorsport so they’re keen to understand whether there are courses in that, as well as aerospace engineering. But not rail. In fact colleagues of mine have been trying to make railway engineering seem attractive to young people for a long time, but it’s high time now that we tackle this skills shortage for the industry.’ We’re constantly reminded by Network Rail that a fairly large part of the rail infrastructure is Victorian, and generally beautiful but nowadays, problematic. However that era obviously saw rail as a growing and exciting new industry. Could we ever get back to that? Iwnicki believes a ‘big part of the reason’ why rail has lost its allure is cultural. ‘The fact is that society has changed generally and men and women aren’t as polarised in the workforce Page 48 July/August April 2014 2014 Simon Iwnicki Simon Iwnicki spoke to Lorna Slade about his forthcoming year as chair of the Railway Division of the IMechE and his involvement in changing and enhancing young adults’ perception of a career in railway engineering July/August April 2014 Page 49 A challenging job executed by an excellent system, delivered by a professional and knowledgeable team Sara Peters Stakeholder Interface Manager, Network Rail CIVIL ENGINEERING REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING Freyssinet: Rail’s best kept secret BRIDGE JACKING & BEARING REPLACEMENT www.freyssinet.co.uk Page 50 July/August 2014 SPRAYED CONCRETE & HYDRODEMOLITION CONCRETE & BRICKWORK REPAIR Supplier No: 060626 Rail’s best kept secret Freyssinet has extensive experience in the sliding and lifting of structures Freyssinet’s Autoripage® and Autofoncage® techniques can slide structures over or under existing railway lines. Freyssinet’s experienced teams can raise or lower heavy components too, using strand jacking. The company’s MegaSteel® modular system quickly builds temporary high-capacity lifting frames. PRECAST TUNNELS & RETAINING WALLS LEAK SEALING & TUNNEL LINING Freyssinet Limited : Head Office: Innovation House Euston Way Town Centre Telford TF3 4LT Tel: +44 (0)1952 201901 Email: [email protected] RAIL PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW Current educational initiatives Both the IMechE and Huddersfield University are more than doing their bit to bring the message that engineering is an exciting and challenging profession. Iwnicki described an engineering competition that was originally run by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers called Formula Student, to build, test and race a smallscale formula style racing car. In Europe the competition is run by the IMechE and it’s ‘amazingly successful’ according to Iwnicki. ‘Every student that comes to an open day seems to ask about it and wants to get involved. I thought we’ve got to tap into some of that enthusiasm, and what we need is a competition for the railway industry. So the Railway Division of the IMechE set up the Railway Challenge, whereby teams of university students and teams from industry compete with each other. Unlike Formula Student, we have that mix of teams in order to link much more to industry, and they each build a small miniature gauge locomotive, addressing specific technical problems, and come together to compete at Stapleford Miniature Railway in Leicestershire.’ Are the winning team’s ideas taken into industry? ‘We had 100 spectators at the event including lots from industry saying they were noticing these interesting innovations.’ Iwnicki also talked about next month’s residential course for Year 11 and 12 students organised by the Smallpeice Trust and supported by the NSARE. ‘It was pioneered by Birmingham University and will be held this year for the first time at Huddersfield. The idea is to give them an insight, including talks from academics, into what railway engineers do. We’re going to set up a ‘shop’ effectively, where the teams will have virtual money to buy the components and advice they need to build a railway vehicle and we’ve got some track at Huddersfield that they can run it on. We have 50 students coming, which is great, and our local MP is going to present the prize to the winning team. We hope it will be a fantastic week for the students and that maybe it will influence their A-level choices and the careers that they move into. We need to do more of that.’ as they were one to two hundred years ago. Other industries, sectors and professions have moved more quickly to embrace that than engineering, especially railway engineering. The gender balance in the UK is a problem but that’s quite different in other countries. In Russia for example, and in other Eastern European countries as well as Asia, engineering is seen as a very interesting and attractive career to come into and it’s very sought after by the best qualified people.’ I mentioned that the IMechE’s website featured a Royal Academy of Engineering report that found that young children are natural engineers but that the primary school system does not encourage that mindset, and that engineers are seen as ‘less intelligent’ (see box piece). Iwnicki seemed surprised but only to an extent. ‘I guess the problem is the concept of what an engineer is. Most other countries think of engineers as people SIMON IWNICKI who design and innovate and find solutions and use computer tools and so on, whereas in the UK an engineer is someone who comes to fix your fridge. And that’s a very deep problem for us in explaining what we understand an engineer to be. We tried using the term chartered engineer, but that proved a bit too complicated for a simple message.’ The good news, believes Iwnicki, is that we’re seeing a renaissance in the railways, perhaps because of some of the failings of other transport modes. ‘We have congestion on our roads and environmental issues are becoming much more important, so we’re seeing huge investment here, and in Europe, in high speed rail, in shifting freight off roads, and so again it’s starting to become an active industry. The problem is that there’s a kind of lag in that young adults coming out of school probably haven’t got that message yet so it’s important to encourage them to see rail as an exciting and challenging place to work.’ Railway universities Iwnicki told me how in Russia they have universities based around specific industries, so there are ‘Railway’ universities. Maybe that’s the way things are going with the proposed High speed rail college, TfL’s sponsorship of the Greenwich UTC and Newcastle College’s Rail Academy, I wondered? ‘That’s true, we are I suppose starting to do it with the high speed college, and we’re certainly supporting that. I’m not sure about Railway universities. It tends to be done in countries with a more planned economy. In the UK it’s more that young people chose what career they are going to do and then the universities sort of align themselves to those aspirations. Maybe there are some good aspects of both types of system but I wouldn’t say theirs is a better system. ‘I think the problem is that you need a feedback loop and that is what’s missing. Young people in schools, particularly in Year 11, haven’t got a huge number of long-term influences on what career they chose. They see certain things on TV and talk to their parents who have certain careers, they talk to their peers, and maybe careers advisors, but they don’t see what’s happening three or four years down the line, and they don’t realise there are other exciting areas such as railway engineering.’ Is careers advice good enough? ‘No I don’t think it is. You know the advisors can only really advise on what their knowledge is, and if they happen to have had some involvement with real engineering that’s good, but it’s pretty unlikely isn’t it, and with railways even less likely, so they won’t really be well-placed to advise on that. Television has a role to play and there are some programmes which seem to attract young people’s interest in engineering – Scrapheap Challenge, Robot Wars, it’s not always exactly the message we want to get across July/August 2014 Page 51 Still using pneumatic wipers? ... maybe it’s time to convert? • • • • • Arms Blades Motors (24v and 110v) Linkage systems Components & spares Wiper conversion kits... from just a few hundred pounds Pneumatic windscreen wiper systems have been around for decades. When new, they work well, but as time progresses they can become prone to failure due to system leaks. Failed wipers result in inoperable trains, causing service disruption (costing both time and money). Thankfully, there’s an economic alternative. With over 30 years experience producing complete wiper systems, PSV Wypers Ltd have developed a number of conversion kits specifically for older running stock. 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What I say to my students is when you’re thinking about the key skills of an engineer, probably the most important one is to be a good communicator. Engineering is about working in a team. Of course you need expertise within your specialist area of engineering, but if you can bring your good ideas along, communicate them to your colleagues and show them that they are good, and engender their support, then you are likely to be in a successful engineering team. And I don’t think that’s any different in railway engineering.’ but they are starting to get there.’ At university level, Iwnicki explained the IMechE is working with stakeholders including the Young Rail Professionals and RRUKA to put together a programme of visiting 35 universities in this coming academic year, ‘whereas last year we only went to seven of them to talk about railway engineering. So there are several barriers, for schoolchildren and undergraduates, to think about a career in railway engineering and we’re tackling those, albeit in a limited way at the moment, but trying to build it up further.’ The skills opportunity from HS2 For all else that might be right or wrong about it, HS2 must surely represent a huge and timely opportunity to change the perception of railway engineering? ‘It probably is’ agreed Iwnicki, ‘and it’s part of the change whereby rail is no longer seen as a decaying, declining industry but part of the solution to future environmental and capacity challenges and being able to get people to where they want to be – into the centre of cities or travelling around the world. And I think we’re already seeing HS2 provide a bit of that feedback mechanism I referred to, so that young people do, whatever we think of the SIMON IWNICKI political aspects, start to see HS2 as interesting and exciting, and recognise some of the challenges.’ It would be difficult to put a percentage on the number of schoolchildren Iwnicki would like to see go into rail engineering in the UK, but a figure of at least 10,000 new entrants has been generally proposed as needed, just on the engineering side. ‘In part that shortage would have happened anyway through our fairly ageing population within the rail industry,’ said Iwnicki’ ‘but with HS2, Crossrail and Hitachi bringing its centre of expertise here, we really do need a huge number of new entrants across the industry.’ And what if we can’t find that number? Iwnicki is thoughtful: ‘Again it’s the delay in the feedback loop which will mean the shortage will have to become quite acute before the message gets through and schoolchildren start to see there are some good salaries and stable jobs in rail, and maybe their parents will start seeing that and the message will get around. But it could become quite painful before that takes effect, and I suppose the only alternative will be that we import those jobs, as we are already in fact, which seems a pity that we can’t educate our own youngsters to take on these roles.’ A global outlook The IRR recently announced the appointment of Dr Antonio Andrade from Portugal as a research fellow, and the press release mentioned the international nature of the expanding team. How important is that to Iwnicki? ‘It would seem strange to me if there was a boundary around just the UK as the types of challenges we face don’t see those boundaries. We apply for and are successful at getting European funding for lots of the work we do, and in fact we are worldwide in our outlook, working with colleagues globally.’ Does he travel a lot? Yes, too much sometimes. But I think you have to! I think we’re recognising that there are pockets of excellence outside of the UK and we need to learn from them, from the best, and the European funding is helping us to do that, certainly it is within July/August 2014 Page 53 February and December 2010 saw two of the worst snowfall events in recent memory hit the UK. The unusually heavy snow led to disruption across vast swathes of the country, affecting every type of industry. If cold winter spells are to become more common, Britain’s train operators will need to do more to make sure their routes stay open and services run despite the weather. Switchpoint Heating AB supply electrical heating systems and accessories for railways, industry applications and building sites. The company delivers complete custom-made heating systems for railway, industry and buildings including installation, details and control systems. Railway switch-point heating Railway switch-point heating is installed in order to maintain the function of the point mechanism without the need for manual clearing. The installation involves positioning flexible heating elements that can be made up to 25 meters along the foot of the stock and switch rails. In extreme cases, double elements will be installed in the section of the point blade with the most movement, in order to quickly melt any snow or ice falling off passing trains as a result of vibration. The point rod pit may also be provided with heating by means of point rod heaters, which are connected up to extension terminals on the heaters positioned on the stockrail. The heating elements are covered with stainless-steel protective channels fixed to the rail using spring steel clips. The channels are supplied in lengths of 1 meter and are available in rigid and flexible designs. Clips are available in several different types fitting most rail profiles found in the switch-points that exist today. The VELOX switch-point heating system can be used with most existing control systems providing 230VAC to the point heating system. The heating elements are of a self-limiting type, which means they are energy efficient as they decrease the heat output when the temperature rises. The elements are also double-insulated and lack protective earthing in order to avoid causing signalling faults if damaged. Heaters are powered by a waterproof IP68, quickconnect system simplifying maintenance. VELOX rail-point regulator The company also manufactures customdesigned, automatic-control cabinets containing thyristor control devices and soft-start regulators, as well as equipment for remote control and logging of energy consumption and temperature, amongst other data. The parameters of the Velox rail-point regulator can be checked and adjusted from a remote computer connected to the internet, and logged temperature and current values may, in the same way, be read or downloaded for further analyses. Communications are possible by a fixed telephone connection or a 3 /4 G modem. With cold winters seemingly becoming more frequent, Swedish company Värmekabelteknik outline their rail heating system that can keeps routes open. FORMORE MOREINFORMATION INFORMATION FOR +46301 301418 4185050/ T.T:+46 Fax.Fax +46+46 301301 418418 70 70 E:[email protected] [email protected] www.vkts.se E: RAIL PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW Showing the world the UK has a role to play in research How can academia and the rail industry join more effectively? ‘That’s a good question’ said Iwnicki. ‘Historically again it’s been an area that has seen academia and industry go their separate ways, particularly in railways. The UK was very strong in railway innovation – since the early years but even more so in recent times we’ve had a very strong research culture and we had British Rail Research, which was world-leading. But probably since privatisation that has been broken up and the UK has been less able to take a world lead, so there has again been a role for universities to come into that space. There was a vacuum there at first and I was part of the initial group of seven universities funded by the EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) that set up RRUK (Rail Research UK) more than 12 years’ ago, with the idea to put in place a strong research base but also the educational aspects that feed into that, and again showing the industry and the world that the UK has a role to play in railway research and innovation. So that ran for two tranches of EPSRC funding and did a lot of good work with the core seven universities. Then the funding ended and RSSB and Network Rail took over the role of supporting RRUK. We changed the name to RRUKA and it now constitutes a broader group of universities, putting back some of the key academic research areas that are needed by the industry. ‘So although you could say privatisation was bad for British Rail Research, you could look and say now ‘Well actually there wasn’t much university research going on under the nationalised rail industry and now we have a group of 41 universities who are members of the RRUKA and all of them are doing good railway research.’ SIMON IWNICKI academia and I think it is within the industry as well. ‘We’re now moving into the period of the Horizon 2020 Shift2Rail joint technology initiative aimed at revitalising the European rail sector and making it more competitive, and that’s attracting quite a lot of interest in the UK industry, which might be a good thing because it will encourage all the different players here to look and see what their colleagues are doing in Europe and how they’re solving some of the problems we are now having. I don’t think we can see ourselves as an island railway, we are integrated in many ways now with the rest of Europe and the world.’ An interactive job Professor Iwnicki’s main research activities are in the field of wheel-rail contact and computer modelling of railway vehicle suspensions – according to his Huddersfield biography ‘a small and highly specialised area which has a major influence on the design of railway vehicles and track’. What attracted him to that? ‘I was sponsored to do a degree in mechanical engineering. Those were fantastic days of course when you not only got a grant, you didn’t pay any fees and somebody was prepared to pay you to go to university as well. So I worked for Chloride Motive Power in Manchester before and after my degree, but after a while saw a PhD advertised in London, and I fancied going there. The doctorate was sponsored by the National Coal Board, which shows you how old I am. It had a massive network of underground railways, which it claimed was bigger than the London Underground, running under the North Sea, so when the miners went down to the bottom of the pit they still had many kilometres to travel to get to the coal face, which took a significant amount of their time. They quite often went out on small narrow gauge trains and the Coal Board wanted to improve them so they were fitted with rubber tyres to get better traction and a better ride, and they were also trying to improve the way the tyres guided the vehicle, so my PhD was July/August 2014 Page 55 !! ! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! Specialist Civil Engineers Specialist Civil Engineers Our services encompass: !! !• !! • !! !! !! !! • !! !! !! • !! !! !! • !! • !! !! • !! • !! !! !! • !! !! !! ! 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Rumble, S.A.Rumble. Company Reg. No. 2542351 Vat No 542 524 265 Tel: 01233 861110 Fax: 01233 861112 Certificate No. 3479 ISO 9001 Directors: C.W.J. Rumble, S.A.Rumble. Company Reg. No. 2542351 Vat No 542 524 265 Page 56 July/August 2014 RAIL PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW SIMON IWNICKI on that, and that’s what led to the wheel rail contact aspect. So I started with the tyre and the rail and then later on the steel wheel on the steel rail, which is the core of my work.’ Asked what he most enjoys about his job, Iwnicki feels it’s the interesting and varied set of challenges in research and education, and working with colleagues overseas with the common goal of solving those challenges. Asked what he doesn’t like, Iwnicki looks slightly put out but is disarmingly honest. ‘These are just the sort of questions we’ve been asking candidates at interview. I suppose being honest I sometimes feel there is so much to do that I don’t feel I have time to just sort of take a step back and take a more strategic view of where things are going with the research work that my team is doing, with the support we’re giving to industry or with the activities of the IMechE. Sometimes it is really needed probably and I regret that I don’t always have time for that, and I need to make time and that’s a weakness probably, probably in me and in the fact that everybody seems to be so busy, those working in engineering, those working in everything I guess.’ Vision for the future If his ‘vision’ for the future could be summed up, what would it include…obviously that the skills gap is closed? ‘I think that’s got to be foremost – to be able to demonstrate to young people and to society in general that railway engineering is a fantastically interesting career with lots of challenges in different areas, where working together in teams can give you a really rewarding career with prospects for travel and for meeting people working on similar areas globally. ‘And taking a broader perspective that the railways are once again seen as the premier solution to society’s mobility problems, as they were in Victorian times. Railways can offer Are schools propagating the belief that engineers are ‘less intelligent’? Young children are natural engineers, but the primary school system does not encourage that mindset and even secondary school teaching of engineering is highly variable, according to a report commissioned by the Royal Academy of Engineering. Researchers at the University of Winchester’s Centre for Real World Learning, who prepared the report, Thinking like an engineer - implications for the education system, interviewed a wide variety of engineering educators and practising engineers to identify six ‘engineering habits of mind’ that generate very specific ways of thinking and approaching problems: • • • • • • systems thinking adapting problem finding creative problem solving visualising improving The report makes a strong case to suggest that, if the UK wants to produce more engineers, we need to redesign the education system so that these habits of mind become embedded. Young children are natural born engineers, says the report, constantly seeking to understand the properties of materials as solutions that other transport modes have shown they are no longer capable of providing.’ I mentioned that Dr Andrade had stated in the Huddersfield press release that cars are catching up. ‘Yes, he feels there has perhaps been a little bit of complacency within the rail industry, that it has taken the view ‘We may not be brilliant at everything but at least on the environmental side we’ve got the credentials,’ but people in the automotive and aerospace area know it’s a weakness and are working very hard to close that gap. We are potentially a much more environmentally friendly mode of transport but we mustn’t rest on our laurels because it’s necessary for the future of the planet that we continue to improve.’ they engage with the world around them, the report says. “When the cardboard structure they have built is strong enough to support the weight of other toys and becomes a medieval castle, there is the thrill of persistent and successful experimentation.’ However, the education system has come to expect young people to move away from practical learning as they grow up and to become more theoretical and abstract. ‘Schools, like post-Enlightenment society, choose to persist in believing that people who design, make and fix things must be less intelligent than those who can write essays, make speeches or understand quadratic equations.’ While citing outstanding examples of innovative teaching practice at all levels, the report says that ‘too many primary and secondary schools almost manage to extinguish the prototype engineering ability latent in young children.’ It proposes that the engineering teaching and learning community considers redesigning curricula - primary, secondary, further and higher education and, potentially, family learning - starting from the premise that they are trying to cultivate learners who think like engineers. The introduction of the new National Curriculum for England from September 2014 offers an important moment to create more opportunities for engineering through the new programmes of study for computing, mathematics, and science, as well as design and technology. The report recommends that organisations promoting engineering should seize this opportunity to support schools in introducing more engineering-based content to the new curriculum. Report author Professor Bill Lucas, director of the Centre for Real-World Learning at the University of Winchester, said: ‘Engineers think differently from the rest of the world. And society badly needs their problem-solving, systems-thinking and relentlessly-seeking-tomake-and-improve mindset. Yet the education system does little to teach in ways that will cultivate the engineers we will need. We leave it too late and, too often, teach it too dully. This has to change.’ Professor Helen Atkinson CBE FREng, chair of the Academy’s Standing Committee for Education and Training, said: ‘This insightful work suggests that even with an improved public engagement with engineering, our current education system in the UK does not sufficiently develop the habits of mind of young people to encourage them to pursue further study towards engineering careers. The Academy is grateful to the authors for bringing a new perspective on an important issue for educating future generations of engineers in the UK.’ Thinking like an engineer - implications for the education system, was prepared for the Academy by Professor Bill Lucas, Dr Janet Hanson and Professor Guy Claxton of the University of Winchester’s Centre for Real World Learning. Visit www.raeng.org.uk/thinkinglikeanengineer July/August 2014 Page 57 Training & education Building awareness Kevin P. Stenson describes the big impact that educational charity The Smallpeice Trust is having on raising young people’s awareness of careers in rail engineering T he railway engineering industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the UK with the demand for qualified engineers at its peak. So why is it, that at a time when Britain, among other things, is investing in high speed rail to create space on overcrowded networks and enable large numbers of people to move efficiently, that leading rail companies are struggling to recruit engineers? It is thought that a serious STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) skills shortage coupled with the railway industry’s ‘less-than glamorous’ perception among young people are contributing factors. The railway industry’s perception challenge is most strikingly seen by the underrepresentation of females in the sector at an estimated two per cent, compared with nine per cent of those working in the broader engineering profession, 42 per cent in medicine, and 50 per cent in law. It is clear that more needs to be done to raise young peoples’ awareness of the railway engineering industry and the spectrum of careers it offers, and to provide them with opportunities to engage with the fantastic role-model engineers already working within the industry. It is for this reason that educational charity The Smallpeice Trust has joined forces with organisations including the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, the National Skills Academy for Railway Engineering (NSARE), and the Page 58 July/August 2014 universities of Birmingham and Huddersfield, to inspire and encourage young people to consider railway engineering and railway systems engineering as a possible future career. Founded in 1966 by pioneering engineer and inventor Dr Cosby Smallpeice, The Smallpeice Trust is an independent educational charitable trust which promotes engineering as a career to young people aged 10 to 18 through a range of STEM activities including subsidised residential courses, in-school STEM Days, STEM clubs and teacher training to enhance the delivery of STEM in the classroom. Over the last five years The Smallpeice Trust has promoted railway engineering to more than 5,000 young people through its railway one-day STEM days and four-day residential courses. Fantastic role models The Smallpeice Trust’s residential course programme has seen four Railway Engineering courses for 13 and 14 year-olds take place at university locations across the country and a further three advanced Railway Systems Engineering courses for 15 to 17 year-olds at the University of Birmingham. This summer the Trust, supported by the Lloyd’s Register Foundation and NSARE, will be running two further advanced Railway Systems Engineering courses at the University of Birmingham and the University of Huddersfield. At the heart of the Trust’s approach is a commitment to providing experiences, be it one-day STEM-days or four-day residential courses, that enable students to explore the design, construction and operational elements of railways and what our future railways could look like, as well as the opportunity to engage with and work alongside fantastic role model engineers, both apprentices and graduates, from leading rail companies such as Babcock Rail, FirstGroup, National Express, Network Rail and Transport for London (see page 71). Companies such as these are keen to promote careers in railway engineering as it not only boosts their corporate profile among some of the UK’s future engineers, it also demonstrates to young people what valuable careers are on offer within this exciting industry. There is also the additional benefit available to companies taking part that at the same time as being fantastic role model engineers for the young people participating in the programme, the apprentices and graduates are undertaking incredibly valuable professional development. With growing demand for better UK rail services and the proposed plans for HS2 well underway, the railway engineering sector is proving to be an increasingly exciting discipline to work in, with more and more opportunities becoming readily available. HS2 alone is set to create more than 40,000 jobs over the coming years, which is why The Smallpeice Trust recognises how important it is to expose young people to this vital sector in a bid to bridge the skills gap, and make this type of engineering more attractive and accessible to today’s youth. Thanks to generous support from our sponsors, we are pleased to be able to offer students such a range of railway engineering related activities and hope that we can continue to do so in the future. For more information about The Smallpeice Trust and the rail-related opportunities available. visit www.smallpeicetrust.org.uk Tel: 01926 333200. Dr Kevin P Stenson is chief executive of The Smallpeice Trust Training & education Stepping up to the solution As employers are being increasingly challenged to take ownership of the opportunities to prevent a new wave of engineering skills shortages, Angela Dean explains how the University of Derby is helping rail firms to do this I n his report on engineering skills (November 2013), Professor John Perkins, chief scientific adviser to the Department for Business Innovation and Skills, issued a call to action to industry, educators and government to ‘step up’ to inspire future engineering talent and address skills shortages. And with Derby being the UK centre for advanced technological skills, the University is ideally located to respond to Professor Perkins’ challenge. In fact, an impressive 11 per cent of Derby’s workforce is in a high-tech job – more than any other city in the country. Derby also has a unique history in the rail industry and this year celebrates 175 years in rail. There are significant employers based in Derby such as Bombardier and East Midlands Trains, and Derbyshire is a hub for the rail industry, with more than 200 companies based here. We work closely with many of these employers to develop programmes that are practical and underpinned by the latest thinking. We were very recently awarded almost £600,000 by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to help plug the engineering skills gap through Postgraduate Support Scheme funding. The project is aimed at attracting students from related backgrounds as well as those already studying engineering at undergraduate level. It also aims to help those from under-represented backgrounds in the industry (including women) to enter engineering. This is particularly important for the rail industry where only 4.4 per cent of all engineers are women. At the recent Women in Rail event, held in Derby in May, it was noted by Baroness Kramer, the Minister for Transport, that more initiatives were needed to attract women into the rail industry. This is a unique opportunity for the University and employers to work together to develop workforce engineering skills through postgraduate study. The programme is tailored to employer needs, solving technical problems important to the business, focusing on specific projects and commissioning bespoke research. Two programmes for differing situations The project offers two programmes to suit differing situations: MSc Innovative Engineering Solutions and MSc Professional Engineering. The MSc Innovative Engineering Solutions is a one-year full-time programme which is free to students. It includes a six-month paid work placement and research project with an employer which focuses on developing expertise in solving business-critical technical problems. The project draws on the latest advanced manufacturing, research and testing equipment and facilities available at the University’s new Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering (IISE), based in Derby, which partners can also access. By joining with us, employers can reap the benefits of being involved in the recruitment and training of a potential new member of staff; influence the development of this innovative new programme of study; develop a training programme that suits the needs of their organisation and commission a specific research project to be undertaken by the student who will work under the supervision of the IISE. The MSc Professional Engineering, developed with the Engineering Council as part of the Engineering Gateway Programme, is ideal for employers looking to support the development of their employees. It is studied part-time, through online distance learning. By supporting employees on this programme, employers will offer a professional development route that can be flexed around employee work commitments and will see an immediate impact as it is designed to address the organisation’s specific requirements. The programme should improve employee attraction and retention through offering credible and reputable staff development opportunities, and create a talent pool of chartered engineers – improving business capacity to bid for larger projects. It is a work-based learning route to the academic qualifications and professional development students need to demonstrate for registration as a chartered engineer. The course allows students to acquire professional competences and gain an MSc award without the need to take time off work. As part of both projects we offer free training to experienced managers within the student’s host company which will certify them as a workplace mentor, developing their skills to become an active participant in the student’s learning. Study while working Another work-based study degree offered at Derby is our BEng Professional Engineering course. New engineers follow a three-year part-time programme in which study and assessments are based on the organisation and the issues it is facing. Employees study and learn while they are working, which means less time out of the organisation and the immediate application of skills to the workplace. Not only do the students develop the skills, confidence and competencies to help drive their organisation forward, but they achieve a university degree at the same time – building loyalty and motivation. Different pathways enable specialisation – rail, mechanical, electrical and manufacturing and production. July/August 2014 Page 59 Training & education University of Derby Corporate For rail businesses needing to meet specific organisational objectives, we can also develop bespoke programmes through our business-to-business division, University of Derby Corporate (UDC). We have recently worked with Signalling Solutions and Network Rail who chose UDC to provide development programmes tailored to their specific cultures and operating procedures. After struggling to find a training programme in the UK for its Europeandesigned high-speed overhead contact system, Network Rail’s High Speed division asked UDC to develop a bespoke solution. The company wanted to up-skill and refresh the knowledge of its overhead line technical engineers, who carry out crucial maintenance. Rather than how to do their jobs, the training had to focus on why those jobs had to be done in a certain way, covering health and safety and engineering reasons. The programme did not need to be accredited but Network Rail was keen to include some kind of assessment to check understanding. Using the University’s engineering expertise, we delivered a two-day faceto-face training programme about the overhead contact system (OCS) used by Network Rail High Speed. This helped the technical engineers Page 60 July/August 2014 understand the fundamentals of the overhead line equipment and how it operates, mechanically and electrically. Topics included an overview of the OCS, electrical and mechanical technologies, mechanical infrastructure, track technologies, the physical environment and future trends and regulatory changes. With a nationwide shortage of people who can install and maintain rail power lines, yet an upsurge in demand for these skills due to projects such as HS2 and Crossrail 2, we plan to develop similar solutions for other rail-related businesses in the UK. One example was Signalling Solutions, which was faced with an increase in its graduate intake and needed a bespoke programme for new employees. UDC developed a bespoke graduate development programme for the company covering the latest management and leadership concepts as well as technically-specific modules that relate to Signalling Solutions’ practices. The programme leads to a master’s degree in management and leadership. The part-time work based programme is being delivered through a combination of face-to-face sessions and online study through UDC’s e-learning portal. Angela Dean is assistant dean and head of the School of Technology at the University of Derby Tel: 0800 678 3311. 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T. 01730 711202 M. 07763 279633 [email protected] www.kopta.co.uk Manufacturing quality Vitreous Enamel signs since 1877      Fire retardant Low maintenance Long life Colourfast Vandal resistant Call us on 01737 774079 email [email protected] www.burnhamsigns.co.uk Part of the Stocksigns Group Page 62 July/August 2014 Burnhams Rail Prof ad 88x130mm.indd 3 14/06/2013 15:46 Training & education The TotalVALUE of team working How can the rail industry integrate multiple fields of research and practice, whole systems engineering, innovation, creativity and complex problem solving? Adrian Terry has the answer B ritain’s railways are experiencing the fastest growth in Europe. That growth has brought with it a raft of unprecedented challenges, including the delivery of £2.5-£3.5 billion of savings, investment to reduce overcrowding, and improvement of customer satisfaction, safety, timetable reliability, asset optimisation and service connectivity. These challenges create change and uncertainty at a time when senior leaders have low confidence in their teams, in a sector where innovation has been low and underinvestment has been the norm. For 15 months, Thales Learning & Development (TLD) worked with a major industry body to develop the necessary awareness and skills to respond to these challenges. Central to the research was the use of VIEW – An Assessment in Problem Solving Style™ – a questionnaire designed to help people effectively and efficiently solve problems. VIEW™ is based on 25 years of research and development in the field, and highlights specific actions that support effective collaboration and resolution of complex problems. It does this by exploring particular problem-solving style characteristics and preferences. The work TLD has done has helped identify the ‘golden keys’ that release their potential to unlock the TotalVALUE challenge. What is the TotalVALUE challenge? The British rail industry faces a significant challenge – to deliver more for less, creating an infrastructure fit for the future and a rail system that works. There are a number of essential principles and issues that need to be adopted in order to deliver against that challenge, incorporating multiple fields of research and practice, whole systems engineering, innovation and creativity. The TotalVALUE challenge looks at overcoming these hurdles, taking a deep look at the true nature of the problems – such as high technological and organisational complexity – and what strategies should be adopted in order to succeed. It is ultimately about creating lasting, positive change. The term ‘golden keys,’ essentially refers to the way in which people work in groups to resolve complex problems. That premise is at the heart of what is required for successful delivery of TotalVALUE. Some of the problems are highly technical, some more people-centric in nature. But when it comes to large-scale, big-picture change, it is the incremental resolution of multiple ‘smaller’ – or specific – problems that achieves that. It is that cumulative effect that makes a lasting difference. VIEW – an assessment in Problem Solving Style™ To support TLD’s work in helping the rail industry achieve the above, it utilised the VIEW questionnaire. The results revealed some profound insights into what strategies should be adopted in order to successfully overcome the challenges. TotalVALUE is about creating the impetus and capability for railway organisations to adapt and change for the better - placing pressures on existing ways of working and dealing with complex problems. Using the VIEW tool also allowed TLD to identify a number of key issues that affect and, possibly, limit the rail sector’s ability to respond to the TotalVALUE challenge. It also highlighted three dimensions against which to measure a person’s propensity to tackle the challenge. Those dimensions were their Orientation to Change™ – i.e. their perceived preference between two general styles for managing change and solving problems creatively; their Manner of Processing™ – i.e. their preference for either working externally (with other people) or internally (thinking and working alone before sharing ideas with others) – and their Ways of Deciding™ – i.e. the major emphasis they give to either people (maintaining harmony and interpersonal relationships) or tasks (emphasising logical, rational and appropriate decisions). Each dimension directly influences the ways people perceive problems and information, make sense of the situation or data, come up with solutions, make choices and decisions, and prepare to implement those solutions. Research and practice shows that there is no one ‘right’ style. Rather, for situations where high levels of productivity are required, innovation and a blend between whole system and detailed technical approaches, and a combination of styles, leads to high performance. Because we often see difference as threatening, those with radically different styles may need support and insight to work effectively together to yield results. Teams with particular biases may unintentionally limit their performance, constrain their solutions and introduce unforeseen risks. The findings Measuring against the three dimensions – Orientation to Change™, Manner of Processing™, and Ways of Deciding™ – yielded some very interesting results; results that many who work in the industry may find they can relate to. In terms of Orientation to Change™ for example, analysis revealed that senior leaders differ significantly in their approach from those responsible for day-to-day delivery of TotalVALUE. This difference helps explain why change and transformation efforts to support TotalVALUE are not as July/August 2014 Page 63 Training & education effective or efficient as they could be, and why reconfiguration often results in organisational tension and personal stress. When it came to Manner of Processing™, the results highlighted a tendency towards External™ preference, suggesting a need for many workshops and meetings – perhaps with questionable value – as well as a lack of deeper reflection on problems and potential responses, and a preference towards action. When groups exhibit this collective behavior, it leads to sub-optimal solutions, reduces efficiency, increases cost of delivery and introduces product and process risk. For Ways of Deciding™ there was a significant trend towards task-based decision-making, suggesting people tend to understand the way things work from the perspective of activities, tasks and transactions. It also suggests they may not see the significance of relationships, nor see people’s wants, needs and desires as of equal significance to the task. In this state, stakeholder understanding and engagement is often poor, and the finding of hidden or deeper needs is compromised. The result is often conflict and dispute, and whole-team engagement suffers. Whole system approach Based on the above findings, how should the railway industry move forward if it is to unlock the TotalVALUE challenge and achieve lasting change that will ultimately have a positive impact on the way the sector operates? Firstly, it is important to embrace the stark differences that are clearly present between different groups of people in the railway industry. People – from leaders to engineers – have different problemsolving styles. But it is the successful integration of all those styles that will ultimately allow for multiple incremental problems to be solved. The ‘whole system approach’ incorporates six key principles, as outlined by the Royal Academy of Engineering. Those principles are: debate, define and pursue the purpose, think holistic, follow a disciplined procedure, be creative, take account of people, and manage the project and relationships. It is clear, therefore, that effective problem-solving, productivity and effectiveness is the result of a combined influence between the characteristics the people bring to the situation, the processes they work through and the significant influence of the context within which they work. It is through genuinely understanding those characteristics, processes and influences, and implementing the right type of lasting change based on that understanding, that the TotalVALUE challenge will be met. Adrian Terry is head of sales capability at Thales Learning & Development Visit www.thales-ld.com Integrated PowerTrain Solutions eDrives Wheels GKN, bringing Automotive and Aeropace technology to Rail Further information on the new products can be found at www.gkn.com/landsystems/ GKN_AD_RailProfessional_Draft.indd 1 Page 64 July/August 2014 We design, manufacture and supply products and services for the Construction, Mining and Utility Vehicle markets, key Industrial segments and Agritechnical offering integrated PowerTrain solutions. 12.06.14 10:09 Looking for proven safety solutions? SIMPLY REVOLUTIONARY OUT WITH THE OLD... ...IN WITH THE NEW! You can always rely on THE ORIGINAL INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR ON-SITE ROLE IDENTIFICATION. The QuickBand® solution is simple; one armband with a clear pocket which takes the entire range of QuickBand inserts. 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Supplied by T 0208 874 6566 E [email protected] www.keesystems.com t: 023 9225 4442 safeaidsupplies.com July/August 2014 Page 65 Morrison Rail Services provides comprehensive design, installation and commissioning of HV and LV power for projects within the rail market that covers a broad range of asset engineering services including: • • • • Substation Stations and depots Switchgear/plant HV cable laying, jointing and terminations • Protection and control systems • Power requirements for • Signalling • Points Heating • Lighting • DNO connections and networks Contact us [email protected] www.morrisonus.com Page 66 July/August 2014 Training & education Opening the doors to the next generation of Rail Engineers In September 2013, the Royal Greenwich University Technical College (UTC) opened to students aged 14 to 19. It was the first to open in London fully subscribed with 300 students T he Royal Greenwich UTC is a regional academy in south east London and teaches technical qualifications focusing on engineering, construction and related industries alongside core academic subjects for GCSE’s and A-levels. Transport for London (TfL) is a non-financial engineering sponsor of the college and is working directly with it to provide time and technical expertise through demonstrations and supporting the curriculum. The college has four sponsors in total, University of Greenwich, the Royal Borough of Greenwich, the Wates Group and TfL, and together with the other sponsors, TfL has been at the forefront of helping the college to develop its coursework and philosophy. Before it opened, TfL delivered a decommissioned Hammersmith & City line (C77 Stock) Tube carriage to the college in June 2013. The carriage was donated to give students a real hands-on experience and understanding of the engineering behind one of London’s iconic features. Tricia Riley, director of human resources at TfL, said: ‘We recognise that there is a real skills shortage within the transport sector and are proud to be supporting future transport workers and engineers in this way. This new educational institution will help fill the gap and provide students with the technical knowledge they will need to pursue an engineering career.’ Students use the carriage to learn how to design and make modifications which can then be fitted and tested on it to demonstrate fitness for purpose. They learn about the various train systems and basic engineering principles of design, including electrical, pneumatic, July/August 2014 Page 67 Training & education mechanical and electronic, which will form part of their core curriculum. This allows them to understand how underground trains function and interface with other parts of the railway and what is involved in the maintenance and refurbishments of trains. TfL staff including apprentices and graduates played an integral part in the installation of the tracks and the conversion of the carriage to ensure that it was safe for the college and its students, but also mechanically safe for students to carry out work on. The conversion gave TfL apprentices and graduates the opportunity to work on such projects to provide them with the skills the transport sector will need in the future. Along with the carriage, TfL has also donated two Barclays Cycle Hire bikes no longer in service for students to work on re-engineering them. Additionally through Operation Kansas, a successful operation against illegal novelty vehicles between the Metropolitan Police, TfL and VOSA, a V8 limousine engine has also been donated to the Greenwich UTC for students to work on. Jonathan Holmes, a track design engineer at TfL, said: ‘I joined the UTC C stock project while on the mechanical engineering graduate scheme and was given immediate responsibility in making it a reality. In the early stages, the concept was quite simply to donate one of our soon to be retired trains, and many of the complexities were yet to become apparent. ‘My fundamental task was to design the modifications required to deliver basic operability to the carriage, and to ensure it was delivered in a useful and safe state with all redundant systems decommissioned. The project was an excellent opportunity for different teams, graduates and apprentices across the company to work together and deliver something quite unique. My hope is that this train can inspire and encourage young minds into taking a career in engineering, or even better, the railway industry.’ New UTC in 2016 TfL Engineers, apprentices and graduates also play a critical role in supporting the teaching of real world engineering skills to the students at the UTC. They participate via the TfL Engineering Ambassador scheme which is delivered by the London Transport Museum and STEMNET, a national organisation which supports professionals in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics to volunteer to visit schools Crossrail has also been a keen supporter of the Royal Greenwich UTC by providing activities for the students and including it in the Crossrail partner school programme. This collaborative approach is critical to ensuring rail and transport are embedded into our education system to provide the right people with the right skills in the future. Transport for London is sharing its learnings with Network Rail which has supported the UTC movement and will be the lead sponsor of the Sir Simon Milton Westminster UTC due to open in 2016. ARC Academy UK Ltd Established in June 2011, ARC Academy UK initially started delivering workplace skills for long-term unemployed in Rail Engineering, Health and Social Care, Construction and Call Centres. ARC moved onto the delivery of Apprenticeships in Railway Engineering Level 2 and continued to branch into other areas including Health and Social Care plus Construction. Products we currently provide There are 3 divisions currently at ARC Academy UK: Apprenticeships ARC delivers apprenticeships in the following sectors: Rail engineering level 2 & 3 Health and Social Care level 2 & 3 Construction level 2 Team Leading level 2 Management level 3 Network Rail approved Safety Critical Training ARC delivers a vast list of safety critical training to many customers throughout the UK. Courses delivered include: • 10 day Track Induction Course • Machine Controller / Crane Controller Course • Lookout • COSS • ES • LXA • PTS • Small Tools and Plant And many more to meet the needs of our customers. Medicals ARC Academy has recently started the accreditation process to become a centre to conduct Medical assessment for customers in the Rail Engineering Sector. Apprenticeships - Railway engineering level 2 Training situated in convenient locations for local transport. They include: ARC Academy UK will provide additional Training outside of the apprenticeship framework for each apprentice. Apprentice’s can expect to receive as mandatory: Blaenavon Gwent Epping Ongar London Avon Valley Bristol Great Central Leicester Severn Valley Kidderminster Elsecar Barnsley Shepherds Well Kent • Network Rail accredited 10 day Track Induction Course • Small Tools course including Kango and Impact wrench as a minimum All sites encompass training facilities and a live railway track where apprentices gain “real” work experience during their 13 weeks induction training. Other potential courses that can be offered depending on the progress of the apprentice: All training takes place at the heritage sites during the initial 13 weeks, the apprentices receive full training by our qualified trainers, and in addition there is a site supervisor allocated to each group to ensure their experience on track is a full and knowledgeable one. • Lookout Delivery Sites ARC Academy UK currently has 7 delivery sites. These sites are Contact Antony Richardson, Director. Arc Academy UK Ltd., 16 Centre Court, Treforest Ind Est, Pontypridd CF37 5YR Mob: 07980 881314 Tel: 01443 693431 Email: [email protected] Web: www.arcacademyuk.com Page 68 July/August 2014 July/August 2014 Page 69 Self-Powered Wireless Condition Monitoring More than 5,000 sensors installed across 600 cars: • Intelligent algorithms and analytics • Immediate and actionable information • Vibration powered energy harvester solution: easy to fit and no maintenance • Continuous monitoring of bearings, wheels, gearboxes, traction motors and track See us at InnoTrans 2014 23-26 September • Berlin Contact us: USA: +1 512 280-9776 • Europe: +44 23 8076 5888 • [email protected] • www.perpetuum.com Training & education Meeting the transformation TfL’s apprentices are playing a key role in the modernisation and improvement of London Underground and other parts of the transport network T fL is responsible for 27 million journeys a day, operating London Underground, London’s strategic road network, buses, DLR, trams, Barclays Cycle Hire and the Emirates Air Line. It also licenses taxi and private hire drivers and passenger services on the river. The organisation employs 29,000 people directly and thousands more through its supply chain. TfL recognises that apprenticeships offer a great opportunity to train people in the skills they need to help the transport network in the capital run smoothly. Recruiting people through apprenticeship programmes across the TfL family helps to develop people to become qualified and talented within the business and develop skills that are in short supply, to develop future managers, leaders and technical expertise. TfL is investing billions of pounds to modernise and improve London’s transport network to support more jobs, homes and economic growth in the capital and across the UK as a whole and to do so, it is essential that it invests in a highly-skilled workforce for now and the future. TfL and specifically London Underground run a robust programme combining both employment and training to enable apprentices to contribute to play a key role in the organisation while developing their own skills. The training is designed around tangible skills and mentoring in the workplace and TfL is developing clear progression routes with courses feeding into apprenticeships and continuous professional development when the apprenticeship is completed. Additionally, there are ‘adult apprenticeship’ programmes which enable the up skilling of both new and existing employees. Long-term strategy With London’s population set to grow from 8.4 million today to 10 million by 2030, it is vital that TfL sustains and increases the skills needed to maintain a transport system which moves millions of people around a global city each day. To do this, it continues to grow in the way it develops and designs its schemes to ensure they meet the emerging transformation of the business by supporting ongoing development through to degree level, thus strengthening its commitment as an organisation to the future of its apprenticeships. This provides a unique way to reduce skills shortages and grow its own workforce through embedding apprentices through its workforce planning approach, as part of a long-term strategy on workforce growth and skills development. Mike Brown MVO, managing director of London Underground and Rail, said: ‘We are committed to creating apprenticeship roles directly and through our supply chain. Since April 2009, along with our supply chain, we have created more than 5,000 apprenticeships, supporting the Mayor of London’s campaign to create 250,000 apprenticeships by 2016. ‘Our apprentices are playing a key role in the modernisation and improvement of London Underground and other parts of the transport network. As we continue to invest billions of pounds to meet the needs of London’s growing population to support jobs, economic growth and homes, it is vital that we retain and train highly skilled and motivated staff to help us deliver a world class transport network. It is an exciting time to be working in transport in this great city and I would encourage anyone thinking of taking up an apprenticeship to consider one with us.’ TfL has 17 different apprenticeship schemes across the whole organisation; roles include highways technician, information management, project planner, London Underground Engineering, London Underground Operational and London Underground Track Engineering. The roles vary from 12 months to four years with the majority of apprentices securing jobs at the end of their scheme. The apprenticeship roles offer a mix of on-the-job training with classroom learning usually on a day release basis. This provides the skills needed for the chosen career that will also lead to a July/August 2014 Page 71 Training & education nationally recognised qualification such as an NVQ. This approach benefits both the apprentice and TfL and provides the perfect mix of theory and practical learning. For advanced higher apprenticeships the apprentices work towards a knowledge-based qualification such as a foundation degree. Investing heavily in engineering apprenticeships London Underground has invested heavily in the Engineering Apprenticeship training centre at Acton, which includes the installation of a brand new electronics room, electrical room, mechanical and maintenance sections within the newly designed workshop area, allowing the Tube to deliver the future engineers for its business, in line with current and future technology changes. The centre also includes a brand new stateof- the-art welding area, recently accredited by the Welding Institute, and an up-to-date non-destructive testing facility capable of training a number of different techniques. The London Underground Engineering Apprenticeship is a three-year programme where apprentices spend six months learning key engineering skills in the workshop at the Skills and Training Academy. The rest of the year is spent on block release at college where the students work towards a Level 3 technical qualification. Throughout the first year, work placements give apprentices an idea of what to expect when they go out to the business during the next two years of the apprenticeship. The second and third year are spent out in the business where apprentices are placed throughout the transport network on site, learning the specific skills that they will need when they qualify at the end of their time and complete their NVQ level 3. At the 2014 UK Rail Industry Awards (UKRIA), London Underground’s Apprenticeship Development team received the Apprenticeship Development Scheme award. There is also an award winning Supplier Skills Team (SST) which works with the business and its suppliers to generate apprentice and employment opportunities. These opportunities are aligned to the skills required directly and also through the supply chain, and provide the opportunity to source new talent into the industry while working to address skills shortages. To date almost 100 suppliers have engaged with the SST to deliver apprenticeships and in 2012, the SST was awarded the Race for Opportunity award for Youth Partnership and Apprenticeship for the success of its work with the supply chain in creating apprenticeship opportunities. TfL also supports apprentices working in all businesses across the capital through concessionary travel offering 30 per cent off adult rate Travelcards and Bus & Tram Passes. The discounted travel is available to all apprentices over 18, living in London and in the first year of an approved apprenticeship course. Office 3-4-5, Pristine House, Hurst Street, Longton, Railway Safety Critical Skills Training Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST3 2LT Unit 4, Westport House, Canal Lane, Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent ST6 4NZ Tel: 827054 Mobile: 041285 Tel: 01782 01782 244833 Mobile: 07878 07878 041285 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.astractraining.com Safety Critical Training - Manual Handling - Various Fire Courses Member Page 72 July/August 2014 The world is complex. Your decisions donâ€™t have to be. Transport safety? Automating critical decisions to eliminate human errors Passenger satisfaction? Offering real time information and ensuring security Seamless journeys? Unique fare systems for all transport modes Revenue protection? Operational efficiency? Ensuring optimised network management with minimal investment Innovative solutions to collect revenues Network capacity? Improving flow with automated signalling for optimal train frequency Transportation networks around the world are becoming more crowded, more congested and more complex to manage. The ability to run these networks smoothly and efficiently is crucial to economic growth and quality of life. We design, develop and deliver equipment, systems and services that enhance the safety and operational efficiency of ground transportation infrastructure and improve passenger experience worldwide: signalling, communication, supervision, revenue collection and toll road management systems. We combine them into what we call the Critical Decision Chain. It enables network managers and decision-makers to master complexity in critical scenarios and make timely decisions that deliver the best outcomes. To find out more about our Transportation solutions, scan the QR code or visit thalesgroup.com July/August 2014 Page 73 Reminding your passengers why rail is the superior way to travel. Whether it be for ticketing, ticket verification, catering service, destination-based merchandising or other retail initiatives, GuestLogix supports a wide array of retailing access points and payment solutions for your crew, helping to enhance the travel experience for your passengers. Our services • Business Intelligence • Ticketing HEAD OFFICE GLOBAL RAIL DIVISION SALES INQUIRIES 111 Peter Street, Suite 302, Toronto, Ontario M5v 2H1 Clue House, Petherton Road, Hengrove, Bristol BS14 9BZ [email protected] Phone: +1 416 642 0349 Phone: +44 0 1275 890 140 Training & education Getting in line puts lives on track Former Gurkhas – and other men and women from the military – are in the front line of work to modernise Britain’s railways, thanks to new qualifications being pioneered by EAL D ozens of ex-Services people are completing these highly specialist qualifications to equip them to work as part of Network Rail’s national electrification programme and the proposed HS2 project. Specialist industry awarding organisation for the rail industry, EAL, is currently helping to develop the qualifications, as well as apprenticeships, to create an army of more than 3,000 skilled workers. Training in the qualifications is being provided by Runcorn-based Akona Rail. Allan MacDonald, EAL project manager (Rail) believes that former members of the military are proving EAL awards numerous qualifications in track maintenance and electrification and is developing a new apprenticeship to standardise and regulate skills in the rail industry. The qualification currently being undertaken by former members of the military has been developed through EAL’s working with representatives across the rail engineering industry including industry bodies, employers and training organisations. to be perfectly placed to take up the new posts: ‘They are dedicated, fit and committed to a cause, and they have the right transferable skills and aptitude for the job. Several hundred have come forward to embark on training and EAL salutes each and every one of them but we still need thousands more to carry out this vital work.’ ensuring that demand for skilled overhead linesmen and women is met. Its newest operation, opened in December 2013, includes an indoor overhead wire training span, a classroom and workshop across 3,000 sq feet. Former infantryman Matt Fitzpatrick recently completed his EAL Level 2 Certificate in Overhead Line Construction. He said: ‘It has been a really amazing course – very hands on – but leading to a higher qualification, which is exactly what I wanted. We learn the key skills – getting the grass roots of this job down to perfection – before moving on.’ The EAL level 2 Certificate in Overhead Line Construction (QCF) is a combined type qualification that allows the learner to work through the knowledge at their own pace while demonstrating the competence requirements. The units recognise existing mandatory rail training courses to ensure the burden of assessment is Making lives better Steve Ashley, managing director of Akona Rail, a former regimental sergeant major in his own right, said: ‘Anyone leaving the armed forces has those transferable skills which fit the railway industry. They are very aware of what’s going on around them.’ Akona Rail has two facilities in Runcorn and is playing a pivotal role in July/August 2014 Page 75 Training & education reduced. It has an innovative A6 logbook that learners use to record their activities during work and provides mapping against the requirements of the qualification. The qualification including training, knowledge and competence assessment is intended to take around six months to complete. Bourne Rail, recruitment officer Quentin Oates, plays a key role in liaising with former members of the Gurkha Regiment who have relocated to the UK to retrain and find work. Said Oates: ‘These men display a number of work ethics – determination to complete a job – and a number of other fine attributes. ‘We have a number of former Gurkhas lined up - they like getting involved in something that has an end result – they are very practical people – and very fine people, whether in or out of uniform.’ Former Gurkha Prem Bahadur Gurung, who recently qualified with a dozen other members of the regiment having served in Afghanistan said: ‘I did my PTS course in London and moved to the North West last December to qualify on overhead line work with Akona Rail. I really like this job – I think it is better than being in the army – which was very hard. I hope that we are making our lives better.’ Former Gurkha, Prem Kumar Rai, who recently qualified said: ‘I really enjoy the work. This is a new thing for us – a new pattern of life – which will be secure.’ See EAL’s video report of this story at www.eal.org.uk/railway-engineering Further information on EAL’s new rail qualifications can be found at www.eal.org.uk benchmarK K Raise your Company Safety Culture to a New Level Benchmark Training Ltd delivers high-impact, behaviour-change programmes for organisations across the rail industry. We specialise in the design, delivery and evaluation of Safety Performance programmes. Our training portfolio targets: • Leadership Development • Safety-Based Behaviour Development • Team and Organisational Capability Development All courses are totally relevant, dynamic and engaging. We use highly participative learning methods to deliver transformational improvements in safety and business performance. Contact us today as a key part of your commitment to continually improving your Safety Culture Tel: 01386 854387 or 854325 e: [email protected] www. Benchmarktraining.com Page 76 July/August 2014 {y}our SAFETY NET... Your company is serious about health and safety. They subscribe to CIRAS because it is part of their safety strategy. They want your health and safety concern raised and resolved. Your best first action is to report it internally. Use all available channels. However if you need to speak with someone independent confidentially, call CIRAS. ...AT ThE ENd oF ThE liNE 0800 4 101 101 Freephone Freepost CIRAS Text 07507 285887 Our programmes deliver substantial, measurable improvements in: • Leadership and Management • Safety Behaviours • Incidents • Accidents • Lost time • Absenteeism people and performance in parallel A behavioural change consultancy specialising in Non-Technical Skills, Human Factors and Leadership and Management. Contact us on 0845 2600 126 or at [email protected] July/August 2014 Page 77 Technical Training Solutions Technical Training Solutions Providing Practical Engineering Skills Providing Practical Engineering Skills Training For Industry Training For Industry 15175 1/4 Page Training Ad AW_Layout 1 05/06/2014 14:14 Page 1 BOOK YOUR PLACE NOW BY CALLING 01608 647900 Safety Training Courses available from the BFPA Foundation Course in Working Safely with Hydraulic Hose and Connectors Be shown a video showing how hydraulic hose is made Be shown correct safety techniques for hose assembly Be made aware of the risks and how to avoid them Gain a crucial understanding of the technology BFPA Hose Assembly Skills Training Programme How to correctly identify connectors and the different thread types How to make hose assemblies under supervision How to test hoses according to industry standards under supervision Gain relevant practical â€œhands onâ€? experience, with controlled assessment Hose Integrity, Inspection and Management Trained to an assessed level of ability Understand core issues surrounding hose management Learn how to implement a hose management plan Define the risk involved in hose failure and how to prevent this from happening Benefits from attending the course: Contact us for your copy of our latest brochure Contact us for your copy of our latest brochure 01634731470 731470 T: T:01634 E: [email protected] E: [email protected] www.bfpatrainingacademy.co.uk Contact the Rail Office on 0844 892 2677 or email [email protected] Registered www.keyline.co.uk Page 78 July/August 2014 Training & education Apprenticeships: it’s time to get on board Paul Crompton describes one of the largest rail apprentice schemes in the South Wales region, that is now being expanded throughout the UK T 1. http://www.gmedia.uk.com/PDFs/NSARE_Forecasting%20the%20Skills%20Challenge_January%202013.pdf here are plans to invest £25 billion to fund more than 200 projects in the rail industry up until 20191. While this is great news given the severe skills shortage in the industry, it also poses a challenge regarding who is going to carry out the work. A report by the National Skills Academy for Railway Engineering (NSARE) for the ORR found there is a great need to replace a number of higher level qualified and experienced people who are expected to retire over the coming years. Essentially, the industry is losing a lot of skilled staff, especially track workers. Between 1,600 and 2,000 new people are required for signalling and telecommunications, with more than 30 per cent of these needing to be qualified to at least technician level, and a further 1,000 new people are needed for electrification and plant. With such significant numbers of people to find, what can the industry do? Creating careers Recruiting new workers is pivotal to longterm workforce planning. But to ensure people stay in the industry for many years – building on their skills and experience to help them progress in their profession – companies need to focus on creating careers rather than simply providing jobs. Apprenticeship schemes are one of way of achieving this. Although they are commonly associated with getting young people into a profession, they can also help people who have already worked in the industry for some years. Labour supply agency to the rail industry, Ganymede Solutions, has recently seen more than 50 individuals complete Level 2 diplomas in Brad Jones from South Wales completed the Ganymede apprenticeship during the pilot year. After battling through a three month illness and hospitalisation at the start of the programme to become one of the highest performing apprentices in the group, he was awarded the coveted title of Ganymede Apprentice of the Year. Jones said: ‘The Ganymede apprentice programme seems to be completely different to other schemes that are available. As fresh faces to the industry, they didn’t just treat us like cheap labour; there was a highly structured process in place that enabled us to learn and grow – while getting paid a decent wage. While it was hard battling back from illness, Ganymede was very supportive in helping me to get back up to speed and I really appreciate the help it gave me to complete the programme.’ July/August 2014 Page 79 Training & education Railway Engineering through a pilot apprenticeship programme at its South Wales office. As well as being one of the largest rail apprentice schemes in the region, it is the only one on this scale to include both young apprentices and existing employees. The company has retained 85 per cent of its apprentices – 15 per cent higher than the national average – and the scheme has proved so successful it has led to the development of an annual apprenticeship scheme that is being expanded throughout the UK, with 36 new young apprentices already recruited across three sites. One of the key factors to the success of the scheme – and hopefully the future success of the sector – is that it helps to develop existing employees. All members of the company’s workforce have personal programmes in place to plug any knowledge or skills gaps, ensuring they hold the relevant skills and training to work safely and effectively. Support from third parties While apprenticeship programmes and training plans for staff are necessary to ensure the industry has enough skilled workers, companies need to find support from third parties to make sure their schemes are effective and sustainable. It can be a challenge to find a suitable partner who understands the unique nature of the rail industry and can help design a programme around these. Ganymede worked in partnership with ARC Academy to implement its apprenticeship scheme. By working alongside the organisation, which specialises in providing railway and construction apprenticeships, the company could be sure the content and delivery of the programme focused on establishing a motivated and long-term workforce. From one-to-one mentoring, to recognising the achievements of those who work particularly hard, the programme focused strongly on the wellbeing of the participants. Develop and nurture Not only do companies in the rail industry have a responsibility to help develop the skills, knowledge and experience of their workforce for the benefit of the individual employees and the business, they also have a responsibility to ensure the workforce is able to meet the demands of the industry. Ganymede’s goal is to have all of its track operatives trained to hold a minimum of a Level 2 diploma in Railway Engineering, and it is also offering those capable to initially move onto Levels 3, 4 and 5 further down the line. The plan is to help top performers be considered for roles within the management team, or be placed by its sister company, ATA Recruitment, into management positions within client or contractor organisations. Mind the gap Unless businesses act now, the skills shortage gap will pose a real problem for the industry. Some businesses, including Ganymede, are looking at bringing talent in from overseas to help solve the shortterm challenge, but there needs to be a long-term solution. Apprenticeship, training and development programmes can help to encourage young people into the sector and nurture the talent it already has. With high levels of youth unemployment, increased costs to go to university and a lack of effective training schemes, such programmes are a real opportunity – not only for the rail industry, but for the country’s whole economy. Paul Crompton is managing director of Ganymede Visit www.ganymedesolutions.co.uk A WARM WELCOME AT TRAXSYDES TRAINING - GUARANTEED Founded in 2006, Traxsydes is a moderately sized firm that has grown quickly through top quality training and links to the local rail sector and community. They have been operating for almost 8 years and have seen major changes in the industry in that time. Their staff and Directors have over 50 years of experience in the rail training sector. Traxsydes Training offers bright prospects for people working in, and looking to enter the rail engineering market. Based in East London they have great transport links, making them easy to get to from anywhere in the M25 area. As an education centre for London’s rail engineering industry, Traxsydes is one of London’s most experienced rail training providers. The company offers a wide range of training courses that are approved by key industry bodies including London Underground, Network Rail, NSARE and City and Guilds. Traxsydes have been working with their local Further Education College at Waltham Forest for the last 3 years setting up a successful Apprentice scheme with the support of local employers to help get young people into the rail industry. Traxsydes also supports the unemployed and NEETS (not in education or training,) back into work. Director of Traxsydes Mary Roberts said; ‘Apprentices bring value to any company, this has been shown over the three years our programme has been running, with a combination of people doing what they do best; Waltham Forest College offering great support to the apprentices in English and Maths and pastoral care, Traxsydes Training specialising in Rail Training and importantly the Employers giving real time work experience. With this 3 way formula the apprentices have a strong support system and therefore a more rounded apprenticeship’. Traxsydes Training Ltd What Traxsydes offer It’s not all about apprentices, Traxsydes provide support outside of the normal scope of training as required; recently they developed a supporting event for Network Rail’s eLearning system which was applauded by the NSARE Inspectors. The eLearning course was introduced several months ago. Traxsydes contacted all of their clients to see if this is something they would take advantage of, and most believed they would. Traxsydes built their course structure around this belief, and the course has been a great success. Supporting their valued customers is their main aim and being a moderately sized company means they can be very flexible, tailoring their courses to support the industry client. Traxsydes successfully completed their NSARE Inspection and their London Underground audit in May. Page 80 July/August 2014 Suite 11, 80-86 St Mary Road London E17 9RE Tel: +44 (0)20 8223 1257 www.traxsydes.co.uk [email protected] Wallingford HydroSolutions Integrating sustainable development and the water environment TE_forgetrack_dis www.hydrosolutions.co.uk +44 (0) 1491 692660 25/4/12 For full details ring Linda on 01992 500900 or email [email protected] July/August 2014 Page 81 COOL 300 GREY 11- Amaro Signalling Installation staff are all IRSE Signalling Installation Licensed from Installation Manager to Team Leader and Installer and are independent of our Testing resource. Installers are experienced in all traction areas including 3rd rail, 25Kv and LUL. Signalling Design - Our experienced signal design team partners deliver projects on time, safely and within budget with flexibility and innovative thinking. Design services are offered on a stand-alone basis, or with Installation, Testing and Commissioning. Planning and Project Management - Amaro can provide full Planning and Project Management services, led by experienced individuals, to ensure the smooth and efficient running of your railway signalling programme. Testing & Commissioning - Amaro Signalling provides a Testing and Commissioning service to its clients for both Network Rail and London Underground using highly experienced and fully IRSE licenced Staff. With the National shortage of these critical resources we also support and develop individuals through the licence categories by mentoring and providing suitable work to enable them to gain the required skills. Location and REB construction in our fully equipped workshops â€“ Completed units come supplied with all required off site testing certification (TC2) and Quality Assurance and will be transported to site either as part of a supply and install package or for your own installation teams - ALL work is carried out by IRSE licensed installers and testers. Health, Safety, Environment and Quality â€“ Amaro Signalling Ltd is certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. Our policies and procedures are interwoven with our projects ensuring due regard to the safety of our staff , the environment and Quality Assurance. ISO 9001 Health & Safety Management Opinion Polmont, 30 years on Greg Morse looks back to the fatal collision at Polmont on 30 July 1984, asks what happened in consequence and considers the current risk from animals on the line A summer afternoon in Scotland and the sun shines on the scene serene. It’s shortly after 17:45, and the 17:15 Glasgow–Edinburgh has slowed to 30 mph, thanks to restrictive aspects just beyond Falkirk. Routine stuff – frustrating, maybe – but routine…until, that is, the driver catches sight of a cow from the corner of his eye. The beast has got itself up the bank, and is doing what cows do best – chewing grass. When the train pulls in to Polmont shortly after, the driver tells his secondman to inform the station staff. As the secondman crosses the platform, the 17:30 Edinburgh–Glasgow powers by on the Down. If the cow had actually been on the track, or if there’d been a whole herd on the bank, the driver would’ve stopped sooner, put down detonators, used track circuit clips, phoned the signalman….but it was alright, there was no real danger… The 17:30 reached 85 mph as it passed Polmont Signal Box and began to take the gentle curve into the cutting beyond. Its driver, controlling the train from the DBSO, could see a cow on the line ahead. He rammed on the emergency brake, but it was too late…The coach struck the animal and dragged its carcass along before the leading left-hand wheel flange lifted and rode the top of the rail. When the right-hand wheel lost purchase, the coach clattered along the sleepers before striking the cess rail and veering up the bank. Forward momentum caused it to slide, twist and collide with the third coach. The second was pushed up the opposite side of the cutting, where it divided from the train and turned endfor-end. Thirteen people were killed, and FACT BOX – DBSO DBSO stands for ‘Driving Trailer Second [Standard] Open’, a carriage – converted from air-conditioned Mark II stock – from which a push-pull train could be driven in ‘push’ mode. Introduced for accelerated Glasgow-Edinburgh services from 1979, they worked with Class 47s fitted with time division multiplex (TDM) technology. All had been withdrawn from front-line service by the end of 2006. 14 passengers, the driver and two other members of staff were injured. The official investigation found that there was a chance element involved, in that a specific part of the cow had to have been struck at a specific moment, on a specific trajectory, to lift the wheel with sufficient force to derail the train. But as the cow had accessed the line via a vandalised fence at an abandoned level crossing, it recommended a review of the way fences were inspected, and the way damage was reported. It also recommended that the Rule Book be changed to make sure large animals within the boundary fence were treated ‘as an immediate danger to trains’, and that driver-to-shore communication be fitted in the cabs of all trains travelling at 100 mph and over. As a result, BR improved its management of fencing, amended its rules and invested some £3 million in the National Radio Network (NRN), which was introduced from 1986. It also fitted obstacle deflectors to its DBSO’s and went on to improve the structural integrity of the later Mark III and IV driving van trailers. All these measures make it easy to see why we haven’t had a Polmont since Polmont. Indeed, the risk from a derailment after striking an animal is just 0.42 per cent of all train accident risk, which itself is only 6 per cent of the total system risk. How do I know? It all comes down to horizon scanning…. particularly interesting, of course, as the circumstances that created it include the huge upturn in rail-borne oil traffic seen in North Dakota and Canada. Indeed, analysts expect up to 40 times more oil to be transported by trains there over the next five years. However, it wasn’t just the events of July 2013 that took us down this path – considering, analysing and reporting on events overseas is a regular RSSB activity. Indeed, it was an accident in Germany in January 2012 that led to a reassessment of the risk from animals on the line. Dangers of complacency Statistics show that we have the safest railway in Europe, and as I’ve said before, numbers are good: they give context, and the trend lines that you get when you join all the dots (sorry, data points) can help you focus resource where it’s most needed. But we’re all aware of the dangers of complacency; we all know that one SPAD, one failed set of points, one error could see us back in the late 90’s again. And that’s why we always keep an eye on the international scene – something that grew in pertinence last July, when – in the space of just 22 days – we saw four major accidents: a runaway and explosion in Quebec (6th), a derailment in Paris (12th), a high-speed derailment in Spain (25th) and a collision in Switzerland (29th). At RSSB, we took stock and assessed each of the ‘July four’ in light of GB operations. The Quebec accident is Like Polmont, this incident involved a push-pull service running in ‘push mode’ derailing when it struck cattle. One passenger was killed; the driver and one further passenger were injured. When I presented this information to a group of cross-industry operational safety decision makers, the obvious question was: ‘Have we learned from Polmont?’ Re-evaluation of potential risk In light of this – and a non-fatal incident at Letterston Junction in July 2012 – we recommended a re-evaluation of the potential risk from animal strike incidents. A special topic report was the result, which demonstrated the work done by BR post-Polmont and showed that, while the total reported number of animal-on-the-line incidents had fallen by 42 per cent since 2003/04, reported cases of animals being struck by trains July/August 2014 Page 83 Opinion had tripled, and that this rise was mainly down to deer. At two million, the deer population is reportedly higher now than at any time in the last 1000 years, thanks (inter alia) to milder winters, the planting of winter crops, increased woodland cover and greater connectivity between green spaces in urban areas. While deer are able to jump fences of varying heights, the derailment risk is considered to be less than with a cow or horse, although the withdrawal of the lightweight DBSOs, the fitment of obstacle deflectors and a general improvement in train crashworthiness means that it is now low for all animal types. RSSB’s report highlighted a number of diverse deer deterrents – ranging from the bizarre and erratic (like the use of creosote and moth balls as barrier repellents) to the bizarre and rather more effective (like spreading a concentrated extract of lion dung along the perimeter). That said, the best way to deter deer remains properly erected and maintained fences. With this – and recent incidents like Letterston Junction – in mind, Network Rail has put standards in place to mitigate the different types of fencerelated risk evident at different locations. The latest standard for managing the boundary uses the likelihood of unauthorised access, the consequences of unauthorised access, adjacent land use and the condition of existing boundary measures to determine the initial level of fencing required and the subsequent level of inspection, repair or replacement needed. Furthermore, animal incursions are a standing item at Network Rail’s regular boundary risk management liaison meetings, and will be covered by an ‘objects on the line’ deep dive review, which is due to start in July and end in September 2014. In addition, the importance of reporting large boned animals seen within SPECIFIED WITH CERTAINTY. WORN WITH CONFIDENCE. TRUST BALLYCLARE TO DELIVER QUALITY PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BACKED BY A KNOWLEDGEABLE, EXPERIENCED SERVICE. A lifetime of exceptional performance and value - we work with you using our industry leading innovation and experience to deliver world-class protective clothing. We have a full range of GO/RT 3279 compliant high vis garments available. Tel: +44 (0)161 412 0000 Fax: +44 (0)161 412 0001 Email: [email protected] www.ballyclarelimited.com Page 84 July/August 2014 the railway boundary – not just on the line – was re-briefed to the front line via a feature in ASLEF’s Locomotive journal and a discussion piece in the RED 39 safety briefing DVD programme. To sum up, the industry can have a degree of confidence that the risk from animal incursion has been reduced by industry improvements in fence management, cab-to-shore communications, the rules for reporting incidents and the robustness of trains to collision. But while we will continue to monitor the situation, we know that the occasional incident can still cause harm, and delays to passengers and goods. That’s why we sometimes need to look beyond the trendlines and – occasionally – beyond our own borders when considering where to aim limited safety budgets. Greg Morse is RSSB’s operational feedback specialist and the Rail editor of Right Track magazine. The views expressed in this article are his own. RSSB’s special topic report on the risk from large boned animals may be found at www.rssb.co.uk. Follow Greg on Twitter: @GregMorseAuthor Profile Leaving with our heads held high First Capital Connect MD David Statham says the operator’s employees should be proud of all they have achieved together I n April 2006, David Statham led the mobilisation team that saw First Capital Connect (FCC) assume responsibility for the Thameslink and Great Northern routes. He went on to spearhead the transformational Thameslink Programme, successfully delivering the first phase with new 12-carriage services on the Bedford to Brighton route in 2011. In 2013 he took over as managing director of FCC and, in Rail Professional, announced a string of initiatives to drive up customer satisfaction, which the FCC team has been hard at work delivering over the last 12 months. But on 23 May 2014, almost a year to the day since his appointment he learned that Govia had won the bid to run the new TSGN franchise, and will oversee the final phase of the Thameslink Programme when it takes over from First Capital Connect on 14 September. Statham said: ‘It is massively disappointing not to have the opportunity to lead the company under FirstGroup into its new future. We’ve all worked incredibly hard over the last eight and a half years to deliver lots of improvements to passengers. The next phase of the Thameslink Programme presents the type of challenge FirstGroup has been incredibly successful at addressing in the previous one - tackling increasing congestion on our rail network through new trains and better infrastructure. So it’s a real blow we won’t get the chance to see the programme through to its conclusion. ‘For our staff, it is good news there is certainty about their futures now and it is good news for our passengers because the bidding process is now over and that will unlock new investment.’ Resurgence in value for money Statham’s no stranger to delivering investment in the railways. Aside from his experience in bringing WAGN and Thameslink together in 2006, he was director of the company’s Thameslink Programme team, delivering 26 new trains, longer platforms at a dozen locations north of the capital, new stations at Blackfriars, Farringdon and West Hampstead, the first 12-carriage services – and 29 per cent more peak hour seats. When he took over as managing director last year he vowed to turn around customer satisfaction. ‘We do a massive amount of research into what our passengers think is important so we knew what we had to get done,’ he said. ‘We analysed the 25,000 customer contacts we have a year, the thousands of tweets we get a day, the National Passenger Survey and our own market research.’ Statham’s manifesto was simple: provide a more punctual service, cleaner trains, better information when the service is disrupted and better value for money. ‘I really feel proud of the inroads we have made into the vast majority of those areas,’ he said. ‘Research shows passengers are seeing a real resurgence in value for money. This stems from our decision to expand Super Off Peak weekend and bank holiday tickets across the entire network, giving 25 per cent-plus savings, as well as a further 10 per cent off January sale. ‘Passengers in some cases were seeing almost a third off what they were paying before I started this role.’ FirstGroup’s partnership with Nectar also now rewards tickets with points, which for season ticket holders is a very real and substantial benefit,’ said Statham. Satisfaction with the information given out at times of disruption is rising, as is the helpfulness of FCC’s staff. FCC now responds to tweets 24/7 and @ FirstCC is followed by one third of its passengers. New software has made the station screens more reliable, the website is being improved and there are new apps for passengers on the go. ‘But in the end it is our people who make the real difference,’ said Statham. ‘The thing I’ll leave this job most proud of is the way that our people deal with some really challenging circumstances out there. We are aiming to keep this improvement running through our Be Amazing programme of training which runs right up to the end of the franchise.’ Train cleanliness was ‘clearly an area where we had a lot of work to do’, admits Statham, partly as a result of operating some of the oldest rolling stock in London and the South East. ‘The company was really focused on ensuring it kept trains in traffic and that sometimes led to us taking compromises.’ So, for example, there were at one point up to 40 trains operating with graffiti. ‘We took a zero tolerance approach – a train cannot go out looking like that – and now it is very rare to see a train with external graffiti.’ FCC also invested £350,000 in additional onboard cleaners and new hospital grade cleaning equipment and extra staff to deep clean the entire fleet – ‘and that’s an ongoing programme that is really paying dividends with passenger satisfaction,’ Statham pointed out. But punctuality is one area which remains a challenge. ‘It’s where your efforts take the longest to come through. July/August 2014 Page 87 Profile Most of ours have been with Network Rail to target infrastructure faults which cause around 60 per cent of the delays. It has invested in projects such as the Hitchin Flyover, a new track layout at Alexandra Palace and the compression of a year’s work into just three months which is now paying dividends on the Great Northern route but there’s a long way to go.’ Not long to go now There isn’t long to go now for the First Capital Connect franchise but Statham is determined to continue driving up standards. ‘We will continue to make things better for our passengers and look after our employees right up until the moment of transfer,’ he said. Statham is focusing on a significant investment package agreed as part of the additional franchise period granted for the period from April to September this year. This includes new customer information screens, free Wi-Fi at 17 locations, a new customer training course for all front line staff and new smart phones. Some £500,000 is being invested in door mechanisms which cause the majority of train faults. ‘Of all the work we have done there hasn’t been one failure on the doors that have been modified,’ he said. There are more big ticket items – the £31 million investment into the Class 365 fleet – fully refurbished exteriors and interiors with extra facilities coming on line soon for passengers with restricted mobility as well as improvements in onboard information. A huge amount of work is being undertaken at stations, including a £6 million investment at Hatfield which will create a larger station building, multi-storey car park and new station forecourt. Should be proud But what’s the biggest scheme that FCC continues to be involved in? ‘That’s easy, it’s the Thameslink Programme,’ said Statham. ‘We have a role to play until the middle of September to keep that driving forward.’ Skilled First Capital Connect engineers are in Germany working with Siemens to make sure the new rolling stock is as reliable as it needs to be for the rigorous demands of the future network before it is introduced into service in early 2016. Engineers are working with Siemens, Volkerfitzpatrick and Network Rail to build new depots at Hornsey and Three Bridges. ‘There is a huge amount we have to do to maintain that momentum and hand over the keys to this network with our heads held high,’ he said. So, looking back, what would Statham say about the franchise? ‘To be honest, I’m really pleased with everything we have done together here at First Capital Connect and what we have achieved. We should be proud.’ Govia, a joint venture between Go-Ahead and France’s state-owned Keolis, will start operating the new Thameslink Southern and Great Northern (TSGN) franchise before September. Travelling further for the rail industry The Allround Bridging System From a footbridge spanning up to 30m to a heavy load support girder – linking safety, speed & versatile assembly with proven back-up & experience, every time. HIRE & SALES VGS-L 10 Torrent Trackside Railway Plant. Railway People. Torrent Trackside is the leading supplier of OHL portable hire equipment. Our national network, skilled expertise and exacting standards of maintenance means you get the job done quickly and on time. With our rapid response service, hire equipment can be on-site within hours. If your OHL requirements demand value, innovation and reliability speak to Torrent Trackside now. Our hire experts are here to talk to you. Keeping your overhead line projects on track 24hr helpline 0845 769 7168 www.torrent.co.uk [email protected] Photograph courtesy of Network Rail torrenttrackside VpTorrent Customer Driven Rail Solutions E RS Railways B.V., headquartered in Rotterdam is one of the leading private railway companies in Europe. Founded as an intermodal Operator back in 1994 for maritime volumes, ERS Railways diversified in the meanwhile into a maritime and continental operator/ traction provider and delivers customer driven railway solutions throughout Europe. Sustainability is key to our business Now and in future ERS Railways runs its long distance trains only based on electric long haul locomotives.In 2010, ERS Railways joined EcoTransIT in order to have access to a trusted source of information about emissions produced respectively saved.ERS Railways is authorized to issue certified reports on the amount of CO2 and other emissions saved. Reducing noise emissions by 50%? We are aiming to achieve it. On the noise reduction side ERS Railways together with our partners started a project introducing low noise brake systems. After the conversion to so called LL â€“ brake blocks the wagons produce 10 decibels less (a halving of the perceived sound by local residents) on 30% of our trains running through the Rhine Valley. We plan to continue such kind of projects and are pro â€“ actively searching for such kind of improvements, says Frank Schuhholz, Managing Director of ERS Railways. A wide range of rail solutions ERS Railways provides daily connections to and from several terminals in The Netherlands, Germany, Poland, The Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria and Italy. ERS Railways also provides domestic rail services. Please visit our website www.ersrail.com and find out what we can do for you, by making use of our route planner. Contact details of our Sales departments Germany: +49 The Netherlands: +31 Poland: +48 Czech Republic: +42 (0)40 (0)10 (0)22 0(72) 7566 87303 4942838 266 8273 295 60 00 www.ersrail.com Class trains become super R ail infrastructure services provider Colas Rail has purchased ten Class 60 trains from DB Schenker Rail UK. The trains will be overhauled by DB Schenker Rail UK at its Toton maintenance depot and upgraded to enhanced Super 60 specification. The ten heavy-haul locomotives will provide additional capability to Colas Rail’s expanding fleet of freight trains and infrastructure maintenance machines. Stephen Haynes, Colas Rail Services managing director, said of the deal: ‘This order for ten ‘Super’ Class 60 locomotives, as well as the acquisition of ten new Class 70 locomotives announced earlier in the year, demonstrates Colas Rail’s commitment to significantly develop and grow our freight haulage business in the UK’. The first locomotives will go into commercial service in June this year. Visit www.colasrail.co.uk Customer-friendly technology N first. orthern Rail has unveiled its latest ticket vending machines that feature customer information, a rail industry The machines, which will be used across its network, will enable customers to purchase tickets and find out what time, and from which platform, the next train will arrive. The company has rolled-out the technology on 92 machines. Smaller, rural stations will be the first to benefit from the upgrade and include Beverley, Fitzwilliam, Headingley, Marple and Todmordon. Alex Hynes, Northern Rail managing director, said: ‘Embracing this new technology has made our ticket vending machines even more customer-friendly. Passengers at a number of our smaller stations don’t have access to customer information screens and it can be difficult for them to access the most upto-date train running information. We know how important this is to them and we’re now offering even more ways to keep them informed.’ Visit www.northernrail.org Too much information? R ail technology company, TrainFX, has been awarded a contract by Porterbrook Leasing to supply its passenger information system for the Porterbrookowned fleet of Class 150 trains. The systems form part of the PRM/ TSi compliance upgrade works being undertaken by Porterbrook and will be delivered during the C6 works being undertaken on the fleet over the next three years. Phil Campbell, TrainFX managing director, said: ‘This gives TrainFX a great opportunity to build on the successful relationship between our companies and is an extension to the existing work we have on Porterbrook’s 319-strong fleet.’ Alex White, Porterbrook operations director, said: ‘Porterbrook has worked with TrainFX for several years and has formed an excellent working relationship. We are pleased to be able to place this prestigious contract with a local, UKbased company.’ Visit www.trainfx.com Looking below the surface C hartered geomatics specialist, Severn Partnership, has introduced an in-house underground tracing system that will provide rail engineering consultants with improved views of underground cable structures. Utilising GPR (ground-penetrating radar) and radio frequency location detection, the unit provides customers with 2D and 3D images of underground structures. Severn Partnership’s state-of-the-art tracing technology enables it to carry out July/August 2014 Page 91 Yesterday’s news convertor powering your manual points The Zonegreen Points Convertor is a safe, efficient and reliable solution designed especially for modern train care facilities. The Convertor allows the automation and remote operation of traditional manual points/switches and rail road crossings. • Enhanced safety by reducing the potential for slips, trips and falls. • Increased depot efficiency and speeding up of operations by eliminating stops and starts. • Train detection prevents damage to vehicles and infrastructure through operator error. • Expandable. Routes can be pre-set, re-configured and upgraded at any time. • Traceability. Includes an event logging system to keep a record of the points operation. • Low cost. • LUL approved. Find out more at www.zonegreen.co.uk Tel: +44 (0)114 230 0822 Fax: +44 (0)871 872 0349 Email: [email protected] Crossrail project, where a similar allianceled approach helped deliver multi-million pounds worth of products to the project.’ Visit www.sigplc.com Wiping out breakdowns B below-the-service profiling, collecting consistent, high quality data for even the most complex of site surveys. The system will particularly benefit the rail industry, which has very limited on-site scanning time. Severn Partnership has created a training programme to ensure that the underground tracing system is effectively implemented across every area of the business. Mark White, the Severn Partnership senior utility surveyor who developed the new system and associated training programme, said: ‘Typically, rail engineers use topographical scanning above the surface sites, but they often also require underground tracing to detect cables that, if present, may delay work commencing. ‘By introducing our new underground tracing system we can provide our customers with a specially tailored service that meets all of their scanning requirements.’ Visit www.severnpartnership.com Pooling industry expertise S heffield-based SIG supplies specialist construction materials across Europe. The company has now launched a new service that means it will be able to better focus on the rail and civil engineering markets. SIG Rail & Infrastructure, which was officially launched at the CITE (Civil Infrastructure & Technology Exhibition), pools the knowledge and expertise from three of SIG’s businesses – VJ Technology, Kem Edwards and SIG Construction Accessories – with the Rail & Infrastructure Alliance (45 of SIG’s key manufacturers and suppliers). Working with SIG Rail & Infrastructure, civil engineering contractors are able to access the combined services of these businesses because the Yorkshire firm acts as a conduit between contractors and all of its suppliers. The wider range of expertise means that all procedures – invoicing, logistics, ordering, and management – are overseen by a single point of contact at SIG. Mark Fyfe, SIG UK infrastructure manager, the main point of contact for customers, said: ‘I’m very excited to see the Rail & Infrastructure service come to fruition after many months of planning and we are thrilled with the reception it has received following the launch. ‘The concept cut its teeth on the Hepworth and Co., the windscreen wiper systems manufacturer, has created an automatic secondary motor that engages when primary power fails. The systems, which are available from 12v-110v, can be made to bespoke requirements that enable them to be installed in many different rail vehicles. The company has also developed a system with full torque and function available on both main and back up mode. The Redditch-based firm offers both fully automated electrical and mechanical back-up systems that disengage the motor – thereby enabling it to be manually operated. The rail industry is continually looking for ways to increase the life cycle, economy and overall reliability in new builds and also in the refurbishment programmes of existing stock. As a result of this, pneumatic wiper systems are being replaced with the more reliable and cost efficient electric systems – a key section of B Hepworth and Co.’s business. In response to overseas customers that are looking to replace old, outdated systems, B Hepworth and Co. is now able to offer the first 50Nm locomotive wiper system available in 110v and 72v, which eliminates the need for costly, highmaintenance DC convertors. Visit www.b-hepworth.com July/August 2014 Page 93 Roll up roll up for better accessibility G leeds, the international management and construction consultancy, has been selected by Bombardier to project manage the development of its new test and validation workshop. The purpose-built workshop, at Bombardier’s rolling stock manufacturing site in Derby, will be used for the testing of the latest trains that Bombardier will deliver for Crossrail in London. The contract requires Gleeds to clear the existing site in preparation for construction of the new building that will house assembly and assurance lines. This is the second contract that Gleeds has landed with Bomabrdier — the company redeveloped London’s Old Oak Common depot in March this year. Richard Steer, Gleeds chairman, said: ‘As capital is released for infrastructure improvements there is a greater emphasis on ensuring that the right level of investment is made at the front end, lowering long-term maintenance B Siemens Rail Systems named the rail depot safety specialist Best Service Supplier (Depots) of the year at its annual UK supplier event. The award was in recognition of reliability of Zonegreen’s flagship SMART Depot Personnel Protection System (DPPS™), installed at Siemens depots across the country. Presenting the award, Roger Larkam, Siemens Rail Systems head of infrastructure and depots, said: irley Manufacturing has announced completion of an innovative toilet module prototype that provides better access for both reduced mobility and ablebodied passengers. The UAT (Universally Accessible Toilet Module) provides excellent structural integrity in a modular construction and will be fully compliant with PRMTSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) requirements. The unit has been designed to fit in with legal requirements that come into force in 2020 that requires rolling stock companies to provide UAT’s in their train carriages. The company received a £250,000 grant from the Technology Birley’s managing director, Steve English, and business development manager, James Taylor show off the new toilet module costs and thereby improving end user experience. ‘We have always worked with our clients to drive value and efficiency, which is why we are responding by investing in specialist rail expertise and developing collaborative relationships with prestigious clients like Bombardier.’ Visit www.gleeds.com Zoning in on depot safety S heffield-based Zonegreen has received recognition for its technological expertise and high-quality performance from one of the world’s largest rail industry companies. ‘Zonegreen’s SMART Depot Personnel Protection System is a crucial part of our depot infrastructure and has performed its important role very successfully and extremely reliably. Rolling stock maintenance is business critical and the system ensures a safe environment within our depots for our staff to work in.’ Thomas Wilson, Zonegreen finance director, said: ‘This accolade from Siemens, one of our major clients, for the quality of our products, expertise, delivery and service is very pleasing and reflects the hard work and dedication of everyone here at Zonegreen.’ Visit www.zonegreen.co.uk Strategy Board through the Smart scheme, which tackles the funding gap that is often experienced by SME’s. The key benefit of the Birley UAT module is the sealed one piece floor moulding, which prevents the leakage of liquids and reduces the risk of under floor corrosion. Other features include LED lighting, a hand cleansing system with hygienic infra-red activation, a hinged mirror cabinet and a baby changing unit. The modern, fresh interior can be adapted to match the style and colour of any vehicle. Visit www.birleyml.com Airline-style toilets set to grace rail S mith Brothers & Webb has launched its new airline-style CET (controlled emissions toilet) system that works three times July/August 2014 Page 95 PA Systems Wi-Fi Communications and Infotainment Security and surveillance Passenger Information Systems Dashboard Console Turnstiles and Ticketing Trackside Control Asia Pacific [email protected] Eurotech develops both hardware and software for standard and custom solutions for the rolling stock market. By combining its rugged EN50155 certified platforms with Eurotech’s ESF and Cloud computing software, a wide range of solutions can be developed – getting you to market quicker: • People counting and passenger distribution data analysis • Control and communications • Entertainment on board • Train to ground link • PA/PIS • Internet on board • Security and surveillance • Ticketing • Maintenance www.eurotech.com Europe, Middle East and Africa [email protected] Latin America [email protected] For your local contact place refer to: www.eurotech.com/contacts THE UNIQUE & INNOVATIVE veloSTRAIL INNER PANEL SYSTEM This ingenious system eliminates the gap, making it safer for light wheels such as cyclists, wheel chairs, prams and skaters... So please DON’T mind the gap... TrainFX - a UK based on-train technology company specialising in the design and supply of leading edge technologies to the Rail industry since 2005 ...because with this new, safer inner panel system there isn’t one! STRAIL is a brand of the group STRAIL (UK) Ltd. Richard Whatley / Tannery Lane / Send / Woking / GU23 7EF / Great Britain phone +44 (14 83) 22 20 90 / fax +44 (14 83) 22 20 95 / [email protected] Page 96 July/August 2014 Advanced PRM/TSI compliant Passenger Information, Crew Comms, PA, Emergency Call for Aid including Talk Back systems. On board HD media display and content management systems. SM[ART]SEAT Technologies - Seat occupancy, ticket veriﬁcation faster than conventional models – the first of its kind in the world. Exclusive to Smith Brothers & Webb, the fully automated CET uses negative pressure to evacuate 800 litres of effluent in just eight seconds. The new system allows a single operative to clean out tanks on a 12-carriage high-speed train in just ten minutes, a task that would have previously taken half an hour. The Britannia model, which uses technology similar to that in airline toilets, is designed and manufactured at the company’s Warwickshire factory and will soon be installed at a depot on the South Islands’ extension line, Hong Kong. To highlight how the module meets modern day requirements, Harvey Alexander, Smith Brothers & Webb chairman, said: ‘The speed and ease of use of the new Britannia CET system makes it particularly attractive for high-speed trains, which of course is fast becoming a major growth area. ‘With more trains now running at night there is less time available for maintenance. Consequently, we have already received a number of enquiries from train operators who are moving toward more of a 24-hour-a-day service.’ The market for CETs is growing, not least because environmental laws across the world now increasingly require new trains to have modern on-board toilet systems that do not flush straight onto the track. Visit www.sbw-wash.com Freight to strengthen its fleet V TG Rail UK has signed hire agreements with Freightliner and GB Railfreight to use its award-winning Ecofret container wagons. Freightliner has ordered 21 sets of twin-platform Ecofret wagons to add to its existing fleet of 43 twins. GB Railfreight has placed orders for 17 tripleplatform sets, which will join the existing triple that the company has been running on extended trials. Contracts were signed in April and May of this year and delivery will begin in late summer 2014 through until early 2015. Speaking of its design, Rob Brook, VTG managing director, said: ‘The wagons are designed to maximise the number of 40ft containers, now predominant in the deep sea shipping market, that can be carried in a given train length.’ Close coupled Ecofret platforms mean that as well as offering a 32 per cent increase in the number of containers carried, compared to a similar length train using Megafret wagons, it also eliminates the large gaps between boxes – reducing turbulence and, consequently, fuel consumption. Also, Ecofret’s track-friendly bogies reduce the impact on the railway infrastructure, resulting in lower track access charges and, due to longer distances between service intervals, improved fleet availability. Brook added: ‘The orders being placed by the UK’s leading rail freight companies for additional Ecofrets totally vindicate our significant investment in the development of these unique vehicles.’ Visit www.vtg-rail.co.uk for cyclists and vehicles. John Swift, Rennicks UK national sales manager, believes that the technology behind the active LED road studs offer more protection than traditional reflective units. ‘This aids level crossings around the country, which provide key decision points for all users traversing a level crossing at night. The solution uses dual LED’s with an internal prismatic system for high performance, and solar/ battery technology for environmental sustainability. ‘They create a brightly illuminated indication of the length and width of the crossing surface edges and will be effective for both drivers and pedestrians during night-time hours, even more so with inclement weather conditions.’ The road studs are also Type Approved by the UK Department for Transport, which allows their use on the UK road network. Visit www.rennicksuk.com Lighting the way An effective coping strategy R ennicks UK is installing highperformance LED road studs at level crossings across the UK following the company being granted Certificate of Acceptance from Network Rail. The award comes after this year’s damning report on level crossings, which deemed that many pose a danger to the public in their current state. The active LED solar units provide intuitive signals to pedestrians when approaching and crossing the track, which also offers enhanced delineation K eyline, the UK’s largest distributor of civils, drainage and specialist rail materials, has been awarded sole distributor status for G-Tech Copers latest composite coper. The G-Tech combines coper and tactile in one and offers a single structure alternative to traditional multicomponent platform edging solutions that is used across the UK rail network. July/August 2014 Page 97 a satisfied customer never forgets... RECOGNISED AS LEADERS IN STANDBY POWER SOLUTIONS PB Design has built its reputation over more than 30 years of designing and manufacturing AC and DC standby systems for many major projects in the UK and overseas. Typical applications include: Substations Rail applications Mass Transit Systems Power Stations Data Centres Shopping Centres Theatres & Cinemas We manufacture a full range of PADS approved Battery Chargers, and also offer full application design facilities through to project management, manufacture, test, installation and site commissioning. Our service operation will repair, maintain and test equipment as well as providing product training, upgrades and battery/system replacement programmes. pure uninterrupted power Page 98 July/August 2014 email [email protected] or call 01275 874411 Recent new nembers of The Rail Alliance as at end May 2014 It also incorporates a surface mounted tactile that is housed within the recessed rear section of the coper unit and is the only unit of its kind to be fully approved by Network Rail. The patented coper can be fitted to existing railway platforms or used on new station projects because its design eliminates historic problems that adverse weather and longterm wear causes to platform edges – such as frost heave and differential movement. Hazard yellow tactiles are also available that are UV stable and don’t fade over time. The enhanced colours add extra definition to the safety area for the visually impaired and replace the mandatory yellow line. The units are available in three standard sizes but can also be manufactured to bespoke measurements. Visit www.keyline.co.uk WMG Centre HVM Catapult Works collaboratively with businesses to transfer cutting-edge research on lightweight technologies and energy storage and management into the marketplace. www.wmghvmcatapult.org.uk Silver Fox Labelling solutions manufacturer for electrical, instrumentation and data. www.silverfox.co.uk Grayson Thermal Systems Designer, manufacturer and supplier of engine cooling systems and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) products to rail, bus, coach, and specialist vehicle industries. www.graysonts.com E-T-A Provider of a wide range of circuit breakers and bespoke power distribution solutions to the rail industry – from design to manufacture. www.e-t-a.co.uk GLS Coatings Specialists in specifying and applying protective spray coatings, from protecting rolling stock chassis against damage from flying ballast to coating platforms and underpasses in an antiskid surface that lasts for decades. www.glscoatings.co.uk Marlec Engineering Co. Provider of renewable energy products for applications that include small scale wind and solar energy systems. www.marlec.co.uk CCS/Complete Composite Solutions Provider of composite solutions. Step on Safety Anti-slip flooring provider. www.steponsafety.co.uk Emtelle UK Supplier of ducted network and blown fibre solutions. The company offers a broad range of products and services for organisations that build fibre telecommunications access networks. www.emtelle.com Intertrain A railway safety training and assessment provider that delivers NSARE, City and Guilds, Link-Up and NVQ approved training at venues across the UK. Intertrain delivers a wide range of consultancy and railway professional services and works with partners and employers to offer an 18-month apprenticeship scheme, which helps employees gain the necessary qualifications to start a career in rail. www.intertrain.biz Link2 Research and development provider for monitoring systems, remote visualisation and data capture. www.link-2.biz Alifast Manufacturer and installer of aluminium windows, doors and security products. www.alifast.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 99 Greensight - Identifi esInforms and Informs Greensight - Indentifies and Groeneveld: Celebrating 40 years of innovative products and services in over 30 countries Greensight provides the driver with accurate information about obstacles in the vehicle’s path. KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS t Adaptable & accurate t Multifunctional t Modular t ISO / DIN certified Please contact us on 01509 600033 or [email protected] www.groeneveld-group.com Unbiased Specialists in Precast Haze Batteries manufacture a complete range of 2 volt, 6 volt,12volt batteries in both AGM and Gel filled technology. Our batteries come with a 10 to 12 year design life supplied from our warehouse in the UK. RSG Structures Ltd are specialist precast concrete designers, suppliers and installers They offer clients a huge range of different products from their network of carefully vetted suppliers. RSG do not manufacture anything themselves which puts them in the unique position of being completely impartial when deciding which product is best for their clients. They look at a project and put together different options based on the merits of the product and that alone. RSG don’t work to targets and do not have factories to keep busy. The only target RSG has is to have a list of happy and satisfied clients. RSG will undertake full design (and take design responsibility) for foundations, walls and roofs. They can then carry out groundwork’s, installation of precast elements and roof structures. RSG Structures are the ultimate, unbiased one stop shop for clients offering a more personal, bespoke service. Chester Hill Stables, Convent Lane, South Woodchester, Stroud, Glos, GL5 5HR Tel: 08452 997597 www.rsgstructures.co.uk Page 100 July/August 2014 Tel: +44 (0)1536 205952 [email protected] www.hazebatteryuk.com Business profile Hit the ground running Having a workforce that is sufficiently trained to get to work from day one is a massive plus for employers. ARC Academy has a broad range of apprenticeships and training that can make this happen A RC Academy UK was established in June 2011 to deliver workplace skills to the long-term unemployed in rail engineering, health and social care, construction and call centres. The company then added Railway Engineering Level 2 apprenticeships to its portfolio, also branching into other areas including health and social care and construction. Products currently provided by ARC Academy UK’s three divisions are: Apprenticeships • Rail Engineering (Level 2 & 3) • Health and Social Care (Level 2 & 3) • Construction (Level 2) • Team Leading (Level 2) • Management (Level 3). Network Rail-approved safety critical training ARC delivers a broad variety of safety critical training to many customers throughout the UK, courses include: • ten-day Track Induction • Machine Controller/Crane Controller • Lookout • COSS (controller of site safety) • ES (embedded systems) • LXA (level crossing attendant) • PTS (personal track safety) • small tools and plant. Medical ARC Academy has recently started the accreditation process to become qualified to conduct medical assessments for customers in the rail industry. Apprenticeships – Railway Engineering Level 2 The company provides additional training outside of the apprenticeship framework, and each apprentice can expect to receive the following additional mandatory courses: • Network Rail accredited, ten-day Track Induction • Small tools course, including – at the very minimum – training with Kangos and impact wrenches • Lookout training can also be offered, depending on the apprentice’s progress. Delivery sites ARC Academy UK currently has seven delivery sites across the country, which provide convenient locations with excellent transport links: • • • • • • Blaenavon, Gwent Epping Ongar, London Avon Valley, Bristol Great Central, Leicester Severn Valley, Kidderminster Elsecar, Barnsley Testimonial ‘My experience of dealing with ARC has been exceptional and the class of candidate provided has been excellent. The people at ARC are friendly and professional and it shows in the calibre of the rail workers that it has trained and introduced us to. All of the candidates that we have taken on after ARC training have been clearly provided with a well-rounded background in the rail industry, an up-to-date knowledge of health and safety, small tools, track geometry, material terminology and a solid base of the day-to-day experience of working track side. I look forward to again working with ARC Academy.’ Lee Garrett • Shepherds Well, Kent. Every site has training facilities and a live railway track that gives apprentices the chance to gain ‘real’ work experience during their 13-week induction training. All training takes place at the above heritage sites throughout the 13 week period and the apprentices receive full training from ARC’s qualified trainers. A site supervisor is allocated to each group to ensure its experience on track is a full and knowledgeable one. The company delivers railway engineering apprenticeships with a tailormade scheme that ensures its apprentices gain skills and knowledge that allow them to start working straight away. Its first priority is to engage with employers to find out what they want and need. Employers know their businesses best, which is why listening to them and working with them enables ARC to develop bespoke apprenticeship programmes that are highly appropriate. The Pontypridd-based company is flexible when putting together the components of an apprenticeship but it always makes sure that the essential elements are covered, in order to meet the necessary standards and regulations. The company delivers programmes that ensure employers never have to seek add-ons or additional staff training. Structured learning The Technical Certificate training at July/August 2014 Page 101 Business profile ARC’s nationwide centres take the form of a classroom-led programme and can be delivered in one or two days a week or as a full-time arrangement over 13 weeks – depending on the employer’s preference. During these sessions, apprentices carry out a variety of track maintenance activities on the live running rail tracks to develop skills. Functional communication skills and the application of numbers are embedded into this learning. Industry experts visit apprentices in the workplace to develop and perfect each aspect of their role and to guarantee that every apprenticeship is both challenging and rewarding. Assessment is also carried out by ARC Academy’s training staff, either through observation, tasks and assignments, or the testimony of expert witnesses, such as line manager or experienced work colleagues. Success rates are high - on average, most apprenticeships are completed in 12 months. Expert backing The company has a long-standing relationship with City & Guilds and had no hesitation in choosing it as the awarding body for its wide range of apprenticeship programmes. City & Guilds is an internationally recognised brand and has a reputation for quality among key customer groups – for both employers and learners. It is important that employers understand that apprenticeships are an extremely effective way to fill skills gaps. This is especially the case in sectors such as rail - where ARC focuses a lot of its training - which is facing a decline in knowledge, skills and experience as its ageing workforce gets closer to retirement. Having a strong apprenticeship programme can also help to improve a company’s competitive edge because it is considered a real plus point when bidding for contracts – if a company can win contracts and gain more business then it can build its bottom line. Also, staff who are being trained and developed feel valued by their employers and are therefore more likely to be loyal and committed. Prospective apprentices need to be made aware that the training will provide a highly effective route to a good career – for example, in sectors such as engineering it is possible to progress from apprenticeship to fellowship. Crucially, from the outset, apprentices can earn a good wage while they train, they can quickly improve and develop their knowledge and skills, and there is very little personal cost because most training is subsidised by the government and their employer. Challenging the myths In spite of the benefits that apprenticeships can bring, there are still challenges to increasing the number of courses available and attracting the right candidates. ‘In the current economic climate, many employers are put off from offering apprenticeships because they think it is going to cost them too much money,’ said Antony Richardson, ARC Academy director. ‘They don’t realise that training can be part, or fully, funded and that apprenticeships can actually help to grow a business through increasing the skill level, competence and motivation of staff.’ In challenging the myths that still surround the training, Richardson added: ‘In a broader context there is still a stigma attached to apprenticeships – they are seen as being a second rate option for people who aren’t too clever. We need to change this misconception. Apprenticeships are an excellent alternative to university education and will often help young people to achieve their career objectives quicker and with a wage in their pocket.’ Tel: 01443 693 431 Email: [email protected] Visit www.arcacademyuk.com Page 102 July/August 2014 Your Dedicated Rail Partner To discover what a partnership with Yellow can do for your business, call: +44 (0)1332 258865 www.yellow-group.com July/August 2014 Page 103 10/18 Traction Sand • Over 400 Tonnes in stock • 25.0 kg and 12.5 kg Bags • 48 Hour Delivery 01792 586892 www.westernminerals.co.uk Unit 3, Queensway, Swansea SA5 4DJ viasINFOPOINT ‘Aud-standing’ announcement of display content for visual impaired Enhance the experience of being able to independently navigate your railway and truly enjoy your facilities For more information please contact LPT-it at [email protected] or call +45 76740484 LPT-it ApS, Stormgade 9, DK-7100 Vejle \| www.vias-lpt.com Page 104 July/August 2014 To find your way to the best signage solution come to Wood & Wood Signs Business profile Keeping a high level Ensuring that stock control is efficiently controlled is a fine art. Hurst Green Plastics provides automated and manual systems that keep companies working T raditional methods of storing, dispensing and controlling small parts, fasteners, screws and other hardware using conventional open-topped plastic storage bins has always been a challenge. Store staff, suppliers and engineers demand stock to always be available in the right place, at the right time. Typical issues, such as stock-outs, environmental contamination of parts, cross-contamination, over-stocking and a lack of traceability are commonplace in all industries – as are the demands on staff to maintain the bins, stock check and sustain the supply chain. Flying high Hurst Green Plastics has been asked by a rail maintenance depot to adapt its TwinBin system, the patented design that was developed for Airbus for use at its Wing Factory in Broughton. The TwinBin incorporates a separating sliding door between two batches within the same bin, meaning that operators have a ‘trigger’ point when they need to re-order stock before it runs out. The new system is required to store and dispense much heavier, larger parts than those typically used in aerospace. Utilising the TwinBin’s FIFO (First In, First Out) method, the TripFlag storage system was created. The system can handle any size of inventory, including train seats, filters, wheels, strip lights and even fire extinguishers. A combination of the TwinBin and TripFlag systems have now been rolledout to many railway maintenance depots across the UK, for companies that include Alstom, Bombardier, Arriva and First Great Western. The red flag located on each bin indicates which needs replenishing, meaning that the store manager is not required to check each bin individually – often it just requires a scan of the barcode. Following this, if the next batch July/August 2014 Page 105 Stockist & Distributor of Exane Cable for the Transit Market The Right Cable Delivered When You Need It! Authorised for use â€” Section 12 surface and sub-surface applications Email: [email protected] \| Tel: +44 (0) 1502 713161 \| www.goldwingcable.com RSCC Wire & Cable LLC Telephone: 00 1 860-653-8300 Email: [email protected] www.r-scc.com Business profile is on its way, the flag is changed to yellow. Now, for the first time, both systems can be upgraded to incorporate RFID (radio-frequency identification). The installed microchips allow users to scan the status of the TwinBin and TripFlag Systems either remotely, using fixed readers that provide 24/7 real-time status updates, or by using a handheld scanner, which greatly reduces the time it takes to check each bin. The system gives 100 per cent confidence that every bin has been checked because the system provides reports on both empty and full bins. Speaking of his confidence in the system, Tommy Sharples, managing director, said: ‘RFID takes the TwinBin and TripFlag systems to a whole new level, the benefits of not having to check the status of individual bins throughout a huge depot will be a massive time and cost saving.’ Computer says yes Advanced software options can provide a plethora of reporting options, and the data collection from the bins can go straight to central stores or even the parts supplier – “RFID takes the TwinBin and TripFlag systems to a whole new level” cutting out a great deal of administration and paperwork. Hurst Green Plastics also has a solution to overcome stock control problems for those companies that do not wish to upgrade their open bin system. The patented BinFlag Stock Indicator can be used on all varieties of open bins, drawers and shelves and allows the user to manually control stock availability. The BinFlag Stock Indicator is available in sizes to fit any open bin and, as with the TwinBin and TripFlag system, is also RFID-ready. The system is now being adopted in industries that include space, food production, automotive, manufacturing and, with NHS as a client, healthcare. For more information, contact Tommy Sharples and the team at Hurst Green Plastics Tel: 01254 825588 Email: [email protected] Visit www.twinbin.com July/August 2014 Page 107 WITH ALREADY THE LARGEST MOBILE ELEVATED PLATFORM RAIL FLEET IN THE UK READYPOWER HAS DONE IT AGAIN! INTRODUCING THE ALL NEW ART17 MEWP WITH A 400KG BASKET... » Three people in the basket » Full 360 degrees slew with an additional 180 degrees rotational basket » Hydrostatic drive » Small and compact » 4 wheel drive with crab steering for tight access » Latest engine technology with low emissions and noise level (maximum 75 decibels) Readypower are proud to have worked closely with Rail Products UK Ltd. to design and develop this exciting new machine. With a further 10 machines due to arrive in our hire fleet over the next two months, Readypower again leads the way in specialist OLE plant. F O R A P LA N T S U P P L IE R T H A T DE L I VE R S O N T I M E . . . E VE R Y T IM E. T: 01189 774901 E: [email protected] www.readypower.co.uk Business profile Sorting fact from fiction Waterproof specifications don’t always tell the whole story. Flexicon recommends taking a more systematic approach that guarantees against the ingress of dust or water D espite IPx9 being fully recognised by the British Standard BS EN IEC 60529, there is still no guarantee against water ingress over the long-term life of the installation or equipment, argues Flexicon technical director, Ian Gibson. ‘Those aware of the IP (Ingress Protection) rating system are likely to assume that, by looking up the relevant tables, they can specify which rating is needed to ensure protection against dust and water ingress. BS EN IEC 60529 specifies a series of tests to assess the protection of an enclosed system against the ingress of solid objects and water (see table). However, it is a case of buyer beware, since the IP water ingress tests are very short and are conducted on samples that have been assembled under ideal conditions. They can only really give an indication of long-term performance and specifiers should ask for more information about the test conditions to fully understand the product’s performance. For example, when considering an IPx8 rating, what is the water depth or pressure and how long has the product been subjected to it? Looking more closely at the IP ratings (see table) there are a few things to note – the first being the introduction of IPx9k. The waterproof specification was formerly defined in DIN 40050, but this performance is now incorporated into BS EN IEC 60529. In the British Standard this is referred to as IPx9, the ‘k’ has been dropped, but the test is the same. The rail industry has been working to IPx9k anyway, so it could be argued that the standards are merely catching up with industry practice. Bigger not always better When it comes to water ingress, it is not simply a case of specifying the highest test and assuming that this will be sufficient. The standard actually states that above IPx6 it cannot be assumed that the product will meet a lower level. This is because there is a different type of test for each rating, with each being subjected to different conditions and environments. In practice, water ingress could come from a variety of sources, including rain, spray, wash-down, steam cleaning, ! ! shallow immersion, deep immersion, and capillary action and suction caused by rising and falling temperatures. The specifier should check that the manufacturer declares that its products and systems meet all of their needs. This is the reason that Flexicon states that its LTPLFH and FPAX fittings are IP66, First digit – protection against ingress of solid objects Second digit – protection against ingress of water IP Protected against objects of 12mm 2 Protected from rain at up to 15 degrees from vertical 3 Protected against objects of 2.5mm 3 Protected from light spray similar to a shower head at up to 60 degrees from vertical 4 A wire 1mm in diameter cannot enter the conduit system 4 Five minutes light spray similar to a shower head from any angle 5 Dust cannot enter the conduit system in harmful quantities 5 Three minutes medium spray similar to a garden hose from any angle 6 Dust cannot enter at all 6 Three minutes high-pressure jet similar to a fire hose from any angle 7 Immersion in one-metre deep water for 30 minutes 8 Immersion at a depth (pressure) and time stated by the manufacturer. Test must be more onerous than IPx7. 9 Two minutes high pressure (1,300 psi) and hot water (80 degrees jets for two minutes at 10-15 cm from any angle similar to a steam cleaner ! July/August 2014 Page 109 High Performance Lighting Solutions For The Transport Industry Urbis Schreder has provided high performance lighting solutions since 1977 and is now one of the UK’s largest manufacturers of outdoor lighting products. We introduced the revolutionary ZX1 ‘SealSafe’ lantern back in the early 80s, a ground breaking technology still used on some of the UK’s busiest railway platforms. Our drive for innovation has led us to pioneer extremely cost efficient LED luminaires which substantially lower your energy costs yet will continue to provide high performance photometry. www.urbis-schreder.com Tel: 01256 354446 Business profile IP67, IP68 and IP69 compliant – proving that the company meets every one of these different tests. Open to interpretation Those that look more closely at the tests will also notice that IPx8 is open to interpretation by different manufacturers. To illustrate this point, Flexicon declares the pressure and time for its IPx8 testing, which is typically two-bar pressure for one hour with non-metallic systems and five-bar pressure for two hours with metallic conduit systems. These pressures are equivalent to being 20 metres and 50 metres under water, respectively. Compare this to another major European manufacturer – its IPx8 testing is at 1.2 metres under water, for one hour. Long-term solutions Perhaps the most important point is that all of the tests are conducted over the short term, with products and systems selected by the manufacturers themselves. The user should employ a belt and braces approach to preventing water ingress over the lifetime of an installation, particularly if the consequences of water ingress are serious. The best advice is to talk to the manufacturer and be clear on what is required. Flexible conduit is an interesting example, since it is generally used to connect equipment together, meaning that any seals must remain intact to protect the system’s integrity. In order to maintain the IP rating, Flexicon recommends using face-sealing washers between the conduit fitting and the equipment that it is attached to. In the past, the Birmingham-based company has recommended FW fibre washers for metal threads and SW rubber sealing washers for plastic threads. This is because SW seals were too soft for use with metal threads and FW seals were too hard for use with plastic threads. To make it easier, the company has now introduced RSW washers, which are injection moulded from thermoplastic elastomer – making them suitable for both types of thread. These are included as standard with its FPAX range of conduit and feature retaining pips to prevent the washer falling off during installation, ribs are located on both sides to ensure optimum sealing performance. Some flexible conduit manufacturers offer O rings to seal threads that, although cheap, should not be used unless they are housed in an O ring groove. This is to ensure that they are not overcompressed and, therefore, destroyed. The IP rating system is a useful guide to standardise products’ claims by using verifiable tests. However, any user of final equipment needs to be clear that these are short-term tests. It is important to ensure that equipment is properly engineered to maintain the stated IP ratings throughout its life.’ Tel: 01675 466900 Email: [email protected] Visit www.flexicon.uk.com July/August 2014 Page 111 Socomec - LV Power Solutions For Railway Infrastructure New range of advanced low voltage electrical solutions designed to maximise the robustness and safety of the UK Rail and Mass Transportation network. High Performance Critical Power IP+ Rail - engineered to provide the very latest UPS technology for the most challenging rail operating environments. Socomec’s specialist engineering team has the necessary trackside training and accreditations to install and support your equipment throughout its lifecycle. To benefit from Socomec’s expertise in LV electrical power for rail contact us at Standby and Dual Power Supplies [email protected] Automatic and Static Transfer Switches - enhancing power availability and simplifying your electrical architecture. Speak to a member of our UPS team on +44 1285 86 33 00 or our Power and Control team on +44 1462 44 00 33. LV AC and DC load-break switches eﬃcient...reliable... ﬂexible...robust. The most comprehensive range - protecting people and key assets. Power Through Control Energy monitoring and management solutions measuring energy quality and efficiency. Fuserbloc Fuse Combination Switches from 20 to 1250A Countis / Diris Metering, Monitoring & Power Quality meters Static Transfer Switches From 32 to 4000A Socomec UPS Cirencester \| +44 1285 86 33 00 \| [email protected] Socomec PCS Hitchin \| +44 1462 44 00 33 \| [email protected] Socomec London \| + 44 20 3427 5107 \| [email protected] ATyS Automatic Transfer & Bypass switches from 40 to 3200A Supplier ID 25176 Overhead Line Infrastructure (OLI) UPS IP+ Rail (OLI) Business profile Go to the top of the class Rail is reliant on every area of the industry running smoothly, requiring huge numbers of well-trained staff. KOPTA’s extensive range of courses can meet the demand K OPTA is a rail industry training resource that employs an innovative approach in the field of training and development. Its team of training consultants, led by Karim Ouda, are industry specialists that have a broad experience across all aspects of the UK rail sector. The south England-based company is Link-Up Approved, a member of NSARE and a City and Guilds accredited centre, which enables it to deliver training for trainers, coach mentors, skills assessors, internal verifiers, incident/accident investigators, TOLO (Train Operator Liaison Officers) and team leadership. Online NVQs at Level 2 and 3 in Rail Operations using Learning Assistant, the City & Guilds approved system, is also on offer and allows the user to upload evidence electronically – a service that eliminates the need for a paper-based portfolio. All qualifications are based on QCF (Qualifications and Credit Framework) standards at levels 3 and 4 and also Level 4 Diploma, certificated by City & Guilds. Covering all bases KOPTA serves every corner of the UK, from train and freight operating companies to the rail engineering sectors in track maintenance and renewals. Since starting out 20 years ago, it has contributed to the development of skills assessors, trainers, coach mentors, internal verifiers, team leaders and railway incident investigators, as well as complete NVQs at levels 2 and 3 in Rail Operations. The company’s approach to training is straightforward and effective, thanks to cutting the jargon and speaking language that candidates understand. This formula, twinned with an in-depth knowledge of the industry, produces positive results for both clients and candidates which has enabled KOPTA’s client portfolio to continue to grow. As specialists in qualifications for assessors, internal verifiers and trainers, the company aims to be rail companies’ first choice when it comes to developing their trainers, assessors, internal verifiers, team leaders and incident/accident investigators. Cutting costs, improving results KOPTA looks at its clients as business partners and is always looking for ways to support, motivate and encourage its delegates’ development – while always looking for ways to cut costs and improve results. The company’s courses are delivered at its training facilities in Petersfield, Hampshire, which is easily reached by either rail or road – trains from London Waterloo take just over one hour. The Lavant Street offices are less than 200 yards from the railway station and a short distance from the A3. KOPTA is flexible, if required it’s happy to hold its training courses at company offices – it just asks that a minimum of six candidates take part in each course. KOPTA’s training and administration centre, Osprey House, is located in the centre of Petersfield and is within easy reach of the market square’s shops and restaurants. The centre has a number of training rooms and is equipped with the latest teaching aids, providing the ideal environment for learning and development. Karim Ouda is managing director of KOPTA Tel: 01730 711202 Email: [email protected] Visit www.kopta.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 113 Page 114 July/August 2014 Business profile Harvesting energy, reaping savings GKN Hybrid Power develops energy storage solutions for rail applications that bring about significant savings in fuel and emissions — technology that’s already been successfully used on buses and a Le Mans-winning car G KN Hybrid Power is working on a number of projects to bring hybrid technology to the rail and trams sector. The team has an agreement with Alstom Transport to work on an energy storage solution that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of rolling stock and also bring a potential fuel saving of 15 per cent. In April 2014, GKN announced that it had acquired Williams Hybrid Power from Williams Grand Prix Engineering. Known today as GKN Hybrid Power, the company specialises in the design and manufacture of composite flywheelbased energy storage systems for the tram, bus and truck markets. GKN has been working with Alstom to validate the use of this technology and can use its global resources and manufacturing capability to maximise the commercial opportunities that exist. The acquisition is an opportunity for GKN to take the unique technology to global markets to help solve the emissions and efficiency challenges faced by mass transit companies around the world. Based in Oxfordshire, the Hybrid Power team has already introduced the technology into applications as diverse as London buses and Audi’s Le Manswinning R18 e-tron Quattro. In summary, the technology offers fuel savings and a reduction in emissions by harvesting the energy that is normally lost as heat when braking and turning it into additional power. Ideally suited to trams because of their stop-start nature and high mass, the flywheel’s rotor is made of composite material which is inherently safe because there is no metallic structure travelling at very high speed. The technologies being developed are the unique traction power energy recovery and energy storage systems, suitable for systems such as the US’s DC Metro and urban railway systems. How it works Trains and trams are heavy and move at increasingly higher speeds. Every time a train slows to come into a station, or at signaling junctions, a considerable July/August 2014 Page 115 Power Solutions for Railway Infrastructure Alma Rail RAILWAY TRACK ENGINEERING ALMA RAIL LIMITED is an experienced multi-disciplinary railway and civil engineering specialist. SERVICES INCLUDE: · Track Inspection · Uplift of Level Crossings for Maintenance Work · Track Maintenance · Track Renewals (inc S&C) · Lineside Civils inc REB Bases, LOC Bases · Track Installations on Concrete Aprons - Wash Plants, Weigh Bridges, Depot Inspection Pits etc. · Under Track Crossings · Replacement of Waybeams / Longitudinal Bridge Timbers · Level Crossings - Permanent and Temporary Machine Access Page 116 July/August 2014 Our technology expertise covers sealed lead acid, NiMH and Lithium batteries. • Providing power for information displays, lighting, security cameras and signalling, including solar applications. · Cable Pulling · Signal and OHL structure bases · Groundworks Visit us on Stand C45 · Access Point Improvements · Fencing & Access Gates · Access Steps www.almarail.co.uk www.dmstech.co.uk Business profile amount of energy is lost. The kinetic energy of the train is normally dissipated through mechanical friction or large electrical resistors and cannot be optimised. In order to accelerate, the train draws ‘new’ power from the electrical supply to generate torque at the wheels. This is not only an expensive use of power, it can also lead to power demand surges or shortages across the network. Saving energy and reducing costs When a train slows down or stops, energy is lost to the atmosphere as heat. With a flywheel energy storage system, the energy that would normally be dissipated in the braking resistor is instead harvested and transferred via electrical cables to an onboard flywheel – where it is stored via a composite rotor that spins at up to36,000 rpm. As the train prepares to move on, the flywheel slows down and releases the stored energy back along the electrical cables to the traction motors, providing a free power boost of recycled energy. Because the braking energy of the train is no longer lost as heat but re-deployed, the net energy consumption of the train is significantly reduced. Proven technology Using ‘in-house’ simulation and analysis tools, the GKN Hybrid Power team has estimated that the energy saving from integrating the flywheel energy storage system in a typical city tram could be as high as 30 per cent. However, this potential saving is dependent on duty cycle, type of train/tram, passenger loading, distance between stations, number of flywheels in use and so on. A further benefit of the system is its ability to provide emergency or supplementary power in the event of a network power outage or unavailability. The stored flywheel energy can be used to power emergency systems or provide a limited capability to the next station – something that is critical for automated metros. Tried and tested in the world of racing The flywheel technology delivers: • reduced investment costs • reduced operating costs • CO2 savings • improved capacity • increased reliability and performance. Longer useable life In addition to the benefits already mentioned, one of the unique features of the GKN Hybrid Power flywheel system is its long useable life – up to ten million deep charge discharge cycles. This number of cycles equates to approximately one chargedischarge cycle every minute, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year – for over 19 years. This means that the lifecycle cost of the technology is attractive when compared to other forms of energy storage, such as ultra capacitors (one million cycles) and batteries (ten thousand cycles) – both of which also have a higher initial investment cost. Ian Foley, GKN Hybrid Power business development director, said: ‘Very early on we highlighted trams as an ideal application for our technology and the opportunity to collaborate with Alstom, the market leader, is very exciting. ‘Both companies have a common goal: developing the next generation of green transport solutions, through recovering, storing and recycling energy. Working together to cut carbon emissions and cut costs for the end user is our ultimate aim.’ About GKN and GKN Land Systems GKN is a major designer, manufacturer and supporter of sub-systems for vehicles of all types – including the rail sector where GKN has supplied high impact glass screens and driveshafts for many years. Supported by its global engineering capability in the automotive industry and aerospace, GKN is well placed to support future innovations in the rail sector. The company’s Land Systems Division has a broad portfolio of electro-mechanical PowerTrain components; products and systems that transfer energy from power source to power applied. The systems meet the challenges of emissions, complex infrastructures, increasing passenger numbers or payload, as well as faster and lighter trains, whether for passenger or freight. GKN Land Systems Structures has built a strong reputation for excellence and reliability in the design, development and manufacture of automotive chassis, suspension, body and structural systems. The company does this for major automotive OEM’s (original equipment manufacturers) that include Land Rover, Toyota, Ford, Bentley, Aston Martin and Leyland Trucks. Non-automotive customers are able to take advantage of the automotive derived facilities and they include automotive standard process control and full TS16949 compliance across the entire site. In recent years, significant investment has been made in lower volume processing equipment, including laser, press brake and paint finishing. The in-house E-coat paint process is capable of treating a wide range of components from small car speaker grilles to full chassis. The environmentally friendly process ensures both high corrosion resistance and an excellent surface finish, making it suitable for top coating where required. GKN Land Systems can provide rapid and responsive solutions, which is a fundamental reason for its success. In addition, GKN Structures has extensive expertise in delivering complete modular systems and solutions from concept stage to production line. At the heart of its business are product and technical innovations to meet new and emerging market applications, with a continually expanding capability for electric and hybrid drives. As the business strives to be the best at what it does – positioning itself close to its customers and partnering with leading OEM’s – GKN Land Systems can maintain its offering of comprehensive engineered solutions in a more concerted manner. For more information, contact Sali Morris. Tel: 01952 428466 Email: [email protected] Visit www.gknladsystems.com July/August 2014 Page 117 Survey to Sighting GIOCONDA New Tool For Signal Sighting Form Creation Now Freely Available to All Projects ■■ Batch generate forms from a Master Datasheet (.xls .xlsx .txt) ■■ Keep Master Datasheet updated from edited SSF’s ■■ Simple Generation of Signal and Obscuration Diagrams ■■ Inbuilt Change Log maintained for the life of the form ■■ All calculations in line with Network Rail Standards ■■ Register your interest for Online webcast tutorials Download the free G-RASTx software from our website ■ Driver’s POV Filming ■ Video Asset Survey ■ Signalling Schemeplan Development ■ ■ Signal Sighting Form Creation ■ Full Signal Sighting Service ■ 3D & BIM Models ■ Driver Briefing Packages ■ Gioconda Limited Telephone 01622 872512 email [email protected] www.gioconda.co.uk Page 118 July/August 2014 Business profile Near domination With only four accredited service centres outside of Permaquip throughout the UK, Arbil’s recent accreditation means it now runs three of them P ermaquip has more than 50 years’ experience in the design and manufacture of rail maintenance equipment. So, when the company was searching for a service centre provider, it needed to ensure it would be with an organisation that had the same ethos in quality, industry knowledge and customer service as its own. Arbil’s commercial sales and service manager, Marcus Taylor, explains why it was selected for the award. ‘We have been stocking and supplying Permaquip products and offering a service solution for a number of years now. This familiarity with the products and our own longstanding reputation within the rail industry stood us in good stead to be awarded the accreditation.’ Taylor added: ‘We have always used genuine Permaquip parts and consumables, a particularly reassuring fact when work is involved on Permaquip’s Ironman and Stressor products – the only products of their kind to be authorised by Network Rail.’ have always been impressed by Arbil’s substantial and sophisticated range of testing equipment, which is unrivalled by most other companies in the industry. Each piece of equipment that enters Arbil’s service department is taken through a rigorous procedure of complete strip down, chemical clean, repair, re-spray, test and certification, all in accordance with ISO9001 – matching our own accreditation standards. ‘The new accreditation means users who have purchased our products have a variety of service centres to choose from, Arbil has one each in Stourbridge, Coventry and Bristol. The multiaccredited centres that Arbil provides ensure quick lead times, while also maintaining the highest standards.’ Gamble added: ‘As Arbil is also the manufacturer of the ZwickyTM line of track jacks, we know they share our passions about the importance of only using genuine parts when servicing and repairing.’ For more information on what Arbil can offer, contact a member of Arbil’s Permaquip Service Team. Tel: 0845 600 4332 Email: [email protected] Visit www.arbil.co.uk A strong link In-depth experience in both rail service and sales was a key requirement for the company aiming to win the accreditation. Jeremy Gamble, Permaquip managing director, said of the relationship: ‘We About Arbil Arbil is one of the largest providers of after-sales services and can offer its customers some of the most competitive prices in the market. Established in 1963, it has experience in specialist rail lifting equipment, including 4x4 accessories and associated products. With branches in Lye, Coventry, Bristol and Cradley Heath, Arbil is able to meet nationwide sales and manufacturing requirements. July/August 2014 Page 119 The Global Rail Group Global Rail Construction forms part of the Global Rail Group of companies, established in 2001 incorporating Global Rail Services (Ireland) and Global Rail Australia (Pty) Ltd. The group has grown their resource base to between 250-300 highly skilled individuals with offices in Hatfield (UK), Dublin (Ireland) and Melbourne (Australia), successfully completing a range of infrastructure projects both on and off rail. GRCL have appointed an M & E Manager to lead its mechanical and electrical engineering division and are proud to have been recognised by the NICEIC as an Approved Contractor. The M & E Division are also currently working alongside the NICEIC in the development of standards helping to ensure GRCL keep up to date with the latest technology within the industry. Group Managing Director Marco Lombardelli said “This is a fantastic achievement for GRCL and the Global Rail Group as a whole. The new M & E division will integrate perfectly with our in-house Signalling, Civil & Structural design capabilities to support and further strengthen our internal core service offering together with providing turnkey solutions to the railway industry. This will enable Global Rail to design and deliver complex, multi-discipline projects with our professionally qualified, in-house resource base by further strengthening our core capabilities. This is a very exciting time to be at Global Rail Construction Limited. Not only are we involved within key high profile railway projects, specialise in Vitreous Enamel, we have also demonstrated our commitment to growth by recently doubling our head office in size with purchasing the office unit next door to open of our new design suite and Signalling Training Academy side by side on the premises” . The ethos of Global Rail Construction is summed up by our mission statement, which defines our role as “mixing traditional industry skills with technological innovation. Global Rail adopts a flexible management style to empower its workforce to safely meet clients’ needs, while providing the highest quality standards at a competitive price”. Unit 20, The IO Centre, Hatfield Business Park, Hearle Way, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9EW Tel: 01707 260700 [email protected] www.grcl.co.uk Business profile Electrical analysis Predicting failure before it happens is an invaluable asset on the electrified rail network. Thanks to Amaro Innovations’ link up with Image House, it’s now more possible than ever I n an era when Toc’s and Network Rail are constantly pressurised to improve availability and quality of service to their customers, the condition of the country’s basic rail infrastructure is playing a key role in achieving these goals. As the network moves ever closer to a fully electrified system, the condition of the overhead electrification – and the train’s ability to utilise the power generated through the system’s pantographs – is now a crucial element in the quest for a better service. Image House, the Danish industrial imaging company, was commissioned several years ago by compatriots, and infrastructure owners, Banedanmark, to measure pantograph wear/damage in real time – even on trains in service that were running at full speed. It has now successfully commissioned systems around the world and is receiving repeat orders as Toc’s continue to see the benefits of its Pantoinspect system. Several projects are ongoing across the world following the installation of the first two scanners on the Danish suburban commuter train network in 2012, including Austria, Australia and South Africa. Image House began discussions with Amaro Signalling to help with its UK division; the Danish company needed to team up with a company that was certified to work on the UK network. Amaro has always identified the strong business case for the UK rail industry to start investing in new technology, like Pantoinspect, that can predict failure before it happens. To aid Amaro with creating and introducing new technology that is designed to analyse and report potential issues affecting the UK network and its rolling stock, the company created Amaro Innovations. The division is also able to provide Amaro’s expertise in installation, commissioning and ongoing support. They don’t pull themselves down Between 2009 and 2013 the estimated costs of overhead line incidents was around £23 million. The Pantoinspect scanning system can raise awareness to potential causes of disruptions, giving the network operator the power to prevent problems. With service intervals of 150,000 miles, there is a big window for unseen damage to occur and, much like a disease going untreated, these will only get worse and eventually cause major network disruption. How it works The true innovation of Pantoinspect is down to its unobtrusive and fully automated measuring, which is performed at full speed and proven up to speeds of 120mph. Using a wheel sensor the pantograph scanner will know there is a train approaching and its speed. Following that, five range-finding sensors will then begin scanning for pantographs. When a pantograph is detected three lasers will activate when the carbon strip is directly under the scanner, measuring the entire profile of the carbon strip and the horns of the pantograph. An infrared image is also taken for use as a reference against any alarms if this supplementary information is required. The system can also monitor uplift pressure of the pantograph and parameters can also be set for this to raise alarms. How alarms are raised All data is sent to a local server where it is processed in real time and a database record is created for each train, which creates a traceable history for each pantograph. Once the user decides parameters they will be set and any measurement outside of these parameters will raise an alarm – this can then be monitored with a user interface in either a control room or a maintenance office. Alarms can be dealt with at this stage, accepted and cleared, though they will still be logged into the database. An automated email can also be set up for alarms to notify those responsible for the infrastructure that there is a problem. All Pantoinspect systems are monitored from Amaro’s and Image House’s head offices in London and Copenhagen, respectively. Amaro is currently arranging demonstrations of Pantoinspect for various Network Rail regions. Tel: 0208 434 2484 Email: [email protected] July/August 2014 Page 121 Business profile Business collective Working together often brings positive results. DBACS explains why realising the importance of collaborative working could give organisations the edge over their competitors D aventry Business and Consultancy Services (DBACS) was founded in April 2011 by Andy Harrison. Prior to establishing the business he was rail and transport director at Achilles Information for more than four years, where he was responsible for Link-up – the supplier management community for the UK Transport industry. It was this experience, twinned with senior management and board level positions in UK construction and rail, that provided the impetus to start up DBACS. In its first year, DBACS supported businesses with the development and implementation of management systems and it also helped them navigate their way through supplier qualification and the requirements of the rail industry. In autumn 2011, DBACS made its first entry into the BS11000 collaborative working environment. It became an associate company of the Institute for Collaborative Working and gained its first accredited BS11000 facilitator, recognition that led to engagements providing seminars for senior managers across a range of Network Rail principal contractor licence holder companies. This in turn led to a long-term engagement with a PCL holder to DBACS has already supported four companies to full certification – the most recent of which was in May this year. These include three Network Rail Principal Contractor Licence holders, with several others currently in process. develop management systems and training and support mechanisms for the implementation of collaborative working. As a result of this, the company was able to achieve BS11000 certification and DBACS now provides post-certification support. Professional guidance DBACS has already supported four companies to full certification – the most recent of which was in May this year. These include three Network Rail Principal Contractor Licence holders, with several others currently in process. No non-conformances have been raised in any of the Stage 1, Stage 2 or CAV audits where DBACS has been involved. While BS11000 has proved important for DBACS, it has not been the only aspect of the company’s work. It continues to support clients with competitor analysis, review and update of HSQE and wider management systems, strategic reports and consultation, and due diligence reports. It has also undertaken a wide spectrum of work assisting organisations with meeting Network Rail Principal Contractor Licensing Scheme requirements, including a range of qualification audits and support through pre-qualification and tender submissions. DBACS has been engaged by more than 20 different organisations, growth that, in 2013, brought about the employment of two additional staff, together with the use of up to three associates. Last year, The Northamptonshirebased company was accepted onto the BSI Associate Consultants Programme, in relation to its implementation of BS11000. This accreditation has been recognised by clients and a number of their letters of support and statements of recommendation are available to view on the DBACS website. The go-to man The plaudits and recognition that the company has received for its work in the collaborative working process has led to the company’s founder being invited to speak on the subject at industryrecognised functions – including seminar sessions at Railtex 2012 and InfraRail 2013. Also, due to DBACS’ close working relationship with Rail Champions, Harrison has spoken at a number of its seminars, lunches and industry engagement sessions, as well as at specific client engagements. DBACS is committed to supporting more organisations on their journey towards BS11000 certification and it is working closely with a number of key clients related to the implementation of collaborative working on the CP5 frameworks. The company already has work in place for 2014-15 but is always looking to widen what it can offer and therefore increase its portfolio of clients. Upon doing this it will be able to deliver further growth while maintaining close links with existing partners and customers. Tel: 07825 130837 Email: [email protected] Visit www.dbandcsl.com July/August 2014 Page 123 Tata Steel Projects Partnerships built upon reliability and innovation Tata Steel Projects provide the full range of engineering services covering the entire life cycle of projects, from consultancy, planning and design through manufacture, installation, construction and site management. Through our client focus, collaborative engagement and passion for engineering led solutions we deliver exceptional results for our customers across all sectors. Page 124 July/August 2014 For more information contact: T: +44 (0) 1904 454600 E: [email protected] www.tatasteelprojects.com Business profile The complete service Speedy has six specialist facilities at locations throughout the UK and holds more than 3,500 rail-specific assets. It is also supported by more than 250 depots and the largest range of tools, equipment, plant rental and support services in the UK S peedy’s specialist equipment and services support many aspects of rail projects that include site planning and mobilisation, enabling, advanced and infrastructure works through to commissioning – with hand back occurring following projects completion. The company is also able to draw on the expertise of its supply chain partners that provide additional specialist services and regional coverage as required. ‘With a million more trains and half a billion more passengers than there were ten years ago – and the RDG predicting another 400 million journeys will be made by 2020 – rail is one of our largest target sectors.’ Exceeding customers’ expectations ‘We put our customers’ needs at the heart of everything we do and regularly go the extra mile to achieve service excellence,’ he added. ‘The rail industry is a key contributor to our national, economic and social well-being and, as the proposed HS2 high-speed rail link proves, it is showing no signs of slowing down’ ‘The company has completely transformed itself from a pure hire business, serving the construction market back in 2007, into an integrated services provider to a wider group of clients and markets,’ said Mike Omond, Speedy’s plant division managing director. ‘Speedy takes pride in its reputation for delivering specialist solutions and providing a fully comprehensive service to many large contractors in the rail sector, including Balfour Beatty, Costain and Carillion. ‘We’re already taking this service innovation even further and often tender for client contracts based on their bespoke needs. For example, if the client needs something specific and we don’t currently offer it or stock it, we’ll find a way to provide it.’ Envied fleet Speedy has the most up-to-date, wellstocked fleet in the industry and it owns the largest range of assets for hire anywhere in the UK. ‘From project planning, through to the commissioning works and ongoing maintenance, our team of experts will be able to advise on the right product for the job,’ said Mike Omond. In addition to advising clients on the right product for the job, Speedy regularly brings new innovative products to the market. Rail centres of excellence Speaking of the contribution that rail makes to the UK economy, the plant July/August 2014 Page 125 UNIMAT 09-4x4/4S DYNAMIC 09-3X AFM 2000-RT Distinct by innovation Our Joint Venture business SB Rail operates the most advanced fleet of on track machines in the UK and has a proven record of introducing the latest innovations and technology. Our latest fleet addition, the 09-4x4/4S DYNAMIC offers the highest output universal tamping and stabilising capability available in the UK. Swietelsky Bauges.m.b.H. Klein NeusiedlerstraĂ&#x;e 27 2401 Fischamend, Austria. +43 (2230) 80270 www.swietelsky.com Swietelsky Construction Company Ltd 7 Clairmont Gardens Glasgow, G3 7LW. +44 (0) 141 353 1915 Swietelsky Construction Company Ltd Holybrook House, 63 Castle Street, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 7SN, United Kingdom. +44 (0) 118 950 3380 Business profile GB Railfreight case study When an 87 tonne, £1.5 million Di8 diesel locomotive needs maintenance work it can’t just be driven up a ramp, like one would a car, to be given a routine service. Because of the weight and size of the vehicle, along with the restricted space and tight time schedules, GB Railfreight turned to Speedy for advice on how to get it back in motion. The background In 2011, GB Railfreight won a competitive tender to operate the rail operations at Lackenby Steel works for Sahaviriya Steel Industries UK. In order to operate the site, GB Railfreight leased 10 Di8 locomotives to facilitate the work. Previously, these locomotives operated in Norway before being shipped to the North East and when the first Di8 locomotive required to be lifted it quickly became apparent that it was too large for the existing lifting equipment. GB Railfreight was left with two options: it could either complete the maintenance work outside the workshop and hire an external crane large enough to lift the locomotive, which would be very time consuming and costly, or suitable lifting equipment would need to be found that could support the weight. Following recommendation, GB Railfreight contacted Speedy to see if the company was able to provide a solution. The outcome After visiting the workshop and assessing the size and complexity of the operation, a dedicated technical Speedy account manager arranged for four bespoke lifting straps to be manufactured. The round slings were attached to two 50 tonne modular beams and the Di8 locomotive was hoisted up in the air, which allowed the major repair works to be undertaken in just one day. Speedy was able to get the Di8 locomotive up and running in less than two days. Since the lift of this first Di8 locomotive in August 2013, Speedy has successfully completed a further four lifts for GB Railfreight and continues to work in partnership and offer bespoke solutions to one of the UK’s leading rail freight companies. division managing director said: ‘The rail industry is a key contributor to our national, economic and social well-being and, as the proposed HS2 high-speed rail link proves, it is showing no signs of slowing down. ‘Responding to customer demand, we took the decision to open six dedicated control centres around the UK, which provide easy access to all Speedy’s rail services and offer a single point of contact for all customers needs.’ Speedy provides a complete rail solution from six strategically placed operational depots around the UK in Abercam, Doncaster, Glasgow, Sunderland, Warrington and Wimbledon. Speedy provides a complete rail solution from six strategically placed operational depots around the UK in Abercam, Doncaster, Glasgow, Sunderland, Warrington and Wimbledon. A total site solution Speedy offers a comprehensive range of services to ensure projects run efficiently and to schedule. These include: New innovative product case study: London Underground approved welder A lightweight, compact and powerful welding solution, Speedy designed this unit in conjunction with leading experts in the rail industry to be used in remote applications – such as tunnels and hard to reach places. It comes with a detachable fuel tank which allows the unit to be ‘tunnel safe’ when not in use. High-level maintenance To ensure equipment is kept in good working order, regular maintenance is essential. Speedy’s TRIM (test, repair, inspection and maintenance) division employs over 40 personnel that, between them, have more than 500 years of relevant knowledge and experience to draw upon – providing customers with a high level of service and advice. The company’s network of highly skilled LEEA (Lifting Equipment Engineers Association) qualified engineers provide testing, inspection and certification services to its rail fleet, continually ensuring safety and compliance of all equipment. • statutory compliance inspection. Available 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year, Speedy’s Statutory Compliance Inspection service ensures that legislation requirements are met and teams are working safely and efficiently • training. The company offers a wide portfolio of specialist training courses to ensure employees are equipped with the skills required to work safely on site • asset management. The on-site resource enables more effective management of client’s assets, which reduces transport costs and minimises environmental impact • bids and tenders support. The construction service provider conforms to legislation and has access to the required tender portals. It also has more than 30 years’ industry experience. Tel: 0845 609 9998 Email: [email protected] Visit www.speedyservices.com July/August 2014 Page 127 If you need rail power equipment, approved component sourcing or design and build assistance for 650 volt switchboxes, FSPs or PSPs... ? THINK Forbes Rail Integrated Power Solutions Radstock, Somerset T. 07875753997 [email protected] Page 128 July/August 2014 Haze Batteries manufacture a complete range of 2 volt, 6 volt,12volt batteries in both AGM and Gel filled technology. Our batteries come with a 10 to 12 year design life supplied from our warehouse in the UK. Tel: +44 (0)1536 205952 [email protected] www.hazebatteryuk.com Business profile All the way to the top As a result of new contract wins and ongoing projects both here in the UK and overseas, Mechan, the lifting and handling equipment manufacturer, is making its mark M echan is looking forward to continued progress this year after building momentum in its export trade and also delivering equipment that plays a key role in keeping UK transport moving. The Sheffield-based company has secured a hat trick of contracts to support the DfT’s flagship IEP (Intercity Express Programme) – supplying lifting and handling products to three sites that are integral to improvements on the Great Western and East Coast main lines. Working with the main contractor, Volker Fitzpatrick, Mechan has installed a set of 40 lifting jacks and a bogie drop with two bridges at the North Pole depot in west London. It is currently developing a further two standard equipment drops for delivery in March to the new Stoke Gifford depot, near Bristol. Mechan’s managing director, Richard Carr, recently travelled to Hitachi Rail Europe’s Newton Aycliffe facility to put pen to paper on a contract for two traversers. The County Durham-based factory will be using the machines – one inside and one outside – to move the high speed trains it is building for the IEP between roads. Both will be installed in spring next year. Thameslink is just the ticket Securing work worth more than £1 million on the Thameslink Programe also provides a welcome boost to Mechan’s sales. Commissioned by Siemens Rail Systems, four bogie drops will be provided for two new facilities being constructed as part of the upgrade to London’s rail links. The first two bogie drops have been installed at the Hornsey depot, in the London borough of Haringey, and a further two bogie drops will be delivered to Crawley’s Three Bridges facility. In both locations, they will be used to service the new Desiro City trains. Mechan’s equipment is installed in a pit within the depot floor, enabling bogies and undercar modules to be removed or exchanged without lifting or splitting the carriages. Having the ability to remove or replace complete bogies and undercarriage equipment without decoupling vehicles makes bogie change feasible within one hour, while time can also be saved on other under floor work. In addition, adapters can be fitted to enable any type of undercar module to be removed or replaced. Mechan’s bogie drops use an intelligent screw jack system, which is favoured by depot operators for its greatly reduced pit depth, minimising civil costs during construction. A pit continuation can be added to the drop to provide full clearance under the bogie and side platforms, which gives unparalleled access to the item being changed. When not in use, rail beams latch into place, ensuring the road is safe for depot traffic. Exporting excellence On the other side of the world, Mechan has enhanced its export credentials by securing its first order in Australia. Thanks to its links with Australian distributor, Unique Rail, Mechan supplied a pair of ten-tonne bogie rotators to Unique’s compatriots, Downer EDi Rail, for use in the Newport depot in Victoria. They are the largest capacity Mechan has ever produced and will be used to maintain up to ten different types of locomotive. This broad remit required design modifications to increase the rotators’ lifting capacity and add extra bolt holes to the structures. To address this, Unique worked with Mechan’s engineers to create a special adapter that would attach to various bogie frames. Typically, rotators are manufactured to support six to eight tonnes but, as freight trains in Australia are larger than the UK equivalent, the capacity was increased to ten tonnes. The firm is also working with Associated Engineers, its partner in Hong Kong, on two new projects for national rail operators, MTR. A total of 24 lifting jacks with a 20 tonne capability and four bogie turntables are being constructed for use at a depot on the south island line, which is due to open in 2015. Also on the agenda is the construction of a bogie drop for the maintenance facility that serves the high speed XRL July/August 2014 Page 129 THREESHIRES LTD Ecological and Invasive Weed Solutions to the Rail Sector Invasive Weed Control • Himalayan Balsam • Giant Hogweed • Ragwort • Aquatic Invasives • Ecological Fencing Inc. reusable HERPETOSURE ® Newt and Reptile Fencing Environmental Landscaping • Tree Clearance and Arboriculture • Habitat Restoration • Erosion control • Hydroseeding • Riparian Works • Stock Fencing • Demarcation Fencing • Security Fencing • Large Scale Tree Planting www.threeshires.com • Hibernacula • Habitat Ponds • Badger Setts • Otter Holts • Bat Boxes • Habitat Creation • Vegetation Translocation Japanese Knotweed Eradication • Herbicide Treatment • Soil Screening • On-Site Cell Burial • Managed Excavation and Removal Contact us today on 01664 444 604 or email: [email protected] V Hundreds of models ranging from 1.5 kW to 2000 kW+ Voltages up to 10 kV, currents up 24000 Adc LXI TCP/IP Ethernet, IEEE 488.2 GPIB, RS232, USB SL Series Made in the USA TELONIC IVI drivers and remote interface software Optically isolated inputs and output, PLC control Master/slave parallel or series operation TEST INSTRUMENTS & POWER SUPPLIES Tel: 01189 786911 Fax: 01189 792 338 Web: www.Telonic.co.uk Page 130 July/August 2014 Business profile (Express Rail Link) that connects Hong Kong with Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Due to poor ground conditions on the island, Mechan’s standard bogie drop design needed to be modified to work with a shallower pit. Raising the bar Mechan will again be showcasing its patented Megalink jack controller at September’s InnoTrans exhibition in Berlin. A fully working version of the system, which is used around the world, will be available to view on its stand in the British Pavilion. The lifting jacks allow multiple units to be raised simultaneously by one operator and the controller uses inverter technology that brings power savings of up to 50 per cent – while a touch screen HMI panel provides constant feedback during the maintenance process. The jacks cater for all uses, from light rail systems to heavy on-track plant. They enable coordinated multiple use to a 3mm tolerance, are quick to set up, interlink and substitute and have a lifting capacity ranging from five tonnes to 45 tonnes. Third party innovations Courtesy of French manufacturers, Sogema Engineering, Mechan is bringing the latest under floor wheel lathes and wheel press equipment to the UK and Ireland markets. Sogema’s wheel lathes can be adapted to suit any type of rail vehicle, are available in a single or tandem arrangement and have a capacity of 15, 20 or 30 tonnes. The firm’s wheel press equipment complements the undercar handling products that Mechan designs in house, it also offers mounting and disounting facilities for the production or maintenance of wheel sets. Single and double cylinder units are available and cater for 100 to 800 tonnes, some of which are automatic and have a roll though arrangement. One of the latest additions to Mechan’s product range is the Blaschke exhaust extraction system, an efficient way to capture diesel emissions that ensures all hazardous gas is disposed of safely – creating cleaner and healthier depots. Each exhaust system is manufactured to the client’s requirements and, because they are fitted with smaller pipes than traditional extraction methods, airtight removal of fumes is guaranteed directly at the source. This increases the power generated and enables smaller fans to be used, which reduces energy consumption and noise levels. The flexible suction hoods are fitted over an exhaust pipe and can be adjusted by remote control. They are attached to extraction arms that rotate a full 3600 and run on rails stretching from one end of the track to the other, offering maximum usability. Mechan will be exhibiting in the British Pavilion at InnoTrans 2014 (September 23-26). Tel: 0114 257 0563 Email: [email protected] Visit www.mechan.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 131 launch new Rail Brochure Lindapter clamps allow faster construction, on-site adjustability and lower labour costs, providing solutions across the globe on projects as varied as the electrification of the Gautrain rail network in South Africa, the installation of digital signage at Berlin Hauptbahnhof, the roof restoration at St. Pancras station Rail and redevelopment of Birmingham New Street in the UK. NE W Technical Innovation in Steelwork Connections Lindapter’s products are approved for use by Network Rail, for further information request your copy of the rail brochure. Contact Lindapter today... T: +44 (0) 1274 521444 F: +44 (0) 1274 521130 E: [email protected] W: www.lindapter.com MIKE WORBY SURVEY CONSULTANCY Rail Infrastructure n n n n Safety Solutions Information Systems Monitoring Station and Depot M&E Services Chartered Land and Engineering Surveyors and Geospatial Consultants measuring , modelling and mapping the Railway Environment           Our Services include:Dual Frequency GPS Topographic Surveys Engineering Surveys and Setting Out Track and Structural Monitoring 3d Modelling and Design Measured Building Surveys 3d Laser Scanning Boundary Matters Expert Witness Reports Geospatial Consultancy We are members of BRINGING BENEFITS TO THE UK RAILWAY; with a wealth of experience in Infrastructure, Transport and Building Services, we provide integrated solutions to infrastructure management and information systems. The total solution provider www.imtech.uk.com E: [email protected] Page 132 July/August 2014 Contact:- Michael Worby Mob :- +44(0)7767 456196 tel/fax:- +44(0)1707 333677 Email :- [email protected] Website:- www.mw-sc.co.uk Business profile Want to be a leader? Arcadia Alive is creating rail managers that deliver safe behaviour to the UK rail industry U ltimately it is people that make the difference and when they perform organisations perform. For 15 years, Arcadia Alive has worked with UK rail managers to help them deliver their safety objectives. Rail managers rely on the company’s programmes in Non-Technical Skills (NTS) and Human Factors skills, which together with its Psychological Services such as post-incident trauma management, cognitive behavioural therapy and return to work programmes, helps them deliver sustainable changes in employee safe behaviour and psychological wellbeing. It is well known that the development of a safety culture that encourages wellbeing starts at the top. A large element of what Arcadia Alive does involves working closely with UK rail managers to develop their leadership and management skills through the provision of high quality management programmes, which are accredited by the Institute of Leadership and Management. Creating adept managers With a 12 per cent increase in the number of trains on the UK network in the past five years, and an increase in passenger numbers of more than 250 million, the UK rail network is close to capacity. This means that now, more than ever, there is a need for rail managers who can train, manage and motivate their teams to work efficiently. This critical requirement for managerial competency was highlighted in McNulty’s Value for Money report in 2011. The document underlined the urgent need for the rail industry to increase its emphasis on developing managerial competence, as well as technical proficiency. It focused on giving management opportunities to individuals who display more than just technical proficiency and who are able to foster connections that enhance employee engagement, which brings about a sense of teamwork, personal growth and development. The business case for skilled managers Latest Chartered Management Institute figures show that ineffective management is likely to be costing organisations two hours, per employee, per week – or £2,000 per annum, based on an average train driver salary of £40,000. The study of 2,000 employees across the UK reveals that 75 per cent of workers waste up to two hours out of their working week due to inefficient managers. The worst management practices, responsible for time lost, include unclear communication (33 per cent); lack of support (33 per cent); micromanagement (26 per cent); and lack of direction (25 per cent). 90 80 Managing health and safety Managing employee stress Accredited by the ILM Arcadia Alive chose the ILM (Institute of Leadership and Management) to accredit its programmes to enable it to set the standard for rail industry-recognised, accredited leadership and management qualifications. The accreditation is the UK’s awarding body of choice for managers and provides absolute quality assurance. As a result, the Stafford-based company’s programmes focus on realworld rail industry challenges that leaders and managers face – an approach that gives them the knowledge to make a positive difference in their immediate role. Each programme is designed to be customised to fit each participant and – in recognition of the fact that delegates can’t afford to spend hours in a classroom – to be lean, precise and concise. Designed collaboratively Arcadia Alive’s rail-specific management programmes have been designed to produce first class rail managers for the 21st century in order to help them: • benefit from a management programme specifically designed for the unique management challenges within rail that addresses the management of technical and nontechnical skills • get a guaranteed edge in management expertise to achieve and maintain a positive safety culture • surpass safety and performance objectives and outperform the competition. These targets come from the company’s 2012 comprehensive survey of UK rail managers. Managers discussed how they perceived their existing management skills and how they would most like to develop them. The graph opposite shows the results. Individuals who successfully complete Arcadia Alive’s ILM accredited management and leadership programmes will be able to demonstrate the five key leadership and management July/August 2014 Page 133 Signalling the way forward OSL RAIL OSL Rail is a world-class railway engineering • Signalling design, Signalling Data Preparation Southampton S&C Renewals company specialising in the delivery of signalling • SWTH, SMTH and Principles Testing and multi-discipline remodelling projects. We price ourselves on our highly experienced, • Overhead Line Equipment Design and Engineering Project Description competent and professional people; and our track record working clients programme to • Electrification and Power Design Engineering Southampton asof part of thecollaboratively Amey Colas with S&C our renewals is strategic in terms of the affectand on the operation of increased delivery certainty and value for money. the network. This required the project to be planned and prepared in advance ofDesign the actual renewal works. This • Civil/Structural andtrack Engineering Whilst of built on traditional values, OSL Railthe impact. The OSL advanced preparation allowed the weekend closures lead to 5 stages work on weekend to reduce embraces the latest thinking and technology. • Mechanical/Electrical Design Engineering to be successful and the track returned to service on or before time. With testing man-aged by OSL and prep-testing Our company has an established range of agile, client focused processes, tools andleft systems Environmental Design under-taken in-advance, few snags were at thethat end of each•stage. demonstrably help to minimise inefficiencies and reduce project delivery timescales and costs. • Project Management and Planning Work Undertaken OSL works included the complete; signalling Project: and E&P works associated with Southampton Location: Design, pre-fabrication of Locs and power Brief Description: supply cubicles, installation and testing & The project is for replacement of 55 points commissioning of; points, heating, power supply ends, complete with points ma-chines, points and signalling. heating, signalling power supplies, signalling renewal’s and power supply for points. Schedule: April 2013 - April 2014 Endorsements on this project from Amey Colas and Network Rail For further info, please contact: OSL Rail OSL in 2013 have undertaken and set up a research and development division which has developed a number of products, Tel: +44(0)1793 600 793 Unit 1.3, Alexander House software systems and project to enhance operation and beneﬁt the sectors in which we serve. Fax: +44(0)8701 236 249 management tools that look 19 Fleming Way,our Swindon Email: [email protected] Wiltshire Web: www.oslglobal.co.uk SN1 2NG Page 134 July/August 2014 052061 Business profile skills, as defined by the NOS (National Occupational Standards): • provide clear and consistent direction to staff • work collaboratively and productively with people • manage conflict and navigate difficult conversations • demonstrate effective use of resources • facilitate change • achieve results Lifecycle approach Arcadia Alive trains individuals from every function from engineering to operations at every level – with new recruits ranging from apprentices to seasoned managers. Its leadership and management programmes have been designed to encourage team leaders and managers from right across the business to be able to participate. Meaning that, even from the earliest stages of their leadership and management careers, they can start to engage and work alongside colleagues in different functions. The Level 3 Award provides a Certificate and Diploma in Leadership and Management to individuals who have team leader or management responsibilities, but no formal training, and are serious about developing their management abilities. It is especially ideal for practising team leaders seeking to move to the next management level and also for those who need to lead people though organisational change, such as improving safety culture. The Level 3 option can also be delivered as an Advanced Apprenticeship – a cost-attractive option for your organisation, as it is funded by the Skills Funding Agency. The Level 5 programme will be delivered over a 12 month period to build rounded and effective rail managers who are equipped with the essential tools and skills to fulfil their management role. Both levels have been specifically designed to address leadership in the context of UK rail, human factors and positive safety culture. Arcadia Alive recognises that standards managers are a lynchpin of rail industry safety and, as a result, have a tailored option in the form of the TAQA (Training Assessment Quality Assurance). This is accredited by City and Guilds and allows standards managers to confidently demonstrate their own competence to assess others and achieve credibility in the eyes of those they are assessing – and, in turn, comply with ROGS (Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems) regulations. The Arcadia Alive TAQA has been designed and developed in collaboration with UK rail industry standards managers, which makes it uniquely tailored to meet the rail industry’s specific training assessment challenges. Importantly, it also covers the assessment of Non-Technical Skills as well as technical skills. Redefining safety management In 2013, Arcadia Alive joined forces with The University of Nottingham to form a KTP (Knowledge Transfer Partnership). The union will make a significant contribution to how the rail industry manages safety through non-technical skills (NTS). Rail Professional’s February issue looked in detail at the KTP and examined the potential benefits for rail managers, which included NTS into competency management systems – and how this could impact incidents and safety performance. The outcomes of the KTP will also help rail managers to understand which NTS are most important and how its competency can be properly assessed. The objectives of the KTP are being delivered in collaboration with an industry advisory group, which consists of senior management professionals from Toc’s, Foc’s, Network Rail, NSARE (National Skills Academy for Railway Engineering), the RSSB, the ORR and rail unions. To talk to the Arcadia Alive team about its leadership and management programmes or NTS training, please contact: Tel: 0845 2600 126 Email: [email protected] Visit www.arcadiaalive.com July/August 2014 Page 135 CALIPRI MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROFILE MEASUREMENT Wheel Profile Brake Disc Wheel Diameter Back-to-Back Rails including Grooved Switches Rail Geometry Defects [email protected] www.mechan.co.uk +44 (0)114 257 0563 ProviDing AssurAnce for the rAilwAy inDustry An established market leader for eMc consultancy, testing and training services. Years of expertise, experience and a solid track record of solving EMC problems and demonstrating EMC for railway projects in the UK and worldwide. Visit www.yorkemc.co.uk Page 136 July/August 2014 Business profile Untangling the red tape With a new EMC directive being introduced, Dr Mark Tyndall explains what it means for the rail industry S ix years after the New Legislative Framework (NLF) was published, a sheaf of EU acts setting out specific requirements has arrived. Among them is updated EMC Directive, 2014/30/ EU. At first glance, not much seems to have changed, particularly for manufacturers based within Europe. Although this is reinforced by the lack of a transition period – the provisions of the new EMC directive come into force in April 2016 – there remains a number of changes that manufacturers should be aware of. The NLF builds on the New Approach, now 29 years old, which decouples technical specifics from the legislative process. Manufacturers should be familiar with these decoupled directives and essential requirements, technical documentation, declarations of conformity and CE marking that go with them. There is also an everevolving list of harmonised standards that set out exactly which tests a particular piece of apparatus should be subjected to before being placed on the market – all these elements persist under the NLF. The evolution that the NLF has engendered is largely in the supply chain. The so-called economic operators (including importers, distributors and authorised representatives) will have new duties that include record-keeping and cooperating with market surveillance authorities in ensuring that non-compliant apparatus is removed from the market-place as quickly as possible. This should result in an increase in the availability of evidence of compliance, which will prove beneficial for all customers – especially those in the rail sector. framework standardises the requirements for applying the CE marking – the documentation that must be supplied with products – and the documents that must be produced and retained by manufacturers. It also streamlines the use of notified and accredited bodies, which are of key importance to the manufacturers’ ability to declare conformity to the essential requirements of many directives. Also improved are the safeguard mechanisms, which protect end users from products which are either unsafe or otherwise not meeting the essential requirements of a particular directive. The mechanisms cover products that are both compliant and non-compliant with harmonised standards but nevertheless fail to conform to a directive’s essential requirements (indicating a failure in the standard). Other mechanisms set out procedures to deal with cases where a notified body has incorrectly provided a positive opinion for non-conforming apparatus. Traceability The new traceability requirements and explicit obligations for importers and authorised representatives present the largest change in the workings of the single European market. They have the potential to rein in unscrupulous or merely unenlightened manufacturers by ensuring that the entire supply chain recognises the need for the relevant documentation to be supplied. However, the primary reason is to allow for effective enforcement of the regulations through corrective market surveillance measures (withdrawals and recalls). The changes to technical documentation required for apparatus under the EMC directive may surprise those who picture EMC compliance as a few days’ testing in a laboratory. Under the current EMC directive, compliance to appropriate harmonised standards is considered equivalent to performing the conformity assessment procedure. The technical documentation in this case can briefly list the required elements: • identification of the manufacturer and apparatus • selection of the appropriate harmonised standards • evidence that the apparatus complies with the standards • evidence of a quality system that shows the tested apparatus is the same as the apparatus placed on the market. Technical documentation The new directive removes this equivalence. The technical documentation must contain adequate analysis and assessment of the risk(s); in other words, the reasoning behind What does the NLF address? The new framework addresses the shortcomings of the new approach’s implementation because, by recasting several directives at once, it improves its overall consistency and coherence. It sets out a number of conformity assessment procedures, ranging from pure selfassessment (the internal production control) through to third-party assessment of a product’s design and audit of the manufacturer’s quality system (conformity based on full quality assurance plus design examination). Individual directives have modules selected for them that are most appropriate for the regulation of their selected area. Across the different directives, the July/August 2014 Page 137 Tel: Email: [email protected] LEADING SUPPLIERS OF RAIL, CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION SERVICES SERVICES OFFERED TO THE RAIL AND CIVIL SECTORS (supplied on Domestic or Labour-Only Subcontract basis) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Platform Refurbishments and Rebuilds Overbridge, Underbridge & Footbridge Refurbishment Culvert Refurbishment & Rebuilds Masonry Tunnel Refurbishment & Pointing Retaining Walls (Brick, Masonry & Gabions) Surface Preparation and Application Protective Treatment Supply and Installation of RRAP’s Track Drainage Installation and Repair Cable Route Works (incl. troughing & ducts) Fences, Barriers & Boundary Gates De-‐Vegetation, Weed Killing & Site Clearance Litter Clearance & Fly-‐Tipping Removal Building Work (incl. New Build, Fit-‐Out & Refurb) Track Worker Protection Supply of Contingent Labour & Trades for Civils & Rail GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE Our services are offered on a call off basis covering Scotland, the North East and North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. REACTIVE CALL OUT SUPPORT Our purpose built depot and storage facilities augment our emergency call out capabilities. We can mobilise to most reactive emergency situations with plant, labour, materials, supervision and management support in Scotland within 4-‐8hrs. In England our reactive Timescales are typically 12-‐24hrs, location dependant. OUR FLEET The company has multiple vehicles in service allowing for transportation of plant, labour and materials between our various sites. Our ﬂeet vehicles include 7.5t Flat Bed Lorries, Pick Ups, Crew Buses, Welfare &Transit Vans. Page 138 July/August 2014 Business profile or in accompanying documentation, is specifically excluded by the commission’s guide on the implementation of EU product rules – the Blue Guide, updated in April 2014. The remaining traceability requirements, regarding record keeping, will be met with minimal – or no – changes to current practices. Fixed installations The requirements for fixed installations are effectively unchanged because the removal of the essential requirement for their documentation is only an administrative change, bringing the essential requirements for fixed installations into line with those for apparatus. The documentary requirements for fixed installations are now stated within the body of the directive – as they are for apparatus. What will it mean? The new EMC directive’s essential requirements themselves are unchanged and the harmonised standards continue on their decoupled evolution. The changes are in the traceability and documentation requirements. The documentation requirements for all aligned directives have been streamlined, so there may be a net reduction in documentation for apparatus within the scope of more than one directive. But don’t forget that the company address now needs to be on the data plate. the choice of standards, along with a study of the apparatus use-cases against the application of the standards. It must also contain relevant drawings and component schedules with sufficient explanations that demonstrate that the apparatus, by way of the balance of evidence provided in the documentation, will meet the essential requirements. The diligent manufacturer will already have the majority of this information to hand, but procedures will need to be revised. The changing traceability requirements are potentially more disruptive to manufacturers than may be expected. Together with their name, registered trade name or registered trademark, manufacturers must place their postal address – a single point of contact for the manufacturer – on the apparatus. Omitting this for aesthetic reasons, and just providing the address on packaging Reduce your business risk York EMC Services provides training on all aspects of EMC, including the requirements of the directive. 2014/30/EU is the third EMC directive that our courses have explained to manufacturers, regulators and infrastructure owners. Its courses provide the means to demystify the legislative requirements and understand the tests prescribed in standards, along with both the theory and the best practice in applying EMC principles to products or installations – from a single printed circuit board, to an entire railway. Particularly relevant is the five-day training workshop on the fundamentals of EMC in railways, which covers an in-depth study of this complex EMC environment. York EMC Services also runs courses to share its knowledge of electrical safety and radio equipment to prepare businesses for the new Low Voltage Directive and Radio Equipment Directive. The new regulations, under the NLF, are published in the Official Journal of the European Union with enforcement dates in early 2016. Dr Mark Tyndall is a principal EMC engineer in the Consultancy and Research Department at York EMC Services. Tel: 01904 324440 E-mail: [email protected] Visit www.yorkemc.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 139 Business profile Developing the skills pipeline for all Thales has underlined its commitment to the development of emerging talent within the UK rail industry with the recruitment of a further 20 rail apprentices to its three-year apprentice programme. F ollowing its membership of The 5% Club, Thales is moving forward with its strategic vision to invest in, train and develop young, motivated and career-minded individuals who will enable the company, and UK engineering in general, to take advantage of forthcoming opportunities and go from strength-tostrength. The new apprentices will join Thales’s UK ground transportation business in September this year. With 40 Thales apprentices already undertaking BTEC qualifications in electrical engineering with partner Prospects College, Thales is focused on the development of a strong pipeline Page 140 July/August 2014 of talent for the future and dedicated to a long-term investment in a ‘home grown’ UK workforce. Alistair McPhee, president of the company’s ground transportation business in the UK, described Emerging Talent, Thales’s recruitment and development programme: ‘For Thales to stay at the forefront of signalling and related rail infrastructure projects in the UK, and more broadly, for the UK to have the right level of engineering skills to meet future demand, we must ensure that the right training programmes are in place.’ Thales already has a strong track record in the delivery of an award-winning Graduate Development Programme. With the latest feedback from apprentices who have recently joined Thales, it shouldn’t be long before its commitment to apprentices gains further recognition across the industry. ‘I have started my career path as a Thales employee which is a dream come true. I am officially a rail engineering apprentice and it has changed my life.’ Ahmed Hassan ‘The highlight [of the London Skills event] was getting to meet Boris Johnson and showing him our projects. He was really enthusiastic and Business profile Victor Chavez, CEO of Thales in the UK, said: ‘Organisations that do not invest in the next generation are not only failing to secure their own future, but they are also failing in their responsibility to the young people of the UK.’ that was great to see. We came away from the event feeling really proud of what we had done.’ Leon Sealy ‘The apprenticeship is like an extension of Thales. Whatever we do here is fed back into the company. It’s how you feel an apprenticeship should be.’ Harry Holt Encouraging emerging talent is important to Thales, and the organisation’s senior executive team regularly meet with graduates and apprentices within the business. For example, a recent networking event at Thales’s St Katharine’s Dock office gave them an in-depth brief of the organisation’s vision and strategy for future growth and the contribution they will be able to make towards it. The company is already reaping the benefit from the investment it has made in training, with Thales’s UK apprentices in demand for supporting major rail projects in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong. Victor Chavez, CEO of Thales in the UK, said: ‘Organisations that do not invest in the next generation are not only failing to secure their own future, but they are also failing in their responsibility to the young people of the UK.’ Thales will continue to develop young, talented individuals in exciting and challenging careers in rail engineering. Its activities demonstrate how skillsbased learning combined with on-the-job experience is reaping rewards, and that the resurgence of vocation-based training is going to be part of UK rail industry for the foreseeable future. The company is a key supplier to the UK rail industry and has developed worldleading capabilities in signalling, train control, communication and supervisory systems. * The 5% Club members are committed to achieving a workforce in which five per cent consists of apprentices, sponsored students and/or graduates on formalised training schemes within five years. Email: transportation.communications@ thalesgroup.com Visit www.thalesgroup.com July/August 2014 Page 141 Business profile First in line 1stinrail believes that its measured and sustainable approach is best for business. The company explains what it does and how its business model can add value to infrastructure projects F ormed seven years ago, 1stinrail is a multi-disciplined national railway contractor that can successfully deliver a wide range of infrastructure projects on both heavy and light rail systems. The business can draw on many years of railway engineering experience and, as an organisation, is focused on three main aspects of business: • the supply of skilled personnel for track reconditioning, renewals and maintenance works on the London Underground and Docklands Light Rail networks • the provision of infrastructure services to the wider rail industry that include contracting and engineering services • the supply of hardwood and softwood timbers for railway applications and also fast-setting grout, for track construction activities. Page 142 July/August 2014 The London-based company’s workforce provides 24/7 planned and reactive works throughout the UK and Ireland, equipped with the necessary experience, skills, drive, and capabilities to ensure safe and successful delivery. It is continuously developing its business to reflect its ‘client first’ ethos and believes that good customer service is paramount, and collaborating with clients is the best way to solve their problems. 1stinrail understands the infrastructure and individual complexities presented by different environments, thanks to having worked on the London Underground network, Network Rail infrastructure, rapid transit systems, sidings and depots. By utilising this knowledge and experience, the company can ensure that it plans for, and manages, risk in a way that means it can consistently deliver – despite ever-rising standards. The company believes that running a sustainable business is vitally important to continued success, growth and development. It achieves this by: • providing its clients with an excellent service through the provision of technically capable and client-focused personnel • offering the best value engineering solutions • developing lasting contractual relationships based on competence, honesty, and quality • being the service provider of choice • delivering jobs with zero accidents, zero incidents and zero defects • absolute commitment to client satisfaction. 1stinrail has also been awarded vital management systems that ensure consistency is applied across all aspects of Business profile A s a specialist in infrastructure engineering and construction, 1stinrail has developed a comprehensive range of skills and services – using them on projects that include: London Underground and Docklands Light Railway • logistics management and planning • tube track renewal and reconditioning • ballasted track renewals • construction of new sidings and shed roads in depots • specialised services, including S&C (switch and crossing) renewal • track maintenance • track asset surveys and track monitoring • station refurbishment. Network Rail and metro systems its work, the accreditations include: • • • • • BS EN ISO 9001: (Quality) BS EN ISO 14001: (Environment) BS EN ISO 18001: (Health and Safety) Link-up Accreditation (via Audit) Certificate of Accreditation/ Registration; London Underground Protection Master • City & Guilds Accredited. 1stinrail Limited Track Worker Training School • FSC Accreditation. 1stinrail’s management understand that its values cannot be delivered or sustained unless its employees also hold them. The company has gone to great lengths to employ skilled, capable and committed individuals who can maintain the company’s ethos – a determination that runs from its directors, managers and supervisors through to its skilled operatives. Constant development It believes that continued personnel development is also a very important step to success. To overcome the shortage of new, well trained recruits to the industry, the company has committed to a long-term programme of effective, targeted, and certifiable training with the development of: • the Railway Engineering Track Apprenticeship Programme. Now in its third year, all apprentices involved in this joint initiative with Waltham Forest College are full-time employees at 1stinrail • the Track Worker Training School – City & Guilds accredited . To tackle the potential risks that new starters face in construction and rail, the company has developed a training facility that simulates the railway working environment – thus allowing our trainee staff lifelike trackside experience prior to being deployed on real sites. Its training track includes complex track lay outs, confined spaces, artificial lighting, a platform area with tactiles and coping stones, and examples of track drainage. Whether working on passenger transport, freight haulage, rapid transit systems, or general construction, 1stinrail delivers work that allows the safe passage of trains without incident or delay. The company’s success is based upon its desire to take away its clients’ problems and provide a silent service that runs • design and build • project management and construction support • specialised services including S&C and plain • line track renewals • high accuracy track construction and setting out • signalling maintenance and installation • longitudinal way beam replacement • lineside and track drainage • UTX installation • minor civil engineering and building works • track monitoring • infrastructure and topographical surveying • ground model design • CRT management • electrical engineering. Depots and sidings • design and build • construction of new sidings and facilities • slab track and pit road track construction • minor civil engineering works • maintenance/track patrolling and emergency. alongside their day-to-day work. This way of working allows them to focus on what they do best, as 1stinrail focuses on what it does best. Tel: 08455278440 Email: [email protected] Visit www.1stinrail.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 143 Speciality Greases- making a point of being on time. Do you aim at improving the reliability and longevity of railway points? Do you need greases that resist washout and freezing cold just as well as tropical heat? Would you like to reduce environmental impact by using readily biodegradable lubricants? Proven speciality lubricants from Kl端ber Lubrication contribute to smooth railway operation and help to save real money by enabling longer lubrication intervals and longer component life. Kl端ber Lubrication: High-technology lubricants made to the highest standards Kl端ber Lubrication GB Ltd Bradford Road, Northowram, Halifax, HX3 7BN Tel: 01422 205115, Fax: 01422 206073 [email protected], www.klueber.com your global specialist Business profile A permanent feature In order to progress in the thriving UK rail industry companies have to supply a reliable service to the public, requiring a proficient approach to the design of permanent way design B ased in the heart of York, pbh’s team has an extensive knowledge of permanent way that can provide a professional consultancy service and up-to-the-minute designs. For more than a decade the company has continued to build on its success, an approach that gained it a UKwide client base. The business was founded in 2003 by engineers Darren Pudsey and Cecil Becker. Combined, the partners have more than 30 years’ permanent way design and survey experience at multinational companies and have worked in Europe, Africa and Asia. The company’s employees have been handpicked for their permanent way design work capabilities and exacting standards, attributes that enable them to manage a vast range of project deliverables for numerous clients. pbh has a strong belief that all enterprises can be judged, to some extent, on the quality of their personnel and considers its workforce to be some of the best and most experienced in their particular fields. This has enabled pbh rail to establish a strong reputation for good service. Future plans and ambitions The future for the business remains bright and there are many possibilities and opportunities, as it has evolved to provide a 3600 approach to railway engineering projects. To facilitate further progress, pbh is continually expanding and developing the business – by growing existing departments and introducing new ones the company hopes to not only maintain its current reputation but to enhance it. Expanding its business into different regions of the UK has always been an aim for the company and due to recent CP5 reorganisation, should become more of a possibility. Recent clients • Network Rail • GNGE • CTRL • Babcock • Carillion • Donaldson Associates pbh’s rail business philosophy highlights that it’s not all about just increasing the workload but always ensuring the delivery of high standards, to budget and on time. Design capabilities • switch and crossing renewals • plain line renewals/recanting schemes • high output • tamping and realignment schemes • slab track schemes • London Underground/light rail • Heritage Railways • gauge restoration/track lowering schemes • proposed platform renewals and extensions • track condition surveys/technical reports • gauging analysis and reports To discuss the timely and cost-effective delivery of your permanent way design requirements, contact Darren Pudsey. Tel: 01904 655 666 Email: [email protected] Visit www.pbhrail.com July/August 2014 Page 145 Your solution with our knowledge Meet us at InnoTrans 2 014 Hall 2.1 Sta nd 305 23. - 26. Sep tember Berlin A new world of Passenger Information & On-board Entertainment Solve! Reduce the problem with unstable internet for passengers. We provide rich and valuable content for “offline” mode usage while the existing WiFi connection will get more capacity. Satisfy! Our platform simply increases customer satisfaction as they can easily be entertained via their own device. Easy and affordable! Monetize! Our platform enables train operators to increase ancillary sales via flexibility, high conversion rates and innovative billing models. FOCON Electronic Systems ApS \| Damvang 2, DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark \| Phone: +45 73 42 25 00 Page 146 July/August 2014 www.focon.com Business profile Tracing and locating Vivax-Metrotech has developed a Network Rail-approved multi-frequency transmitter unit that can mark out the routes of power cables and signal cables on site better than ever before V ivax-Metrotech’s vLoc2 receiver and transmitters are now approved for use throughout Network Rail. This important step for the company means that, for the first time, a high end cable locator can be used to its full potential on the network. This was made possible by working closely with Network Rail and one of its approved third party assessment bodies. Network Rail maintenance crews and its contractors can now use the latest technologies to ensure a safer and more productive working environment for both crew and network infrastructure. Normally, a rail contractor would use a high end locator receiver with the only transmitters that have been approved – a single frequency or dual frequency, very low powered transmitter. A basic avoidance tool with the associated signal generator, can also be used. Problematically, this prevents the contractor from using all the features that they had paid for on the high end locator, or it also meant they would be using a basic avoidance tool to try and do more advanced precision location – both providing poor options. Unfortunately, the standard 33 KHz signal used is a ‘middle of the road’ frequency – it is okay for everything. The frequency cross-induces onto other services, which is fine if you are avoiding services but not so useful if you are tracing a particular line. It also goes relatively deep, and over an average distance, depending on the ground conditions and what you are looking for. Having the ability to choose what frequency is used reduces the risk of cross-induction and allows it to be optimised to best suit how the signal behaves in specific conditions. This feature saves time, money and, above all else, increases safety on site by enhancing the detection of underground utilities. Due to the vLocPro2 being a high end precision locator with a high end multi frequency transmitter, it allows all tools that are at the users disposal to do the job required – whether that is marking out the routes of power cables, signal cables or any other related task on a Network Rail site. The vLocPro2 and its 10 W power output – or 5 W power out transmitters – allows the user, for the first time, to use multi frequencies that range from low 128 Hz to much higher 131 KHz frequencies. Until now, only single 33 kHz frequency (or 8 KHz with a low powered transmitter), is all that has been able to be used. This is important because the selectable frequencies allow the user to distinguish between lines much more easily, allowing it to trace, follow and identify target lines. This increases confidence that the correct lines are being marked. One can be optimistic that, while using the vLocPro2 locator kit, the correct lines are being identified quickly and safely, thereby enhancing site safety for all. Mixing it up Using different frequencies and power outputs also means there is less likelihood of missing any underground utilities that are difficult to find with 33 KHz – typically experienced when using a small core cable, such as Telco. Higher frequencies can be chosen that have more power, which will ensure that these lines become more easily traceable. Taking these steps will reduce time, and therefore cost, on surveys, which will improve safety at the same time. A high frequency can be used to help find unearthed, or poorly earthed, cables and can detect the signal that comes off the target via induction – rather than relying on an earth. Using a low frequency reduces cross induction onto other lines allowing more accurate tracing. The vLocpro2 Locator has all the functions and accessories that a high end precision locator should have, including a compass line direction indicator, left/right directional arrows, GPS and Bluetooth, to enable mapping and a multitude of frequencies. Vivax-Metrotech has worked closely with contractors to ensure that they have got the best tools for the job. They include Carillion Rail, JN Bentley, Subscan, Adien and 1st Horizon Surveys – and all of them use the vLocPro2 on their fleet. For further information or a demonstration of the vLocPro2, or any of Vivax-Metrotech’s equipment, contact: Tel: 01392 368834 Email: salesUK@vxmt Visit www.vivax-metrotech.co.uk July/August 2014 Page 147 Page 148 July/August 2014 Business profile Filling the skills gap Enable Rail Academy is a specialist railway training and assessment provider. It offers a wide range of vocational qualifications along with safety critical, small plant, tools and equipment T he company, established in February 2013 by Robert Clark and Jonathan Ord, currently operates from Scunthorpe, Wakefield and Leicester â€“ with additional national coverage for on-site assessments and training. It has the flexibility and capacity to react quickly to client needs and is backed up by a delivery team that has more than 60 yearsâ€™ combined experience. Enable Rail Academy collaborates with stakeholders in rail and is keen to continue this throughout its business â€“ even working alongside another training provider, if required. Currently, there is not a single provider that has the capability or capacity to address the skills gap that exists in the industry on its own. Until a more united approach to training and assessment is developed and embedded within the rail training fraternity, the sector will struggle to provide the skills and opportunities needed to attract the next generation of rail engineers. Enable Rail Academy is always looking to address the gap in skills, both directors have worked closely with NSARE (National Skills Academy Rail Engineering) and the awarding body EAL (Excellence Achievement Learning) to assist and support an improved programme. The company is able to offer both EAL and City and Guilds-accredited qualifications that gives the client greater choice over many of the other providers in the sector. Working with various colleges and large engineering providers has helped the business to establish and maintain a diverse and flexible rail offering. This approach benefits the employers (having gained a skilled, credible workforce) the learners (who now have bespoke and individualised training) and the rail sector as a whole. Keeping standards high Record levels of investment are unlikely July/August 2014 Page 149 Bring passenger load data intofocus focus in real-time into with a DILAX DILAXsystem system Whether installed onboard or at the station, you can rely on DILAX solutions for compiling accurate passenger load reports. DILAX has been installing automatic passenger counting systems for over 20 years. Our unique adjustable infra-red bi-directional sensor has been shown to give excellent results in all kinds of installations. Our system now offers real-time counting capability for extended counting applications such as PIS announcements of load in each vehicle or for station announcements of train load. Please contact us for full technical details of this unique feature of the DILAX system. With over 600 rail vehicles installed with our systems on the UK network alone, we can claim to be the most experienced and trusted supplier of passenger counting systems in the UK. We are trusted by train manufacturers and operating companies alike to provide complete passenger counting systems from the doorway sensor through to the data management software. All our hardware components are designed by us and manufactured under stringent quality conditions and we develop our bespoke software solutions to our customerâ€™s requirements using our own software development resources. When you buy an automatic passenger counting system from DILAX you can be sure your investment will bring consistent results for years to come. Call us today for advice and information about all aspects of automatic passenger counting systems. DILAX Systems UK Limited. Unit 3, Calico House, Plantation Wharf, LONDON SW11 3TN Tel: +44 207 223 8822 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dilax.co.uk Page 150 July/August 2014 Business profile to continue if the sector is unable to demonstrate the capacity to attract and retain the necessary skill sets that are required to complete world class rail and civil projects. Enable Rail Academy is currently providing training and assessment for some 118 apprentices, including the up-skilling of 100 individuals that already work in the industry. The company’s main area of business is to support both SME’s and larger rail businesses to implement a robust, credible apprenticeship model and/or up-skilling programme. In most cases, up-skilling packages can be government funded by using initiatives such as the ESF (European Social Fund). The fund allows employers to benefit from cost-neutral training and assessment that leads to a more qualified and professional workforce that will achieve QCF rail qualifications. The ways in which apprenticeships are to be delivered, assessed and funded are set to change and, taking the recent success of trailblazers across eight sectors into account, this indicates that the apprenticeship framework is likely to sit well with employers. Understanding the changes vocational education is set to undertake, and working closely with employers, means that Enable Rail Academy is well positioned to compete in a buyer’s market for those seeking an apprenticeship programme provider. Workforce transformation The up-skilling of rail employees – which requires the utilisation of new and existing QCF rail qualifications and additional industry based competence, such as small plant – could transform an employer’s workforce in as little as 12 weeks. In its work with Kingfisher, Enable Rail Academy is set to deliver EAL’s new QCF L2 Track Renewals qualification, in addition to six individual items of small plant to 50 rail operatives. This will mean that, outside of the initial pilot, Kingfisher will be one of the first UK companies to undertake the track renewals qualification. In the future, Enable Rail Academy will offer traineeships to provide participants with a way into the rail industry. The course provides the essential work preparation training, maths and English, and work experience needed for an apprenticeship or a job – places are on offer from this month. The company plans to grow its range of apprenticeships in a responsible and sustainable manner and is looking to support additional employers with the up-skilling of their workforce. It also plans to open an HQ early next year, from which it will offer its widest portfolio of rail training assessments. Enable Rail Academy is keen to hear from any interested parties or businesses, whether help is needed through training, advice or consultation. Tel: 01724 859859 Email: [email protected] Visit www.enablerailacademy.co.uk GLOBAL CONSULTING SURVEYORS 3D Laser Scanning Complete BIM Deliverables for Rail - Bentley AECOsim & Autodesk Revit KRONOS Monitoring & TBM Guidance Systems Geotechnical and Structural Monitoring Buried Services Survey Full Permanent Way Surveys Engineering and Survey Setting Out Works Call our London office to discuss your requirements: 0203 178 6644 [email protected] \| www.murphysurveys.co.uk Registered Providing Railway Surveys for 30 Years July/August 2014 Page 151 v Cemex Rail Solutions have supplied over 8 million concrete sleepers to the UK market in the past 24 years Market leader and main supplier to both Network Rail and LUL for sleepers with capacity to service the private sector. Production Capability to supply in excess of 600,000 sleepers and 80,000 linear metres of concrete crossing bearers per annum. Recent experience of supplying slabtrack units to Network Rail. Excellent logistics and loading capabilities with facilities to load and marshal wagons in dedicated sidings. Dedicated quality and technical support. Flexibility to design and manufacture sleepers and Crossing Bearers to meet site specific conditions and requirements Range of Cable Sleepers recently developed for plain line and S & C applications to eliminate use of surface pipes and to replace under track crossings. For further information and to obtain a copy of our latest product brochure please contact our sales ofﬁce on 0121 327 0844. CEMEX.indd 1 21/05/2014 14:02 Station Development Steelwork & Metalwork • Footbridges – Staircases – Lift Shafts • Canopy Repairs – Cladding • CMS Steelwork • Platform Extensions – Tactiles • Access for All – Ramps – Handrails • Gantries – Walkways • Balustrades – Fencing • Structural and Bridge Repairs • Train Shed Roof Refurbishment • Depot Refurbishment Major Projects include: Waterloo – St Pancras – Victoria Paddington – Kings Cross London Underground Station Upgrades Link Up & LUL approved • ISO 9001 Registered Seeable create interactive 2D & 3D visualisations to view on mobile, tablet and pc. They are tailored to your health & safety, training and engineering needs. [email protected] M +44 (0)7970 702 083 T +44 (0)8700 34 2222 seeable.com @makeitSEEABLE Page 152 July/August 2014 Structural Steelwork – Architectural Metalwork Survey – Design – Fabrication – Installation Website: www.mcnealybrown.co.uk E: [email protected] T: 01795 470 592 TM Prentis Quay, Mill Way, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME10 2QD People News Charles Horton CEO, COO and CFO appointed for TSGN franchise The creation of the leadership team for the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern (TSGN) franchise is underway at Govia (65 per cent Go Ahead/35 per cent Keolis joint venture) with the appointment of Southeastern will be the new chief financial officer. She is currently finance and contracts director at Southeastern and London Philip Hoare New MD for Atkins’ UK Rail business Philip Hoare, who previously led Atkins’ UK Highways & Transportation business, is set to replace Douglas McCormick, who is taking up an assignment to develop the blueprint for increasing the company’s presence in the rail market. other appointments... Jim Crawford to join the HS2 construction team HS2 Ltd has appointed Crawford as programme director – phase one. He joins from Network Rail where he was the major director for the Thameslink upgrade. HS2 Ltd Construction CEO Simon Kirby said: ‘Jim Crawford‘s experience speaks for itself but I know just how capable he is from our time together at Network Rail working on the multi-billion pound investment in Thameslink. I am very pleased that someone of Jim’s calibre is joining us as we have much to do between now and when we expect to have spades in the ground in 2017.’ Nick Howers joins Frazer-Nash The engineering consultancy says it continues to expand its rail capability with the appointment of Howers as a consultant. He joins from London Underground where his most recent role was fleet assurance manager. At Frazer-Nash he will lead the delivery of the range of technical skills the firm offers for rolling stock projects. managing director, Charles Horton, as chief executive officer. Dyan Crowther will be the new chief operating officer. She is currently route managing director for London North Western. Wilma Allan Midland. CEO of Go-Ahead, David Brown, said: ‘Our plan is to put together a great team to oversee the largest franchise in the UK, and this is an excellent start.’ A recruitment process is set to commence for the MD role at Southeastern and the FD role at London Midland. Elodie Brian, currently Southeastern’s deputy finance director will be promoted to finance and contracts director for Southeastern. July/August 2014 Page 153 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MANAGER DONCASTER \| c£65,000 - £70,000 PLUS BENEFITS “An excellent professional level role in a strong rail business” Our client is a market leading supplier of engineering services in the growing UK rail industry. The business continues to be successful with a strong customer base and has experienced considerable growth in recent years. As part of a global group of companies, our client is well positioned for further progress with excellent opportunities for talented professional engineers and a culture of advancement and career development. The role of Electrical Engineering Manager reports to the Engineering Director and focuses on delivering electrical engineering expertise into a wide range of projects, recognising the increasing innovation, complexity and variety of electrical and electronic systems in rail. Key activities of the Electrical Engineering Manager will include to: • Provide a professional level technical lead to the electrical engineering activity • Maintain and develop a team of electrical engineers able to support and meet customer and project requirements • Ensure that design and other work is delivered in accordance with industry and legislative standards, managing change processes as required Manage the procurement and delivery of third party engineering design, consultancy and approval services • Identify opportunities and undertake engineering reviews and studies into the development of new and improved products or services, overseeing testing and development • Support colleagues across the whole engineering function and facilitate relationships with customers, suppliers and a range of third parties in UK rail Candidates should ideally be graduate level Electrical Engineers with experience gained at professional levels in a relevant engineering environment in rail or other sectors. Engineering people management and development experience should be allied to a strong technical background and supported by the personal and operational skills necessary to be part of the engineering management team at a senior level. This is an outstanding role for a person seeking to advance their career in a strong and well regarded business in the progressive UK rail industry, that is also part of an established and successful international group. The role will be based at Doncaster and support can be available for those needing to relocate. Please submit your cv and covering letter to [email protected] or contact Rod Shaw on 0115 959 9687 with any particular queries Recruitment Driver Team Manager - Inverness When we say “every day a new journey” we mean it. Expect many different challenges as you put the customer first, growing through training that develops your confidence as a person and your long term security as an employee. We’re all about safety, integrity, quality, accessibility and professionalism. Are you? Responsible to the Business Manager, Inverness for ensuring Drivers deliver a safe, punctual and reliable service and that they are competence assessed to carry out the role. Monitor staff within your team ensuring their capability to provide a high level of service and to carry out their role efficiently. Ensure that all relevant First ScotRail standards are fully implemented and carry out grievance, sickness absence and investigatory discipline interviews and LLC union meetings where necessary. Investigate safety incidents using findings to ensure awareness of other Drivers through briefing. Ensure compliance with all H&S rules, operations manuals, rule books and group standards, and when required undertake the rostering of Traincrew. Ensure the service delivery plan is met and implement adhoc contingency plans during times of disruption. Responsible for staff booking on in a fit and proper state, in full uniform and with relevant equipment as required, ensuring that notices and documentation relating to operational and commercial requirements are uplifted and receipted. Maintenance of notice cases as required. You will be a good communicator with people management skills and have an A1 (Assessor qualification) trained, or equivalent. A NEBSM certificate or equivalent qualification is also desirable. A sound knowledge of competence standards with a good operational background is required, particularly incident management and performance monitoring. A three year minimum period of experience in a driving role is essential, as is a sound knowledge of diagramming, rostering and conditions of service for Traincrew. This position involves a pattern of normally, any five days from seven. On call arrangements for operational incidents. Closing date: July 11th 2014 For further details and to apply please visit https://uk.firstgroupcareers.com/vacancy/814/description PWAY DELIVERY ENGINEER London Salary - in the region of £35,000 per annum plus an attractive package A large rail engineering contractor is currently recruiting for a Pway Delivery Engineer to provide support and offer expertise on track replacement and renewal works. GLOBAL REACH, LOCAL DELIVERY Direct and execute work (Track & Drainage) as required by the Construction Manager and under the functional leadership of the Technical Delivery Manager. PROJECT MANAGER - RAIL BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES WWW.ATA-RECRUITMENT.CO.UK F in d m o re jo b s at South West (Swindon or Bristol) Salary: £50,000 per annum + car & package Due to an imminent influx of bridges and structural work, our client, a leading civil engineering contractor is looking to recruit two Project Managers. They will be responsible for delivering these long term projects and securing more work in the western region. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGER – RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE Hertfordshire, with projects southern based Salary - £35,000- £40,000 per annum + car (or allowance) & package An exciting opportunity has arisen for an Environmental Manager to join a growing principle contractor in the UK rail sector, working on a variety of multi-disciplinary projects. Reporting to the Group Environmental Manager, the successful candidate will deliver significant improvements to environmental performance on projects, including reductions in energy consumption, increased recycling and provide a comprehensive and professional environmental advisory service through the company. For further information on the above roles or to enquire about other vacancies with ATA, please contact the Rail team on: 01332 861326 or email your details to [email protected] referencing RAILSTAFF + Job Title Influencing your energy strategies with integrated solutions UK Power Networks Services is a leading provider of electrical infrastructure with significant experience of working on high profile transport projects such as High Speed 1, High Speed 2 and Crossrail. UK Power Networks Services: • Consistently delivers results on the most challenging projects • Can undertake the total requirements of any strategic infrastructure project • Has access to a wealth of international experience in providing finance solutions Contact us by visiting: www.ukpowernetworksservices.co.uk Consulting	Bombardier
Which oart of the body can be described as true, false or floating?	RailStaff August 2013 by Rail Media - issuu issuu RailStaff Issue 189 / August 2013 THE MOST POPULAR PUBLICATION IN THE UK RAIL INDUSTRY Winner. Rail Team of the Year. stobartrail.com Paul Seller has returned to Lloyd’s Register Rail. PAGE 37 Class 800 Heads East. Hitachi Rail awarded a £1.2 billion order for Class 800 trains. PAGE 5 Railway Children founder, David Maidment OBE, was startled to ﬁnd himself at the centre of a train naming ceremony at the National Track Plant Exhibition at Long Marston. The naming came as a complete surprise to David. Unsuspecting he pulled the curtain cord to reveal his own name. Pictured: Steve Featherstone, David and Stephen Haynes. Continued on PAGE 4 helping to build the nation McGinley Support Services provides the industry with the staff and resources to design, build and maintain Britain's rail infrastructure. National Track Plant Exhibition report. The National Track Plant industry’s ‘Track Innovation Showcase’. PAGE 18 0845 543 5953 or visit: www.mcginley.co.uk COMMENT Asif Ahmed Craig Smith Paul Curtis Contact Email Addresses News: [email protected] Pictures: [email protected] Adverts: [email protected] Subscriptions: [email protected] Contact Details RailStaff Publications Ltd Ashby House, Bath Street, Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, LE65 2HF. Tel: 01530 56 00 26 Web: www.railstaff.co.uk Email: [email protected] Printed by Pensord. RailStaff is published by RailStaff Publications Limited. A Rail Media Publication. SPECIAL FOCUS HS2 has cleared what we hope is its last legal hurdle “The rail industry is successful because of the hundreds of examples of individual effort, professionalism and career commitment…” acknowledging their skill, the wider industry has a deeper, better answer. People pull together on the railway. The rail industry is successful because of the hundreds of examples of individual effort, professionalism and career commitment. PAGE 6 Those who mourn should take comfort that this industry is a better place because of the service rendered by the departed. Their example will serve as our inspiration, their achievement only recognised in the ﬁnal audit of our times. © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM RailStaff Such is the sense of dynamism and conﬁdence this year in the rail industry that it is hard not to see RailStaff this month as a ‘phewwhat-a-scorcher’ summer special. HS2 has cleared what we hope is its last legal hurdle. The National Track Plant Exhibition has been a huge success. Staff up and down the network are raising money for charity. New works continue driving forward a host of capacity enhancing initiatives. But for many this summer marks the passing of someone they love. The sun shines in vain on the mourner and bereaved. In these pages we remember two down to earth railway supporters, John Dennis and Colin Nash. Both enjoyed family life, a beer with friends on a summer’s evening and the prospect of talking about an industry they served with exemplary commitment. Their silence is hard to bear. Moreover, as autumn approaches many railway staff will retire taking with them irreplaceable knowledge. They can have the satisfaction of knowing their career marked the turn around and the expansion of an industry only recently written off as an economic basket case. The sum total of what the railway has achieved over the last few years is much greater than the sum of its parts. Analysts struggle to explain such arithmetic. Whilst PAGE 40 Plant & Equipment Focus In September’s RailStaff Four square rail arithmetic CIRAS: Fit for today, ready for tomorrow RailStaff reports in detail on the the latest developments in plant and equipment that were on display at the National Track Plant Exhibition, held at Long Marston in July. If you want to contribute, get in touch now. Please contact Paul Curtis or Tom O’Connor on 01530 560026. Rail operators are generating more than four times as much money for government to reinvest in rail than 15 years earlier. Paul Russell is looking at some radical changes that would transform the way CIRAS is funded and operates. www.railstaff.co.uk 3 Railway Children founder in Train Name Surprise when David Maidment OBE was approached to help unveil a name plate on a Colas Rail Class 66 loco he stepped up to the plate without a second thought. The Railway Children charity is keenly supported by railway staff up and down the network and David, who founded the charity, has proved a busy ambassador for the cause. David was visiting the National Track Plant Exhibition at Long Marston where the 219 exhibitors and 3,700 visitors raised £8,750 for the charity. Says David Maidment, ‘The naming was a complete surprise. Initially I was unaware that an engine was to be named, then when asked to perform the ceremony, I assumed the locomotive was to receive the name ‘Railway Children’ and I was speechless - well nearly when I unveiled my own name on the side of the Colas Rail heavy freight engine.’ Organised by Network Rail and supported by the Rail Alliance and the rail engineer magazine, the National Track Plant Exhibition brought together suppliers of plant and equipment and leading decision makers, engineers and contractors from the rail industry. People were able to watch demonstrations of rail mounted equipment on the rail connected site and compare notes in an informal atmosphere. The whole event reﬂected the continuing rise in rail industry conﬁdence. Many of the visitors had long supported the Railway Children taking part in various network-wide fund raising activities. Says Steve Featherstone of Network Rail, who organised the event, ‘A few weeks ago I did the 4 Three Peaks Challenge by Rail on behalf of Railway Children. This gave me an opportunity to understand some of the great work the charity does. Much of that work is a result of the vision and passion David has shown since founding the charity in 1995. ‘Stephen Haynes, (Managing Director, Rail Services, Colas Rail) had provided engines as logistical support for the show and he asked did we know anyone deserving of an engine naming. It was a pleasure to invite David to unveil the nameplate and recognise the outstanding contribution that he has made to Railway Children and to the wider railway industry.’ Connecting people David Maidment set up Railway Children in 1996, following an encounter with a young girl begging on a railway station in India. For the past 18 years, he has dedicated his life to raising awareness of the plight of children living alone and at risk on the streets and railway platforms. Adds Tom O’Connor of the Rail Media Group which supported the event, ‘The train naming capped a relaxed and hugely beneﬁcial two days. Communication is the central purpose of the railway. ‘Every day rail helps men, women and children communicate by connecting people with their homes, businesses, schools and places of work in comfort and safety. Passengers are looked after as much by track side staff, engineers and ﬁtters as by train crew and station staff. ‘It is a face-to-face, people intensive, industry. Helping people in the industry itself to communicate and better progress new plant, technologies and ideas is essential if we are to continue to grow the railway. “I was speechless well nearly - when I unveiled my own name…” DAvID MAIDMENT, THE RAILwAy CHILDREN ‘All of us at Rail Media are committed to helping the industry communicate with conﬁdence and precision. It is ﬁtting that our support for the little people so less fortunate than ourselves should have been reﬂected in the train naming by David Maidment - an exemplar of the compassionate, can-do and practical qualities of the rail industry. Long may the work of the Railway Children continue. ‘Long Marston was a camera shot of the industry at its best. Many thanks to Network Rail’s Steve Featherstone and his team and all who supported the National Track Plant Exhibition, which was a resounding success.’ Andrew Robbins reports on the National Track Plant Exhibition in this issue. www.railstaff.co.uk NEwS Class 800 Heads East The Intercity Express Programme has made further progress this summer as Patrick McLoughlin conﬁrmed a £1.2 billion order for a ﬂeet of Class 800 trains for the East Coast main line. The 270 carriages will be assembled at Hitachi Rail Europe’s new purpose-built factory in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. The ﬂeet forms the ﬁrst part of an overall £5.8 billion Intercity Express Programme. The class 800 series will be operational on the East Coast Main Line from 2019. Says Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin, ‘By signing this deal we have provided further proof of our determination to transform Britain’s railways into a world-class operation through continued investment and state-of-the-art technology. ‘This new order for class 800 series trains is part of the Government’s commitment to invest in our nation’s infrastructure. This will not only deliver signiﬁcant beneﬁts to passengers by further slashing journey times and bolstering capacity, but will also stimulate economic growth through improved connectivity between some of Britain’s biggest cities. This is good news for rail passengers and for British manufacturing.’ The rail plant in County Durham will be operational from 2015. Says Alistair Dormer, Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Hitachi Rail Europe, ‘This follow-on order by the Department for Transport is great news for passengers on the East Coast Main Line who can look forward to quicker journeys travelling on highquality trains, with more seats and passenger space, built to the latest safety standards. ‘This order is a tremendous boost for Hitachi Rail Europe’s new factory with its 730 future employees in County Durham and for the British supply chain. This order extends ﬁrm orders at the factory until the end of the decade with signiﬁcant capacity remaining available for further UK and export contracts actively being pursued.’ Last year the DfT agreed an initial order for 596 carriages with Agility Trains, a consortium of Hitachi and John Laing. As well as building at Newton Aycliffe, Hitachi is also planning to construct maintenance depots in Bristol, Swansea, west London and Doncaster, and will upgrade existing maintenance depots throughout Britain to service the class 800 series trains. The ﬁrst batch of class 800 series trains will enter revenue-earning service on the Great Western Main Line in 2017 and on the East Coast Main Line in 2018. The full train ﬂeet will comprise 122 complete train sets, some ﬁve-vehicles long and others nine-vehicles long. A class 800 series train has a higher seating capacity than existing units in its class. A 9-car train will have wider aisles and 131 more seats than the equivalent Intercity 125 High Speed Train (HST) and 188 more seats than a comparable offthe-shelf new 9-car train, with no compromise on leg-room. For an equivalent 200m train, the class 800 series train provides over 30% more seated capacity than an existing diesel Intercity 125 (HST). Saving You Time & Money Healthcare Connections believe in a flexible, proactive approach to managing your occupational health needs. As well as providing individual Network Rail & London !"#$%$&'!"( )#"+,-./( 0#( &1#$( ,( &187%+#$! C=DEFE! 8#$%&'(!4#;%&#G(%#2!%(3&'(4,+5(&!(6$,+5(7,.6#$8 Specialising in the rail industry, we design tailored solutions to meet your needs. Short notice bookings welcome. ! "#$%&'(!)&##+%+, www.healthcare-connections.com t: 08456 773002 e: [email protected] www.railstaff.co.uk i @Healthcare247 5 NEwS Four square rail arithmetic modest, most recently on average around 3% of turnover. The key factor driving the £3.2 billion increase in passenger revenue has been the phenomenal rise in passenger journeys. 96% of the increase in revenue has come from passenger journey growth, as opposed to 4% from fare changes. The report has the backing of the Rail Delivery Group. Says Tim O’Toole, CEO of FirstGroup plc and Rail Delivery Group Chairman, ‘By working in partnership with Government, 96% Network Rail and the rest of t he fro incre of the m pa ase i as sseng n rev e opp er industry, jou nue os far ed to rney has c ec o franchised han 4% fr grow me ges om th, train companies will continue to strive for a bigger and better railway. This is not simply because encouraging more people to travel by rail is good for our business, but because it is vital for the future of the economy and the country.’ operators have increased the money they generate for Government to reinvest from £400 million in 1997-98 to £1.7 billion in 2011-12. This money is helping to reduce public subsidies and sustain the biggest investment programme seen in railways in decades. At the same time, the operating margins of train companies have remained Provencal Bonus Bob Crow calls for new political party © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM Rail operators are generating more than four times as much money for Government to reinvest in rail than 15 years earlier, according to a report, ‘Growth and Prosperity,’ published by ATOC. The startling report is based on data analysed and collated by KPMG. By signiﬁcantly growing passenger revenue while containing costs, wily train Eurostar sales revenues powered up 7% during the ﬁrst half of 2013. Passenger numbers continue to increase with more than 200 extra services laid on to help meet demand over the summer period. The new service to Provence has proved a great success with many trains running at full capacity. Speaking at the Durham Miners Gala, RMT General Secretary Bob Crow called for the launch of a new political party to better advance the interests of workers. In a statement Mr Crow urged the trade union movement to support the creation of a new party to challenge head on the pro-business, anti-worker agenda of the three main political parties, Tory, Labour and Liberals. Influence © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM Says Bob, ‘We have seen Ed Miliband dancing to the tune of Tony Blair and the rest of the New Labour conspirators as he seeks to hack away at the last remaining shreds of inﬂuence held by those who created the Party that he leads, the trade unions. ‘If others want to stick around and be insulted by those whose only interest is our money and not 6 our ideas then that’s a matter for them, for the rest, there is a whole world of opportunity outside the constraints of the Labour Party and RMT would urge them to embrace it and join us in this new political project.’ Freedom He continued, ‘RMT was expelled from the Labour Party almost a decade ago and in that time we have actually increased our political inﬂuence as we have had the freedom to back candidates and parties who demonstrate clear support for this trade union and its policies. ‘If others now join us after the contempt that they have been shown by Ed Miliband, then together we have a world to win. This is a moment of huge opportunity for all those sick and tired of Labour’s embrace of pro- business, pro-EU, neo-liberal policies and we should seize it with both hands.’ The Durham Miners’ Association organised the ﬁrst Gala in 1871 in Wharton Park, Durham. It developed into the largest unofﬁcial miners and trade union gathering in the United Kingdom. At its peak the Gala attracted over 300,000 people. Banners would be brought on foot from collieries all over the north east. www.railstaff.co.uk Clean sweep for John Dooley A former BR carriage cleaner has capped a 30 year career on the railways by being promoted onboard operations manager First Hull Trains. After a long career working mainly as a train manager, union representative, standards manager and station manager, John Dooley has now taken up the post at the company’s headquarters in Europa House in Hull. John started his working life as a carriage cleaner with British Rail in 1983 at Heaton Carriage Sidings in Newcastle when he was just 17. ‘My dad worked on the buses and my mum was a clippy so transport of some kind was always going to be something I went into it seems,’ says John. ‘I saw an advert for a job at British Rail in school and was taken with the idea. I absolutely loved my ﬁrst day of work experience and as they say, the rest is history.’ Mr Dooley progressed through different jobs, eventually becoming a passenger guard working out of Newcastle before taking on the same role but based at Hull, where he has spent the majority of his career since. However he did have a ﬁve-year hiatus from Hull when he lived in Brighton and worked in London King’s Cross as First Hull Trains station supervisor. ‘Being a railwayman is something which stays with you for life. My friends are railwaymen, you can stand in a pub in any part of the country and if you meet someone else who has worked on the railways there is an immediate bond, a shared interest and understanding,’ says John. ‘I’m really pleased to have been able to work my career in the industry and I have been happy ever since I joined First Hull Trains after what will be 10-years now. I used to love listening to the old tales when I grew up with the older generations of railwaymen and women and I suppose now I am one of the elder statesmen – it’s me saying ‘I remember when’ now but I see the same enthusiasm in some of the younger staff members as I recall having myself. It’s an industry I have always loved and one I always will.’ After rail privatisation, John worked within numerous franchise businesses, including Arriva and Northern Spirit, as a guard. Says Keith Doughty, First Hull Trains’ service delivery director, ‘John is an asset to the business, he is an asset to the city and he is a great man to have around the place. He understands what we are trying to deliver and works hard to get everyone working towards the same goals. I think he is a great appointment and I am sure he will do a fantastic job.’ Carmody heads safety at Spencer Group Erwin joins RvEL Lee Carmody has been appointed group health and safety manager at engineering and rail infrastructure company, Spencer Group. The promotion comes following Carmody’s initial three month period with the business as a risk advisor. Lee has 20 years’ experience of the rail and civil engineering industries. He has been appointed to co-ordinate best practice across the business. ‘Spencer Group has a reputation for striving for excellence in everything it does. There are no half measures and I am very pleased to have been appointed to this role,’ says Lee. ‘Almost on a weekly basis, Spencer Group becomes bigger and stronger. My role is about taking the excellent work which is being done in different areas of the business and embedding it across everything we do. ‘There can be no corners cut when it comes to health and safety in the industries which Spencer operates in and I am conﬁdent in saying that it is the number one key performance indicator for the business already. In the coming weeks I will be reinforcing the message that everyone within the business must get behind what we are trying to achieve.’ Lee Carmody started his career working for British Rail, later gaining experience in rail maintenance and renewals for infrastructure companies. Most recently he worked for Hewlett Construction Group and before Railway vehicle Engineering Limited has appointed Pete Erwin as Professional Head of Engineering and a nonexecutive director. Erwin began his career in the early 1970s as an apprentice at Derby Carriage Works, moving on to BR’s Research division, and prior to rail privatisation Interﬂeet Technology. Most recently he has worked as Head of Fleet at Network Rail’s National Delivery Service. Starting in July, Pete will take the lead in developing RVEL’s engineering standards and policies as well as acting as the public face of the business. Says Andy Lynch, Managing Director of RVEL, ‘I am delighted that Pete has chosen to join RVEL. He brings a wealth of engineering experience and practical problem solving skills which will help the business to continue its focus on meeting the needs of our growing customer base.’ 8 that GrantRail Ltd. Often acting as the point of contact for day-to-day advice and assistance, Mr Carmody has a prodigious track record in championing safety improvement. He has extensive experience in accident and incident investigations. Mr Carmody is a member of the International Institute of Risk and Safety Management (IIRSM), the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health and the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment. www.railstaff.co.uk Cross London Trains team appointed Higgins to head Construction Council Cross London Trains, XLT, the organisation set up to purchase Desiro City trains from Siemens and to lease them to the Thameslink franchise, has made two senior appointments following the recent contract award for 1,140 new rail carriages. Andy Pitt has joined XLT as Executive Chairman. Pitt is currently a non-executive director of Transport Catapult Systems Limited. He has previously worked as managing director of South Western Trains Limited and was rail business development director for Stagecoach Group plc. He is a former member of the ATOC board. Pitt organised the £1 billion procurement of SWT’s Desiro ﬂeet. Charles Doyle will join Cross London Trains as Managing Director from Transport for London where he has Sir David Higgins has been named co-chair of the new Construction Leadership Council together with business secretary vince Cable. The Council will oversee efforts to implement the recommendations of the Construction 2025 strategy document. The Construction Leadership Council is the latest in a long line of attempts over the years to provide an effective pan-industry forum for working with government, dating back at least to the National Economic Development Council, whose construction committee ﬁnally withered on the vine in the early 1990s, to be replaced by the Construction Industry Council. The Construction 2025 document sets out four measurable objectives to be achieved by 2025. These are: spent the last seven years in various ﬁnancial positions, most recently as a Principal of Commercial Finance. In his time at TfL Charles was involved in a number of rolling stock and infrastructure PFIs and procurement programmes. Before TfL, Charles ran his own transport business, and spent 11 years as a Corporate Financier in the City for JP Morgan and Robert Fleming. XLT’s shareholders are 3i Infrastructure plc, Innisfree PFI Secondary Fund 2 LP and Project Ventures Rail Investments Limited, a Siemens Project Ventures group company. “XLT was set up to purchase Desiro City trains from Siemens…” • a 33% reduction in both the ini- Maroudas moves to Eversholt Rail Fred Maroudas is the new Chief Financial Ofﬁcer at Eversholt Rail. Fred succeeds Simon Purves and will join the business on 2nd September. Mr Maroudas had previously worked as Finance Director for Heathrow Airport. Fred is Deputy Chairman of Local Partnerships, the joint venture between the Local Government Association and HM Treasury, and is a Director of the UK Green Investment Bank. He has a BA (Hons) degree in History and is a www.railstaff.co.uk qualiﬁed solicitor. Mary Kenny, Chief Executive Ofﬁcer of Eversholt Rail, said, ‘We are looking forward to welcoming Fred to Eversholt Rail and working with him and our recently appointed Chief Operating Ofﬁcer, Andy Course, on the strategy to take the business forward.’ Maroudas serves as a director of the Railways Pension Trustee Company Limited. He served as a Director of Heathrow Finance plc from July 31, 2009 to October 08, 2012. He served as a Director of Heathrow (SP) Limited (formerly BAA (SP) Limited) from July 31, 2009 to October 8, 2012. He was responsible for ﬁnancing at HM Treasury Taskforce and Partnerships UK. He served as a Director at Network Rail Infrastructure Finance Plc. tial cost of construction and the whole-life cost of assets • a 50% reduction in the overall time from inception to completion for new build and refurbished assets • a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment • a 50% reduction in the trade gap between total exports and total imports for construction products and materials. The rail industry’s pioneering work on reducing costs on major projects and ensuring they come in on budget and on time will be valued by the council. Andrew Wolstenholme of Crossrail is also on the council. Sir David is continuing as chief executive of Network Rail. Charlie goes ahead Charlie Hodgson has been appointed Managing Director - Rail Development at Go-Ahead. He succeeds Alex Hynes. Hodgson joined Go-Ahead group in April 2012 as Director Business Analysis responsible for rail strategy and overseeing rail franchise bids at Go-Ahead. Before that he was at KPMG for nearly ﬁve years where he supported Govia on its winning South Central franchise bid in 2009. Further rail experience includes a three year stint at the DfT as franchise sponsor and before that a 12 month spell at the Strategic Rail Authority as an economist. Charlie read Economics at Manchester University. Says David Brown, Group Chief Executive of GoAhead, ‘Charlie’s experience and expertise will be invaluable over the coming months as we work to secure new business including DLR, Thameslink and Crossrail. I am pleased that the depth and experience within our Rail Development team means we can promote an internal candidate.’ 9 Mixed Doubles for kemble Making sure public money in railways continues to be well spent, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, visited railway staff hard at work doubling the kemble – Swindon line in July. This summer between 9th August and 2nd September, mixed teams of over 600 people will be 10 out in force to reposition six miles of existing track. Signalling and telecoms equipment along the line will also be moved in order to make room for the installation of 12-miles of additional track. The chancellor enjoyed meeting staff and reafﬁrmed the Coalition Government’s backing for rail. ‘It’s great to see this work underway, delivering a scheme that will improve connectivity and boost the economy in Swindon and the broader south-west. I hugely enjoyed meeting those working on the scheme,’ said George Osborne. ‘We need to invest in the longterm infrastructure that will equip our country to compete in the global race over the coming decades. That’s why we’re upgrading the Swindon to Kemble line, part of the largest investment in our railways since Victorian times and spending more than £300 billion on infrastructure over the next Parliament.’ The Beeching closures continue to be rolled back. Says Patrick Hallgate, route managing director for Network Rail Western, ‘We are entering a very exciting phase of the project as we will be restoring this stretch of railway to what it was before Beeching. ‘The investment on Swindon to Kemble railway is vital to meet growth and to secure a rail future for passengers. In addition, good rail links stimulate private sector investment and enable sustained productivity. The railway gives more than it takes and by investing in schemes like the redoubling of Swindon to Kemble, we are also investing in the future of Britain.’ Once the scheme is completed in 2014, the railway between Swindon, Stroud and Gloucester will be capable of running more trains and providing a better service. First Great Western can’t wait. Says Mark Hopwood, FGW managing director, ‘We have been talking to our customers about these improvements for some time and we are grateful to them for their feedback and help in realising this project. This upgrade is vitally important to improve our customers’ travel experiences for the future.’ www.railstaff.co.uk NEwS Technology, Design, Maintenance - RvE2013 Thursday, October 3rd sees the return of the Rail vehicle Enhancements Show to Pride Park, Derby. The free to attend show, organised by Kevin Lane from Onyxrail invites rolling stock engineering consultancies, leasing companies and train operating companies to meet with experts from leading companies including, Brentto Industry, Creactive Design, DC Airco, Icomera, Infodev, Televic, and many others to discuss how their products, services or designs can help improve current rolling stock assets. Following on from RVE 2012 held in London and Derby, RVE2013 will feature more companies bringing their products and services right into the heart of the rail industry in Derby. Technology Kevin Lane, show organiser commented “Technology such as passengers seeing how full each www.railstaff.co.uk carriage of an approaching train is on their phone, sending texts or RSS based bulletins directly to information screens on the train, providing location based advertising or advising drivers of the optimal speed to improve punctuality and minimise energy usage all sounds futuristic but all of these technologies are available today and can be installed retrospectively to existing rail assets. Uplifts are driven by the need to be innovative in the franchise bidding process, or to look more deeply into how assets can remain not only leasable but of increased value to operators whilst delivering real beneﬁts to the passenger or the operator.” Design Passengers want a good travelling experience, to be well informed and to travel in cool carriages. They also expect value for money within the ticket price. These demands provide challenges to operators balancing service and cost. Maintenance The need to keep rolling stock in continued service means that investment in rolling stock assets is essential to ensure that they are up to date, meet passenger expectation and are sought after by train operators. These initiatives make it all the more timely to take the opportunity to overlay maintenance and refurbishment with vehicle enhancement programmes. The event for 2013 is being supported by the rail engineer, RailStaff and The Rail Alliance and will be bigger, broader and better than RVE2012. There are a few exhibitor spaces left if you would like to exhibit. Attendees to this free event can be assured of a rewarding visit so put RVE Derby on 3rd of October in your diary. Register for free online now at www.rve2013.co.uk 11 Sun blockade Major improvement work on the railway between warrington and Preston was successfully completed after nine consecutive days of intensive engineering. Four life-expired junctions were replaced and three miles of track re-laid boosting line speeds and guaranteeing reliability. According to a spokesman, hard working staff consumed 900 barrels of water and slathered on 3,000 bottles of sun cream used as track temperatures rose as high as 46C. The nine day project pushed ahead through virgin Trains’ Pendolino ﬂeet has been upgraded and overhauled. In a special thank you event at Alstom’s Longsight Traincare Centre in Manchester the Longsight team were joined by senior management from both Alstom and Virgin Trains to mark the end of the £60m process. Says Mike Hulme, Vice President Train Life Services UK & Ireland for Alstom, ‘There’s been a real buzz every time I’ve been on site and I’m very proud to have been part of the organisation that delivered these two very complex programmes.’ The last of the H3 Pendolinos – 390002 – is now back in service, having been turned around by the team at Longsight in just over a fortnight. ‘The H3 programme was already pretty complicated and then we decided to make it even more complex by also carrying out the integration of two extra cars,’ says Mike Hulme. The Pendolino ﬂeet has been in service for more than 10 years and has completed an additional 2.5 million miles of reliable service 12 one of the hottest weeks of the year. Says Martin Frobisher, area director Network Rail, ‘I was in the cab of the ﬁrst test train over the line this morning and I’m pleased that under some tough weather conditions we’ve been able to deliver on time, this vital improvement which will make journeys on the west coast main line more reliable and punctual. ‘I would like to thank passengers for their support and cooperation during the closure, as well as our industry partners who we worked very closely with to prepare for and deliver this critical project.’ Usually, Network Rail would have carried out work of this kind over a number of bank holiday weekends requiring train services to be replaced repeatedly by alternative transport. By carrying out the work in a nine-day continuous spell this summer, engineers were able to complete the replacement of four junctions around 16 months earlier to avoid disrupting rail travel plans for many weekends and nine bank holidays over the next two years. ‘I congratulate the engineering team at Network Rail for completing this very challenging piece of work on time. A key section of the West Coast Main Line will now immediately provide better reliability for our customers and in the longer term is another stepping stone in our quest for faster journey times for Anglo Scottish services,’ says Phil Bearpark, Production Director Virgin Trains. welsh whistle A Ffestiniog & welsh Highland Railway locomotive has been ﬁtted with the whistle from Mallard’s 1935 sister locomotive, Silver king, to mark the record breaking 75th anniversary run of the A4 Paciﬁc Mallard. One of LNER’s best-known drivers, Bill Hoole, drove Gresley’s A4 Paciﬁcs regularly between London and Scotland. Hoole moved to Porthmadog to become a driver on the Ffestiniog Railway when he left King’s Cross shed. He was given the engraved chime whistle on his retirement in 1959. Last year it was presented to the F&WHR by Hoole’s grandson, Bill Poacher. Red Garratt NG/G16 No. 138, built in Manchester in 1958, now carries the whistle. In 1959, another A4, Sir Nigel Gresley, driven by Bill Hoole, set the post-war speed record of 112 mph, also on Stoke Bank. He was later unofﬁcially reported as having driven the same loco at 117 mph. Hoole drove on the FR from 1959 until his death in 1979 and is buried in Minffordd Cemetery. His gravestone reads Bill Hoole: Engineman Extraordinary. Staff Buzz praised since the H2 overhaul. In addition to the overhaul work, the Longsight team extended 31 of the nine-car trains to 11 cars at the same time. Says Tim Bentley, Managing Director of Alstom’s West Coast Main Line activities, ‘We’re delighted to reach the successful conclusion to a hugely complex and challenging activity.’ He praised the combination of engineering capability across the group and the local expertise of staff at Manchester. Chris Gibbs, Chief Operating Ofﬁcer at Virgin Trains, was equally delighted with the overhaul. ‘I know there’s a huge amount of work that goes into it – you’ve done your jobs very well. On behalf of not just our staff but also our customers, I’d like to say thank you for doing a top quality job.’ Top performing staff at Longsight also completed the overhaul of Northern Rail’s 17-strong Class 323 regional ﬂeet this month. “We’re delighted to reach the successful conclusion to a hugely complex and challenging activity….” TIM BENTLEy, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF ALSTOM’S wEST COAST MAIN LINE ACTIvITIES www.railstaff.co.uk NEwS The DfT has approved Transport for London plans to take over commuter services that run from Liverpool Street to Enﬁeld Town, Cheshunt via Seven Sisters and Chingford. This Includes 25 stations. TfL will become responsible for 23, while two larger stations, Liverpool Street and Cheshunt, will remain the responsibility of Network Rail and Greater Anglia. Says Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, ‘You only have to look at the success of London Overground to see how TfL taking over this commuter service will transform the journey for passengers. It will also open up the North-East of London and drive jobs and growth in Tottenham and beyond.’ TfL promises better reliability and smarter, cleaner, stations. No date has been ﬁxed for the transfer, although TfL hopes that it will be during 2015. As with London Overground, TfL will A pair for all seasons Two rail staff who met at work have married. Wendy Coleman is a systems and compliance manager at Virgin Trains. Andy Garrett is a catering and logistics manager also at Virgin. The pair have been together for ten years. Systems and logistics ﬁnally fell smoothly into place at a sumptuous wedding. www.railstaff.co.uk © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM Transport for London to take over commuter services appoint a private sector operator to run these services on its behalf. Says TfL’s Managing Director for London Rail Mike Brown, ‘We are pleased that the Department for Transport has agreed to devolve rail services to TfL so that we can make improvements for the thousands of passengers using Liverpool Street to Enﬁeld Town, Cheshunt via Seven Sisters, and Chingford services. We will make these services more reliable, upgrade facilities at 23 stations along the routes and ensure we are fully accountable to our Saved on the 4th July passengers. ‘There is much work to be done to ensure a transition of responsibilities in 2015 and also to establish a close working relationship with Greater Anglia so that where we share tracks, we are able to operate efﬁciently.’ Independence Day celebrations almost came to a premature end for one wheelchair user on the washington D.C. subway system. The disabled man lost control of his electriﬁed wheelchair and powered over the edge of the platform onto the railway tracks. However an off duty soldier, Michael Menchaca, saw what had happened and jumped down onto the tracks. The subway system in Washington has third rail electriﬁcation. Menacha was able to undo the man’s seat belt and with the help of another passer by lifted the man to safety. The rescue was brought off as staff watched the incident on CCTV and rushed to stop trains on the line. ‘I was just doing the right thing pretty much like anyone would have done,’ Army Specialist Michael Menchaca told WJLA News. 13 vital training for Tresham rail apprentices Trainer Sean Whittaker (left), Lawrence Dobie (right) and Rachel Kay (second from right) with Vital apprentices at Tresham College. vital Skills Training, part of vital Services Group, is celebrating the launch of its Level 3 Rail Engineering partnership with Tresham College of Further and Higher Education, kettering, after the ﬁrst 16 learners commenced training. The group is the ﬁrst to undertake the NVQ Level 3, which combines practical training as well as classroom-based tuition. Both organisations are members of the National Skills Academy in Rail Engineering (NSARE) and this is the ﬁrst time that Tresham College has been able to deliver speciﬁc NVQ Level 3 courses in Rail Engineering to meet the needs of a growing region. The apprentices, who are aged between 16 and 18 years old, started their courses on Monday 29 July 2013 and will regularly visit Vital’s base at the Greenacres Centre in Mowmacre Hill to undertake practical training on the Great Central Railway. The Level 3 qualiﬁcation will be the skill level required on the Midland mainline, which runs through the area. The group was welcomed on site by Vital’s education and training director Lawrence Dobie. He said: “We are delighted that the ﬁrst Level 3 apprentices have started on the programme. “The course will provide the learners with the skills, knowledge and experience they need to be competent rail engineers and we are so pleased to be working together with Tresham College to offer something which we believe to be unrivalled in the region.” Rachel Kay, Tresham College’s Managing Director and Deputy Principal, added: “This is an ideal partnership for all concerned. Both parties are committed to providing opportunities for people from all backgrounds and giving them the support they need to achieve their career goals. “This new programme gives our students a chance not just to earn while they learn, but also to enter a vibrant industry where there is a huge demand for suitably qualiﬁed staff. We’re conﬁdent that this will be a long and successful partnership that will offer young people an exciting and viable career path.” To ﬁnd out more about apprenticeships at Tresham visit www.evolve-tresham.co.uk or visit www.vital-skills.com or call 0161 836 7024. The rail industry is stepping up efforts to attract young people to the cause this summer with a special course at Bath University. Says Gil Howarth, Chief Executive of NSARE, ‘We are delighted to be working with The Smallpeice Trust and LRF to raise awareness of the exciting career opportunities railway engineering can offer young people.’ Over 100 potential teenage engineers attended the three day taster course at Bath University. Organised by the National Skills Academy for Railway Engineering and the Lloyd’s Register Foundation the course explored the design, construction and operation of railways. The 13-14 year olds looked at railway engineering through a series of presentations and practical exercises. Working in teams, they tackled real-life challenges on projects designed and facilitated by young engineers from industry. The companies taking part were Babcock Rail, FirstGroup plc, Network Rail and Transport for London. Projects included designing and building: a railway track complete with bends, bridges and tunnels and an operational signalling system. 14 © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM Early bath for engineers Says Eileen Kinghan, Director of Grants at LRF, ‘For a third year, LRF agreed to support Smallpeice’s railway engineering Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) Days and a residential course. The Smallpeice initiatives give young people an understanding of the skills they need to develop to equip them for the new and increasing opportunities that we are seeing in this fast-moving sector.’ The LRF and NSARE are also sponsoring an advanced Railway Systems Engineering course for 15 to 17 year olds this summer which will take place at the University of Birmingham. Says Dr Andrew Cave, Chief Executive of the Smallpeice Trust, ‘We are most grateful for the continuing support from NSARE and LRF on this programme. Rail is one of the greenest forms of transport and massive investment is being injected into our railway infrastructure. ‘Giving young people the opportunity to discover for themselves the excitement, challenge and reward of a career in railway engineering is vital in encouraging the engineers of tomorrow while equipping them to meet the social, environmental and economic challenges of the future.’ www.railstaff.co.uk TRAINING... sponsored CAREERS by vital Skills Training TRAINING FOR THE FUTURE By Lawrence Dobie, Education and Training Director at vital Services Group. Twelve months ago when we began contributing to this magazine, we found ourselves looking positively towards the future of the rail industry, excited about the prospect of training opportunities that would deliver on the many large scale projects in the pipeline. Now, a year on, and just a few months away from the start of Control Period 5 (CP5), it feels like a good opportunity to take stock of where the industry stands. During 2012, major changes to the training review process saw the previous Achilles audit replaced with NSARE’s accreditation scheme. Initially viewed as a controversial regime, the change from what was essentially a tick box exercise to a renewed focus on quality of the learner experience, has really changed things for the better. A positive move This was evidenced in the ﬁrst round of inspections which recognised six providers as outstanding. Out of those reinspected in round two, a number of other organisations have improved their grades from good to outstanding - a positive move for the industry. Whilst this is a positive outcome, there is still some way to go, especially as David Cameron has labelled the signiﬁcant railway upgrades to begin in 2014 as the ‘biggest modernisation of our railways since the Victorian era.’ It is concerning that NSARE has identiﬁed that only 17% of the engineering workforce has qualiﬁcations at higher academic levels (above A-Level). This highlights the major gap in skills and is something that will continue to increase unless radical action is taken. Strategic relationships As we all know the nature of the rail industry is that large-scale, capital investment projects can take decades to plan and implement and I welcome the Railway Technical Strategy’s recommendation that we should be developing strategic relationships to learn best practice from other industries so that we can minimise the risk in adopting new skill sets. In recognition of this, employers are beginning to demand better quality training and facilities for their employees. An example of this was in a tender we recently received which requested evidence of how we brief our trainers and assessors, how we monitor and evaluate their performance and the scope and location of our training facilities. It’s promising to see that across the industry, employers, training providers, suppliers and support organisations such as NSARE, are all working together towards the same end goal of developing a skilled, quality workforce that is equipped to deliver on the many exciting opportunities that lie ahead of us. Helping our clients get from... Track A Web. All change at Nottingham Hot news Barry Donovan, Maria Donovan and David Melbourne from Nottingham City Council are joining the railway this summer to act as ambassadors at the station. An extensive £100m project will see Nottingham re-signalled, six miles of track re-laid and three junctions replaced. Two level crossings will be replaced with footbridges. Three signal boxes and Trent power signal box are closing and their functions transferred to with the hot spell baking the capital, TfL is advising passengers to carry water, not to travel if unwell and to take care what you wear. New air conditioned trains, which have been running on the Metropolitan line for the last couple of years, are now being put into service on the Hammersmith & City line. Later this summer the Circle line will have air conditioned trains. Meanwhile two of London’s busiest Tube stations, Green Park and Oxford Circus are beneﬁtting from the station cooling systems that were installed last year, which reduce temperatures at platform level. Other work to improve ventilation shafts, restore out of service fan systems and portable fans will also be helping cool passengers this summer. However Derby signalling centre. Nottingham station will be refurbished and a new platform added. The ambassadors will be joining railway staff at the station to advise passengers. Trent Power Signal Box bowed out after 44 years of service on Friday 19 July. Train 5D05, an empty stock movement from Eastcroft depot to Derby, was the ﬁnal service signalled out by the box that evening just before 11pm. Park’n’Pedal Drawing on its Dutch heritage, Greater Anglia has built a bicycle centre at Chelmsford station. The new CyclePoint combines secure cycle parking with cyclehire and maintenance facilities in a single location. Such centres are a common sight in Holland. Local MP for Chelmsford and transport minister, Simon Burns MP, joined Ruud Haket, managing director of Greater Anglia to open the ﬁrst of the new CyclePoints. Greater Anglia is planning other CyclePoints at Cambridge, Colchester, Ely, Ipswich and Norwich stations. The Day’s Yard site between the station and the car park has space for 1,000 cycles. Passengers who may have moaned at the opening musical jingle before public service announcements at Glasgow Central are rejoicing at the station’s new status as a live music venue this summer. Every Friday evening at ﬁve o’clock, live bands play on the main concourse. The scheme lasts until September. The ‘Virgin Trains presents… Live at Central’ idea proved a hit during the Glasgow International Jazz Festival last June. Now an extended programme of events has been put together throughout the summer. The Live at Central concerts are part of a cunning plan by staff at Network Rail and Virgin Trains to transform the station into a cultural hub ahead of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Says Ross Moran, Network Rail’s Station Manager at Glasgow 16 Central, ‘Our vision for Central is clear: to be the most innovative, creative and exciting station in the UK. For us, it is simply not enough to be a venue where people idly wait for trains. We aspire to be a cultural hub: a city within the city, where music and the arts can be celebrated.’ Bands playing Live at Central this summer have included Burt and the Bacherettes, Oompah Brass and Penman Jazzmen. Says Marty McGowan, Virgin Trains’ Commonwealth Games Liaison Manager, ‘Glasgow Central Station is more than just a transportation hub, it’s also a central stage and a place of excellence for us to show off some of what our ﬁne city has to offer. We are especially excited to be showcasing some really great acts as we move closer to 2014, mindful of what a year this will be for the City of Glasgow.’ Says Simon Burns MP, ‘Used in combination, bike and rail offers one of the most environmentally friendly forms of travel. That is why DfT have provided £200k funding towards this innovative new cycle hub which will give people more options to make greener travel choices. ‘I am pleased that Abellio are using their experience and knowledge in the UK to introduce more ground-breaking cycle facilities. This is the sort of thing we need to be doing across the country to make it easier for people to cycle to and from the station.’ CyclePoint represents a signiﬁcant investment of £680k by Greater Anglia, with support from the Department for Transport (DfT), Essex County Council and Network Rail. © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM Live at Central the big challenge remains cooling the deepest parts of the London Underground. The tunnels only allow enough room for trains. There is no space for air conditioning ducts. Says Phil Hufton, LU’s Chief Operating Ofﬁcer, “The new air conditioned trains have proved a massive success on the Metropolitan line and now customers on the Hammersmith & City are starting to feel the beneﬁts. Throughout the coming months further new air conditioned trains will be introduced on the Circle line. But we know there is still a lot to do and cooling the other deeper lines of the Tube remains a considerable engineering challenge, but one which we are actively addressing.’ In the future running trains with a smaller kinematic envelope could allow room for air ducts. The next generation of underground trains will also be engineered to generate less heat. www.railstaff.co.uk Track plant event best in show The ﬁrst National Track Plant exhibition, held last month at Long Marston, showcased the best of the industry innovations – and generated good business. Over two blazingly hot days in July, a huge contingent of rail companies and kit rumbled into Long Marston, Warwickshire, for what amounted to the track plant industry’s ﬁrst county show. Over 3,700 visitors and 219 exhibitors ﬂocked to the National Track Plant Exhibition; organised by Network Rail, Rail Media and networking group The Rail Alliance. 18 Billed as “The Track Innovation Showcase”, the event was the ﬁrst of its kind to be held in a railconnected venue. This allowed heavy rail-mounted plant, such as cranes and tampers to be brought in – hence the need for everyone to wear full PPE. Once a train depot for the military, the site is currently used by owners MotoRail Logistics and other companies to store rolling stock and plant, and as a training facility. Range of suppliers From massive cranes and tampers to handheld tools, the show spanned the track plant industry – from conventional plant to some unexpected offerings. Areas covered included: track plant hire, fuel systems, electronics, communications, sealants, track crossover systems, track safety protection, acoustic fencing, the Territorial Army’s only dedicated rail engineering unit, emergency lighting, blast protection, environmental management, surveying, civils, generators and industrial gases. There were also talks from senior ﬁgures from Network Rail and other contractors, a hospitality tent, demonstrations and opportunities for visitors to try out new kit for themselves. “Many of the facilities here have been provided by the exhibitors,” said Sharmila Sohanpal, of Network Rail’s organising team. “People were keen to get involved as well as exhibit. So we had Aggreko, for example, providing the generators, MacRail doing visitor and exhibitor checkin, and security from OnGarde and Black Diamond Security. In addition, A Plant supplied washroom facilities, and Westwood the catering.” www.railstaff.co.uk NATIONAL TRACk PLANT EXHIBITION Showcase for innovation Uma Shanker, Head of Business Improvement and Engineering for Network Rail’s Infrastructure Projects Track Programme, explained the reason for the show. “Control period ﬁve (CP5) from 2014-2019 will bring huge challenges for us. The industry needs to ﬁnd innovative and collaborative ways to work, and this exhibition acts as a showcase for that. “At this show, people can talk to each other, and bounce ideas around. On top of this, they can see machines operating and live demonstrations in an operational, rail-connected environment.” Live track renewal Visitors and decision-makers had their pick of exhibitors to look over – from Network Rail to smaller suppliers of tools, plant and equipment, such as DualInventive. A highlight was the “live” onsite renewal of 400 metres of track – the ﬁrst-ever at a European track plant show – planned and delivered by Babcock and a team of its suppliers. Bruce Wright, Babcock Business Improvement Manager, said the aim of the renewal was to show how innovative plant and construction techniques could deliver a conventional track renewal with a minimal labour contingent. “It was a real team effort to overcome difﬁcult site conditions, such as interfacing with the existing track work, which consisted of 75 lb rail bolted www.railstaff.co.uk directly onto mass-produced concrete sleepers, installed during World War II.” The delivery team included staff from Babcock, McCullochs, Quattro, Torrent, Morson, 3D Trimble supplier Korec, and Swietelsky Babcock Rail, which provided the tamper to ﬁnish the renewal off. Simon Higgens, Senior Programme Manager, said the renewal had gone well. “We wanted to demonstrate to the wider industry what’s out there and what’s available, and we did that. “Given the tight possession regimes we’ll see during CP5, I suspect that a lot of the technology used at Long Marston will become commonplace.” Commercial success The relaxed atmosphere and sunshine stimulated commercial activity at the event. Deals were struck, product awareness raised, and new contacts made – between companies and Network Rail, and among the suppliers themselves. A case in point was neighbouring exhibitors Keltbray Aspire, with its ranks of plant, and Avonwood, manufacturer of the Zonesafe vehicle protection system for pedestrians. Paul Murphy, Head of Rail Plant, Keltbray, explained: “We were at the show to demonstrate to Network Rail our capabilities, such as bridge and tunnel maintenance, track renewal, rail piling and overhead line installation. “But it’s also been good for networking purposes, and for doing business. For example, we had a look at our neighbour Avonwood’s Zonesafe road rail vehicle (RRV) proximity warning systems. We’ve now arranged to trial two of their systems, with a view to potentially purchasing them, depending on the trial outcomes. Joe Rinaldi of Avonwood explained how Zonesafe works. “Zonesafe is a proximity warning system for any vehicle or RRV on the railway. Pedestrians working near the vehicle wear an RFID (radio frequency identiﬁcation) tag. If a pedestrian gets within an adjustable detection zone, from 3-9 metres’ distance of the vehicle, a 19 NATIONAL TRACk PLANT EXHIBITION 20 control box in the cab sets off a visual and audible alarm, alerting the driver of the pedestrian’s presence. “Paul saw how the system worked, liked it and bought the system for a couple of his projects.” roped-off area, a tracked robot resembling a model of a World War I tank was busily driving around. “These are remote-controlled slope mowers,” explained Richard McMurtry of the Gloucestershirebased McMurtry Ltd. “They can be used on steep slopes, up to 45 degrees, where health and safety issues might limit the use of strimmer gangs.This is our ﬁrst venture into the rail market, so we’ve been talking to Network Rail about how to get product approval. Small is beautiful New products to market Past the looming 500-tonne Ainscough crane near the site entrance, dozens of road-rail vehicles (RRVs) ranked along the lines, and the live track renewal, was the small exhibitors’ area – dubbed “Marrakesh Village” by organisers. There, rows of small white marquees hosted some of the most exciting developments for the future of track. From McMurtry’s remote-controlled robot mowers to Cintec’s waterﬁlled blast protection for buildings and Arbil’s sleeper-lifting devices, the village proved a hotbed of innovation. At the far end of the ﬁeld, in a Network Rail’s Steve Featherstone, Programme Director, Track, sponsored the event for the company. “A lot of suppliers have a good idea, but don’t know how to bring it into the industry, so our product acceptance people made themselves available to explain how we approve new products and services. “They also kept an eye out for anything that might prove useful for helping us meet our demanding targets over the next few years.” Chris Browne, Senior Engineer, Plant and Traction & Rolling Stock, was a member of Network Rail’s product acceptance team. “The event was an ideal opportunity for us to talk through our approvals system and explain why we have it. “A lot of companies need support when they’re ﬁrst breaking into the rail industry, and we helped point them in the right direction. We also helped bring manufacturers together, to improve their products for the industry’s beneﬁt.” Larger suppliers But while Network Rail product approval was key for many companies, larger suppliers were scouting too. Ben Mills, Business Improvement Engineer for Track Partnership – the infrastructure partnership between London Underground (LU) and Balfour Beatty Rail – said the partnership’s teams had visited almost all the stands at the show, looking for new ideas and meeting existing contacts. “We’re rewriting the process of how we replace track on the Underground. Every second counts, and we have to work hard to minimise disruption for the four million people who travel daily on the Tube. To support this challenge, we looked for, and found, all sorts of useful kit at the show. “For example, we recently www.railstaff.co.uk NATIONAL TRACk PLANT EXHIBITION Visitor reaction introduced LU’s ﬁrst new sleeper for 30 years – the Cemex 1502 with Pandrol’s Fastclip FE fastening. At the show, we were able to talk to our suppliers about the next steps for the system. “Then there’s the Unimog RRV from Mercedes-Benz-Zagro, which featured on Balfour Beatty’s own stand. Using Unimogs means we can extend the scope of track renewals, and we also spotted other equipment that we can combine with to make our work even more efﬁcient. “We’re also bringing in the Nonintrusive Crossing System (NICS), so it was good to see that company at the show. The NICS allows us to create virtual sidings and crossing points, helping to transform our approach to renewals in engineering hours on the Underground. In turn, this will reduce station closures and minimise disruption.” 22 Colas Rail provided a number of live demonstrations with the 125 tonne rail mounted Kirow crane lifting a locally stored tank wagon high into the air (pictured, page 20) and the PEM/LEM machines demonstrating their unique capability to not only lift and move track panels and S&C units by rail but to ‘walk’ these units when track is not available. Also, two track relaying machines (TRM’s) demonstrated their capabilities to remove and install track panels quickly and safely. Over at the live renewal site, visiting Network Rail Project Manager Simon Brett declared himself impressed. “It’s a chance to see things outside the box in track renewal – things that are on offer that we don’t do now, but could help us increase our efﬁciency in future. Seeing it in the ﬂesh deﬁnitely brings that home.” Network Rail colleagues Francesca Wallace, Access Planner, and Lisa Riley, Planning Specialist, said their visit had been worthwhile. Said Lisa: “It’s been useful for us, and very interesting to see things like the live renewals and the demonstration of thermit welding. We spoke to lots of people, and even had a chance to sit in the Network Rail helicopter!” End of the show As the show ended, hundreds of weary, but satisﬁed visitors began to stream out the gates, passed by some of the larger pieces of kit on their way home. Over in Marrakesh village, Bryan Blareau of Henry Williams – manufacturers of trackside equipment including ﬁshplates, clamps and control cabinets – was one of the last to fold his tent and leave. “We’ve made some good contacts,” he reﬂected. “I’ve not had much chance to look around, apart from our neighbours, but we’ve seen the people we needed to see. For us, it was mainly about raising our proﬁle, and I think we’ve done that.” For organiser Colin Flack, chief executive, Rail Alliance, such opinions were more than welcome. “This has been a proper trade show, but I think people enjoyed it because of its informality. “The big rail exhibitions are brilliant and have a place, but this sort of event gives people at all sort of levels a chance to talk to each other; to meet people and see what other companies are doing. “The next stage for this event, I think, is for a much larger supply chain to get involved. It’s a great start. www.railstaff.co.uk Rail Team of the year 2012 Civil Engineering Projects & Nationwide Plant Hire Stobart Rail owns and operates an extensive fleet of specialised plant that is available for hire with or without operators on a nationwide basis including road-rail equipment to match the special requirements of operations on, or near the permanent way. The Company has an extensive range of earth moving, excavation and earth removal vehicles, enabling Stobart Rail to tackle the most demanding of tasks - this significant investment is continually being added to and upgraded and is predominantly used on Stobart Rails own contracted works. Stobart Railâ€™s substantial fleet of road-rail vehicles provides a comprehensive series of machine-to-trailer combinations, and also accommodates a host of highly specialised attachments; ranging from tamping and cabling equipment to ground investigation and soil nailing rigs. To enquire about hiring our plant for use on your next project (can include POL) or for our most recent plant register contact: Andrew Sumner Rail Contracts Manager t. 01228 882 300 e. [email protected] Gary Newton Estimating Manager t. 01228 882 300 e. [email protected] Dave Richardson Plant Manager t. 01228 882 300 e. [email protected] stobartrail.com HS2: the wider network, the wider benefits Conference sponsored by: Conference supported by: Think Tank, Birmingham Science Museum, Curzon Street, birmingham, b4 7xg. Thursday 19 September 2013 On September 19th, at Curzon Street Birmingham, Greengauge 21 is holding the one must-attend conference on HS2 for 2013. At this crucial stage, we are taking the opportunity to answer the key questions that still surround HS2. Our aim for the day is simple: to transform any lingering perception that HS2 is of limited, narrow benefit. It isnâ€™t: its beneficial effects extend right across the national rail network. Its impact on the economies of all of the cities and regions it serves will be highly beneficial â€“ both locally, and ultimately, to the national economy and exchequer. We will hear from a leading independent economist why the north of Britain should be better linked to London and the south east. On the day, we will be showcasing Network Railâ€™s new research into HS2â€™s impacts on the wider network, presenting findings for the first time in a public arena. The day will be attended by key decision makers from both the private and public sectors. TFFNPSF BOECPPLPOMJOFBU XXXHSFFOHBVHFOFUBVUVNOITDPOGFSFODF We will learn from HS2 Ltd about the new results from its leading edge work examining how the project will impact on city and regional economies, moving beyond the confines of traditional transport benefit cost appraisal. Again, this will be the first opportunity to discuss and debate this work in a public arena. The conference is being sponsored by the HSR Industry Leaders Group â€“ a group of private sector businesses that want to see HS2 develop and flourish. Make sure you are there! 'PSTQPOTPSTIJQPQQPSUVOJUJFTDPOUBDU 5PN0h$POOPS UPN!SBJMNFEJBDPN why attend? Recognising the people who keep the UK rail industry moving. RailStaﬀ Awards AWARDS PARTY: 5th OCTOBER, BIRMINGHAM WWW.RAILSTAFFAWARDS.COM Railway Lessons for Democracy The great advantage of the RailStaff Awards and one which sets it apart from so many other worthy award schemes is the involvement of the people it celebrates. Railway workers up and down the network and from every part of the industry are free to send in nominations and to vote on the outcome. This is more important than it seems. The rail industry is now leading the economy by example. Conﬁdence, value for money, emphasis on career development and responsible working practices all have lessons for the wider country which we serve. The railway had to learn the hard way. This was an industry only a few short years ago slated for managed decline and post-Beeching euthanasia, a sort of Liverpool p-way. Instead by dint of hard work, professionalism and admittedly tremendous strokes of good fortune - the rising importation of Chinese white goods and London’s economic upsurge - the railway fought back. Ingenuity and initiative Rail freight continues to grow. Investment and major projects are forging ahead. Trains now carry more passengers than they did in their hey day 70 years ago. That they do so on half the amount of track is in no small part down to the ingenuity and initiative of the people the RailStaff Awards salutes. New projects including new railways, new stations, electriﬁcation and track doubling are delivered on time and on budget. There are lessons here for a country struggling to ﬁnd stability in a changing world. It is no coincidence that our light hearted Back-to-School theme this year shines a light on rail’s lessons and logarithms. It is important to be involved, to vote. Public disdain for politics is at an all time high. Many people argue there is scant difference between the three major parties. Throw in the sight of MPs being jailed and the whole profession is debased. Boldness is not a crime This is unfair to the many MPs who work long and hard out of conviction. However they fail to take risks to get their message across. Boldness is not a crime and voters respond to it quite well. Look at the success of Nigel Farrage, even now considering his mistaken stance on HS2. Look too at Bob Crow’s call for a new true socialist party. The sight of the no nonsense secretary of the RMT entering the House of Commons and berating the besuited ones will be wondrous indeed. Can Bob and Nigel restore conﬁdence in our democracy? A healthy democracy starts with the people themselves – demos mean people – getting involved, arguing, discussing and then voting. Always remember to vote. Once again the railway, by selecting and voting for its own heroes, demonstrates democracy in action. The RailStaff Awards is all about the people who do the work. Those that excel are rightly recognised by their friends and colleagues. We look forward to saluting them and celebrating an industry that continues with conﬁdence to light the way ahead. Voting ﬁnishes on 16th August – so take a look now and make your vote count. Amy Selway of Transport for London won last year’s Newcomer-Graduate of the year 2012. FirstGroup backs Lifetime Achievement Award PAGE 27 Green Light for Westermo PAGE 29 WhO WILL BE HEAD BOY AND HEAD GIRL? NOMINATE TODAY ...for a National Railstaff Award and they could be on their way Back to School at the ICC on the 5th October 2013 and in with a chance to win ÂŁ1000! Nominate online at www.railstaffawards.com David Maidment Award for Charity Rail Safety Person of the Year Depot Staff of the Year Rail Team of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Recruiter / HR Person of the Year Newcomer / Graduate of the Year Samaritans Lifesaver Award Signal Engineer of the Year Rail Engineer of the Year Station Staff of the Year Rail Infrastructure TEAM of the Year Project Manager of the Year Rail Manager of the Year Train Driver of the Year Rail Person of the Year Trainer of the Year s n i k r e P Mr . HEADMASTER in association with FirstGroup backs Lifetime Achievement Award FirstGroup is the proud sponsor of the Lifetime Achievement Award at this year’s RailStaff Awards. The company is Britain’s largest rail operator carrying more than 310 million passengers per annum. It operates First Great Western, First Capital Connect, First TransPennine Express, First ScotRail, First Hull Trains and London Tramlink. It runs regional and commuter services, open access and light rail operations as well as high speed inter-city trains and overnight sleepers – everything from local services to long distance express trains. The company has a strong track record of investment with more than 700 new vehicles introduced and punctuality and performance increasing across each of their franchises since FirstGroup commenced operation. The company is committed to maintaining a leading position in the market through the upcoming franchising competitions. FirstGroup is also one of Britain’s biggest bus operators running more than one in ﬁve of all local bus services. In North America it is the largest provider of student transportation with some 50,000 yellow school buses and operates the iconic Greyhound coach services. Says Tom O’Connor, managing director of Rail Media Group, ‘FirstGroup has been a stalwart supporter of the RailStaff Awards and railways and the people who deliver them. The Lifetime Achievement Award is very popular and it is entirely ﬁtting that a company which grew from an employee-management buyout to a hugely successful international transport business should be backing this award.’ Delivering excellence Vernon Barker, Head of FirstGroup’s Rail Division, said: ‘The Lifetime Achievement Award recognises people who put their careers and much of their lives in to delivering excellence in the rail industry.’ He continued: “Right across the industry we work with staff at all levels who work hard to deliver services, look after customers and keep the railway safe and successful. As I visit our ofﬁces, booking on points, maintenance depots and stations – right across our operating companies – I see at ﬁrst hand the great work being done by colleagues day and night, 24/7. It remains a privilege to witness the commitment and professionalism of staff.’ ‘The railway, for many in the industry, is a way of life. Unlike most other sectors it is not uncommon to ﬁnd colleagues with 30, 40 and 50 years service. There are thousands of people, including many at FirstGroup, who have served the rail industry faithfully over many years. ‘The Lifetime Achievement Award reﬂects the passion and commitment of men and women that have dedicated their careers and lives to manning our trains, selling tickets, operating signals and building and maintaining trains and track. They are the real heroes of the industry.’ Proud sponsor of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the RailStaff Awards helping to build the nation Experts IN support services for infrastructure markets McGinley Support Services are pleased to be sponsoring Rail Infrastructure Team of the Year at the Railstaff Awards 2013 0845 543 5953 www.mcginley.co.uk www.railstaffawards.com ' '2 !"#$%&'(#!) !"#$%&&$'()$+,,$-./(( 0123"#$!456373!89":2;<7=6:>?=1 » A pr professional ofessional network network » Ar ea ev ents Area events » Academic qualifications » Pr Professional ofessional Development Development » CPD sc schemes hemes Our membership inc Our includes lud des an anyone yone involved involved in rrailway ailway oper operations ations in tthe h UK he UK.. T o find out what ar ey o missing out on visit… ou To are you www .railwayoperatorss.co.uk www.railwayoperators.co.uk 28 www.railstaffawards.com Green Light for westermo westermo Data Communications is sponsoring the Signalling and Telecommunications Engineer of the year award at this year’s RailStaff Awards 2013. The new award highlights important work being progressed by railway signalling and telecoms specialists throughout the industry. Says Phil Mounter, Infrastructure Projects Sales Manager at Westermo, ‘It is important to recognise the contribution made to railways internationally by railway signal engineers. Having a category devoted to Signalling and Telecommunications Engineers is important. We decided to back this new award as a way of saying thank you to the many signalling and telecommunications engineers at work in the rail industry and because we wanted to give something back to our customers, suppliers and staff.’ Says Tom O’Connor, managing director of the Rail Media Group, ‘Comprehensive re-signalling and better telecommunications means the need for new technologies and engineering skills has never been greater. We are delighted to welcome Westermo to the RailStaff Awards. I quite agree with Phil that we need to recognise the unique achievement and hard work of signalling and telecoms engineers in the rail industry.’ Data integrity Westermo products are built using high quality, military-grade components with low power consumption and data integrity in mind. Westermo offers some of the most reliable, secure and energy efﬁcient products on the industrial market today. Founded in 1975 in Sweden, Westermo now has a global reach. In Britain Westermo has been supplying Ethernet and serial industrial communications devices to the rail industry for many years. New ideas, top quality equipment and listening to the concerns of the engineers themselves has placed Westermo among the market leaders in signalling and telecommunications. Says Phil, ‘Every day we speak with signalling and telecommunications designers, installers, maintenance technicians, engineers and managers. This gives us a great advantage and explains why leading S&T engineers choose Westermo when building mission critical communications networks.’ Spread of best practice is integral to the Westermo approach. ‘Every year we host an annual rail summit where we invite the UK’s best S&T engineers along to learn from each other and show the latest products,’ says Phil. ‘This year’s event is at the Science Museum in London on Wednesday 30th October. We plan to invite the ﬁrst Signalling and Telecommunications Engineer of the Year to come to the summit and open the day.’ The RailStaff Awards recognise the achievements of railway staff from train drivers to engineers and trackworkers to train planners. This year’s RailStaff Awards take place at the Birmingham International Convention Centre on 5th October 2013 and are open to all who work and support the railway industry. For more info see www.railstaffawards.com and for Westermo see http://www.westermo.co.uk Proud Sponsors of the Rail Safety Person of the Year 2013 With a reputation built on safely delivering multi-faceted projects we continue to provide a service of exceptional value to all of our clients. Bridgeway Consulting’s diverse portfolio of services ensures our clients continue to benefit from our ‘one stop shop’ service offering. We know that the quality of our people ensures that we provide a quality service and this is why we are pleased to sponsor the Rail Safety Person of the Year in the 2013 Railstaff Awards. Engineering the future... °E]dcZ/%&)-.-%-* °lll#lZhiZgbd#Xd#j` °hVaZh5lZhiZgbd#Xd#j` www.railstaffawards.com 0115 919 1111 \| [email protected] www.bridgeway-consulting.co.uk 29 The Transp Transport port Fund Benevolent Fun nd is sponsor proud to spon nsor the Station S Staff of the Yearr award aw ward again this yyear. ear ear. PROUD TO O SPONSOR With the help of the TOCs, Network Rail and d other employers throughout througho out the public transport indus industry stry we now have over 40,000 mem members. mbers. For just £1 a week a variety varriety of benefits are available to you you, u, your partner and dependent ch hildren. children. Join today! t Rail Engineer o of the Year 2013 000 2000 0300 333 20 etd 00 38 38571 8571 e-mail [email protected] [email protected] rg.uk www.tbf.org.uk www.tbf.orrg.uk Transport Benevolentt Fund The Transport Benevolent Fund (known as TBF) is a registered gistered charity 032) and in Scotland (SC040013) SC040013) in England and Wales (1058032) Morson Group operates through two main subsidiaries, Morson International and Morson Projects. Morson International is the UK’s No1 Technical Recruiter and provides specialist engineering and technical personnel. Morson Projects provides outsourced engineering and project management design services. To date, Morson Group has presence is 57 office locations across the globe. T:: Manchester 0161 707 1516 T T: T: London 0207 633 2040 W:: www W www.morson.com .morson.com E: [email protected] Network Rail isNetwork proud Rail to sponsor is proud the RailStaff Awards 2013 to sponsor the RailStaff Awards 2011 From pioneering investment and development projects, to innovations that make everyday It’s your hard work – the individuals and teams services faster, smarter andwithin saferour – we industry – that’sbelieve helping in us build a better railway for Britain. the recognising and celebrating From pioneeringindividuals investment and development projects, and teams that are enabling to innovations that make everyday services faster, smarter the transformation of our network. and safer, we believe in recognising the excellence that’s enabling the transformation of our network. That’s why we’re very proud to once That’s why we’re very proud to once again sponsor this year’s again sponsor the RailStaff Awards. RailStaff Awards. Helping Britain run better A better railwaynetworkrail.co.uk for a better Britain networkrail.co.uk 30 www.railstaffawards.com The Rail Alliance are proud to be associate sponsors of The RailStaff Awards 2013 Whatever you’ve done. Whatever life’s done to you. Call Samaritans. No pressure. No judgement. We’re here for you. ŵĞ͘ ŶǇƟ 08457 90 90 90 www.samaritans.org * ud proud are pro ip are ship errsh tne artn Par rk Rail P ork two Samaritans/Netw ĂƌĚƐ ǁĂƌĚ ƚĂīǁ Ăŝů^ƚĂī ĞZĂŝů^ ŐƚŚĞZ ŽƌŝŶŐƚŚ ŽŶƐŽƌŝŶ ĞƐƉŽŶƐ ƚŽď ƚŽďĞƐƉ ith with p r tnership w pa n partnership IIn c ha r i t y registered charity A registered charges call charges latest call for latest website for our website see our lease see Please P London Underground London Underground proud to sponsor the 2013 RailStaff Awards At London Underground we recognise that our people are work for us that will help us achieve the success of critical to achieving our vision of a world class Tube for a delivering an upgraded network while carrying record world class city. So for the third year running, we are numbers of passengers. delighted to be an associate sponsor of the RailStaff 2013 is a big year as we step up the modernisation of the Awards. These awards recognise and reward the brilliant Tube to ensure it remains the engine room of the UK work, dedication and commitment of individuals and teams economy, helping to create thousands of jobs across the from across the rail industry. country. So it is fitting that our sponsorship of the At London Underground we’re firm believers in continuous RailStaff Awards will help to focus on excellence across improvement and development... and it’s the people who the rail industry. Itâ€™s BACK... The HR, Recruitment & Skills Awards 2013 NOMINATIONS OPEN! Help us find the best: Awards for Companies: Best Executive Search company in Rail Best Labour Supply Agency Best Rail Professional Recruitment company Best Training Organisation Awards for Teams: Best Training Team HR Team of the Year Awards for Campaigns: Best New Entrant Programme / Campaign Best People Strategy (Resourcing, Skills, HR) Best Recruitment Campaign Awards for Individuals: HR Manager / Director of the Year Outstanding Contribution to the Rail Industry Trainer of the Year Recruiter / HR Person of the Year RailwayPeople Nominate for free at www.railhrawards.com NEwS Maria backs Samaritans Maria Fowler, (The Only way is Essex) recently helped raise awareness of the Samaritans. Having recently called Samaritans herself, Maria has ﬁrsthand experience of the value of talking. ‘Samaritans is a fantastic source of support. I only wish I’d got in touch earlier,’ says Maria. ‘Talking to them really helped. It was like having a nonjudgemental friend, something that is hard to come by in real life. It is so important that people talk about their problems, and if things are getting too much, Samaritans is available, any time of the day or night.’ Samaritans is working closely with the railway industry – to reduce the number of railway suicides. People can get involved in the campaign by simply texting ‘SUPPORT’ to 70123 to make a £3 donation. Says Catherine Johnstone, Samaritans CEO, ‘It’s hugely important to talk about your problems, and Samaritans is here for anyone going through a tough time.’ This year Samaritans celebrates its 60th anniversary. Founder Chad Varah took the ﬁrst call to the service on 2 November 1953. Samaritans is on 08457 90 90 90 and in Ireland on 1850 60 90 90. Visit www.samaritans.org HS2 clears legal hurdles Sea-bay sensation at Swanage www.railstaff.co.uk A special six-car diesel passenger train from London used the newly restored bay platform at Swanage for the ﬁrst time since 1966. SouthWest Trains supplied train and crew for the UK Railtours excursion special. The ‘Purbeck Adventurer’ used two three-coach Class 159 diesel units coupled together. To accommodate the six-coach ‘Purbeck Adventurer’, the Swanage Railway fully restored and brought back into use its secondary bay platform No. 1 at Swanage station – a platform that will be used for a two-year trial train service to the main line at Wareham from 2015. Says Swanage Railway Company chairman Peter Sills, ‘It was a very successful day and hopefully the ﬁrst of many with 370 passengers being brought into the Isle of Purbeck to enjoy the delights of Corfe Castle and Swanage – thereby giving a boost to local businesses. The Swanage Railway contributes in excess of £10 million a year to the Purbeck economy.’ From left with the train in the bay platform at Swanage – holding a photograph of a steam train in that same platform in 1966 – are driver Matt Southern, who drove the train out of the bay platform, guard Ian Valet and driver Rob Thompson who drove the train into Swanage. © ANDREw PM wRIGHT work on preparations for High Speed 2 linking London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds powers ahead this summer after the Court of Appeal threw out further attempts to derail the scheme. The government will be introducing legislation in Parliament later this year to take forward HS2. Objectors used seven broad areas to challenge both the economics and the route of HS2. Says transport minister, Simon Burns, ‘By dismissing all seven grounds of appeal and declining to refer the case to Europe, this is the second time in four months a court has rejected attempts to derail HS2. Parliament is the right place to debate the merits of HS2, not the law courts, and we will introduce the hybrid bill for phase one before the year is out. ‘I urge opponents not to waste any more taxpayers’ money on expensive litigation and instead work with us on making HS2 the very best it can be. We continue to move forward apace with the crucial business of getting the scheme ready for construction in 2017 and delivering enormous beneﬁts for the country.’ 33 Long vision Marc Johnson reports 34 what does the name MTR mean to rail passengers in the Uk? Even London Overground customers could be forgiven for not instantly recognising the name - despite the fact that the company has jointly operated trains in the capital for the past six years. In Hong Kong, however, MTR is king of public transport. The company operates 46.4 per cent of the franchised public transport network and last year reported an underlying proﬁt of £800 million. It has the combined role of infrastructure manager and train operator, both leading major expansion projects and taking on the responsibility of moving close to two billion people every year. More than 30 years after opening its very ﬁrst line in Hong Kong, MTR is continuing to build more and is currently delivering ﬁve major infrastructure projects in the region, including the Express Rail Link which will connect the city with mainland China’s highspeed network. Although Hong Kong remains MTR’s stronghold, the company is gradually taking charge of more and more railways around the globe. In 2005, MTR decided to extend its reach, launching new businesses in Europe and Australia. The company now carries a further 3 million passengers a day in services outside of Hong Kong, with more in the pipeline. Despite obtaining operating contracts in London and Stockholm, MTR Europe chief executive Jeremy Long, who was approached in 2005 to lead the European arm of the business, said the company has ambitions beyond the UK and Sweden. ‘I think the next most interesting market to us is Germany,” says Jeremy, who began his career in rail 15 years ago, co-founding GB Railways. ‘We’ve begun to look at Germany only more recently. We’ve yet to submit a bid, but it’s our intention that we do start to bid in Germany. ‘We were engaged in the process that had started last year for part of the Berlin S-Bahn. That’s a tender that the Berlin authority intends to proceed with. ‘There is quite a signiﬁcant pipeline of tenders in various other regions and we’ll consider which of those are the right ﬁt for us.’ The Hong Kong effect As well as adding new franchises and concessions to its portfolio, MTR wants to get involved in more projects outside of Hong Kong. MTR took over operations on the Stockholm Metro in 2009, having unsuccessfully competed for another commuter railway in the city. Now four years into its contract, the company has www.railstaff.co.uk FEATURE To apply the Hong Kong model in Europe, Jeremy believes that it will mean working more closely with MTR operations around the world. ‘It’s about drawing the skills and the common expertise from the group. Not even just from Hong Kong,’ says Jeremy. ‘There are now common areas of expertise developing, for example between us here in Europe and Australia. There’s expertise that has now shown itself and proven itself in some of the new startups, the big startups, that have been taken up in mainland China.’ achieving high-operational performance that’s required. Out of that has come obvious interest in looking at the Crossrail opportunity which will be very, very important for London’s transport system. ‘I think it’s pretty clear that TfL want Crossrail to be one of the world’s best metro services. We recognise that and so it will be about meeting the challenge of the ITT, that we expect to see in a couple of months’ time, and responding to their bid early next year.’ “There is quite a significant pipeline of tenders in various other regions and we’ll consider which of those are the right fit for us…” JEREMy LONG, CHIEF EXECUTIvE OFFICER, MTR EUROPE Going underground In 2014, the winner of the Crossrail concession is expected to be announced and MTR is competing against Arriva, Keolis/Go-Ahead and National Express for the honour. It is a win that would propel the MTR name into the consciousness of commuters around the capital. Speaking about the Crossrail project, Jeremy said, ‘TfL, I think, are pleased with what London Overground has achieved. We have continued to see very high customer satisfaction and we’re © ELLINOR HALL © MTR STOCkHOLM contributed to the Stockholm 2070 study - a long-term strategy which looks at how the city’s metro system will need to grow over the coming decades to accommodate a swelling population. Says Jeremy, ‘We are clearly focussed on today’s railway and delivering high performance on the metro, but one of the key aspects at the moment is the level of crowding. ‘The level of growth the system is seeing in inner-urban and metro systems, not just on our system but the city as a whole, is growing and we’ve simply tried to set out some thoughts as to how the city might cope, looking long term at the growth needs. ‘We’ve known for some time there are plans to extend the network to increase its capacity but also to develop a lot more housing and commercial premises within Stockholm. ‘We would welcome the opportunity to look at how we might use what MTR calls its rail and property model to part develop, part fund or get involved in optimising rail and residential property.’ www.railstaff.co.uk 35 will Dunnett heads First Hull Trains will Dunnett has stepped up to take the helm at First Hull Trains. Dunnett becomes managing director after two years as commercial director at First Hull Trains. Will plans to work closely with the existing executive team building on a major strategic business review of First Hull Trains. Completed in February 2012, Dunnett’s comprehensive review has been heralded as the blueprint from which record-breaking passenger numbers have been reached for the business. He will report directly to FirstGroup’s Rail Division managing director, Vernon Barker. Will Dunnett started off as a marketing manager at Plaxton Coach and Bus in 1995. He Richardson heads TXM as we look to consolidate First Hull Trains’ position as the operator of choice on the East Coast Main Line.’ Passenger numbers surged through 2012 by almost 10 per cent. Exponential growth has continued through 2013. Quattro stages MBO Quattro Group has been bought by its management team led by Finance Director David Callé. Previous owner, John Murphy, has retained a signiﬁcant stake in the business and has taken over as Executive Chairman. David Callé takes on the role of Chief Executive Ofﬁcer. Quattro Group was founded by John Murphy in 1989 and has since grown into a £40m business. Quattro is one of the leading suppliers of operated road rail plant in the UK and one of the largest operators of environmental machines. Says John Murphy, ‘Having built the business over the past 24 years, the time is right to further its development by passing control to the management team. Over the past ﬁve years, this team have helped develop the business into the leading RRV provider in the country and they are perfectly placed to continue driving it forward. ‘The buyout is all about maintaining the momentum of the organisation, and my new role as Executive Chairman means I will remain involved as the management team take Quattro Group on to the next phase of its development.’ New CEO David Callé has been involved with Quattro Group since delivering the acquisition of BCL Rail Plant in July 2008, a move that doubled the size of the organisation. In May 2009 David joined the Board as Finance Director. Says David, ‘This buyout is about continuity. The evolution of Quattro Group began ﬁve years ago with the acquisition of BCL Rail Plant and the business has developed every year since. We are delighted that John is remaining involved with the business and excited by the opportunities that we have to build on the strong platforms he has created.’ Tom Taylor Joins ORR Tom Taylor is to join the Ofﬁce of Rail Regulation in October as director of Corporate Operations and Organisation Development. Cathryn Ross, currently director of Rail Markets and Economics, is leaving the organisation in October to take up the role of chief executive of Ofwat. Tom joins ORR from the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), where he is currently ﬁnance director. He led Defra’s contribution to the 2010 spending review and also spent time on loan to the Ofﬁce of Climate Change. Tom joined the Civil Service in 1994 and went on to work in the Department of Social Security later Department for Work and Pensions. He has an MSc in Economics, a postgraduate diploma in public ﬁnance and leadership and is a Chartered Public Finance Accountant. nd F , R E , s, ai Q Ra & T , Su er ra Te l O , L il , S b gr nc m ch p ig Fr ta wa ou po n er ht ei ti ys n d n o a R g on d en log tio ai ht, s, and , C ts y, ns l, S Su U om , T R ,H R & b k po ec ail S ail T, wa an n h O EQ F r S t y d e n p R C nts olo er , L eig atio ol om , gy at ig ht n T l eo in p e , R io ht , S pl g on ch a ns R a & , n i e S st , R to ent ol l O HS il, ru o ck s, og pe E R nt ctu llin an Te y, ra Q, s, r g d ch Ra tio Li e ai Inf , P Sto Co no il O ns g l E ra eo c m lo pe , H s p k p g il ven tru le an one y, R rat d B t i n c , N us s, I tu Ro Co ts ail o ew in n re lli m , T O f p n s es ra , P g p ec il , R s, R str eo St one hn In ail a u pl oc n ol an du Bu il E ctu e, R k a ts, ie s t si v re o n Te g s, R ry N ne ent , P llin d C e s C om ai ew s, s, I op g S om O p l In s, Ra nfr le, to pe an d R il a R ck ra ie us ai Ev str ol l t s t e u li Tr in , r R y Bu nt ct ng a s, in g C ai Ne sin s, ur R O om l I w e In e, n s s f P a p il il er pa du , R s, R ras ,R P at n st a t r r a i i h ail oje ing es, ry l B il E S p N ct R Ne us v C s ge ee ew , T om ail ws ine d s, r , p In , s N Hig Ra Ra ain an du Ra s, ie i ew h il i l O s l s, S , R P pe s, R try B ch H pee ail roj ra ai N is eri d N ec tin l I ew ou e N tag Ra ew ts, g C nd n e e il s, Tr o us d d, ws , H , R Ra ain mp U Fr , H ig ai il n h l N P O an a s, der nc eri Sp ew ro per j S g hi ta e s e a & ub rou se ge, ed , R cts t T, wa nd Ne H Ra ai , T r l i S y w i ig ta s a , Fr s, gh l, R Pr ht tio n a H Sp a oj d n i il , S ns U ch eri eed l N F & , S nd is ta e R re T u e ge a il b e , R igh , St w rgr Ne , H il, o w a a R i t E ail , S tio ys un s, gh Q an d H S n F & , , s e p r s, Lig eig T, S , Su d U Fra rit ag n H h h n b t a t c w d S t il EQ Ra , S tio ay erg hi se & ns s O i r , l ol per Lig , R T, , S an oun og a ht ail Sta ub d U d, y ti w Te , R on Ra Fre tio ay nd ch ai s, H il, ig ns s erg a l d h , C nol Op SE Ra t, Su nd om o er Q il F S & bw U g to p y, at , L r a ck on R io ig ei T, ys g S n a h e h le an nt il O s, t R t, tat , R d s, a S io p H ur ol Co Te er SE il, & e, lin mp ch ati Q, Ra T, n as Peo g S on ol ons Lig il F tr p to en og , H ht re v uc le ck ts y, S R Gareth Richardson has been promoted managing director of TXM Plant Holdings. Eight months ago TXM Plant Holdings acquired Network Rail’s plant business, NDS Plant Limited. Renamed TXM Plant, Gareth Richardson became Rail Director and has managed the day to day business operations ever since. Nick Barker, previously interim Managing Director, has taken on the role of chairman of TXM Plant. Keiron Gallimore and Laurence Seward continue as main board directors. Before TXM Gareth was operations director with Paul John Plant. He was national rail manager at Hydrex between 2002 and 2008. He joined Hydrex from Balfour Beatty Rail Plant where he was road rail manager. Gareth enjoys quad bike riding in Wales, clay shooting and country sports. joined Jarvis in 2000 becoming group sales and marketing director. In 2005 he went to Q-Park as head of marketing, staying two years. Then came four years as marketing director at Superbreak. Dunnett joined FirstGroup in 2011. First Hull Trains, an open-access operator, provides 90 direct services a week to London, calling at Brough, Howden, Selby, Doncaster, Retford and Grantham. Says Vernon Barker, ‘I am delighted to welcome Will to his new role. He has shown excellent leadership in his role as commercial director over the last two years during which time the business has gone from strength to strength. ‘He will lead the First Hull Trains team at a very important time for the business, and for the city Keep up to date with the Global Rail Market 36 www.railstaff.co.uk PEOPLE NEwS Seller’s market Paul Seller has returned to Lloyd’s Register as Transportation Director. Mr Seller had been working for Bombardier in Berlin as a director of product safety and homologation – the art of securing approval certiﬁcation for new products. At Lloyd’s Register Paul will be responsible for overseeing the growth of its consultancy and assurance services for the rail industry. The business already holds a broad portfolio that extends across Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In the past year Lloyd’s Register Rail has secured high-proﬁle assurance roles on Crossrail, Etihad Rail and the extension of the Taiwan High Speed network. Paul Seller has 26 years experience of engineering and general management within the railway sector and previously worked for Lloyd’s Register Police team for new railway In Scotland Transport Minister, keith Brown, has launched a dedicated British Transport Police team to patrol the Borders Edinburgh railway project. The railway police will work closely with Network Rail and BAM Nuttall, to keep the 30 miles of new railway free from crime. The team includes an inspector, a sergeant and seven constables. Says Inspector Angela McGregor, who leads the team, between 2001-11, during which time he developed its independent veriﬁcation and validation services, managed its UK rail services team and was the global Business Development Director for its services to the rail industry. Paul will be based in Lloyd’s Register’s central London ofﬁces at Fenchurch Street. Lloyd’s Register Rail is a team of rail industry experts within the Lloyd’s Register Group working to improve the safety, quality and performance of railways across the world. ‘At this early construction phase, the team is working with those within the footprint of the major project to explain the role of BTP. ‘Ofﬁcers are engaging with residents, who have not had a working railway in their area for more than 40 years, to address any concerns they may have, make them aware of safety measures required as well as providing essential security and crime prevention advice.’ Famous ﬁve join BTPA DfT move for Brown Express Group plc, where he set up its UK Trains Division. Currently the Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport’s Rail Professional Sector Ambassador and Vice President he was also the Institute’s President in 2008/9. Brown conducted an independent review of the department’s rail franchising programme in 2012 following the cancellation of the Inter City West Coast franchise competition, to which the government has recently responded. Andrew Pollins, Dominic Booth and Mark Phillips are joining the British Transport Police Authority along with Stella Thomas, who will represent the interests of passengers in wales and Catherine Crawford, representing passengers. Crawford is a former Chief Executive of the Metropolitan Police Authority, a post she held for 10 years. The new board members will take up their appointments from September for an initial term of four years. The BTPA was established in 2004 Says Rail Minister Simon Burns, ‘The calibre of these new appointments is extremely high and I look forward to seeing them bolster the work of the Authority, particularly when representing those rail passengers.’ Andrew Pollins is currently Director of Finance for London Underground. Dominic Booth has been the Managing Director of Abellio Transportation Group since 2007. Mark Phillips is currently the Bid Director for National Express’s Crossrail bid, and has 26 years experience in the rail industry. en ct , R k s, T , R SE Ra a ts ur o n e ai Q il, R , In e, P llin d C chn l O , L i ai f r eo g om ol pe gh l R Ev ast pl Sto po og rat ai e ru e, c n y, io us l B nts ct Ro k a en Ra u u ll n ts il tr s , I y in nf re, ing d C , T O N e r P s, o e R ew ss, ast eo Sto mp chn p a r m il s, Ra u le ck o n pa In R il ct , an en a n E u R pe ie dus il B ve re, oll d C ra s, R tr u nt Pe in o Tr tin a y N sin s, op g S ai g il I ew ess Inf le toc , l P n O Com nd s, , R ras Ro ro pe p ust Ra ail tru lli N je ra an ry il ew ct ti ie N B Ev ctu s n s e u en r ee s, R , Tr g C , R ws sin ts es , I d a a o ai , ge Ra il P in mp l In Ra s, n O , H il, ro p an d il B Ra ie us u i i R je e H gh ai ct rat s, try sin er S l N s, in R e N ita pe e Tr g ail Ne ew g ed w ai Co I w s e m n s , n hi s, H , H R a R a O p du , se e ig il, il pe an str r ro Ne ita h S Ra Pr rat ies un w ge pe il oje in , R s e N c g , de d, F , H Hi d R ew ts Co rg ra er gh a s, , T m w ro nc ita S il, R rai p R ai n ay u n h ge e a l io s a d, ise , H ed il Pr ns nd F N ig R Ne o j r e h a T, , Su Un anc ws S il, ws St bw de h , H pe Ra , R il ati a rg ise er ed il F on ys ro N it R Ne r a a R eig s, an un ew ge il, ai h Su d d, s, , H R U H l, R t, S bw n Fr He ig a SE a & ay der anc rit h S i l a ra Q, Fr T, S s a gro his ge p ti Li ei ta nd u e , H o g n g N ai ns ht ht tio Un d, e l O , H R , S ns de Fr ws ai , S rg an , S & p no e E l, ub ro ch lo ra Q R T, u ts gy tio , Li ail Sta wa nd i , T , R ns gh F ti ys , e t re on a F a , nd ch il HS Ra igh s, nd no O E i U l t S C ll om log per Q, , R , S ubw in & L a a g p y, ti ig il T ay Pe St one Ra on ht Fr , S s o e i op c nt l O , H Ra ig ta k ct le, an s, T pe SE il, ht ur R d e r Q R ,S nt e, ol C ch ati , L ail n l o o s, Pe in m o n ig F l s I g h r ai nfr opl S pon ogy , H t R l E a e, to S , e a B v str R ck nt Ra EQ us en u ol a s, il , in ts ct lin nd Te O L w es , I ure g C c p s, s, nf , St om hn era P o r o R R il ai ai ast eop ck pon log l l r a y I m nd Bu Ev uct le, nd ent , pa us si en ur Ro C s, t T e n t n l o ti ie ry ess s, I , P lin mp ng s, N , nf eo g o R e O C Ra w ai ra pl Sto n pe om il s, e l s c I R E tru , R k r ra ati pan nd ail ven ct ol n i i u t u li Richard Brown has been appointed as a non-executive member of the Department for Transport Board by Transport Secretary, Patrick McLoughlin. Brown conducted an independent review of the department’s rail franchising programme in 2012 following the cancellation of the Inter City West Coast franchise competition. Richard Brown was Chief Executive of Eurostar from August 2002 to April 2010 and was previously Commercial Director of National .com 37 PEOPLE NEwS Performance role for Richard Rowland Richard Rowland has been appointed Performance Director at First Capital Connect as part of an initiative to give Network Rail more opportunities in the evening and at weekends to maintain and upgrade the track. Richard has been with First Group for eight years, initially with First Great Western before moving to First Capital Connect in 2009. With over 25 years experience in the rail industry Rowland started his career in retail and station management with British Rail. He rose to become Customer Service Director of Thames Trains. He has also been a member of successful franchising bidding teams and was responsible for the sale of the Merseyrail Electrics franchise on behalf of the Strategic Rail Authority. His more recent career has been in railway operations and performance management in First Group. Operations Director Jackie Townsend will continue to be responsible for day-to-day operations but will have a new, speciﬁc role reviewing ways FCC can improve services on the London to Brighton and Wimbledon loop south Thameslink route. Says Jackie, ‘We need to look at how we work together with Network Rail and Southern at times of disruption, and improve the exchange of travel information between train companies. The aim is for a seamless service between both companies with the passengers at the centre of our decisions.’ More train washing and additional cleaners on trains will boost cleanliness this summer. An emergency vehicle will be located at Brighton for driver managers and engineers to respond faster to train faults. FCC is also ﬁelding more customer service staff on the southern part of the Thameslink route. Dominic joins Network Rail Dominic Cheetham joins Network Rail’s dynamic PR team as deputy communications director from 9th September. The former Shefﬁeld Star reporter worked for BBC Radio Shefﬁeld and Yorkshire Television. The news broke on the nationally revered Yorkshire Day – 1st August. After working for the press Cheetham went on to work for Yorkshire Electricity in corporate communications. At British Gas – Centrica – he was communications director. In 2004 he joined Serco as Director Corporate Communications staying until April 2012. More recently Cheetham was an associate director of Jalebi and ran his own business, Red Kite Reputation Management. Arthur moves on Double Bill for Mace Arthur Leathley, genial head of communications at virgin Trains, is leaving to become communication director at the Department of Environment and Climate Change. Says Arthur, ‘This is a fantastic opportunity. Energy and climate change matter to every individual and every business. The task for communications is clear: to demonstrate that the UK has secure, clean, affordable energy supplies and to drive international action to mitigate climate change.’ Jason Butterworth and Adam McAllister have joined Mace strengthening the top team at the cutting edge consultancy and construction business. Having previously worked for WSP, McNicholas, NG Bailey and Carillion, Jason Butterworth (left) has been appointed Director of Design & Transportation. Jason played a pivotal role in the growth of WSP’s rail business including high proﬁle projects such as Crossrail Bond Street Station, West Coast Main Line Electriﬁcation and Thameslink’s London Bridge Station. Adam McAllister (right) will take the construction lead role for the rail business working closely with Nigel Cole. Adam joins Mace from Kier, having previously worked for Birse Rail and Alfred McAlpine. Throughout his career Adam has gained invaluable experience working on projects such as the King’s Cross Station Roof Redevelopment, Crossrail Advanced Works, West Coast Mainline Upgrade Projects and the recent redevelopment of Epsom Station. Arthur Leathley (left) with David Taylor from Thales who climbed Kilimanjaro in aid of the Railway Children. 38 The National Case for a High Speed Rail Network REF Technical Seminar Monday 21st October Incorporating a specialist exhibition and drinks reception with guests from Whitehall and Westminster The outline agenda is as follows: For more details, please contact: 1. The National Case for a High Speed Rail Network [email protected] A New Rail Network: Delivering Better Passenger Services and Connectivity 3. HS2: Overture to a High Speed Network; Developing and Delivering the Next Stages for HS2 tel. 01732 36 33 99 4. Defining the Engineering Challenges of Operating High Speed Trains on the Existing Network >HU[[VZWVUZVY& VU[HJ[;VT6VUUVY! [VT'YHPSTLKPHJVT 5. The afternoon session will take the form of a series of Case Studies, focusing on topics such as best practice, challenges, power requirements, rolling stock www.theref.org.uk Fit for today, ready for tomorrow © SHUTTERSTOCk.COM This August will see Paul Russell mark his ﬁrst full year as the Head of CIRAS, the Uk Rail industry’s conﬁdential reporting and analysis system. The year has been an interesting one with many challenges and one that has been used to shape the future of CIRAS. Here he explains what has been done to date and what he believes lies ahead. On arrival at CIRAS back in August last year, Paul had just completed a four year journey as an Assurance Director in the Transport division of Serco. He recalls, “This allowed me to work across many diverse cultures. Introducing a competence management system in the iconic Dubai Metro was a year long project and saw me staying in the UAE on and off over this period”. Russell says this experience was new to him, with the company having to recruit over 3000 personnel from over 25 different countries. “It was an incredible challenge. We had to introduce a competence management system and apply it to over twenty different nationalities and cultures. Not easy” However, Russell found that in some cultures, the management of staff can be different. “In the UK we encourage staff to refuse to work via a Policy if they have been asked by someone to carry out a task that may be in breach of the rules or is inherently unsafe. ‘Some nationalities have a different approach to workermanager relationship and some cultures will see their employees follow the instruction given to them regardless of whether they know it’s wrong. I found that strange but once you know the cultural differences, you then have to take that into account”. Paul reﬂects, “Serco were 40 Paul Russell. applying best practice in the UAE but had to engineer it in a way to take into account all the diverse cultures”. He had other projects later in Australia and then in Delhi, India, which he said was another massive learning experience. Today Paul is much closer to home and travel these days expands the width and breadth of the United Kingdom. “One of my ﬁrst tasks was to engage with the CIRAS scheme subscribers at all levels, from front end employees to senior management”. He continues, “I’ve not ﬁnished doing the rounds yet and still have many stakeholders to meet with and engage. It’s important to us that we ensure all levels of a company understand CIRAS and how the system operates”. We have been busy reemphasising what CIRAS is and what it isn’t. We aren’t a whistleblower and I would like to make that absolutely clear, nor are we an alternative reporting system. But what we are is a safety reporting system that complements a company’s existing safety reporting systems. Staff should report safety concerns internally, always. However I understand that in the complex world that we work in, sometimes reporting internally can prove difﬁcult, or indeed may have been done but with no positive outcome. Sometimes the margin between an accident occurring or not, is too close for comfort. I believe what CIRAS offers is valuable and beneﬁcial to organisations in its ability to provide them with a safety net, a conﬁdential route that staff can take, that in the majority of cases, results in a positive safety outcome. www.railstaff.co.uk INTERvIEw The alternative is that something unsafe remains in the system which could result in an incident occurring. The cost of this can be far reaching and may not only bring about ﬁnancial loss or reputational damage but ultimately it can result in injury or even a fatality. We offer a company that safety net. Staff can ring our conﬁdential reporting line and we will, on their behalf, liaise with the organisation to help bring a resolution”. Russell has slowly introduced changes to how CIRAS operates and initiated an independent review of the scheme back in January. This resulted in a number of improvements being identiﬁed and some that he stresses are critical to how CIRAS is perceived. “Our Governance arrangements are such that we have to be transparent in everything we do. We are a not for proﬁt scheme and how we operate and what it costs is as important to our stakeholders as it is to us.” Russell is looking at some radical changes that would transform the way CIRAS is funded and operates. “I have a good team around me and some seemingly impossible tasks now feel achievable, but we have a lot of work to do and delivering is always what really matters.” The biggest change to CIRAS though, is in the form of its new Strategy which was recently approved by the CIRAS Committee. “This is why I came here” Russell states. “The new Strategy allows CIRAS to look at other transport providers other than just heavy rail and offer the same services whilst maximising the opportunity to learn. This sits well with many of the current rail providers, as several of them are already part of much larger owning groups with other transport interests. However we must always protect the scheme’s roots, rail, and effective Governance ensures that.” The Strategy is due for launch in April 2014 but Russell acknowledges that there is much still to do before CIRAS is ready for “We offer a company that safety net. Staff can ring our confidential reporting line and we will, on their behalf, liaise with the organisation to help bring a resolution” PAUL RUSSELL, HEAD OF CIRAS lift off. “We are undertaking two targeted awareness campaigns across rail in the latter part of 2013. ScotRail, where CIRAS began, is helping us re-engage and get the right messages out to users of the scheme as well as the managers. ‘We are also in early planning stages with Greater Anglia and hope to roll out the same format as we do in Scotland. What has now been termed “The Three Cities Campaign” will take place in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Perth. Russell, originally from Glasgow himself, says, “North of the border is going to be busy for us and we have also just recently signed up new light rail tram operator Edinburgh Trams.” CIRAS is certainly re-engaging and under Russell’s leadership has made a conscious decision to shift the perceptions of CIRAS from a “whistleblowing” scheme, to one that supports learning from culture issues, accidents and incidents by providing an additional safety net mechanism and capturing events that may not otherwise have been reported. TRIED REPORTING YOUR HEALTH & SAFETY CONCERN INTERNALLY? STILL CONCERNED? NEED AN INDEPENDENT AND CONFIDENTIAL ROUTE?... Call Your company is serious about health and safety. They subscribe to CIRAS because it is part of their safety strategy. They want your health and safety concern raised and resolved. Your best first action is to report it internally. Use all available channels. However if you need to speak with someone independent confidentially, call CIRAS. 0800 4 101 101 Freephone Freepost CIRAS Text 07507 285887 www.railstaff.co.uk 41 Skegness signal box. Listed Status for signal boxes Twenty six of England’s signal boxes have been given Grade II listed status by the Department for Culture Media and Sport. Network Rail is decommissioning mechanical signal boxes to consolidate signalling into 12 regional centres. Says Heritage Minister, Ed Vaizey, ‘Our interest in everything to do with trains and railways…is one of our most endearing and enduring national preoccupations. ‘Signal boxes are a big part of this….It is greatly to Network Rail’s credit that they have worked so Tube station For Sale Brompton Road tube station, which closed in 1934, has been put up for sale. The station was originally opened in 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) on the Piccadilly Line, positioned between Knightsbridge and South Kensington. The building was designed by English architect Leslie Green and sports his distinctive oxbloodred tiled facade and semicircular ﬁrst ﬂoor windows. 42 constructively with English Heritage to bring this project to such a successful outcome.’ Installed from the mid-19th century onwards, signal boxes numbered around 10,000 at the peak of their use in the 1940s. Today fewer than 500 are still in use by Network Rail. Signal boxes were built in highly visible spots at stations or level crossings to an inﬁnite variety of designs, sometimes with beautiful detailing and embellishment far beyond what is needed for practical purposes. The boxes were constructed both by specialist contractors like Saxby & Farmer and individual railway companies, each developing their own distinctive style. Many still retain their original operating equipment and have become much loved local landmarks. In the north of England, Hebden Bridge Signal Box built in 1891, one of only a handful of Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway boxes to survive in anything like original condition, has a time warp quality, where both it and nearby listed station buildings still retain their original 1914 signage. The East of England boasts well preserved boxes built for the Great Eastern Railway like the one at Downham Market, which complements one of the most attractive small stations in East Anglia, and the wonderfully elaborate example at Brundall which was built in 1883 and unusually is built of wood blocks cut to resemble stone. At Totnes in Devon, the large signal box, built to the Great Western Railway’s standard design used between 1896 and the 1920s, has what are in effect a series of bay windows to give the signalman a clear view down the line and striking contrasting blue brickwork. With the removal of the original operating equipment, the building has now found a new use as a café. Totnes shows that, although there can be issues with access and location, decommissioned signal boxes can sometimes be rejuvenated. They have been reused as cafes, museums or holiday lets and, in some cases, moved to new locations, often on heritage railways. Says John Minnis, Senior Investigator at English Heritage, ‘We are delighted to be working in partnership with Network Rail as part of our National Heritage Protection Plan to seek out the best examples of historic signal boxes up and down the country. ‘These are very special buildings, at one time a familiar sight on our railway system. Today’s listings will ensure that many of these highly distinctive designs, which were full of character, are protected for years to come providing a window into how railways were operated in the past.’ Bournemouth West Junction signal box. www.railstaff.co.uk HERITAGE vintage Steam vintage steam engine 52322 has arrived at Ecclesbourne valley Railway and this summer will be pulling passenger trains between wirksworth and Dufﬁeld. Built in 1896, 52322 hauled trains amongst the cotton mills of Lancashire. Based in Lees, near Oldham for much of her life, the locomotive was purchased for preservation in 1960 and is one of the most attractive examples of a Victorian locomotive in operation on Britain’s heritage railways. 52322 rests at Idridgehay on 19th July 2013. Photo: Andrew Fowler. Shed master heads North Former king’s Cross shed master and legend among railway staff, Peter Townend, thought he would never see A4s 60008 Dwight D Eisenhower and 60010 Dominion of Canada again after they left the Uk for America and Canada when they were withdrawn. When he heard that both locomotives were returning to Britain as part of the Great Gathering at the National Railway Museum he just had to be reunited with them. Peter Townend looked after 19 A4s at Top Shed, the widely used name for King’s Cross depot. Peter, now a sprightly 87 year old, started his railway career at Doncaster works in 1941 as a premium apprentice. He took up the post at King’s Cross in 1956, describing the ﬁve years he spent at the depot as, ‘Probably the hardest I have experienced but I am glad I had the opportunity to be associated with the depot in all its vicissitudes whilst steam traction was still at its peak on the Great Northern main line.’ Despite his fondness for steam Peter is a realist. ‘The end was inevitable, people generally were not prepared to accept the dirt, grime and smoke associated with steam traction and there were many menial unpleasant tasks that had to be carried out in primitive conditions at depots which few men really wanted to do,’ he said. Now living in Devon, Peter still travels around the UK to visit LNER themed events. Ironically, many supporters of A4 designer Sir Nigel Gresley claim that GWR, the initials of the Great Western Railway that served Devon until nationalisation in 1948, stand for Gresley was right! Top backing for Heritage Railways Relaxed planning rules and a simpliﬁed procedure for modest extensions to heritage lines are among the supportive recommendations proposed by the All Party Parliamentary Group on Heritage Rail. Another success story in Britain’s rail industry is the upsurge of interest in traditional railways. Heritage lines are growing in popularity and are www.railstaff.co.uk now worth £250m to the economy, according to a report by the All Party Parliamentary Group. Over 100 heritage railways and tramways attract tourists and provide local employment as well as valuable skills training and apprenticeships. Heritage railways provide employment for over 3,700 staff nationally and a productive outlet for 18,500 loyal volunteers. 45 years after the end of steam on BR, over 750 steam locomotives remain hard at work on heritage railways. More surprisingly, a total of 520 steam charter trains - more than one a day - ran on the national rail network last year in addition to the heritage lines. Says Mark Garnier, MP for Wyre Forest and Chairman of the Group, ‘Britain pioneered heritage railways and is unique in the extent and richness of its railway heritage. This report is the ﬁrst time the extent and success of the heritage railway movement has been fully assessed and the results are impressive. ‘What has been achieved has been remarkable and with a few recommendations to Government and the continuing enthusiasm of the army of railway volunteers and the loyal staff, we believe a lot more can be achieved in the future.’ Emboldened by his recent interview in RailStaff, transport minister Simon Burns MP, said, ‘Britain has a great rail heritage and as well as preserving an important aspect of the nation’s history, heritage railways also make an important contribution in supporting tourism and local economies. We are looking closely at the report and will consider its ﬁndings.’ Pictured: Mark Garnier MP delivering a copy of the report to the Secretary of State Eric Pickles. 43 Near Fatal Accident at Poole And my concerns for the future SAFETY Colin Wheeler [email protected] This summer is much better than the last couple of years, but noone can feel the same about railway safety either here or in mainland Europe. I must begin with the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) alert, (sadly not yet featured on Safety Central) of the contractor working on a Network Rail Infrastructure Projects signalling job near Poole Station, Dorset. He is a very lucky man! At 1030 on Friday 12th July he was struck by a train but miraculously escaped with only minor injuries. He was working at a line-side equipment cabinet 380 metres London side of the station. He collected some equipment and was walking alongside the Up Line when struck a “glancing blow” from behind by the steps of a ﬁve car Class 444 train travelling to Poole. No lookout or? I am indebted to a reader for his observations from an over-bridge at Petts Wood Junction on the Charing Cross to Dover line. The gang were on the Slow Lines with the two Fast Lines open to trafﬁc. When a train passed the sounding of the train horn was not acknowledged. The gang appeared to have taken my enthusiasm for the abolition of the use of lookouts with ﬂags, horns and whistles too far. There was no sign of any form of protection at all as you can see in the pictures! More instructions and rules? Last month I featured reader’s comments under the heading “New Initiative Overload” questioning the quantity of new initiatives and the lack of involvement of track-workers. Back in 1993 Graham Eccles produced a report on trackside safety. Under the heaading “Rules, regulations and other Instructions” he comments that these are; “produced by management to protect itself from criticism, too many of them and written in language difﬁcult to understand and open to misinterpretation, never ﬁtting the local situation” . His research revealed that over 70% of those killed had never been involved in a reportable accident before and 72% of those were “compliant people who would always try and ﬁnd a way of completing a task.” He comments that working with the adjacent line open to trafﬁc “cost the lives of 12 people in the last 10 years and that the introduction of the red/green zone concept or the implementation of a speed restriction on the adjacent line makes little difference to the outcome”. The campaign that resulted was successful. It relied on a track safety group drawn from all over the railway but almost exclusively of front line troops. It had the power to propose, reject or approve ideas for safer working. Supervisors and local engineer members were respected by colleagues and the reputation of the group meant that everyone would be listened to when they questioned proposed improvements. My memories are that the most effective changes came from track staff. Most important was the awareness and commitment that resulted due to the respect of track staff for the group. Consequently I have serious reservations about the Headquarters’ “Workforce Safety & Compliance Team” that has produced the “Adjacent Lines Open” instructions for compliance by August 5th. Skills valued and people trusted? Instructions, risk assessments and method statements etc. are all useless, unless there is a commitment from everyone. Site audits with a tick box pro-forma are not the way either. Visiting when least expected and listening to track workers is crucial. Being seen to take on board their concerns, do something about them and returning to listen again will result in improvements. The enemies to sponsored by www.railstaff.co.uk HEALTH & SAFETy this are cynicism, disbelief in management’s motives, short-cut culture and commercial pressures. I question whether safety concerns are best addressed by headquarters groups developing “better safer” ways of doing things? Anyone charged with doing so must spend at least a third of their time on track working with and listening to track staff employed by contractors and subcontractors as well as the infrastructure owner. The biggest mistake is taking away the opportunity for skilled people to interpret instructions and use their expertise. Too many are saying their skills are no longer valued so they just do as they are told!! Fatal accidents around Europe There have been dreadful accidents in France, Spain and Switzerland. At Bretigny-sur-Orge in France the train derailment of the rear part of the train was caused by a loose/detached ﬁshplate that ended up jammed in the crossing. Six people lost their lives and 62 were injured. Around 80 people were killed when the high speed train derailed on a curve in Spain whilst travelling at over twice the permitted line speed of 80 kph (50 mph). It is unclear whether or not the driver was still talking to the Ticket Collector on a mobile phone as his train derailed. I am interested having been involved in the investigations into two train derailments on the 50 mph restricted Morpeth Curve (both of which were caused by speeding). The head on collision in Switzerland between two passenger trains was unexpected given that country’s pride in its railway system. The lesson is that there is no room for complacency. From what we have heard any of these accidents could have happened here. Unless we do more our turn for a serious accident may come. Recent RAIB reports and alerts make sobering reading. RAIB alerts and reports On May 31st an accident occurred at Balnmore automatic half barrier level crossing at 0305 in the morning. Although the www.railstaff.co.uk track over the crossing was under possession, the half barriers remained in the raised position and the road trafﬁc control signals were not operating. As a Road/Rail Vehicle towing a trailer with weed spraying equipment went over the crossing a car was forced to swerve to avoid hitting it and ran into adjacent metal fencing resulting in minor injuries to its two occupants. At Butterwood level crossing on Tuesday 25th June this year an “incident” occurred at 0735. The barriers were in the up position when a single car Class 153 unit crossed. A power supply failure the previous evening had disabled the automatic barrier mechanism. The showing of a ﬂashing red rather than steady white light should have warned the train driver but this was missed. The driver realised the barriers were up when he was 160 metres from the crossing travelling at 40 mph but was unable to stop in time. RAIB are investigating both incidents. The derailment of a freight train at Shrewsbury on 7th July 2012 makes disturbing reading. The leading bogie of the 16th wagon derailed all wheels as it passed over a set of points at just 14 mph. The derailed train ran on for 65 metres causing “signiﬁcant track damage”. The cause according to RAIB – “points were unsafe due to wear and damage”. The report states that the defects were neither identiﬁed by inspection nor prevented by maintenance! It goes on to say that the regime in place at Shrewsbury Maintenance following modiﬁcation of the standard in 2008 was “inconsistent” and that regular detailed inspections ceased in 2008, leaving only weekly patrolling and 13-weekly supervisor’s inspections. RAIB has published their report on the incident that happened at Bradford Interchange at 6-50 am on the morning of March 25th 2012. As a road/rail dumper was being lowered back onto its road wheels it ran away for 380 metres downhill coming to rest when it hit the platform 1 buffer stops. Thankfully the operator managed to jump clear. The report concludes that the dumper was not fully braked as it was removed from track and adds a concern about “the level of safety assurance when modifying road/rail vehicles.” Recent level crossing incidents strengthen my concerns that local delegation and good relations with neighbours to the railway need to be reinforced. On Sunday July 14th a Class 170 DMU collided with a car towing a trailer on the user worked crossing known as Jetty Avenue 18 near Woodbridge in Suffolk. The train was travelling at slow speed and there were no injuries. The crossing provides access to a boatyard and mini warning lights were being installed at the time. Two days later at Buttington Hall, a user worked crossing near Welshpool, the Birmingham to Aberystwith/Pwllheli train hit a tractor and trailer on a private crossing used by a farmer for ﬁeld access. Two agricultural workers, the tractor driver and just two of the train’s 140 passengers were slightly injured. The farmer had brought in a harvesting contractor who had appointed an attendant for the crossing. The RAIB say the “system of work had broken down”. There was nothing wrong with the user’s approach to crossing the railway using Lindridge Farm Level Crossing near Bagworth in Leicestershire on March 22nd last year. He asked and received the signaller’s permission to cross but as he walked to open the far gate he saw a train approaching. The signaller’s workstation commissioned over two months earlier on, showed the crossing in the wrong place and a track circuit was wrongly named. The use of track workers skills and enthusiasm all need to be improved. The plethora of instructions has brought the industry to the point where “just do what I tell you” is the general message. Now surely everyone can see that it will never work? IN STOTCK X DAY FOR NEIV ERY L E D WIDE N IO NAT It’s quick, it’s easy to use, it’s cost effective. The QuickBand® armband system from Safeaid is very versatile and effective. The range covers all competencies and now includes the NEW combination inserts offering even better value for money. CALL FOR YOUR ® The QuickBand armband with interchangeable inserts. Inserts can also be made to order. Call 023 9225 4442 You can view and buy all of our products online at safeaidsupplies.com Offer applies to companies only. Please contact us for more details. 45 Night Riviera celebrations Test train on trials The Night Riviera has celebrated its 30th birthday. Cornwall’s night sleeper link with London was re-launched as the Night Riviera on 11 July 1983. Currently it is run by First Great Western and runs in both directions between London Paddington and Penzance. Since 2008 passenger numbers on the Night Riviera have risen by 10% A former Silverlink 313 has taken the ﬁrst of a series of test runs in its new role as a Network Rail test train. Train 313121 has joined the mellow-yellow ﬂeet as a laboratory train for the ERTMS programme. The train will be used on the ERTMS National Integration Facility (ENIF) when it opens later this summer. Alstom refurbished the unit at its Wembley depot and ﬁtted its own train-borne ERTMS kit, along with CCTV, workstations for engineers, extra batteries to power the equipment, a kitchen, and, in a notable ﬁrst for a class 313, a toilet. Says Gary Porter, Network Rail programme director, trafﬁc management and ETCS, ‘ERTMS will play a vital role in changing the way we operate our railway. Crucially, our facility at Hertford and this Class 313 will give us a greater depth of knowledge of the system as we prepare to roll it out on the network.’ year-on-year. The ﬁrst sleeping car train on the Great Western Railway was introduced at the end of 1877 from London Paddington to Plymouth. First Great Western, which has run the service since 2006, provided passengers with a special anniversary cup cake and a glass of Camel Valley Brut from Cornwall. McLoughlin hails Stewarts Lane star “…more orders coming including the order for Crossrail trains that will be determined next year… there’s every opportunity for Bombardier to compete…” TRANSPORT SECRETARy PATRICk MCLOUGHLIN Transport secretary Patrick McLoughlin visited Stewarts Lane depot on 30 July to view the ﬁrst Southern class 377/6 to be delivered. The visit coincided with the an announcement that the contract with Bombardier to supply a further 116 vehicles has been conﬁrmed in a deal worth £180 million. News of the new contract will provide a boost to workers at the Derby plant. Reﬂecting on this Mr McLoughlin told 46 RailStaff, ‘I think Bombardier has put it behind them. There was disappointment and I shared that disappointment, but the amount of investment we’re putting into the railways means that there are more orders coming including the order for Crossrail trains that will be determined next year. I think there’s every opportunity for Bombardier to compete.’ The class 377/6 is the latest in a series that dates back to 1997. The design philosophy behind the Electrostars stems from rail privatisation when train builders had the opportunity to ditch a made for measure approach and opt for an off the shelf design that was a non-speciﬁc, go almost anywhere type of train. Improvements in the 377/6, which makes use of the class 379 body design that is compliant for crashworthiness and tunnel operation, include the use of traditional windows as opposed to ribbon glazing and there is a slight difference in body proﬁle at ﬂoor step level. The train also has new software for the Orbita maintenance management system. Before the ﬁrst class 377/6 can enter passenger service it has to accumulate 1,500 miles of trouble free running and undergo compatibility tests to ensure that it can operate with earlier variants of Southern class 377s. The ﬁrst unit is expected to enter service in September, with the whole ﬂeet ready for the December timetable change. www.railstaff.co.uk ROLLING STOCk Factory train to electrify west A factory on rails will slash years off the time it takes to electrify the Great western main line. Network Rail is working with German manufacturer, Windhoff, to build a High Output Plant System (HOPS) special train to do the job. With 235 route miles to electrify between Maidenhead and Swansea the new 23-vehicle train will be able to work west, building the railway electrical infrastructure as it goes. Adjacent lines will remain open to trafﬁc – albeit at reduced speed. HOPS carries enough supplies and equipment to avoid having to bring anything to the trackside on lorries. Staff can be picked up at stations en-route. The train divides into sections or consists. These include pile drivers and vibrators, a concrete mixing unit, equipment that will help raise 30 masts a night and an electrical consist. Southern comfort for Bombardier Staff at Litchurch Lane in Derby are celebrating Bombardier’s new contract to supply a new ﬂeet for Southern. The new contract is worth £180m and is for the supply of 116 coaches, an improved version of the Electrostar. Says Southern Managing Director, Chris Burchell, ‘We have worked extremely hard to be an effective delivery partner to the Department and we are very pleased to have reached this important milestone in the procurement of new rolling stock. This will provide essential capacity to allow our industry to grow.’ The new carriages should be ready in 2015 and the contract provides for an extra 140 vehicles if needed. www.railstaff.co.uk The individual portions of the train – the consists – can be detached and set to work in separate sections of the project. Each consist will include two MPVs (multi-purpose vehicles) with full driving cabs, powered by MTU power packs, which can be driven at 60 mph off-site. On site driving cabs will allow the train to be driven very slowly in possessions, such as when installing contact wire. Around 200 people will work on the HOPS project overall, employed by operator Amey, and recruited from along the route of the line. Regional Director Robbie Burns with the piling rig on the HOPS. Windhoff project manager Peter Formann. wolverton makeover for 365s First Capital Connect’s ﬂeet of Class 365 trains is to be transformed with fresh interiors and better accessibility as part of a £31m investment. Eversholt Rail Group leases the trains to FCC and is funding the work, which will be carried out by Railcare at its Wolverton plant. Also included in the project is a major overhaul of the trains which will ensure their continued reliability. The ﬁrst new-look train is expected to enter service at the end of 2013. Says David Statham, Managing Director, First Capital Connect, ‘Everything our passengers tell us shows that a clean and comfortable travelling environment is important to them. This major investment in one of our biggest ﬂeets of trains will give us just that, a brighter, new-look train cabin with better information and better facilities for people with disabilities.’ There are 40 four-car 365s in the First Capital Connect ﬂeet. They were built by ABB at York from 1994 to 1995. Says Mary Kenny, Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Eversholt Rail (UK) Ltd, ‘We are delighted to be funding this investment in the Class 365 ﬂeet and helping to improve the journey experience for FCC’s passengers. We believe refurbishment is an efﬁcient way of bringing beneﬁts to both the train operators and users.’ Eversholt Rail Group owns approximately one third of Britain’s stock of passenger trains, some 3,500 vehicles, and more than 1,000 freight wagons and locomotives. Over the past two decades, it has invested more than £2bn in rolling stock. 47 NEwS Green apple for ﬂyover Network Rail has won a Green Apple Award for protecting biodiversity during the building of a new ﬂyover at Heathrow Junction - part of the Crossrail project. The new ﬂyover will allow Crossrail and Heathrow Express trains to join the Great Western Mainline towards Paddington without causing disruption to other services. The Green Apple Awards are presented each year to organisations which carry out projects that enhance the environment. A number of wild orchids, newts and ﬁsh, and a metre long eel, were relocated at the junction. The award was presented to Clare Rice, Network Rail construction manager, Dave Jones, designer Jacobs’ senior ecologist and Elwen Tasker, contractor Carillion’s environmental manager at the award ceremony. Over 180 rail apprentices have joined main line operations teams after completing the ﬁrst year of their training at HMS Sultan. On-the-job training takes over now as the apprentices continue with Network Rail’s 3-year advanced apprenticeship scheme. Lewis Ashton, 21, has recently joined the track team based in York. Says Lewis, ‘I heard about the scheme on Facebook and I joined because I wanted job security and to learn a real trade. The whole package was really attractive; pension etc and the qualiﬁcations are transferable so it seemed a secure career to get into. ‘There’s a good balance between younger and older apprentices and its good that we’re all in it together. I’m itching to get out on the track and start really working I can’t wait to get stuck in.’ The ﬁrst year of the awardwinning three-year scheme is spent at Europe’s largest engineering training facility at HMS Sultan in Hampshire. There, apprentices specialise in track, signalling, telecoms and electriﬁcation and plant. During their second and third years they work on the rail network’s front line, gaining vital experience as they train to become maintenance technicians. Throughout this time they regularly return to HMS Sultan for further courses and training to add to the experience gained on the rail network. Says Phil Verster, Network Rail’s route managing director, ‘With the huge challenges we face maintaining an increasingly busy network we need a highly skilled and dedicated workforce, so I’m very pleased to welcome Lewis and all our new apprentices onto the railway for the ﬁrst time. ‘Our experienced engineers will further the apprentices’ on-the-job training, teaching them all they need to know to become invaluable members of the Network Rail team. They can be proud to be part of a company which helps move four million people and millions of tonnes of freight every day.’ 48 Photo: Dave Jones, Clare Rice, Doreen Lawrence OBE and Elwen Tasker. Tilting beer sensation Celebrating its continuing success in the west, virgin Trains has teamed up with Macclesﬁeld’s Redwillow Brewery to launch a brand new beer called Tilting Ale. The beer will be served on board trains. Enthusiasts claim to be already acquainted with the concept. Virgin describes the beer as light, hoppy and arriving right on time with a clean bitter ﬁnish. ‘We’re always looking at ways to improve the choice and quality of the food and drink on sale from our on-board shops,’ says Virgin Trains Onboard Product Development Manager Rob Taylor. ‘Real ale is growing in popularity and we’re delighted to have been able to partner with a brewery so close to one of our stations.’ RedWillow was founded by Caroline and Toby McKenzie in 2010. ‘We’re really excited to have been given the opportunity by Virgin Trains,’ says Toby. ‘We are striving hard to introduce real quality ale to a much wider audience and we couldn’t have picked a better company to work with. It’s particularly pleasing for me as prior to setting up RedWillow with Caroline, I used to travel from Macclesﬁeld to London every day with work. The service onboard was, and still is, second to none so to be chosen to be part of that is a big feather in the cap for the brewery.’ Sultans of swing www.railstaff.co.uk Keyline is the industry’s leading supplier in the UK for TERRAM Hydrotex™ We have the full range of TERRAM Hydrotex™ products in stock and available for 24/7 delivery Features: Network Rail approved geocomposite alternative to sand blanket Prevents sub-grade erosion and the upward movement of clay and silt particles Makes installation quicker and easier, no need for excavation and disposal of fill materials Network Rail PADS No PA05/05451 Contact the Keyline National Rail office for more information on: 0844 892 2677 or email [email protected] www.keyline.co.uk TRACKSIDE TRANSPORT LINKS SITE SAFETY JB70188 11/12 John Dennis Knight in White Satin The enduring popularity of rail hero, John Dennis, was amply testiﬁed by the huge crowd packing into All Saints Church, kemble to the strains of the Moody Blues for a Service of Thanksgiving on one of the hottest days of the year. John died of cancer on the 8th July, aged 65. Originally from Newcastle upon Tyne he read Geography and Economics at Bedford College, London. In 1970 John Dennis joined British Rail as a graduate trainee on the London Midland Region. Later he worked in Stoke on Trent and was instrumental in setting up TOPS - the Train Operating Processing System. As BR moved to sectorisation – a series of rail businesses – John was appointed customer services director of the newly formed Regional Railways. Switching from the passenger sector John moved to Railfreight Distribution, BR’s international freighting arm charged with running freight trains through the Channel Tunnel as soon as it was opened. Later John joined BR’s privatisation unit. By now his knowledge of the emerging railway was much sought after and he went to work for the newly created Railway Forum. The object was to give the industry a uniﬁed voice. The Railway Forum really hit its stride under Adrian Lyons, ably supported with facts, ﬁgures and dark detail by John. In December 2003, he was tempted away to ATOC as Communications Manager where his deep knowledge of the railway was much appreciated and deployed in the development of initiatives to promote the industry’s success and growth. It was John who worked out the industry was carrying over one billion passengers a year and gave RailStaff one of its most memorable front pages. John Dennis was a ﬁrm supporter of the RailStaff Awards from their inception. Away from work John was a committed family man. Together with his wife Sue he raised three ﬁne daughters, Rachel, Sarah and Rebecca. In Kemble he was a strong supporter of the local Rotary Club and deeply involved in village life. 50 RailStaff November 200 9 news and job s, see Rail Shock A John Dennis s Quits www.railwayp eople.com Railway staf f face a troubled Christmas as UIC–complia rail hero John nt wagons read Dennis steps down y to roll through the after a long tunnel the mom and successful ent it opened. The career on passenger serv Britain’s railways. ice had to wait another year. ‘John was Always at the real euro-sta the forefront of prog r,’ reflected a ress colle John is leaving ague. So popular did his high pow he become with ered position at ATO SNCF that chem the C where he was inots at Calais Corporate Affairs commissioned a new Manager. Thro vers ion of Blondie’s ughout his career he hit single ‘Den has been a forc is, Denis.’ His e for unity and cohesion enthusiasm for the Tun in the rail indu nel and long dista stry. John, 62, has nce freight was so taken early retir infectious civil ement following a bou servants nick nam ed him ‘Dennis t of bad hea lth and the Venice.’ joint inflamm Follo wing the open ation – unkindl ing of the Cha y nicknamed ‘Dennis nel nTunnel John Elbow’ by frien was drafted ds. Originally from in to strengthen the Gateshead, Board’s beleague John Dennis joined privatisation red British Rail as unit. Childho a grad od experiuate trainee in ence running September 1970 a fruit and veg after a blissful you stall in Seaton Carew th during the was to prove swinging sixties. His biog invaluable. raphy, ‘From Whitley Bay to West John’s unique Kemble,’ thro powers of reco ws little light on a noto nciliation and dial riously private ogue were calle character. After join d on again following ing BR in the privatisation Midlands John went on when he joined the new to work at Stok ly formed Rail e on Trent and was way Foru m as Commun involved in intro ications Director ducing TOPS, Trai Tensions betw . n Operating Proc een bus com essing System – desi panies were promptly gned to improve lowe red perf by mance. This orthe Pacer pioneer. Pace gave him a rs were designed thorough knowledge of along the lines of a train operation bus. All s both in I did was take the freight and off the ‘Shop at passenger sect Binns’ signs John which stood him ors once said with cust in good stead omary modesty in the years ahead. . In December 2003 John wen Following BR’s t to ATO C at the launch of move to sectorisa an upbeat protion – creating a serie indu stry initiative s of rail business that he has don - John was mad es much to sust e e head of Cus ain. Since join tomer Relations for ing ATOC the industry Regional Rail has won back ways. The ing for the customers conc electrificatio erned were quit n of the Grea e oft Western ten local auth Main Line, orities of bew ope ned the network’ ildering political com first high spee s plexity. How d rail link, High ever whether talki Speed One, and star ng to loony left ted work on councils or be-whiskered Crossrail. John is planning colonels John a trip to Australi was able to draw He remains a a. with equal dext keen long dist erity on his Gateshea ance cyclist – a habit d street-cred that dates from and Novocastrian soph an early paper roun istication. d in Byker. Mr Dennis alHappily he ways spends was instrum a week every ental in the introduct year travelling by rail ion of Pacer train through out s, class Euro es 140-144 and pe using BR priv pass thanks to his es. Companions pioneering work with mark that he reTOPS was uniq seems equally uely positioned to keep at home haggling in the track of whe gran d souk in Istan re they ended up. John bul or reading ‘Cascade’ Den Goethe in the nis remains a mythica beer gardens of Augsbur l figure in PTE g. history to this day. Says Diana Luca s of RSSB, ‘Peo He then joined like ple John make up the Railfreight Dist back bone of ribution – the BR the industry. Board’s internat He was there ional freight business to offer a considered judg – to prepare ement and prof for the opening of sional eye on esthe Channe proc l eed Tun ings while nel. Thanks to his maintaining efforts BR had a sens e a of humour. fleet of adapted Fren speak for all I ch locos, the when I say we BB22000s and a poo will miss him a great deal l of over and wish him 3,000 well for the future.’ Crossrail (see inside back cover for details) John was a keen traveller. He quartered Europe annually using his railway priv-passes and later travelled on the Trans Siberian Express pushing on across China to Hong Kong. Family holidays were planned meticulously and John was a keen walker and cyclist. At his retirement Diana Lucas of RSSB spoke for many when she said, ‘People like John make up the backbone of the industry. He was there to offer a considered judgement and professional eye on proceedings while maintaining a sense of humour. I speak for all when I say we will miss him a great deal.’ Adds RailStaff editor, Andy Milne, ‘Many of us drew upon his knowledge and wise counsel down the years. Whatever mystery he unravelled was always tempered with humour and laughter. He had a true Geordie sense of the ridiculous. I think I shall miss that most of all.’ Rachel and Ian’s wedding was brought forward and staged in the hospice just a few days before he died. The Wedding Service itself went ahead at All Saints as planned the following week. Quite by chance on leaving the church, family and friends were comforted to hear a steam train thundering through Kemble. As it cleared the station the engine let go a long shrill whistle, seemingly in salute. Quite by chance on leaving the church, family and friends were comforted to hear a steam train thundering through Kemble. As it cleared the station the engine let go a long shrill whistle, seemingly in salute… www.railstaff.co.uk © MILEPOST 921⁄2 \| RAILPHOTOLIBRARy.COM OBITUARIES Colin Nash Telling a Thousand Stories to railways by allowing his beliefs and instincts to mature. At his interview to join the company in 1991 Colin stated that he was the closest thing to perpetual motion they would ever see and he spent the next twenty years proving it. He never stopped for lunch or coffee breaks and it was totally symptomatic of the man that at his passing he was working with director Colin Garratt on an upbeat feature for RailStaff magazine. Colin Nash’s love of photography made him a deﬁnitive Picture Library Manager. Over the years he despatched thousands of images for use in every conceivable way. His own photography progressed superbly at Milepost and he became a crack railway photographer in his own right as his work on successive years of the Virgin Trains Calendar clearly proves. The Garratt/Nash partnership was to exert a tremendous inﬂuence on the development of railway photography - their work has never been bettered. Eventually there was nothing at Milepost to which Colin Nash could not turn his hand; cataloguing, computer and keyboard skills, admin, accounts, design, marketing, railway history and world railways today. He was a superb handy man to have around from bookshelves to blocked drains, the answer to the problem lay in his voluminous tool bag. Says Colin Garratt, ‘Colin Nash was the ultimate continuity man – he could have made a fortune in the city. He could have six different jobs sizzling away in different parts of the studio waiting for him to hone his skills on each with his unique blend of alchemy, reliability and masterful precision.’ Perhaps his greatest attribute was the cheerful optimistic demeanour he projected to the outside world. Nothing was too much trouble. He epitomised the ‘can do’ philosophy. He was a good man and an honest one who captivated everyone he came into contact with. The railway industry has lost a great supporter. Colin Nash died at the age of 71 and is survived by his wife Anne and daughter Abigail. © MILEPOST 921⁄2 \| RAILPHOTOLIBRARy.COM © MILEPOST 921⁄2 \| RAILPHOTOLIBRARy.COM Colin Nash was born in wolverhampton on 5th June 1941. His father was a locksmith. Upon leaving Art College Colin joined Chloride Batteries as an engineer, working in Peterborough. After being made redundant in the late 1980s he moved to Uppingham and sought a complete change of career. Colin was determined to get into photography which had always been his hobby. To this end he telephoned Sal Sheul of BAPLA (British Association of Picture Library Agents) and she put him on to Milepost, where he would ﬁnd the job satisfaction he was looking for. A keen beer drinker Colin was noted for his own home made brew. Colin Nash died suddenly at Milepost 92½ on 3rd July. Since joining the company in 1991 he devoted his life to the organisation supporting its mandate to promote the case for railways. A keen photographer himself he readily identiﬁed with the quality of Milepost’s picture library. At Milepost Colin Nash was able to give unfettered attention www.railstaff.co.uk RailwayPeople.com Fast track your career OVER 2,000 LIVE JOBS from all the rail companies that matter www.trsstaffing.com Rail and Infrastructure Vacancies TRS Staﬃng Solutions are international engineering recruitment specialists. We recruit for major National and International projects for leading National Rail organisations, main contractors and consultancies. Currently we have vacancies for the following: Signal Design Project Engineer (Signalling & Telecoms) P3e Planners London - £350 - 500/day Mainline Project Experience, IRSE Licence or relevant signalling experience London, Swindon & Midlands £300 – 400/day Experience of Network Rail projects, Primavera experience essential Cost Engineers London- £35 - 60K or £300 - 400/day Utilities, Airport or Rail experience with a Civils background London/Manchester/Birmingham £35 - 60K or £350 - 500/day Working on major new projects Rail Project Managers, Site Agent & Sub-Agents Principal & Senior Civil/Structural Design Engineers - CRE Regional- £35 - 55K or £250 - 400/day Experience on rail Civils works – Bridge refurbishments, embankments and Earthworks London, Manchester, Warrington & York - £40 - 60K or £350 - 450/day Rail experience including station, platform & bridge designs Please send your CV or if you’d prefer to discuss a role in more detail and in confidence, please contact one of our specialist consultants on +44 (0)20 7419 5800 or email rail@trsstaﬀing.com Rail, Infrastructure & Construction 52 Recruiting Nationwide Great Opportunities RECENT WINS - SCADA, RETB, ACM, PA, CCTV, MICA & MAINTENANCE Due to telent Rail’s continuing success and planned growth, we have a number of new and exciting projects and are looking to recruit new talent who will make a real contribution to our vibrant team. We deliver • • • • Control Systems – SCADA and MICA Operational Communications, including GSM-R, RETB and Trackside Telephony Station Information Systems, including Help Points, Customer Information Systems, PA Systems and CCTV Asset Maintenance at over 1,300 stations, including Asset Condition Monitoring With our dedicated team of specialists, we are uniquely positioned to service this challenging and evolving rail market. Roles we are looking to fill: • Senior Project Managers • Project Managers • PICOTs • Engineering Managers • Project Engineers • Software Engineers • System Design Engineers • SCADA Engineers What you will get in return: • Salary commensurate with experience • Competitive benefits • 33 days leave • Career development • Company personal pension scheme • Flexible working • Great team atmosphere Who we are looking for: Relevant experience • Excellent communication skills • Team working and interpersonal skills • • Self-motivation and initiative Application details: To apply for our positions, please send your CV to [email protected] telent offers a wide range of network and communication services across a variety of industries, from telecommunications and transport to utilities and the emergency services. We currently employ 1,500 employees and operate from our main sites in Warwick, London and Chorley. telent has a history of delivering solutions to mainline rail, light rail and the underground for over 30 years. From specialist consultancy, detailed system design, installation and commissioning, to long-term asset support and round the clock maintenance. telent is an equal opportunities employer, committed to diversity and inclusion. 54 www.railstaff.co.uk CAREERS Production Manager Salary depending on skills & experience Acton Depot, Horn Lane, Acton, London, W3 0BP Owned by Deutsche Bahn, Europe’s largest freight haulier, DB Schenker Rail (UK) Ltd is one of the fastest growing private rail companies in Europe, providing a range of freight haulage, engineering, maintenance and IT services. An exciting opportunity has arisen at Acton, which is one of the busiest and diverse locations within DB Schenker Rail UK. We are looking for a customer focused manager to lead and manage a designated group of train drivers, Groundstaff and Engineers to deliver a high performing work force. This role is both challenging and varied, with a real emphasis being placed upon ‘real time leadership’, it will appeal to someone who is prepared to challenge the unacceptable and potential candidates must possess a sense of urgency and have the ability to meet set timescales. Duties of the role will include but not be limited to the following: Daily line management of Traincrew; Assessments and compliance; Leadership and management skills; Investigate accidents, incidents, poor performance and record sickness occurrences; Attend incidents and derailments assuming the role of RIO (Rail Incident Officer) including on-call commitment; Cost control and budgetary controls and team coaching/methods of instruction training. The ideal candidate will be qualified in Rules & Regulations within the rail industry and have at least 3 years management experience in a field operations role; have a proven track record of leading successful teams; management of safety critical operations; managing customer traffic flows, and services bought in from others and management of KPIs and Service Level agreements with internal and external customers. For more in-depth information on this position please log onto our website at www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/careers The interview process will consist of a competency based interview and individual presentation. The successful applicant will need to comply with DB Schenker Rail UK’s policy on drugs and alcohol. To apply, send your CV and covering letter (including your notice period) by email to [email protected]. Closing date for applications is Friday 30 August 2013. DB Schenker Rail is an equal opportunities employer. www.railstaff.co.uk	i don't know
It is the Queen's Diamond Jubilee this year, having acceded to the throne on Feb 6th 1952. In which year will she become the longest reigning monarch, breaking the record set by Queen Victoria in 1901?	1000+ images about Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms on Pinterest \| King george, Edinburgh and Elizabeth ii Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms 108 Pins2.23k Followers Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the queen of 16 of the 53 member states in the Commonwealth of Nations. She is Head of the Commonwealth and Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. On 9 September 2015, at around 17:30 local time in Great Britain, she will surpass the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Victoria, and become the longest-reigning British head of state.	2015
Which sauce is traditionally served with roast lamb?	Yankee Royalist Yankee Royalist A Guide To, and Insights On, the British Monarchy from Across the Pond Pages Photomosaic of Queen Elizabeth II by Helen Marshall using more than 5000 photos of people for Diamond Jubilee. Image Credit: Abuk SABUK via Wikimedia Commons cc “I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, be devoted to your service and to the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.” These words were uttered by Her Majesty the Queen in 1947 via a radio broadcast to the British Empire and Commonwealth whilst she was still Princess Elizabeth and heiress presumptive to the throne. She was celebrating her 21st birthday during a tour of South Africa with her parents and younger sister, and made this extraordinary lifetime pledge to the peoples and lands over which she would one day reign. For her, that day came sooner than she or almost anyone expected, for on February 6, 1952, George VI – whose health had been declining since the end of World War II – passed away at the relatively young age of 56. Elizabeth and her husband Philip, Duke of Edinburgh were on a Commonwealth tour in place of her father, and upon receiving the news while in Kenya, promptly returned to the United Kingdom with Elizabeth as Queen. Since then, she has stayed true to the vow which she made with her people, and now at over 63 years on the throne, she has surpassed her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. There is arguably no other person as well-known or highly regarded as Elizabeth II as she has become an instantly recognized figure around the world, and indeed, very few people have ever been closely watched since birth for as long a period as she has. In the beginning however, this was not to be. She was born as the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, a Scottish aristocrat (who in time would eventually become the much-beloved Queen Mother). Albert – known to family and friends and “Bertie” – was the second son of George V and Queen Mary, and as such, was not expected to ascend to the throne, for that was the destiny reserved for his older and more glamorous brother, Edward, Prince of Wales – known as “David” within the family. The result was that despite the attention she received for being a granddaughter of the King, for the first ten years of her life, she could expect to live a relatively quiet existence in the countryside with her horses and corgis – away from the pomp and glitz which royal duties required, especially with the rise of mass media in the form of radio. Indeed, at some level, this was the sort of life which for which her Uncle David was suited as a modernizing, photogenic, and dazzlingly popular prince – as opposed to her shy and stammer-plagued father. But her father’s strength was his solemn commitment to royal duties and to his close-knit family, to which he was devoted, and this stood in contrast to the Jazz Age playboy lifestyle of David, who enjoyed the social scene and his status as a celebrity, but detested the more serious, traditional, and (boringly) grounding demands of being a royal prince. By the time he came to the throne as Edward VIII in 1936, he was still unmarried and carrying on an affair with a twice-married American woman, Wallis Simpson, and provoked a constitutional crisis by his determination to marry her against the wishes of the UK government and the Church of England, of which he was Supreme Governor. The result was that Edward abdicated after only eleven months as monarch, and his brother Bertie succeeded him as George VI. This changed everything for Princess Elizabeth, who was now first in line to the throne and knew what destiny lay in store for her. She watched as her father was thrust into a position for which he was temperamentally unsuited, but also saw him eventually grow into it with the support and devotion of his family, most notably his wife Elizabeth, as well as the speech therapist Lionel Louge, who helped him to overcome his stammer and public speaking issues. He and the Queen endeared themselves to the British people by staying in the United Kingdom, and in particular, in London during the Blitz, during which was a raid on Buckingham Palace which nearly killed them. The devotion to duty to the country in the face of aggression had a profound impact on the young princess – who served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service as a automobile mechanic and driver – with her parents providing her the example by which to lead, and the morale of the British people as a whole was immeasurably boosted by the actions of their king and queen, which helped to sustain them to victory over Nazi Germany. But the stress of being a wartime king, compounded with the effects of a lifetime of smoking took their toll on George VI, and this led to his premature death in 1952. Coming to the throne at the age of 25 and with two young children of her own, his daughter had little experience with affairs of state, but guided by her sense of duty, she carried on with the task of being a monarch, and this was helped along with the guidance of her first prime minister, Sir Winston Churchill, who poetically referred to her as “a fair and youthful figure, princess, wife, and mother” being the “heir to [Britain’s] traditions and glories.” He and others even talked of a new Elizabethan Age. Unlike that period which was characterized by imperial ambitions and territorial expansion around the globe, this one has been noted for the transition from an Empire to a Commonwealth – a club of former colonies with the Queen as its head to symbolize their voluntary association with each other and the former mother country, the United Kingdom. The Queen has been keen to keep this association together, and has grown with the Commonwealth as its biggest and most enthusiastic supporter in its mission to foster greater business and cultural links amongst the countries of the former British Empire, and it now stands with 53 members and a population of over 2 billion people – roughly a third of humanity. Closer to home, the pace of change has been dizzying. Britain has become a more liberal, less religious, and more multi-cultural society. Unquestioned deference has given way to more measured respect as the country has become more cynical and critical, as and traditional societal norms and conventions have broken down. Within her own family, she has had to deal with the turmoil of the marriages of three of her four children, all of which ended in divorce, most notably the marriage of her heir Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales. The failure of those marriages, other private indiscretions, and a fire at her favorite residence of Windsor Castle all contributed to what she referred to as her annus horrilibus in 1992. Following this, the worst period of her reign was when Diana died from a tragic automobile accident in Paris in August 1997. Staying at Balmoral in Aberdeenshire to care for her grandchildren – princes William and Harry – in the wake of their mother's death, she was criticized for not appearing in public to grieve, failing to have the Union Flag flying at half-mast from Buckingham Palace, and in general, for being out of touch and misjudging the mood of the people. For the first time, there was real hostility toward the Queen and an aggressive press piled on the stinging criticisms of the Queen personally and the monarchy as an institution. But all was forgiven as she flew down to London to preside over Diana’s funeral and present a live broadcast to the nation in which paid tribute to her former daughter-in-law as a Queen and as a grandmother. This moment was part of the monarchy becoming more media-conscious and professional in its relations with the press in an age of increased exposure, and with the Internet age, the ancient institution has adapted with an online presence – including websites and social media accounts to help it connect it more directly with the people and marking a huge leap in her lifetime from radio broadcasts to YouTube. Indeed, this new Elizabethan Age as seen the explosion of technological growth and innovation on a scale never seen before, alongside advances in medicine, science, transportation, communications, and other areas – with Britain being at the forefront of many of these. There has also been the rise of British exports such as the Beatles, James Bond, and Harry Potter, which have done their part to ensure that Britain remains relevant as a cultural, social, and economic (i.e., soft) power. The Queen herself and the institution she leads have themselves become British exports, in part because of her role as Head of the Commonwealth (including being head of state of 15 Commonwealth countries aside from the UK), and as such, she has become the most widely-traveled monarch in British history – visiting the vast areas of the Commonwealth and being a face of Britain throughout the world on many overseas journeys. Through all of this, she has maintained that sense of duty with all of the change around her. To some, she may look like a stiff with no personality or emotion, but this isn’t to say that the Queen doesn’t have a wicked sense of humor about her, and as time has progressed, we have seen her more loose, engaged, and interactive with people as she and monarchy adapt to changing times. During her reign, the ancient institution has continued with the standard set by George V of getting out, being seen, and working hard, and the Queen herself has said, “I must be seen to be believed.” With that, she has introduced the Royal walkabout, so that she can meet more people and allow them to have interactions with her and other members of the Royal family. She has also dispensed with the presentation of debutantes in favor of more garden parties in which a more representative cross section of society is invited for a once-in-the-lifetime opportunity to be in the presence the Royal family – whether at Buckingham Palace, Holyroodhouse, Windsor, or Hillsborough Castle. The Royal residences themselves have become more accessible to the public as a means of helping to meet the cost of maintaining them, especially in the wake of the Windsor Castle fire. But even with the changes, the Queen still represents the continuity of the monarchy in the overall fabric of Britain and its long history, and this is a powerful symbol. Since coming to the throne, she has had 12 British prime ministers, from Churchill to David Cameron, which is a remarkable span of history when one considers that Churchill was born in 1874 during the reign of the previous reigning female monarch and two of her last three prime ministers (Tony Blair and Cameron) were born after she had acceded to the throne. In 63 years, they have come and gone while she has remained faithfully at her post as the one constant. In this sense, she also represents stability in government, for as a constitutional monarch who is above politics, she openly favors no party. True, the government is termed Her Majesty’s Government, but it is the politicians elected to Parliament who run it in her name. She accepts the election results and appoints the prime minister accordingly, but otherwise steers away from politics and the charge of being a political operative. This way, she can be the head of state of everybody, as was suggested by Walter Bagehot in the Victorian Era, and this is one reason why the monarchy survives and provides stability, especially in these rapidly changing times. However, none of this would be possible without the help and support of her family, who despite some of their personal issues being made public and causing embarrassment and disappointment, have been invaluable in working to keep the monarchy as relevant today as it was in 1952. In addition to what the Queen has done, other members of the Royal family have taken it upon themselves to step up their involvement in good works for the benefit of the UK and the world at large. It’s not just about carrying out engagements and giving speeches, but also about being actively involved with the causes they support and showing that they can make a positive difference, which further entrenches the monarchy into the public and civic life of the United Kingdom as charities and organizations seek to have a royal patron. But of all the family members, perhaps none has been more important or reliable than her husband of nearly seventy years, Prince Philip. His unstinting devotion to her through marriage, family life, and public duties has indeed provided a rock of stability at times when it seemed that everything was coming apart at the seams, and her reign as we know it would not be possible without him. At times, his verbal gaffes and forthright speaking in public has provided fodder for the press, but for her, he provides an outlet to which she can convey her thoughts, and he has no compunction against telling what he thinks. For his part, he has carved out a role for himself with initiatives such as the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award for young people who come up with good and innovative ideas that improve the lives of others. But as the Queen’s consort, he has been there for her, just as she has been there for the country, and he has only become more important with the deaths of the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret in 2002. He has been, as she herself has said, quite simply, the “strength and stay” of her life. Going forward, the Queen can be assured that the monarchy is as stable and secure as it ever has been throughout its long and illustrious history, with the institution having recovered from its most recent nadir in the 1990’s. She has a capable heir in Prince Charles, a man who as Prince of Wales, has probably had the longest apprenticeship for any sort of job, and has had his own recovery of sorts since his marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles and the development of his own charitable and advocacy efforts – particularly with regard to opportunities for young people, architecture, and the environment. Further down the line is Prince William, the eldest son of Charles and Diana, and his beautiful wife Catherine, along with their two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Together with Prince Harry (who has been doing conservation work in Africa), they form the core of the future of the monarchy, and for them, and the Queen has provided the example by which to lead. For over 63 years, she has been the face of the monarchy and an icon of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. She represents continuity over the decades of her incredible reign, and as acted sensibly to ensure the monarchy’s survival into the 21st Century with her adaptations to changing times and circumstances, while also maintaining the traditions of the institution and presiding over a changed Britain where in many ways, she not only relies on the blessings of God, but also of the people. Her legacy has been that through it all, she has kept the obligation she made to the people in her “salad days” when she was “green in judgment”, and has not reneged on it or regrets it. In an age when people find it easy to get out of duties and responsibilities, she represents the idea of sticking around and committing to something bigger than themselves, something her Uncle David did not understand in his vanity. Looking back, his abdication, as much as it caused a crisis which rocked the monarchy, was a good thing in the long-term, for it provided George VI and eventually the present Queen, who has been steadfast in her duties and responsibilities, and has made her people proud. Indeed, her popularity can be traced to the fact she really does not aim for popularity, but simply aims to do her job, and so there is a sincerity and realness about the Queen that is absent from celebrities who do seek the attention of the cameras and the press. She has now been Queen for so long, that few remember the reigns of her father or grandfather, and it feels inconceivable that anyone can replace her. Of course, this is bound to happen, but this is a testament to her reign and herself as an individual, for in leading by example and living by her words from 1947, she has earned the respect, affection, and love of her people. For many Americans (including your truly), the Queen has definitely earned our respect and appreciation over these last 63 years, and we look to her as well for that sense of stability and continuity. It is not so much that we yearn for a monarchy of our own or wish for the return of the British monarchy, but that we see it as an integral part of the UK – representing its past, present, and future like virtually nothing else does – and we see the Queen as the living embodiment of everything that is decent and good about Britain. Along the way, 12 of our presidents have occupied the White House in the course of her reign, from Truman to Obama – many of whom have expressed their appreciation for her as an individual and as a living testament to the strength of the Special Relationship between Britain and America. As the Queen does finally eclipse her great-great grandmother to become Britain’s longest-reigning monarch, she has much to be proud of and much to look forward to as she carries on – reigning as ever, going from being a willowy young woman to the matriarch of a country and a global commonwealth. She has already secured her place in history on many fronts simply because she has been at the service of her people. Those people – of the United Kingdom and throughout the Commonwealth – are lucky to have her, and long may she reign. Posted by (Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 ) This week, it was announced that HM the Queen will be marking the date that she becomes the longest-reigning British monarch by officially opening the new Borders Railway line from Edinburgh to Tweedbank, near Galashiels in the Scottish Borders on September 9, 2015. Train services will actually start a few days earlier, but with the formal opening, the new line will get its Royal seal of approval from Her Majesty, who along with the Duke of Edinburgh will participate with the opening celebrations at Waverly Station. Following this, they will board a train drawn by a historic steam locomotive – the Union of South Africa – with Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, and make the 35 mile journey to Tweedbank, which will include a stop at Newtongrange in Midlothian along the way. It will be a day of profound commemoration and ceremony, for at a cost of £300 million, this line will be the largest new railway to be built in Britain for over a century. However, its path will be quite familiar to train enthusiasts and local residents, for it will travel the much of the northern part of the old Waverly Route (named in honor of Sir Walter Scott’s first novel), which ran 98 miles from Edinburgh to Carlisle across the border in England, which was built and opened in stages from 1844 to 1862, but was controversially closed in 1969 following the Beeching Report, which resulted in the closure of several rail lines and stations throughout the United Kingdom for purposes of cost-cutting. Since then, a nearly 50 year campaign has been waged to restore the line, and these efforts over the decades will bear partial fruit when the Borders Railway begins to serve the people of Midlothian and the Scottish Borders, which has been the only region in Britain without rail service, and this has caused adverse economic effects for the area. Now with the restoration of this line, the people living there will mark a truly historic occasion, which promises to open their area up for work, education, tourism, leisure, and other pursuits to drive economic activity. It is hoped that with this much achieved, the entire Waverley Route can eventually be restored. But alongside the historical significance of the return of this railway is the fact that it coincides with Queen Elizabeth II surpassing her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria as Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. It has been known that the Queen, who is already the country’s longest-lived monarch and marked her 63rd year on the throne back in February, would reach this point in her reign in early to mid September 2015, but it was not entirely clear what day on which it would exactly fall. Buckingham Palace has calculated that Victoria had reigned for 23,226 days, 16 hours, and 23 minutes – taking into account the precise timings of her accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, and the 63 years in between (including 15 leap days). From there, it was determined that the momentous day would be September 9th. Despite achieving this milestone, the Queen herself likely wanted no public celebration – just as the date of her accession usually comes and goes without much of a fuss. Such displays commemorating the reigning monarch are typically reserved for jubilee’s like the ones in 1977 (Silver), 2002 (Golden), and 2012 (Diamond). However, given the significance of this particular event – after all, becoming Britain’s longest-reigning monarch is a pretty big deal – it only made sense to do something. The opening of the Borders Railway has therefore provided a perfect opportunity for the 89 year old monarch to be see out and about during a significant public engagement on what will be remembered as a very historic day, so that her record-breaking won’t be the sole reason for the celebrations that will take place, and instead will be part of something greater. It is quite significant that by formally opening this line, the Queen is reviving a tradition of rail in the area that goes back to a time when new rail lines were built almost every day throughout the UK, which happens to be the era of Queen Victoria, and so there will be parallels with that earlier reign – especially because of the travel by steam train, which ought to be an interesting sight for everyone and a thrilling experience for the Queen herself. It is also significant that this is taking place in Scotland, for it was Queen Victoria who started the Royal Family’s modern love of Scotland, which was been passed down through the generations to the present Queen, who has maintained the family tradition of spending summer holidays at Balmoral in Aberdeenshire. Spending this day in Scotland as she marks her milestone is a demonstration of her affection for a part of Britain which she holds dear to her heart – so much so, that during the independence referendum campaign last year, she memorably remarked that she hoped that the people of Scotland thought carefully about the future when deciding between whether to become an independent country or remain part of the United Kingdom. As it was, the people of Scotland voted to stay as part of the Union, and despite her official silence and not explicitly giving her stance on the issue, there is no doubt that she wanted her kingdom to stay together. It is therefore all the more interesting that she will be riding in the train with First Minister Sturgeon, who campaigned for and has continued to advocate for the break-up of Britain. Not only this, but it is believed that Ms. Sturgeon harbors republican sympathies. Nevertheless, the Queen – as a constitutional monarch – will carry herself appropriately in her engagements with the First Minister, so she will not show hostility to her or disrespect to her party. In this way, the Queen probably wants to show that she is indeed, above the day-to-day political fray, just as she likely believes the existence of the United Kingdom to be above politics and nearly beyond reproach, and she certainly doesn’t want it breaking up from under her. Indeed, in her Christmas broadcast last year, she talked about reconciliation following the referendum and how this process would take time following the end of the two year long and emotionally-driven campaign, which as she said, had brought disappointment to some and relief to others. And she knows that she has a role to play in that reconciliation process, and that she must be Queen of all Britons. The monarchy is in many ways, a major piece of the glue that holds the United Kingdom together, and Her Majesty takes her role seriously. More than almost anybody else (including the politicians), the Queen understands the importance of celebrating the UK as a whole and acknowledging the constituent parts of the UK, so that each part may have a sense of ownership in the monarchy and in the idea that it is an institution that represents the entire UK. This helps to strengthen the Union because the Queen and members of her family are seen throughout the country carrying out a variety of engagements – many of which are of social, cultural, or economic significance to a particular area, and it is good to see them out and about – especially when showcasing areas of the UK outside of the capital city, London. In the case of opening the new Borders Railway, Her Majesty is shining a spotlight on Scotland, and this is her way of showing that Scotland matters to her personally and as Queen of the United Kingdom. She herself is half-Scottish through her beloved mother, and is a direct descendant of and successor to Scottish kings and queens going back over a thousand years, including Robert the Bruce – who defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, Mary, Queen of Scots – who was beheaded under the orders of Elizabeth I of England, and James VI & I – who brought Scotland and England together in a personal union which paved the way for the full political and economic union resulting in the country we know today: the United Kingdom. Therefore, the Queen represents the long and complicated history of her country and her people – the themes, values, issues, tensions, paradoxes, and contradictions, as well as the triumphs and tragedies, good and bad, joys and sorrows, and times of unity and division. With the constitutional arraignments of the UK being hotly debated, and with the country coming to terms on issues such as immigration, the economy, the role of government, and its place in the world, the Queen and the Royal Family function to help bring the British people together and see that what they have in common outweigh the forces which drive them apart. So it is fitting that within a year following Scotland’s decision to stay part of the Union, the Queen is coming to the part of UK for which she has great affection to mark the return of rail transportation to the Midlothian and Borders regions, while also inviting Scotland and Scots to share with her in the celebrations for that, as well as helping to mark her personal milestone. She has been praised for doing this – from Infrastructure Secretary Keith Brown calling it a “great honour” for her to lead the commemorations, to Councillor Graham Harvie, the Convener of the Scottish Borders Council, who remarked that the area was “thrilled” to welcome the Queen for the formal opening, and said: “The fact that this occasion coincides with Her Majesty becoming Britain’s longest serving monarch makes it unique in the history of the Borders.” In addition, whatever issues she has with Nicola Sturgeon will not be on display, and indeed, it may well be that the two women will personally have a pleasant time as they join together to mark the historic occasion. When that day comes, hopefully there will be crowds from all across Scotland and the wider United Kingdom at Waverley Station in Edinburgh, at Tweedbank Station, and at places in between along the route to take part in the double celebration. It ought to be a great day, with a cheerful atmosphere for all amongst individuals, families, and communities, which will be remembered for a lifetime. Witnessing her people having fun and enjoying themselves – more than anything else – is likely all that the Queen asks for as she goes through with this blessed moment in her reign. Posted by President Obama delivering the State of the Union address in 2011. Tonight, President Barack Obama will give his 6th State of the Union address to Congress, where he will outline the agenda of his Administration for the coming year. Elizabeth II delivering the Queen's Speech at the State Opening of Parliament in 2013. In the United Kingdom, the closest equivalent is the annual State Opening of Parliament, where the Queen officially commences a new session of Parliament, and addresses Parliament with a speech from the throne which spells out the priorities of the elected government of the day. Here is a basic point-by-point outline of the how the two ceremonies compare and contrast. When and where are these state occasions held? The State of the Union is held at night in either late January or early February in the lower house of the United States Congress, the House of Representatives, with members of both the House and Senate, the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, and the military in attendance. The State Opening of Parliament is held during the day in either May or June in the upper house of the United Kingdom Parliament, the House of Lords, with members of the Lords and the House of Commons in attendance (though the Commons members stand in the back of the chamber). What happens before the speech? Before the State of the Union, Members of Congress from both houses assemble in the House chamber before the President arrives. The Supreme Court justices, top military brass, members of the Cabinet, and the Vice President are introduced before the President walks down the center aisle to the dais. Before the State Opening of Parliament, members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in their respective chambers before the Queen arrives. Upon her arrival, the Queen is robed and places the Imperial State Crown on her head. She then proceeds to sit on the throne in the Lords chamber, and the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (usually only known as "Black Rod") is sent to request the attendance of members of the Commons (including the Prime Minister) to the proceedings. Upon reaching the Commons, Black Rod has the doors shut in his face, before being allowed in to summon the members. This symbolizes the independence of the Commons from the monarch and its right to refuse the monarch's representative. What happens during the proceedings? During the State of the Union, the President stands at a rostrum before the assembled Congress to read a speech written by him and his adviser's which spells out the legislative and policy priorities of the Administration for the coming year. During the State Opening of Parliament, the Queen sits in a throne before the assembled Parliament to read Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech - also commonly known as the Queen's Speech - which is written by the Prime Minister and his office, which outlines the Government's program for the new Parliamentary term. What happens afterward? After the State of the Union, the President returns to the White House and an elected official from the opposition party gives a response to the address given by the President. After the State Opening of Parliament, the Queen returns to Buckingham Palace, and both the House of Commons and House of Lords debate the content of the speech, with a focus on particular issues over the course of several days. Both houses agree to an ‘Address in Reply to Her Majesty’s Gracious Speech’, but only in the Commons is the speech voted on. The failure of the Speech to command a majority in the Commons may result in the resignation of the Prime Minister and the call for a fresh General Election. It has now been a week since it was officially confirmed that Prince William will be taking a job as a pilot for the East Anglian Air Ambulance service next spring, following a period of training that begins in September. A EC135 helicopter used by the EAAA. Image Credit: Jsmauger via Wikimedia Commons cc The announcement generated a rather large buzz from around the world, and the Duke of Cambridge was trending on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook. Many of the reactions were positive and supportive, with several comments praising the 32-year-old for committing himself to a public service in which he will be saving lives. However, there were also comments and commentary of dissatisfaction with the move, which will see William and his family largely sheltered away from public view for the foreseeable future. Much of the criticism is not new, and appears to be focused in part on the Duke's alleged wishy-washiness and inability to come to terms with his royal destiny. Since his graduation from the University of St. Andrew's in 2005, Prince William has not yet settled into life as a full-time working member of the Royal Family. He went into the military - first training at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, then going on to serve as an officer in all three main service branches (Naval, Air Force, and Army). Eventually, the Royal Air Force became his primary branch, and from 2010 to 2013, he served as Flight Lieutenant William Wales - a search-and-rescue helicopter pilot based at RAF Valley on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales. When his active military service came to an end in September of last year, he began what Palace officials described as a "transitional year", and it was thought that the Duke - now with a family of his own - would before long begin to carry out a full schedule of royal duties, and in doing so, step up his official role within the family as the second in line to the throne. However, he began this year by taking a ten-week "bespoke" agricultural course at the University of Cambridge, which was designed to prepare him for when he inherits the Duchy of Cornwall (a land portfolio mostly in southwest Britain, which provides an income for the heir to the throne) upon the accession of his father as King. Following the successful Down Under tour, William has been carrying out public engagements (sometimes with Kate and/or Prince Harry) on several occasions - most notably the commemorations for the 70th anniversary of D-Day, the World War I centenary, and the Glasgow Commonwealth Games. But he has yet to have a full schedule of day-to-day engagements like other members of the family, and with the air ambulance pilot job, this means that full royal duties will not be in store for at least two years. The result has been that some commentators have been calling out William for failing to be dutiful in the same mold as other members of his family. While William's desire for privacy and living "normally" is understandable and has been largely respected by the media, the opinion amongst such commentators is that it is time for him to stop "putting off" royal duties and "grow up" to the reality of his position. Flying helicopters and saving lives is noble, but as the future King of the United Kingdom, more ought to be expected of him in his public duties, and to follow the Queen's maxim of being "seen to be believed." The Queen believes in the importance of getting out and being seen. Image Credit: West Midlands Police via Flickr cc One columnist (for the Daily Mail) opined that William may not have acquired the "dutiful" gene of his father, grandmother, or great-grandfather - George VI. Instead, it was suggested that William is becoming more like Edward VIII, a man who enjoys the privileges afforded by royal status, but not much - if any - of the burdens, duties, and responsibilities which come with it. The very public chaos surrounding his parents' marriage notwithstanding, the view taken by this person and other people is that William cannot long continue to wait to begin full royal life, for the risk is that the British people will question his value to the taxpayer, which will cause him and Kate to lose the goodwill they have built up over the last several years. Such opinions also tend to say: yes, the burdens (especially via the media) can be unbearable at times, but then again, it is a small price to pay for all of the privileges afforded to the Duke of Cambridge and his family, whereas other families have to worry about how they will obtain their next meal and/or juggle money around to ensure that bills are paid. This leads to another gripe with William, which has do to with the British taxpayer funding renovations amounting to £4.5 million to Kensington Palace for the use of the Cambridge's, but which will now lay empty for the better part of (at least) two years while they decamp to Anmer Hall - their country home on the Queen's Sandringham Estate in Norfolk - as the Duke takes up his new air ambulance job in nearby Cambridge and Norwich. A view of Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which is located in the center of this photograph. Image Credit: David Baron via Flickr cc In reality, the renovations to Apartment 1A (formerly the residence of Princess Margaret) were going to have to be done anyway, especially with regard to replacing the plumbing and electrical wiring, asbestos removal, roof replacement, and other essential things. Furnishing the 20-room apartment was left to be done by the couple with their personal funds, but it still raised eyebrows when it emerged that in addition to renovating the existing kitchen, a second kitchen was built - with one being used for their personal needs and the other one utilized for social gatherings. In this light, it does appear that the Duke comes off as petulant, selfish, arrogant, and pig-headed (like his Spencer relations, as described by a courtier) . However, it must be said that William - as well as other members of the Royal Family - suffer from "damned if they do, damned if they don't." Right now, the gripe is that William is not doing enough with regard to public royal duties, and that taxpayers' are not getting value for money. But then if William were to vastly expand his schedule of engagements up and down the United Kingdom, then the cost of carrying out such engagements would show up on the annual Royal finances report and would become fodder for the media to make the monarchy appear spendthrift and profligate. Either way, William and the Royal Family can't win this battle, and they are only left to do what they believe is best - with consequences coming as they may. Prince Charles has been stepping up his public outings in recent years. Image Credit: Worthy FM via flickr cc As it is, the Royal Family already has several of its members on full-time duty. The Queen, Prince Philip, Prince Charles, Camilla, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward and his wife Sophie, Princess Anne, the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Gloucester and his wife Birgette, and Princess Alexandra carry out a hefty number of engagements throughout the year, so not having William and Kate (or for that matter Harry, Beatrice, and Eugenie) on board full time is not the end of the world. However, it is true that the Cambridge's and Prince Harry are amongst the most high-profile members of the family, and that therefore, the general public would like to see more of them. And although the Queen and Prince Philip are carrying on well at their respective ages, it is inevitable that they will cut back on their appearances, and the same is true for the Queen's cousins - with the result that the younger generations will have to step up as time goes forward. For now, William probably does not feel the need to become a full-time working member of the family. Remember, he is second in line, not first, and while he is in that position, he probably believes that his primary role is that of a father who is actively helping to raise his son alongside his wife. The time will come for the Duke to become more active, but perhaps this is not it. Prince George, Duke of York - the future George V - in 1893. Image Credit: Library of Congress (George Grantham Bain collection) To put this in context, William's position is similar to that of George V when he was Duke of York and second in line to the throne behind his father - the future Edward VII - who was the heir of Queen Victoria. In 1893, George and his wife Mary moved into York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate, which was their main home for nearly 20 years until George's accession as King in 1910, and it was there that five of their six children were born. George in particular preferred the quiet country life in contrast to the lively urban social scene coveted by his father, and his biographer Harold Nicolson wrote that "when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill animals and stick in stamps [for his stamp collection]." This was not entirely true, but it gives an indication of how the then second in line lived in middle-class fashion. With his air ambulance job, the current second in line is planning to do much more than his great-great grandfather. Nevertheless, they appear to be similar insofar that they decided to retreat to the quiet countryside until they were needed in public. George went go on to become King, and though he did not always like the public and colorful ceremonies, he carried them out anyway because he felt that it was the right thing to do, and this attitude laid the groundwork for House of Windsor, with its hallmark commitment to the mantra of "duty first" which has been followed by his second son, George VI and granddaughter, Elizabeth II. This was in contrast to his eldest son, Edward VIII, who preferred the pleasures and comforts afforded by his status, but showed his hostility to the traditional burdens and responsibilities which came with it. Vain and petulant, he was temperamentally ill-suited for the top job, and this led him down the road to abdication within twelve months of his accession. The shadow of the media and paparazzi hounding Diana is a prime influence on Prince William. Image Credit: Rick via Wikimedia Commons cc On the other hand, Prince William does not appear to behave like "Uncle David". He may be indecisive, and when he does make a decision, becomes stubborn and immovable, but this seems to be motivated - at least in part - by his desire to protect his family from the pitfalls that consumed and destroyed his parents' marriage and which led to his mother's tragic death. Also, the criticism does not do justice to the fact that William has dutifully served his country in the Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and appears to ignore the work that he has done - and continues to do - with the organizations that he supports, sometimes out of the public eye. In addition, there is nothing wrong with him taking up a job which will see him engaging and interacting with people from various backgrounds. If anything, it will be helpful as he continues his journey to kingship, for he can become relatable - at least in some way - to the day-to-day issues that people face - away from the flickering cameras. On a more personal level - and unlike Edward VIII - William is married to a woman who understands him more than virtually anybody else, which will come in handy as both of them ease into full royal duties later on. For now, it is quite possible that he believes that having as normal a family life as possible (with little media/public intrusion) is the best way to ensure that the chaos and drama of the 1990's will not happen in the future. This long-term outlook views family life as essential to providing stability for the monarchy, and as second in line, the Duke probably feels that he can afford to put off a full slate of royal duties for the time being, so that his family comes first, and there is nothing selfish or petulant about that. Posted by	i don't know
Which English author, who died in 1998, published Katie Hannigan in 1950 and The Bill Bailey Trilogy between 1986 and 1997?	Catherine Cookson : definition of Catherine Cookson and synonyms of Catherine Cookson (English) 12 External links Early life Born as Catherine Ann McMullen at 5 Leam Lane in Tyne Dock , South Shields , County Durham , she was known as "Kate" as a child. She moved to East Jarrow , County Durham which would become the setting for one of her best-known novels, The Fifteen Streets. The illegitimate child of an alcoholic named Kate Fawcett, she grew up thinking her unmarried mother was her sister, as she was brought up by her grandparents, Rose and John McMullen. Biographer Kathleen Jones tracked down her father, whose name was Alexander Davies, a bigamist and gambler from Lancashire .[ citation needed ] She left school at 13 and, after a period of domestic service, took a laundry job at Harton Workhouse in South Shields . In 1929, she moved south to run the laundry at Hastings Workhouse, saving every penny to buy a large Victorian house, and then taking in lodgers to supplement her income. In June 1940, at the age of 34, she married Tom Cookson, a teacher at Hastings Grammar School . After experiencing four miscarriages late in pregnancy, it was discovered she was suffering from a rare vascular disease, telangiectasia , which causes bleeding from the nose, fingers and stomach and results in anemia . A mental breakdown followed the miscarriages, from which it took her a decade to recover. Writing career She took up writing as a form of therapy to tackle her depression , and joined Hastings Writers' Group . Her first novel, Kate Hannigan, was published in 1950. Though it was labelled a romance , she expressed discontent with the stereotype. Her books were, she said, historical novels about people and conditions she knew. Cookson had little connection with the London literary circus. She was always more interested in practising the art of writing. Her research could be uncomfortable — going down a mine , for instance, because her heroine came from a mining area. Having in her youth wanted to write about 'above stairs' in grand houses, she later and successfully concentrated on people ground down by circumstances, taking care to know them well. Cookson wrote almost 100 books, which sold more than 123 million copies, her novels being translated into at least 20 languages. She also wrote books under the pseudonyms Catherine Marchant and a name derived from her childhood name, Katie McMullen. She remained the most borrowed author from public libraries in the UK for 17 years, losing the title only in 2002, four years after her death. [1] Books in film and television Many of Cookson's novels have been transferred to stage, film and radio. The first film from her work was Jacqueline (1956) Directed by Roy Ward Baker , based on her book A Grand Man. [2] It was followed by Rooney (1958), directed by George Pollock , based on her book Rooney. Both starred John Gregson . For commercial reasons, the action of both films was transferred from South Shields to Ireland. [3] It was on television, however, that she achieved her greatest media success, with a series of dramas on ITV lasting over a decade and achieving huge ratings. Eighteen books were adapted for television between 1990 and 2001. They were all produced by Ray Marshall from Festival Film & TV who was given permission by Cookson in 1988 to bring her works to the screen. The first film to be made, The Fifteen Streets [4] starring Sean Bean & Owen Teale , was nominated for an Emmy award in 1990. The second production, The Black Velvet Gown , [5] won an International Emmy for Best Drama in 1991. The mini series regularly attracted audiences over 10 million and are still showing in the UK on the Yesterday Channel. Philanthropy Although she became a multi-millionaire from her books, Cookson was frugal with her spending. She did, however, indulge in discreet philanthropy , supporting causes in North East England and medical research in areas that were close to her heart. When public lending rights were introduced for authors, she became immediately eligible for the maximum £5,000 a year but donated it for the benefit of less fortunate writers. She also donated more than £1 million for research into a cure for the illness that afflicted her. In 1985, she pledged more than £800,000 to the University of Newcastle . In gratitude, the university set up a lectureship in hematology . Some £40,000 was given to provide a laser to help treat bleeding disorders and £50,000 went to create a new post in ear, nose and throat studies, with particular reference to the detection of deafness in children. She had already given £20,000 towards the university's Hatton Gallery and £32,000 to its library. In recognition of this generosity, a building in the university medical faculty has been named after her. [6] Her foundation continues to make donations to worthy causes in the UK, particularly those offering services to young people and cultural ventures, such as the Tyneside Cinema . [7] Honours Cookson received the Freedom of the Borough of South Tyneside , and an honorary degree from the University of Newcastle . The Variety Club of Great Britain named her Writer of the Year, and she was voted Personality of the North East. Later life and death In later life, Cookson and her husband Tom returned to the North East and settled first in Haldane Terrace, Jesmond. They then moved to Corbridge , a market town near Newcastle, and later to Langley, Northumberland , a small village nearby. As her health declined, they moved for a final time to the Jesmond area of Newcastle upon Tyne to be nearer medical facilities. For the last few years of her life, she was bed-ridden and she gave her final TV interview to North East Tonight , the regional ITV Tyne Tees news programme, from her sickbed. It was conducted by Mike Neville . Catherine Cookson died at the age of 91, sixteen days before her 92nd birthday, at her home in Newcastle, although her novels, many written from her sickbed, continued to be published posthumously until 2002. Tom died on 28 June 1998, just 17 days later. [8] He had been hospitalised for a week and the cause of his death was not announced. He was 86 years old. Legacy In March 2008, the Dame Catherine Cookson Memorial Garden was unveiled in the grounds of South Tyneside District Hospital in South Shields, based on the theme of a serpentine symbol, commonly used to symbolise health and caring. The hospital occupies the site of the Harton Workhouse, where Cookson worked from 1924 to 1929. The project was partly funded by the Catherine Cookson Trust. [9] Tom and Catherine, a musical about the couple's life, was written by local playwright Tom Kelly. It played to sell-out crowds at the Customs House in South Shields. Bibliography The Nice Bloke (1969) aka The Husband (1969) The Glass Virgin (1969) Feathers in the Fire (1971) Pure as the Lily (1972) The Invisible Cord (1975) The Tide of Life (1976) The Girl (1977) The Man Who Cried (1979) The Whip (1983) aka The Spaniard's Gift (1989) The Black Velvet Gown (1984) The Bannaman Legacy (1985) aka A Dinner of Herbs (1985) The Moth (1986) aka The Thorman Inheritance (1989) The Parson's Daughter (1987) The Harrogate Secret (1988) aka The Secret The Cultured Handmaiden (1988) The Spaniard's Gift (1989) aka The Whip (1983) The Black Candle (1989) The Thorman Inheritance (1989) aka The Moth (1986) The Gillyvors (1990) aka The Love Child (1991) My Beloved Son (1991) The Rag Nymph (1991) aka The Forester Girl (1993) The House of Women (1992) The Maltese Angel (1992) The Forester Girl (1993) aka The Rag Nymph (1991) The Year of the Virgins (1993) The Tinker's Girl (1994) Justice Is a Woman (1994) A Ruthless Need (1995) The Lady on my Left (1997) aka The Mists of Memory (1965) by Catherine Marchant The Obsession (1997) Rosie of the River (2000) The Simple Soul and Other Stories (2001) Silent Lady (2002) The Lord and Mary Ann (1956) The Devil and Mary Ann (1958) Love and Mary Ann (1961) Life and Mary Ann (1962) Marriage and Mary Ann (1964) Mary Ann's Angels (1965) Mary Ann and Bill (1967) The Mallen Novels Tilly Trotter aka Tilly (1980) Tilly Trotter Wed aka Tilly Wed (1981) Tilly Trotter Widowed aka Tilly Alone (1982) The Hamilton series Bill Bailey's Lot (1987) aka Bill Bailey's Litter Bill Bailey's Daughter (1988) The Bondage of Love (1997) Children's stories Joe and the Gladiator (1968) The Nipper (1970) Blue Baccy (1972) aka Rory's Fortune (1988) Our John Willie (1974) Go Tell It to Mrs Golightly (1977) Lanky Jones (1981) Nancy Nutall and the Mongrel (1982) Rory's Fortune (1988) aka Blue Baccy (1972) Bill and The Mary Ann Shaughnessy (1991) Autobiographies Catherine Cookson Country (1986) aka My Land of the North (1999) Let Me Make Myself Plain (1988) Plainer Still (1995) Heritage of Folly (1961) aka Heritage of Folly (1961) by Katie McMullen The Fen Tiger (1963) aka The House on the Fens (1963) House of Men (1963) The Mists of Memory (1965) aka The Lady on my Left (1997) by Catherine Cookson The Iron Facade (1965) aka Evil at Rodgers Cross (1965) Miss Martha Mary Crawford (1975) The Slow Awakening (1976)	Catherine Cookson
What is the correct title of the Simon and Garfunkel song that is often called Feelin' Groovy?	Catherine Cookson for Books and Writers by Bamber Gascoigne Catherine Cookson (1906-1998) - Dame Catherine (Ann) Cookson, n�e McMullen; birthdate officially 27.6.1906; also wrote as Catherine Marchant British writer who published over 90 highly popular novels which have been translated into twenty languages, among others into Finnish (over 30 works). In the 1990s Cookson's books have sold 90 million copies. Cookson became especially famous for her family sagas set against the backdrop of England in the 19th century. She wrote under the pseudonym Catherine Marchant, and produced three different series of books: the Bill Bailey series, the Mary Ann series, and the Mallen series. "I was a story-teller from the time I could talk, and if I could get an audience, if I could get someone to listen to me... I used to pass the time, telling myself wonderful stories about us living in a nice house with lino on the stairs... one of the best ones I've ever told was about the wee folk, the little green men talking to me." (from Richard Joseph's Bestsellers, 1997) Catherine Cookson was born in Tyne Dock, South Shields, in an industrial region in the northeast of England. Unlike so many leading writers, she started life with many disadvantages. She was born illegitimate and was raised by her grandparents, Rose and John McMullen. Her mother, Kate Fawcett, who worked as a barmaid, was poverty-stricken, at times an alcoholic and occasionally violent. Cookson had only the minimum of education, and from the age of thirteen she suffered from hereditary hemorrhage telangiectasia. For many years Cookson believed that she had been abandoned as a baby and that her mother was actually her older sister. From an early age Cookson was determined to become a writer. She was an avid reader and penned her first short story, 'The Wild Irish Girl', when she was eleven, and sent it off to the South Shields Gazette, which returned it after three days. At the age of thirteen Cookson left school. She began working as a maid in the houses of the rich and powerful, witnessing the great class barrier inside wealthy society. From 1924 to 1929 she worked in a laundry and saved enough money to establish an apartment hotel in Hastings. One of the tenants was the schoolmaster Tom Cookson, whom she married in 1940, at the age of 34. After several miscarriages she fell into a depression. To recover, she started writing and joined the local writers' group for encouragement. During this period she changed from play writing to short stories. Cookson's first book, Kate Hannigan (1950), was partly autobiographical. Her neighbors tried to stop its publication because Cookson dared in the first pages to write in detail about a baby being born. In the story Kate, a working-class girl, becomes pregnant by an upper-middle-class man. The child is brought up by Kate's parents and she believes them to be her real parents, and Kate to be her sister. Colour Blind (1953) was a story of a woman who marries a black man. Later their daughter suffers at the hands of classmates and a bitter uncle. The background is realistic, and offers an understanding picture of the British working class. In these early works as in the following books Cookson dealt with such social issues as class tensions and unemployment, among them The Black Candle (1989), set in the 19th-century and depicting a clash between two families. Her first sixteen books Cookson wrote longhand, but started then to use a tape recorder, acting the parts of the characters she is writing about. Her husband worked as her private secretary and helped with grammar and spelling – Cookson's dialect was so strong that many outsiders had difficulties in understanding what she said. In 1968 her novel The Round Tower won an award as the best regional novel of the year. Cookson's autobiography, Our Kate, came out in 1969. Other autobiographical works include Catherine Cookson Country (1986), Let Me Make Myself Plain (1988), and Plainer Still (1995). Many of Cookson's novels concern the poverty in the North East of England, and are set in mines and shipyards, or the farms and surrounding countryside in various periods from the nineteenth century onwards. The historical background is generally carefully researched. She also used her own experiences as material and recollections of her family and friends. Several novels are serialized, tracing events in the life of a single character or a family. Mary Ann Shaughnessy, a brave and warm-hearted heroine, appears in many books. Her other major series are The Mallen Family, The Tilly Trotter trilogy, The Hamilton series, and The Bill Bailey series. "But he had taught her to love, and that was a different thing; he had taught her that the act of love wasn't merely a physical thing, its pleasure being halved without the assistance of the mind. But it was Mr Burgess, this old man breathing his last here now, who had taught her how to use her mind. Right from the beginning he had warned her that once your mind took you below the surface of mundane things, you would never again know real peace because the mind was an adventure, it led you into strange places and was forever asking why, and as the world outside could not give you true answers, you were forever groping and searching through your spirit for the truth." (from Tilly Trotter Wed, 1981) Usually Cookson's characters cross the class barrier by the means of education. Tilly Trotter is taught to read and write by the parson's daughter and Kate Hannigan is educated by a kindly employer. Often Cookson's characters are outcasts, as Tilly who is viewed by the local villagers as a witch. During the story, beginning in the reign of the young Queen Victoria, she moves up and down the social scale. She becomes the mistress of a wealthy man, then the wife of his son. Exceptionally Tilly moves to the United States, Texas, which Cookson had never visited. As a source she used Comanches by T. R. Fehrenbach (1975), Sue Flanagan's Sam Houston's Texas (1964) and some other books but emphasized: "... I have tried within my capacity to keep to facts, but like most authors of novels I may have resorted now and again to a little licence; so should this be noted by a Texan I beg his forbearance, for after all I am merely a teller of tales." (from the 'Author's Note' in Tilly Trotter Wed, 1981) The series inspired the film Tilly Trotter (1999), directed by Alan Grant and starring Simon Shepard, Carli Norris, Rosemary Leach, and Gavin Abbot. The trilogy dealing with the Mallen family saga began with The Mallen Streak (1973), and continued with The Mallen Girl (1974), and The Mallen Lot (1974). The story was set in 19th-century Northumberland, and depicted the affairs of the family against the background of past hidden sins. Cookson received the Freedom of the Borough of South Shields, and an honorary degree from the university of Newcastle, and the Royal Society of Literature's award for the Best Regional Novel of the Year. The Variety Club of Great Britain named her Writer of the Year, and she was voted Personality of The North-East. In 1933 Cookson was made Dame. She died shortly before her ninety-second birthday, on June 11, 1998, in her home near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Posthumously published Kate Hannigan's Girl (1999) continues the story of her first novel. For further information: The Girl from Leam Lane: The Life and Writing of Catherine Cookson by Piers Dudgeon (1984); Twentieth-Century Romance and Historical Writers, ed. by Aruna Vasudevan (1994); Now read on... by Mandy Hicken and Ray Prytherch (1996); Contemporary Popular Writers, ed. by David Mote (1997); 'Catherine Cookson DBE, OBE' in Bestsellers: Top Writers Tell How by Richard Joseph (1997); The Catherine Cookson Companion by Cliff Goodwin (1999); Seeking Catherine Cookson's 'Da by Kathleen Jones (2004) - Note: A third of all fiction borrowed from public libraries in 1988 in the UK was by Catherine Cookson. In 1997 nine of her works were on the list of ten most borrowed books. Selected works: The Mary Ann Shaughnessy series: A Grand Man, 1954 The Lord and Mary Ann, 1956 The Devil and Mary Ann, 1958 Love and Mary Ann, 1961 Life and Mary Ann, 1962 Marriage and Mary Ann, 1964 Mary Ann's Angels, 1965 Mary Ann and Bill, 1967 The Mallen novels: - Mallenin suku (suom. Eva Siikarla, 1974) -TV series 1979, prod. Granada Television, starring Caroline Blakiston, Mary Healey and Gillian Lewis The Mallen Girl, 1973 - Mallenin tytt� (suom. Eva Siikarla, 1975) The Mallen Litter, 1974 - Mallenien paluu (suom. Anja Haglund, 1976) The Tilly Trotter series: Tilly Trotter, 1980 - Tilly Trotter (suom. Marja Heinonen, 1981) - TV series 1999, prod. Festival Films, dir. Alan Grint, starring Carli Norris (as Tilly Trotter), Sarah Alexander and Beth Goddard Tilly Trotter Wed, 1981 - Tilly Trotterin uusi el�m� (suom. Renne Nikupaavola, Marja Heinonen, 1982) Tilly Trotter Widowed, 1982 - Tilly Trotter, nuori leski (suom. Renne Nikupaavola, 1982) The Hamilton novels: The Bondage of Love, 1997 Others: - Katie - kaidan tien kulkija (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2002) The Fifteen Streets, 1952 - Kadun kaunein tytt� (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2010) -TV film 1989, prod. Tyne Tees Television, World Wide International Television, screenplay Rob Bettinson, dir. David Wheatley, starring Owen Teale, Sean Bean, Anny Tobin Colour Blind, 1953 - TV mini-series 1998, teleplay Gordon Hann, dir. Alan Grint, starring Sue Holderness, Niamh Cusack, Tony Armatrading, Joe Caffrey Maggie Rowan, 1954 Jacqueline, 1956 (screenplay, with others) - Prod. George H. Brown Productions, dir. Roy Ward Baker, starring John Gregson, Kathleen Ryan and Jacqueline Ryan Rooney, 1957 - Film 1958, prod. George H. Brown Productions, screenplay Patrick Kirwan, dir. George Pollock, starring John Gregson, Muriel Pavlow and Barry Fitzgerald The Menagerie, 1958 - Isosisko (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2007) Fanny McBride, 1959 - Leski�idin lapset (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2005) Fenwick Houses, 1960 Heritage of Folly, 1961 (as Katie Mullen; Heritage of Folly, as Catherine Marchant, 1961) The Garment, 1962 - Lukittu l�hde (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2008) Heritage of Folly, 1962 (as Catherine Marchant) The Blind Miller, 1963 The Fen Tiger, 1963 (as Catherine Marchant) House of Men, 1963 (as Catherine Marchant) - TV film 1977, in Romance, prod. Thames Television, dir. Piers Haggard, starring Mary Larkin, Michael Kitchen and James Laurenson Hannah Massey, 1964 The Mists of Memory, 1965 (as Catherine Marchant) Matty Doolin, 1965 The Iron Facade, 1965 (as Catherine Marchant; as Evil at Rodgers Cross, 1965) - - Rautainen julkisivu (suom. Ritva Wederholm, 1995) The Long Corridor, 1965 - Y�taivas ja sarastus (suom. Kaarina Sonck, 2008) Katie Mulholland, 1967 - Greenwallin kartanon piikatytt� (suom. Marja Heinonen, 1980); Greenvallin kartanon valtiatar (suom. Marja Heinonen, 1980) The Round Tower, 1968 - Vanessa (suom. Tutteli Lindberg, 1979) - TV film 1998, prod. Festival Film & Television Production, Festival Films, dir. Alan Grint, starring Isabelle Amyes, Keith Barron and Robert Cole Joe and the Gladiator, 1968 Our Kate, 1969 - �itini Kate (suom. Marja Haapio, 1996) The Glass Virgin, 1969 - TV mini-series 1995, prod. Festival Films, Tyne Tees Television, World Wide International Television, dir. Sarah Hellings, starring Jan Graveson, Darren Newton and Ford Prefect The Nice Bloke, 1969 (as The Husband, 1969) The Nipper, 1970 The Dwelling Place, 1971 - Tytt� ja kartanonherra (suom. Eva Siikarla, 1973) - TV series 1994, prod. Festival Film & Television Production, Festival Films, Tyne Tees, teleplay Gordon Hann, dir. Gavin Millar, starring Tracy Whitwell, Lucy Cohu and Edward Rawle-Hicks Feathers in the Fire, 1971 Pure as the Lily, 1972 - Puhdas kuin lilja (suom. Satu Leveelahti, 2006) Blue Baccy, 1972 (as Rose's Fortune in 1988) Our John Willie, 1974 - Veljeni John Willie (suom. Paula Karlsson, 1978) Miss Martha Mary Crawford, 1975 (as Catherine Marchant) The Invisible Cord, 1975 The Gambling Man, 1975 - TV series 1995, prod. Festival Films, Tyne Tees Television, World Wide International Television, dir. Norman Stone, starring Robson Green, Ian Cullen and Sylvestra Le Touzel The Slow Awakening, 1976 (as Catherine Marchant) The Tide of Life, 1976 - Emily: romaani (suom. Marja Heinonen, 1978) -TV mini-series 1996, teleplay Gordon Hann, dir. David Wheatley, starring Diana Hardcastle, Gillian Kearney and John Bowler The Girl, 1977 - Hannah (suom. Anja Haglund, 1979) - TV film 1996, prod. Festival Film & Television Production, dir. David Wheatley, starring Siobhan Flynn, Jonathan Cake and Mark Benton Go Tell It to Mrs Golightly, 1977 Mrs Flannagan's Trumpet, 1977 The Cinder Path, 1978 -TV series 1994, prod. Festival Film & Television Production, Tyne Tees Television, dir. Simon Langton, starring Catherine Zeta-Jones, Victoria Scarborough and Lloyd Owen The Man Who Cried, 1979 - Onnen kulkurit (suom. Tutteli Lindberg, 1981) - TV movie 1993, teleplay Stan Barstow, dir. Michael Whyte, starring Ciar�n Hinds, Kate Buffery, Amanda Root, Daniel Massey The Mallen Novels, 1979 The Mary Ann Omnibus, 1981 Nancy Nutall and the Mongrel, 1982 The Whip, 1982 (as The Spaniard's Gift, 1989) - Ruoska (suom. Anna-Paula Menna, 1984) The Black Velvet Gown, 1984 - Mustaa samettia (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1989) - TV film 1991, prod. Portman Productions, Tyne Tees Television, World Wide International Television, dir. Norman Stone, starring Bob Peck, Janet McTeer and Geraldine Somerville A Dinner of Herbs, 1985 (as The Bannama Legacy, 1985) - Liekehtiv�t vuodet (suom. Renne Nikupaavola, 1986) - TV mini-series 2000, dir. Alan Grint, starring Tom Goodman-Hill, Jonathan Kerrigan and Melanie Clark Pullen The Moth, 1986 (as The Thorman Inheritance, 1989) - Y�perhonen (suom. Renne Nikupaavola, 1987) - TV film 1997, prod. Festival Production, teleplay Gordon Hann, dir. Roy Battersby, starring Juliet Aubrey, Alan Bird and David Bradley Catherine Cookson Country, 1986 - Pastorin tyt�r (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1988) The Cultured Handmaiden, 1988 - Jinnyn valinta (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1990) Let Me Make Myself Plain, 1988 The Harrogate Secret, 1989 - Uhkaava salaisuus (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1990) - TV drama 2000, The Secret, prod. Festival Films, Tyne Tees Television, Yorkshire Television (YTV), dir. Alan Grint, starring Colin Buchanan, Clare Higgins and Hannah Yelland The Black Candle, 1989 - Kohtalon liekki (suom. Sari Luhtanen, 1991) - TV film 1991, prod. Portman Productions, World Wide International Television, dir. Roy Battersby, starring Cathy Sandford, Nathaniel Parker and James Gaddas The Gillyvors, 1990 (as The Love Child, 1991) - Kohtalon lapset (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1992) The Wingless Bird, 1990 - Siivet�n lintu (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1991) - TV series 1997, prod. Festival Films, Tyne Tees Television, teleplay Alan Seymour, dir. David Wheatley, starring Moira Redmond, Amanda Royle and Claire Skinner The Gillyvors, 1991 - Rakas poikani (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1992) The Rag Nymph, 1992 (as The Forester Girl, 1993) - Laitakaupungin lilja (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1992) - TV mini-series 1997, prod. Tyne Tees Television, dir. David Wheatley, starring Honeysuckle Weeks, Alec Newman and Val McLane The House of Women, 1992 - Naisten talo (suom. Anna-Liisa Laine, 1993) The Maltese Angel, 1992 - Maltan enkeli (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1994) The Year of the Virgins, 1993 - Haavoittunut neitsyt (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1994) The Golden Straw, 1993 - Emilyn olkihattu (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1996) Justice Is a Woman, 1994 - Rakkaus on sokea (suom. Sirkka Suomi, 1995) The Tinker's Girl, 1994 - Jinnie, l�kkisep�n tyt�r (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1997) The Obsession, 1995 - K�tketyt tunteet (suom. Sari Karhulahti, 1999) Plainer Still: A New Personal Anthology, 1995 A Ruthless Need, 1995 - Kasvattityt�r (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2001) The Obsession, 1995 Three Complete Novels, 1996 (The Love Child; The Maltese Angel; The Year of the Virgins) The Branded Man, 1996 - Merkitty mies (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2000) The Upstart, 1996 - Jinnie, l�kkisep�n tyt�r (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1997) The Bonny Dawn, 1996 - Aamurusko (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1998) The Lady on my Left, 1997 (as Catherine Marchant, The Mists of Memory, 1965) - Ikuisesti sinun (suom. Satu Leveelahti, 2001) The Bondage of Love, 1997 The Upstart, 1998 - Nousukas (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 1998) The Desert Crop, 1997 - Syntien sovitus (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2003) Riley, 1998 - Sokeat vuodet (suom. Satu Leveelahti, 2000) A House Divided, 1999 - Sokaiseva rakkaus (suom. Inkeri Pitk�nen, 2004) The Thursday Friend, 1999 - Salainen yst�v� (suom. Satu Leveelahti, 2003) Kate Hannigan's Girl, 1999 - Annie - �itins� tyt�r (suom. Satu Leveelahti, 2002) Rosie of the River, 2000 The Simple Soul and Other Stories, 2001 Just A Saying, 2002 The Hamiltons: Two Novels, 2006 (Hamilton and Goodbye Hamilton) Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008	i don't know
Which James Bond film featured the main female villain Helga Brandt?	Helga Brandt \| Villains Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia You should've killed him yourself! You had plenty of opportunity! „ ~ Brandt questioning the failure to kill James Bond. Helga Brandt is a henchwoman who works for Ernst Stavro Blofeld and the secondary antagonist in the James Bond Film "You Only Live Twice". She is number 11 in the SPECTRE hierarchy and poses as a secretary to Mr. Osato , a SPECTRE operative posing as an industrialist. History Bond first meets Brandt when he comes to meet Osato. She and Osato arrive by helicopter. After being introduced to Bond she offers him a glas of champagne which he politely turns down. When Bond leaves Osato orders Brandt to kill 'Mr. Fisher'. Later at the Kobe docks Bond is captured and taken to see her on board the freighter Ning-po. Knowing that she will be killed later she allows herself to be seduced by Bond pretending to be on his side. During the interrogation, Bond lies to Brandt saying that he is an industrial spy and offers Brandt $150,000 to help escape back to Tokyo. The next day while traveling in a Meyers 200 however she parachutes out after dropping a magnesium flare disguised as a tube of lipstick onto the floor leaving Bond to try and control the diving plane. He manages an emergency landing narrowly escaping before the plane blows up. Later at Blofeld's volcano lair Blofeld calls Brandt and Osato to his quarters. At first Blofeld accused Osato of failing to kill Bond but displeased with Number 11's failures. Blofeld feeds her to his school of hungry piranhas. Gallery	You Only Live Twice
Painted in 1905, the painting Garcon a la Pipe was a famous painting by which famous artist who died in 1973?	Helga Brandt (Character) - Filmography by Keyword Helga Brandt (Character) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. 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UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - 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UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) ... aka "Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title) ... aka "James Bond 5" - Israel (English title) IMDb Everywhere Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!	i don't know
What nationality was tennis player Yvon Petra? In 1946 he became the first man to win the Men's Singles Title at Wimbledon since World War II when he beat Geoff Brown of Australia.	The FunBoxs Biggest Quiz Ever .. \| Page 2 \| Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum \| Guild Forums \| Gaia Online Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:36 pm 6501..In fashion correspondent and bar are types of what item? 6502..Artemis is Greek Goddess of what - only one among all Gods? 6503..25% of the adult male population of the UK are what? 6504..Churchill, Iroquois, Owen and Smiths are all what? 6505..A company called Symbol owns patent to what common item? 6506..What can you find on California's Mount Cook? 6507..Fescue, Foxtail, Ruppia and Quitch are types of what? 6508..In the twelve labours of Hercules what did he do third? 6509..In Heraldry what symbol is a lymphad? 6510..What job links Paul Clifford, Claude Duval, Capt. Macheath? 6511..Whose cases were Empty House Copper Beeches Black Peter? 6512..Which King is known as The Suicide King? 6513..In Costa Rica and El Salvador you spend what? 6514..In the Christmas song your true love gave you give eight what? 6515..Name the Capital of the Ukraine? 6516..What was the name of the dog in Peter Pan? 6517..UK football Derby County home the Baseball Ground nickname? 6518..Every 12 seconds in USA someone does what in a Holiday Inn? 6519..Who rode a horse called Lamri? 6520..Which stringed instrument is blown to produce sound? 6521..Bear, Bird, Goat, Eagle, Swan and Rabbit what links in Ireland? 6522..Hera in Greece Juno in Rome Goddesses of what? 6523..In Japan what is an obi? 6524..Honi soit qui mal y pence is the motto of what organisation? 6525..What is unusual about The lake of Monteith in Scotland? 6526..Which tree is sacred to Apollo (Daphne changed into one)? 6527..Who wrote The Dong with the Luminous Nose and The Jumblies? 6528..What are Blur Crow, Brimstone, Owl and Ringlet types of? 6529..The liquor Curacao is flavoured with what? 6530..In French legend who is the lover of Abelard? 6531..If a male a is a Jackass what is a female called? 6532..What are Luster, Moreen, Mungo and Nankeen types of? 6533..In George Orwell's Animal Farm what type of animal was Muriel? 6534..In London what links Lambeth, St James and Westminster? 6535..What does an icthyophage do? 6536..Oswestry founded in 1407 is Britain's oldest what? 6537..In mythology who married the beautiful maid Galatea? 6538..In Bradshaws you would find information about what? 6539..The Romans called it Mamcunium what is this English city? 6540..Shakespeare wrote Cruel only to be kind in what play? 6541..Traditional 7 Seas N S Atlantic N S Pacific Arctic Antarctic?? 6542..Launfal, Pelleas and Tristram were part of what group? 6543..Who wrote the humorous books on One Upmanship? 6544..Greek Roman Apollo Babylonian Marduk Indian Vishnu gods?? 6545..Which English King rode a horse called White Surrey? 6546..Billycock, Wideawake, Gibus and Mitre all types of what? 6547..Quilp (A Dwarf) is a character in which Dickens novel? 6548..What word can be added to Fae, Fen, Bil, Goose to make fruit? 6549..Caracul, Dorset, Urial, Mufflon and Jacobs are types of what? 6550..What are Strength, Chariot and Hermit? 6551..Belly, Block, Blout, Nut, Rib and waist are all parts of what? 6552..Mauna Loa, Paricutin, Surtsey and Susya are all what? 6553..Which countries leader was an extra in Hollywood? 6554..BOZ was the penname if which writer? 6555..What bird is sometimes called the Yaffle? 6556..What organisation is known as the Society of Friends? 6557..Balein, Boops, Fin, Grampus and Pothead are types of what? 6558..The Ten Commandments what was number four? 6559..Who wrote the play Androcles and the Lion? 6560..What country was ruled by the Schleswig-Holstein dynasty? 6561..In France what take place at Auteuil, Saint-Cloud and Chantilly? 6562..A Tiercel is the correct name for a male what? 6563..An algophile loves what? 6564..Who is the Roman Goddess of invention and wisdom? 6565..What would you do with a celesta? 6566..What would you do if someone gave you a Twank? 6567..What is the subject of the reference book Janes? 6568..Which spice comes in hands? 6569..What would you expect to see at Santa Pod? 6570..What does a hypodermic literally mean? 6571..What was Peter Blake a pop art designers most famous work? 6572..In which 1960 film did Elvis Presley play a mixed race character? 6573..What profession had Lemual Gulliver when he was shipwrecked? 6574..Who is supposed to be buried under Kings Cross station? 6575..In the Bible what was an adamant? 6576..Thomas Caneery writer Schlinders Ark comes from what country? 6577..Which Roman Emperor made Sunday a religious holiday? 6578..If you have polythelia what have you got? 6579..Orthoepy is the study of what? 6580..Which Saints day is the 23rd April? 6581..Which modern artist created the Mother and Child Divided? 6582..What Shakespeare character ends saying The rest is Silence? 6583..Name John Huston's last film? 6584..Who was the father of Icarus? 6585..In the Old Testament what is the first book of Moses? 6586..Lucy Hobbs Taylor 1867 first woman in the US to do what? 6587..What is the correct name for a castrated pig? 6588..What is the literal meaning of the title Viceroy? 6589..Dover is the State Capitol of which US state? 6590..Where would you find Giacomo Marconi airport? 6591..In the Northern hemisphere its Jan 1st South Aug 1st what is? 6592..What word describes one tenth of a nautical mile? 6593..What does the Latin phrase Ex Mores mean? 6594..What does a sacerdotal person study for? 6595..In the Bible John the Baptist lived on wild honey and what? 6596..Who wrote the Paris and Prague symphonies? 6597..Men are ten times more likely than women to have what? 6598..Bond, Cotton Fabric and Tablet are types of what? 6599..What mythical beast is a cross between a lion and an eagle? 6600..Melita in the Bible where Paul was shipwrecked is where today? 6601..The Zoastrian religion began in what country? 6602..Hydra Gyrum was the Latin name for which element? 6603..Crystallite is used in what sport? 6604..The half wit Smike appears in which Dickens novel? 6605..Contralto and Soprano are female voices what comes between? 6606..In North Africa a mouflon is a wild what? 6607..What name's given to a number that exactly divides into another? 6608..Who wrote the book The Amazing Mr Ripley? 6609..Who dictated the Koran to Mohamed? 6610..Ancient Rome / Greece what Temple was dedicated to all Gods? 6611..What US State flag has a UK Union Flag on it? 6612..In the Old Testament whose name means Gods with us? 6613..What does an anthrophage practice? 6614..Who is the Greek Goddess of witchcraft and black magic? 6615..Grande and Chico are versions of what Spanish activity? 6616..What is a Bodhran used in Ireland? 6617..Petilent wine is what? 6618..What did Trevor Baylis invent? 6619..In Medieval China children up to 7 years old would do what? 6620..In 1500 BC Egyptian women had to be what to be beautiful? 6621..The average American does what for 52 minutes a day? 6622..Who was the Christian missionary portrayed in Chariots of Fire? 6623..What are silver coins made from? 6624..What State was founded in 1948? 6625..Where, apart from the wild, would you find bulls bears and stags? 6626..What is the SI base unit of electrical current? 6627..Bell View in Manchester built in 1928 was Britain's first what? 6628..Anthesis means what in relation to plants? 6629..What children's character lived at Scatterbrook farm? 6630..In Christian tradition what Saint is the Virgin Mary's mother? 6631..The filbert is an alternative name for which nut? 6632..Superstition if a woman sees a robin Valentines day marry who? 6633..Ann Franklin in 1792 was the first woman to do what? 6634..In dry measure 8 quarts are a what? 6635..March April and May are the only months that have what? 6636..What has 32 panels and 642 stitches? 6637..Thomas Sullivan in New York in 1908 introduced what? 6638..The Russians used what to cure piles? 6639..If you have Acute hasopharyngitis what's wrong? 6640..In 1927 what ceased to be a weapon in the British Army? 6641..Who was the only Apostle to die a natural death? 6642..What was banned in China in 1911 as a sign of feudalism? 6643..An 18th century law in Britain banned the poor from having what? 6644..Oil is the most traded product in the world what is the second? 6645..It is illegal to take picture of who in Zambia? 6646..What is the active ingredient in Chinese birds nest soup? 6647..What animals evidence is admissible in US courts? 6648..What is the most popular participation sport in Britain? 6649..In Britain what are Sing Tao and Weng Wei Po? 6650..Which Grand Prix driver was also a champion claw pigeon shot? 6651..Ambrosia the food of the Gods from the Greek Ambroata means? 6652..Psyscrophillia is sexual arousal by what? 6653..What company developed the dot matrix printer for 64 Olympics? 6654..What is measured with an ombrometer? 6655..Who set a world water speed record over 70 mph at age 72? 6656..Eidology is the search for what? 6657..What star only began singing when she broke her leg? 6658..What is Foghorn Leghorn's favourite song? 6659..Rodin's The Thinker is really a portrait of what Italian poet? 6660..Grace Robin was the first model - to model what in 1930? 6661..What game has only 7 possible opening moves? 6662..Who owned the dog called Peritus? 6663..In cookery what happens to food served farci? 6664..An orchidectomy involves what procedure? 6665..Queen Victoria in 1837 was the first English monarch to do what? 6666..Who was the science advisor on the first Star Trek film? 6667..Why does a cynophobe fear? 6668..In a French restaurant what's plate de jure translate as? 6669..Name of the road system links 17 capitals in South America? 6670..Capital cities name translates as City of Islam? 6671..In Britain since 1300 gold and silver hallmarked what in 1975? 6672..Where would you find a planchette? 6673..You ordered unagi in a Japanese restaurant what would you get? 6674..If you have dysmorphia what do you hate? 6675..In The Man with the Golden Gun name Scaramangas assistant? 6676..Name Pluto's moon? 6677..Which group of hobbyists spend the most money on it? 6678..More than 14 million are sold daily in 150 countries - what? 6679..What is the only insect that can turn its head? 6680..In Animal Farm what kind of creature was Bluebell? 6681..Geneva stands on what river? 6682..Which actor was born in Chiuhauha Mexico? 6683..61 is the international telephone dialling code for what country? 6684..What American Indian tribe currently has over 300000 members? 6685..In the US civil war what were graybacks? 6686..Casey Kasem was the original voice of what cartoon character? 6687..Who was Bette Midlers piano player before going solo? 6688..The artist Seurat employed which technique? 6689..Where would you find your Zygomatic Arch? 6690..What is measured in ohms? 6691..Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome caused by deficiency of what? 6692..Which heroine comes from Amphipolis? 6693..Where were Belgian waffles invented? 6694..Where would you find a gambrel? 6695..On a prescription what does PO mean? 6696..Lagomorphs refer to which animal? 6697..What is the SI unit of force? 6698..Proverbially a man is as old as he feels a woman as old as she?? 6699..What nationality was the first man to die in a plane crash? 6700..In scrabble what two letters are worth ten points? 6701..Name of the Major General who invented the exploding shell? 6702..Which two vegetables are used in vichyssoise? 6703..American folklore Abner Doubleday invented what at West Point? 6704..There are five stars on the flag of which country? 6705..What is the worlds longest race? 6706..Who wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's? 6707..What first crossed the English Channel in 1959? 6708..Which actor/writer born 1939 has the first names John Marwood? 6709..Who founded the Ballet Russe? 6710..Who designed the mini skirt? 6711..Mary Pickford Charlie Chaplin and who founded United Artists? 6712..What company did actor Brad Pitt model for? 6713..James Bond flew Little Nellie in which film? 6714..In cooking something made Veronique must contain what? 6715..Which island was the site of the Australian Grand Prix? 6716..Hanoi stands on the Song-Koi - what's it mean? 6717..US civil war Confederate Kingston hospital Georgia specialised? 6718..Where is the Salvador Dali museum located? 6719..Who would use an opisometer? 6720..If a doctor said you had claudication what have you got? 6721..Which country in the world produces the most mangos? 6722..Who taught George Harrison to play the sitar? 6723..Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili became famous as who? 6724..Who was the leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity? 6725..In Hindu Castes Brahmins were priests what were Varsyas? 6726..Robin Goodfellow alternative name which Shakespeare character? 6727..What is latke? 6728..Cindy Crawford Elle Macpherson and Madonna all done what? 6729..The quokka is a member of which animal family? 6730..Proverbially it was a bold man who first ate what? 6731..2.47105 acres is equal to what SI unit? 6732..An ecostate animal lacks what? 6733..Which country had the first state victims compensation scheme? 6734..Sperrylite is the ore what is extracted? 6735..The game pailemalle played on grass evolved into what? 6736..On what common object could you find a gate and a claw? 6737..Pavarti or Uma is the wife of who in Hindu religion? 6738..Susseration is what? 6739..There are over 400 recognised breeds of what? 6740..What links Sivan Av Tevat and Adar? 6741..The word philosophy comes from Greek literally meaning what? 6742..In the classical format there are strictly only five positions - what? 6743..Where was Robinson Crusoe's home, according to the book? 6744..Kallium is the old name for which element? 6745..In the Philippines what is lumpia? 6746..What actress said "It's better to be nude than unemployed"? 6747..What is a percoid? 6748..Majorca belongs to which island group? 6749..Who was he last Tudor monarch of England? 6750..Which 1954 film won eight Oscars? 6751..What's the worlds largest selling designer clothing range? 6752..Symbolics.com was the worlds first what? 6753..What is the worlds most polluted major city? 6754..People with hypertrichosis have lots of what? 6755..Corinthian Ionic and what are the orders of Greek architecture? 6756..Cassiterite is the ore what is extracted? 6757..Athens 1896 Paris 1900 St Louis 1904 London 1908 what next? 6758..What are scaup? 6759..Where would you find your corrugator? 6760..Which artist painted The Scream? 6761..In the US civil war what pet did Robert E Lee have? 6762..1994 what's the most registered dog by American Kennel Club? 6763..What actress declared "I'll get naked at the drop of a hat"? 6764..What gun does James Bond traditionally use? 6765..In Latin mala means bad it's also a favourite Roman food what? 6766..What film won the best visual effects Oscar in 1985? 6767..Where could you spend a Rufiyya - Capital Male? 6768..Tomatillo is a feature in what countries cusine? 6769..The golden lion is awarded at which film festival? 6770..In computing what does EPOS stand for? 6771..In English its worth 10 points but in Polish only one what is? 6772..Who broke Bearings bank and inspired the film Rogue Trader? 6773..Who created the animated characters Wallace and Grommet? 6774..Vanilla is part of which plant family? 6775..Which English monarch was first to make Xmas day broadcast? 6776..The Vatican is the worlds smallest country what's second? 6777..What does anti pasta literally mean? 6778..Fire bellied Spadefoot and Midwife are all types of what? 6779..In the man from UNCLE what does UNCLE stand for? 6780..What is also known as liberty cabbage? 6781..Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird? 6782..What 1979 film won the Oscar for best visual effects? 6783..Which element is extracted from the ore Scheelite? 6784..Where could you spend a Metical - capital Maputo? 6785..Which country consumes the most wine per capita 16.7 gal per? 6786..And what the least - two tablespoons per person? 6787..In Oct 1992 Bernard Lavery of Wales grew an 18lb 3oz what? 6788..Name the most downloaded cyberpet over 14 million? 6789..How may Oscars did Richard Burton win? 6790..In the Mohs scale of hardness what comes in at number eight? 6791..A Pascal is the SI unit of what? 6792..Herman Zapf designed what? 6793..Inderan, Delgado, LeMond and Fignon names in what sport? 6794..A cappella is unaccompanied singing but what it literally mean? 6795..William Joyce US born of Irish descent famous as who in WW2? 6796..Artist - The Monarch of the Glen in 1850 - Lions Trafalgar square? 6797..Name woman set up free birth control clinic in Holloway in 1920? 6798..What was the last black and white film to win Oscar best film? 6799..Who wrote the opera Der Rosenkavalier? 6800..Who designed the first jet engine - flew in 1941? 6801..The Wright brothers made aircraft but what was their other job? 6802..Who was the first Plantagenet monarch of England 1154 to 89? 6803..Where could you spend a Dram - Capital Yerevan? 6804..In ancient Rome what was the triclinium? 6805..Which SF author created the character Lazarus Long? 6806..Somali, Balinese and Abyssinian breeds of what? 6807..Which city is the capital of Tuscany? 6808..What type of adornment is a Postiche? 6809..Only one world team horseracing event at Ascot what trophy? 6810..Ursus Artus Horribilus - the Latin name of what creature? 6811..Which Graham Green book and film had Pinky as the star? 6812..What film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1985? 6813..If you dial 123 in the UK what service do you get? 6814..What is the opposite of nocturnal? 6815..Who wrote the book Interview with a Vampire? 6816..Which element is extracted from the ore Sphalerite? 6817..What country consumes the most meat per capita 124 lb? 6818..Mens world championships started 1903 but 1934 women what? 6819..Where could you spend your Tala - Capital Apia? 6820..According to the 2000 census in the UK what is now a religion? 6821..What is used to make a classic wiener schnitzel? 6822..What can be Inline, flat or v? 6823..Traditionally there are 100 pleats in what item? 6824..The Amazon river rises in which country? 6825..What is the most commonly used condiment in the world? 6826..What film won the best makeup Oscar in 1988? 6827..What fruit does not ripen after picking? 6828..Which gangster escaped from jail using a wooden gun? 6829..Who wrote four consecutive number one songs in 1978? 6830..What is the characters name of Agent 86? 6831..What was the sequel to The Rocky Horror Picture Show? 6832..The oldest one in America still working opened in 1829 what? 6833..The Spinet is another name for what old musical instrument? 6834..Harold the Fairhead was the first supreme ruler of where? 6835..In astrology which heavenly body rules the sign of Cancer? 6836..Who said I've have take more out of alcohol that it has out of me? 6837..If you sailed due West from Japan what country would you hit? 6838..What are the seeds of the herb cilantro called used as a spice? 6839..Estelle Parsons best supporting actress Oscar what 1967 film? 6840..Which French artist designed ballet sets for Diaghilev? 6841..Where might you spend a Ceti - Capital Accra? 6842..What family used to live in Bug Tussel? 6843..In 1924 the worlds first book of what was published? 6844..A flocculent thing resembles what? 6845..What European city is nicknamed Auld Reekie? 6846..Selma Lagerlof of Sweden in 1909 first woman to get what? 6847..What is a quahog? 6848..Which Saints day is 1st March? 6849..Who does the voiceover at the end of Michael Jackson's Thriller? 6850..If you climbed the Dolomites what country are you in? 6851..The earliest recorded one held 1887 Sheen House Richmond?? 6852..Which film won the best story and best song Oscars in 1969? 6853..Ad Lib is short for the Latin Ad libitum what's it literally mean? 6854..Which comedian and actors real first name were Leslie Townes? 6855..In 1976 what show appeared on TV for the first time? 6856..Name the American pilot shot down over Russia in 1960? 6857..The film 10 Rillington Place is based on which British serial killer? 6858..In German cusine what are kartofflen? 6859..Membrenaphone musical instruments commonly called what? 6860..Where might you spend a Won? 6861..Who wrote the novel The Money Changers? 6862..Who was the first English Poet Laureate in 1616? 6863..Helsinki 52, Melbourne 56 , Rome 60 what comes next? 6864..What country consumes the most coffee per capita 25 Lb? 6865..Lee Marvin won the best actor Oscar for what 1965 film? 6866..Which film won the best special effects Oscar in 1961? 6867..The Great Gazoo was an alien in which cartoon series? 6868..Peach pear and plum all members of which family of plants? 6869..What is the final event in the modern pentathlon? 6870..In Spain what are Paradors? 6871..What are Acheron, Cocytus and Phlegethon? 6872..Classical seven ages of man Infant Schoolboy Lover what's next? 6873..In wacky races who drove the converter car? 6874..A Robert Heinlein book won 1960 Hugo award name it? 6875..What happened to you if you get a nosicomial condition? 6876..Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus was exiled in 1956 to where? 6877..In which novel would you find reference to "The Cracks of Doom"? 6878..If you were performing Christies or edging what are you doing? 6879..Where would you find a crossjack and a spanker? 6880..In boxing what comes between bantam and light weight? 6881..In Disney's Bedknobs and Broomsticks what magic words used? 6882..First comic book character to return from death by demand is?? 6883..Greenmantle, Three Hostages, Island of Sheep which character? 6884..Which film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1990? 6885..What was voted the best monopoly piece in 1998? 6886..In what city would you find The Jacques Cartier bridge? 6887..The A1 is the longest trunk road in the UK between what 2 cities? 6888..In the animal kingdom what creatures are in the order Chiroptera? 6889..Greek mythology King Minos of Crete got what annual payment? 6890..In medieval times what was a mangonel used for? 6891..Gean, Northern bird and Dwarf all types of what? 6892..Who met at Ujiji in 1871? 6893..Pilgrims visit Mecca where is Mecca? 6894..What would you do with a wandering sailor? 6895..Germans call a WW1 sea fight Battle of Skagerrak what in UK? 6896..Port (left) was called what before Admiralty named it port in 1844? 6897..Which Spanish town is noted for high quality steel swords? 6898..The Ngorogoro crater is in what Tanzanian National Park? 6899..Hamlet, Macbeth Othello which Shakespeare tragedy is missing? 6900..Sand, Soda and what are the main ingredients of glass? 6901..What colour are the seats in the House of Lords? 6902..What are Cats tail, Cocks foot and Sheep's fescue? 6903..In what city would you find the Spanish Riding School? 6904..What is the most commonly used oil in Chinese cookery? 6905..Which film won the best screenplay Oscar in 1970? 6906..The word gospel from Anglo Saxon literally means what? 6907..Thor Heyerdahl vessels were Kon Tiki, Ra and what? 6908..And what happened to Tigris 3rd April 1978? 6909..If a doctor gave you an Ishihara test what is he testing for? 6910..Only one miracle is mentioned in all four gospels what is it? 6911..What is the worlds longest mountain range? 6912..Jason and the Argonauts sailed to where looking for the fleece? 6913..Suez is at one end of the Suez canal what is at the other? 6914..What are hunting, dress, old and Price Charles Edward types of? 6915..Dows, Grahams and Warres famous producers of what wine? 6916..What is the official language of Cuba? 6917..What new invention was shown to Queen Victoria 14 Jan 1878? 6918..In 1956 16 tons topped the UK charts who was the singer? 6919//He died 28th July 1750 and had 20 children 6 survived name him? 6920..Who gave Yves Saint Laurent his start in fashion? 6921..What is the first name of Agatha Christies Miss Marple? 6922..Evangeline Booth became the first woman general in what army? 6923..You are a saucy boy comes from what Shakespeare play? 6924..Which film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1987? 6925..Napka currency Ismara official capital which African country? 6926..Where would you find pedals a resonator and a piller? 6927..Ignoring Queen name the only woman to appear on UK currency? 6928..In area what is the largest South American country? 6929..Pierre Augustine Caron de Baumarchais play what Opera based on it? 6930..In wacky races who drove the Creepy Coop? 6931..Whose catchphrase was "Stop messing About"? 6932..John dk Ann Timmy who is missing from this famous five? 6933..Dawson City was replaced by Whitehorse as the capital where? 6934..Carara in Tuscany is famous for producing what? 6935..There are 150 what in The Bible? 6936..Author of Good as Gold and Closing Time but famed for another? 6937..The Owen Ford Dam one of worlds largest is in which country? 6938..Which wine grape variety is nicknamed The King of Grapes? 6939..Cushat, Rock and Stock all types of which creature? 6940..What do ensign, cadet, osprey and 505 have in common? 6941..In cookery what does ricotta literally mean? 6942..What links Martha Corey Brigit Bishop Mary Easty in 17th cent? 6943..In Shakespeare King Lear was king of where? 6944..Artist Marc Chegal died in 1985 in what country was he born? 6945..Which film won the best song Oscar in 1971? 6946..Who wrote Man are from Mars Women are from Venus? 6947..Klu Klux Clam, Uncle Ant Disgruntled goat characters from?? 6948..Which artist painted The Fighting Temeraire? 6949..Why could you find a hoist and a fly? 6950..Where would you see a stoop or what creature is doing it? 6951..Dr Teeth was the leader of the band Electric Mayhem - where? 6952..Dammen in Dutch is what game? 6953..A horses height is measured from the ground to what part? 6954..What was the first Disney animated film released on video? 6955..In Superman what was the original name of The Daily Planet? 6956..Louisa Adams was the only first lady to be what? 6957..In Italian pasta cusine what does al dente literally mean? 6958..If a wine is described as alcooleux what has it got? 6959..Which of the Apostles is traditionally pictured with a purse? 6960..Which peoples name translates as eaters of raw flesh? 6961..Guiseppe Verdi wrote Aida - in what city was it premiered? 6962..Dance with a Stranger was the film of who's life story? 6963..What nationality was Saint Paul of Tarsus? 6964..Where did you see Fancy, Spook and Choo-Choo? 6965..In which film was the best supporting actor Oscar won in 1975? 6966..Kevin Kline won best supporting actor Oscar which 1988 film? 6967..Kipros in Greek Kibris in Turkish what is it in English? 6968..What is the main ingredient of the Indian dish dahl? 6969..An anti-tussed is used to treat what? 6970..Ball is 38 millimetres in diameter weighs 2.5 grams what sport? 6971..In the UK the Clerk of the Closet is the Queens official what? 6972..A burning oil lamp is the symbol of which organisation? 6973..The Comstock load is a silver deposit in what US state? 6974..What TV show takes place in Sunnydale? 6975..In 2001 one active UK warship named after an Englishman who? 6976..Walloons speak what language? 6977..In Gustav Holsts planets suite which planet is the magician? 6978..What UK gentleman's club first in 1891 to admit lady members? 6979..Ab Ovo Latin for the very beginning but what's it literally mean? 6980..Who was the last Emperor of France? 6981..Andy Green first broke the sound barrier on land in what car? 6982..Names from jobs - Baker Cook obvious what was a Pallistair? 6983..The Seven Pillars of Wisdom comes from where? 6984..Name Glen Millers signature tune? 6985..Josephine Hull best supporting actress Oscar which 1950 film? 6986..Which word links a type of bread and a cut of precious stone? 6987..What country does China have its longest land border with? 6988..Astronomer Fred Hoyle coined which phrase? 6989..The first US copyrighted film showed what in 1894? 6990..What do the four quarters of a hot cross bun symbolise? 6991..Palm, Olive, Cyprus and Cedar what is the biblical link? 6992..Intelligents Report a quarterly magazine in US which subject? 6993..Paludism is an old name for which disease? 6994..What was the worlds first patented synthetic food in 1869? 6995..Polish sprinter Ewa Klobukowska first do what at Kiev in 1967? 6997..Who owns The Oval cricket ground? 6998..Who might use ruddle or what is it? 6999..What organisation recently banned in Russia as paramilitary? 7000..Whose song did the Beatles sing on first TV appearance 1962? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:37 pm 7001..What's unusual about portrait Duke of Monmouth in Nat Gallery? 7002..Harry S Truman and Gerald Ford what's the non obvious link? 7003..Which is the only Shakespeare play not to contain a song? 7004..A fimetarious organism grows where? 7005..What lasted 5 hours and twelve minutes in 1969 longest ever? 7006..Which film won the best visual effects Oscar in 1984? 7007..Mount Logan is the highest mountain in which country? 7008..The Napstar logo shows headphones on what? 7009..What sporting contest Peter Christian win in Jan 77 with 1/16 oz? 7010..If a dog is canine, cat feline what creature is accipitrine? 7011..Rene Raymond is better known as which author? 7012..What got named by novelist Gilbert Frankau at a party in 1926? 7013..In 19th century USA what was The Mongolian Curse? 7014..If you suffered from scripturience what are you compelled to do? 7015..Link Aurora Texas, Spitsbergen Norway and Ubatuba Brazil? 7016..What's the US equivalent to the Department of Health in the UK? 7017..Jean Montgolfier in 1157 built the worlds first what? 7018..Link the sports Cricket, Rackets, Croquet and Motorboat racing? 7019..Which TV gangster owns the nightclub called The Ba Da Bing? 7020..Where would you find or what are guntlines? 7021..How many one legged popes have there been? 7022..Israel Baline became more famous under what name? 7023..Which US state was known as "The mother of Presidents"? 7024..Why did certain busses in Staffordshire refuse to pick up people? 7025..The three toed sloth only does it every 10 days - what? 7026..Who is the only director to win 3 Oscars within five years in 30s? 7027..Whose first single released July 1961 was Buttered Popcorn? 7028..Where are a whales nipples? 7029..What theologian claimed he could drive away the devil with a fart? 7030..Who devised the idea of a flat rate postal charge? 7031..How to you turn a woman into a cuckquean? 7032..Where would you find a Rocker, Eight, Loop and Three? 7033..Samuel Pepys wife always slept with what in her hand? 7034..The medical journal Practitioner 1923 said it will never happen?? 7035..Bruce Philip in 1985 recorded what sporting first? 7036..What is measured in units called jnd? 7037..In the UK which school choir had a No 1 with a song grandma? 7038..In the pasa doble what is the female dancer supposed to be? 7039..A napiform thing is shaped like what? 7040..What was the first country in 1824 to legalise Trade Unions? 7041..What is the worlds longest insect? 7042,,The angel shark has what other name? 7043..Which mummified tendon was auctioned at Christies in 1969? 7044..Marie Stopes discovered what in British Museum after marriage? 7045..What does a callipygian person have? 7046..Which 1977 film won seven Oscars but none for acting? 7047..It came into football in 1923 men say women don’t understand?? 7048..What is a nidologist interested in? 7049..Name Eleanor Roosevelt's job 1932 husband became president? 7050..Arthur Sarsfield Ward the creator of Fu Man Chu is which author? 7051..Who wrote Servants of the Wankh in 1969? 7052..What song was on the B side of The Beatles We can work it out? 7053..Georges Claude invented what in 1911? 7054..In which country did the first Christmas stamp appear in 1898? 7055..How does paella get its name? 7056..Alfred Hitchcock's daughter appeared in Psycho - name her? 7057..Who lived in Honalee? 7058..What is the largest wild animal in the UK? 7059..In the song who told Laura he loved her in 1960? 7060..Who owns Dartmoor prison? 7061..Name the subject Harry Harrison's 1977 book Great Balls of Fire? 7062..Isaiah Sellers did it before Samuel Clements - did what? 7063..Which English King holds the official record of bastards 21? 7064..Where would you find a corbicula? 7065..In 1951 the shortest ever lasted 2.5 minutes - shortest what? 7066..Which film won the best story Oscar in 1958? 7067..Who wrote the lyrics for Oscar winning song Whole New World? 7068..An empelomaniac has a desire to do what? 7069..Who described TV as "Chewing gum for the masses"? 7070..How did Billie Holiday get the nickname Lady? 7071..Which creatures communicate by touch, smell and dance? 7072..What do the initials Bt mean after a surname? 7073..What was the worlds highest structure until 1930? 7074..What is a Mexican Black Howler? 7075..In which country did the study of geometry originate? 7076..A normal human body has 46 what? 7077..What is Australia's Barossa valley known for? 7078..What is the worlds fastest moving insect? 7079..How is something cooked if done en papillote? 7080..Which detective lived in Cabot Cove Maine? 7081..What would you do with a naked lady? 7082..What became legal in 1901 in the UK? 7083..Harry Longbaugh became better known under what name? 7084..Which country has the worlds first greyhound racing track? 7085..What was Marie Osmonds only solo hit? 7086..Ben Hur won most Oscars 11 what film comes second with 10? 7087..A myomancer predict the future by studying what? 7088..Which actress said "Being a sex symbol is like being a convict"? 7089..The Golden Bear is awarded at which film festival? 7090..What financial item was introduced to UK in September 1963? 7091..Where did Indian ink originally come from? 7092..Where is Judge Dread a judge? 7093..What was the capitol of Russia before Moscow? 7094..A crapulous person is full of it - what? 7095..If you have cherophobia what are you afraid of? 7096..John Lennon named The Quarrymen after what? 7097..How many best director Oscars did Alfred Hitchcock win? 7098..In France what is eau de vie? 7099..The Savannah was the worlds first commercial what? 7100..Which county has the most MEPs 99? 7101..Ships known as The First Fleet transported what in 1788? 7102..Geotropism affects what? 7103..Marie Gresholtz is better known as who? 7103..Equestrian, Yachting and what Olympic sport are sexes equal? 7104..If you saw Fringilla Coelebs what bird have you noticed? 7105..Which film won the best makeup Oscar in 1992? 7106..If you had crabites what have you got? 7107..This TV series ran for 78 episodes before it was scrapped - what? 7108..Which Beatles song did The Overlanders take to number one? 7109..A mirliton is another name for what musical instrument? 7110..Where is the largest church in the world? 7111..And who designed it? 7112..What sort of meat is used in the dish Guard of Honour? 7113..What sport was banned in England in 1849? 7114,,Ronald Wycherley became more famous as who? 7115..Nostology is the study of what? 7116..Brian Gamlin of Bury is credited with what sporting invention? 7117..Which countries wine might be labelled DOCG? 7118..Ivan Maugher won six world titles at what sport? 7119..Who is the Patron Saint of Germany and sodomy? 7120..From which alphabet do all western alphabets originate? 7121..John Books was the final role of which actor? 7122..Gerry Dawsy became more famous as who? 7123..And he was born in which country? 7124..Who did the walrus and the carpenter ask to walk with them? 7125..Jack Palance won best supporting actor Oscar in what 1991 film? 7126..What's unusual about a bobhouse? 7127..What was John Denvers only solo UK number one? 7128..Which dancing represents fertility through death and rebirth? 7129..The USA declared war on which country in 1898? 7130..Polite society man does it 2 legs woman sitting dog 3 legs what? 7131..What does the DIN number mean on photographic film? 7132..Which spice is used in a whisky sling? 7133..What key is music written in if it has five flats? 7134..Which sea area is immediately south of Ireland? 7135..Chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans what is missing? 7136..What building links Stacy Keach and Oscar Wilde? 7137..Chuck McKinley was the only American to do what in the 60s? 7138..In the body what do the Islets of Langerhans do? 7139..It is the English Channel but what do the French call it? 7140..Bob van Winkle changed his name to what? 7141..Name Frank Sinatra's Yacht? 7142..What is the main ingredient of boxty bread? 7143..By what other name is the double album The Beatles known? 7144..What does an Alexandra taste of? 7145..Name the first actor to get best actor Oscar for repeating a role? 7146..What was Elvis Presley's first UK number one? 7147..And what was his first US number one? 7148..Hippoglossus-hippoglossus is which common sea fish? 7149..Long jump, High Jump, Triple Jump what missing? 7150..What capitol is on the slopes of the volcano Pichincha? 7151..Which English composer wrote a Sea symphony? 7152..What's the name of the technique for measuring at a distance? 7153..Eight bells on board a ship means what? 7154..Where were the first European coffee houses opened? 7155,,The Academie Francaise ensures the purity of what? 7156..Yvon Petra was the last man to do what at Wimbledon? 7157..What is embolia? 7158..What sort of drink is barbancourt? 7159..Who drove the McLaren to its first grand prix victory in 1968? 7160..In which country is the secretariat of the European Parliament? 7161..What is the main ingredient of a moussaka? 7162..What was the Beatles first UK top ten single? 7163..Which character lived at 3 stable mews City of London? 7164..What do homodonts have that hetrodonts don’t? 7165..What was the only horror film nominated best film Oscar? 7166..Margaret Herrick named it in 1931 what? 7167..Where would you see a pilcrow? 7168..Shooting Rabbits Talking German Cutting Finger old terms what? 7169..Whose last word were "I have not told half of what I saw"? 7170..The Foudrinier machine is used to manufacture what? 7171..What is the largest species of flatfish? 7172..Which is the earliest US military award for service beyond duty? 7173..In the UK sport of Kings what is significant about the number 18? 7174..Hemmingway's Old Man and the Sea is set in which country? 7175..NAOH is the chemical formula for what? 7176..You can have a troop of actors and what group of animals? 7177..What movie memorabilia sold at Christies in 1987 for £82500? 7178..In literature and films whose father was the Earl of Dorincourt? 7179..What do lentic fish like that lotic fish don’t? 7180..Cliff Richards She's so Beautiful who played every instrument? 7181..Which golfer was nicknamed Supermex? 7182..Nossa Senhora da Aparecida is Patron Saint of which country? 7183..Acinonyx Jubatus is what big p*y? 7184..Portrait of a Man is the real title of which artistic work? 7185..Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin? 7186..Who was given a honorary Oscar in 1985 after 50 years acting? 7187..Where were the 1952 Olympic games held? 7188..A flageolet is another name for what musical instrument? 7189..American Hamilton Smith invented what in 1858? 7190..Whose symphony number seven is called the Leningrad? 7191..What is the biggest tourist attraction in Zambia? 7192..In WW2 what kind of aircraft was a horsa? 7193..In 1967 what new safety measure was introduced to the UK? 7194..Pat Sullivan created which cartoon character? 7195..A newborn bactrian camel has how many humps? 7196..Leonid Kravchuk became president of where in 1991? 7197..American Paul Theroux wrote novels and about what else? 7198..In contract bridge a hand called chicane has what? 7199..The Ladies Mercury in 1693 was the worlds first what? 7200..William Le Baron Jenny is credited with inventing what in the US? 7201..Whose final opera was called Death in Venice? 7202..Which Greek mountain is consecrated to the muses? 7203..Marzipan comes from Marci Panis literally meaning what? 7204..Antanananarivo is the capitol of where? 7205..Maiden, Mother of All, Footman all parts of what? 7206..The women's world cup in tennis is played for what trophy? 7207..What sort of creature is a bariroussa? 7208..In Dallas what was the name of the bar? 7209..Handel's Harmonious Blacksmith is played on what instrument? 7210..What organisation was founded Canada by Mrs Hoodless 1897? 7211..What is the name of the Russian triangular guitar? 7212..The first what was called The Original? 7213..USA UK and Irish women golfers play for which trophy? 7214..Who began his career as one of the Tennessee Two? 7215..A man who commits Pseudogyny is doing what? 7216..If a doctor gives you a clyster what have you just got? 7217..Where is the worlds largest mine? 7218..Vivaldi, Purcell and Handel's music is what type? 7219..We know what a veto is but what does it literally mean? 7220..Atahualpa was the last ruler of who? 7221..In the body luteinizing hormone is produced by what gland? 7222..What is used in a tempera painting? 7223..In the Sikh religion what is kesh? 7224..What was Vivaldi's profession apart from composing? 7225..C T Russell founded what organisation? 7226..Which spice gives curry its colour? 7227..Pidgin English started because of trade between UK and where? 7228..In the international code of signals what does Oscar signify? 7229..If you had canitis what have you got? 7230..Name the Beatles first LP released in 1963? 7231..In which country is Penina golf course? 7232..Which artery supplies the kidneys with blood? 7233..Which two colours are on a semaphore flag? 7234..Who was the first American in space - twice? 7235..What was classical composer Mussorgsky's first name? 7236..What is the largest BBS in the world? 7237..In standard cine film how many frames are shown each second? 7238..What was on B side of The Rolling Stones Ruby Tuesday? 7239..Rolf Harris was Australian junior champion at what? 7240..What does a lachrymose person do - a lot? 7241..Where could you spend a guarani? 7242..The Attock is a forbidden river that no pure who can pass? 7243..The marimba is a African form of what musical instrument? 7244..The Gluckauf was the worlds first what? 7245..Otalgia is what condition? 7246..Portuguese West Africa is now known as what? 7247..Country singer Hank Wangford has what profession? 7248..What is smocking? 7249..What German word is printed on the labels of high quality wine? 7250..What type of soup is a dubarry? 7251..The Epstein-Barr virus causes what illness? 7252..Who was nicknamed Impeesa (no sleep wolf) by Matabele tribe? 7253..The Easter lily is a native plant of which country? 7254..Aaron Copeland wrote a ballet about which American folk hero? 7255..Which Flemish painter produced Adoration of the Kings? 7256..Which quiz program never had contestants only contenders? 7257..From the bull what colour is fourth on an archery target? 7258..Whose only line in his first play was Tennis Anyone? 7259..Which film is the first of the spaghetti westerns? 7260..Who wrote Cliff Richards hit song Living Doll? 7261..Which industry uses the gravure method? 7262..What pollinates malacophilous plants? 7263..Name the Rolling Stones second album? 7264..In what country are the Painted Lakes? 7265..Jack Nicklaus named his course after his UK favourite what? 7266..Which group wished it could be Christmas every day? 7267..The asteroidea are which order of creatures? 7268..What is the main ingredient of Scotch Woodcock? 7269..Astrakhan comes from which animal? 7270..Somewhere My Love was the theme song of which movie? 7271..Whose first book was called Child Whispers? 7272..Saint Stephens day is better known as what? 7273..The Bronte sisters had a brother name him? 7274..Golden and Argus are varieties of what bird? 7275..What is the magazine of the Salvation Army called? 7276..The Dutch Royal family are Orange where is Orange? 7277..Who first noticed that the sun had spots? 7278..What nationality was tennis player Michael Chang? 7279..Salix Alba produces which drug? 7280..Philip Glass wrote an opera about which famous person? 7281..Name Mary Quant's shop that led the 60s fashion revolution? 7282..Janet Jackson had a starring role in which TV series? 7283..In music what is meant by pianissimo? 7284..Whose autobiography was entitled Past Imperfect? 7285..Who played bass guitar in Suzi Quarto's group? 7286..Apart from eggs what is in an Arnold Bennett omelette? 7287..In Peter Pan what were the names of Wendy's brothers? 7288..Who wrote the series of novels with the hero Sharp? 7289..What is the richest natural vegetable food? 7290..Which wine has varieties called malmsey and sercial? 7291..Picardy is in the north east of which country? 7292..Elaine Bookbinder became more famous as who? 7293..In which sport is the Lance B Todd memorial award won? 7294..Ann Ziegler was the singing partner of which film star? 7295..What are the two official languages of Finland? 7296..Who did the original thugs worship? 7297..At Waterloo who commanded the Prussian troops? 7298..Who was the first male tennis player to win 100 tournaments? 7299..What kind of dancer was Mister Bojangles? 7300..It's now the Birmingham Royal Ballet but it used to be what? 7301..Harry Patterson is the real name of which author? 7302..Which grand prix circuit is only 1.95 miles long? 7303..Which country has the largest orthodox church? 7304..Which bird is the symbol of the Royal Society Protection Birds? 7305..Who was born Mark Feld? 7306..Tosca is the heroine of the opera but what is her first name? 7307..Cavatina what the theme music to which film? 7308..Which microbe produces alcohol? 7309..In the Bible the good Samaritan was travelling to where? 7310..Which character first appeared in the book Call for the Dead? 7311..The temple at Ephesus was sacred to who? 7312..In WW2 in what French city did the Germans surrender? 7314..In the Bible which book follows John? 7315..Sean Connery has what real first name? 7316..Jeffery Archer wrote Kane and Abel what was the sequel called? 7317..A race is won by four laps of the track - which sport? 7318..Retsina is a wine from which country? 7319..Hedera Helix is better known by what name? 7320..What are Hamilton House and Petronella? 7321..What was the subtitle of Police Academy Six? 7322..What is a peruke? 7323..What does the reference book Crockfords list? 7324..Which Italian city is at the heart of its fashion industry? 7325..Which food was rationed after WW2 ended but not during it? 7326..Which group had a 1970s UK number one hit with Oh Boy? 7327..Shamanism is the religion of which people? 7328..Black, whooper and Berwick all varieties of what? 7329..The linden tree is also called what? 7330..What does it mean in the UK if a telephone number starts 0800? 7331..JVC launched VHS in 1976 what does VHS stand for? 7332..The penny red was the first postage stamp to have what? 7333..Cultured pearls were first grown in which country? 7334..What was first sold as a cold cure - not what we use it for now? 7335..Louis Maxwell became well know for playing which role? 7336..Who said "I've no problem with drugs - only policemen"? 7337..Who was the last Roman Catholic King of England? 7338..Which beer was advertised as good for you? 7339..Concetta Franconeri became more famous as who? 7340..On the Thames they go swan upping annually what is it? 7341..According to the proverb which fruit tastes sweetest? 7342..Who designed clothes under the emporio label? 7343..What is a zinfandel? 7344..Greyhound racing in UK what colour does the No one dog wear? 7345..In which building do they elect a new Pope? 7346..Brian Connolly was the lead singer of which 70s group? 7347..Whose autobiography is called "Take it like a Man"? 7348..The earth pig is what animal? 7349..What is the title of the wife of a Marquis? 7350..What colour is angelica? 7352,,What was Buddy Hollies real first name? 7353..Who was the Bad in the spaghetti westerns? 7354..What was Ghandi's profession? 7355..What countries official name is Bharat? 7356..Edradour is the smallest one in Scotland - what? 7357..Citrus Grandis is the Latin name of which fruit? 7358..What lager reached the parts other beers could not reach? 7359..Collective nouns - what profession gather in a bench? 7360..The Italians call it pesce what is it in English? 7361..In WW2 what was operation dynamo? 7362..Which sport is played at Roland Garros? 7363..A French wine described as doux is what? 7364..What is Terry Wogans real first name? 7365..The grand prix d'Endurance is run on which circuit? 7366..Les Gray was the lead singer of which group? 7367..What was James Shalto Douglas claim to sporting fame? 7368..What is philography? 7369..What symbol did 87 year old Arthur Eisenmenger design? 7370..In which book of the Bible did Moses die? 7371..Who died in 1821 from arsenic poisoning from the wallpaper? 7372..PY are the international car registration letters of which country? 7373..In old English what is a Bellibone - From French Belle Bonne? 7374..What is a male guinea pig called? 7376..A Blue Imperial or a New Zealand white types of what? 7377..In science it can be up down strange top or bottom what can? 7378..What was the surname of the family in The Grapes of Wrath? 7379..Name vegetable banned different times causing leprosy rickets? 7380..What sport do you compete for Currie cup and Ranfurly Shield? 7381..A belemnoid is what sort of shape in zoological terms? 7382..Who does the Beatles song The fool on the Hill refer too? 7383..Where could you find The round window and The oval window? 7384..The Roman province Maxima Ceasariensis was in what country? 7385..Which British poet was also a Jesuit priest? 7386..The mandylion is another name for which contentious object? 7387..What is the more common name for serigraphy? 7388..In the UK what was the first product advertised on TV in colour? 7389..What would you do with a drupe? 7390..What was King George VI first name? 7391..What colour is the purple finch? 7392..Which is the oldest walled city in the world? 7393..What spice comes from the curcuma plant? 7394..Which film star was described as "A vacuum with nipples"? 7395..Harrods was the first UK store to install what? 7396..A golfer can only do it for five minutes - what? 7397..What is used to thicken gazpacho? 7398..What was the first country to have a public monorail system? 7399..Slip, square and surgeon all types of what? 7400..What would you do with or what is a millers thumb? 7401..Who first wrote about the myth of Atlantis? 7402..Which cartoon character has a girlfriend named Petunia? 7403..Who was the Phoenician Goddess of love? 7404..Lucus Dominitus Ahenobarbus was better known as who? 7405..The Nuer people come from which country? 7406..Which is Shakespeare's shortest play? 7407..Manutius's Virgil printed 1501 was the first time what was used? 7408..Pulque is a beer based on what? 7409..Tiede Peak is a volcano on which island? 7410..What is the SI unit of capacitance? 7411..Who owned the yacht Lady Ghislane? 7412..What colours are on a pollution free beach flag? 7413..On a pencil what do the initials HB stand for? 7414..Where is a sumo wrestling tournament held? 7415..Name Hong Kong Phooey's cat? 7416..On an ordinance survey map which symbol shows a battlefield? 7417..On which circuit is the Portuguese grand prix held? 7418..Harp, Elephant and Leopard all types of what? 7419..Name the producer of Starsky & Hutch and Beverly Hills 91210? 7420..Name the Greek national airline? 7421..Bilrubin is produced by what part of the body? 7422..We know what Mardi Gras is but what's its literal translation? 7423..To nearest 1000 in 1800 how many wild turkeys were in Turkey? 7424..What is Burgoo? 7425..In The Simpsons name the cat? 7426..What can be dipole, loop or helical? 7427..What do you do with a hassock? 7428..What was the capitol of England before London also a US gun? 7429..An elephant is called a pachyderm what does it literally mean? 7430..BCG vaccine is used against which infectious disease? 7431..Apart from a caber by rule what is compulsory in caber tossing? 7432..Little Eva introduced which dance in 1962? 7433..Who composed Appalachian Spring? 7434..First Defence, In Home or Second Attack positions what sport? 7435..If you were given some marlite what would you do with it? 7436..Brandy, decoy and landscape all come from which language? 7437..Chiuhauha dogs were originally bred for what? 7438..Aulophobia is a fear of what? 7439..What is a wumph? 7440..In Morse code what letter is represented by .- Dot Dash? 7441..Which British car was the first to sell over 1 million models? 7442..If you were given a pot of vermicide what would you use it for? 7443..What creature, when drunk, always falls on its right side? 7444..What countries flag has two bars white top red bottom? 7445..A giraffes long tongue is what colour? 7446..Mary Ann Nichols was the first - the first what? 7447..Alberto Tomba is a name associated with which sport? 7448..What is a moab? 7449..What is Belgium's national Airline? 7450..What creature can be Indian, white or broad lipped? 7451..What is the technical difference between rowing and sculling? 7452..The Aztecs reckoned it was the food of the gods what was? 7453..Which gas is used in a refrigerator? 7454..What is Ronald Reagan's middle name? 7455..Oil can Henry is the enemy of which cartoon character? 7456..Fragrant Harbour is the translation of which cities name? 7457..Geniophobia is the fear of what? 7458..Semiotics is the study of what? 7459..Which city was built in the design of a union flag? 7460..The Bank of Italy changed its name to what? 7461..The Saffir-Simpson scale measures the intensity of what? 7462..What is the state fish of Hawaii - in Hawaiian? 7463..What was the first country to use TV as a mass info media? 7464..Eric Claudin is better known by which eponymous title? 7465..African American Garrett A Morgan invented what? 7466..What ingredient is always found in a carciofo sauce? 7467..If you were given a sitooterie what would you do with it? 7468..What was founded in the UK 1694 because of war with France? 7469..Where would you find an Oculus? 7470..Which American state drinks the most alcohol per person? 7471..Who created Gomez, Mortia and Uncle Fester as a cartoon? 7472..What does Magna Carta literally mean? 7473..Horseradish sauce originated in which country? 7474..What is a dwile? 7475..In the USA a police 10-31 is the code for what? 7476..Longacre square is now better known as what? 7477..In animal terms what is a dude? 7478..In which US state is its highest mountain? 7479..Which European city has the tomb of the three wise men? 7480..What cartoon characters catchphrase was "Exit stage left"? 7481..Who owned and lived in the castle Joyous Guard? 7482..In Greek mythology who was the son of Hypnos God of sleep? 7483..Deacon is church official from Greek what's it literally mean? 7484..Name the brand of the first sour mash whiskey made in 1835? 7485..In Georgia its illegal to do what with a fork? 7486..Thames water removes a ton of it monthly from sewage – what? 7487..What sport takes place over a distance of 440 yards? 7488..Mageiricophobia is the fear of what? 7489..Who built the worlds first film studio? 7490..The word nylon is made up from what? 7491..What was patented in 1954 - the best thing?? 7492..20% of women first look at a mans what? 7493..What is the top selling candy bar from vending machines? 7494..A healthy person does it 16 times a day - what? 7495..Name 1st Disney cartoon film based on the life of a real person? 7496..Under Mississippi law there cannot be a female what? 7497..In Poland if you asked for a piwo what would you get? 7498..In Japan Trade Unions collect dues from what unusual source? 7499..A female pigeon cannot lay an egg unless she sees what? 7500..In the 18th century offensive what were whipped? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:38 pm 7501..Americans use 16000 tons of what each year? 7502..In Holland it used to take four years to train as what? 7503..As foreplay what does a Ponapean male put in a woman's vulva? 7504..In a Horney Monkey there is banana cr.me de menthe and what? 7505..What kind of bird is a bourbon? 7506..What book of the Bible does not mention the name of God? 7507..On average what one action makes a man live 13 years longer? 7508..Which American state has the longest borders with Canada? 7509..In the USA the government says its a crime to give false what? 7510..In New York its illegal to teach your parrot to do what? 7511..Which country invented the kilt? 7512..Worlds first paperback book written in 1867 by Goethe what title? 7513..Which chemical element is named from the Greek for violent? 7514..What author wrote the books Rage and The Sunbird? 7515..Disgusting question - longest verified American one 12' 2" what? 7516..6000 American teenagers do it daily - what? 7517..By royal decree in Jidda 1979 women banned from using what? 7518..Orange juice and what make an ambassador? 7519..Maoni Vi of Capetown has the world longest what at 28 inches? 7520..In ancient Rome what was the tabularium? 7521..40% of MacDonald's profits come from selling what? 7522..John Wayne was nicknamed duke - but after what? 7523..What was Michelangelo's only signed sculpture? 7524..What is the more common name for triatomic oxygen? 7525..Merrylegs was a performing circus dog in which Dickens novel? 7526..Who is the mother of Huey, Duey and Louie? 7527..Solomon built his temple on a hill name it? 7528..Ruth Eisemann-Schier was the first woman to get on what? 7529..Which Science Fiction author created The Triffids? 7530..What food was sent to England in WW2 as part of lease lend? 7531..In the Bible what is the first mentioned colour? 7532..What weapon is known as the gun that won the west? 7533..What is Indiana's state bird? 7534..What kind of juice goes in a salty dog? 7535..The Afghani tribesmen drink Khoona on wedding night what is it? 7536..In the USA what was the first prime time cartoon show? 7537..What was the last film where Sergio Leone directed Eastwood? 7538..What country is coffee originally from? 7539..What is a young beaver called? 7540...In the 70s who played The Bionic Woman? 7541..In astrology what was the age before Aquarius? 7542..US civil war which states buttons had a Palmetto tree on them? 7543..What was the first Hanna-Barbera cartoon? 7544..Who painted The Gleaners? 7545..The name Europe comes from where? 7546..Envoid was the first what in the USA? 7547..Which Beatles song is associated with the Manson family? 7548..What was the top film of 1990? 7549..In 1951 these were invented what were? 7550..Which biblical prophet was sawn in half inside a hollow log? 7551..Caipirina means someone's drink - whose drink? 7552...The word coyote comes from which language? 7553..In mythology Odysseus blinded which Cyclops? 7554..Confederate General William Smith carried what into battle? 7555..What well known Russian author was also a doctor? 7556..In 1982 San Francisco became the first US city to do what? 7557..Morrissey was the lead singer of which band? 7558..Which team won five Stanley cups during the 60s? 7559..The rivers Lahn and Mosel are tributaries of what river? 7560..What do zoologists call the leader of a wolf pack? 7561..The ponderosa pine is the state tree of which US state? 7562..In WW2 what sort of weapon was a kaiten? 7563..In the Bible name Isaacs wife? 7564..Who or what killed Al Capone? 7565..Speedy Gonzales was fastest mouse in Mexico who slowest? 7566..To which group of artists does Vincent Van Gough belong? 7567..What flavours the liquor chambord? 7568..In the cartoon Scooby Do what is Scrappy Do's battle cry? 7569..What was innovative about Co-op winter warmer ale? 7570...In the UK they are butter beans what in the USA? 7571..Who said I have had a talent for irritating women since I was 14? 7572..Peter Sellers played Clouseau but who dropped the role? 7573..Parorexia is the desire for what? 7574..What job links Kris Kristoffensen and Gene Roddenbery? 7575..Legend says tortellini was created to honour what part of Venus? 7576..Who invented the dumb waiter? 7577..What was the top grossing film of the 60s? 7578..In 2000 what word was written on Sydney bridge in fireworks? 7579..STDs are the most costly health problem in the USA what's 2nd? 7580..Scarlet O'Hara had what original first name? 7581..Who wrote the post nuclear war novel On the Beach? 7582..In ancient Rome what could be candida, picta, pulla or virilis? 7583..Name the one person who has won a Nobel and an Oscar? 7584..First used in Salt Lake 1980s what was a jarvik? 7585..Excluding the what word appears most in Bond film titles? 7586..Which character did not appear in the cartoon Star Trek? 7587..What is a casaba? 7588..A screwdriver becomes a fuzzy screw when you add what? 7589..Hungarian doctor Karolyn Maria Beekert coined what word 1869? 7590..Pine, Beach, Stone, Sable or American types of what creature? 7591..Name Roman soldier who is supposed to have stabbed Jesus? 7592..What can be a font, architectural style or novel type? 7593..What is Colombo's first name? 7594..Boothby blonde, China long, straight 8 varieties of what? 7595..Santiago is the capitol of Chile what does it mean? 7596..The ancient Egyptians worshiped a sky Goddess name her? 7597..Aprosexia is the abnormal inability to do what? 7598..Peter George wrote Two Hours to Doom filmed as what? 7599..Hugh Hefner and Katherine Hepburn both had degrees in what? 7600..What is a hen of the woods? 7601..Which film of the 70s received the most Oscars? 7602..In Hindu mythology Meru is equal to what Greek site? 7603..357 UK roads are specially marked to protect what? 7604..In China its 19 grams but in Denmark 42 grams average what? 7605..Name the smurf spin off characters that live underwater? 7606..One quarter of people who lose sense of small also lose what? 7607..Which vegetable has the highest sugar content? 7608..Quarter oz whiskey half ounce sloe gin makes a black what? 7609..Which tough guy actor was once a drop hammer operator? 7610..Which group govern in a plutocracy? 7611..In western palmistry the index finger is linked to which planet? 7612..The Central Perk Café appears in which TV series? 7613..What does sputnik literally mean? 7614..The Volga is Europe longest river what is the second longest? 7615..An archangel cat has what colour coat? 7616..What instrument did Glen Miller play? 7617..Debby Boone sang the No 1 song of the 70s name it? 7618..In Ecuador if you were served tronquito what have you eaten? 7619..From Here to Eternity gets its name from a poem by who? 7620..Where would you find a coffin joint? 7621..What phenomenon do cereologists study? 7622..In 1995 what was the most common name given to girls in USA? 7623..And again in 1995 what was the one given to boys in USA? 7624..Which Shakespeare play ends in marriage of Benedict Beatrice? 7625..Lord Lovat was the last in England to do what? 7626..Name the cowardly member of dk Dastardly's squadron? 7627..What is the correct topping for a pastitsio? 7628..Mojo is a Filipino what? 7629..In 1940s California it was illegal to serve alcohol to who? 7630..Name actor fired as no star quality because of big Adams apple? 7631..What was Buddy Hollies current single when he died? 7632..Who wrote April is the cruellest month in poem The Wasteland? 7633..What is 40 in Roman numerals? 7634..What is a shubunkin? 7635..What was the first company formed to manufacture motor cars? 7636..Which brother sister won Wimbledon mixed doubles in 1980? 7637..Alicante, Money-maker and Ailsa Craig varieties of what? 7638..Be prepared is the boy scout motto what's the girl guides motto? 7639..Again in Ecuador if you were served cuy what have you eaten? 7640..In military terms what is a SLR? 7641..London and which UK city are joined by the Grand Union canal? 7642..Who wrote the children's story The Old man of Lochnagar? 7643..What are the devils bones? 7644..Name Tina Turners solo comeback album of 1984? 7645..What was the first nationally released film with a PG 13 rating? 7646..On a poll 50% men said sex in bed favourite 20% fem what fem? 7647..What is the main ingredient of a booyah? 7648..What does the VO on a bottle of Seagrams stand for? 7649..What actor was once fruit picker iceman truck driver propman? 7650..USA supreme court 1962 said who cant be imprisoned - illegal? 7651..How did Scrooge McDuck earn his first dime? 7652..What is the currency of Turkey? 7653..The word planet comes from Greek what's it literally mean? 7654..Sailors round the horn - off which country are they doing it? 7655..American comes from USA what someone from Monaco called? 7656..On an ordinance survey map what does a H in circle represent? 7657..Which fashion designer said - A woman is as old as her knee? 7658..A professional boxer is limited to 36 feet - feet of what? 7659..On the Beaufort scale 8 represents what? 7660..What is the capitol of Belarus? 7661..Soyuz was a soviet spacecraft but what's it literally mean? 7662..Which American author wrote The turn of the Screw? 7663..Who sang about Angel in a Centrefold? 7664..Who first starred in the film The Boy in the Plastic Bubble? 7665..Surveyed 70% of US females said they preferred this to sex what? 7666..Which English speaking country consumes most table wine per? 7667..What are garbanzo beans also known as? 7668..The Undiscovered Country a Star Trek title taken from where? 7669..David Cornwell is better known as which author? 7670..Puccini's Turendot is set in which country? 7671..If you have a viral infection of the parotid glands what is it? 7672..Ophidiophobia is the fear of what? 7673..Collective nouns - A glint of what? 7674..Pal Hewson became more famous as who? 7675..Which island is also known as the apple isle? 7676..Who was nicknamed The Great Communicator? 7677..Tiramisu is a coffee desert but what does it literally mean? 7678..In what game would you nurdle scrunge or carnovsky? 7679..Where would you find racettes? 7680..Why did Disney recall his first celluloid Donald Duck toys? 7681..Which South American country does not border the Pacific? 7682..What is the largest moon in our solar system? 7683..What is the characteristic of an aphyllus plant? 7684..Plantalgia is pain where? 7685..In which film did we meet Baron Numpsi as the villain? 7686..What religion was Adolf Hitler? 7687..Poison oak and ivy belong to which general family? 7688..Bognor Java gets is on average 322 days annually what? 7689..Epiphany Christian feast 6th Jan translates from Greek as what? 7690..Progress through Pain was whose motto? 7691..Which American city is nicknamed The Birthplace of Aviation? 7692..Mastigophobia is the fear of what? 7693..A woman has Hisdoy syndrome what has she got? 7694..Who had a hit in the UK singing about the Streets of London? 7695..What does CMOS stand for in a computer? 7696..Prova from provolone means what? 7697..Saint Augustine first argued for what? 7698..What original story begins Aladdin was a little Chinese boy? 7699..In the Vietnam war what was the signal US to evacuate Saigon? 7700..Games Slater invented what? 7701..The group Simply Red were named after what? 7702..Virginia Patterson Hensley became more famous as who? 7703..Which worlds city is known as The Golden City? 7704..The earliest paper written in Latin is a woman's writing what is it? 7705..Every year there's a ton of it for every person in the world - what? 7706..Thomas Jefferson's home has a hidden what? illegal in his time? 7707..Which country contains every type of climate in the world? 7708..All soldiers of every country do it - do what? 7709..The Soviet Sukhoi-34 fighter was the worlds first with what? 7710..The are six sides on a standard one - a standard what? 7711..Westminster Abbey is dedicated to who? 7712..Hokusai and Hiroshige were famous Japanese what? 7713..Reverend Marcus Morris founded which UK comic in the 50s? 7714..Where would you find Queen Maud Land? 7715..Who played the doctor in the rock opera Tommy? 7716..King George III is remembered in which children's nursery rhyme? 7717..Lygophobia is the fear of what? 7718..In what country was the paperclip invented? 7719..What is the flavour of a piri-piri sauce? 7720..Which organisation has been selling racehorses since 1176? 7721..Which early rock singer was nicknamed killer? 7722..Names from jobs - Baker Cook obvious what did a Mercer do? 7723..What title has the wife of an earl? 7724..La Celestina was the first one in Spain the first what? 7725..According to Guinness book what's measured in Milli-Helens? 7726..What word originally meant a dark cosmetic eye powder? 7727..In ancient Sparta what was the penalty for bachelorhood? 7728..In Disney's Jungle book name four vultures? 7729..1994 Christies sold what piece of Elvis memorabilia for $41400? 7730..What is the highest waterfall in the Alps? 7731..Woodpusher, fish and patzer derogatory words for a bad what? 7732..Which US state drinks the least beer per capita? 7733..Collective nouns - A wiggle of what? 7734..Farok Pluto Bulsara became more famous as who? 7735..Which actor made his debut in the 1958 film Cry Baby Killer? 7736..A computer does a POST what is a post? 7737..What French word means liquor is half frozen? 7738..In Spain what is manchego? 7739..Who was known as the Queen of Folk Music? 7740..Collective nouns - A shiver of what? 7741..Linda Hunt won an Oscar Year of Living Dangerously what 1st? 7742..Norwegian Sigerson, Spy Altamont, Sea Captain Basil all who? 7743..Where is the only digital rolex watch in the world? 7744...In Kiplings How the Leopard got its Spots name the Leopard? 7745..What do the Chinese regard as the highest form of visual art? 7746..Vestiophobia is the fear of what? 7747..In the UK marmite is a spread but what is a marmite in France? 7748..Name Donald Ducks father? 7749..The film Cleopatra was banned in Egypt in 1963 why? 7750..What would an antipyrhettic drug be used for? 7751..In music who decided that an octave should have eight notes? 7752..What is the Latin word for to roll? 7753..Which garment traditionally contains eight sections of material? 7754..What international airport is identified by the letters CCU? 7755..Which part of the body will expand three times when excited? 7756..In computing what is the smallest movement of a mouse called? 7757..What item would you see on the flag of Malta? 7758..Sameer Bhatia from Bangalore began what service? 7759..Who was known as the Father of Science Fiction? 7760..Winnie the Pooh lived where? 7761..Sufferers from lambdacism cannot do what? 7762..Pierce Brosnens contract stops him doing what in any other film? 7763..Spielberg named the shark in Jaws Bruce why? 7764..Barajas is the main airport - where? 7765..Sterlet is the rarest most expensive what? 7766..Robert Langford Modini became more famous as who? 7767..Collective nouns - A congress or flange of what? 7768..Anthony Pratt invented what in the 1940s? 7769..The Stirling prize is awarded annually for which field of design? 7770..Parcheesi is the national game of which country? 7771..What shape is a saggitated leaf? 7772..What is the Oscar statuette holding Sword? 7773..Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle better known as what? 7774..Who would get an award known as the purple cross? 7775..What sport was described as "Chess with muscles"? 7776..The Bahunia a five petal wild orchid is the symbol of where? 7777..1858 Queen Victoria sent the first transatlantic telegram to who? 7778..If you have a Barr test what was tested? 7779..We've used Xerox but from Greek what does it literally mean? 7780..How was Boris Karloff listed in the credits 1931 Frankenstein? 7781..Who is the father of the Russian alphabet? 7782..What did the ancient Greeks call the fear of woods and forests? 7783..Whose family name is Zimprsquzzntwlfb? 7784..Where did the group 10cc get their name? 7785..Who said "All I can say is that I'm not a Marxist"? 7786..Who is buried in a chapel near lake Stroganoff in Romania? 7787..What area gets its name from the Greek word for bear? 7788..The head of which organisation is known as The Black Pope? 7789..What sport still requires competitors to wear formal clothing? 7790..The name Hilary comes from Latin meaning what? 7791..Katy Mirza was the first Indian woman to do what? 7792..Richard Attenbourough and wife were the first leads in what play? 7793..The Rhine rises in which country? 7794..In English packs it's the Jack or Knave what in French packs? 7795..Which cartoon character was originally called egghead? 7796..What is measured in Darwin's? 7797..Sacred carvings is the literal translation of what word? 7798..Lake Tiberius is better known by what name? 7799..What is a curragh? 7800..Pax was the Roman god of peace who's the Greek equivalent? 7801..Who was the last prisoner in the Tower of London? 7802..Joseph Gayette invented it in 1857 to prevent piles - what? 7803..Whose epitaph reads Lived a philosopher died a Christian? 7804..Who was the first newspaper owner to give staff a paid holiday? 7805..Ronald MacDonald is worldwide except Japan what's he there? 7806..Where can you see Ada Byron? 7807..What is the most tattooed product in the world? 7808..Which Somerset Maughn novel is considered autobiographical? 7809..The Sureto are the secret service of which country? 7810..Who created the character Parker Pyne? 7811..Archimedes lived in which city? 7812..Who is the first person a newly elected Pope meets? 7813..Who's only person have Dewey Decimal class named after him? 7814..Taliban women required by law to wear what on left arms? 7815..Which country is named after its highest point? 7816..What would you do at a table in Greece? 7817..Felix Hoffman discovered the worlds first synthetic drug 1897?? 7818..Where do the natives speak tagalog? 7819..Which composer was nickname the Red Priest? 7820..Wolves, Curlews, Bulls and Ravens the first groups of what? 7821..Which instrument does a cymbalist play? 7822..What is made by the crush tear curl process? 7823..Bovine is cow like but what does hircine refer to? 7824..A speed stick measure the speed of what? 7825..President Kennedy was shot in Dallas in what type of car? 7826..In mythology what is the offspring of a God and mortal called? 7827..Where would you find an intrados? 7828..The young are called widgets, females fifinellas what are they? 7829..Which part of a boar is called a wreath? 7830..Pooler Jones, Lazy Plate, Jayne Hill and Buckthorn types of what? 7831..In Japan what is jigai? 7832..Which company had slogan You don’t win silver you lose gold? 7833..In what is the Shannon trophy competed for? 7834..Which island gets its name from the Portuguese for bearded? 7835..John Le Carr invented what common term used in espionage? 7836..Crystal City in Texas put up a statue to what cartoon character? 7837..Which international companies logo is exactly 42 dots? 7838..The Sydney Olympic torch showed a boomerang and what else? 7839..Greeks longest, Japans shortest and Saudi Arabia none what?? 7840..Broom Bromden an Indian narrates which famous book? 7841..What was Butch Cassidy's original profession? 7842..Chinese call it little mouse, Danes Swedes elephants trunk?? 7843..Whose business was ran from 2222 South Wabash? 7844..Which literary character takes his name from Latin for nobody? 7845..Which companies first product was an electric rice cooker? 7846..What was the Latin word for wheel - now a common transport? 7847..Panchaguni is the Indian God of what art? 7848..What are Manhattan, Apollo, Hedwig, Cartman, Guinness? 7849..Don Hoeffler coined what phrase in Electronic News in 1971? 7850..What beverage named after the UK Prime Minister of the 1830s? 7851..You have head of ebay.com what's ebay translate to in Russian? 7852..Traditionally Lamborghini Miura and Diablo are named for what? 7853..Narton is a mixture of baking soda and salt what was it used for? 7854..All the Richard Hannay books got their titles from where? 7855..Whose film debut was Jennings in Revenge of the Creature 1955? 7856..What are studied by hymenopterists? 7857..What gift is given on behalf Saudi Arabia King to Mecca pilgrims? 7858..What counties national drink is called aizag pronounced I shag? 7859..Which cowboys middle names were Berry Stapp? 7860..What did Sir Humphry Davy say was his best discovery? 7861..Which organisation began in a converted toilet in central London? 7862..What gets its name from the Greek meaning large catapult? 7863..Where is the Isle of Pelicans? 7864..Where would you find the titmus test? 7865..What is the Chinese word for wind? 7866..What or where was original deadline? 7867..Where is Landino spoken? 7868..What was the first doctor film made in 1954? 7869..Information about what subject is recorded in Wisden? 7870..Gerald Gardner in the 50s founded which pagan organisation? 7871..On a UK ordinance survey map what is shown by a blue star? 7872..In the middle of the land is the literal translation of where? 7873..Venus and Adonis was whose first published work? 7874..What is the highest French civil decoration awarded? 7875..In the Archie comics what is Jughead's first name? 7876..Which meteorological phenomena means "a curl of hair" in Latin? 7879..Which racing circuit is nicknamed the brickyard? 7880..Who or what are Taikonauts? 7881..The profits from the 1929 edition of Mein Kampf went to where? 7882..Where would you find the original Mr Plod? 7883..Which companies logo is based on the legend of cats nine lives? 7884..Which PC game shares it name with a Bond film character? 7885..What is the Welsh name for Wales? 7886..What is a virgule? 7887..Sumo cant be Olympic because it bans women - why? 7888..In Greek what does Eunuch literally translate as? 7889..When Harrison Ford was The Fugitive who was the lawman? 7890..Where were the original loopholes? 7891..Roman soldiers were given slaves - what were they called? 7892..Which creatures name translates as the lizard in Spanish? 7893..West Side Story tells about the West side of what or where? 7894..What was the worlds first televised murder? 7895..What company used to be called The Haloid Company? 7896..The Chinese year cycle starts with 1st to ask Buddha which? 7897..Character in a movie series named Sanskrit word warrior what? 7898..What is the default extension given to paintbrush files? 7899..In the UK today 16000 people die annually from what? 7900..In which TV program did Sergeant Bosco appear? 7901..In ancient Athens every third man worked with what? 7902..Every day 2700 Americans find out what? 7903..Where would you find you columella - or what is it? 7904..What was used at Wimbledon for the first time in 1986? 7905..Which novel has the longest sentence in literature 823 words? 7906..What is the most stolen item in US drugstores? 7907..Crab is the only named one in any Shakespeare play - what? 7908..What was the first Olympic sport to include women? 7909..Which of the four Horsemen of the Apocalypse rode a red horse? 7910..Venus Observa is the technical term for what? 7911..Which male mammals have the highest rate of homosexuality? 7912..Sex shop survey what's most popular flavour eatable knickers? 7913..And what is the least? 7914..Which country has no public toilets? 7915..Which cartoon character was originally pink and called Orsen? 7916..What product changed its original name from the soundabout? 7917..There are more in Los Angeles than in all France - what? 7918..Syngenesophobia is the fear of what? 7919..What fictional Englishman belongs to the Ganymede club? 7920..From which modern country did the Franks come? 7921..The origin of the word p*s is Latin meaning what? 7922..And which animals ps is prehensile? 7923..On a UK ordinance survey map what is shown by a red flag? 7924..Who was the first rock star arrested on stage? 7925..Which authors personal publishing venture is Philtrum Press? 7926..Which animal sleeps on its back? 7927..What is the most ordered item in American restaurants? 7928..What does a gozzard have or own? 7929..Records show four Popes died doing what? 7930..In the Beatles White Album who was Martha my Dear? 7931..Myosotis Sylvestris is the Latin name of which common plant? 7932..Who owned a cat called Apollinaris? 7933..Whose last words were "It's unbelievable"? 7934..Who read the original writing on the wall? 7935..N is the civil aircraft marking for which country? 7936..Thaslophobia is the fear of what? 7937..Beagles were a hunting dog bred to hunt what? 7938..Peggy is a diminutive for which girls name? 7939..Boreas is the Greek God of what? 7940..Where are the Canarie Islands situated? 7941..Where could you spend a Lempira? 7942..What type of creature was an Archelon? 7943..Shu was an Egyptian God of what? 7944..In Japan what is a Kissaten? 7945..Which of the four Horsemen of Apocalypse is known as Christ? 7946..In which religion are the holy writings called the Adi Granth? 7947..What is a dogrib? 7948..The petawatt is the worlds largest what? 7949..Which writer invented the word drab? 7950..In the body where would you find your diverticula? 7951..EL is the international aircraft letters of which country? 7952..Which creature appears on the Samoan flag? 7953..Who owns the Audi car company? 7954..In the Bible what was the sixth plague of Egypt? 7955..What is the scientific name for the gorilla? 7956..Name Steve McQueen's Karate teacher - later an actor? 7957..On what common item would you find a keeper? 7958..Coprastastaphobia is the fear of what? 7959..What is the most common plastic surgery done on US men? 7960..Who owned a cat called Bismarck? 7961..In the Batman comics what is the full real identity of the Riddler? 7962..Where was the worlds first water clock invented? 7963..What religious leaders name means Sign of God? 7964..In 1965 Gambia achieved independence from which country? 7965..On what common item would you find a harp? 7966..In Bali they observe noebi a day of what? 7967..The worlds first opened in Los Angles April 2nd 1902 - what? 7968..Who was the first non head of state to appear on a stamp? 7969..If the doctor gave you salversan he would be treating your what? 7970..The yellow food colouring tartrazine comes from what? 7971..What does a kayser measure? 7972..In the body where would you find your villus? 7973..The fennec is the smallest of its species - the smallest what? 7974..What was the original meaning of the word harlot? 7975..Ennisophobia is fear of what? 7976..In the Bible Judah was in which province? 7977..Name Canada's oldest incorporated city? 7978..In which country is the Nokia company based? 7979..What is the common name for an integrated circuit? 7980..What did John Montague invent? 7981..Goose Flats changed its name to what US city? 7982..From which country did the original vandals come? 7983..Gabbro is which type of rock? 7984..What is the correct name for a baby mink? 7985..Ontology is the study of what? 7986..What is the state song of California? 7987..The museum of what can be found at Pontedassio in Italy? 7988..Aruba is an island under which kingdom? 7989..Who is the Patron Saint of grocers? 7990..Chysoprase is a shade of what primary colour? 7991..The paraclete is another name for which Christian religious item? 7992..What is unique about the pistol star? 7993..Venation is used to describe what item? 7994..In Braille which letter uses the least number of raised dots? 7995..The state tree of Arizona is really a legume - name it? 7996..What are shaggy mane and pigs ear? 7997..Who were UPS original customers? 7998..Struthio Cameus is the Latin name of which creature? 7999..Hindu religion Batavia is an incarnation of Vishnu in what form? 8000..Country celebrates Aug 11 as independence day from France? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:40 pm 8001..The first one was delivered in 1933 - the first what? 8002..Beside the long winding river is the translation of which US state? 8003..What type of creature was Pylorus Jack? 8004..The French call it creame anglaise what do we call it? 8005..Tellus was the Greek god of what? 8006..Scotophobia is the fear of what? 8007..According CIA what language is most common in Afghanistan? 8008..What country did the USA defend in the Spanish American war? 8009..Which animal uses white ear spots as identification marks? 8010..Pak man was called Paka in Japan what does paka mean? 8011..In computing what was the first ironbed? 8012..Mumbai is the modern name of which city? 8013..Which group publishes the most monthly magazines? 8014..The word mattress what taken from which language? 8015..If you have a rhytidectomy what procedure has occurred? 8016..Lewis Wilson was the first actor to play which character? 8017..What is the technical name for a jigger of grain alcohol? 8018..Tosk is a dialect of which country? 8019..The fleur de lis is a representation of which flower? 8020..The Afghan Taliban use which colour of flag? 8021..In which country are the Philips company based? 8022..If you have otophobia what are you afraid of? 8023..Which US sportsman is mentioned in The Old Man and the Sea? 8024..The average person does it thirteen times a day - what? 8025..In Scottish Gaelic what is a clarsach? 8026..Name surveyors symbol that looks like a broad arrow with a bar? 8027..Book of Shadows is the alternative title for which horror film? 8028..In Portrait Gallery there's a picture of Livingstone sitting on what? 8029..In 1449 Thomas Brightfield built London's first what? 8030..Which animals kill 275 million creature in UK annually? 8031..Bunny Austin first British male to do what at Wimbledon in 1933? 8032..Cary Grant and Noel Coward both rejected which famous role? 8033..In Winnipeg there is a statue to which bear? 8034..Exodus and which Bible book list the ten commandments? 8035..In which Bond novel did he first want Martinis shaken not stirred? 8036..Which playing card is known as The Devils Bedpost? 8037..Its usual diameter is 4.5 inches what is it? 8038..A planes black box is usually named after what King? 8039..What are banon, mimolette and samosoe types of? 8040..Name the Shakespeare character son of the witch Sycorax? 8041..Saint Andrew is the Patron Saint of Scotland and where else? 8042..Which animals Latin name is Cricetus-cricutus? 8043..What was Queen Victoria's first name? 8044..In Sanskrit it means House of Snow - what does? 8045..If you had some gentles, jig, gag and coop what are you doing? 8046..What are the stars in traditional Cornish Star Gazey pie? 8047..Who was born in Limbini Nepal? 8048..Flower of the blessed night is the local name of which plant? 8049..Which disease was once known as white plague? 8050..What are spraints? 8051..Where would you be if you landed at Santa Cruz airport? 8052..What was the name of the pub in The Dukes of Hazard? 8053..Name Pink Floyds only single? 8054..Doha is the capital of which gulf state? 8055..The word volar refers to what part/s of the body? 8056..Where is the worlds largest Chinese settlement outside Asia? 8057..Where is Kloster beer brewed? 8058..In the Fantastic Four what is Mr Fantastic name? 8059..RC Cola were the first company to do what? 8060..In which sport are the trainees traditionally bricklayers? 8061..Who has won the soccer world cup as a player and a coach? 8062..What was the White House formerly known as? 8063..The last line of which TV show was "Good bye Margaret"? 8064..In Star Wars what is the Emperors last name? 8065..What animal comes in both spotted and striped varieties? 8066..Something navicular is shaped like what? 8067..Dari is a dialect of which language? 8068..Which country is due south of Serbia? 8069..A giraffes eyelashes are what colour? 8070..In which sport would you hear the term bedposts? 8071..What, specifically, won’t Meatloaf do for love? 8072..In Australia what is the second Sunday in May? 8073..What's the only crime that the church would not grant sanctuary? 8074..Zero on a roulette wheel is what colour? 8075..Name Homer Simpsons bowling team? 8076..In Troy measurement a pennyweight contains 24 what? 8077..Orthography is the study of what? 8078..Pentlandite is the main ore providing which metal? 8079..In the Hindu pantheon Hanuman is the King of which creatures? 8080..Which gas discovered in 1898 has a name meaning new? 8081..Name the national rugby team of Argentina? 8082..How many equal angles has a scalene triangle? 8083..Mandarin and Peter Pan are which parts of a garment? 8084..Who is the Egyptian God of the dead? 8085..Who played Domino in Never say Never Again? 8086..The Adventure Gallery was whose ship? 8087..Alls Well That Ends Well the original title of which classic novel? 8088..Amahl and the Night Visitors was the first opera written for what? 8089..In which sport would you hear the term cleek? 8090..Frosties Tony the Tiger had a Son Tony Jr and a daughter name? 8091..Who was the last amateur to win US tennis open 1968? 8092..Name the first British show to air on US autumn prime time? 8093..Who were the first pop stars to appear in Madam Tussaud's? 8094..What gets its name from the Aztec meaning bitter water? 8095..Which company launched the first clone of an IBM pc in 1982? 8096..Which song won first Oscar when the category was intro 1934? 8097..In MASH name Radars pet mouse? 8098..Distinguished Information Cross is whose highest bravery award? 8099..Wiley E Coyote chases roadrunner what does the E stand for? 8100..Which religions name means The way of the Gods? 8101..Where can Americans always see the time as 4.10? 8102..By Olympic rules what must have 14 feathers? 8103..February 25th 1990 what was banned in the US? 8104..Johannes Ostermeir invented which photographic aid? 8105..In the US what links Fort McHenry with the moon? 8106..In Disney's 1973 animated Robin Hood what creature was Robin? 8107..Saint Louis police department first used it in 1904 - what? 8108..Who wrote the novel the Cyborg - Basis of the $6 million man? 8109..In which sport would you hear the term shilling? 8110..What does roulette literally mean? 8111..Where did you play with Ben, Pauline and Michele? 8112..Who was the first baseball player to have his number (4) retired? 8113..Gobo was the male cousin of which Disney character? 8114..Ops was the wife of which Roman God? 8115..The Beatles film Help was dedicated to the inventor of what? 8116..Andrea Hollen was the first woman in US to do what? 8117..What was Americas first organised sport? 8118..What was John Fitzgerald Kennedy's campaign song in 1960? 8119..Name Indian chief who rode in Roosevelt's inaugural procession? 8120..Name (in the US) Denis the Menaces cat? 8121..Where could you find a 1925 humpmobile car? 8122..Which is the only middle eastern county without a desert? 8123..Liquid Sunshine was the original slogan of which product? 8124..Who nicknamed his gun Lucrettia Borgia cos it killed everything? 8125..What was the first ABC TV series rated No 1 for full season? 8126..Name the companion of the cartoon character Secret Squirrel? 8127..Who was codenamed Napoleon by the secret service? 8128..What is sometimes known as Goober Grease? 8129..In which sport would they use the term straight handle? 8130..What was the first creature put on the endangered species list? 8132..In what TV series did we meet Perry Masonry? 8133..Ellen Marrenner became more famous as who? 8134..What was Hitchcock's first film in colour? 8135..Whose favourite poodle was called Rufus? 8136..What scene is included for good luck in most of Spielberg films? 8137..Beatles were 1st UK group on Ed Sullivan who was second? 8138..Who were originally The Sons of Daniel Boone? 8139..Who was the first golfer to officially earn over $1 million a year? 8140..Mary Surratt what the first woman to do what in US? 8141..Whose normal heartbeat is 242 per minute? 8142..In 1969 who formed tangerine records? 8143..February 21st 1878 the first what was published in New Haven? 8144.Yoon-Mi Kim Olympic gold aged 13 years 83 days what sport? 8145..The clusec is the unit measuring the power of what? 8146..Three what appear on the Connecticut state flag? 8147..What do the Germans now celebrate on October 3rd? 8148..When are you most likely to see a penumbra? 8149..Storm Warning the only film in which this Actress killed who? 8150..In which sport would they use the term crotch ball? 8151..What was Disney's first non animated live action film? 8152..Zaire diverted roads to avoid disturbing communities of what? 8153..Who invented the word pandemonium? 8154..Who is the Greek equivalent of the Roman Jupiter? 8155..Who or what was introduced to the USA in 1964? 8156..Augusto Pinochet was the ruler of which country? 8157..Giovidi is what day in Italian? 8158..Hank Ballard and the Midnights first released what in 1960? 8159..In church terms what are saucers? 8160..Where were Panama hats first made? 8161..What does a kymograph measure? 8162..Name the dark lord in Lord of the Rings? 8163..What is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet? 8164..Schschpiel is what game in Germany? 8165..The Greek Goddess Ephesus is the Goddess of what? 8166..Theophilus Van Kannal invented what in 1888 in Philadelphia? 8167..Which actor appeared in drag in two Marlene Dietrich films? 8168..Who was the first rock band to perform at NY Opera house? 8169..What was the name of the cab company in Taxi? 8170..In which sport would you hear the term Intente? 8171..In which county would you find Fuqing? 8172..Who wrote the three act opera The Rakes Progress? 8173..In the Bible Jael murdered Sisera using what weapon? 8174..Anna Maria Louisa Italiano became famous as who? 8175..The Stanley cup was not awarded in 1919 what stopped it? 8176..In the US 20% of all lightning strike deaths occur where? 8177..Who first appeared in the cartoon strip Thimble Theatre? 8178..What was the most popular Xmas gift in 1913? 8179..In Watership Down rabbit language what is a hrududu? 8180..In which county would you find Ars? 8181..What do Beavis and Butt-head have on their T shirts? 8182..What is the most popular South American aphrodisiac? 8183..In the Phantom of the Opera how does the Phantom sign notes? 8184..What links Alex, Ben, Chrissie and Quint? 8185..Whose biography is over 8.5 million words long? 8186..In Judaism there are 3 cardinal sins Idolatry, Adultery and what? 8187..Which singer was known as Little Miss Dynamite? 8188..Henry Harley Arnold was the first US pilot to do what? 8190..Name Jennifer Anniston's Godfather? 8191..In which American state is Wankers Corner? 8192..In the 1920s what was a Chicago Overcoat? 8193..English festival word from French literally Farewell to Flesh? 8194..Where did you find cherry strawberry orange apple grape bird? 8195..Which actor refused the leading role in Laurence of Arabia? 8196..On Donavan's Mellow Yellow who did the whispering vocal? 8197..John Chapman was the real name of someone famous in Ohio?? 8198..What star, most popular of 1925 was born in a trench in France? 8199..Australians call someone from where a cockroach? 8200..What did Peter Sellers use as an ink blotter in the Pink Panther? 8201..What country would you go to find Pervy Shag? 8202..What is or who carries a flabellum? 8203..Pentagon doublespeak what is combat emplacement evacuator? 8204..Who was a knight of the order of the inverted dragon in Hungary? 8205..In which city is the worlds longest skating rink - rideau canal? 8206..The black and white episode of Chicago Hope is a tribute to who? 8207..In legend what did Cleopatra have her mattress stuffed with? 8208..Name first female top US single / album charts simultaneously? 8209..What actor Howard Hughs call pay toilet didn't give st nothing? 8210..What bird uses its tongue to spear food? 8211..Coq Bang can be found in which country? 8212..In the Snoopy cartoons what does Lucy offer in her booth? 8213..And what does she charge? 8214..Who are the largest candy consumers per capita? 8215..In the Vietnam war Comic Books was US military slang for what? 8216..Which tennis winner also won a Winter Olympics silver medal? 8217,,Name the hummingbird in Disney's Pocahontas? 8218..1996 3 highest earning sportsman Michael's Jordan, Tyson and who? 8219..What type of shoes does the Pope usually wear? 8220..What was the theme song of the film The Grapes of Wrath? 8221..Where in the world would you find Cumbum? 8222..In which Australian state is Tittybong? 8223..Books original title 4.5 years struggle against lies stupidity & co? 8224..Name Chewbacca's son - seen Star wars holiday special 1978? 8225..Nipper is the RCA dog in the US what's he known as in the UK? 8226..What is the most populous domesticated creature in the US? 8227..Hares, cats, toads, newts, owls, ferrets all accused of what? 8228..1970 who announced he was entering a clinic for a sex change? 8229..Which US president twice served as an executioner? 8230..Muckle John was the last official royal one in England - what? 8231..Shagaganda sounds like molesting a goose - but where is it? 8232..Portland Rosebuds were the first US team to do what? 8233..Klaus Voormann designed the cover for which Beatles album? 8234..According to Earth Medicine what's the birth totem for march? 8235..Which country has no national monetary unit of it's own? 8236..Name the first storm 19 June 1978 called after a man? 8237..How did Miss Piggy tell the difference between love and lust? 8238..Christopher Proudfoot owns the worlds largest collection of what? 8239..If you shout Tsuki what sport are you practicing? 8240..In the film Bambi what is Bambi's first word? 8241..Two possible answers - in which country would you find st? 8242..Australians call someone from where a croweater? 8243..Old Lyme Connecticut has a museum dedicated to what? 8244..Which artist is supposed to have used 1000 greens in painting? 8245..In the USA domestic violence peaks on what day of the year? 8246..In song who is the man who made Eastwood such a star? 8247..What first happened on January 4th 1885 Davenport Iowa? 8248..Pooh loves honey but which creature loves watercress? 8249..Who has a tattoo saying Starland Vocal Band? 8250..The African Queen Bogart Hepburn but who should it have been? 8251,,Rim Butte sounds like something sexual - in which US state? 8252..December 73 Switzerland has 6.6 million people 81 were what? 8253..In the US its 911 in the UK 999 what in Australia? 8254..In the 1920s cars built in Bennington had what safety device? 8255..Life Love Cows French translation of which film? 8256..Which language never have spelling contests - spell as sounded? 8257..Which 80s song is still the most requested at US weddings? 8258..1978 a 100 yard long queue outside Peeking bookstore selling?? 8259..In heraldry a lybbard is a lion panther cross symbolising what? 8260..What did Teddy Roosevelt ban from the White House? 8261..Naturally we got to find a place called Fuka - Where? 8262..Which author whose name means flowering tree got OBE? 8263..Name actor called The voice of Canada - had 1964 hit Ringo? 8264..Only Hawaii, Utah and Tennessee dont have some form of what? 8265..Until 1965 what was illegal for Connecticut married couples? 8266..A can of orange crush appears on every episode what TV series? 8267..What town has the highest post office in the US? 8268..What is the most varied species on the planet? 8269..Police Academy got its theme song from which other film? 8270..Which US states constitution was the first to prohibit slavery? 8271..Finally a good old body sound where is Farta? 8272..What actor was born Krishna Bhanji? 8273..Which Bruce made the cover of Time in 1975? 8274..In Peter and the Wolf what instrument represents the cat? 8275..Where would you find bead wires wrapping and sipes? 8276..Brian Eno created which sound? 8277..What is produced using the Kroll process? 8278..Who first said "The Games Afoot"? 8279..In France what kind of nuts are noisette? 8280..A young what is called a squeaker? 8281..June 1988 who's on covers Time, Life, People, and Sports Illustrated? 8282..Which companies name translates as rising sun? 8283..What's unusual about the ink used to print money? 8284..Elizabethan England what was Lift leg Dragons Milk Angel food? 8285..The Necromancer in The Hobbit became who in later works? 8286..According to Playboy what is their Playmates greatest turn on? 8287..And what's their greatest turn off? 8288..Canberra in Australia has 2 meanings meeting place and what? 8289..Sterling Holloway was original voice of which Disney character? 8290..Name the knot used to shorten a rope without cutting it? 8291..Fanny Crosby wrote over 8000 of these - what? 8292..What was the first country to use postcards? 8293..What makes the holes in Swiss cheese? 8294..Before 1883 who were called kranks? 8295..What did Ed Peterson invent? 8296..What is the most consumed fruit in the US? 8297..Seth Wheeler patented it in 1871 - what? 8298..Which actor wore an old trenchcoat in one scene in all his films? 8299..What did J Edgar Hoover call home of disease bribery rape? 8300..Which prop item did MGM ban from film sets in the early 50s T? 8301..What is the more common name for blue corundum? 8302..The 42 string guitar is correctly called what? 8303..What is made in shapes called finger, petticoat and thistle? 8304..What were the first tennis balls stuffed with? 8305..What did the US government call predawn vertical insertion? 8304..For what would you use zener cards? 8305..In 1908 A'Ecu d'Or became the worlds first what? 8306..In Star Trek what is Chekov's first name? 8307..In Norse mythology Thor's chariot is pulled by two what? 8308..What were the old hecklers in the Muppet show named after? 8309..According to Billboard what was the top single of the 60s? 8310..Steely Dan is a band but what was the original steely dan? 8311..In the Middle Ages people threw what at the Bride and Groom? 8312..What does the sun in SUN Microsystems stand for? 8313..In Frank Herbert's Dune what are the Makers? 8314..Which country produces the most full length feature films? 8315..What is the most popular dogs name in the US? 8316..What is the common name for a five wood in golf? 8317..In Rebel Without a Cause name the High School? 8318..A young what is called a blinker? 8319..In Peter and the Wolf what instrument represents the duck? 8320..According to Gene Kelly who was his favourite dancing partner? 8321..What word appears in more film titles than any other? 8322..And which word comes second? 8323..Socrates was trained into what profession? 8324..Who starred in cartoon where the Tasmanian Devil 1st appeared? 8325..What is the oldest ship commissioned in the Royal Navy? 8326..To the Apache Indians what were God Dogs? 8327..An onomastician studies what? 8328..The filaments for the first electric lamp were made from what? 8329..Which companies first product was an audio oscillator? 8330..What was the first boxed cereal? 8331..Which animals name comes from Arabic he who walks swiftly? 8332..What was Blondies name before she married Dagwood? 8333..The sleeve of which album was the first to feature lyrics? 8334..In liquid measure a pipe is made up of two what? 8335..Which companies name translates as abundant fields? 8336..Which group of professionals use computer dating the most? 8337..Most people bob for apples what do Adams family bob for? 8338..Which department uses 65% of all paper bought by US gov? 8340..Bowl of red is the Aztec translation of which food item? 8341..Who wanted to play Brody in Jaws but Spielberg rejected him? 8342..What are you doing if you pandiculate? 8343..What ailment kills the most fruit flies? 8344..The Finnish know her as Tuna what do we call her? 8345..25% of Americans believe which fictional character is real? 8346..Dr Seuss created the first animated TV ad for which company? 8347..Where would you find Argine Esther Judith and Pallas? 8348..What is the hole in a pencil sharpener called? 8349..1960 Orange bowl was first appearance of which sporting giant? 8350..In Star Wars George Lucas modelled the Emperor on who? 8351..What did Popeye eat for strength before spinach? 8352..What is the meaning of Ghandi? 8353..In 1992 2421 US people were injured at home by what? 8354..What is Gerber's most popular flavour of baby food? 8355..What was Billboards hit single of the 1970s? 8356..In Greek what (bad for your diet item) translates into solid bile? 8357..What links Scorpion Seawolf and Thresher? 8358..Who coined the term gossip column? 8359..Which singers first band was called The Spiders? 8360..What is the first line on Mel Blanc's tombstone? 8361..What was Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's official emblem? 8362..The locals call it Druk Yul - Land of the Dragon what country? 8363..What was the first US TV series broadcast in the USSR? 8364..In Belgium if you are eating waterzooi what is it? 8365..What is the part of a horse between fetlock and hoof called? 8366..A Hobbits will requires seven signatures in what? 8367..Which classic film was called production 9401 during filming? 8368..Where did we meet Newkirk, Carter, LeBeau and Kinchlow? 8369..Sherrinford was hero Ormond Sacker assistant names changed To? 8370..What did Alfred Hormel invent? 8371..Col Meriweather Lewis Clark Jr developed rules for what in US? 8372..What, according the Mark Twain, is a stomach Steinway? 8373..The worlds first what opened in Brighton England in 1897? 8374..Where was the canning process for fish first developed? 8375..Where or what is a birds lore? 8376..Which three word catchphrase is most universally recognised? 8377..US civil war what disease incorrectly treated by ink injections? 8378..Preparing to invade Japan in WW2 the US ordered 400000 what? 8379..What are Blue Professor, Bottle Imp and Rat Faced McDougal? 8380..Chrometrophobia is the fear of what? 8381..Name Bilbo Baggins mother? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:42 pm 8501..The Alley Cats was the working title of which TV show? 8502..Which city had the world first public bus service? 8503..In the UK 9 out of 10 people live within walking distance of what? 8504..75% industrial accidents happen to people who ain't done what? 8505..Swine is a Chinese brand name of which food? 8506..What keeps growing until you are 35 then starts to shrink? 8507..Which is the only bird that drops it's upper eyelid to blink? 8508..What company created the gif image file format? 8509..What was Vincent Price's first horror film? 8510..Which skill uses things called chain singles and doubles? 8511..Name the profession most often late for doctors appointments? 8512..The average American consumes 9lbs of what every year? 8513..Which cartoon company is based in Walla Walla Washington? 8514..In Korea what is ssirum? 8515..In the human body what is replaced every three months? 8516..What is the top holiday in the US for candy / sweet sales? 8517..Which US state flag is triangular in shape? 8518..In a survey 4% of US employees never do what at work? 8519..Which sitcom was set in Dunns River Connecticut? 8520..Fred Silverman invented the name Scooby Do named after who? 8521..What does Intel stand for? 8522..Which game was called Beano till Edwin Lowe renamed it? 8523..In the US what was free before 1863? 8524..What was Helen Keller's first word? 8525..Middle Ages having what creatures in the house was good luck? 8526..What is the full name of the creator of Peter Pan? 8527..On a piano the left pedal is the soft what's the right called? 8528..One anger Two mirth Three wedding Four birth what are they? 8529..Specifically to what does Episcopal refer? 8530..Which sort of court case causes the most perjury? 8531..Which country consumes the most chicken per capita? 8532..And which country comes second? 8533..Saint Homobonus is the Patron Saint of who? 8534..Which item first appeared in Superior Hotel Montana in 1908? 8535..What became a full Olympic sport in 1992? 8536..Which actor used to sweep out lions cages for a living? 8537..The average American does it 1811 times in their life - what? 8538..Who was the first computer millionaire? 8539..Tasseomancy is fortune telling using what? 8540..In UK whose private house has its own court and 11 prison cells? 8541..The buffalo weaver is the only bird to develop a false what? 8542..In what famous US building would you find Broadway? 8543..Whose memoirs were called There and back again? 8544..Which dish gets its name from the French meaning to stir? 8545..Where would you find the stuffing box and sucking rod? 8546..Pidge appeared in which Disney film? 8547..The average size of what is a grain of sand? 8548..There are 20 days in the week in whose calendar? 8549..A young dogs a pup what's the correct name for a young skunk? 8550..Okamoto in Japan is the worlds largest maker of what? 8551..Apis Mnevis Onuphis 3 names for the sacred what of Egypt? 8552..It costs $30 a day in Austria to do this nude in winter - what? 8553..On TV what team worked out of Iolani Palace? 8554..Escaping convicts used to drop what to throw dogs off the scent? 8555..What first name has been used by most presidents? 8556..The word cruise comes from which language? 8557..In a survey US ERs what is the most commonly broken bone? 8558..In computing who are floppy and mootilda? 8559..In the US money is still top marital argument what is second? 8560..In Japan they sell a last climax - what is it? 8561..In US only 8 % of women do it - but it changes their lives - what? 8562..The Swiss spend the worlds most money per capita on what? 8563..Arthur Paul designed which icon - appears on a magazine? 8564..The Jewish prayer for the dead Kaddish is in what language? 8565..What is the name of Doctor Claws pet in Inspector Gadget? 8566..Which magazine is most often stolen from US libraries? 8567..Which actress had a job putting cosmetics on corpses? 8568..So far 11 US presidents have been what? 8569..6300 was the biggest cast in a commercial for what company? 8570..Knock-Knock was the first cartoon starring what character 1940? 8571..The Sweater Shop International was a competition which sport? 8572..Greek mythology women of Lemnos did what to their husbands? 8573..Goodfellow's Lumholtz's and Bennett's type of what animal? 8574..TVs Ben Casey started with Man Woman Birth Death and what? 8575..What was banned in Indonesia for stimulating passion? 8576..If a Turkish judge breaks a pencil what does it mean? 8577..In the film Jumping Jack Flash what is Jack's code key? 8578..Washington police officers get a half hour class in how to what? 8579..What is the worlds largest food company? 8580..What is a cremnophobe afraid of? 8581..What is the most common name for Playboy centrefolds? 8582..Who is the tallest telletubbie? 8583..Boston Red Sox are The Pilgrims but what were they before? 8584..In the A Team name Murdoch’s invisible dog? 8586..In 1900 Americans did it for 9hour 20 min now its 7hour 20 what? 8587..The first one was 5 x 20 the first what? 8588..1 in 20 children born in US today will do what? 8589..Where in the world are the most roses grown? 8590..In the USA on January 1 you have the greatest risk of what? 8591..Lexico was invented in 1932 what did it change its name to? 8592..Ten 1000 virgins bought insurance against what in 2000? 8593..Which profession drinks the most coffee? 8594..Which duo has won seven Oscars? 8595..What is tattooed on the Marlboro mans hand? 8596..The classical music term fugue comes from Latin meaning what? 8597..What Bond thing did Roger Moore not do in 7 films? 8598..The term warts and all comes from a portrait of who? 8599..Nevada and Canberra are varieties of which vegetable? 8600..For which game would you win the Plimpton Cup? 8601..What was the distress call before SOS? 8602..Where would you see sprites blur jets and elves? 8603..Name Casper the friendly ghosts horse? 8604..What is the most common surname for Motel owners in the US? 8605..Ancient Romans dyed their hair with what waste product? 8606..What in history were the Beaver, Dartmouth and Eleanor? 8607..Name Lois Lanes stewardess sister? 8608..Who is on the most popular us commemorative stamp? 8609..Gabriel Fallopius is credited with inventing what? 8610..What does Honolulu mean in Hawaiian? 8611..Food served nivernaise has what ingredient? 8612..What is a hoblet? 8613..209 Popes have been Italian which country has the 2nd highest? 8614..A Cruciverbalist is interested in what? 8615..Name Indiana Joneses dog? 8616..The Indian name Singh translates as what? 8617..What is the only patented uniform / costume in the USA? 8618..What was the first 90 minute TV series in 1962? 8619..Trismus is a muscular spasm where in the body? 8620..In films who could win the Golden Boot award? 8621..What do the initials IOU stand for on an IOU? 8622..A fagotist is a person who does what? 8623..What are popcorn, moss and seed? 8624..Which food item contains the most residual pesticides? 8625..In the US what job has an average IQ of 104? 8626..Great Brother is the Chinese translation of which drug? 8627..Which English name produces the most nicknames? 8628..Which fruit is the symbol of hospitality? 8629..Which city is built on 118 islands? 8630..Before it meant tall building what did skyscraper mean? 8631..Rudolf the red nosed reindeer had a girlfriend - name her? 8632..Which author sold most books in the first half of 20th century? 8633..In which sport is the Lugano trophy awarded? 8634..Which song is performed at start Indiana Jones Temple of Doom? 8635..Amnesic, Diarrhetic and Paralytic main types of what poisoning? 8636..Donald Baxter McMillan compiled the first what dictionary? 8637..In 1950 what character was on first metal lunchbox in the US? 8638..And in 1985 who was on the last one produced? 8639..Which US state has the highest divorce rate? 8640..What was the first publicly televised sporting event in Japan? 8641..If you have a buccula what have you got? 8642..Which insect is the symbol of female potency? 8643..Optiphone, Lustreer and Mirascope early names for which item? 8644..The name of which fabric comes from the Persian word for spun? 8645..What job does an Oikologiost do? 8646..In 1969 Sport was the first magazine to run an ad for what? 8647..Purple green and gold are the official colours which annual event? 8648..What is Homer Simpsons greatest fear? 8649..Cassius Marcellus Coolidge painted which famous paintings? 8650..Why was McDonalds fillet of fish invented? 8651..Lusophone describes countries whose main language is what? 8652..Where would you see analog watches showing 10.10? 8653..In WW1 what warning device was on the top of Eiffel Tower? 8654..According to doctors people with what pets fall asleep easiest? 8655..What is sometimes referred to as Zulu time? 8656..What was originally called olive oil water? 8657..Average US male does it in 11.4 mins but female takes 13 what? 8658..Nylon was invented in 1934 what product first used it? 8659..Who was the original choice to play the terminator? 8660..What rivers name translates as river of hate? 8661..The average what is designed to last for 180 wearings? 8662..What is the full name of Batman's butler? 8663..On which annual day do most heart attacks occur? 8664..What is the name for the number 1 followed by 100 zeros? 8665..Who invented wax paper? 8666..What is the name of Porky Pigs nephew? 8667..Ancel Keys developed which US soldiers item? 8668..If you suffered from acronyx what have you got? 8669..What was the first TV theme song to hit number one US charts? 8670..Brownie Wise first cover woman on Business week developed?? 8671..What was the first food designed for the microwave? 8672..In the US what was the first TV test symbol? 8673..Which painters work is the most stolen? 8674..Name award shaped like a teapot with a skull and crossbones? 8675..What does Abraham Lincoln never do in any photographs? 8676..Pif Paf Pof is the Dutch equivalent of which English phrase? 8677..Before 1687 clocks never had what? 8678..What is the most profitable section in supermarkets? 8679..The average American eats 5666 what in their lifetime? 8680..Who is the spouse of the Duke of Normandy? 8681..Which old English time unit is 1.5 minutes long? 8682..In Las Vegas which gambling thing generates the most profit? 8683..What colour is Queen Elizabeth's blotting paper? 8684..Where can you find Clippit? 8685..In the 13th century European children were baptised with what? 8686..Which popular cartoon strip has never included an adult? 8687..What is the most common street name in the USA? 8688..According to one estimate Benjamin Franklin had 24 what? 8689..Before tennis what drew spectators to Wimbledon? 8690..Which famous ship and whiskeys name means short underskirt? 8691..Beethoven gave up what while writing his ninth symphony? 8692..In 1776 the first union went on strike in the US what job? 8693..Name the first foreign company to open a factory in the USA? 8694..Whose secretary was Loelia Ponsonby? 8695..Who was Mussolini's favourite cartoon character? 8696..According to truck drivers which US state has the worst drivers? 8697..Name Frosty the Snowman's son? 8698..What's most commonly used password on computer systems? 8699..Who was the first trapeze artist to perform without a net? 8700..If you suffer from protanopia you cannot see what? 8701..What occurs in September and December more than any other month? 8702..Alectryomanchy is another name for what banned UK 1849? 8703..In Bewitched Aunt Clara had a collection of what? 8704..For what was Joan of Arc made a Saint? 8705..What was the most bombed place in WW2? 8706..As a performer what one thing would Elvis never do? 8707..The word Utopia from Greek means what? 8708..Wife Beware in 1933 was the first film shown where? 8709..What did Einstein call "the most difficult thing to understand"? 8710..Firefly, Longhorn, Harlequin and Tortoise types of what? 8711..El Dago was the name of whose first private plane? 8712..Mentu Egyptian Tyr Norse Gods of what? 8713..Disney's Pluto (nee Rover) was originally whose pet dog? 8714..Who is only artist that toured with Elvis, Beatles and Eagles? 8715..What is the most used expression in any language on earth? 8716..In US what sporting good outsells Base Basket and Footballs? 8717..On what common item would you find a worm? 8718..What is the only creature born with horns? 8719..In CHIPS what make of motorcycles did they ride? 8720..Where is the busiest highway in the USA - It’s a bridge? 8721..Which screenwriter has received the most Oscar nominations? 8722..What job would regularly use kerfs? 8723..In the New Testament publicans had what job? 8724..Which US city was once named Porkopolis? 8725..A puggle is a baby what? 8726..Men without chest hair are more likely to get what disease? 8727..What common item were once called moth patches? 8728..What is written at the bottom of a Oiuja board? 8729..Tucson Arizona what's officially known as pavement deficiencies? 8730..What would you find in a vivarium? 8731..What does YoYo mean in English? 8732..What word do Alaskan sled drivers shout to move their teams? 8733..Cardinal, Barlinka and Napoleon are varieties of what? 8734..Which word literally meaning sweet paste is a breakfast item? 8735..What is the only edible orchid? 8736..Average woman's 1.5 times bigger than average mans - what? 8737..What plants name means wild growing by the Volga? 8738..Writing with light is the literal meaning of what word from Greek? 8739..1964 Iowa City had one Tokyo the other only ones in world what? 8740..The British consume twice as much per capita as the US - what? 8741..On Quaker Oats what word is written on the scroll on the box? 8742..Anhedonia is the inability to feel what? 8743..What is 42% carbohydrates 5% protein and 53% fat? 8744..Literal translation what Persian word is leg garment? 8745..What was originally called flowmatic? 8746..Who was born in Wattenscheid Germany November 11th 1920? 8747..What was the first item made from aluminium? 8748..In Happy Days name Fonzies dog? 8749..In 1477 the first advert in English offered what for sale? 8750..Only dead people can be on US postage stamps except who? 8751..In 1778 name the first country to send an ambassador to US? 8752..What did the ancient Romans throw at weddings? 8753..Eisenhower trophy is given annually to what best amateur team? 8754..Name the dogs in Magnum PI? 8755..The name for which body organ translates as all flesh? 8756..According to historians what is the oldest device still used? 8757..Women do it weekly to sleep better men every two weeks what? 8758..Who rejected the Olivia Newton John role in Grease? 8759..80% of restaurant diners don’t do what? 8760..Anthropologists say what is the worlds oldest profession? 8761..The hop-low is the worlds smallest what? 8762..At the borders of reality is French translation what TV show? 8763..What does a hygrometer measure? 8764..Cross garnet, Strap, Butt and Back flap types of what? 8765..Archaeologists found 145 what in King Tuts tomb? 8766..63% of Americans spend five minutes a day looking for what? 8767..Which vegetable is 91% water? 8768..A melcryptovestimentaphiliac compulsively steals what? 8769..Name the 3 headed dog in Harry Potter and Philosophers stone? 8770..What product ranks number one in consumer brand loyalty? 8771..And which one comes second? 8772..9% of divorced people say they still do what? 8773..Common, English, Flemish, Running and Stack types of what? 8774..Which English word comes from the French for candle? 8775..On Earth what would you find in an orbit? 8776..In which European capitol city is a cannon fired at 1.00 pm daily? 8777..A shroff is an expert in what? 8778..Quiz, bandlore, coblentz, disk all different names for what item? 8779..Name the first person to hit a golf ball over 400 yards with 6 iron? 8780..Which countries name translates as place with a great river? 8781..Rose O'Neil created the Kewpie doll where is it signed? 8782..Worldwide most capitol cities begin with which letter? 8783..Who's first person to win Wimbledon singles on a tie breaker? 8784..In 1789 Britain legally adopted what officially? 8785..What Frenchman was the king of chefs and chef of Kings? 8786..What has the chemical formula H2O2? 8787..Medieval wine measurement there are two buts to a what? 8788..Which materials name comes from the French for rag? 8789..What is the state fruit of Louisiana? 8790..In Italy their I Puffi, In Hungary Torpok, Samafu in Japan - what? 8791..What musical instrument has gourd, shoulder, nut and leaves? 8792..Mountain ranges like Sierra Nevada what does Nevada mean? 8793..How often does a quotidian thing occur? 8794..1838 Los Angeles man needed a licence to do what to a woman? 8795..In Burma illegal possession of what item can mean prison? 8796..At a Quaker wedding it is forbidden to do what? 8797..Which variety of apple is on the Beatles apple label? 8798..Which Shakespeare play was originally entitled What You Will? 8799..Name was the first city to mint its own gold coins in 1252? 8800..In the US 20,000 what are made for children each year? 8801..What was added to Band Aids in 1940? 8802..Little Larry Puny Pete Small Sam considered names of who? 8803..What did Barbie first get in 1962? 8804..Which member of lily family is named from Greek for sprout? 8805..Whose alphabet was called the Futhark? 8806..Azote is the old name for what element? 8807..British sailors got lime juice US cranberry what Danish get? 8808..If you ain't done it by age 40 chances are you never will - what? 8809..During menstruation the sensitivity of woman's what is reduced? 8810..What product was originally called drybak? 8811..A pogonip is what type of weather condition? 8812..Why is rice grown in flooded paddy's? 8813..What is the most easy thing to recycle? 8814..What is roasted in South Africa and eaten like popcorn? 8815..Which cartoon character lives in Sweetwater? 8816..The Ideal toy company was the first to mass produce what item? 8817..Which European city spends the most on the arts each year? 8818..If you had Tritonopia what would you not see? 8819..Whose advert slogan was You press the button we do the rest? 8820..Thunder music is the literal translation of which musical term? 8821..US actor William Gillette invented which characters phrase? 8822..What is the sacred animal of Thailand? 8823..Collective nouns - a streak of which creatures? 8824..In 1926 Japan deleted 800000 feet from US films showing what? 8825..What could Victorian advertisements not show? 8826..Jumping Badger was the original name of which Indian leader? 8827..1878 Wanamaker's of Philadelphia first US store to install what? 8828..Mansard, Gambrel and Hip all types of what? 8829..Utah the states name comes from Navaho meaning what? 8830..What is the fastest racket sport - over 200 mph? 8831..Which key word was removed from the Olympic charter in 1971? 8832..What is taught at the Californian Academy of Tauromaquia? 8833..In their lifetime the average human grows 8 feet of what? 8834..What's unusual about phone directory in Iceland? 8835..We know who Darth Vader is but what's Vader mean in Dutch? 8836..A mouse's is bigger than an elephants - what? 8837..40000 Americans are injured each year where? 8838..Lahnaphophobia is the fear of what? 8839..One third of Taiwanese funeral processions include what? 8840..In Holland what would you do with bare buttocks in the grass? 8841..What's name translates from Chinese as white vegetable? 8842..In Korea which animal is the symbol of long life? 8843..What on average is two inches wide but 2 miles long? 8844..What do dieters say is the most difficult food to give up? 8845..What was the punishment in Ancient Rome for water pollution? 8846,,In the US women own 35% of what? 8847..In the 1950s which film star was paid $5000 a week? 8848..In 1996 what was the most common use for a computer 46%? 8849..What does the energiser bunny wear on his feet? 8850..Epistemology is the study of what? 8851..In 1999 20% of all US tourists came from which country? 8852..Which US TV show was the top rated in the 1988 89 season? 8853..In Shakespeare what is Richard III title before he becomes king? 8854..Hermes, Symphony and Anik are all what? 8855..Wine brandy sherry almonds raisins orange glogg what country? 8856..Red Connors played by Edgar Buchanan which cowboys partner? 8857..Ignoring obvious what links Minotaur Harpy Centaur and Sphinx? 8858..What comes in varieties freestone and clingstone? 8859..What links Pythagoras, Hitler, GB Shaw and Henry Thoreau? 8860..The Westminster is the oldest and biggest what in the USA? 8861..Men play it at 40 feet women 30 feet what game? 8862..Which city has the most homeless cats per square mile? 8863..Abbot - Costello routine who's on first name the pitcher? 8864..What links Wade - Spode - Misen - Delft? 8865..What creature is the symbol of medicine? 8866..A male racehorse can do it in 14 seconds - what? 8867..What body part gets bigger as the day progresses? 8868..In 1995 the average US public school had 75 what? 8869..60% of women say they have eleven a day - 11 what? 8870..Limnology is the study of what? 8871..Illustrator Sydney Paget created the trademarks of who? 8872..The dybbuk is a creature in which peoples mythology? 8873..Wyatt Earp, Frank James, Abraham Lincoln what actor links? 8874..Something that is fistular is what shape? 8875..What brought Frosty the Snowman to life? 8876..The most common hat in the world is made out of what? 8877..In a church who would use the chancel? 8878..Which male name means God will judge? 8879..What is the oldest country in Europe? 8880..Who would wear motley? 8881..In the film industry what is a flipper (used by child actors)? 8882..Common non domestic animal is not mentioned in the Bible? 8883..Which countries name translates as land of the free? 8884..The sliothar is a leather covered cork ball used in which sport? 8885..If something is coked en brochette how is it done? 8886...What physical feature gives the platypus it's name? 8887..Who would use a plessor? 8888..In Shakespeare who is Romeos love - before Juliet? 8889..Which country did the French know as Terra Napoleon? 8890..In Greek mythology what type of creature was Chiron? 8891..In British nobility which title is the highest? 8892..Waving a yellow flag is the international signal for what? 8893..Who would wear a diadem? 8894..In an orchestra which instrument has the greatest number? 8895..Shoot the moon is a term used in which card game? 8896..Zapateodo is a rhythmic device used in what music style? 8897..What is always served early in a formal Japanese meal? 8898..What is the correct name for a two handed timber saw? 8899..Which animals make a sound called nuzzing? 8900..What was the working title of the TV series Dallas? 8901..In your body where is the macula? 8902..With what would you rock the baby or walk the dog? 8903..Who was known as The man in Black? 8904..In d*k Dastardly's Vulture squadron name the mechanic? 8905..In 1956 Irme Nagy lead a revolt in which country? 8906..What river flows from Mount Hermon into the Dead Sea? 8907..The liqueur cr.me de cassis is made from what? 8908..What agency began as a group of mercenary guards? 8909..In Bewitched name Samantha's identical cousin? 8910..The Stasi were an intelligence organisation in what country? 8911..Who got a gold single for the song Daniel in 1973? 8912..The Flavian Amphitheatre is better known as what? 8913..Miso a basic ingredient in Japanese cooking is made of what? 8914..The musical word scherzo comes from Italian meaning what? 8915..A villanelle is a type of what? 8916..Which cities name comes from Algonquin meaning traders? 8917..Five out of six of the Village people have got what? 8918..What's the correct name for a young un-bred male fur seal? 8919..Strine is the vernacular language spoken in which country? 8920..Cardinal and Ordinal are types of what? 8921..What's the name of Disney's Little Mermaid? 8922..Where does the abbreviation for pound lb come from? 8923..What was Disney's Donald Duck originally called? 8924..What was the longest running primetime TV drama 20 seasons? 8925..What is generally thought to be the oldest breed of dog? 8926..In which European city is Charles university? 8927..Which girls name comes from German meaning battle? 8928..1200 in Roman numerals gives what sporting body? 8929..Red white blue yellow green what's missing from Rubik's cube? 8930..Where would you find a canton, halyard and field? 8931..This sport is called camogie women play what's it when men do? 8932..A Treskilling Yellow sold for over $2 million in 1996 what is it? 8933..Name of which household object comes from Latin to wonder at? 8934..Which vegetable is also a flower? 8935..What does a necrographer do? 8936..Name bald head character that peers over walls saying wot no? 8937..Those born on April Fools day are what star sign? 8938..In British army what ranks between Major General and Colonel? 8939..In beer measurement 72 pints make a what? 8940..In the Chinese horoscope what animal comes last alphabetically? 8941..What is a leprechaun's usual job? 8942..What did Robert Ballard discover in 1985? 8943..If you are using Prime Tierce and Octave what are you doing? 8944..What is measured in units called phon? 8945..In June 1906 where was the worlds first grand prix held? 8946..If silver is stamped with a leopard in which city was it assayed? 8947..1899 what first was installed Palace Royal hotel San Francisco? 8948..In which city is the Kentucky Derby run? 8949..What is the only silent film to win best picture Oscar? 8950..In 1923 the BBC first broadcast what on the radio? 8951..Which of Santa's reindeer comes first alphabetically? 8952..November 28th 1948 what was the first TV western in the USA? 8953..Which dance means in Portuguese snapping of a whip? 8954..In 1965 who became country music's first millionairess? 8955..Which country began the tradition of exchanging Xmas gifts? 8956..What is the English name for the constellation Mensa? 8957..Who ordered the building of the Tower of London? 8958..In the Simpsons name Ned Flanders wife? 8959..What was the first food consumed on the moon in Apollo 11? 8960..France and which country contested first ever world cup match? 8961..In the song My Darling Clemantine how did Clemantine die? 8962..Terrence Nezman became more famous as who? 8963..What was introduced to the UK 1799 as a temporary measure? 8964..What was the full name of Dr Henry Jekyll's alter ego? 8965..In Curse of the Pink Panther who plays Clouseau after surgery? 8966..In Wacky Races who drove the Turbo Terrific? 8967..Beelzebub is Hebrew for which phrase - also a novels title? 8968..Fado is a musical style popular in which country? 8969..1961 who was first actress to win Oscar for a non English film? 8970..Which European city's name means home of the monks? 8971..Which pop group had the most US No 1 singles in the 70s? 8972..WG Grace captained England at cricket and what else? 8973..How did Scotland's Robert the Bruce die? 8974..Caneletto is famous for landscapes of Venice and where? 8975..Name the first Bond film not based on an Ian Fleming book? 8976..In which sport would you compete for the Nino Bibia cup? 8977..What is the most common name for US cities 66 of them? 8978..In what game would you use a baguette? 8979..In astronomy what are Pallas Vesta and Davida? 8980..In Friends where does Joey keep his favourite book? 8981..One of the band steps is nicknamed H what's it stand for? 8982..Which silent films stars contract forbade him smiling on screen? 8983..Who drove a Rolls Royce with a number plate FAB 1? 8984..Rapa Nui is better known as what? 8985..An Antarctic island was named after which cartoon character? 8986..Which western entertainments name literally means go round? 8987..In which city is the worlds busiest MacDonald's? 8988..Who was the first golfer to get hole in one on British TV? 8989..Baron Silas Greenback was the enemy of which character? 8990..Which Shakespeare character had a daughter called Jessica? 8991..In which sport do you need to score five to win? 8992..In the original Star Trek who has unrequited love for Mr Spock? 8993..The pop group Satan's Jesters found fame under what name? 8994..Scientists took the word quark from which authors work? 8995..A female fox is a vixen what is the male fox called? 8996..What is myrmecology the study of? 8997..The chako war 1932 1935 was between which two countries? 8998..In the original Star Trek series name Spock's mother? 8999..What is the English name for the constellation Hydra? 9000..Brian Warner is better known as who? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:44 pm 9001..In the Chinese horoscope what animal comes first alphabetically? 9002..What are you doing if you use the egg position? 9003..1579 the Netherlands achieved independence from what country? 9004..Which TV detective kept his gun in a biscuit jar? 9005..In Monty Pythons Flying Circus Dinsdale was a giant what? 9006..In 1931 what was the first live televised sporting event in the UK? 9007..In dry measure 16 pints make up a what? 9008..In TV series The Prisoner what's the name of the giant balloon? 9009..Mrs Hugh McCorquodale was famous as what literary figure? 9010..In the Rocky films what was the name of Rocky's wife? 9011..In which country is the worlds longest road tunnel? 9012..Who was the first UK royal interviewed on television? 9013..In Ren and Stimpy what sort of dog is Ren? 9014..Thurle Sandstorm first world champion in 1923 at what sport? 9015..What was the name of James Bonds housekeeper? 9016..Released in 1908 what was the first ever horror film? 9017..The word opera is a plural of opus meaning what? 9018..Fatima is a Christian shrine pilgrimage place in which country? 9020..In which country would you find Lake Disappointment? 9021..What is measured in grains - four grains to a carat? 9022..In Algeria what is rai? 9023..Swansons introduced them in 1953 - what? 9024..Which city was superman born in? 9025..Which actress was the Connecticut state golf champ at age 16? 9026..Manticore was a mythical beast head of a man body of what? 9027..Charles Bronson got acting job because he did what on demand? 9028..What herb gets its name from Latin for jewel of the sea? 9029..Which job was so dangerous staff adverts wanted orphans only? 9030..Which painter spent last 4 years of his life on the run for murder? 9031..Where would you find bow, bay and traytime parts of what? 9032..What nationality was Cleopatra? 9033..Sergey Bubka broke world record over 30 times in which event? 9034..In which London street is the US embassy? 9035..Who is the alter ego of Henry the mild mannered janitor? 9036..Which German city was the setting of Auf Wierdersehn Pet? 9037..Ailsa Craig, Bedford Champion and Rijnsburger varieties of what? 9038..What interested a nomologist? 9039..Which car company was founded by Sir William Lyons in 1922? 9040..Post boxes in the UK are red what colour are they in France? 9041..What would an Irishman do with his shone? 9042..In mythology who are sometimes called the dioscuri? 9043..Which group had hits with Fernando and Angelo? 9044..Vaduz is the capitol of where? 9045..The Simpsons are the longest running cartoon who is second? 9046..1777 George Macintosh created a red dye cudbear what is it? 9047..In which form of Japanese theatre are all roles played by men? 9048..Which spirit was once known as kill devil? 9049..18% of Americans mention who in their will? 9050..In Greek mythology Cronos and Rhea were the parents of who? 9051..Richard Adams wrote the novel Shardik what was Shardik? 9052..What was the last European nation to accept the potato? 9053..Which comic strip hero shares his name with a town in Turkey? 9054..In Bewitched name the witch doctor who treats Samantha? 9055..The Archie Moore cup is competed for in which sport? 9056..In Gone With the Wind name Ashley Wilkes plantation? 9057..In Ancient Rome what creature was the symbol of liberty? 9058..The Dove awards are presented annually for what? 9059..Cape Comorin is the most southerly point of where? 9060..Xmas UK children hang stockings what do Dutch children use? 9061..In a survey 32% of wives would change their husbands what? 9062..The French newspaper La Monde translates as what? 9063..Where is the dirtiest skin on your body? 9064..According to USA today what is the favourite luxury car? 9065..The Demologos was the first steam powered what? 9066..In which city is the distinctive building of the saddledome? 9067..A university has a campus what does it literally mean? 9068..What is the name of Snoopy's sister? 9069..Which country invented the clothing button in the 13th century? 9070..Richard Bachman is a pseudonym of which author? 9071..What was invented in the 1800s and sold as a diarrhoea cure? 9072..Who was once billed as The Atomic Powered Singer? 9073..Where would you find Puck Miranda and Ariel? 9074..Fangio the greatest ever F1 driver once had what job? 9075..Calamine is the ore what is the product? 9076..According to Samuel Johnson what is the drink for heroes? 9077..Which TV characters blood pressure was minus 3? 9078..What is the opposite of wet - if its not wet? 9079..In mythology which giant made of brass guarded Crete? 9080..In the Bible David played the Kinnor what is a Kinnor? 9081..In which film did Woody Allen direct Sylvester Stallone? 9082..The Amazon river dolphins are what colour? 9083..Elvis Presley said big what on a woman turned him off? 9084..Which French philosopher hid in alleys mooning passers by? 9085..What is thought to be the oldest English Cheese? 9086..Near Ayres Rock is a lake named after which composer? 9087..In 1937 the BBC first televised which sporting event? 9088..The lutra-lutra is which semi aquatic animal? 9089..What are Bullace, Kirke's Blue, and Opal varieties of? 9090..Harold H Hilton only Englishman to do what in golf in 1911? 9091..What is a gurdwara? 9092..The aardvark is the first animal in the dictionary what's second? 9093..Frodo Baggins was the first to enter Britain using what? 9094..The Roman festival of Hilaria is equal to what modern day? 9095..In Only Fools and Horses what is Rodney's middle name? 9096..What was voted toy of the 20th century? 9097..Before 1938 toothbrushes were made using hairs from what? 9098..What does the name Dracula mean in Romanian? 9099..Thanatology is the study of what? 9100..Who wrote the book Gremlins in 1943 - later filmed? 9101..Whose name translates as Emperor of all? 9102..What group had a 70s hit with Ride a White Swan? 9103..Dantes Inferno what crime was done by those in the lowest level? 9104..Who sang the theme to The Spy who Loved Me? 9105..Which place, now an airport, once staged the Grand National? 9106..45% of wives say husbands do it 5% husbands admit it - what? 9107..What European country has no rail lines? 9108..What bird is depicted on the Canadian $1 coin? 9109..Who wrote the children's book Bedknobs and Broomsticks? 9110..Which country was the first to issue parking tickets? 9111..Marfona, Romano and Pentland Javelin varieties of what? 9112..In a survey what is the most popular UK kids TV programme? 9113..Tequila Cointreau (triple sec) and lime make which cocktail? 9114..What would you buy in a Manitee length? 9115..Skopje is the capitol of where? 9116..In Finland who rides a goat named Ukko? 9117..Who directed the film of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451? 9118..Which mythological monster had nine heads? 9119..What does Dorethy have to steal from the wicked witch in oz? 9120..Where would you see rope, hoop, ball and ribbon used? 9121..Amnesiac and The Bends albums of which UK group? 9122..In 1752 Mr Blake and Callahan raced and began which sport? 9123..The Semites are a group descended from whom? 9124..What items name translates as distant voice? 9125..What is the capitol of the United Arab Emirates? 9126..In Japan a trainee geisha must leave what uncovered? 9127..Who wrote the novel The Betsy? 9128..The Parthenon is named after Athena Parthenon what's it mean? 9129..Nigel Neil created which famous UK Professor in the 50s? 9130..Where was Bonnie Prince Charlie born? 9131..In Gustav Holsts Planets suite which planet represents old age? 9132..In which Irish county can you kiss the Blaney stone? 9133..In the bible - Leviticus - what was lapidation? 9134..Who is the Patron Saint of sailors? 9135..Babba Louey was the sidekick of which cartoon character? 9136..If not Shakespeare what links Juliet Cleopatra Mark Antony? 9137..What flavouring is in frangelico liqueur? 9138..Which comic book hero rode a horse called storm? 9139..Which Irish writer appeared on the Irish £10 note? 9140..in a famous Disney film who are Flora Fauna and Merryweather? 9141..John de Lancie played which character in the Star Trek series? 9142..From which plant do we get linseed oil? 9143..The Hart memorial trophy is awarded in which professional sport? 9144..Stamps are the most collected thing in the USA what is second? 9145..Star which TV show really a programmer written 20 books on it? 9146..In a MORI pole what does MORI stand for? 9147..A mountain is the symbol of which film company? 9148..Artistic movement shared name with French for hobby horse? 9149..What does a phlebotomist do? 9150..Mendelssohn's symphony number 4 is nicknamed what? 9151..What is Snoopy's mothers name? 9152..Who first appeared in the Star Trek episode Space Seed? 9153..Its branches are Soto Renzai members ponder Koans what is it? 9154..Which sport awards the Maurice Podoloff trophy? 9155..What is the first word sung in Queens Bohemian Rhapsody? 9156..Credits on all Bond films finish with 4 words James Bond what? 9157..In 1950 the Minnesota valley canning company became what? 9158..What I did for Love came from which Broadway musical show? 9159..Which actor studied as a priest then an architect before acting? 9160..Calvin Broadus is better known under what name? 9161..Julius Sturgis in 1861 built the first US factory making what? 9162..What is unusual about the 1965 horror film Incubus? 9163..If a bird nidifies what has it just done? 9164..Introduced in 1964 name Barbie's sister? 9165..According to the cowboy encyclopaedia what is an orejano? 9166..In 1967, which airline became the first all-jet airline? 9167..Which characters are described as being three apples high? 9168..In the comic strip Garfield what is the teddy bear’s name? 9169..What liqueur means cupid in Italian and love in Latin? 9170..The film Midnight Express is set in which country? 9171..Dik Browne is the author of which cartoon strip? 9172..On a racing form what does the letter u indicate? 9173..John Downland was 16th century composer for which instrument? 9174..Domingo is Spanish for what? 9175..In the UK at least which products selling feature is a magic inch? 9176..In 1741 Robert Keeler first to commercially manufactured what? 9177..Wadi al Muli is better known as where? 9178..Name origins Baker obvious but what had a Palmer done? 9179..In 1900 caterer Harry Stevens introduce what words to language? 9180..Garnet is the birthstone of January - what does it symbolise? 9181..In which Dickens novel does the character Fezziwig appear? 9182..Who wrote the song Johnny be Good? 9183..In Hawaii what is the annual Kona festival? 9184..Mimi is the first name of which Warner Bros cartoon character? 9185..What was Marilyn Munroes original last name? 9186..Valentine Michael Smith is the central character in which book? 9187..Rocketbuster make the worlds largest authentic what? 9188..Name the first African American doll produced by Mattel? 9189..Urchin is an old English name for which British native mammal? 9190..Whose debut album was Definitely Maybe? 9191..Between 1956 and 1960 which song made top 40 seven times? 9192..Michael Bond created which children's character? 9193..Commandaria is a desert wine made for over 800 years - where? 9194..Someone with initials DD after their name has what qualification? 9195..In the 1944 film National Velvet name Elizabeth Taylor's horse? 9196..What singer was nicknamed by his fans The Lizard King `? 9197..What breed of dog advertises hush puppies? 9198..Which sports trophy was named after Fredrick ArthurStanley Cup? 9199..Syncope is the medical name for what condition? 9200..Which character was invented in a comic for Montgomery Ward? 9201..A Romana Café features what liqueur? 9202..On "Sesame Street," what is the name of Big Bird's teddy bear? 9203..Which character was born in Riverside Iowa? 9204..The dog breed borzoi gets it name from the Russian for what? 9205..In Star Trek who rules the Ferengi? 9206..We know what a bronco is but what does it mean in Spanish? 9207..John Hetherington in London introduced what in 1797? 9208..The French call it Gulf de Gascoine what's its English name? 9209..In MacDonald's what is served in a blue wrapper? 9210..In Happy Days what was Potsies full name? 9211..Which US vehicle company has a bulldog as its symbol? 9212..Cuffs and Buttons was a cocktail in the 19th century what it now? 9213..What is a cathedra? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:46 pm 9501..Harold H Lipman received a patent in 1858 for what invention? 9502..The opening lines of which classic Russian novel are in French? 9503..From the Earth to the sun is one AU what does AU stand for? 9504..Captain Hans Langsdorff captained which German Battleship? 9505..If a doctor says you have ecchymosis what have you got? 9506..In TS Elliot's book of practical cats name the mystery cat? 9507..Copper gets its name from which Mediterranean country? 9508..In his will who left his wife his second best bed? 9509..Who is the Patron Saint of boy scouts? 9510..Who designed the difference engine finally built in 1991? 9511..What is the largest environmental organisation in the world? 9512..Enterprise Alabama they erected a monument to which insect? 9513..Odin owned Geri and Freki what were they? 9514..Which female name means worth of love? 9515..In Greek mythology Deianeira was the wife of who? 9516..Who composed the opera Ill Travatore? 9517..Troy McClure appears in which cartoon series? 9518..Illinois second largest city and a TV detective share what name? 9519..In Star Fleet Will Riker plays which musical instrument? 9520..Cornbread, Turkey and Sweet potatoes made up the first what? 9521..Which Clint Eastwood film has the most killings (65)? 9522..Russia has one but the US has at least six - what? 9523..ACII, Stockless, Mushroom and Plough types of what? 9524..February 1999 what was the fastest growing religion in the US? 9525..In Pac Man eating what was worth 5000 points? 9526..What common item has a coil, point, sheath and two shafts? 9527..In which country are the most flowers bought per capita? 9528..What is the moons astronomical name? 9529..Ignoring cats what large animals purr when they are happy? 9530..Carnegie Melon University only one offers a degree in what? 9531..Where in the US by law do you not have to pay taxes? 9532..Where are Gene Roddenberrys ashes? 9533..Advertising slogan - No one ever got fired for buying what? 9534..Where is the original Spa? 9535..What 3 inventions do Americans say they cant live without? 9536..Where in the world can you find Friday before Thursday? 9537..Where would you find a breast, fore, spring and after spring? 9538..What sport originally meant in French, look here? 9539..In Dukes of Hazard boys drove General Lee name Daisies jeep? 9540..Evidence of the first recorded brothel was found in which city? 9541..Which two letter word is the most sacred in Hinduism? 9542..What is the most chosen name for US schools sports teams? 9543..Who was the first choice to play Beverley Hills Cop? 9544..What occupation had the most fatal work injuries in US in 1994? 9545..What did sailors often have tattooed on backs to stop flogging? 9546..Where would you find lagan? 9547..How did King Arthur acquire the round table? 9548..What is the only Bible book referred to in a Shakespeare play? 9549..Harry Rosoll created which famous bear? 9550..What did J Edgar Hoover bar people from walking on? 9551..Car racing and what sport were banned in the USA during WW2? 9552..Al Alcorn wrote which famous computer program / game? 9553..In what country is Peter II of Yugoslavia buried? 9554..Asian moon rat is the only animal smells like a veg which one? 9555..In Winnie the Pooh what's the name over the door Pooh's house? 9556..Which old time TV cop had a middle name of Aloysius? 9557..In the comic Fantastic Four what was Things character name? 9558..Which countries name comes from the Arawak word for central? 9559..Norman Bean became famous as which author? 9560..Francis Galton first classified what? 9561..Brent blend is a widely traded commodity - what is it? 9562..At Roman feasts which birds tongues were delicacies? 9563..Tessenjutsu is a martial art based on the use of what item? 9564..Which common item was banned by law in Bermuda until 1948? 9565..Who sells more cars than Ford Chrysler Chevrolet and Buick? 9566..We know what a moussaka is but what does it literally mean? 9567..French in tennis love means zero but what did it originally mean? 9568..Name was Richard Kimble's favorite alias in the TV series? 9569..In Alabama its illegal to have more than 3 what in your house? 9570..Twos company threes a crowd what do four and five make? 9571..On a carving in Coventry Cathedral what did Lady Godiva ride? 9572..Bengal Dimension 6 Falcon 3 possible names what was chosen? 9573..What does a philatelist do? 9574..After which actor was Mickey Mouse named? 9575..Which mythological figure flew so close to the sun that the wax on his wings began to melt? 9576..Which racing circuit held the 2011 British Formula One Grand Prix? 9577..Nancy Shevell married which English singer/songwriter in October 2011 9578..In August 2011 NASA announced that photographic evidence had been captured of possible liquid water of which planet in our solar system? 9579..Which Scottish musician/songwriter died in January 2011? 9580..The Puyehue volcano erupted in which South American country in June 2011? 9581..Which member of the British royal family married on the 29th April 2011..What is William and Kates babies name? 9582..When did William and Kate Marry? 9583..The President of which African country resigned in February 2011 after widespread protests calling for his departure? 9584..Which film won the 2011 Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film? 9585..The restored tomb of which dramatist was unveiled in Paris in November 2011, after being ruined by lipstick smears left by thousands of kisses? 9586..Which British newspaper closed down in July 2011 after several allegations of phone-hacking by journalists? 9587..Which Italian fashion designer launched the first virtual online museum in December 2011? 9588..An ‘E coli’ outbreak, said to be caused by bean sprouts, killed over 30 people in which European country in June 2011? 9589..What is the title of the novel which won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for Fiction for Julian Barnes? 9590..In April 2011 Louis van Gaal was sacked as coach of which European football club? 9591..What was the name of the hurricane which hit the East Coast of America in August 2011? 9592..Which English singer/songwriter was found dead in her apartment on 23rd July 2011? 9593..Which film, based on a comic book series created by Peyo, was released in July 2011? 9594..The 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics took place in which country? 9595..On which date in 2011, according to the Gregorian calender, was the Islamic New year? 9596..Which national team won the 2011 Rugby Union World Cup? 9597..The Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival was held in which country in January 2011? 9598..In September 2011, which two countries signed a pact to end a 40 year border demarcation dispute? 9599..Which actress won the 2011 Best Actress Oscar for her role in the film ‘Black Swan’? 9600.. Which English football team won the 2011 FA Cup? 9601..What is the name of the Space Shuttle launched into orbit for the last time from the Kennedy Space Station in July 2011? 9602..Which British singer’s wife gave birth to their son Aiden on 16th February 2011? 9603..Which member of Take That replaced Simon Cowell as a judge on the British ‘X Factor’? 9604..On 11th March 2011 a 9.1 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of which country? 9605.. Which British model married Jamie Hince in July 2011? 9606..The day following Thanksgiving in the US, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season, is called ‘What’ Friday? 9607.. Have you already thought about your babies names? 9608 .. Have you ever been fishing? 9609..Have you ever had your national flag painted on your face? 9610.. Do you have any strange body things? 9611.. What was the last social faux pas you made? 9612.. What makes you nostalgic? 9613.. Whats the scariest thing you've ever done? 9614.. What fairy tale character would you most associate with? 9615.. How much do you tend to swear in public? 9616.. What are your strengths? 9617.. What are your weaknesses? 9618.. What brand are your trainers? 9619.. If you ruled your own country, who would you get to writer your national anthem? 9620..Who is the most intelligent person you know? 9621.. Whats the craziest thing you've ever done for someone? 9622.. If you had to describe yourself as a flavour, what would it be? 9623.. If you had to describe yourself as a car, what would it be? 9624.. If you had to describe yourself as an animal, what would it be? 9625.. Do you think laughing at someone elses misfortune is wrong? 9626.. If a loved one was to serenade you, what song would you most like them to sing? 9627.. Would you ever let your parents pick out a partner for you? 9628.. Have you ever tried spam? (the meat product) 9629.. Do you know html? 9630.. Have you ever flown first class? 9631.. What are better, violins or pianos? 9632.. Whats the fastest you've ever driven? (as driver or passenger) 9633.. What compulsions do you have? 9637.. If you could see any band, which would you like to see? 9638.. Who would you say are more attractive, English or Europeans? 9639.. What would you say is your favourite album of all time? 9640.. Do you dislike hairy people? 9641.. Are you much of an adventurer? 9642.. Do you like your own name? 9643.. Would you ever sign a Prenuptial agreement? 9644.. How long has your longest ever phone call been? 9645.. Could you ever have an affair with a married person? 9646.. Could you ever split up a couple for one reason or another? 9647.. Do you prefer sporty or academic members of the opposite sex? 9648..How much would it cost to buy your love? 9649.. If you met a Genie who offered you three wishes, what would you wish for? (more wishes does not count) 9650..Whats your current Mobile phone model and do you like it? 9651.. Whats your favourite physical thing you like about yourself? 9652.. Whats your least favourite physical thing you like about yourself? 9653.. Are you proud, comfortable or ashamed of your body? 9654.. Whats your favourite personality trait you like about yourself? 9655.. Whats your least favourite personality trait you like about yourself? 9656.. If you were stinking rich, would you only go to places other rich people went? 9657.. Would you rather have a mans top half and a womens bottom half or visa versa? 9658.. Rebound relationships, good or bad? 9659.. Have you ever owned a slinky? 9660.. Teenage parents, good bad or indifferent? 9661.. Whats the most expensive thing you've ever broken? 9662.. Pirate downloads, good or bad? 9663.. Democracy, good or bad? 9664.. Communism, good or bad? 9665.. Have you ever been electrocuted? 9666.. Have you ever been attacked with a creamy bakery product? 9667.. Have you ever shawn a sheep? 9668.. Have you ever accidentally set fire to yourself? 9669.. Have you ever eaten a whole tube of pringles by yourself? 9667.. Have you ever been hit on by someone of the same gender? 9668.. The war in Iraq, good or bad? 9669.. The war in Afganistan, good or bad? 9670.. Have you ever appeared on youtube? 9671.. Have you ever performed in front of a large audience? 9672.. Have you ever eaten anything prepared by a celebrity chef? 9673.. Have you ever been on radio? 9674.. Did your school make a teatowel that everyone submitted to? 9675.. What colour/style was your school tie? 9676.. Do you have to wear glasses? 9677.. Do you bite your nails? 9678.. Do you prefer male or female singers voices? 9679.. Would you rather be the worlds greatest football player or lover? 9680.. Do you get hayfever? 9681.. Do you have a list of things to do before your 'x' years old? 9682.. Have you ever carved a pumpkin? 9683.. What year did the Zurgs come to Gaia. 9684.. Would you say you are a good or bad influence to others? 9685.. Do you prefer giving or recieving gifts/help etc 9686.. What is the biggest gift you have donated on Gaia? 9687..What is the first item you quested? 9688.. Do you still own that item? 9689..Do you remember your first dream avi? 9689.. What is the best halloween event Gaia had? 9690.. If you were a member of the spice girls, what would your spice handle be? 9691.. If you were to become a famous singer, what would your debut album be called? 9692.. If you could join any music group which would you want to join? 9693.. What do your parents do? 9694..If you were a giant monster what city would you rampage? 9695.. Did you ever have a treehouse as a kid? 9696.. Is your dad an embarassing dancer? 9697.. Do you plan to vote in the next election? 9698.. If you could replace one bodypart with a super bionic replacement what bodypart and what features would the new bionic replacement have? 9699.. What if any unusual objects have you swallowed? 9700.. When you buy something new do you get a desire to use/play with it even when they dont have any physical application yet? 9701.. Did you understand the Matrix Trilogy? 9702.. Would you rather be the fella in a movie who gets the girl or the baddie with all the good lines? 9703.. Could you ever be someones bodygaurd? 9704.. Michelangelo's David... Masterpiece or filth? 9705.. Do you like other people buying you clothes? 9706.. Have you ever brought a present for someone that they hated/disliked? 9707.. What nicknames do you have/have had? 9708.. What was your first detention for? 9709.. Whats your strongest voluntary muscle? 9710.. Who was your first kiss? 9711.. What was your first job? 9712.. What was your first car? (or what would you like it to be?) 9713.. What was your first mobile phone? 9714.. What is your first proper memory? 9715.. Are your ears lobed or attached? 9716.. How often do you wash your ears? 9717.. Could you go out with someone who had a child from a previous relationship? 9718.. What was the best thing about your old school? 9719.. What was the worst thing about your old school? 9720.. If you could change your name to anything what would your new name be? 9721.. Do you watch too much tv? 9722.. Have you ever planted a tree? 9723.. Whats the heaviest thing you can lift? 9724.. Who would you want to be with on a desert island? 9725.. What's the worst show on television? 9726.. Who's your favourite god from ancient history? 9727.. What one device would you want to see added to a mobile phone? 9728.. Where do you see yourself in 1 months time? 9729.. Where do you see yourself in 1 years time? 9730.. Do you believe in revenge? 9731.. Do you believe in fairies? 9732.. Do you believe in a god? 9733.. If you could have any celebritys hair whos would it be? 9734.. Which Celebrity do you find the most annoying? 9735.. What potential talents do you think you might have if you worked at them? 9736.. Who was better, Flipper, Lassie or Skippy? 9737.. If you could be trained up in any profession of your choice by top professionals what profession would you choose? 9738.. If someone elses child was being an annoying little runt would you go tell them off or do something about it? 9739.. Whats your favorite animal beginning with the letter A? 9740.. Whats your favorite item of clothing beginning with the letter B? 9741.. Whats your favorite expletive beginning with the letter C? 9742.. Whats your favorite boys name beginning with the letter D? 9743.. Whats your favorite girls name beginning with the letter E? 9744.. Whats your favorite book beginning with the letter F? 9745.. Whats your favorite bodypart beginning with the letter G? 9746.. Whats your favorite musical instrument beginning with the letter H? 9747.. Whats your favorite song beginning with the letter I? 9748.. Whats your favorite actress beginning with the letter J? 9749.. Whats your favorite actor beginning with the letter K? 9750.. Whats your favorite film beginning with the letter L? 9751.. Whats your favorite tv show beginning with the letter M? 9752.. Whats your favorite game beginning with the letter N? 9753.. Whats your favorite non alcoholic drink beginning with the letter O? 9754.. Whats your favorite food beginning with the letter P? 9755.. Whats your favorite band beginning with the letter Q? 9756.. Whats your favorite author beginning with the letter R? 9757.. Whats your favorite sport beginning with the letter S? 9758.. Whats your favorite job beginning with the letter T? 9759.. Whats your favorite mythical creature beginning with the letter U? 9760.. Whats your favorite alcoholic drink beginning with the letter V? 9761.. Whats your favorite cartoon character beginning with the letter W? 9762.. Whats your favorite word beginning with the letter X? 9763.. Whats your favorite city beginning with the letter Y? 9764.. Whats your favorite country beginning with the letter Z? 9765.. Do you get seasick? 9766.. If you discovered a new species of dinosaur what would you call it? 9767..Do you own a paddling pool? 9768.. What do you consider is the most important piece of furniture in a house? 9769.. What words do you always struggle to spell correctly? 9770.. How many remote controls do you have in your house? 9771.. Have you ever been in a hot tub or sauna? 9772.. Have you ever had chicken pox? 9773.. Do you own a lava lamp? 9774.. Do you read a daily newspaper? 9775.. Do you watch the news on TV? 9776.. Have you ever had anything published? 9777.. How fast can you run? 9778.. Which is better, Mario or Sonic? 9779.. Whats your favorite biscuit to dunk? 9780.. Can you roll your R's? 9781..What social class do you consider yourself or your family background to be in? 9782.. Do you know any magic tricks? 9783.. Whats the largest amount of money you've ever won? 9784.. Whats the largest amount of money you've spent in one spree? 9785.. Whats the largest amount of money you've had to borrow off of a friend or family member 9786.. Have you ever been on a cable car? 9787.. Do you prefer Honey or Jam? 9788.. Do you prefer the French or Germans? 9789.. How fast can you get changed? 9789.. Have you ever got majorly lost trying to get somewhere? 9790.. How fast can you say the alphabet? 9791.. Do you say "Zee" or "Zed" to describe the letter Z? 9792.. What was the last thing to make you feel happy? 9793.. What was the last thing to make you feel angry? 9794.. You are walking to work. There is a dog drowning in the canal on the side of the street. Your boss told you if you are late one more time you're fired. Do you save the dog? 9795.. Are you the kind of friend you'd want to have as a friend yourself? 9796.. Do you have any questions or queries about things you're just to scared or embarassed to ask anyone about? 9797.. If you were a wrestler what would your stage name be? 9798.. and what would your special move be called? 9799.. Whats the most interesting thing you can see out of your nearest window? 9800.. Do you think Barbie is a negative role model for young girls? 9801.. Have you ever needed an eye test? 9802..If you could talk to one species of animal which would it be? 9803.. If you had friends round what DVD's would you have to watch? 9804.. Whats the greatest thing about being your nationality? 9805.. Whats the least greatest thing about being your nationality? 9806.. Which fictional character do you wish was real? 9807.. Whats your favourite farmyard animal? 9809.. If you could choose one celebrity to be the father/mother of your child who would it be? 9810.. What would you do if someone proposed to you tomorrow? 9811.. What are your 3 favourite internet sites? 9812.. Do you have any old friends wou wish you could meet up with again? 9813.. Whats your favourite Nursury Rhyme? 9814.. Do you prefer metric or imperial measurements? 9815.. Who's your favourite radio 1 DJ? 9816.. Whats the best way to your heart? 9817.. Do you know your own mobile phone number off by heart? 9818.. If you were a fashion designer, what style of clothing or accessories would you design? 9819.. Do you ever laugh at things you shouldn't? 9820.. Have you ever been in a submarine? 9821.. Have you ever been to see stand up comedy? 9822.. Have you ever needed stitches? 9823.. If you could invent brand new baby names what would they be? 9824.. What would you bring along to an idillic picnic? 9825.. Whats your favorite children's story? 9826.. What movie ending really frustrated you? And how would you change it? 9827.. What three things do you think of most each day? 9828.. What do you call your evening meal? Dinner Tea or Supper? 9829.. What do you call your after meal sweet? Pudding or Dessert? 9830.. If you had a warning label, what would yours say? 9831.. Have you ever got sweet revenge on anyone? 9832.. Can a hetrosexual male ever wear pink? 9833.. Is it criminal to wear socks with sandals? 9834.. If you were captain of a ship, what would you call it? 9835.. If you were to join an emergency service which would it be? 9836.. If you were to join one of the armed forced which would it be? 9837.. Whats the worst thing about being your gender? 9838.. Whats the best thing about being your gender? 9839.. If you swapped genders for a day how would you spend it? 9840..If you were exiled what country would you choose as your new home? 9841.. Have you ever made someone cry? 9842.. Have you ever starred in a school play? 9843.. Were you a member of any celebrity fanclub? 9844.. Have you ever been a member of any other club? 9845.. Whats your favourite party game? 9846.. Is it acceptable or unacceptable to smack a child as form of disapline? 9847.. If you were ruler of your own country what would you call it? 9848.. And what title would you give yourself? 9849.. If you invented a monster what would you call it? 9850.. And what features would it have? 9851.. Have you ever had a dream you chased only to be let down when you achieved it? 9852.. Is there anything about the opposite sex you just don't understand or comprehend? 9853.. When its your birthday do you always wear an age badge? 9854..Have you ever starred in an amateur or professional video? 9855.. If you were comfortbly rich would you work hard for more or rest on your laurels? 9856.. Have you ever been in a position of authority? 9857.. Have you ever been caught in a comprimising position? even despite a valid explanation? 9858.. Have you ever been wheelbarrow racing? 9859.. Do you ever forward or reply to chain mails? 9860.. Do you often have a tune in your head you can't name? 9861.. Has anyone ever approached you thinking you were someone else? 9862.. Have you ever been approached by someone who knew you but you couldn't remember them for the life of you? 9863.. Whats your favourite ocean? 9864.. Do you correct peoples mistakes? 9865.. Have you ever helped out an injured animal? 9866.. Do you throw bread for the ducks? 9867.. Do you think babies are little bundles of joy or smelly noisey things? 9868.. Do you give money to buskers? 9869.. Have you ever tossed your own pancake? 9869.. Are you any good at egg and spoon races? 9870.. Are you allergic to anything? 9871.. Do you go to car boot sales? 9872.. If you saw someone drop a £10 note, would you claim it for your own or try to return it to them? 9873.. Have you ever helped someone across the road? 9874.. Have you ever been horseriding? 9875.. Have you ever walked a tightrope? 9876.. Have you ever demolished a wall or building? 9877.. If you and a friend both wanted the same thing would you let the friend get it first? 9878.. Have you ever argued over who should pay for something? 9879.. Do you have any family heirlooms? 9880.. Whats been your worst date ever? 9881.. Have you ever slapped somoene in public? 9882.. Have you ever drawn on a sleeping or inebriated person? 9883.. Have you ever warn clothing with the labels/tags still attached? 9884.. Have you ever slipped on a banana skin? 9885.. Are you scared of the dark? 9886.. Do you have a lawyer? 9887.. Have you ever been wolf whistled in public? 9888.. Whats the worst chatup line you've heard? 9889.. Have you ever been water skiing? 9890.. Have you ever hopelessly failed a test? 9891.. Could you ever hand milk a cow? 9892.. Do you have popcorn with a movie? 9893.. Whats the futhest you've ever got a paper airplane to fly? 9894.. Have you ever built an igloo? 9895.. Can you play the harmonica? 9896..Have you ever made a ball of twine or rubberbands? 9897.. If given the option of having a flake in your ice cream do you always take it? 9898.. Could you ever be a living organ donor? 9899.. Which was your favourite science? Biology, Physics or Chemistry? 9900.. Could you ever go out with someone just cause they're rich? 9901.. Have you ever contemplated sueing someone? 9902.. Are you pretty devious? 9903.. Have you ever had a surprise party? (that was an actual surprise) 9904.. Are you any good at giving massages? 9905.. Do you shout out the answers at the TV whilst watching quiz shows? 9906.. Are you a valuable asset on a Pub Quiz team? 9907.. Have you ever won any kind of quiz yourself? 9908.. Do you get over-involved with TV or movie plots at times? 9909.. Do you own any inflatable furniture? 9910.. Whats the highest hill or mountain you've ever climbed? 9911.. Do you have a piggy bank? 9912.. If you could have any feature from an animal what would you want? 9913.. Whats your prefered swimming stroke? 9914.. Have you ever been scuba diving? 9915.. Have you ever had a disasterous interview? 9916.. What makes you nervous? 9917.. Which of the 5 senses would you say is your strongest? 9918.. What colour are your eyes? 9919.. Do you have a favourite mug? 9920.. Do you know any self defence or martial arts? 9921.. Who's your favourite movie action hero? 9922.. Have you ever ridden a motorcycle? 9923.. Do you collect anything? 9924.. Is there anything you wished would come back into fashion? 9925.. Do you stick to conventional fashions or like to try and be original? 9926.. Have you ever given someone a handmade present? 9927.. Have you ever played the bongos? 9928.. Have you ever handled a snake? 9929.. Have you ever assembled furniture by yourself? 9930.. When did you last go to the beach? 9931.. When if ever did you last go to london? 9932.. What do you do to cool down when its hot? 9933.. Where do you like to go to on a first date? 9934.. Do you prefer vertical or horizontal stripes? 9935.. Have you ever baked your own bread? 9936.. Can you believe I can't believe its not butter is in fact not actually butter? 9937.. Can you name all 50 American states? 9938.. Have you ever owned a goldfish? 9939.. Have you ever sworn at an authority figure? 9940.. Have you ever walked into a wall? 9941.. Whats your favourite precious metal? 9942.. Whats your favourite precious stone? 9943.. Could you ever hunt your own meal? 9944.. Do you lick the yoghurt or desert lid? 9945.. Do you lick the spoon clean after making something sweet? 9946.. Do you like the sound of music? (the musical/film) 9947.. Have you ever made your own orangejuice? 9948.. Have you ever sucked on a lemon? 9949.. Have you ever licked a battery? 9950.. Are you a good aim with a rubber band? 9951.. Have you ever played golf? 9952.. Whats the most unusual name you've ever come across? 9953.. Do you prefer to wash in the mornings or evenings? 9954.. Have you ever danced in the rain? 9955.. Have you got green fingers? 9956.. Whats the tallest tree you've ever climbed? 9957.. Have you ever dialed the talking clock? 9958.. Do you always wear identical socks? 9959.. When you're ill do you struggle on regardless or just curl up in bed as much as possible? 9960.. Do you need to write down things to remember them? 9961.. Do you keep a diary/journal? 9962.. Are you scared of thunderstorms? 9963.. Have you ever ridden a tractor? 9964.. Do you have any swimming badges? 9965.. Do you prefer digital or rotary/analogue clocks? 9966.. How tall is the tallest person you know? 9967.. Have you ever got lost in a maze? 9968.. Have you ever been attacked by a wild animal? 9969.. Have you ever ridden a camel? 9970.. Whats your opinion on rats? 9971.. Have you ever been to a gym? 9972.. Have you ever been in a helicopter? 9973.. Could you ever be a medical guineapig? 9974.. Whats your favourite radio station? 9975.. Whats your favourite letter of the Alphabet? 9976.. Which is better? rollerblade or rollerskates? 9977.. Have you ever written a love letter? 9978.. How many valentines cards did you recieve this/last year? 9979.. What are cooler? Dinosaurs or Dragons? 9980.. Have you ever made your own ice lollies? 9981.. Have you ever made your own Ice cream? 9982.. Which forgeign language did you have to learn at school? 9983.. and do you still remember enough to hold a conversation in that language? 9984.. Do you suck or bite lollipops? 9985.. Have you ever used the yellow pages? 9986.. If you have an mp3 player what size is it? 9987.. Do you still have any music on vinyl or casettes? 9989.. Do you still have a camera that uses conventional film? 9990.. Approximately how many DVD's do you have? 9991.. Approximately how many Albums do you have? 9992.. Do you talk to yourself? 9993.. Do you sing to yourself? 9994.. Do you know any identical twins? 9995.. Are you glad you are almost finished? 9996.. What if I told you there was 10k more questions left to answer? 9997..Are you excited this is almost over or feeling that will not know what to do now? 9998.. How many friends did you make doing this quiz? 9999..How much gold do you think you earned doing this quiz? 10000 ...Did you know it was now time to go see Orphie for your prize? Please label your pm and inside it, write what page you started on and what page you finished on. Thank you and congratulations. Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:48 pm Reserved just in case.	French
Which country's national flag consists of a large white crescent and smaller star, the crescent being offset left of centre, on a red background?	The FunBoxs Biggest Quiz Ever .. \| Page 2 \| Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum \| Guild Forums \| Gaia Online Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:36 pm 6501..In fashion correspondent and bar are types of what item? 6502..Artemis is Greek Goddess of what - only one among all Gods? 6503..25% of the adult male population of the UK are what? 6504..Churchill, Iroquois, Owen and Smiths are all what? 6505..A company called Symbol owns patent to what common item? 6506..What can you find on California's Mount Cook? 6507..Fescue, Foxtail, Ruppia and Quitch are types of what? 6508..In the twelve labours of Hercules what did he do third? 6509..In Heraldry what symbol is a lymphad? 6510..What job links Paul Clifford, Claude Duval, Capt. Macheath? 6511..Whose cases were Empty House Copper Beeches Black Peter? 6512..Which King is known as The Suicide King? 6513..In Costa Rica and El Salvador you spend what? 6514..In the Christmas song your true love gave you give eight what? 6515..Name the Capital of the Ukraine? 6516..What was the name of the dog in Peter Pan? 6517..UK football Derby County home the Baseball Ground nickname? 6518..Every 12 seconds in USA someone does what in a Holiday Inn? 6519..Who rode a horse called Lamri? 6520..Which stringed instrument is blown to produce sound? 6521..Bear, Bird, Goat, Eagle, Swan and Rabbit what links in Ireland? 6522..Hera in Greece Juno in Rome Goddesses of what? 6523..In Japan what is an obi? 6524..Honi soit qui mal y pence is the motto of what organisation? 6525..What is unusual about The lake of Monteith in Scotland? 6526..Which tree is sacred to Apollo (Daphne changed into one)? 6527..Who wrote The Dong with the Luminous Nose and The Jumblies? 6528..What are Blur Crow, Brimstone, Owl and Ringlet types of? 6529..The liquor Curacao is flavoured with what? 6530..In French legend who is the lover of Abelard? 6531..If a male a is a Jackass what is a female called? 6532..What are Luster, Moreen, Mungo and Nankeen types of? 6533..In George Orwell's Animal Farm what type of animal was Muriel? 6534..In London what links Lambeth, St James and Westminster? 6535..What does an icthyophage do? 6536..Oswestry founded in 1407 is Britain's oldest what? 6537..In mythology who married the beautiful maid Galatea? 6538..In Bradshaws you would find information about what? 6539..The Romans called it Mamcunium what is this English city? 6540..Shakespeare wrote Cruel only to be kind in what play? 6541..Traditional 7 Seas N S Atlantic N S Pacific Arctic Antarctic?? 6542..Launfal, Pelleas and Tristram were part of what group? 6543..Who wrote the humorous books on One Upmanship? 6544..Greek Roman Apollo Babylonian Marduk Indian Vishnu gods?? 6545..Which English King rode a horse called White Surrey? 6546..Billycock, Wideawake, Gibus and Mitre all types of what? 6547..Quilp (A Dwarf) is a character in which Dickens novel? 6548..What word can be added to Fae, Fen, Bil, Goose to make fruit? 6549..Caracul, Dorset, Urial, Mufflon and Jacobs are types of what? 6550..What are Strength, Chariot and Hermit? 6551..Belly, Block, Blout, Nut, Rib and waist are all parts of what? 6552..Mauna Loa, Paricutin, Surtsey and Susya are all what? 6553..Which countries leader was an extra in Hollywood? 6554..BOZ was the penname if which writer? 6555..What bird is sometimes called the Yaffle? 6556..What organisation is known as the Society of Friends? 6557..Balein, Boops, Fin, Grampus and Pothead are types of what? 6558..The Ten Commandments what was number four? 6559..Who wrote the play Androcles and the Lion? 6560..What country was ruled by the Schleswig-Holstein dynasty? 6561..In France what take place at Auteuil, Saint-Cloud and Chantilly? 6562..A Tiercel is the correct name for a male what? 6563..An algophile loves what? 6564..Who is the Roman Goddess of invention and wisdom? 6565..What would you do with a celesta? 6566..What would you do if someone gave you a Twank? 6567..What is the subject of the reference book Janes? 6568..Which spice comes in hands? 6569..What would you expect to see at Santa Pod? 6570..What does a hypodermic literally mean? 6571..What was Peter Blake a pop art designers most famous work? 6572..In which 1960 film did Elvis Presley play a mixed race character? 6573..What profession had Lemual Gulliver when he was shipwrecked? 6574..Who is supposed to be buried under Kings Cross station? 6575..In the Bible what was an adamant? 6576..Thomas Caneery writer Schlinders Ark comes from what country? 6577..Which Roman Emperor made Sunday a religious holiday? 6578..If you have polythelia what have you got? 6579..Orthoepy is the study of what? 6580..Which Saints day is the 23rd April? 6581..Which modern artist created the Mother and Child Divided? 6582..What Shakespeare character ends saying The rest is Silence? 6583..Name John Huston's last film? 6584..Who was the father of Icarus? 6585..In the Old Testament what is the first book of Moses? 6586..Lucy Hobbs Taylor 1867 first woman in the US to do what? 6587..What is the correct name for a castrated pig? 6588..What is the literal meaning of the title Viceroy? 6589..Dover is the State Capitol of which US state? 6590..Where would you find Giacomo Marconi airport? 6591..In the Northern hemisphere its Jan 1st South Aug 1st what is? 6592..What word describes one tenth of a nautical mile? 6593..What does the Latin phrase Ex Mores mean? 6594..What does a sacerdotal person study for? 6595..In the Bible John the Baptist lived on wild honey and what? 6596..Who wrote the Paris and Prague symphonies? 6597..Men are ten times more likely than women to have what? 6598..Bond, Cotton Fabric and Tablet are types of what? 6599..What mythical beast is a cross between a lion and an eagle? 6600..Melita in the Bible where Paul was shipwrecked is where today? 6601..The Zoastrian religion began in what country? 6602..Hydra Gyrum was the Latin name for which element? 6603..Crystallite is used in what sport? 6604..The half wit Smike appears in which Dickens novel? 6605..Contralto and Soprano are female voices what comes between? 6606..In North Africa a mouflon is a wild what? 6607..What name's given to a number that exactly divides into another? 6608..Who wrote the book The Amazing Mr Ripley? 6609..Who dictated the Koran to Mohamed? 6610..Ancient Rome / Greece what Temple was dedicated to all Gods? 6611..What US State flag has a UK Union Flag on it? 6612..In the Old Testament whose name means Gods with us? 6613..What does an anthrophage practice? 6614..Who is the Greek Goddess of witchcraft and black magic? 6615..Grande and Chico are versions of what Spanish activity? 6616..What is a Bodhran used in Ireland? 6617..Petilent wine is what? 6618..What did Trevor Baylis invent? 6619..In Medieval China children up to 7 years old would do what? 6620..In 1500 BC Egyptian women had to be what to be beautiful? 6621..The average American does what for 52 minutes a day? 6622..Who was the Christian missionary portrayed in Chariots of Fire? 6623..What are silver coins made from? 6624..What State was founded in 1948? 6625..Where, apart from the wild, would you find bulls bears and stags? 6626..What is the SI base unit of electrical current? 6627..Bell View in Manchester built in 1928 was Britain's first what? 6628..Anthesis means what in relation to plants? 6629..What children's character lived at Scatterbrook farm? 6630..In Christian tradition what Saint is the Virgin Mary's mother? 6631..The filbert is an alternative name for which nut? 6632..Superstition if a woman sees a robin Valentines day marry who? 6633..Ann Franklin in 1792 was the first woman to do what? 6634..In dry measure 8 quarts are a what? 6635..March April and May are the only months that have what? 6636..What has 32 panels and 642 stitches? 6637..Thomas Sullivan in New York in 1908 introduced what? 6638..The Russians used what to cure piles? 6639..If you have Acute hasopharyngitis what's wrong? 6640..In 1927 what ceased to be a weapon in the British Army? 6641..Who was the only Apostle to die a natural death? 6642..What was banned in China in 1911 as a sign of feudalism? 6643..An 18th century law in Britain banned the poor from having what? 6644..Oil is the most traded product in the world what is the second? 6645..It is illegal to take picture of who in Zambia? 6646..What is the active ingredient in Chinese birds nest soup? 6647..What animals evidence is admissible in US courts? 6648..What is the most popular participation sport in Britain? 6649..In Britain what are Sing Tao and Weng Wei Po? 6650..Which Grand Prix driver was also a champion claw pigeon shot? 6651..Ambrosia the food of the Gods from the Greek Ambroata means? 6652..Psyscrophillia is sexual arousal by what? 6653..What company developed the dot matrix printer for 64 Olympics? 6654..What is measured with an ombrometer? 6655..Who set a world water speed record over 70 mph at age 72? 6656..Eidology is the search for what? 6657..What star only began singing when she broke her leg? 6658..What is Foghorn Leghorn's favourite song? 6659..Rodin's The Thinker is really a portrait of what Italian poet? 6660..Grace Robin was the first model - to model what in 1930? 6661..What game has only 7 possible opening moves? 6662..Who owned the dog called Peritus? 6663..In cookery what happens to food served farci? 6664..An orchidectomy involves what procedure? 6665..Queen Victoria in 1837 was the first English monarch to do what? 6666..Who was the science advisor on the first Star Trek film? 6667..Why does a cynophobe fear? 6668..In a French restaurant what's plate de jure translate as? 6669..Name of the road system links 17 capitals in South America? 6670..Capital cities name translates as City of Islam? 6671..In Britain since 1300 gold and silver hallmarked what in 1975? 6672..Where would you find a planchette? 6673..You ordered unagi in a Japanese restaurant what would you get? 6674..If you have dysmorphia what do you hate? 6675..In The Man with the Golden Gun name Scaramangas assistant? 6676..Name Pluto's moon? 6677..Which group of hobbyists spend the most money on it? 6678..More than 14 million are sold daily in 150 countries - what? 6679..What is the only insect that can turn its head? 6680..In Animal Farm what kind of creature was Bluebell? 6681..Geneva stands on what river? 6682..Which actor was born in Chiuhauha Mexico? 6683..61 is the international telephone dialling code for what country? 6684..What American Indian tribe currently has over 300000 members? 6685..In the US civil war what were graybacks? 6686..Casey Kasem was the original voice of what cartoon character? 6687..Who was Bette Midlers piano player before going solo? 6688..The artist Seurat employed which technique? 6689..Where would you find your Zygomatic Arch? 6690..What is measured in ohms? 6691..Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome caused by deficiency of what? 6692..Which heroine comes from Amphipolis? 6693..Where were Belgian waffles invented? 6694..Where would you find a gambrel? 6695..On a prescription what does PO mean? 6696..Lagomorphs refer to which animal? 6697..What is the SI unit of force? 6698..Proverbially a man is as old as he feels a woman as old as she?? 6699..What nationality was the first man to die in a plane crash? 6700..In scrabble what two letters are worth ten points? 6701..Name of the Major General who invented the exploding shell? 6702..Which two vegetables are used in vichyssoise? 6703..American folklore Abner Doubleday invented what at West Point? 6704..There are five stars on the flag of which country? 6705..What is the worlds longest race? 6706..Who wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's? 6707..What first crossed the English Channel in 1959? 6708..Which actor/writer born 1939 has the first names John Marwood? 6709..Who founded the Ballet Russe? 6710..Who designed the mini skirt? 6711..Mary Pickford Charlie Chaplin and who founded United Artists? 6712..What company did actor Brad Pitt model for? 6713..James Bond flew Little Nellie in which film? 6714..In cooking something made Veronique must contain what? 6715..Which island was the site of the Australian Grand Prix? 6716..Hanoi stands on the Song-Koi - what's it mean? 6717..US civil war Confederate Kingston hospital Georgia specialised? 6718..Where is the Salvador Dali museum located? 6719..Who would use an opisometer? 6720..If a doctor said you had claudication what have you got? 6721..Which country in the world produces the most mangos? 6722..Who taught George Harrison to play the sitar? 6723..Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili became famous as who? 6724..Who was the leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity? 6725..In Hindu Castes Brahmins were priests what were Varsyas? 6726..Robin Goodfellow alternative name which Shakespeare character? 6727..What is latke? 6728..Cindy Crawford Elle Macpherson and Madonna all done what? 6729..The quokka is a member of which animal family? 6730..Proverbially it was a bold man who first ate what? 6731..2.47105 acres is equal to what SI unit? 6732..An ecostate animal lacks what? 6733..Which country had the first state victims compensation scheme? 6734..Sperrylite is the ore what is extracted? 6735..The game pailemalle played on grass evolved into what? 6736..On what common object could you find a gate and a claw? 6737..Pavarti or Uma is the wife of who in Hindu religion? 6738..Susseration is what? 6739..There are over 400 recognised breeds of what? 6740..What links Sivan Av Tevat and Adar? 6741..The word philosophy comes from Greek literally meaning what? 6742..In the classical format there are strictly only five positions - what? 6743..Where was Robinson Crusoe's home, according to the book? 6744..Kallium is the old name for which element? 6745..In the Philippines what is lumpia? 6746..What actress said "It's better to be nude than unemployed"? 6747..What is a percoid? 6748..Majorca belongs to which island group? 6749..Who was he last Tudor monarch of England? 6750..Which 1954 film won eight Oscars? 6751..What's the worlds largest selling designer clothing range? 6752..Symbolics.com was the worlds first what? 6753..What is the worlds most polluted major city? 6754..People with hypertrichosis have lots of what? 6755..Corinthian Ionic and what are the orders of Greek architecture? 6756..Cassiterite is the ore what is extracted? 6757..Athens 1896 Paris 1900 St Louis 1904 London 1908 what next? 6758..What are scaup? 6759..Where would you find your corrugator? 6760..Which artist painted The Scream? 6761..In the US civil war what pet did Robert E Lee have? 6762..1994 what's the most registered dog by American Kennel Club? 6763..What actress declared "I'll get naked at the drop of a hat"? 6764..What gun does James Bond traditionally use? 6765..In Latin mala means bad it's also a favourite Roman food what? 6766..What film won the best visual effects Oscar in 1985? 6767..Where could you spend a Rufiyya - Capital Male? 6768..Tomatillo is a feature in what countries cusine? 6769..The golden lion is awarded at which film festival? 6770..In computing what does EPOS stand for? 6771..In English its worth 10 points but in Polish only one what is? 6772..Who broke Bearings bank and inspired the film Rogue Trader? 6773..Who created the animated characters Wallace and Grommet? 6774..Vanilla is part of which plant family? 6775..Which English monarch was first to make Xmas day broadcast? 6776..The Vatican is the worlds smallest country what's second? 6777..What does anti pasta literally mean? 6778..Fire bellied Spadefoot and Midwife are all types of what? 6779..In the man from UNCLE what does UNCLE stand for? 6780..What is also known as liberty cabbage? 6781..Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird? 6782..What 1979 film won the Oscar for best visual effects? 6783..Which element is extracted from the ore Scheelite? 6784..Where could you spend a Metical - capital Maputo? 6785..Which country consumes the most wine per capita 16.7 gal per? 6786..And what the least - two tablespoons per person? 6787..In Oct 1992 Bernard Lavery of Wales grew an 18lb 3oz what? 6788..Name the most downloaded cyberpet over 14 million? 6789..How may Oscars did Richard Burton win? 6790..In the Mohs scale of hardness what comes in at number eight? 6791..A Pascal is the SI unit of what? 6792..Herman Zapf designed what? 6793..Inderan, Delgado, LeMond and Fignon names in what sport? 6794..A cappella is unaccompanied singing but what it literally mean? 6795..William Joyce US born of Irish descent famous as who in WW2? 6796..Artist - The Monarch of the Glen in 1850 - Lions Trafalgar square? 6797..Name woman set up free birth control clinic in Holloway in 1920? 6798..What was the last black and white film to win Oscar best film? 6799..Who wrote the opera Der Rosenkavalier? 6800..Who designed the first jet engine - flew in 1941? 6801..The Wright brothers made aircraft but what was their other job? 6802..Who was the first Plantagenet monarch of England 1154 to 89? 6803..Where could you spend a Dram - Capital Yerevan? 6804..In ancient Rome what was the triclinium? 6805..Which SF author created the character Lazarus Long? 6806..Somali, Balinese and Abyssinian breeds of what? 6807..Which city is the capital of Tuscany? 6808..What type of adornment is a Postiche? 6809..Only one world team horseracing event at Ascot what trophy? 6810..Ursus Artus Horribilus - the Latin name of what creature? 6811..Which Graham Green book and film had Pinky as the star? 6812..What film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1985? 6813..If you dial 123 in the UK what service do you get? 6814..What is the opposite of nocturnal? 6815..Who wrote the book Interview with a Vampire? 6816..Which element is extracted from the ore Sphalerite? 6817..What country consumes the most meat per capita 124 lb? 6818..Mens world championships started 1903 but 1934 women what? 6819..Where could you spend your Tala - Capital Apia? 6820..According to the 2000 census in the UK what is now a religion? 6821..What is used to make a classic wiener schnitzel? 6822..What can be Inline, flat or v? 6823..Traditionally there are 100 pleats in what item? 6824..The Amazon river rises in which country? 6825..What is the most commonly used condiment in the world? 6826..What film won the best makeup Oscar in 1988? 6827..What fruit does not ripen after picking? 6828..Which gangster escaped from jail using a wooden gun? 6829..Who wrote four consecutive number one songs in 1978? 6830..What is the characters name of Agent 86? 6831..What was the sequel to The Rocky Horror Picture Show? 6832..The oldest one in America still working opened in 1829 what? 6833..The Spinet is another name for what old musical instrument? 6834..Harold the Fairhead was the first supreme ruler of where? 6835..In astrology which heavenly body rules the sign of Cancer? 6836..Who said I've have take more out of alcohol that it has out of me? 6837..If you sailed due West from Japan what country would you hit? 6838..What are the seeds of the herb cilantro called used as a spice? 6839..Estelle Parsons best supporting actress Oscar what 1967 film? 6840..Which French artist designed ballet sets for Diaghilev? 6841..Where might you spend a Ceti - Capital Accra? 6842..What family used to live in Bug Tussel? 6843..In 1924 the worlds first book of what was published? 6844..A flocculent thing resembles what? 6845..What European city is nicknamed Auld Reekie? 6846..Selma Lagerlof of Sweden in 1909 first woman to get what? 6847..What is a quahog? 6848..Which Saints day is 1st March? 6849..Who does the voiceover at the end of Michael Jackson's Thriller? 6850..If you climbed the Dolomites what country are you in? 6851..The earliest recorded one held 1887 Sheen House Richmond?? 6852..Which film won the best story and best song Oscars in 1969? 6853..Ad Lib is short for the Latin Ad libitum what's it literally mean? 6854..Which comedian and actors real first name were Leslie Townes? 6855..In 1976 what show appeared on TV for the first time? 6856..Name the American pilot shot down over Russia in 1960? 6857..The film 10 Rillington Place is based on which British serial killer? 6858..In German cusine what are kartofflen? 6859..Membrenaphone musical instruments commonly called what? 6860..Where might you spend a Won? 6861..Who wrote the novel The Money Changers? 6862..Who was the first English Poet Laureate in 1616? 6863..Helsinki 52, Melbourne 56 , Rome 60 what comes next? 6864..What country consumes the most coffee per capita 25 Lb? 6865..Lee Marvin won the best actor Oscar for what 1965 film? 6866..Which film won the best special effects Oscar in 1961? 6867..The Great Gazoo was an alien in which cartoon series? 6868..Peach pear and plum all members of which family of plants? 6869..What is the final event in the modern pentathlon? 6870..In Spain what are Paradors? 6871..What are Acheron, Cocytus and Phlegethon? 6872..Classical seven ages of man Infant Schoolboy Lover what's next? 6873..In wacky races who drove the converter car? 6874..A Robert Heinlein book won 1960 Hugo award name it? 6875..What happened to you if you get a nosicomial condition? 6876..Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus was exiled in 1956 to where? 6877..In which novel would you find reference to "The Cracks of Doom"? 6878..If you were performing Christies or edging what are you doing? 6879..Where would you find a crossjack and a spanker? 6880..In boxing what comes between bantam and light weight? 6881..In Disney's Bedknobs and Broomsticks what magic words used? 6882..First comic book character to return from death by demand is?? 6883..Greenmantle, Three Hostages, Island of Sheep which character? 6884..Which film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1990? 6885..What was voted the best monopoly piece in 1998? 6886..In what city would you find The Jacques Cartier bridge? 6887..The A1 is the longest trunk road in the UK between what 2 cities? 6888..In the animal kingdom what creatures are in the order Chiroptera? 6889..Greek mythology King Minos of Crete got what annual payment? 6890..In medieval times what was a mangonel used for? 6891..Gean, Northern bird and Dwarf all types of what? 6892..Who met at Ujiji in 1871? 6893..Pilgrims visit Mecca where is Mecca? 6894..What would you do with a wandering sailor? 6895..Germans call a WW1 sea fight Battle of Skagerrak what in UK? 6896..Port (left) was called what before Admiralty named it port in 1844? 6897..Which Spanish town is noted for high quality steel swords? 6898..The Ngorogoro crater is in what Tanzanian National Park? 6899..Hamlet, Macbeth Othello which Shakespeare tragedy is missing? 6900..Sand, Soda and what are the main ingredients of glass? 6901..What colour are the seats in the House of Lords? 6902..What are Cats tail, Cocks foot and Sheep's fescue? 6903..In what city would you find the Spanish Riding School? 6904..What is the most commonly used oil in Chinese cookery? 6905..Which film won the best screenplay Oscar in 1970? 6906..The word gospel from Anglo Saxon literally means what? 6907..Thor Heyerdahl vessels were Kon Tiki, Ra and what? 6908..And what happened to Tigris 3rd April 1978? 6909..If a doctor gave you an Ishihara test what is he testing for? 6910..Only one miracle is mentioned in all four gospels what is it? 6911..What is the worlds longest mountain range? 6912..Jason and the Argonauts sailed to where looking for the fleece? 6913..Suez is at one end of the Suez canal what is at the other? 6914..What are hunting, dress, old and Price Charles Edward types of? 6915..Dows, Grahams and Warres famous producers of what wine? 6916..What is the official language of Cuba? 6917..What new invention was shown to Queen Victoria 14 Jan 1878? 6918..In 1956 16 tons topped the UK charts who was the singer? 6919//He died 28th July 1750 and had 20 children 6 survived name him? 6920..Who gave Yves Saint Laurent his start in fashion? 6921..What is the first name of Agatha Christies Miss Marple? 6922..Evangeline Booth became the first woman general in what army? 6923..You are a saucy boy comes from what Shakespeare play? 6924..Which film won the best sound effects Oscar in 1987? 6925..Napka currency Ismara official capital which African country? 6926..Where would you find pedals a resonator and a piller? 6927..Ignoring Queen name the only woman to appear on UK currency? 6928..In area what is the largest South American country? 6929..Pierre Augustine Caron de Baumarchais play what Opera based on it? 6930..In wacky races who drove the Creepy Coop? 6931..Whose catchphrase was "Stop messing About"? 6932..John dk Ann Timmy who is missing from this famous five? 6933..Dawson City was replaced by Whitehorse as the capital where? 6934..Carara in Tuscany is famous for producing what? 6935..There are 150 what in The Bible? 6936..Author of Good as Gold and Closing Time but famed for another? 6937..The Owen Ford Dam one of worlds largest is in which country? 6938..Which wine grape variety is nicknamed The King of Grapes? 6939..Cushat, Rock and Stock all types of which creature? 6940..What do ensign, cadet, osprey and 505 have in common? 6941..In cookery what does ricotta literally mean? 6942..What links Martha Corey Brigit Bishop Mary Easty in 17th cent? 6943..In Shakespeare King Lear was king of where? 6944..Artist Marc Chegal died in 1985 in what country was he born? 6945..Which film won the best song Oscar in 1971? 6946..Who wrote Man are from Mars Women are from Venus? 6947..Klu Klux Clam, Uncle Ant Disgruntled goat characters from?? 6948..Which artist painted The Fighting Temeraire? 6949..Why could you find a hoist and a fly? 6950..Where would you see a stoop or what creature is doing it? 6951..Dr Teeth was the leader of the band Electric Mayhem - where? 6952..Dammen in Dutch is what game? 6953..A horses height is measured from the ground to what part? 6954..What was the first Disney animated film released on video? 6955..In Superman what was the original name of The Daily Planet? 6956..Louisa Adams was the only first lady to be what? 6957..In Italian pasta cusine what does al dente literally mean? 6958..If a wine is described as alcooleux what has it got? 6959..Which of the Apostles is traditionally pictured with a purse? 6960..Which peoples name translates as eaters of raw flesh? 6961..Guiseppe Verdi wrote Aida - in what city was it premiered? 6962..Dance with a Stranger was the film of who's life story? 6963..What nationality was Saint Paul of Tarsus? 6964..Where did you see Fancy, Spook and Choo-Choo? 6965..In which film was the best supporting actor Oscar won in 1975? 6966..Kevin Kline won best supporting actor Oscar which 1988 film? 6967..Kipros in Greek Kibris in Turkish what is it in English? 6968..What is the main ingredient of the Indian dish dahl? 6969..An anti-tussed is used to treat what? 6970..Ball is 38 millimetres in diameter weighs 2.5 grams what sport? 6971..In the UK the Clerk of the Closet is the Queens official what? 6972..A burning oil lamp is the symbol of which organisation? 6973..The Comstock load is a silver deposit in what US state? 6974..What TV show takes place in Sunnydale? 6975..In 2001 one active UK warship named after an Englishman who? 6976..Walloons speak what language? 6977..In Gustav Holsts planets suite which planet is the magician? 6978..What UK gentleman's club first in 1891 to admit lady members? 6979..Ab Ovo Latin for the very beginning but what's it literally mean? 6980..Who was the last Emperor of France? 6981..Andy Green first broke the sound barrier on land in what car? 6982..Names from jobs - Baker Cook obvious what was a Pallistair? 6983..The Seven Pillars of Wisdom comes from where? 6984..Name Glen Millers signature tune? 6985..Josephine Hull best supporting actress Oscar which 1950 film? 6986..Which word links a type of bread and a cut of precious stone? 6987..What country does China have its longest land border with? 6988..Astronomer Fred Hoyle coined which phrase? 6989..The first US copyrighted film showed what in 1894? 6990..What do the four quarters of a hot cross bun symbolise? 6991..Palm, Olive, Cyprus and Cedar what is the biblical link? 6992..Intelligents Report a quarterly magazine in US which subject? 6993..Paludism is an old name for which disease? 6994..What was the worlds first patented synthetic food in 1869? 6995..Polish sprinter Ewa Klobukowska first do what at Kiev in 1967? 6997..Who owns The Oval cricket ground? 6998..Who might use ruddle or what is it? 6999..What organisation recently banned in Russia as paramilitary? 7000..Whose song did the Beatles sing on first TV appearance 1962? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:37 pm 7001..What's unusual about portrait Duke of Monmouth in Nat Gallery? 7002..Harry S Truman and Gerald Ford what's the non obvious link? 7003..Which is the only Shakespeare play not to contain a song? 7004..A fimetarious organism grows where? 7005..What lasted 5 hours and twelve minutes in 1969 longest ever? 7006..Which film won the best visual effects Oscar in 1984? 7007..Mount Logan is the highest mountain in which country? 7008..The Napstar logo shows headphones on what? 7009..What sporting contest Peter Christian win in Jan 77 with 1/16 oz? 7010..If a dog is canine, cat feline what creature is accipitrine? 7011..Rene Raymond is better known as which author? 7012..What got named by novelist Gilbert Frankau at a party in 1926? 7013..In 19th century USA what was The Mongolian Curse? 7014..If you suffered from scripturience what are you compelled to do? 7015..Link Aurora Texas, Spitsbergen Norway and Ubatuba Brazil? 7016..What's the US equivalent to the Department of Health in the UK? 7017..Jean Montgolfier in 1157 built the worlds first what? 7018..Link the sports Cricket, Rackets, Croquet and Motorboat racing? 7019..Which TV gangster owns the nightclub called The Ba Da Bing? 7020..Where would you find or what are guntlines? 7021..How many one legged popes have there been? 7022..Israel Baline became more famous under what name? 7023..Which US state was known as "The mother of Presidents"? 7024..Why did certain busses in Staffordshire refuse to pick up people? 7025..The three toed sloth only does it every 10 days - what? 7026..Who is the only director to win 3 Oscars within five years in 30s? 7027..Whose first single released July 1961 was Buttered Popcorn? 7028..Where are a whales nipples? 7029..What theologian claimed he could drive away the devil with a fart? 7030..Who devised the idea of a flat rate postal charge? 7031..How to you turn a woman into a cuckquean? 7032..Where would you find a Rocker, Eight, Loop and Three? 7033..Samuel Pepys wife always slept with what in her hand? 7034..The medical journal Practitioner 1923 said it will never happen?? 7035..Bruce Philip in 1985 recorded what sporting first? 7036..What is measured in units called jnd? 7037..In the UK which school choir had a No 1 with a song grandma? 7038..In the pasa doble what is the female dancer supposed to be? 7039..A napiform thing is shaped like what? 7040..What was the first country in 1824 to legalise Trade Unions? 7041..What is the worlds longest insect? 7042,,The angel shark has what other name? 7043..Which mummified tendon was auctioned at Christies in 1969? 7044..Marie Stopes discovered what in British Museum after marriage? 7045..What does a callipygian person have? 7046..Which 1977 film won seven Oscars but none for acting? 7047..It came into football in 1923 men say women don’t understand?? 7048..What is a nidologist interested in? 7049..Name Eleanor Roosevelt's job 1932 husband became president? 7050..Arthur Sarsfield Ward the creator of Fu Man Chu is which author? 7051..Who wrote Servants of the Wankh in 1969? 7052..What song was on the B side of The Beatles We can work it out? 7053..Georges Claude invented what in 1911? 7054..In which country did the first Christmas stamp appear in 1898? 7055..How does paella get its name? 7056..Alfred Hitchcock's daughter appeared in Psycho - name her? 7057..Who lived in Honalee? 7058..What is the largest wild animal in the UK? 7059..In the song who told Laura he loved her in 1960? 7060..Who owns Dartmoor prison? 7061..Name the subject Harry Harrison's 1977 book Great Balls of Fire? 7062..Isaiah Sellers did it before Samuel Clements - did what? 7063..Which English King holds the official record of bastards 21? 7064..Where would you find a corbicula? 7065..In 1951 the shortest ever lasted 2.5 minutes - shortest what? 7066..Which film won the best story Oscar in 1958? 7067..Who wrote the lyrics for Oscar winning song Whole New World? 7068..An empelomaniac has a desire to do what? 7069..Who described TV as "Chewing gum for the masses"? 7070..How did Billie Holiday get the nickname Lady? 7071..Which creatures communicate by touch, smell and dance? 7072..What do the initials Bt mean after a surname? 7073..What was the worlds highest structure until 1930? 7074..What is a Mexican Black Howler? 7075..In which country did the study of geometry originate? 7076..A normal human body has 46 what? 7077..What is Australia's Barossa valley known for? 7078..What is the worlds fastest moving insect? 7079..How is something cooked if done en papillote? 7080..Which detective lived in Cabot Cove Maine? 7081..What would you do with a naked lady? 7082..What became legal in 1901 in the UK? 7083..Harry Longbaugh became better known under what name? 7084..Which country has the worlds first greyhound racing track? 7085..What was Marie Osmonds only solo hit? 7086..Ben Hur won most Oscars 11 what film comes second with 10? 7087..A myomancer predict the future by studying what? 7088..Which actress said "Being a sex symbol is like being a convict"? 7089..The Golden Bear is awarded at which film festival? 7090..What financial item was introduced to UK in September 1963? 7091..Where did Indian ink originally come from? 7092..Where is Judge Dread a judge? 7093..What was the capitol of Russia before Moscow? 7094..A crapulous person is full of it - what? 7095..If you have cherophobia what are you afraid of? 7096..John Lennon named The Quarrymen after what? 7097..How many best director Oscars did Alfred Hitchcock win? 7098..In France what is eau de vie? 7099..The Savannah was the worlds first commercial what? 7100..Which county has the most MEPs 99? 7101..Ships known as The First Fleet transported what in 1788? 7102..Geotropism affects what? 7103..Marie Gresholtz is better known as who? 7103..Equestrian, Yachting and what Olympic sport are sexes equal? 7104..If you saw Fringilla Coelebs what bird have you noticed? 7105..Which film won the best makeup Oscar in 1992? 7106..If you had crabites what have you got? 7107..This TV series ran for 78 episodes before it was scrapped - what? 7108..Which Beatles song did The Overlanders take to number one? 7109..A mirliton is another name for what musical instrument? 7110..Where is the largest church in the world? 7111..And who designed it? 7112..What sort of meat is used in the dish Guard of Honour? 7113..What sport was banned in England in 1849? 7114,,Ronald Wycherley became more famous as who? 7115..Nostology is the study of what? 7116..Brian Gamlin of Bury is credited with what sporting invention? 7117..Which countries wine might be labelled DOCG? 7118..Ivan Maugher won six world titles at what sport? 7119..Who is the Patron Saint of Germany and sodomy? 7120..From which alphabet do all western alphabets originate? 7121..John Books was the final role of which actor? 7122..Gerry Dawsy became more famous as who? 7123..And he was born in which country? 7124..Who did the walrus and the carpenter ask to walk with them? 7125..Jack Palance won best supporting actor Oscar in what 1991 film? 7126..What's unusual about a bobhouse? 7127..What was John Denvers only solo UK number one? 7128..Which dancing represents fertility through death and rebirth? 7129..The USA declared war on which country in 1898? 7130..Polite society man does it 2 legs woman sitting dog 3 legs what? 7131..What does the DIN number mean on photographic film? 7132..Which spice is used in a whisky sling? 7133..What key is music written in if it has five flats? 7134..Which sea area is immediately south of Ireland? 7135..Chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans what is missing? 7136..What building links Stacy Keach and Oscar Wilde? 7137..Chuck McKinley was the only American to do what in the 60s? 7138..In the body what do the Islets of Langerhans do? 7139..It is the English Channel but what do the French call it? 7140..Bob van Winkle changed his name to what? 7141..Name Frank Sinatra's Yacht? 7142..What is the main ingredient of boxty bread? 7143..By what other name is the double album The Beatles known? 7144..What does an Alexandra taste of? 7145..Name the first actor to get best actor Oscar for repeating a role? 7146..What was Elvis Presley's first UK number one? 7147..And what was his first US number one? 7148..Hippoglossus-hippoglossus is which common sea fish? 7149..Long jump, High Jump, Triple Jump what missing? 7150..What capitol is on the slopes of the volcano Pichincha? 7151..Which English composer wrote a Sea symphony? 7152..What's the name of the technique for measuring at a distance? 7153..Eight bells on board a ship means what? 7154..Where were the first European coffee houses opened? 7155,,The Academie Francaise ensures the purity of what? 7156..Yvon Petra was the last man to do what at Wimbledon? 7157..What is embolia? 7158..What sort of drink is barbancourt? 7159..Who drove the McLaren to its first grand prix victory in 1968? 7160..In which country is the secretariat of the European Parliament? 7161..What is the main ingredient of a moussaka? 7162..What was the Beatles first UK top ten single? 7163..Which character lived at 3 stable mews City of London? 7164..What do homodonts have that hetrodonts don’t? 7165..What was the only horror film nominated best film Oscar? 7166..Margaret Herrick named it in 1931 what? 7167..Where would you see a pilcrow? 7168..Shooting Rabbits Talking German Cutting Finger old terms what? 7169..Whose last word were "I have not told half of what I saw"? 7170..The Foudrinier machine is used to manufacture what? 7171..What is the largest species of flatfish? 7172..Which is the earliest US military award for service beyond duty? 7173..In the UK sport of Kings what is significant about the number 18? 7174..Hemmingway's Old Man and the Sea is set in which country? 7175..NAOH is the chemical formula for what? 7176..You can have a troop of actors and what group of animals? 7177..What movie memorabilia sold at Christies in 1987 for £82500? 7178..In literature and films whose father was the Earl of Dorincourt? 7179..What do lentic fish like that lotic fish don’t? 7180..Cliff Richards She's so Beautiful who played every instrument? 7181..Which golfer was nicknamed Supermex? 7182..Nossa Senhora da Aparecida is Patron Saint of which country? 7183..Acinonyx Jubatus is what big p*y? 7184..Portrait of a Man is the real title of which artistic work? 7185..Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin? 7186..Who was given a honorary Oscar in 1985 after 50 years acting? 7187..Where were the 1952 Olympic games held? 7188..A flageolet is another name for what musical instrument? 7189..American Hamilton Smith invented what in 1858? 7190..Whose symphony number seven is called the Leningrad? 7191..What is the biggest tourist attraction in Zambia? 7192..In WW2 what kind of aircraft was a horsa? 7193..In 1967 what new safety measure was introduced to the UK? 7194..Pat Sullivan created which cartoon character? 7195..A newborn bactrian camel has how many humps? 7196..Leonid Kravchuk became president of where in 1991? 7197..American Paul Theroux wrote novels and about what else? 7198..In contract bridge a hand called chicane has what? 7199..The Ladies Mercury in 1693 was the worlds first what? 7200..William Le Baron Jenny is credited with inventing what in the US? 7201..Whose final opera was called Death in Venice? 7202..Which Greek mountain is consecrated to the muses? 7203..Marzipan comes from Marci Panis literally meaning what? 7204..Antanananarivo is the capitol of where? 7205..Maiden, Mother of All, Footman all parts of what? 7206..The women's world cup in tennis is played for what trophy? 7207..What sort of creature is a bariroussa? 7208..In Dallas what was the name of the bar? 7209..Handel's Harmonious Blacksmith is played on what instrument? 7210..What organisation was founded Canada by Mrs Hoodless 1897? 7211..What is the name of the Russian triangular guitar? 7212..The first what was called The Original? 7213..USA UK and Irish women golfers play for which trophy? 7214..Who began his career as one of the Tennessee Two? 7215..A man who commits Pseudogyny is doing what? 7216..If a doctor gives you a clyster what have you just got? 7217..Where is the worlds largest mine? 7218..Vivaldi, Purcell and Handel's music is what type? 7219..We know what a veto is but what does it literally mean? 7220..Atahualpa was the last ruler of who? 7221..In the body luteinizing hormone is produced by what gland? 7222..What is used in a tempera painting? 7223..In the Sikh religion what is kesh? 7224..What was Vivaldi's profession apart from composing? 7225..C T Russell founded what organisation? 7226..Which spice gives curry its colour? 7227..Pidgin English started because of trade between UK and where? 7228..In the international code of signals what does Oscar signify? 7229..If you had canitis what have you got? 7230..Name the Beatles first LP released in 1963? 7231..In which country is Penina golf course? 7232..Which artery supplies the kidneys with blood? 7233..Which two colours are on a semaphore flag? 7234..Who was the first American in space - twice? 7235..What was classical composer Mussorgsky's first name? 7236..What is the largest BBS in the world? 7237..In standard cine film how many frames are shown each second? 7238..What was on B side of The Rolling Stones Ruby Tuesday? 7239..Rolf Harris was Australian junior champion at what? 7240..What does a lachrymose person do - a lot? 7241..Where could you spend a guarani? 7242..The Attock is a forbidden river that no pure who can pass? 7243..The marimba is a African form of what musical instrument? 7244..The Gluckauf was the worlds first what? 7245..Otalgia is what condition? 7246..Portuguese West Africa is now known as what? 7247..Country singer Hank Wangford has what profession? 7248..What is smocking? 7249..What German word is printed on the labels of high quality wine? 7250..What type of soup is a dubarry? 7251..The Epstein-Barr virus causes what illness? 7252..Who was nicknamed Impeesa (no sleep wolf) by Matabele tribe? 7253..The Easter lily is a native plant of which country? 7254..Aaron Copeland wrote a ballet about which American folk hero? 7255..Which Flemish painter produced Adoration of the Kings? 7256..Which quiz program never had contestants only contenders? 7257..From the bull what colour is fourth on an archery target? 7258..Whose only line in his first play was Tennis Anyone? 7259..Which film is the first of the spaghetti westerns? 7260..Who wrote Cliff Richards hit song Living Doll? 7261..Which industry uses the gravure method? 7262..What pollinates malacophilous plants? 7263..Name the Rolling Stones second album? 7264..In what country are the Painted Lakes? 7265..Jack Nicklaus named his course after his UK favourite what? 7266..Which group wished it could be Christmas every day? 7267..The asteroidea are which order of creatures? 7268..What is the main ingredient of Scotch Woodcock? 7269..Astrakhan comes from which animal? 7270..Somewhere My Love was the theme song of which movie? 7271..Whose first book was called Child Whispers? 7272..Saint Stephens day is better known as what? 7273..The Bronte sisters had a brother name him? 7274..Golden and Argus are varieties of what bird? 7275..What is the magazine of the Salvation Army called? 7276..The Dutch Royal family are Orange where is Orange? 7277..Who first noticed that the sun had spots? 7278..What nationality was tennis player Michael Chang? 7279..Salix Alba produces which drug? 7280..Philip Glass wrote an opera about which famous person? 7281..Name Mary Quant's shop that led the 60s fashion revolution? 7282..Janet Jackson had a starring role in which TV series? 7283..In music what is meant by pianissimo? 7284..Whose autobiography was entitled Past Imperfect? 7285..Who played bass guitar in Suzi Quarto's group? 7286..Apart from eggs what is in an Arnold Bennett omelette? 7287..In Peter Pan what were the names of Wendy's brothers? 7288..Who wrote the series of novels with the hero Sharp? 7289..What is the richest natural vegetable food? 7290..Which wine has varieties called malmsey and sercial? 7291..Picardy is in the north east of which country? 7292..Elaine Bookbinder became more famous as who? 7293..In which sport is the Lance B Todd memorial award won? 7294..Ann Ziegler was the singing partner of which film star? 7295..What are the two official languages of Finland? 7296..Who did the original thugs worship? 7297..At Waterloo who commanded the Prussian troops? 7298..Who was the first male tennis player to win 100 tournaments? 7299..What kind of dancer was Mister Bojangles? 7300..It's now the Birmingham Royal Ballet but it used to be what? 7301..Harry Patterson is the real name of which author? 7302..Which grand prix circuit is only 1.95 miles long? 7303..Which country has the largest orthodox church? 7304..Which bird is the symbol of the Royal Society Protection Birds? 7305..Who was born Mark Feld? 7306..Tosca is the heroine of the opera but what is her first name? 7307..Cavatina what the theme music to which film? 7308..Which microbe produces alcohol? 7309..In the Bible the good Samaritan was travelling to where? 7310..Which character first appeared in the book Call for the Dead? 7311..The temple at Ephesus was sacred to who? 7312..In WW2 in what French city did the Germans surrender? 7314..In the Bible which book follows John? 7315..Sean Connery has what real first name? 7316..Jeffery Archer wrote Kane and Abel what was the sequel called? 7317..A race is won by four laps of the track - which sport? 7318..Retsina is a wine from which country? 7319..Hedera Helix is better known by what name? 7320..What are Hamilton House and Petronella? 7321..What was the subtitle of Police Academy Six? 7322..What is a peruke? 7323..What does the reference book Crockfords list? 7324..Which Italian city is at the heart of its fashion industry? 7325..Which food was rationed after WW2 ended but not during it? 7326..Which group had a 1970s UK number one hit with Oh Boy? 7327..Shamanism is the religion of which people? 7328..Black, whooper and Berwick all varieties of what? 7329..The linden tree is also called what? 7330..What does it mean in the UK if a telephone number starts 0800? 7331..JVC launched VHS in 1976 what does VHS stand for? 7332..The penny red was the first postage stamp to have what? 7333..Cultured pearls were first grown in which country? 7334..What was first sold as a cold cure - not what we use it for now? 7335..Louis Maxwell became well know for playing which role? 7336..Who said "I've no problem with drugs - only policemen"? 7337..Who was the last Roman Catholic King of England? 7338..Which beer was advertised as good for you? 7339..Concetta Franconeri became more famous as who? 7340..On the Thames they go swan upping annually what is it? 7341..According to the proverb which fruit tastes sweetest? 7342..Who designed clothes under the emporio label? 7343..What is a zinfandel? 7344..Greyhound racing in UK what colour does the No one dog wear? 7345..In which building do they elect a new Pope? 7346..Brian Connolly was the lead singer of which 70s group? 7347..Whose autobiography is called "Take it like a Man"? 7348..The earth pig is what animal? 7349..What is the title of the wife of a Marquis? 7350..What colour is angelica? 7352,,What was Buddy Hollies real first name? 7353..Who was the Bad in the spaghetti westerns? 7354..What was Ghandi's profession? 7355..What countries official name is Bharat? 7356..Edradour is the smallest one in Scotland - what? 7357..Citrus Grandis is the Latin name of which fruit? 7358..What lager reached the parts other beers could not reach? 7359..Collective nouns - what profession gather in a bench? 7360..The Italians call it pesce what is it in English? 7361..In WW2 what was operation dynamo? 7362..Which sport is played at Roland Garros? 7363..A French wine described as doux is what? 7364..What is Terry Wogans real first name? 7365..The grand prix d'Endurance is run on which circuit? 7366..Les Gray was the lead singer of which group? 7367..What was James Shalto Douglas claim to sporting fame? 7368..What is philography? 7369..What symbol did 87 year old Arthur Eisenmenger design? 7370..In which book of the Bible did Moses die? 7371..Who died in 1821 from arsenic poisoning from the wallpaper? 7372..PY are the international car registration letters of which country? 7373..In old English what is a Bellibone - From French Belle Bonne? 7374..What is a male guinea pig called? 7376..A Blue Imperial or a New Zealand white types of what? 7377..In science it can be up down strange top or bottom what can? 7378..What was the surname of the family in The Grapes of Wrath? 7379..Name vegetable banned different times causing leprosy rickets? 7380..What sport do you compete for Currie cup and Ranfurly Shield? 7381..A belemnoid is what sort of shape in zoological terms? 7382..Who does the Beatles song The fool on the Hill refer too? 7383..Where could you find The round window and The oval window? 7384..The Roman province Maxima Ceasariensis was in what country? 7385..Which British poet was also a Jesuit priest? 7386..The mandylion is another name for which contentious object? 7387..What is the more common name for serigraphy? 7388..In the UK what was the first product advertised on TV in colour? 7389..What would you do with a drupe? 7390..What was King George VI first name? 7391..What colour is the purple finch? 7392..Which is the oldest walled city in the world? 7393..What spice comes from the curcuma plant? 7394..Which film star was described as "A vacuum with nipples"? 7395..Harrods was the first UK store to install what? 7396..A golfer can only do it for five minutes - what? 7397..What is used to thicken gazpacho? 7398..What was the first country to have a public monorail system? 7399..Slip, square and surgeon all types of what? 7400..What would you do with or what is a millers thumb? 7401..Who first wrote about the myth of Atlantis? 7402..Which cartoon character has a girlfriend named Petunia? 7403..Who was the Phoenician Goddess of love? 7404..Lucus Dominitus Ahenobarbus was better known as who? 7405..The Nuer people come from which country? 7406..Which is Shakespeare's shortest play? 7407..Manutius's Virgil printed 1501 was the first time what was used? 7408..Pulque is a beer based on what? 7409..Tiede Peak is a volcano on which island? 7410..What is the SI unit of capacitance? 7411..Who owned the yacht Lady Ghislane? 7412..What colours are on a pollution free beach flag? 7413..On a pencil what do the initials HB stand for? 7414..Where is a sumo wrestling tournament held? 7415..Name Hong Kong Phooey's cat? 7416..On an ordinance survey map which symbol shows a battlefield? 7417..On which circuit is the Portuguese grand prix held? 7418..Harp, Elephant and Leopard all types of what? 7419..Name the producer of Starsky & Hutch and Beverly Hills 91210? 7420..Name the Greek national airline? 7421..Bilrubin is produced by what part of the body? 7422..We know what Mardi Gras is but what's its literal translation? 7423..To nearest 1000 in 1800 how many wild turkeys were in Turkey? 7424..What is Burgoo? 7425..In The Simpsons name the cat? 7426..What can be dipole, loop or helical? 7427..What do you do with a hassock? 7428..What was the capitol of England before London also a US gun? 7429..An elephant is called a pachyderm what does it literally mean? 7430..BCG vaccine is used against which infectious disease? 7431..Apart from a caber by rule what is compulsory in caber tossing? 7432..Little Eva introduced which dance in 1962? 7433..Who composed Appalachian Spring? 7434..First Defence, In Home or Second Attack positions what sport? 7435..If you were given some marlite what would you do with it? 7436..Brandy, decoy and landscape all come from which language? 7437..Chiuhauha dogs were originally bred for what? 7438..Aulophobia is a fear of what? 7439..What is a wumph? 7440..In Morse code what letter is represented by .- Dot Dash? 7441..Which British car was the first to sell over 1 million models? 7442..If you were given a pot of vermicide what would you use it for? 7443..What creature, when drunk, always falls on its right side? 7444..What countries flag has two bars white top red bottom? 7445..A giraffes long tongue is what colour? 7446..Mary Ann Nichols was the first - the first what? 7447..Alberto Tomba is a name associated with which sport? 7448..What is a moab? 7449..What is Belgium's national Airline? 7450..What creature can be Indian, white or broad lipped? 7451..What is the technical difference between rowing and sculling? 7452..The Aztecs reckoned it was the food of the gods what was? 7453..Which gas is used in a refrigerator? 7454..What is Ronald Reagan's middle name? 7455..Oil can Henry is the enemy of which cartoon character? 7456..Fragrant Harbour is the translation of which cities name? 7457..Geniophobia is the fear of what? 7458..Semiotics is the study of what? 7459..Which city was built in the design of a union flag? 7460..The Bank of Italy changed its name to what? 7461..The Saffir-Simpson scale measures the intensity of what? 7462..What is the state fish of Hawaii - in Hawaiian? 7463..What was the first country to use TV as a mass info media? 7464..Eric Claudin is better known by which eponymous title? 7465..African American Garrett A Morgan invented what? 7466..What ingredient is always found in a carciofo sauce? 7467..If you were given a sitooterie what would you do with it? 7468..What was founded in the UK 1694 because of war with France? 7469..Where would you find an Oculus? 7470..Which American state drinks the most alcohol per person? 7471..Who created Gomez, Mortia and Uncle Fester as a cartoon? 7472..What does Magna Carta literally mean? 7473..Horseradish sauce originated in which country? 7474..What is a dwile? 7475..In the USA a police 10-31 is the code for what? 7476..Longacre square is now better known as what? 7477..In animal terms what is a dude? 7478..In which US state is its highest mountain? 7479..Which European city has the tomb of the three wise men? 7480..What cartoon characters catchphrase was "Exit stage left"? 7481..Who owned and lived in the castle Joyous Guard? 7482..In Greek mythology who was the son of Hypnos God of sleep? 7483..Deacon is church official from Greek what's it literally mean? 7484..Name the brand of the first sour mash whiskey made in 1835? 7485..In Georgia its illegal to do what with a fork? 7486..Thames water removes a ton of it monthly from sewage – what? 7487..What sport takes place over a distance of 440 yards? 7488..Mageiricophobia is the fear of what? 7489..Who built the worlds first film studio? 7490..The word nylon is made up from what? 7491..What was patented in 1954 - the best thing?? 7492..20% of women first look at a mans what? 7493..What is the top selling candy bar from vending machines? 7494..A healthy person does it 16 times a day - what? 7495..Name 1st Disney cartoon film based on the life of a real person? 7496..Under Mississippi law there cannot be a female what? 7497..In Poland if you asked for a piwo what would you get? 7498..In Japan Trade Unions collect dues from what unusual source? 7499..A female pigeon cannot lay an egg unless she sees what? 7500..In the 18th century offensive what were whipped? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:38 pm 7501..Americans use 16000 tons of what each year? 7502..In Holland it used to take four years to train as what? 7503..As foreplay what does a Ponapean male put in a woman's vulva? 7504..In a Horney Monkey there is banana cr.me de menthe and what? 7505..What kind of bird is a bourbon? 7506..What book of the Bible does not mention the name of God? 7507..On average what one action makes a man live 13 years longer? 7508..Which American state has the longest borders with Canada? 7509..In the USA the government says its a crime to give false what? 7510..In New York its illegal to teach your parrot to do what? 7511..Which country invented the kilt? 7512..Worlds first paperback book written in 1867 by Goethe what title? 7513..Which chemical element is named from the Greek for violent? 7514..What author wrote the books Rage and The Sunbird? 7515..Disgusting question - longest verified American one 12' 2" what? 7516..6000 American teenagers do it daily - what? 7517..By royal decree in Jidda 1979 women banned from using what? 7518..Orange juice and what make an ambassador? 7519..Maoni Vi of Capetown has the world longest what at 28 inches? 7520..In ancient Rome what was the tabularium? 7521..40% of MacDonald's profits come from selling what? 7522..John Wayne was nicknamed duke - but after what? 7523..What was Michelangelo's only signed sculpture? 7524..What is the more common name for triatomic oxygen? 7525..Merrylegs was a performing circus dog in which Dickens novel? 7526..Who is the mother of Huey, Duey and Louie? 7527..Solomon built his temple on a hill name it? 7528..Ruth Eisemann-Schier was the first woman to get on what? 7529..Which Science Fiction author created The Triffids? 7530..What food was sent to England in WW2 as part of lease lend? 7531..In the Bible what is the first mentioned colour? 7532..What weapon is known as the gun that won the west? 7533..What is Indiana's state bird? 7534..What kind of juice goes in a salty dog? 7535..The Afghani tribesmen drink Khoona on wedding night what is it? 7536..In the USA what was the first prime time cartoon show? 7537..What was the last film where Sergio Leone directed Eastwood? 7538..What country is coffee originally from? 7539..What is a young beaver called? 7540...In the 70s who played The Bionic Woman? 7541..In astrology what was the age before Aquarius? 7542..US civil war which states buttons had a Palmetto tree on them? 7543..What was the first Hanna-Barbera cartoon? 7544..Who painted The Gleaners? 7545..The name Europe comes from where? 7546..Envoid was the first what in the USA? 7547..Which Beatles song is associated with the Manson family? 7548..What was the top film of 1990? 7549..In 1951 these were invented what were? 7550..Which biblical prophet was sawn in half inside a hollow log? 7551..Caipirina means someone's drink - whose drink? 7552...The word coyote comes from which language? 7553..In mythology Odysseus blinded which Cyclops? 7554..Confederate General William Smith carried what into battle? 7555..What well known Russian author was also a doctor? 7556..In 1982 San Francisco became the first US city to do what? 7557..Morrissey was the lead singer of which band? 7558..Which team won five Stanley cups during the 60s? 7559..The rivers Lahn and Mosel are tributaries of what river? 7560..What do zoologists call the leader of a wolf pack? 7561..The ponderosa pine is the state tree of which US state? 7562..In WW2 what sort of weapon was a kaiten? 7563..In the Bible name Isaacs wife? 7564..Who or what killed Al Capone? 7565..Speedy Gonzales was fastest mouse in Mexico who slowest? 7566..To which group of artists does Vincent Van Gough belong? 7567..What flavours the liquor chambord? 7568..In the cartoon Scooby Do what is Scrappy Do's battle cry? 7569..What was innovative about Co-op winter warmer ale? 7570...In the UK they are butter beans what in the USA? 7571..Who said I have had a talent for irritating women since I was 14? 7572..Peter Sellers played Clouseau but who dropped the role? 7573..Parorexia is the desire for what? 7574..What job links Kris Kristoffensen and Gene Roddenbery? 7575..Legend says tortellini was created to honour what part of Venus? 7576..Who invented the dumb waiter? 7577..What was the top grossing film of the 60s? 7578..In 2000 what word was written on Sydney bridge in fireworks? 7579..STDs are the most costly health problem in the USA what's 2nd? 7580..Scarlet O'Hara had what original first name? 7581..Who wrote the post nuclear war novel On the Beach? 7582..In ancient Rome what could be candida, picta, pulla or virilis? 7583..Name the one person who has won a Nobel and an Oscar? 7584..First used in Salt Lake 1980s what was a jarvik? 7585..Excluding the what word appears most in Bond film titles? 7586..Which character did not appear in the cartoon Star Trek? 7587..What is a casaba? 7588..A screwdriver becomes a fuzzy screw when you add what? 7589..Hungarian doctor Karolyn Maria Beekert coined what word 1869? 7590..Pine, Beach, Stone, Sable or American types of what creature? 7591..Name Roman soldier who is supposed to have stabbed Jesus? 7592..What can be a font, architectural style or novel type? 7593..What is Colombo's first name? 7594..Boothby blonde, China long, straight 8 varieties of what? 7595..Santiago is the capitol of Chile what does it mean? 7596..The ancient Egyptians worshiped a sky Goddess name her? 7597..Aprosexia is the abnormal inability to do what? 7598..Peter George wrote Two Hours to Doom filmed as what? 7599..Hugh Hefner and Katherine Hepburn both had degrees in what? 7600..What is a hen of the woods? 7601..Which film of the 70s received the most Oscars? 7602..In Hindu mythology Meru is equal to what Greek site? 7603..357 UK roads are specially marked to protect what? 7604..In China its 19 grams but in Denmark 42 grams average what? 7605..Name the smurf spin off characters that live underwater? 7606..One quarter of people who lose sense of small also lose what? 7607..Which vegetable has the highest sugar content? 7608..Quarter oz whiskey half ounce sloe gin makes a black what? 7609..Which tough guy actor was once a drop hammer operator? 7610..Which group govern in a plutocracy? 7611..In western palmistry the index finger is linked to which planet? 7612..The Central Perk Café appears in which TV series? 7613..What does sputnik literally mean? 7614..The Volga is Europe longest river what is the second longest? 7615..An archangel cat has what colour coat? 7616..What instrument did Glen Miller play? 7617..Debby Boone sang the No 1 song of the 70s name it? 7618..In Ecuador if you were served tronquito what have you eaten? 7619..From Here to Eternity gets its name from a poem by who? 7620..Where would you find a coffin joint? 7621..What phenomenon do cereologists study? 7622..In 1995 what was the most common name given to girls in USA? 7623..And again in 1995 what was the one given to boys in USA? 7624..Which Shakespeare play ends in marriage of Benedict Beatrice? 7625..Lord Lovat was the last in England to do what? 7626..Name the cowardly member of dk Dastardly's squadron? 7627..What is the correct topping for a pastitsio? 7628..Mojo is a Filipino what? 7629..In 1940s California it was illegal to serve alcohol to who? 7630..Name actor fired as no star quality because of big Adams apple? 7631..What was Buddy Hollies current single when he died? 7632..Who wrote April is the cruellest month in poem The Wasteland? 7633..What is 40 in Roman numerals? 7634..What is a shubunkin? 7635..What was the first company formed to manufacture motor cars? 7636..Which brother sister won Wimbledon mixed doubles in 1980? 7637..Alicante, Money-maker and Ailsa Craig varieties of what? 7638..Be prepared is the boy scout motto what's the girl guides motto? 7639..Again in Ecuador if you were served cuy what have you eaten? 7640..In military terms what is a SLR? 7641..London and which UK city are joined by the Grand Union canal? 7642..Who wrote the children's story The Old man of Lochnagar? 7643..What are the devils bones? 7644..Name Tina Turners solo comeback album of 1984? 7645..What was the first nationally released film with a PG 13 rating? 7646..On a poll 50% men said sex in bed favourite 20% fem what fem? 7647..What is the main ingredient of a booyah? 7648..What does the VO on a bottle of Seagrams stand for? 7649..What actor was once fruit picker iceman truck driver propman? 7650..USA supreme court 1962 said who cant be imprisoned - illegal? 7651..How did Scrooge McDuck earn his first dime? 7652..What is the currency of Turkey? 7653..The word planet comes from Greek what's it literally mean? 7654..Sailors round the horn - off which country are they doing it? 7655..American comes from USA what someone from Monaco called? 7656..On an ordinance survey map what does a H in circle represent? 7657..Which fashion designer said - A woman is as old as her knee? 7658..A professional boxer is limited to 36 feet - feet of what? 7659..On the Beaufort scale 8 represents what? 7660..What is the capitol of Belarus? 7661..Soyuz was a soviet spacecraft but what's it literally mean? 7662..Which American author wrote The turn of the Screw? 7663..Who sang about Angel in a Centrefold? 7664..Who first starred in the film The Boy in the Plastic Bubble? 7665..Surveyed 70% of US females said they preferred this to sex what? 7666..Which English speaking country consumes most table wine per? 7667..What are garbanzo beans also known as? 7668..The Undiscovered Country a Star Trek title taken from where? 7669..David Cornwell is better known as which author? 7670..Puccini's Turendot is set in which country? 7671..If you have a viral infection of the parotid glands what is it? 7672..Ophidiophobia is the fear of what? 7673..Collective nouns - A glint of what? 7674..Pal Hewson became more famous as who? 7675..Which island is also known as the apple isle? 7676..Who was nicknamed The Great Communicator? 7677..Tiramisu is a coffee desert but what does it literally mean? 7678..In what game would you nurdle scrunge or carnovsky? 7679..Where would you find racettes? 7680..Why did Disney recall his first celluloid Donald Duck toys? 7681..Which South American country does not border the Pacific? 7682..What is the largest moon in our solar system? 7683..What is the characteristic of an aphyllus plant? 7684..Plantalgia is pain where? 7685..In which film did we meet Baron Numpsi as the villain? 7686..What religion was Adolf Hitler? 7687..Poison oak and ivy belong to which general family? 7688..Bognor Java gets is on average 322 days annually what? 7689..Epiphany Christian feast 6th Jan translates from Greek as what? 7690..Progress through Pain was whose motto? 7691..Which American city is nicknamed The Birthplace of Aviation? 7692..Mastigophobia is the fear of what? 7693..A woman has Hisdoy syndrome what has she got? 7694..Who had a hit in the UK singing about the Streets of London? 7695..What does CMOS stand for in a computer? 7696..Prova from provolone means what? 7697..Saint Augustine first argued for what? 7698..What original story begins Aladdin was a little Chinese boy? 7699..In the Vietnam war what was the signal US to evacuate Saigon? 7700..Games Slater invented what? 7701..The group Simply Red were named after what? 7702..Virginia Patterson Hensley became more famous as who? 7703..Which worlds city is known as The Golden City? 7704..The earliest paper written in Latin is a woman's writing what is it? 7705..Every year there's a ton of it for every person in the world - what? 7706..Thomas Jefferson's home has a hidden what? illegal in his time? 7707..Which country contains every type of climate in the world? 7708..All soldiers of every country do it - do what? 7709..The Soviet Sukhoi-34 fighter was the worlds first with what? 7710..The are six sides on a standard one - a standard what? 7711..Westminster Abbey is dedicated to who? 7712..Hokusai and Hiroshige were famous Japanese what? 7713..Reverend Marcus Morris founded which UK comic in the 50s? 7714..Where would you find Queen Maud Land? 7715..Who played the doctor in the rock opera Tommy? 7716..King George III is remembered in which children's nursery rhyme? 7717..Lygophobia is the fear of what? 7718..In what country was the paperclip invented? 7719..What is the flavour of a piri-piri sauce? 7720..Which organisation has been selling racehorses since 1176? 7721..Which early rock singer was nicknamed killer? 7722..Names from jobs - Baker Cook obvious what did a Mercer do? 7723..What title has the wife of an earl? 7724..La Celestina was the first one in Spain the first what? 7725..According to Guinness book what's measured in Milli-Helens? 7726..What word originally meant a dark cosmetic eye powder? 7727..In ancient Sparta what was the penalty for bachelorhood? 7728..In Disney's Jungle book name four vultures? 7729..1994 Christies sold what piece of Elvis memorabilia for $41400? 7730..What is the highest waterfall in the Alps? 7731..Woodpusher, fish and patzer derogatory words for a bad what? 7732..Which US state drinks the least beer per capita? 7733..Collective nouns - A wiggle of what? 7734..Farok Pluto Bulsara became more famous as who? 7735..Which actor made his debut in the 1958 film Cry Baby Killer? 7736..A computer does a POST what is a post? 7737..What French word means liquor is half frozen? 7738..In Spain what is manchego? 7739..Who was known as the Queen of Folk Music? 7740..Collective nouns - A shiver of what? 7741..Linda Hunt won an Oscar Year of Living Dangerously what 1st? 7742..Norwegian Sigerson, Spy Altamont, Sea Captain Basil all who? 7743..Where is the only digital rolex watch in the world? 7744...In Kiplings How the Leopard got its Spots name the Leopard? 7745..What do the Chinese regard as the highest form of visual art? 7746..Vestiophobia is the fear of what? 7747..In the UK marmite is a spread but what is a marmite in France? 7748..Name Donald Ducks father? 7749..The film Cleopatra was banned in Egypt in 1963 why? 7750..What would an antipyrhettic drug be used for? 7751..In music who decided that an octave should have eight notes? 7752..What is the Latin word for to roll? 7753..Which garment traditionally contains eight sections of material? 7754..What international airport is identified by the letters CCU? 7755..Which part of the body will expand three times when excited? 7756..In computing what is the smallest movement of a mouse called? 7757..What item would you see on the flag of Malta? 7758..Sameer Bhatia from Bangalore began what service? 7759..Who was known as the Father of Science Fiction? 7760..Winnie the Pooh lived where? 7761..Sufferers from lambdacism cannot do what? 7762..Pierce Brosnens contract stops him doing what in any other film? 7763..Spielberg named the shark in Jaws Bruce why? 7764..Barajas is the main airport - where? 7765..Sterlet is the rarest most expensive what? 7766..Robert Langford Modini became more famous as who? 7767..Collective nouns - A congress or flange of what? 7768..Anthony Pratt invented what in the 1940s? 7769..The Stirling prize is awarded annually for which field of design? 7770..Parcheesi is the national game of which country? 7771..What shape is a saggitated leaf? 7772..What is the Oscar statuette holding Sword? 7773..Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle better known as what? 7774..Who would get an award known as the purple cross? 7775..What sport was described as "Chess with muscles"? 7776..The Bahunia a five petal wild orchid is the symbol of where? 7777..1858 Queen Victoria sent the first transatlantic telegram to who? 7778..If you have a Barr test what was tested? 7779..We've used Xerox but from Greek what does it literally mean? 7780..How was Boris Karloff listed in the credits 1931 Frankenstein? 7781..Who is the father of the Russian alphabet? 7782..What did the ancient Greeks call the fear of woods and forests? 7783..Whose family name is Zimprsquzzntwlfb? 7784..Where did the group 10cc get their name? 7785..Who said "All I can say is that I'm not a Marxist"? 7786..Who is buried in a chapel near lake Stroganoff in Romania? 7787..What area gets its name from the Greek word for bear? 7788..The head of which organisation is known as The Black Pope? 7789..What sport still requires competitors to wear formal clothing? 7790..The name Hilary comes from Latin meaning what? 7791..Katy Mirza was the first Indian woman to do what? 7792..Richard Attenbourough and wife were the first leads in what play? 7793..The Rhine rises in which country? 7794..In English packs it's the Jack or Knave what in French packs? 7795..Which cartoon character was originally called egghead? 7796..What is measured in Darwin's? 7797..Sacred carvings is the literal translation of what word? 7798..Lake Tiberius is better known by what name? 7799..What is a curragh? 7800..Pax was the Roman god of peace who's the Greek equivalent? 7801..Who was the last prisoner in the Tower of London? 7802..Joseph Gayette invented it in 1857 to prevent piles - what? 7803..Whose epitaph reads Lived a philosopher died a Christian? 7804..Who was the first newspaper owner to give staff a paid holiday? 7805..Ronald MacDonald is worldwide except Japan what's he there? 7806..Where can you see Ada Byron? 7807..What is the most tattooed product in the world? 7808..Which Somerset Maughn novel is considered autobiographical? 7809..The Sureto are the secret service of which country? 7810..Who created the character Parker Pyne? 7811..Archimedes lived in which city? 7812..Who is the first person a newly elected Pope meets? 7813..Who's only person have Dewey Decimal class named after him? 7814..Taliban women required by law to wear what on left arms? 7815..Which country is named after its highest point? 7816..What would you do at a table in Greece? 7817..Felix Hoffman discovered the worlds first synthetic drug 1897?? 7818..Where do the natives speak tagalog? 7819..Which composer was nickname the Red Priest? 7820..Wolves, Curlews, Bulls and Ravens the first groups of what? 7821..Which instrument does a cymbalist play? 7822..What is made by the crush tear curl process? 7823..Bovine is cow like but what does hircine refer to? 7824..A speed stick measure the speed of what? 7825..President Kennedy was shot in Dallas in what type of car? 7826..In mythology what is the offspring of a God and mortal called? 7827..Where would you find an intrados? 7828..The young are called widgets, females fifinellas what are they? 7829..Which part of a boar is called a wreath? 7830..Pooler Jones, Lazy Plate, Jayne Hill and Buckthorn types of what? 7831..In Japan what is jigai? 7832..Which company had slogan You don’t win silver you lose gold? 7833..In what is the Shannon trophy competed for? 7834..Which island gets its name from the Portuguese for bearded? 7835..John Le Carr invented what common term used in espionage? 7836..Crystal City in Texas put up a statue to what cartoon character? 7837..Which international companies logo is exactly 42 dots? 7838..The Sydney Olympic torch showed a boomerang and what else? 7839..Greeks longest, Japans shortest and Saudi Arabia none what?? 7840..Broom Bromden an Indian narrates which famous book? 7841..What was Butch Cassidy's original profession? 7842..Chinese call it little mouse, Danes Swedes elephants trunk?? 7843..Whose business was ran from 2222 South Wabash? 7844..Which literary character takes his name from Latin for nobody? 7845..Which companies first product was an electric rice cooker? 7846..What was the Latin word for wheel - now a common transport? 7847..Panchaguni is the Indian God of what art? 7848..What are Manhattan, Apollo, Hedwig, Cartman, Guinness? 7849..Don Hoeffler coined what phrase in Electronic News in 1971? 7850..What beverage named after the UK Prime Minister of the 1830s? 7851..You have head of ebay.com what's ebay translate to in Russian? 7852..Traditionally Lamborghini Miura and Diablo are named for what? 7853..Narton is a mixture of baking soda and salt what was it used for? 7854..All the Richard Hannay books got their titles from where? 7855..Whose film debut was Jennings in Revenge of the Creature 1955? 7856..What are studied by hymenopterists? 7857..What gift is given on behalf Saudi Arabia King to Mecca pilgrims? 7858..What counties national drink is called aizag pronounced I shag? 7859..Which cowboys middle names were Berry Stapp? 7860..What did Sir Humphry Davy say was his best discovery? 7861..Which organisation began in a converted toilet in central London? 7862..What gets its name from the Greek meaning large catapult? 7863..Where is the Isle of Pelicans? 7864..Where would you find the titmus test? 7865..What is the Chinese word for wind? 7866..What or where was original deadline? 7867..Where is Landino spoken? 7868..What was the first doctor film made in 1954? 7869..Information about what subject is recorded in Wisden? 7870..Gerald Gardner in the 50s founded which pagan organisation? 7871..On a UK ordinance survey map what is shown by a blue star? 7872..In the middle of the land is the literal translation of where? 7873..Venus and Adonis was whose first published work? 7874..What is the highest French civil decoration awarded? 7875..In the Archie comics what is Jughead's first name? 7876..Which meteorological phenomena means "a curl of hair" in Latin? 7879..Which racing circuit is nicknamed the brickyard? 7880..Who or what are Taikonauts? 7881..The profits from the 1929 edition of Mein Kampf went to where? 7882..Where would you find the original Mr Plod? 7883..Which companies logo is based on the legend of cats nine lives? 7884..Which PC game shares it name with a Bond film character? 7885..What is the Welsh name for Wales? 7886..What is a virgule? 7887..Sumo cant be Olympic because it bans women - why? 7888..In Greek what does Eunuch literally translate as? 7889..When Harrison Ford was The Fugitive who was the lawman? 7890..Where were the original loopholes? 7891..Roman soldiers were given slaves - what were they called? 7892..Which creatures name translates as the lizard in Spanish? 7893..West Side Story tells about the West side of what or where? 7894..What was the worlds first televised murder? 7895..What company used to be called The Haloid Company? 7896..The Chinese year cycle starts with 1st to ask Buddha which? 7897..Character in a movie series named Sanskrit word warrior what? 7898..What is the default extension given to paintbrush files? 7899..In the UK today 16000 people die annually from what? 7900..In which TV program did Sergeant Bosco appear? 7901..In ancient Athens every third man worked with what? 7902..Every day 2700 Americans find out what? 7903..Where would you find you columella - or what is it? 7904..What was used at Wimbledon for the first time in 1986? 7905..Which novel has the longest sentence in literature 823 words? 7906..What is the most stolen item in US drugstores? 7907..Crab is the only named one in any Shakespeare play - what? 7908..What was the first Olympic sport to include women? 7909..Which of the four Horsemen of the Apocalypse rode a red horse? 7910..Venus Observa is the technical term for what? 7911..Which male mammals have the highest rate of homosexuality? 7912..Sex shop survey what's most popular flavour eatable knickers? 7913..And what is the least? 7914..Which country has no public toilets? 7915..Which cartoon character was originally pink and called Orsen? 7916..What product changed its original name from the soundabout? 7917..There are more in Los Angeles than in all France - what? 7918..Syngenesophobia is the fear of what? 7919..What fictional Englishman belongs to the Ganymede club? 7920..From which modern country did the Franks come? 7921..The origin of the word p*s is Latin meaning what? 7922..And which animals ps is prehensile? 7923..On a UK ordinance survey map what is shown by a red flag? 7924..Who was the first rock star arrested on stage? 7925..Which authors personal publishing venture is Philtrum Press? 7926..Which animal sleeps on its back? 7927..What is the most ordered item in American restaurants? 7928..What does a gozzard have or own? 7929..Records show four Popes died doing what? 7930..In the Beatles White Album who was Martha my Dear? 7931..Myosotis Sylvestris is the Latin name of which common plant? 7932..Who owned a cat called Apollinaris? 7933..Whose last words were "It's unbelievable"? 7934..Who read the original writing on the wall? 7935..N is the civil aircraft marking for which country? 7936..Thaslophobia is the fear of what? 7937..Beagles were a hunting dog bred to hunt what? 7938..Peggy is a diminutive for which girls name? 7939..Boreas is the Greek God of what? 7940..Where are the Canarie Islands situated? 7941..Where could you spend a Lempira? 7942..What type of creature was an Archelon? 7943..Shu was an Egyptian God of what? 7944..In Japan what is a Kissaten? 7945..Which of the four Horsemen of Apocalypse is known as Christ? 7946..In which religion are the holy writings called the Adi Granth? 7947..What is a dogrib? 7948..The petawatt is the worlds largest what? 7949..Which writer invented the word drab? 7950..In the body where would you find your diverticula? 7951..EL is the international aircraft letters of which country? 7952..Which creature appears on the Samoan flag? 7953..Who owns the Audi car company? 7954..In the Bible what was the sixth plague of Egypt? 7955..What is the scientific name for the gorilla? 7956..Name Steve McQueen's Karate teacher - later an actor? 7957..On what common item would you find a keeper? 7958..Coprastastaphobia is the fear of what? 7959..What is the most common plastic surgery done on US men? 7960..Who owned a cat called Bismarck? 7961..In the Batman comics what is the full real identity of the Riddler? 7962..Where was the worlds first water clock invented? 7963..What religious leaders name means Sign of God? 7964..In 1965 Gambia achieved independence from which country? 7965..On what common item would you find a harp? 7966..In Bali they observe noebi a day of what? 7967..The worlds first opened in Los Angles April 2nd 1902 - what? 7968..Who was the first non head of state to appear on a stamp? 7969..If the doctor gave you salversan he would be treating your what? 7970..The yellow food colouring tartrazine comes from what? 7971..What does a kayser measure? 7972..In the body where would you find your villus? 7973..The fennec is the smallest of its species - the smallest what? 7974..What was the original meaning of the word harlot? 7975..Ennisophobia is fear of what? 7976..In the Bible Judah was in which province? 7977..Name Canada's oldest incorporated city? 7978..In which country is the Nokia company based? 7979..What is the common name for an integrated circuit? 7980..What did John Montague invent? 7981..Goose Flats changed its name to what US city? 7982..From which country did the original vandals come? 7983..Gabbro is which type of rock? 7984..What is the correct name for a baby mink? 7985..Ontology is the study of what? 7986..What is the state song of California? 7987..The museum of what can be found at Pontedassio in Italy? 7988..Aruba is an island under which kingdom? 7989..Who is the Patron Saint of grocers? 7990..Chysoprase is a shade of what primary colour? 7991..The paraclete is another name for which Christian religious item? 7992..What is unique about the pistol star? 7993..Venation is used to describe what item? 7994..In Braille which letter uses the least number of raised dots? 7995..The state tree of Arizona is really a legume - name it? 7996..What are shaggy mane and pigs ear? 7997..Who were UPS original customers? 7998..Struthio Cameus is the Latin name of which creature? 7999..Hindu religion Batavia is an incarnation of Vishnu in what form? 8000..Country celebrates Aug 11 as independence day from France? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:40 pm 8001..The first one was delivered in 1933 - the first what? 8002..Beside the long winding river is the translation of which US state? 8003..What type of creature was Pylorus Jack? 8004..The French call it creame anglaise what do we call it? 8005..Tellus was the Greek god of what? 8006..Scotophobia is the fear of what? 8007..According CIA what language is most common in Afghanistan? 8008..What country did the USA defend in the Spanish American war? 8009..Which animal uses white ear spots as identification marks? 8010..Pak man was called Paka in Japan what does paka mean? 8011..In computing what was the first ironbed? 8012..Mumbai is the modern name of which city? 8013..Which group publishes the most monthly magazines? 8014..The word mattress what taken from which language? 8015..If you have a rhytidectomy what procedure has occurred? 8016..Lewis Wilson was the first actor to play which character? 8017..What is the technical name for a jigger of grain alcohol? 8018..Tosk is a dialect of which country? 8019..The fleur de lis is a representation of which flower? 8020..The Afghan Taliban use which colour of flag? 8021..In which country are the Philips company based? 8022..If you have otophobia what are you afraid of? 8023..Which US sportsman is mentioned in The Old Man and the Sea? 8024..The average person does it thirteen times a day - what? 8025..In Scottish Gaelic what is a clarsach? 8026..Name surveyors symbol that looks like a broad arrow with a bar? 8027..Book of Shadows is the alternative title for which horror film? 8028..In Portrait Gallery there's a picture of Livingstone sitting on what? 8029..In 1449 Thomas Brightfield built London's first what? 8030..Which animals kill 275 million creature in UK annually? 8031..Bunny Austin first British male to do what at Wimbledon in 1933? 8032..Cary Grant and Noel Coward both rejected which famous role? 8033..In Winnipeg there is a statue to which bear? 8034..Exodus and which Bible book list the ten commandments? 8035..In which Bond novel did he first want Martinis shaken not stirred? 8036..Which playing card is known as The Devils Bedpost? 8037..Its usual diameter is 4.5 inches what is it? 8038..A planes black box is usually named after what King? 8039..What are banon, mimolette and samosoe types of? 8040..Name the Shakespeare character son of the witch Sycorax? 8041..Saint Andrew is the Patron Saint of Scotland and where else? 8042..Which animals Latin name is Cricetus-cricutus? 8043..What was Queen Victoria's first name? 8044..In Sanskrit it means House of Snow - what does? 8045..If you had some gentles, jig, gag and coop what are you doing? 8046..What are the stars in traditional Cornish Star Gazey pie? 8047..Who was born in Limbini Nepal? 8048..Flower of the blessed night is the local name of which plant? 8049..Which disease was once known as white plague? 8050..What are spraints? 8051..Where would you be if you landed at Santa Cruz airport? 8052..What was the name of the pub in The Dukes of Hazard? 8053..Name Pink Floyds only single? 8054..Doha is the capital of which gulf state? 8055..The word volar refers to what part/s of the body? 8056..Where is the worlds largest Chinese settlement outside Asia? 8057..Where is Kloster beer brewed? 8058..In the Fantastic Four what is Mr Fantastic name? 8059..RC Cola were the first company to do what? 8060..In which sport are the trainees traditionally bricklayers? 8061..Who has won the soccer world cup as a player and a coach? 8062..What was the White House formerly known as? 8063..The last line of which TV show was "Good bye Margaret"? 8064..In Star Wars what is the Emperors last name? 8065..What animal comes in both spotted and striped varieties? 8066..Something navicular is shaped like what? 8067..Dari is a dialect of which language? 8068..Which country is due south of Serbia? 8069..A giraffes eyelashes are what colour? 8070..In which sport would you hear the term bedposts? 8071..What, specifically, won’t Meatloaf do for love? 8072..In Australia what is the second Sunday in May? 8073..What's the only crime that the church would not grant sanctuary? 8074..Zero on a roulette wheel is what colour? 8075..Name Homer Simpsons bowling team? 8076..In Troy measurement a pennyweight contains 24 what? 8077..Orthography is the study of what? 8078..Pentlandite is the main ore providing which metal? 8079..In the Hindu pantheon Hanuman is the King of which creatures? 8080..Which gas discovered in 1898 has a name meaning new? 8081..Name the national rugby team of Argentina? 8082..How many equal angles has a scalene triangle? 8083..Mandarin and Peter Pan are which parts of a garment? 8084..Who is the Egyptian God of the dead? 8085..Who played Domino in Never say Never Again? 8086..The Adventure Gallery was whose ship? 8087..Alls Well That Ends Well the original title of which classic novel? 8088..Amahl and the Night Visitors was the first opera written for what? 8089..In which sport would you hear the term cleek? 8090..Frosties Tony the Tiger had a Son Tony Jr and a daughter name? 8091..Who was the last amateur to win US tennis open 1968? 8092..Name the first British show to air on US autumn prime time? 8093..Who were the first pop stars to appear in Madam Tussaud's? 8094..What gets its name from the Aztec meaning bitter water? 8095..Which company launched the first clone of an IBM pc in 1982? 8096..Which song won first Oscar when the category was intro 1934? 8097..In MASH name Radars pet mouse? 8098..Distinguished Information Cross is whose highest bravery award? 8099..Wiley E Coyote chases roadrunner what does the E stand for? 8100..Which religions name means The way of the Gods? 8101..Where can Americans always see the time as 4.10? 8102..By Olympic rules what must have 14 feathers? 8103..February 25th 1990 what was banned in the US? 8104..Johannes Ostermeir invented which photographic aid? 8105..In the US what links Fort McHenry with the moon? 8106..In Disney's 1973 animated Robin Hood what creature was Robin? 8107..Saint Louis police department first used it in 1904 - what? 8108..Who wrote the novel the Cyborg - Basis of the $6 million man? 8109..In which sport would you hear the term shilling? 8110..What does roulette literally mean? 8111..Where did you play with Ben, Pauline and Michele? 8112..Who was the first baseball player to have his number (4) retired? 8113..Gobo was the male cousin of which Disney character? 8114..Ops was the wife of which Roman God? 8115..The Beatles film Help was dedicated to the inventor of what? 8116..Andrea Hollen was the first woman in US to do what? 8117..What was Americas first organised sport? 8118..What was John Fitzgerald Kennedy's campaign song in 1960? 8119..Name Indian chief who rode in Roosevelt's inaugural procession? 8120..Name (in the US) Denis the Menaces cat? 8121..Where could you find a 1925 humpmobile car? 8122..Which is the only middle eastern county without a desert? 8123..Liquid Sunshine was the original slogan of which product? 8124..Who nicknamed his gun Lucrettia Borgia cos it killed everything? 8125..What was the first ABC TV series rated No 1 for full season? 8126..Name the companion of the cartoon character Secret Squirrel? 8127..Who was codenamed Napoleon by the secret service? 8128..What is sometimes known as Goober Grease? 8129..In which sport would they use the term straight handle? 8130..What was the first creature put on the endangered species list? 8132..In what TV series did we meet Perry Masonry? 8133..Ellen Marrenner became more famous as who? 8134..What was Hitchcock's first film in colour? 8135..Whose favourite poodle was called Rufus? 8136..What scene is included for good luck in most of Spielberg films? 8137..Beatles were 1st UK group on Ed Sullivan who was second? 8138..Who were originally The Sons of Daniel Boone? 8139..Who was the first golfer to officially earn over $1 million a year? 8140..Mary Surratt what the first woman to do what in US? 8141..Whose normal heartbeat is 242 per minute? 8142..In 1969 who formed tangerine records? 8143..February 21st 1878 the first what was published in New Haven? 8144.Yoon-Mi Kim Olympic gold aged 13 years 83 days what sport? 8145..The clusec is the unit measuring the power of what? 8146..Three what appear on the Connecticut state flag? 8147..What do the Germans now celebrate on October 3rd? 8148..When are you most likely to see a penumbra? 8149..Storm Warning the only film in which this Actress killed who? 8150..In which sport would they use the term crotch ball? 8151..What was Disney's first non animated live action film? 8152..Zaire diverted roads to avoid disturbing communities of what? 8153..Who invented the word pandemonium? 8154..Who is the Greek equivalent of the Roman Jupiter? 8155..Who or what was introduced to the USA in 1964? 8156..Augusto Pinochet was the ruler of which country? 8157..Giovidi is what day in Italian? 8158..Hank Ballard and the Midnights first released what in 1960? 8159..In church terms what are saucers? 8160..Where were Panama hats first made? 8161..What does a kymograph measure? 8162..Name the dark lord in Lord of the Rings? 8163..What is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet? 8164..Schschpiel is what game in Germany? 8165..The Greek Goddess Ephesus is the Goddess of what? 8166..Theophilus Van Kannal invented what in 1888 in Philadelphia? 8167..Which actor appeared in drag in two Marlene Dietrich films? 8168..Who was the first rock band to perform at NY Opera house? 8169..What was the name of the cab company in Taxi? 8170..In which sport would you hear the term Intente? 8171..In which county would you find Fuqing? 8172..Who wrote the three act opera The Rakes Progress? 8173..In the Bible Jael murdered Sisera using what weapon? 8174..Anna Maria Louisa Italiano became famous as who? 8175..The Stanley cup was not awarded in 1919 what stopped it? 8176..In the US 20% of all lightning strike deaths occur where? 8177..Who first appeared in the cartoon strip Thimble Theatre? 8178..What was the most popular Xmas gift in 1913? 8179..In Watership Down rabbit language what is a hrududu? 8180..In which county would you find Ars? 8181..What do Beavis and Butt-head have on their T shirts? 8182..What is the most popular South American aphrodisiac? 8183..In the Phantom of the Opera how does the Phantom sign notes? 8184..What links Alex, Ben, Chrissie and Quint? 8185..Whose biography is over 8.5 million words long? 8186..In Judaism there are 3 cardinal sins Idolatry, Adultery and what? 8187..Which singer was known as Little Miss Dynamite? 8188..Henry Harley Arnold was the first US pilot to do what? 8190..Name Jennifer Anniston's Godfather? 8191..In which American state is Wankers Corner? 8192..In the 1920s what was a Chicago Overcoat? 8193..English festival word from French literally Farewell to Flesh? 8194..Where did you find cherry strawberry orange apple grape bird? 8195..Which actor refused the leading role in Laurence of Arabia? 8196..On Donavan's Mellow Yellow who did the whispering vocal? 8197..John Chapman was the real name of someone famous in Ohio?? 8198..What star, most popular of 1925 was born in a trench in France? 8199..Australians call someone from where a cockroach? 8200..What did Peter Sellers use as an ink blotter in the Pink Panther? 8201..What country would you go to find Pervy Shag? 8202..What is or who carries a flabellum? 8203..Pentagon doublespeak what is combat emplacement evacuator? 8204..Who was a knight of the order of the inverted dragon in Hungary? 8205..In which city is the worlds longest skating rink - rideau canal? 8206..The black and white episode of Chicago Hope is a tribute to who? 8207..In legend what did Cleopatra have her mattress stuffed with? 8208..Name first female top US single / album charts simultaneously? 8209..What actor Howard Hughs call pay toilet didn't give st nothing? 8210..What bird uses its tongue to spear food? 8211..Coq Bang can be found in which country? 8212..In the Snoopy cartoons what does Lucy offer in her booth? 8213..And what does she charge? 8214..Who are the largest candy consumers per capita? 8215..In the Vietnam war Comic Books was US military slang for what? 8216..Which tennis winner also won a Winter Olympics silver medal? 8217,,Name the hummingbird in Disney's Pocahontas? 8218..1996 3 highest earning sportsman Michael's Jordan, Tyson and who? 8219..What type of shoes does the Pope usually wear? 8220..What was the theme song of the film The Grapes of Wrath? 8221..Where in the world would you find Cumbum? 8222..In which Australian state is Tittybong? 8223..Books original title 4.5 years struggle against lies stupidity & co? 8224..Name Chewbacca's son - seen Star wars holiday special 1978? 8225..Nipper is the RCA dog in the US what's he known as in the UK? 8226..What is the most populous domesticated creature in the US? 8227..Hares, cats, toads, newts, owls, ferrets all accused of what? 8228..1970 who announced he was entering a clinic for a sex change? 8229..Which US president twice served as an executioner? 8230..Muckle John was the last official royal one in England - what? 8231..Shagaganda sounds like molesting a goose - but where is it? 8232..Portland Rosebuds were the first US team to do what? 8233..Klaus Voormann designed the cover for which Beatles album? 8234..According to Earth Medicine what's the birth totem for march? 8235..Which country has no national monetary unit of it's own? 8236..Name the first storm 19 June 1978 called after a man? 8237..How did Miss Piggy tell the difference between love and lust? 8238..Christopher Proudfoot owns the worlds largest collection of what? 8239..If you shout Tsuki what sport are you practicing? 8240..In the film Bambi what is Bambi's first word? 8241..Two possible answers - in which country would you find st? 8242..Australians call someone from where a croweater? 8243..Old Lyme Connecticut has a museum dedicated to what? 8244..Which artist is supposed to have used 1000 greens in painting? 8245..In the USA domestic violence peaks on what day of the year? 8246..In song who is the man who made Eastwood such a star? 8247..What first happened on January 4th 1885 Davenport Iowa? 8248..Pooh loves honey but which creature loves watercress? 8249..Who has a tattoo saying Starland Vocal Band? 8250..The African Queen Bogart Hepburn but who should it have been? 8251,,Rim Butte sounds like something sexual - in which US state? 8252..December 73 Switzerland has 6.6 million people 81 were what? 8253..In the US its 911 in the UK 999 what in Australia? 8254..In the 1920s cars built in Bennington had what safety device? 8255..Life Love Cows French translation of which film? 8256..Which language never have spelling contests - spell as sounded? 8257..Which 80s song is still the most requested at US weddings? 8258..1978 a 100 yard long queue outside Peeking bookstore selling?? 8259..In heraldry a lybbard is a lion panther cross symbolising what? 8260..What did Teddy Roosevelt ban from the White House? 8261..Naturally we got to find a place called Fuka - Where? 8262..Which author whose name means flowering tree got OBE? 8263..Name actor called The voice of Canada - had 1964 hit Ringo? 8264..Only Hawaii, Utah and Tennessee dont have some form of what? 8265..Until 1965 what was illegal for Connecticut married couples? 8266..A can of orange crush appears on every episode what TV series? 8267..What town has the highest post office in the US? 8268..What is the most varied species on the planet? 8269..Police Academy got its theme song from which other film? 8270..Which US states constitution was the first to prohibit slavery? 8271..Finally a good old body sound where is Farta? 8272..What actor was born Krishna Bhanji? 8273..Which Bruce made the cover of Time in 1975? 8274..In Peter and the Wolf what instrument represents the cat? 8275..Where would you find bead wires wrapping and sipes? 8276..Brian Eno created which sound? 8277..What is produced using the Kroll process? 8278..Who first said "The Games Afoot"? 8279..In France what kind of nuts are noisette? 8280..A young what is called a squeaker? 8281..June 1988 who's on covers Time, Life, People, and Sports Illustrated? 8282..Which companies name translates as rising sun? 8283..What's unusual about the ink used to print money? 8284..Elizabethan England what was Lift leg Dragons Milk Angel food? 8285..The Necromancer in The Hobbit became who in later works? 8286..According to Playboy what is their Playmates greatest turn on? 8287..And what's their greatest turn off? 8288..Canberra in Australia has 2 meanings meeting place and what? 8289..Sterling Holloway was original voice of which Disney character? 8290..Name the knot used to shorten a rope without cutting it? 8291..Fanny Crosby wrote over 8000 of these - what? 8292..What was the first country to use postcards? 8293..What makes the holes in Swiss cheese? 8294..Before 1883 who were called kranks? 8295..What did Ed Peterson invent? 8296..What is the most consumed fruit in the US? 8297..Seth Wheeler patented it in 1871 - what? 8298..Which actor wore an old trenchcoat in one scene in all his films? 8299..What did J Edgar Hoover call home of disease bribery rape? 8300..Which prop item did MGM ban from film sets in the early 50s T? 8301..What is the more common name for blue corundum? 8302..The 42 string guitar is correctly called what? 8303..What is made in shapes called finger, petticoat and thistle? 8304..What were the first tennis balls stuffed with? 8305..What did the US government call predawn vertical insertion? 8304..For what would you use zener cards? 8305..In 1908 A'Ecu d'Or became the worlds first what? 8306..In Star Trek what is Chekov's first name? 8307..In Norse mythology Thor's chariot is pulled by two what? 8308..What were the old hecklers in the Muppet show named after? 8309..According to Billboard what was the top single of the 60s? 8310..Steely Dan is a band but what was the original steely dan? 8311..In the Middle Ages people threw what at the Bride and Groom? 8312..What does the sun in SUN Microsystems stand for? 8313..In Frank Herbert's Dune what are the Makers? 8314..Which country produces the most full length feature films? 8315..What is the most popular dogs name in the US? 8316..What is the common name for a five wood in golf? 8317..In Rebel Without a Cause name the High School? 8318..A young what is called a blinker? 8319..In Peter and the Wolf what instrument represents the duck? 8320..According to Gene Kelly who was his favourite dancing partner? 8321..What word appears in more film titles than any other? 8322..And which word comes second? 8323..Socrates was trained into what profession? 8324..Who starred in cartoon where the Tasmanian Devil 1st appeared? 8325..What is the oldest ship commissioned in the Royal Navy? 8326..To the Apache Indians what were God Dogs? 8327..An onomastician studies what? 8328..The filaments for the first electric lamp were made from what? 8329..Which companies first product was an audio oscillator? 8330..What was the first boxed cereal? 8331..Which animals name comes from Arabic he who walks swiftly? 8332..What was Blondies name before she married Dagwood? 8333..The sleeve of which album was the first to feature lyrics? 8334..In liquid measure a pipe is made up of two what? 8335..Which companies name translates as abundant fields? 8336..Which group of professionals use computer dating the most? 8337..Most people bob for apples what do Adams family bob for? 8338..Which department uses 65% of all paper bought by US gov? 8340..Bowl of red is the Aztec translation of which food item? 8341..Who wanted to play Brody in Jaws but Spielberg rejected him? 8342..What are you doing if you pandiculate? 8343..What ailment kills the most fruit flies? 8344..The Finnish know her as Tuna what do we call her? 8345..25% of Americans believe which fictional character is real? 8346..Dr Seuss created the first animated TV ad for which company? 8347..Where would you find Argine Esther Judith and Pallas? 8348..What is the hole in a pencil sharpener called? 8349..1960 Orange bowl was first appearance of which sporting giant? 8350..In Star Wars George Lucas modelled the Emperor on who? 8351..What did Popeye eat for strength before spinach? 8352..What is the meaning of Ghandi? 8353..In 1992 2421 US people were injured at home by what? 8354..What is Gerber's most popular flavour of baby food? 8355..What was Billboards hit single of the 1970s? 8356..In Greek what (bad for your diet item) translates into solid bile? 8357..What links Scorpion Seawolf and Thresher? 8358..Who coined the term gossip column? 8359..Which singers first band was called The Spiders? 8360..What is the first line on Mel Blanc's tombstone? 8361..What was Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's official emblem? 8362..The locals call it Druk Yul - Land of the Dragon what country? 8363..What was the first US TV series broadcast in the USSR? 8364..In Belgium if you are eating waterzooi what is it? 8365..What is the part of a horse between fetlock and hoof called? 8366..A Hobbits will requires seven signatures in what? 8367..Which classic film was called production 9401 during filming? 8368..Where did we meet Newkirk, Carter, LeBeau and Kinchlow? 8369..Sherrinford was hero Ormond Sacker assistant names changed To? 8370..What did Alfred Hormel invent? 8371..Col Meriweather Lewis Clark Jr developed rules for what in US? 8372..What, according the Mark Twain, is a stomach Steinway? 8373..The worlds first what opened in Brighton England in 1897? 8374..Where was the canning process for fish first developed? 8375..Where or what is a birds lore? 8376..Which three word catchphrase is most universally recognised? 8377..US civil war what disease incorrectly treated by ink injections? 8378..Preparing to invade Japan in WW2 the US ordered 400000 what? 8379..What are Blue Professor, Bottle Imp and Rat Faced McDougal? 8380..Chrometrophobia is the fear of what? 8381..Name Bilbo Baggins mother? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:42 pm 8501..The Alley Cats was the working title of which TV show? 8502..Which city had the world first public bus service? 8503..In the UK 9 out of 10 people live within walking distance of what? 8504..75% industrial accidents happen to people who ain't done what? 8505..Swine is a Chinese brand name of which food? 8506..What keeps growing until you are 35 then starts to shrink? 8507..Which is the only bird that drops it's upper eyelid to blink? 8508..What company created the gif image file format? 8509..What was Vincent Price's first horror film? 8510..Which skill uses things called chain singles and doubles? 8511..Name the profession most often late for doctors appointments? 8512..The average American consumes 9lbs of what every year? 8513..Which cartoon company is based in Walla Walla Washington? 8514..In Korea what is ssirum? 8515..In the human body what is replaced every three months? 8516..What is the top holiday in the US for candy / sweet sales? 8517..Which US state flag is triangular in shape? 8518..In a survey 4% of US employees never do what at work? 8519..Which sitcom was set in Dunns River Connecticut? 8520..Fred Silverman invented the name Scooby Do named after who? 8521..What does Intel stand for? 8522..Which game was called Beano till Edwin Lowe renamed it? 8523..In the US what was free before 1863? 8524..What was Helen Keller's first word? 8525..Middle Ages having what creatures in the house was good luck? 8526..What is the full name of the creator of Peter Pan? 8527..On a piano the left pedal is the soft what's the right called? 8528..One anger Two mirth Three wedding Four birth what are they? 8529..Specifically to what does Episcopal refer? 8530..Which sort of court case causes the most perjury? 8531..Which country consumes the most chicken per capita? 8532..And which country comes second? 8533..Saint Homobonus is the Patron Saint of who? 8534..Which item first appeared in Superior Hotel Montana in 1908? 8535..What became a full Olympic sport in 1992? 8536..Which actor used to sweep out lions cages for a living? 8537..The average American does it 1811 times in their life - what? 8538..Who was the first computer millionaire? 8539..Tasseomancy is fortune telling using what? 8540..In UK whose private house has its own court and 11 prison cells? 8541..The buffalo weaver is the only bird to develop a false what? 8542..In what famous US building would you find Broadway? 8543..Whose memoirs were called There and back again? 8544..Which dish gets its name from the French meaning to stir? 8545..Where would you find the stuffing box and sucking rod? 8546..Pidge appeared in which Disney film? 8547..The average size of what is a grain of sand? 8548..There are 20 days in the week in whose calendar? 8549..A young dogs a pup what's the correct name for a young skunk? 8550..Okamoto in Japan is the worlds largest maker of what? 8551..Apis Mnevis Onuphis 3 names for the sacred what of Egypt? 8552..It costs $30 a day in Austria to do this nude in winter - what? 8553..On TV what team worked out of Iolani Palace? 8554..Escaping convicts used to drop what to throw dogs off the scent? 8555..What first name has been used by most presidents? 8556..The word cruise comes from which language? 8557..In a survey US ERs what is the most commonly broken bone? 8558..In computing who are floppy and mootilda? 8559..In the US money is still top marital argument what is second? 8560..In Japan they sell a last climax - what is it? 8561..In US only 8 % of women do it - but it changes their lives - what? 8562..The Swiss spend the worlds most money per capita on what? 8563..Arthur Paul designed which icon - appears on a magazine? 8564..The Jewish prayer for the dead Kaddish is in what language? 8565..What is the name of Doctor Claws pet in Inspector Gadget? 8566..Which magazine is most often stolen from US libraries? 8567..Which actress had a job putting cosmetics on corpses? 8568..So far 11 US presidents have been what? 8569..6300 was the biggest cast in a commercial for what company? 8570..Knock-Knock was the first cartoon starring what character 1940? 8571..The Sweater Shop International was a competition which sport? 8572..Greek mythology women of Lemnos did what to their husbands? 8573..Goodfellow's Lumholtz's and Bennett's type of what animal? 8574..TVs Ben Casey started with Man Woman Birth Death and what? 8575..What was banned in Indonesia for stimulating passion? 8576..If a Turkish judge breaks a pencil what does it mean? 8577..In the film Jumping Jack Flash what is Jack's code key? 8578..Washington police officers get a half hour class in how to what? 8579..What is the worlds largest food company? 8580..What is a cremnophobe afraid of? 8581..What is the most common name for Playboy centrefolds? 8582..Who is the tallest telletubbie? 8583..Boston Red Sox are The Pilgrims but what were they before? 8584..In the A Team name Murdoch’s invisible dog? 8586..In 1900 Americans did it for 9hour 20 min now its 7hour 20 what? 8587..The first one was 5 x 20 the first what? 8588..1 in 20 children born in US today will do what? 8589..Where in the world are the most roses grown? 8590..In the USA on January 1 you have the greatest risk of what? 8591..Lexico was invented in 1932 what did it change its name to? 8592..Ten 1000 virgins bought insurance against what in 2000? 8593..Which profession drinks the most coffee? 8594..Which duo has won seven Oscars? 8595..What is tattooed on the Marlboro mans hand? 8596..The classical music term fugue comes from Latin meaning what? 8597..What Bond thing did Roger Moore not do in 7 films? 8598..The term warts and all comes from a portrait of who? 8599..Nevada and Canberra are varieties of which vegetable? 8600..For which game would you win the Plimpton Cup? 8601..What was the distress call before SOS? 8602..Where would you see sprites blur jets and elves? 8603..Name Casper the friendly ghosts horse? 8604..What is the most common surname for Motel owners in the US? 8605..Ancient Romans dyed their hair with what waste product? 8606..What in history were the Beaver, Dartmouth and Eleanor? 8607..Name Lois Lanes stewardess sister? 8608..Who is on the most popular us commemorative stamp? 8609..Gabriel Fallopius is credited with inventing what? 8610..What does Honolulu mean in Hawaiian? 8611..Food served nivernaise has what ingredient? 8612..What is a hoblet? 8613..209 Popes have been Italian which country has the 2nd highest? 8614..A Cruciverbalist is interested in what? 8615..Name Indiana Joneses dog? 8616..The Indian name Singh translates as what? 8617..What is the only patented uniform / costume in the USA? 8618..What was the first 90 minute TV series in 1962? 8619..Trismus is a muscular spasm where in the body? 8620..In films who could win the Golden Boot award? 8621..What do the initials IOU stand for on an IOU? 8622..A fagotist is a person who does what? 8623..What are popcorn, moss and seed? 8624..Which food item contains the most residual pesticides? 8625..In the US what job has an average IQ of 104? 8626..Great Brother is the Chinese translation of which drug? 8627..Which English name produces the most nicknames? 8628..Which fruit is the symbol of hospitality? 8629..Which city is built on 118 islands? 8630..Before it meant tall building what did skyscraper mean? 8631..Rudolf the red nosed reindeer had a girlfriend - name her? 8632..Which author sold most books in the first half of 20th century? 8633..In which sport is the Lugano trophy awarded? 8634..Which song is performed at start Indiana Jones Temple of Doom? 8635..Amnesic, Diarrhetic and Paralytic main types of what poisoning? 8636..Donald Baxter McMillan compiled the first what dictionary? 8637..In 1950 what character was on first metal lunchbox in the US? 8638..And in 1985 who was on the last one produced? 8639..Which US state has the highest divorce rate? 8640..What was the first publicly televised sporting event in Japan? 8641..If you have a buccula what have you got? 8642..Which insect is the symbol of female potency? 8643..Optiphone, Lustreer and Mirascope early names for which item? 8644..The name of which fabric comes from the Persian word for spun? 8645..What job does an Oikologiost do? 8646..In 1969 Sport was the first magazine to run an ad for what? 8647..Purple green and gold are the official colours which annual event? 8648..What is Homer Simpsons greatest fear? 8649..Cassius Marcellus Coolidge painted which famous paintings? 8650..Why was McDonalds fillet of fish invented? 8651..Lusophone describes countries whose main language is what? 8652..Where would you see analog watches showing 10.10? 8653..In WW1 what warning device was on the top of Eiffel Tower? 8654..According to doctors people with what pets fall asleep easiest? 8655..What is sometimes referred to as Zulu time? 8656..What was originally called olive oil water? 8657..Average US male does it in 11.4 mins but female takes 13 what? 8658..Nylon was invented in 1934 what product first used it? 8659..Who was the original choice to play the terminator? 8660..What rivers name translates as river of hate? 8661..The average what is designed to last for 180 wearings? 8662..What is the full name of Batman's butler? 8663..On which annual day do most heart attacks occur? 8664..What is the name for the number 1 followed by 100 zeros? 8665..Who invented wax paper? 8666..What is the name of Porky Pigs nephew? 8667..Ancel Keys developed which US soldiers item? 8668..If you suffered from acronyx what have you got? 8669..What was the first TV theme song to hit number one US charts? 8670..Brownie Wise first cover woman on Business week developed?? 8671..What was the first food designed for the microwave? 8672..In the US what was the first TV test symbol? 8673..Which painters work is the most stolen? 8674..Name award shaped like a teapot with a skull and crossbones? 8675..What does Abraham Lincoln never do in any photographs? 8676..Pif Paf Pof is the Dutch equivalent of which English phrase? 8677..Before 1687 clocks never had what? 8678..What is the most profitable section in supermarkets? 8679..The average American eats 5666 what in their lifetime? 8680..Who is the spouse of the Duke of Normandy? 8681..Which old English time unit is 1.5 minutes long? 8682..In Las Vegas which gambling thing generates the most profit? 8683..What colour is Queen Elizabeth's blotting paper? 8684..Where can you find Clippit? 8685..In the 13th century European children were baptised with what? 8686..Which popular cartoon strip has never included an adult? 8687..What is the most common street name in the USA? 8688..According to one estimate Benjamin Franklin had 24 what? 8689..Before tennis what drew spectators to Wimbledon? 8690..Which famous ship and whiskeys name means short underskirt? 8691..Beethoven gave up what while writing his ninth symphony? 8692..In 1776 the first union went on strike in the US what job? 8693..Name the first foreign company to open a factory in the USA? 8694..Whose secretary was Loelia Ponsonby? 8695..Who was Mussolini's favourite cartoon character? 8696..According to truck drivers which US state has the worst drivers? 8697..Name Frosty the Snowman's son? 8698..What's most commonly used password on computer systems? 8699..Who was the first trapeze artist to perform without a net? 8700..If you suffer from protanopia you cannot see what? 8701..What occurs in September and December more than any other month? 8702..Alectryomanchy is another name for what banned UK 1849? 8703..In Bewitched Aunt Clara had a collection of what? 8704..For what was Joan of Arc made a Saint? 8705..What was the most bombed place in WW2? 8706..As a performer what one thing would Elvis never do? 8707..The word Utopia from Greek means what? 8708..Wife Beware in 1933 was the first film shown where? 8709..What did Einstein call "the most difficult thing to understand"? 8710..Firefly, Longhorn, Harlequin and Tortoise types of what? 8711..El Dago was the name of whose first private plane? 8712..Mentu Egyptian Tyr Norse Gods of what? 8713..Disney's Pluto (nee Rover) was originally whose pet dog? 8714..Who is only artist that toured with Elvis, Beatles and Eagles? 8715..What is the most used expression in any language on earth? 8716..In US what sporting good outsells Base Basket and Footballs? 8717..On what common item would you find a worm? 8718..What is the only creature born with horns? 8719..In CHIPS what make of motorcycles did they ride? 8720..Where is the busiest highway in the USA - It’s a bridge? 8721..Which screenwriter has received the most Oscar nominations? 8722..What job would regularly use kerfs? 8723..In the New Testament publicans had what job? 8724..Which US city was once named Porkopolis? 8725..A puggle is a baby what? 8726..Men without chest hair are more likely to get what disease? 8727..What common item were once called moth patches? 8728..What is written at the bottom of a Oiuja board? 8729..Tucson Arizona what's officially known as pavement deficiencies? 8730..What would you find in a vivarium? 8731..What does YoYo mean in English? 8732..What word do Alaskan sled drivers shout to move their teams? 8733..Cardinal, Barlinka and Napoleon are varieties of what? 8734..Which word literally meaning sweet paste is a breakfast item? 8735..What is the only edible orchid? 8736..Average woman's 1.5 times bigger than average mans - what? 8737..What plants name means wild growing by the Volga? 8738..Writing with light is the literal meaning of what word from Greek? 8739..1964 Iowa City had one Tokyo the other only ones in world what? 8740..The British consume twice as much per capita as the US - what? 8741..On Quaker Oats what word is written on the scroll on the box? 8742..Anhedonia is the inability to feel what? 8743..What is 42% carbohydrates 5% protein and 53% fat? 8744..Literal translation what Persian word is leg garment? 8745..What was originally called flowmatic? 8746..Who was born in Wattenscheid Germany November 11th 1920? 8747..What was the first item made from aluminium? 8748..In Happy Days name Fonzies dog? 8749..In 1477 the first advert in English offered what for sale? 8750..Only dead people can be on US postage stamps except who? 8751..In 1778 name the first country to send an ambassador to US? 8752..What did the ancient Romans throw at weddings? 8753..Eisenhower trophy is given annually to what best amateur team? 8754..Name the dogs in Magnum PI? 8755..The name for which body organ translates as all flesh? 8756..According to historians what is the oldest device still used? 8757..Women do it weekly to sleep better men every two weeks what? 8758..Who rejected the Olivia Newton John role in Grease? 8759..80% of restaurant diners don’t do what? 8760..Anthropologists say what is the worlds oldest profession? 8761..The hop-low is the worlds smallest what? 8762..At the borders of reality is French translation what TV show? 8763..What does a hygrometer measure? 8764..Cross garnet, Strap, Butt and Back flap types of what? 8765..Archaeologists found 145 what in King Tuts tomb? 8766..63% of Americans spend five minutes a day looking for what? 8767..Which vegetable is 91% water? 8768..A melcryptovestimentaphiliac compulsively steals what? 8769..Name the 3 headed dog in Harry Potter and Philosophers stone? 8770..What product ranks number one in consumer brand loyalty? 8771..And which one comes second? 8772..9% of divorced people say they still do what? 8773..Common, English, Flemish, Running and Stack types of what? 8774..Which English word comes from the French for candle? 8775..On Earth what would you find in an orbit? 8776..In which European capitol city is a cannon fired at 1.00 pm daily? 8777..A shroff is an expert in what? 8778..Quiz, bandlore, coblentz, disk all different names for what item? 8779..Name the first person to hit a golf ball over 400 yards with 6 iron? 8780..Which countries name translates as place with a great river? 8781..Rose O'Neil created the Kewpie doll where is it signed? 8782..Worldwide most capitol cities begin with which letter? 8783..Who's first person to win Wimbledon singles on a tie breaker? 8784..In 1789 Britain legally adopted what officially? 8785..What Frenchman was the king of chefs and chef of Kings? 8786..What has the chemical formula H2O2? 8787..Medieval wine measurement there are two buts to a what? 8788..Which materials name comes from the French for rag? 8789..What is the state fruit of Louisiana? 8790..In Italy their I Puffi, In Hungary Torpok, Samafu in Japan - what? 8791..What musical instrument has gourd, shoulder, nut and leaves? 8792..Mountain ranges like Sierra Nevada what does Nevada mean? 8793..How often does a quotidian thing occur? 8794..1838 Los Angeles man needed a licence to do what to a woman? 8795..In Burma illegal possession of what item can mean prison? 8796..At a Quaker wedding it is forbidden to do what? 8797..Which variety of apple is on the Beatles apple label? 8798..Which Shakespeare play was originally entitled What You Will? 8799..Name was the first city to mint its own gold coins in 1252? 8800..In the US 20,000 what are made for children each year? 8801..What was added to Band Aids in 1940? 8802..Little Larry Puny Pete Small Sam considered names of who? 8803..What did Barbie first get in 1962? 8804..Which member of lily family is named from Greek for sprout? 8805..Whose alphabet was called the Futhark? 8806..Azote is the old name for what element? 8807..British sailors got lime juice US cranberry what Danish get? 8808..If you ain't done it by age 40 chances are you never will - what? 8809..During menstruation the sensitivity of woman's what is reduced? 8810..What product was originally called drybak? 8811..A pogonip is what type of weather condition? 8812..Why is rice grown in flooded paddy's? 8813..What is the most easy thing to recycle? 8814..What is roasted in South Africa and eaten like popcorn? 8815..Which cartoon character lives in Sweetwater? 8816..The Ideal toy company was the first to mass produce what item? 8817..Which European city spends the most on the arts each year? 8818..If you had Tritonopia what would you not see? 8819..Whose advert slogan was You press the button we do the rest? 8820..Thunder music is the literal translation of which musical term? 8821..US actor William Gillette invented which characters phrase? 8822..What is the sacred animal of Thailand? 8823..Collective nouns - a streak of which creatures? 8824..In 1926 Japan deleted 800000 feet from US films showing what? 8825..What could Victorian advertisements not show? 8826..Jumping Badger was the original name of which Indian leader? 8827..1878 Wanamaker's of Philadelphia first US store to install what? 8828..Mansard, Gambrel and Hip all types of what? 8829..Utah the states name comes from Navaho meaning what? 8830..What is the fastest racket sport - over 200 mph? 8831..Which key word was removed from the Olympic charter in 1971? 8832..What is taught at the Californian Academy of Tauromaquia? 8833..In their lifetime the average human grows 8 feet of what? 8834..What's unusual about phone directory in Iceland? 8835..We know who Darth Vader is but what's Vader mean in Dutch? 8836..A mouse's is bigger than an elephants - what? 8837..40000 Americans are injured each year where? 8838..Lahnaphophobia is the fear of what? 8839..One third of Taiwanese funeral processions include what? 8840..In Holland what would you do with bare buttocks in the grass? 8841..What's name translates from Chinese as white vegetable? 8842..In Korea which animal is the symbol of long life? 8843..What on average is two inches wide but 2 miles long? 8844..What do dieters say is the most difficult food to give up? 8845..What was the punishment in Ancient Rome for water pollution? 8846,,In the US women own 35% of what? 8847..In the 1950s which film star was paid $5000 a week? 8848..In 1996 what was the most common use for a computer 46%? 8849..What does the energiser bunny wear on his feet? 8850..Epistemology is the study of what? 8851..In 1999 20% of all US tourists came from which country? 8852..Which US TV show was the top rated in the 1988 89 season? 8853..In Shakespeare what is Richard III title before he becomes king? 8854..Hermes, Symphony and Anik are all what? 8855..Wine brandy sherry almonds raisins orange glogg what country? 8856..Red Connors played by Edgar Buchanan which cowboys partner? 8857..Ignoring obvious what links Minotaur Harpy Centaur and Sphinx? 8858..What comes in varieties freestone and clingstone? 8859..What links Pythagoras, Hitler, GB Shaw and Henry Thoreau? 8860..The Westminster is the oldest and biggest what in the USA? 8861..Men play it at 40 feet women 30 feet what game? 8862..Which city has the most homeless cats per square mile? 8863..Abbot - Costello routine who's on first name the pitcher? 8864..What links Wade - Spode - Misen - Delft? 8865..What creature is the symbol of medicine? 8866..A male racehorse can do it in 14 seconds - what? 8867..What body part gets bigger as the day progresses? 8868..In 1995 the average US public school had 75 what? 8869..60% of women say they have eleven a day - 11 what? 8870..Limnology is the study of what? 8871..Illustrator Sydney Paget created the trademarks of who? 8872..The dybbuk is a creature in which peoples mythology? 8873..Wyatt Earp, Frank James, Abraham Lincoln what actor links? 8874..Something that is fistular is what shape? 8875..What brought Frosty the Snowman to life? 8876..The most common hat in the world is made out of what? 8877..In a church who would use the chancel? 8878..Which male name means God will judge? 8879..What is the oldest country in Europe? 8880..Who would wear motley? 8881..In the film industry what is a flipper (used by child actors)? 8882..Common non domestic animal is not mentioned in the Bible? 8883..Which countries name translates as land of the free? 8884..The sliothar is a leather covered cork ball used in which sport? 8885..If something is coked en brochette how is it done? 8886...What physical feature gives the platypus it's name? 8887..Who would use a plessor? 8888..In Shakespeare who is Romeos love - before Juliet? 8889..Which country did the French know as Terra Napoleon? 8890..In Greek mythology what type of creature was Chiron? 8891..In British nobility which title is the highest? 8892..Waving a yellow flag is the international signal for what? 8893..Who would wear a diadem? 8894..In an orchestra which instrument has the greatest number? 8895..Shoot the moon is a term used in which card game? 8896..Zapateodo is a rhythmic device used in what music style? 8897..What is always served early in a formal Japanese meal? 8898..What is the correct name for a two handed timber saw? 8899..Which animals make a sound called nuzzing? 8900..What was the working title of the TV series Dallas? 8901..In your body where is the macula? 8902..With what would you rock the baby or walk the dog? 8903..Who was known as The man in Black? 8904..In d*k Dastardly's Vulture squadron name the mechanic? 8905..In 1956 Irme Nagy lead a revolt in which country? 8906..What river flows from Mount Hermon into the Dead Sea? 8907..The liqueur cr.me de cassis is made from what? 8908..What agency began as a group of mercenary guards? 8909..In Bewitched name Samantha's identical cousin? 8910..The Stasi were an intelligence organisation in what country? 8911..Who got a gold single for the song Daniel in 1973? 8912..The Flavian Amphitheatre is better known as what? 8913..Miso a basic ingredient in Japanese cooking is made of what? 8914..The musical word scherzo comes from Italian meaning what? 8915..A villanelle is a type of what? 8916..Which cities name comes from Algonquin meaning traders? 8917..Five out of six of the Village people have got what? 8918..What's the correct name for a young un-bred male fur seal? 8919..Strine is the vernacular language spoken in which country? 8920..Cardinal and Ordinal are types of what? 8921..What's the name of Disney's Little Mermaid? 8922..Where does the abbreviation for pound lb come from? 8923..What was Disney's Donald Duck originally called? 8924..What was the longest running primetime TV drama 20 seasons? 8925..What is generally thought to be the oldest breed of dog? 8926..In which European city is Charles university? 8927..Which girls name comes from German meaning battle? 8928..1200 in Roman numerals gives what sporting body? 8929..Red white blue yellow green what's missing from Rubik's cube? 8930..Where would you find a canton, halyard and field? 8931..This sport is called camogie women play what's it when men do? 8932..A Treskilling Yellow sold for over $2 million in 1996 what is it? 8933..Name of which household object comes from Latin to wonder at? 8934..Which vegetable is also a flower? 8935..What does a necrographer do? 8936..Name bald head character that peers over walls saying wot no? 8937..Those born on April Fools day are what star sign? 8938..In British army what ranks between Major General and Colonel? 8939..In beer measurement 72 pints make a what? 8940..In the Chinese horoscope what animal comes last alphabetically? 8941..What is a leprechaun's usual job? 8942..What did Robert Ballard discover in 1985? 8943..If you are using Prime Tierce and Octave what are you doing? 8944..What is measured in units called phon? 8945..In June 1906 where was the worlds first grand prix held? 8946..If silver is stamped with a leopard in which city was it assayed? 8947..1899 what first was installed Palace Royal hotel San Francisco? 8948..In which city is the Kentucky Derby run? 8949..What is the only silent film to win best picture Oscar? 8950..In 1923 the BBC first broadcast what on the radio? 8951..Which of Santa's reindeer comes first alphabetically? 8952..November 28th 1948 what was the first TV western in the USA? 8953..Which dance means in Portuguese snapping of a whip? 8954..In 1965 who became country music's first millionairess? 8955..Which country began the tradition of exchanging Xmas gifts? 8956..What is the English name for the constellation Mensa? 8957..Who ordered the building of the Tower of London? 8958..In the Simpsons name Ned Flanders wife? 8959..What was the first food consumed on the moon in Apollo 11? 8960..France and which country contested first ever world cup match? 8961..In the song My Darling Clemantine how did Clemantine die? 8962..Terrence Nezman became more famous as who? 8963..What was introduced to the UK 1799 as a temporary measure? 8964..What was the full name of Dr Henry Jekyll's alter ego? 8965..In Curse of the Pink Panther who plays Clouseau after surgery? 8966..In Wacky Races who drove the Turbo Terrific? 8967..Beelzebub is Hebrew for which phrase - also a novels title? 8968..Fado is a musical style popular in which country? 8969..1961 who was first actress to win Oscar for a non English film? 8970..Which European city's name means home of the monks? 8971..Which pop group had the most US No 1 singles in the 70s? 8972..WG Grace captained England at cricket and what else? 8973..How did Scotland's Robert the Bruce die? 8974..Caneletto is famous for landscapes of Venice and where? 8975..Name the first Bond film not based on an Ian Fleming book? 8976..In which sport would you compete for the Nino Bibia cup? 8977..What is the most common name for US cities 66 of them? 8978..In what game would you use a baguette? 8979..In astronomy what are Pallas Vesta and Davida? 8980..In Friends where does Joey keep his favourite book? 8981..One of the band steps is nicknamed H what's it stand for? 8982..Which silent films stars contract forbade him smiling on screen? 8983..Who drove a Rolls Royce with a number plate FAB 1? 8984..Rapa Nui is better known as what? 8985..An Antarctic island was named after which cartoon character? 8986..Which western entertainments name literally means go round? 8987..In which city is the worlds busiest MacDonald's? 8988..Who was the first golfer to get hole in one on British TV? 8989..Baron Silas Greenback was the enemy of which character? 8990..Which Shakespeare character had a daughter called Jessica? 8991..In which sport do you need to score five to win? 8992..In the original Star Trek who has unrequited love for Mr Spock? 8993..The pop group Satan's Jesters found fame under what name? 8994..Scientists took the word quark from which authors work? 8995..A female fox is a vixen what is the male fox called? 8996..What is myrmecology the study of? 8997..The chako war 1932 1935 was between which two countries? 8998..In the original Star Trek series name Spock's mother? 8999..What is the English name for the constellation Hydra? 9000..Brian Warner is better known as who? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:44 pm 9001..In the Chinese horoscope what animal comes first alphabetically? 9002..What are you doing if you use the egg position? 9003..1579 the Netherlands achieved independence from what country? 9004..Which TV detective kept his gun in a biscuit jar? 9005..In Monty Pythons Flying Circus Dinsdale was a giant what? 9006..In 1931 what was the first live televised sporting event in the UK? 9007..In dry measure 16 pints make up a what? 9008..In TV series The Prisoner what's the name of the giant balloon? 9009..Mrs Hugh McCorquodale was famous as what literary figure? 9010..In the Rocky films what was the name of Rocky's wife? 9011..In which country is the worlds longest road tunnel? 9012..Who was the first UK royal interviewed on television? 9013..In Ren and Stimpy what sort of dog is Ren? 9014..Thurle Sandstorm first world champion in 1923 at what sport? 9015..What was the name of James Bonds housekeeper? 9016..Released in 1908 what was the first ever horror film? 9017..The word opera is a plural of opus meaning what? 9018..Fatima is a Christian shrine pilgrimage place in which country? 9020..In which country would you find Lake Disappointment? 9021..What is measured in grains - four grains to a carat? 9022..In Algeria what is rai? 9023..Swansons introduced them in 1953 - what? 9024..Which city was superman born in? 9025..Which actress was the Connecticut state golf champ at age 16? 9026..Manticore was a mythical beast head of a man body of what? 9027..Charles Bronson got acting job because he did what on demand? 9028..What herb gets its name from Latin for jewel of the sea? 9029..Which job was so dangerous staff adverts wanted orphans only? 9030..Which painter spent last 4 years of his life on the run for murder? 9031..Where would you find bow, bay and traytime parts of what? 9032..What nationality was Cleopatra? 9033..Sergey Bubka broke world record over 30 times in which event? 9034..In which London street is the US embassy? 9035..Who is the alter ego of Henry the mild mannered janitor? 9036..Which German city was the setting of Auf Wierdersehn Pet? 9037..Ailsa Craig, Bedford Champion and Rijnsburger varieties of what? 9038..What interested a nomologist? 9039..Which car company was founded by Sir William Lyons in 1922? 9040..Post boxes in the UK are red what colour are they in France? 9041..What would an Irishman do with his shone? 9042..In mythology who are sometimes called the dioscuri? 9043..Which group had hits with Fernando and Angelo? 9044..Vaduz is the capitol of where? 9045..The Simpsons are the longest running cartoon who is second? 9046..1777 George Macintosh created a red dye cudbear what is it? 9047..In which form of Japanese theatre are all roles played by men? 9048..Which spirit was once known as kill devil? 9049..18% of Americans mention who in their will? 9050..In Greek mythology Cronos and Rhea were the parents of who? 9051..Richard Adams wrote the novel Shardik what was Shardik? 9052..What was the last European nation to accept the potato? 9053..Which comic strip hero shares his name with a town in Turkey? 9054..In Bewitched name the witch doctor who treats Samantha? 9055..The Archie Moore cup is competed for in which sport? 9056..In Gone With the Wind name Ashley Wilkes plantation? 9057..In Ancient Rome what creature was the symbol of liberty? 9058..The Dove awards are presented annually for what? 9059..Cape Comorin is the most southerly point of where? 9060..Xmas UK children hang stockings what do Dutch children use? 9061..In a survey 32% of wives would change their husbands what? 9062..The French newspaper La Monde translates as what? 9063..Where is the dirtiest skin on your body? 9064..According to USA today what is the favourite luxury car? 9065..The Demologos was the first steam powered what? 9066..In which city is the distinctive building of the saddledome? 9067..A university has a campus what does it literally mean? 9068..What is the name of Snoopy's sister? 9069..Which country invented the clothing button in the 13th century? 9070..Richard Bachman is a pseudonym of which author? 9071..What was invented in the 1800s and sold as a diarrhoea cure? 9072..Who was once billed as The Atomic Powered Singer? 9073..Where would you find Puck Miranda and Ariel? 9074..Fangio the greatest ever F1 driver once had what job? 9075..Calamine is the ore what is the product? 9076..According to Samuel Johnson what is the drink for heroes? 9077..Which TV characters blood pressure was minus 3? 9078..What is the opposite of wet - if its not wet? 9079..In mythology which giant made of brass guarded Crete? 9080..In the Bible David played the Kinnor what is a Kinnor? 9081..In which film did Woody Allen direct Sylvester Stallone? 9082..The Amazon river dolphins are what colour? 9083..Elvis Presley said big what on a woman turned him off? 9084..Which French philosopher hid in alleys mooning passers by? 9085..What is thought to be the oldest English Cheese? 9086..Near Ayres Rock is a lake named after which composer? 9087..In 1937 the BBC first televised which sporting event? 9088..The lutra-lutra is which semi aquatic animal? 9089..What are Bullace, Kirke's Blue, and Opal varieties of? 9090..Harold H Hilton only Englishman to do what in golf in 1911? 9091..What is a gurdwara? 9092..The aardvark is the first animal in the dictionary what's second? 9093..Frodo Baggins was the first to enter Britain using what? 9094..The Roman festival of Hilaria is equal to what modern day? 9095..In Only Fools and Horses what is Rodney's middle name? 9096..What was voted toy of the 20th century? 9097..Before 1938 toothbrushes were made using hairs from what? 9098..What does the name Dracula mean in Romanian? 9099..Thanatology is the study of what? 9100..Who wrote the book Gremlins in 1943 - later filmed? 9101..Whose name translates as Emperor of all? 9102..What group had a 70s hit with Ride a White Swan? 9103..Dantes Inferno what crime was done by those in the lowest level? 9104..Who sang the theme to The Spy who Loved Me? 9105..Which place, now an airport, once staged the Grand National? 9106..45% of wives say husbands do it 5% husbands admit it - what? 9107..What European country has no rail lines? 9108..What bird is depicted on the Canadian $1 coin? 9109..Who wrote the children's book Bedknobs and Broomsticks? 9110..Which country was the first to issue parking tickets? 9111..Marfona, Romano and Pentland Javelin varieties of what? 9112..In a survey what is the most popular UK kids TV programme? 9113..Tequila Cointreau (triple sec) and lime make which cocktail? 9114..What would you buy in a Manitee length? 9115..Skopje is the capitol of where? 9116..In Finland who rides a goat named Ukko? 9117..Who directed the film of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451? 9118..Which mythological monster had nine heads? 9119..What does Dorethy have to steal from the wicked witch in oz? 9120..Where would you see rope, hoop, ball and ribbon used? 9121..Amnesiac and The Bends albums of which UK group? 9122..In 1752 Mr Blake and Callahan raced and began which sport? 9123..The Semites are a group descended from whom? 9124..What items name translates as distant voice? 9125..What is the capitol of the United Arab Emirates? 9126..In Japan a trainee geisha must leave what uncovered? 9127..Who wrote the novel The Betsy? 9128..The Parthenon is named after Athena Parthenon what's it mean? 9129..Nigel Neil created which famous UK Professor in the 50s? 9130..Where was Bonnie Prince Charlie born? 9131..In Gustav Holsts Planets suite which planet represents old age? 9132..In which Irish county can you kiss the Blaney stone? 9133..In the bible - Leviticus - what was lapidation? 9134..Who is the Patron Saint of sailors? 9135..Babba Louey was the sidekick of which cartoon character? 9136..If not Shakespeare what links Juliet Cleopatra Mark Antony? 9137..What flavouring is in frangelico liqueur? 9138..Which comic book hero rode a horse called storm? 9139..Which Irish writer appeared on the Irish £10 note? 9140..in a famous Disney film who are Flora Fauna and Merryweather? 9141..John de Lancie played which character in the Star Trek series? 9142..From which plant do we get linseed oil? 9143..The Hart memorial trophy is awarded in which professional sport? 9144..Stamps are the most collected thing in the USA what is second? 9145..Star which TV show really a programmer written 20 books on it? 9146..In a MORI pole what does MORI stand for? 9147..A mountain is the symbol of which film company? 9148..Artistic movement shared name with French for hobby horse? 9149..What does a phlebotomist do? 9150..Mendelssohn's symphony number 4 is nicknamed what? 9151..What is Snoopy's mothers name? 9152..Who first appeared in the Star Trek episode Space Seed? 9153..Its branches are Soto Renzai members ponder Koans what is it? 9154..Which sport awards the Maurice Podoloff trophy? 9155..What is the first word sung in Queens Bohemian Rhapsody? 9156..Credits on all Bond films finish with 4 words James Bond what? 9157..In 1950 the Minnesota valley canning company became what? 9158..What I did for Love came from which Broadway musical show? 9159..Which actor studied as a priest then an architect before acting? 9160..Calvin Broadus is better known under what name? 9161..Julius Sturgis in 1861 built the first US factory making what? 9162..What is unusual about the 1965 horror film Incubus? 9163..If a bird nidifies what has it just done? 9164..Introduced in 1964 name Barbie's sister? 9165..According to the cowboy encyclopaedia what is an orejano? 9166..In 1967, which airline became the first all-jet airline? 9167..Which characters are described as being three apples high? 9168..In the comic strip Garfield what is the teddy bear’s name? 9169..What liqueur means cupid in Italian and love in Latin? 9170..The film Midnight Express is set in which country? 9171..Dik Browne is the author of which cartoon strip? 9172..On a racing form what does the letter u indicate? 9173..John Downland was 16th century composer for which instrument? 9174..Domingo is Spanish for what? 9175..In the UK at least which products selling feature is a magic inch? 9176..In 1741 Robert Keeler first to commercially manufactured what? 9177..Wadi al Muli is better known as where? 9178..Name origins Baker obvious but what had a Palmer done? 9179..In 1900 caterer Harry Stevens introduce what words to language? 9180..Garnet is the birthstone of January - what does it symbolise? 9181..In which Dickens novel does the character Fezziwig appear? 9182..Who wrote the song Johnny be Good? 9183..In Hawaii what is the annual Kona festival? 9184..Mimi is the first name of which Warner Bros cartoon character? 9185..What was Marilyn Munroes original last name? 9186..Valentine Michael Smith is the central character in which book? 9187..Rocketbuster make the worlds largest authentic what? 9188..Name the first African American doll produced by Mattel? 9189..Urchin is an old English name for which British native mammal? 9190..Whose debut album was Definitely Maybe? 9191..Between 1956 and 1960 which song made top 40 seven times? 9192..Michael Bond created which children's character? 9193..Commandaria is a desert wine made for over 800 years - where? 9194..Someone with initials DD after their name has what qualification? 9195..In the 1944 film National Velvet name Elizabeth Taylor's horse? 9196..What singer was nicknamed by his fans The Lizard King `? 9197..What breed of dog advertises hush puppies? 9198..Which sports trophy was named after Fredrick ArthurStanley Cup? 9199..Syncope is the medical name for what condition? 9200..Which character was invented in a comic for Montgomery Ward? 9201..A Romana Café features what liqueur? 9202..On "Sesame Street," what is the name of Big Bird's teddy bear? 9203..Which character was born in Riverside Iowa? 9204..The dog breed borzoi gets it name from the Russian for what? 9205..In Star Trek who rules the Ferengi? 9206..We know what a bronco is but what does it mean in Spanish? 9207..John Hetherington in London introduced what in 1797? 9208..The French call it Gulf de Gascoine what's its English name? 9209..In MacDonald's what is served in a blue wrapper? 9210..In Happy Days what was Potsies full name? 9211..Which US vehicle company has a bulldog as its symbol? 9212..Cuffs and Buttons was a cocktail in the 19th century what it now? 9213..What is a cathedra? Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:46 pm 9501..Harold H Lipman received a patent in 1858 for what invention? 9502..The opening lines of which classic Russian novel are in French? 9503..From the Earth to the sun is one AU what does AU stand for? 9504..Captain Hans Langsdorff captained which German Battleship? 9505..If a doctor says you have ecchymosis what have you got? 9506..In TS Elliot's book of practical cats name the mystery cat? 9507..Copper gets its name from which Mediterranean country? 9508..In his will who left his wife his second best bed? 9509..Who is the Patron Saint of boy scouts? 9510..Who designed the difference engine finally built in 1991? 9511..What is the largest environmental organisation in the world? 9512..Enterprise Alabama they erected a monument to which insect? 9513..Odin owned Geri and Freki what were they? 9514..Which female name means worth of love? 9515..In Greek mythology Deianeira was the wife of who? 9516..Who composed the opera Ill Travatore? 9517..Troy McClure appears in which cartoon series? 9518..Illinois second largest city and a TV detective share what name? 9519..In Star Fleet Will Riker plays which musical instrument? 9520..Cornbread, Turkey and Sweet potatoes made up the first what? 9521..Which Clint Eastwood film has the most killings (65)? 9522..Russia has one but the US has at least six - what? 9523..ACII, Stockless, Mushroom and Plough types of what? 9524..February 1999 what was the fastest growing religion in the US? 9525..In Pac Man eating what was worth 5000 points? 9526..What common item has a coil, point, sheath and two shafts? 9527..In which country are the most flowers bought per capita? 9528..What is the moons astronomical name? 9529..Ignoring cats what large animals purr when they are happy? 9530..Carnegie Melon University only one offers a degree in what? 9531..Where in the US by law do you not have to pay taxes? 9532..Where are Gene Roddenberrys ashes? 9533..Advertising slogan - No one ever got fired for buying what? 9534..Where is the original Spa? 9535..What 3 inventions do Americans say they cant live without? 9536..Where in the world can you find Friday before Thursday? 9537..Where would you find a breast, fore, spring and after spring? 9538..What sport originally meant in French, look here? 9539..In Dukes of Hazard boys drove General Lee name Daisies jeep? 9540..Evidence of the first recorded brothel was found in which city? 9541..Which two letter word is the most sacred in Hinduism? 9542..What is the most chosen name for US schools sports teams? 9543..Who was the first choice to play Beverley Hills Cop? 9544..What occupation had the most fatal work injuries in US in 1994? 9545..What did sailors often have tattooed on backs to stop flogging? 9546..Where would you find lagan? 9547..How did King Arthur acquire the round table? 9548..What is the only Bible book referred to in a Shakespeare play? 9549..Harry Rosoll created which famous bear? 9550..What did J Edgar Hoover bar people from walking on? 9551..Car racing and what sport were banned in the USA during WW2? 9552..Al Alcorn wrote which famous computer program / game? 9553..In what country is Peter II of Yugoslavia buried? 9554..Asian moon rat is the only animal smells like a veg which one? 9555..In Winnie the Pooh what's the name over the door Pooh's house? 9556..Which old time TV cop had a middle name of Aloysius? 9557..In the comic Fantastic Four what was Things character name? 9558..Which countries name comes from the Arawak word for central? 9559..Norman Bean became famous as which author? 9560..Francis Galton first classified what? 9561..Brent blend is a widely traded commodity - what is it? 9562..At Roman feasts which birds tongues were delicacies? 9563..Tessenjutsu is a martial art based on the use of what item? 9564..Which common item was banned by law in Bermuda until 1948? 9565..Who sells more cars than Ford Chrysler Chevrolet and Buick? 9566..We know what a moussaka is but what does it literally mean? 9567..French in tennis love means zero but what did it originally mean? 9568..Name was Richard Kimble's favorite alias in the TV series? 9569..In Alabama its illegal to have more than 3 what in your house? 9570..Twos company threes a crowd what do four and five make? 9571..On a carving in Coventry Cathedral what did Lady Godiva ride? 9572..Bengal Dimension 6 Falcon 3 possible names what was chosen? 9573..What does a philatelist do? 9574..After which actor was Mickey Mouse named? 9575..Which mythological figure flew so close to the sun that the wax on his wings began to melt? 9576..Which racing circuit held the 2011 British Formula One Grand Prix? 9577..Nancy Shevell married which English singer/songwriter in October 2011 9578..In August 2011 NASA announced that photographic evidence had been captured of possible liquid water of which planet in our solar system? 9579..Which Scottish musician/songwriter died in January 2011? 9580..The Puyehue volcano erupted in which South American country in June 2011? 9581..Which member of the British royal family married on the 29th April 2011..What is William and Kates babies name? 9582..When did William and Kate Marry? 9583..The President of which African country resigned in February 2011 after widespread protests calling for his departure? 9584..Which film won the 2011 Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film? 9585..The restored tomb of which dramatist was unveiled in Paris in November 2011, after being ruined by lipstick smears left by thousands of kisses? 9586..Which British newspaper closed down in July 2011 after several allegations of phone-hacking by journalists? 9587..Which Italian fashion designer launched the first virtual online museum in December 2011? 9588..An ‘E coli’ outbreak, said to be caused by bean sprouts, killed over 30 people in which European country in June 2011? 9589..What is the title of the novel which won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for Fiction for Julian Barnes? 9590..In April 2011 Louis van Gaal was sacked as coach of which European football club? 9591..What was the name of the hurricane which hit the East Coast of America in August 2011? 9592..Which English singer/songwriter was found dead in her apartment on 23rd July 2011? 9593..Which film, based on a comic book series created by Peyo, was released in July 2011? 9594..The 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics took place in which country? 9595..On which date in 2011, according to the Gregorian calender, was the Islamic New year? 9596..Which national team won the 2011 Rugby Union World Cup? 9597..The Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival was held in which country in January 2011? 9598..In September 2011, which two countries signed a pact to end a 40 year border demarcation dispute? 9599..Which actress won the 2011 Best Actress Oscar for her role in the film ‘Black Swan’? 9600.. Which English football team won the 2011 FA Cup? 9601..What is the name of the Space Shuttle launched into orbit for the last time from the Kennedy Space Station in July 2011? 9602..Which British singer’s wife gave birth to their son Aiden on 16th February 2011? 9603..Which member of Take That replaced Simon Cowell as a judge on the British ‘X Factor’? 9604..On 11th March 2011 a 9.1 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of which country? 9605.. Which British model married Jamie Hince in July 2011? 9606..The day following Thanksgiving in the US, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season, is called ‘What’ Friday? 9607.. Have you already thought about your babies names? 9608 .. Have you ever been fishing? 9609..Have you ever had your national flag painted on your face? 9610.. Do you have any strange body things? 9611.. What was the last social faux pas you made? 9612.. What makes you nostalgic? 9613.. Whats the scariest thing you've ever done? 9614.. What fairy tale character would you most associate with? 9615.. How much do you tend to swear in public? 9616.. What are your strengths? 9617.. What are your weaknesses? 9618.. What brand are your trainers? 9619.. If you ruled your own country, who would you get to writer your national anthem? 9620..Who is the most intelligent person you know? 9621.. Whats the craziest thing you've ever done for someone? 9622.. If you had to describe yourself as a flavour, what would it be? 9623.. If you had to describe yourself as a car, what would it be? 9624.. If you had to describe yourself as an animal, what would it be? 9625.. Do you think laughing at someone elses misfortune is wrong? 9626.. If a loved one was to serenade you, what song would you most like them to sing? 9627.. Would you ever let your parents pick out a partner for you? 9628.. Have you ever tried spam? (the meat product) 9629.. Do you know html? 9630.. Have you ever flown first class? 9631.. What are better, violins or pianos? 9632.. Whats the fastest you've ever driven? (as driver or passenger) 9633.. What compulsions do you have? 9637.. If you could see any band, which would you like to see? 9638.. Who would you say are more attractive, English or Europeans? 9639.. What would you say is your favourite album of all time? 9640.. Do you dislike hairy people? 9641.. Are you much of an adventurer? 9642.. Do you like your own name? 9643.. Would you ever sign a Prenuptial agreement? 9644.. How long has your longest ever phone call been? 9645.. Could you ever have an affair with a married person? 9646.. Could you ever split up a couple for one reason or another? 9647.. Do you prefer sporty or academic members of the opposite sex? 9648..How much would it cost to buy your love? 9649.. If you met a Genie who offered you three wishes, what would you wish for? (more wishes does not count) 9650..Whats your current Mobile phone model and do you like it? 9651.. Whats your favourite physical thing you like about yourself? 9652.. Whats your least favourite physical thing you like about yourself? 9653.. Are you proud, comfortable or ashamed of your body? 9654.. Whats your favourite personality trait you like about yourself? 9655.. Whats your least favourite personality trait you like about yourself? 9656.. If you were stinking rich, would you only go to places other rich people went? 9657.. Would you rather have a mans top half and a womens bottom half or visa versa? 9658.. Rebound relationships, good or bad? 9659.. Have you ever owned a slinky? 9660.. Teenage parents, good bad or indifferent? 9661.. Whats the most expensive thing you've ever broken? 9662.. Pirate downloads, good or bad? 9663.. Democracy, good or bad? 9664.. Communism, good or bad? 9665.. Have you ever been electrocuted? 9666.. Have you ever been attacked with a creamy bakery product? 9667.. Have you ever shawn a sheep? 9668.. Have you ever accidentally set fire to yourself? 9669.. Have you ever eaten a whole tube of pringles by yourself? 9667.. Have you ever been hit on by someone of the same gender? 9668.. The war in Iraq, good or bad? 9669.. The war in Afganistan, good or bad? 9670.. Have you ever appeared on youtube? 9671.. Have you ever performed in front of a large audience? 9672.. Have you ever eaten anything prepared by a celebrity chef? 9673.. Have you ever been on radio? 9674.. Did your school make a teatowel that everyone submitted to? 9675.. What colour/style was your school tie? 9676.. Do you have to wear glasses? 9677.. Do you bite your nails? 9678.. Do you prefer male or female singers voices? 9679.. Would you rather be the worlds greatest football player or lover? 9680.. Do you get hayfever? 9681.. Do you have a list of things to do before your 'x' years old? 9682.. Have you ever carved a pumpkin? 9683.. What year did the Zurgs come to Gaia. 9684.. Would you say you are a good or bad influence to others? 9685.. Do you prefer giving or recieving gifts/help etc 9686.. What is the biggest gift you have donated on Gaia? 9687..What is the first item you quested? 9688.. Do you still own that item? 9689..Do you remember your first dream avi? 9689.. What is the best halloween event Gaia had? 9690.. If you were a member of the spice girls, what would your spice handle be? 9691.. If you were to become a famous singer, what would your debut album be called? 9692.. If you could join any music group which would you want to join? 9693.. What do your parents do? 9694..If you were a giant monster what city would you rampage? 9695.. Did you ever have a treehouse as a kid? 9696.. Is your dad an embarassing dancer? 9697.. Do you plan to vote in the next election? 9698.. If you could replace one bodypart with a super bionic replacement what bodypart and what features would the new bionic replacement have? 9699.. What if any unusual objects have you swallowed? 9700.. When you buy something new do you get a desire to use/play with it even when they dont have any physical application yet? 9701.. Did you understand the Matrix Trilogy? 9702.. Would you rather be the fella in a movie who gets the girl or the baddie with all the good lines? 9703.. Could you ever be someones bodygaurd? 9704.. Michelangelo's David... Masterpiece or filth? 9705.. Do you like other people buying you clothes? 9706.. Have you ever brought a present for someone that they hated/disliked? 9707.. What nicknames do you have/have had? 9708.. What was your first detention for? 9709.. Whats your strongest voluntary muscle? 9710.. Who was your first kiss? 9711.. What was your first job? 9712.. What was your first car? (or what would you like it to be?) 9713.. What was your first mobile phone? 9714.. What is your first proper memory? 9715.. Are your ears lobed or attached? 9716.. How often do you wash your ears? 9717.. Could you go out with someone who had a child from a previous relationship? 9718.. What was the best thing about your old school? 9719.. What was the worst thing about your old school? 9720.. If you could change your name to anything what would your new name be? 9721.. Do you watch too much tv? 9722.. Have you ever planted a tree? 9723.. Whats the heaviest thing you can lift? 9724.. Who would you want to be with on a desert island? 9725.. What's the worst show on television? 9726.. Who's your favourite god from ancient history? 9727.. What one device would you want to see added to a mobile phone? 9728.. Where do you see yourself in 1 months time? 9729.. Where do you see yourself in 1 years time? 9730.. Do you believe in revenge? 9731.. Do you believe in fairies? 9732.. Do you believe in a god? 9733.. If you could have any celebritys hair whos would it be? 9734.. Which Celebrity do you find the most annoying? 9735.. What potential talents do you think you might have if you worked at them? 9736.. Who was better, Flipper, Lassie or Skippy? 9737.. If you could be trained up in any profession of your choice by top professionals what profession would you choose? 9738.. If someone elses child was being an annoying little runt would you go tell them off or do something about it? 9739.. Whats your favorite animal beginning with the letter A? 9740.. Whats your favorite item of clothing beginning with the letter B? 9741.. Whats your favorite expletive beginning with the letter C? 9742.. Whats your favorite boys name beginning with the letter D? 9743.. Whats your favorite girls name beginning with the letter E? 9744.. Whats your favorite book beginning with the letter F? 9745.. Whats your favorite bodypart beginning with the letter G? 9746.. Whats your favorite musical instrument beginning with the letter H? 9747.. Whats your favorite song beginning with the letter I? 9748.. Whats your favorite actress beginning with the letter J? 9749.. Whats your favorite actor beginning with the letter K? 9750.. Whats your favorite film beginning with the letter L? 9751.. Whats your favorite tv show beginning with the letter M? 9752.. Whats your favorite game beginning with the letter N? 9753.. Whats your favorite non alcoholic drink beginning with the letter O? 9754.. Whats your favorite food beginning with the letter P? 9755.. Whats your favorite band beginning with the letter Q? 9756.. Whats your favorite author beginning with the letter R? 9757.. Whats your favorite sport beginning with the letter S? 9758.. Whats your favorite job beginning with the letter T? 9759.. Whats your favorite mythical creature beginning with the letter U? 9760.. Whats your favorite alcoholic drink beginning with the letter V? 9761.. Whats your favorite cartoon character beginning with the letter W? 9762.. Whats your favorite word beginning with the letter X? 9763.. Whats your favorite city beginning with the letter Y? 9764.. Whats your favorite country beginning with the letter Z? 9765.. Do you get seasick? 9766.. If you discovered a new species of dinosaur what would you call it? 9767..Do you own a paddling pool? 9768.. What do you consider is the most important piece of furniture in a house? 9769.. What words do you always struggle to spell correctly? 9770.. How many remote controls do you have in your house? 9771.. Have you ever been in a hot tub or sauna? 9772.. Have you ever had chicken pox? 9773.. Do you own a lava lamp? 9774.. Do you read a daily newspaper? 9775.. Do you watch the news on TV? 9776.. Have you ever had anything published? 9777.. How fast can you run? 9778.. Which is better, Mario or Sonic? 9779.. Whats your favorite biscuit to dunk? 9780.. Can you roll your R's? 9781..What social class do you consider yourself or your family background to be in? 9782.. Do you know any magic tricks? 9783.. Whats the largest amount of money you've ever won? 9784.. Whats the largest amount of money you've spent in one spree? 9785.. Whats the largest amount of money you've had to borrow off of a friend or family member 9786.. Have you ever been on a cable car? 9787.. Do you prefer Honey or Jam? 9788.. Do you prefer the French or Germans? 9789.. How fast can you get changed? 9789.. Have you ever got majorly lost trying to get somewhere? 9790.. How fast can you say the alphabet? 9791.. Do you say "Zee" or "Zed" to describe the letter Z? 9792.. What was the last thing to make you feel happy? 9793.. What was the last thing to make you feel angry? 9794.. You are walking to work. There is a dog drowning in the canal on the side of the street. Your boss told you if you are late one more time you're fired. Do you save the dog? 9795.. Are you the kind of friend you'd want to have as a friend yourself? 9796.. Do you have any questions or queries about things you're just to scared or embarassed to ask anyone about? 9797.. If you were a wrestler what would your stage name be? 9798.. and what would your special move be called? 9799.. Whats the most interesting thing you can see out of your nearest window? 9800.. Do you think Barbie is a negative role model for young girls? 9801.. Have you ever needed an eye test? 9802..If you could talk to one species of animal which would it be? 9803.. If you had friends round what DVD's would you have to watch? 9804.. Whats the greatest thing about being your nationality? 9805.. Whats the least greatest thing about being your nationality? 9806.. Which fictional character do you wish was real? 9807.. Whats your favourite farmyard animal? 9809.. If you could choose one celebrity to be the father/mother of your child who would it be? 9810.. What would you do if someone proposed to you tomorrow? 9811.. What are your 3 favourite internet sites? 9812.. Do you have any old friends wou wish you could meet up with again? 9813.. Whats your favourite Nursury Rhyme? 9814.. Do you prefer metric or imperial measurements? 9815.. Who's your favourite radio 1 DJ? 9816.. Whats the best way to your heart? 9817.. Do you know your own mobile phone number off by heart? 9818.. If you were a fashion designer, what style of clothing or accessories would you design? 9819.. Do you ever laugh at things you shouldn't? 9820.. Have you ever been in a submarine? 9821.. Have you ever been to see stand up comedy? 9822.. Have you ever needed stitches? 9823.. If you could invent brand new baby names what would they be? 9824.. What would you bring along to an idillic picnic? 9825.. Whats your favorite children's story? 9826.. What movie ending really frustrated you? And how would you change it? 9827.. What three things do you think of most each day? 9828.. What do you call your evening meal? Dinner Tea or Supper? 9829.. What do you call your after meal sweet? Pudding or Dessert? 9830.. If you had a warning label, what would yours say? 9831.. Have you ever got sweet revenge on anyone? 9832.. Can a hetrosexual male ever wear pink? 9833.. Is it criminal to wear socks with sandals? 9834.. If you were captain of a ship, what would you call it? 9835.. If you were to join an emergency service which would it be? 9836.. If you were to join one of the armed forced which would it be? 9837.. Whats the worst thing about being your gender? 9838.. Whats the best thing about being your gender? 9839.. If you swapped genders for a day how would you spend it? 9840..If you were exiled what country would you choose as your new home? 9841.. Have you ever made someone cry? 9842.. Have you ever starred in a school play? 9843.. Were you a member of any celebrity fanclub? 9844.. Have you ever been a member of any other club? 9845.. Whats your favourite party game? 9846.. Is it acceptable or unacceptable to smack a child as form of disapline? 9847.. If you were ruler of your own country what would you call it? 9848.. And what title would you give yourself? 9849.. If you invented a monster what would you call it? 9850.. And what features would it have? 9851.. Have you ever had a dream you chased only to be let down when you achieved it? 9852.. Is there anything about the opposite sex you just don't understand or comprehend? 9853.. When its your birthday do you always wear an age badge? 9854..Have you ever starred in an amateur or professional video? 9855.. If you were comfortbly rich would you work hard for more or rest on your laurels? 9856.. Have you ever been in a position of authority? 9857.. Have you ever been caught in a comprimising position? even despite a valid explanation? 9858.. Have you ever been wheelbarrow racing? 9859.. Do you ever forward or reply to chain mails? 9860.. Do you often have a tune in your head you can't name? 9861.. Has anyone ever approached you thinking you were someone else? 9862.. Have you ever been approached by someone who knew you but you couldn't remember them for the life of you? 9863.. Whats your favourite ocean? 9864.. Do you correct peoples mistakes? 9865.. Have you ever helped out an injured animal? 9866.. Do you throw bread for the ducks? 9867.. Do you think babies are little bundles of joy or smelly noisey things? 9868.. Do you give money to buskers? 9869.. Have you ever tossed your own pancake? 9869.. Are you any good at egg and spoon races? 9870.. Are you allergic to anything? 9871.. Do you go to car boot sales? 9872.. If you saw someone drop a £10 note, would you claim it for your own or try to return it to them? 9873.. Have you ever helped someone across the road? 9874.. Have you ever been horseriding? 9875.. Have you ever walked a tightrope? 9876.. Have you ever demolished a wall or building? 9877.. If you and a friend both wanted the same thing would you let the friend get it first? 9878.. Have you ever argued over who should pay for something? 9879.. Do you have any family heirlooms? 9880.. Whats been your worst date ever? 9881.. Have you ever slapped somoene in public? 9882.. Have you ever drawn on a sleeping or inebriated person? 9883.. Have you ever warn clothing with the labels/tags still attached? 9884.. Have you ever slipped on a banana skin? 9885.. Are you scared of the dark? 9886.. Do you have a lawyer? 9887.. Have you ever been wolf whistled in public? 9888.. Whats the worst chatup line you've heard? 9889.. Have you ever been water skiing? 9890.. Have you ever hopelessly failed a test? 9891.. Could you ever hand milk a cow? 9892.. Do you have popcorn with a movie? 9893.. Whats the futhest you've ever got a paper airplane to fly? 9894.. Have you ever built an igloo? 9895.. Can you play the harmonica? 9896..Have you ever made a ball of twine or rubberbands? 9897.. If given the option of having a flake in your ice cream do you always take it? 9898.. Could you ever be a living organ donor? 9899.. Which was your favourite science? Biology, Physics or Chemistry? 9900.. Could you ever go out with someone just cause they're rich? 9901.. Have you ever contemplated sueing someone? 9902.. Are you pretty devious? 9903.. Have you ever had a surprise party? (that was an actual surprise) 9904.. Are you any good at giving massages? 9905.. Do you shout out the answers at the TV whilst watching quiz shows? 9906.. Are you a valuable asset on a Pub Quiz team? 9907.. Have you ever won any kind of quiz yourself? 9908.. Do you get over-involved with TV or movie plots at times? 9909.. Do you own any inflatable furniture? 9910.. Whats the highest hill or mountain you've ever climbed? 9911.. Do you have a piggy bank? 9912.. If you could have any feature from an animal what would you want? 9913.. Whats your prefered swimming stroke? 9914.. Have you ever been scuba diving? 9915.. Have you ever had a disasterous interview? 9916.. What makes you nervous? 9917.. Which of the 5 senses would you say is your strongest? 9918.. What colour are your eyes? 9919.. Do you have a favourite mug? 9920.. Do you know any self defence or martial arts? 9921.. Who's your favourite movie action hero? 9922.. Have you ever ridden a motorcycle? 9923.. Do you collect anything? 9924.. Is there anything you wished would come back into fashion? 9925.. Do you stick to conventional fashions or like to try and be original? 9926.. Have you ever given someone a handmade present? 9927.. Have you ever played the bongos? 9928.. Have you ever handled a snake? 9929.. Have you ever assembled furniture by yourself? 9930.. When did you last go to the beach? 9931.. When if ever did you last go to london? 9932.. What do you do to cool down when its hot? 9933.. Where do you like to go to on a first date? 9934.. Do you prefer vertical or horizontal stripes? 9935.. Have you ever baked your own bread? 9936.. Can you believe I can't believe its not butter is in fact not actually butter? 9937.. Can you name all 50 American states? 9938.. Have you ever owned a goldfish? 9939.. Have you ever sworn at an authority figure? 9940.. Have you ever walked into a wall? 9941.. Whats your favourite precious metal? 9942.. Whats your favourite precious stone? 9943.. Could you ever hunt your own meal? 9944.. Do you lick the yoghurt or desert lid? 9945.. Do you lick the spoon clean after making something sweet? 9946.. Do you like the sound of music? (the musical/film) 9947.. Have you ever made your own orangejuice? 9948.. Have you ever sucked on a lemon? 9949.. Have you ever licked a battery? 9950.. Are you a good aim with a rubber band? 9951.. Have you ever played golf? 9952.. Whats the most unusual name you've ever come across? 9953.. Do you prefer to wash in the mornings or evenings? 9954.. Have you ever danced in the rain? 9955.. Have you got green fingers? 9956.. Whats the tallest tree you've ever climbed? 9957.. Have you ever dialed the talking clock? 9958.. Do you always wear identical socks? 9959.. When you're ill do you struggle on regardless or just curl up in bed as much as possible? 9960.. Do you need to write down things to remember them? 9961.. Do you keep a diary/journal? 9962.. Are you scared of thunderstorms? 9963.. Have you ever ridden a tractor? 9964.. Do you have any swimming badges? 9965.. Do you prefer digital or rotary/analogue clocks? 9966.. How tall is the tallest person you know? 9967.. Have you ever got lost in a maze? 9968.. Have you ever been attacked by a wild animal? 9969.. Have you ever ridden a camel? 9970.. Whats your opinion on rats? 9971.. Have you ever been to a gym? 9972.. Have you ever been in a helicopter? 9973.. Could you ever be a medical guineapig? 9974.. Whats your favourite radio station? 9975.. Whats your favourite letter of the Alphabet? 9976.. Which is better? rollerblade or rollerskates? 9977.. Have you ever written a love letter? 9978.. How many valentines cards did you recieve this/last year? 9979.. What are cooler? Dinosaurs or Dragons? 9980.. Have you ever made your own ice lollies? 9981.. Have you ever made your own Ice cream? 9982.. Which forgeign language did you have to learn at school? 9983.. and do you still remember enough to hold a conversation in that language? 9984.. Do you suck or bite lollipops? 9985.. Have you ever used the yellow pages? 9986.. If you have an mp3 player what size is it? 9987.. Do you still have any music on vinyl or casettes? 9989.. Do you still have a camera that uses conventional film? 9990.. Approximately how many DVD's do you have? 9991.. Approximately how many Albums do you have? 9992.. Do you talk to yourself? 9993.. Do you sing to yourself? 9994.. Do you know any identical twins? 9995.. Are you glad you are almost finished? 9996.. What if I told you there was 10k more questions left to answer? 9997..Are you excited this is almost over or feeling that will not know what to do now? 9998.. How many friends did you make doing this quiz? 9999..How much gold do you think you earned doing this quiz? 10000 ...Did you know it was now time to go see Orphie for your prize? Please label your pm and inside it, write what page you started on and what page you finished on. Thank you and congratulations. Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:48 pm Reserved just in case.	i don't know
Which James Bond film featured the main female villain called Irma Bunt?	Top Ten James Bond Villains Top Ten James Bond Villains November 15, 2015 Published in Movie Buffs Our month-long focus on James Bond continues with a look at the ten best Bond screen villains. Check it out! A good Bond villain does not always make for a great Bond film, but it doesn’t hurt. It’s common knowledge that a film with good conflict will be more engaging to watch, and the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist is the driving factor of the James Bond franchise. Therefore, along with one of the most well-known and legendary protagonists of all time, the franchise is also home to some of the most well-known and legendary antagonists as well. This is a list that honors the best antagonists in the Bond franchise. They’re the ones that are the most creative, memorable, or relentless, all characteristics which help make their respected films that much better. They’re the ones that left the biggest impact on audiences and the franchise as a whole. *SPOILER ALERT* - WARNING: PLOT DETAILS AND TWISTS ARE DISCUSSED BELOW. For this list, we’re looking at the main villains only. Henchmen play a big part in many Bond films, but they are ultimately at the command and whim of the main baddies. 10. Elektra King Film(s): The World is Not Enough Origin: Assassinated her father to take over his oil business Defining Feature: Missing earlobe. Evil Plan(s): Collaborates with terrorists to blow up the competition’s facilities in order to create an oil monopoly. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Sends a dummy bomb through her father’s pipeline to lure Bond away from M and kill him. Method of Defeat: Bullet to the heart - Thanks to the dying heroics of Valentine Zukovsky, Bond busts out of Elektra’s torture chair and shoots and kills her. Most Famous Henchman: Renard - KGB-turned-terrorist with bullet lodged in his brain, making him unable to feel pain. Not only is Elektra a woman (one of only TWO main villains in the entire franchise), but she’s also a Bond girl. Those two things make her character unique, interesting, and exciting. Being a Bond girl is an interesting twist because not only is it somewhat unexpected, but it adds dimension to a typically one-sided role. As a woman, she also plays off of the stereotypes associated with traditional roles for women in the franchise. The film starts with her being the typical damsel in distress, Bond has to look after her. Later though, it twists around and Bond and MI6 becomes the victim. It shows that women can have much more of an important role than the writers had previously been giving them. Elektra may not be as memorable or legendary as some of the other villains on this list, but her character is just as effective, if not more so, and she really elevates her film. 9. Emilio Largo Films(s): Thunderball Origin: Benefactor of a multi-million dollar family fortune and a successful black market profiteer, he is a member of SPECTRE, known as “No. 2”. Defining Feature: Eye patch. Evil Plan(s): Steal nuclear warheads and then force governments to pay him money in order to have them safely returned. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Traps him in his shark-infested pool. Method of Defeat: Harpoon through the abdomen - Shot by his mistress in the back while he was in a fight with Bond. Most Famous Henchman: Fiona Volpe - Fast-driving SPECTRE operative and assassin who helps to organize Largo’s plan and prevent it from being foiled. When we think of James Bond villains, we think of well-dressed rich guys with elaborate plans of world-domination. Largo fits this description well, with the addition of an eye-patch for extra intimidation. While many Bond villains would follow the formula used for Largo, including a few on this list, he was the first one. He also introduced an important technique used in almost every other Bond film - the complicated attempt at Bond’s death. Instead of just shooting Bond, Largo traps him in a shark tank. Bond escapes, of course, but the idea of putting your hero in a complex life-or-death situation is actually good for the movie. It makes it exciting and it is easy to create a feeling of fear in the audience. Seeing Bond sort out the situation makes him that much more impressive of a hero and adds to his plight against the villain. Largo taught us how a Bond villain could be successful, so it’s no surprise that later films often repeated the formula. 8. La Chiffre Origin: Unknown Defining Feature: Cries blood. Evil Plan(s): Manipulate the share value of an airline to make money for a terrorist organization. This plan fails, so he resorts to setting up a high stakes poker tournament to recover his losses. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Poisons his martini. Method of Defeat: Bullet to the head - Killed by Mr. White, an accomplice, because of his inability to recoup the lost money. Most Famous Henchman: Valenka - Girlfriend/Henchman Le Chiffre is the original James Bond villain from the works of Ian Fleming. Desperate, corrupt, and twisted, there’s nothing that Le Chiffre isn’t willing to do to get what he wants. In the film, he combines a technical proficiency with a physically disturbing presence. Crying blood doesn’t diminish his physical abilities, but it immediately casts him with a creepy vibe. Later, during the torture scene, the first in the franchise where we genuinely feel pain for Bond, we see that aggressive creepiness really take over. More importantly, La Chiffre is a human who makes mistakes. He is one of the few villains who doesn’t outright fail because of his mistake, but tries to make up for it. It is this desperation to win back his money for the sake of his own life that makes La Chiffre effective, and believable as a villain. This, in turn, sets up a great confrontation with Bond, who also feels more human that we are used to. Le Chiffre makes this list because he makes his film great, and is a character steeped in tradition. 7. Dr. Julius No Films(s): Dr. No Origin: A rich nuclear physicist who offered his services to the US and USSR but was rejected. As revenge he joined SPECTRE. Defining Feature: Robotic hands. Evil Plan(s): Develop a device that disrupts rocket launches by interfering with their guidance computers. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Unleashes a poisoned spider into his bedroom at night when he is sleeping. Method of Defeat: Boiled alive - Along with Bond, gets caught in a cage that is being lowered into the water surrounding his nuclear reactor. Due to his artificial hands he can’t climb out to escape. Most Famous Henchmen: The Three Blind Mice - A trio of assassins who pretend to be blind. Dr. No created the mold by which a majority of future Bond villains would be cast, including all of the ones ranked higher on this list. Immediately, he establishes the idea of a Bond villain being classy and sophisticated, echoing Bond himself. Dr. No is also very talented in his particular field of knowledge. Being good at something would turn out to be a very important trait for many future Bond villains. It establishes that they know what they are doing, which lends credence to their various schemes and actions. Dr. No also happens to have motivation for his actions. He feels like he has been betrayed, which explains his turn to the dark side. Finally, his robotic hands make him feel threatening and weak at the same time. Threatening because we don’t know what he is capable of, but weak because he is lacking something. This weakness, either physical, as in this case, or emotional, like in many other cases, is something that Bond can exploit to his advantage. That’s part of what makes the Bond movies fun to watch, seeing our hero figure out how to win. Dr. No is the character which establishes all of these things, and is so successful in doing this that the franchise has persisted for 23 (and counting) more adventures. 6. Silva Origin: Former M16 operative turned rogue into a cyber-terrorist. Defining Feature: Facial implants. Evil Plan(s): Release the identities of undercover agents as a revenge plot against MI6 and M. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Forces him to shoot a bottle of whiskey off of Severine’s head, or else he will be killed. Method of Defeat: Knife in the back - An ironic technique chosen by Bond to prevent Silva from forcing M to kill them both. Most Famous Henchman: None stand out. Skyfall finally gave us a Bond villain that was menacing on more than one level. For one, like many of the villains on this list, he is out for revenge. More often than not, the Bond films celebrate the exploits of MI6 as necessary for global security. Silva’s claimed betrayal and resulting vendetta against M is proof that things don’t always go as smoothly as we’d like. It’s this glimpse into reality that is the foundation of Silva’s character, and this is what makes him so effective. On top of this, Silva has additional layers of darkness. Most obvious is his facial wounds, a physical reminder of the pain he has endured. Second, his skills with technology and his planning of terrorist attacks makes him a viable threat in our modern world. Finally, his sexual advances towards Bond is something we’ve certainly never seen in a Bond villain before, and this makes him that much more unique. 5. Alex Trevelyan Origin: Formerly 006, fakes his death in order to form a crime syndicate in Russia. Defining Feature: Burn scar on side of his face. Evil Plan(s): Use the Goldeneye satellite to create an EMP pulse in London to cover up a robbery of the Bank of England while plunging the country into financial turmoil. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Ties him up and traps him in a helicopter that is programmed to self-destruct. Method of Defeat: Falls off of and then gets crushed by giant satellite dish - Bond kicks him off the dish while he is trying to jam it. Most Famous Henchman: Xania Onatopp - Bond girl/villain who obtains sexual satisfaction from killing. How brilliant is the villain in Goldeneye? After decades of spoiled and crazy millionaires and pie-in-the-sky drug dealers, the franchise finally gave us something different. Trevelyan is not only a former MI6 agent, but a friend of James Bond. Having the character fake his own death in order to carry out his plan (which, admittedly, gets a little crazy) is not only unique among Bond villains, but creates an interesting and chilling foundation upon which the film builds. It also creates a drive in James Bond that is more personal. This is someone who betrayed him and his country, and therefore, his motives are justified. Finally, like the next villain on this list, Trevelyan has a skill set to match Bond’s. That makes him very dangerous. 4. Francisco Scaramanga Films(s): The Man With the Golden Gun Origin: High-price assassin with a special gun that fires bullets marked with their intended victims’ names. Defining Features: Third nipple. Evil Plan(s): Kill the creator of a new alternative energy, and then sell that technology to the highest bidder. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Lures him into his deadly funhouse. Method of Defeat: Bullet to the heart - Inside the funhouse, Bond hides behind a mannequin and shoots and kills an unsuspecting Scaramanga. Most Famous Henchman: Nick Nack - Diminutive but sharply dressed assistant and accomplice to Scaramanga. Christopher Lee (who, oddly enough, was a cousin of Ian Fleming) was well renowned for his ability to play sinister villains, and his take on a James Bond antagonist remains one of his most fondly-remembered roles. The character of Scaramanga works because he is on the more realistic side of Bond villains, even though the film is rather silly. At his most basic, Scaramanga is a lethal and talented assassin. The fact that he charges $1 million per bullet for his work is not only intimidating, but unique and creative. Right from the beginning of the film, his character is set up to be a formidable adversary to Bond, and once he is confronted by Bond, he doesn’t disappoint. Lee’s performance gives Scaramanga a classy and deadly demeanor, and for once we have a villain that matches well with Bond’s skill level. That makes him more than just your typical villain. 3. Rosa Klebb Films(s): From Russia With Love Origin: Former head of operations with Soviet counterintelligence outfit “SMERSH” who defected to become part of SPECTRE. Known as “No.3”. Defining feature: Retractable poisoned knife in boot. Evil Plan(s): Steal a code machine from the Soviets in order to lure James Bond to Istanbul and kill him as revenge for the death of Dr. No. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Grant pretends to be a secret agent in order to get close to Bond on a train and kill him - but really the entire film is an elaborate scheme to kill Bond. Method of Defeat: Bullet to the chest - Shot by Tatiana Romanova as she attempted to stab Bond with her poisoned shoe knife. Most Famous Henchman: Red Grant - Ruthless and immovable SPECTRE assassin whose weapon of choice is a garrote. While Goldfinger and Blofeld may be more identifiable super-villains, Klebb has the distinction of being the most terrifying. Her film isn’t filled with grandeur allusions of world-domination or get-rich-quick schemes. Instead, it’s about espionage and revenge, which feels more realistic and therefore haunting. Klebb isn’t maniacal either. She’s intelligent and really good at her job. This makes her intimidating, to the point that even her own people are afraid of her. That’s what a good villain should be, someone who scares the hell out of everyone because of their competence, not just their confidence. Klebb leaves a lasting impact on the franchise as an adversary which has a more personal feel against Bond that it is never quite able to be created again until Skyfall. 2. Auric Goldfinger Defining Feature: His love of gold. Evil Plan(s): Contaminate the US Gold reserve, which would make his gold more valuable. Most Elaborate Scheme to Kill Bond: Straps him to a table, attempts to kill him with a slow-moving laser. Method of Defeat: Falls out of airplane - During a struggle on an airplane with Bond, Goldfinger fires his gun which breaks a window. He then gets sucked out of the window. Most Famous Henchman: Oddjob - Goldfinger’s intimidating and strong chauffeur and bodyguard, armed with a razor-tipped hat that he throws at his enemies. Goldfinger isn’t the most evil, most insane, or most charismatic Bond villain, but he is probably the most famous. Not only does he spout one of the most famous lines in the longest-running film franchises of all time, but his film is one that is fondly remembered. After all, his film is only one of two that is named after the villain. Having a villain obsessed with gold is genius, especially when you consider that his plot isn’t trying to cause death and destruction, but make himself richer. It’s a somewhat more identifiable scheme than many of the others on this list, although the way it is pulled off seems somewhat convoluted. Goldfinger the film is also somewhat unique in that the villain, the henchman, and the Bond girl are all fondly remembered. Nearly all of the other films have only one of these things going for it, if any. 1. Ernst Blofeld Films(s): From Russia With Love, Thunderball, You Only Live Twice, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, Diamonds are Forever, For Your Eyes Only, Spectre Origin: Master criminal and leader of SPECTRE, known as “No.1”. It is assumed that he undergoes plastic surgery on a regular basis to modify his appearance for his own safety. Defining Feature: Often sitting down, petting a white long-haired cat. Evil Plan(s): Besides being the man behind all of SPECTRE’s plans, he is directly involved in the following plans: You Only Live Twice - Hijack US and Soviet space capsules to start a war. On Her Majesty’s Secret Service - Demands that his past crimes be pardoned or else he will release a group of brainwashed women to distribute a harmful bacteria around the world which will contaminate food supplies. Diamonds Are Forever - Creates a laser satellite with diamonds which he uses to destroy nuclear weapon stockpiles, ushering in a new world order for the highest bidder. Spectre - Organize all of the world’s surveillance under his watch for supreme political power. Most Elaborate Scheme(s) to Kill Bond: Triggers an avalanche, sacrificing his own men, in order to try to get Bond. Method of Defeat: Constantly avoids dying, yet to be defeated, unless you believe that “wheelchair villain” at the beginning of For Your Eyes Only is meant to be Blofeld - if this is the case, then death by falling from a helicopter. Most Famous Henchman: Technically, all other SPECTRE villains, but for each film: You Only Live Twice = Hans - Blofeld’s silent muscle-bound body guard. On Her Majesty’s Secret Service = Irma Bunt - Assistant to Blofeld and overseer of his brainwashed Angels of Death. Diamonds are Forever = Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd - A duo of witty assassins who seem to enjoy their work. Spectre = Mr. Hinx - Muscle-bound, mostly silent, and ruthless SPECTRE henchman. While you could easily make a case for Goldfinger being the best Bond villain, Blofeld is simply the villain of all villains, so he deserves the number one spot. For one, he’s the leader of the evil organization of SPECTRE, and many of his subordinates are villains on this list. Second, he is the Bond villain featured in the most films, with either a prominent role or a supporting/background role in seven of 24 Bond films. He is the Darth Vader to James Bond’s Luke Skywalker, the Voldemort to his Harry Potter. He’s such an important character that the franchise has been involved in legal battles where the rights to his use caused them to have to make up new villains, which feel a lot like Blofeld but they aren’t named Blofeld. His success as the ultimate super-villain has made for countless rip-offs, parodies, and has fundamentally changed how action movies approach their antagonists. Want more James Bond? Check out these articles:	On Her Majesty's Secret Service
Which carnivorous marsupial, the size of a small dog, now found in the wild mainly in one Australian state, is now the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the Thylacine in 1936?	James Bond (Film) - TV Tropes James Bond You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Cue the guitar riff "The name's Bond. James Bond." From left to right and top to bottom: Sean Connery , George Lazenby , Roger Moore , Timothy Dalton , Pierce Brosnan , and Daniel Craig note Not pictured: Barry Nelson and David Niven Official EON Productions Films: Quantum of Solace (Daniel Craig, 2008) Skyfall (Daniel Craig, 2012) Bond 25 (TBD) Unofficial Films (not produced by EON): Climax!: Casino Royale (Barry Nelson, 1954) note The first screen adaptation of a Bond novel. An episode of a TV anthology series which recast Bond as an American, named "Jimmy". Never Say Never Again (Sean Connery, 1983) The series has spawned legions of imitators and in many ways defined all of modern Spy Fiction , with Bond himself having become the quintessential Action Hero . In fact, many tropes featured in action films to this day can be traced back to the franchise, from the Tuxedo to the Bond One-Liner to the Cool Car . The following tropes are best served shaken, not stirred: Action Prologue : The Trope Codifier , as the series has featured dozens of openings going all the way back to the 1960s where Bond fights through a giant action set piece before the main plot is even introduced. Action Girl : May Day, Pam Bouvier and Wai Lin principally. The others, despite not lacking of good moments, go more for the Faux Action Girl side, sadly. Adaptation Distillation : Quite a bit, as Ian Fleming was inordinately obsessed with Bond's food and drink. Bond himself is a cardboard cut-out compared to the complicated, sympathetic character in the books, at least until Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan came along. Daniel Craig seems to be finishing up the job nicely. Adaptational Heroism : Tracy Di Vicenzo and Ali Kerim Bey are both portrayed as being far less ambiguous in the films, due to both being fairly close allies of Bond. Also, Kara Milovy, whose equivalent was the antagonist of the original short story. Adapted Out : In many novels by Fleming, the villain is on the payroll of SMERSH, a Soviet anti-espionage organisation that seeks to undermine western powers at every opportunity. It wasn't until the ninth book that he introduced SPECTRE, a criminal organisation with no political ties (because he worried Soviet villains would become dated ). The films either make the villains independent entrepreneurs (see Goldfinger or Live and Let Die ), or outright change their SMERSH allegiance to SPECTRE instead ( From Russia with Love , Dr. No ). Agents Dating : Happens many, many, many times in the series, if you're willing to be sufficiently loose with the term "date." More details on some of the movies' pages and in the trope page. The Alleged Car : The initially Cool Cars Bond is given invariably turn into this by the time that Bond is done with them, to Q's great dismay. Aloof Dark-Haired Girl : The brunette Bond Girls are the ones who have a high tendency in become the Femme Fatale or/and the Defrosting Ice Queen towards Bond. And Starring : The actor playing M always has the "And [name] as M" billing. He or She is usually preceded by a "With" that varies in films. Anti-Hero : Bond was all over the scale since his beginnings. His probably most harmless (that is, most heroic impersonation) was probably during the Moore era, and that is saying a lot. Bond has never been above killing people while they were unarmed, down, at his mercy, or with their backs turned to him (Brosnan-era Bond often even did so with a playful smirk), and had more than once been playing dirty while doing so. The films also show Bond taking pleasure in killing his opponents when it was personal for him , as seen in From Russia with Love and For Your Eyes Only . Daniel Craig's Bond is probably the most stone-cold, although that seems to reflect the overall turn in direction of the films. In his first appearance ever, he casually admits to his target that his first kill was "difficult,"note Although Bond was probably referring to the target putting up a fight rather than any qualms about killing in cold blood to which the target replies "The second one will be..." (presumably "easier" ) before Bond shoots him, and responds with no emotion whatsoever other than perhaps bemusement, "Yes, considerably." While playing word-association with a psychiatrist in Skyfall, the psychiatrist says "murder" to which Bond replies "employment." To this Bond, killing is just a job , like filing reports. The Atoner : This is a thread throughout the Brosnan era. Trevelyan straight up asks Bond, "...if you find forgiveness in the arms of all those willing women for all the dead ones you failed to protect." Bond's attitude throughout Tomorrow Never Dies , The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day (specifically his desperate attempt to resuscitate Jinx ) indicates that this statement has left him pretty rattled. Averted in Licence to Kill . In GoldenEye , Xenia dies when the chopper she's rappelling from is shot down. The result yanks her safety harness into the crotch of a tree, which ought to have torn her in half. Instead, she writhes about and dies beautifully. Although, to be fair, the Daniel Craig films are VERY hard PG-13s. Cold-Blooded Torture is utilised more than once, and the lack of explicit blood doesn't stop them from being BRUTAL in their violence. Blue Blood : Bond's family is strongly hinted as coming from Scottish nobility. In On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Bond's history is explored, and it's noted that he has a family crest and motto, evidence of noble standing. Skyfall drives this point home, with the title itself referring to Bond's ancestral home. Bond Gun Barrel : Trope Maker , of course. Used to open all the movies prior to Daniel Craig's era (in the first, it precedes the credits; in the other two, it closes the movie instead). It finally returned to the opening for Spectre. Body-Count Competition : Bond probably has the highest on-screen body count of any film character ever, counting all 24 official movies. Unsurprisingly for an action hero/government assassin, he kills at least one person in every film, and more commonly a lot of people. He has canonically killed 362 people . Roger Moore has the highest body count of the Bonds, with 121 kills. Pierce Brosnan gets the close second with 103, which is quite remarkable because he appeared 3 fewer movies than Moore and it was noted that Brosnan's Bond tended to get his hands on automatic weapons a lot. Broad Strokes : Essentially the only times there was strict continuity was from 1962-1967, and again the Craig era, which was a reboot.note Disregarding 50th anniversary Mythology Gags like the Aston in Skyfall, that is. Since then, it's just been getting messier. New actors, explicitly different settings and "soft" reboots are only some of the continuity problems. All fans have their own theories or lack thereof. " The Name Is Bond, James Bond " "Vodka martini. Shaken, not stirred." Just before Q explains Bond's gadgets, he'll start with, "Now, pay attention, 007..." He usually finishes the explanation with am admonition to Bond to bring his equipment back "in pristine order" (which Bond never does). And of course there's the ever-popular "Grow up, 007." The end credits for all the films from Dr. No to Octopussy have concluded with the phrase "James Bond will return in..." followed by the title of the next film. This tradition stopped with A View to a Kill , in which the end credits simply say "James Bond will return." Due to the limbo-like nature of the franchise since the 80s, all subsequent films have ended with "James Bond will return." Chekhov's Armoury : The sections with Q, where the film's gadgets, weapons, and/or car are revealed and have their uses explained . Some may qualify as Chekhov's Boomerang if he uses it more than once. Chickification : Strong, independent female characters from the books often appear as bimbos in the first four films (with the exception of Pussy Galore). For example, Bond's Jamaican ally Quarrel is much more of a subordinate in Dr. No , mirroring Honey Ryder's dependence on Bond for protection, and being transformed into her simply walking out of the sea, then shortly afterwards, needing sex. Chronically Crashed Car : Bond destroys nearly every Cool Car Q provides him. Chuck Cunningham Syndrome : For every movie you see, you can bet that you will never see the Bond girl again. From that point on they will almost never even be mentioned. The few aversions are: The first-ever movie Bond Girl Sylvia Trench. After Dr. No , she's there again early in From Russia with Love . After that, though, she's never heard from again. Tracy Di Vicenzo gets a Call Back from time to time, being Bond's legal wife and apparent greatest love in the original continuiry. Vesper Lynd, featured in Casino Royale (2006) , remains plot-relevant in Quantum of Solace . Maud Adams, the actress who plays the secondary Bond Girl in The Man with the Golden Gun , went on to play the primary Bond Girl in Octopussy , but they are distinctly different characters, and no reference to the actress' first appearance is made in the second. "Eve" (Naomie Harris) plays the role of "Bond Girl" for the majority of Skyfall, and only at the end is it revealed that she is Moneypenny. Non-Bond Girl examples: Jack Wade is seen in the first two Brosnan films and isn't mentioned afterwards. He was most likely a replacement for: Felix Leiter, who is last seen (not counting his reboot appearances in the recent films) in Licence to Kill . Though it can be assumed he was forced into retirement after being dismembered by a shark. His newlywed wife wasn't so lucky. The books averted this. Each previous adventure was referenced in the next book and previous Bond girls were also referenced as well. Chummy Commies : In one of the series' ultimate ironies, Bond, one of the prototypical Cold War Warriors, teams up with the USSR in an Enemy Mine situation more often than working directly against them. In fact, For Your Eyes Only and the pre-titles of GoldenEye are the only times in the entire series where the USSR is outright antagonistic, and not a fellow Unwitting Pawn that 007 must make a hasty alliance with in order to save the world. Clothes Make the Legend : James will wear a tuxedo at some point in each movie. (The gun barrel doesn't count.) The only times where it is averted are in You Only Live Twice and in Live and Let Die , the latter where Roger Moore isn't seen in a tuxedo at all (except for the gun barrel sequence, that is) to fill on the gritty look the producers wanted on Moore's debut. Cool Car : Varies from film to film, but you can usually count on at least one per film. The Aston Martin DB5 is crtainly the most memorable. Introduced in Goldfinger and brought back for a cameo in Thunderball, the car was later featured in both the Brosnan and Craig films, with it playing a major role in Skyfall. Corrupt Hick : The first two Roger Moore films feature the same racist sheriff from Louisianaï¿½even though the second film takes place in Thailand. Couch Gag : Between the 1960s and the early 1980s, it was standard for the film to end with some variation of the on-screen message "James Bond will return in..." and the next film title announced. On several occasions, however (following Thunderball and later following The Spy Who Loved Me) the wrong title was announced as EON decided to adapt a different book or story when the time came to actually make the next film. Octopussy also got it wrong, but only by one word. James Bond was said to return in From A View To A Kill, which was the title of a Fleming short story. However, when the movie was actually released, the From was dropped from the title. Darker and Edgier : After the end of the Moore era the films have been progressively getting darker and grittier. Death by Adaptation : Several: Rene Mathis in Quantum of Solace is perhaps the most notable example. Also, Dikko in You Only Live Twice , Kronsteen in From Russia with Love , Lisl in For Your Eyes Only , Saunders, the equivalent of Sender in the short story in The Living Daylights , as well as the agent that is transformed into the villainous General Koskov for the film, who is probably executed after the events of the movie, Gettler in Casino Royale (2006) . More recently, the death of M in Skyfall , as no M has ever been killed off in the books. Death by Sex : Quite a lot of the women Bond sleeps with meet unfortunate ends. And any Bond film that contains a set design credit for one Ken Adam. Disposable Love Interest : Bond Girls. Some entries even have more than one of them. Disposable Woman : Bond's enemies kill Tracy , Paris Carver and all women with whom Daniel Craig sleeps before Spectre—Vesper, Fields, and Severine; in the latter's case, it's a deconstruction. Distressed Dude : For a badass secret agent, Bond sure ends up in sticky situations a lot. Dirt Forcefield : Both Bond and his ladies usually keep tidy despite everything they face. Exceptions for 007 are Dr. No (after he's imprisoned and beat up), Licence to Kill (he ends up covered in blood, sweat and sand), Die Another Day (after the Action Prologue , he spends 14 months being tortured and looks like Cast Away ) and the first two Daniel Craig movies, since those are essentially a two-parter Darker and Edgier Continuity Reboot . The Don : On Her Majesty's Secret Service has Marc-Ange Draco, head of the Union Corse. Graying Morality : Dr. No and From Russia with Love are actually pretty grey movies; it becomes lighter with Goldfinger , but has light and dark moments throughout. The series is more cyclical as far as this trope goes—it starts off grey, but then becomes progressively more outlandish and lighthearted, before going becoming Darker and Edgier again. The Craig reboot seems to have started out grey. SPECTRE in the first handful of films. Quantum has been this during two of Craig's films. The Soviet Union may also count in some of movies there ( For Your Eyes Only and A View to a Kill for instance). Much more so in the original novels (for example in the Casino Royale novel, Le Chiffre is backed by the USSR). Non-Indicative First Episode : Dr. No lacks many of the trademarks that the franchise is known for. A Cold Open , the Cool Car , gadgets and many others are all absent. Dr. No also contains the infamous scene where Bond murders Professor Dent; even Fleming never had Bond act so cold-bloodedly in the books, and for all intents and purposes Bond wouldn't act this way again until 2006's Casino Royale (2006) , which was, like Dr. No , the start of a new continuity. In retrospect, Live and Let Die and The Man with the Golden Gun could be this with the Moore era. The comedic elements that peppered Moore's run are there, but the writers at the time seemed indecisive about whether or not to make the series more humorous or playing them like the earlier films. Non-Violent Initial Confrontation : Common throughout the franchise. Given that espionage involves obfuscation of identity so often, this only stands to reason. One-Man Army : All of the Bonds are this to a certain extent, but Brosnan's takes the cake because he has the highest body count on average per movie. Paid Harem : One of the perks of being a Bond Villain. Pretty in Mink Product Placement : A lot. It has been joked that Bond has a License To Shill. Became an issue with Licence to Kill, to the extent that the makers were forced to include the American Surgeon General's warning against smoking into the closing credits due to its use of a recognizable cigarette brand in one scene, yet the visible presence of a Players Tobacco poster in Die Another Day —intended to be a Shout-Out to something from the original Thunderball novel—garnered no such concern. Some critics referred to Die Another Day as 'Buy Another Day', which is why product placement was toned down for Casino Royale. Despite the above-mentioned toning down for Casino Royale, much mileage was given to a scene in the film where Bond goes looking for security camera footage that plays out as an ad for Sony DVDs. (Funnily enough, this was made while the "LaserDisc vs. DVD" war was still waging.) There was outrage when Heineken got product placement in Skyfall, because everyone knows Bond only drinks vodka martinis. The cosmic irony is that, while rooted in a few such drinks making appearances in the novels, the association of Bond with vodka largely comes from the product placement of a vodka company in the 1960s. Even Bond's Weapon of Choice isn't immune to this. Walther is a big endorser of the films and, on two occasions, Bond's PPK is swapped out for the latest pistol Walther is trying to advertise. Protagonist Title : None of the film thus far have used "James Bond" as part of their titles, but the franchise as a whole is refered to as the James Bond franchise. In some countries, the titles of the films are preceded by Bond's code number, 007. Recurring Extra : In the Roger Moore films The Spy Who Loved Me , Moonraker and For Your Eyes Only , the man who keeps seeing Bond do crazy stuff in Italy, probably without ever realising it is the same man (emerging from the sea in his car-sub; driving around the streets of Venice in his land-gondola; and escaping from armed assassins on skis in the Italian alps, respectively). In each case he is drinking and in the first two, finds what he's seeing so bizarre that he seems to wonder if he's been drinking too much (though not enough to stop, evidently). Played by Victor Tourjansky, who was the assistant director for these Italy-set scenes in all three films. Producer Michael G. Wilson, Albert Broccoli's adopted son, has several cameos as various different characters, mostly extras or single-scene appearances; in Tomorrow Never Dies , for instance, he's the one Carver tells to blackmail the President. Wilson's first cameo was way back in Goldfinger, and he has since become the Alfred Hitchcock of the series, with his walk-ons considered part of the tradition. Sociopathic Hero : Aside from Bond's endless coldly wasting Mooks with the only emotion registering usually being amusement, he doesn't treat women much better: he all but rapes Solitaire in Live and Let Die , prior to that he practically raped his poor nurse Patricia Fearing in Thunderball as well as Pussy Galore in Goldfinger and Diamonds Are Forever begins with him strangling a woman with her own bikini top. Fortunately for the audience and narrative, pretty much all of Bond's enemies are blood thirsty murderers, psychopaths and sadists. Most of them make Bond look like a boyscout by comparison. Subverted during the Brosnan era. Although his Bond seems callously aloof when he takes a life, Trevelyan asks him in GoldenEye "...if all those vodka martinis ever silence the screams of all the men you've killed," which suggests that Bond is haunted by the murders that he has committed. Bond himself mentions in The World Is Not Enough , "I usually hate killing an unarmed man." He is unnerved by the sight of Miranda Frost's corpse, whom he had tried to murder earlier on in Die Another Day because she was The Mole at MI6 . Bond isn't the one who is responsible for her death, yet his facial expression leaves no doubt that he finds it unsettling even though he wanted Miranda dead for betraying him. Spared by the Adaptation : Irma Bunt is a rare villain that dies in the books but not in the films. Spy Cam : Is big on this. In On Her Majesty's Secret Service , Bond uses a small camera to take snap shots of a map that shows where the "Angels of Death" are to release a biological agent. One of Bond's gadgets in A View to a Kill is a ring containing a miniature camera. Bond uses the device at a Zorin's party to covertly take photographs of each of his guests. Supervillain Lair : Most films feature one, the best of which, like the volcano rocket base in You Only Live Twice , were designed by legendary production designer Ken Adam. On The Spy Who Loved Me DVD commentary around the time Bond and XXX are brought before Stromberg aboard his supertanker, there's a funny exchange between screenwriter Christopher Wood and director Lewis Gilbert. Wood wonders how anybody could build these great villains lairs without anyone noticing. Gilbert asks what about the huge staff and army the bad guy always seems to have. Does anybody write the next of kin whenever one of them gets killed? (The latter is lampshaded in the first Austin Powers movie.) It was also lampshaded in a Saturday Night Live sketch where an interviewer talked with Blofeld, Goldfinger and Largo. For example, they mention how contractors tended to jack up the price of gadgets (like electric chairs) when they find out a Bond villain is the customer. Averted in Skyfall where the villain just straight up stole an island, which was left in major disrepair after being abandoned decades ago when the population evacuated in a mistaken chemical accident scare. Ironically, The Spy Who Loved Me actually does feature a moment where Stromberg, having whacked two henchmen he doesn't need anymore , orders a letter to be written to their next of kin explaining that they've been killed. Being a bit of a dick , he uses the opportunity to throw in a Post-Mortem One-Liner at their expense: Stromberg: [After blowing them up in a helicopter above the ocean] Tell their next of kin that they were killed in an unfortunate accident. The burial was at sea.	i don't know
Which country's national flag consists of a split flag of red on top and white below? On the left side of the red background appears a large white crescent with five small white stars to its right hand side.	Flags of Every Country Follow us... Flags of Every Country Tweet This map shows Flags of every country in the world. Flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags. Note: Flag description from CIA Factbook and Flag image from Wikipedia. Last updated: Abkhazia Afghanistan three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them Akrotiri the flag of the UK is used Albania red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle" Algeria two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because the Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness American Samoa blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa Andorra three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem Angola two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants Anguilla blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength Antarctica Antarctica has no official flag as it is not a nation nor is it ruled by a single government or body. The Antarctic Treaty Organization adopted a flag in 2002 and is used as an unofficial symbol of the continent. Also, several unofficial designs have been proposed. Antigua and Barbuda red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the "V" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand Argentina Three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors: the blue colors represent the clear skies; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano. Armenia three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it Aruba blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner; the star represents Aruba and its red soil and white beaches, its four points the four major languages (Papiamento, Dutch, Spanish, English) as well as the four points of a compass, to indicate that its inhabitants come from all over the world; the blue symbolizes Caribbean waters and skies; the stripes represent the island's two main "industries": the flow of tourists to the sun-drenched beaches and the flow of minerals from the earth Ashmore and Cartier Islands the flag of Australia is used Australia blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars Austria three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner Azerbaijan three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon is an Islamic symbol, while the eight-pointed star represents the eight Turkic peoples of the world Bahamas, The three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea Bahrain red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag Bangladesh green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh Barbados three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident) Belarus red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country Belgium three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field) Belize blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans Benin two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Bermuda red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to settling of Bermuda note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue Bhutan divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Bhuddism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty Bolivia three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag Bosnia and Herzegovina a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia Botswana light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony Bouvet Island the flag of Norway is used Brazil green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District) British Indian Ocean Territory white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago British Virgin Islands blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint, the other lamps symbolize her followers Brunei yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace" Bulgaria three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed Burkina Faso two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance,and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Burma design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation Burundi divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress Cambodia three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design Cameroon three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the "star of unity" note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Canada two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol; the official colors of Canada are red and white Cape Verde five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red) Cayman Islands a blue field, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS Central African Republic four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future Chad three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France Chile two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence note: design was influenced by the US flag China red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China Christmas Island territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed, the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes Clipperton Island the flag of France is used Cocos (Keeling) Islands the flag of Australia is used Colombia three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valour and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center Comoros four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Nzwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros) note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam Congo, Democratic Republic of the sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country Congo, Republic of the divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Cook Islands blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag Coral Sea Islands the flag of Australia is used Costa Rica five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverence, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed Cote d'Ivoire three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France Croatia three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Cuba five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed Curacao on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive Cyprus white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed Czech Republic two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia; uses the Pan-Slav colors inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Denmark red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden Dhekelia the flag of the UK is used Djibouti two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity Dominica green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou Parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice Dominican Republic a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads "Y la verdad nos hara libre" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes Ecuador three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms Egypt three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white) note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band El Salvador three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band Equatorial Guinea three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence Eritrea red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country Estonia three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun Ethiopia three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996 European Union a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT Faroe Islands white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning "the banner" or "the mark," the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors Fiji light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove Finland white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter France three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands French Guiana unofficial, local flag: On 29 January 2010, the General Council (departmental council) unilaterally adopted a flag of French Guiana, but it has not been recognized by the regional council. Green represents the forests, yellow represents gold and other minerals of the region, while the red star represents socialism.[1] The flag is identical with the one of pro-independence trade union UGT and also MDES. note: the flag of France used for official occasions French Polynesia two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a stylized red, blue, and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the ship has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors note: similar to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest of the islands in French Polynesia, which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions French Southern and Antarctic Lands the flag of France is used Gabon three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue; green represents the country's forests and natural resources, gold represents the equator (which transects Gabon) as well as the sun, blue represents the sea Gambia, The three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace Georgia white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross flag design appears to date back to the 14th century Germany three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field Ghana three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band Gibraltar two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean Greece nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time Greenland two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark Grenada a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage Guadeloupe unofficial, flag the banner of the arms of Pointe-à-Pitre, the island's main city, is seldom used to represent the whole island. The flag has a black field with a yellow sun and a green sugar cane, and a blue stripe with yellow fleurs-de-lis on the top. note: the flag of France used for official occasions Guam territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression note: the US flag is the national flag Guatemala three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands stand for the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and the sea and sky; the white band denotes peace and purity Guernsey white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross; the red cross represents the old ties with England and the fact that Guernsey is a British Crown dependency; the gold cross is a replica of the one used by Duke William of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings Guinea three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal Guinea-Bissau two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanian flag Guyana green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance Haiti two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes Heard Island and McDonald Islands the flag of Australia is used Holy See (Vatican City) two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power Honduras three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue, with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band Hong Kong red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China Hungary three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country Iceland blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean India three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band Indonesia two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red Iran three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom Iraq three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band Ireland three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red Isle of Man red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-1265); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol Israel white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times Italy three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green Jamaica diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources Jan Mayen the flag of Norway is used Japan white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center Jersey white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the "X" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added Jordan three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I Kazakhstan a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future Kenya three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom Kiribati the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigate bird symbolizes authority and freedom Korea, North three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism Korea, South white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite postive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony Kosovo centered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks Kuwait three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy Kyrgyzstan red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth Laos three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Pathet Lao, as well as the country's bright future Latvia three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280 Lebanon three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity Lesotho three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence Liberia 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor note: the design is based on the US flag Libya plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) Liechtenstein two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti Lithuania three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland Luxembourg three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field) Macau green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China Macedonia a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia Madagascar two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity Malawi three equal horizontal bands of red (top), black, and green; a white sun disc is centered on the black band, its surrounding 45 white rays extend partially into the red and green bands; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the sun represents Malawi's economic progress since attaining independence Malaysia 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers note: the design is based on the flag of the US Maldives red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam Mali three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea Malta two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field Marshall Islands blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north Martinique the flag of France is used Mauritania green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the gold color stands for the sands of the Sahara Mauritius four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents the blood shed for independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island Mayotte unofficial, local flag with the coat of arms of Mayotte centered on a white field, above which the name of the island appears in red capital letters; the main elements of the coat of arms are a blue upper half with white upturned crescent moon and a red lower half with two yellow ylang-ylang flowers, supported on either side by a white seahorse, and set above a scroll with the motto RA HACHIRI (We are Vigilant) note: the flag of France used for official occasions Mexico three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a catus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not have anything in its white band Micronesia, Federated States of light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the stars represent the four island groups of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap Moldova three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with whom Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia Monaco two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red Mongolia three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity Montenegro a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy Montserrat blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness Morocco red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912 Mozambique three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism Namibia a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources Nauru blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru Navassa Island the flag of the US is used Nepal red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square Netherlands three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use Netherlands Antilles white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the colors reflect those of the Netherlands; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten New Caledonia the flag of France is used New Zealand blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation Nicaragua three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band Niger three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band Nigeria three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green; the color green represents the forests and abundant natural wealth of the country, white stands for peace and unity Niue yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large star on a blue disk in the center and a smaller star on each arm of the bold red cross; the larger star stands for Niue, the smaller stars recall the Southern Cross constellation on the New Zealand flag and symbolize links with that country; yellow represents the bright sunshine of Niue and the warmth and friendship between Niue and New Zealand Norfolk Island three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band Northern Mariana Islands blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture Norway red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue) Oman three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility Pakistan green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam Palau light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the blue color represents the ocean, the disk represents the moon; Palauans consider the full moon to be the optimum time for human activity; it is also considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility Palestinian territories the flag is constituted of three equal horizontal bands (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red chevron issuing from the hoist. The flag is almost identical to that of the Baath Party, and very similar to the flags of Jordan, and Western Sahara, all of which draw their inspiration from the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule (1916–1918). Panama divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law Papua New Guinea divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific Paraguay three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia Peru three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace Philippines two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897 note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top Pitcairn Islands blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant) Poland two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white Portugal two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation Puerto Rico five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed Qatar maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the "reconciled emirates" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916 note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted Réunion does not have a separate official flag. note: the flag of France used for official occasions Romania three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1861 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova Russia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors Rwanda three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance Saint Barthelemy the flag of France is used Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the upper third of the shield depicts a white plover (wire bird) on a yellow field; the remainder of the shield depicts a rocky coastline on the left, offshore is a three-masted sailing ship with sails furled but flying an English flag Saint Kitts and Nevis divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red; green signifies the island's fertility, red symbolizes the struggles of the people from slavery, yellow denotes year-round sunshine, and black represents the African heritage of the people; the white stars stand for the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, but can also express hope and liberty, or independence and optimism Saint Lucia blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border; the blue color represents the sky and sea, gold stands for sunshine and prosperity, and white and black the racial composition of the island (with the latter being dominant); the two major triangles invoke the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), cone-shaped volcanic plugs that are a symbol of the island Saint Martin the flag of France is used Saint Pierre and Miquelon a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier "discovered" the islands in 1536 note: the flag of France used for official occasions Saint Vincent and the Grenadines three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern, which stands for Vincent; the diamonds recall the islands as the "Gems of the Antilles"; blue conveys the colors of a tropical sky and crystal waters, yellow signifies the golden Grenadine sands, and green represents lush vegetation Samoa red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity San Marino two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively Sao Tome and Principe three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Saudi Arabia green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay Senegal three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea Serbia three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a white Cyrillic letters "S" (written like Latin "C") in each quarter stands for the phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs"; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Seychelles five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment Sierra Leone three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and blue; green symbolizes agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white represents unity and justice, and blue the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown Singapore two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality Sint Maarten two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left, and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a Brown Pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines, but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag Slovakia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Slovenia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands Solomon Islands divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands Somalia light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the Northern Frontier District (Kenya) South Africa two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the "convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era note: the South African flag is the only national flag to display six colors as part of its primary design South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands South Ossetia Spain three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre Sri Lanka yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a dark red rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents the European Burghers, but also refers to the rich colonial background of the country; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag Sudan three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents Sudan itself (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity Suriname five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future Svalbard the flag of Norway is used Swaziland three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally; blue stands for peace and stability, red represents past struggles, and yellow the mineral resources of the country; the shield, spears, and staff symbolize protection from the country's enemies, while the black and white of the shield are meant to portray black and white people living in peaceful coexistence Sweden blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field Switzerland red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339) Syria three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980 note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band Taiwan red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationaliam, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours) note: somewhat resembles the flag of Burma Tajikistan three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic word "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness Tanzania divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean Thailand five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed Timor-Leste red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light Togo five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Tokelau a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and symbolizes the country's navigating into the future, the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies Tonga red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity Trinidad and Tobago red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people Tunisia red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a succesor state to the Ottoman Empire Turkey red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Turkmenistan green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags Turks and Caicos Islands blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and displays a conch shell, a spiny lobster, and Turks Head cactus - three common elements of the islands' biota Tuvalu light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean Uganda six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK Ukraine two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky United Arab Emirates three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification United Kingdom blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories United States 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges the flag of the US is used Uruguay nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil) note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag Uzbekistan three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar Vanuatu two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace Venezuela three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy Vietnam red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism Virgin Islands white field with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in its right talon and three arrows in the left with a superimposed shield of seven red and six white vertical stripes below a blue panel; white is a symbol of purity, the letters stand for the Virgin Islands Wake Island	Singapore
What name links a Welsh resort town and the surname of a current Premiership footballer who made his football league debut on May 8th 1998?	The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency Afghanistan three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them Albania red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Kastrioti SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Ottoman Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shqiptare," which translates as "sons of the eagle" Algeria two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness American Samoa blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the US and American Samoa Andorra three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem Angola two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants Anguilla blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength Antigua and Barbuda red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the "V" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand Argentina three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; the colors represent the clear skies and snow of the Andes; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun Australia blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars Austria three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner Azerbaijan three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon and star are a Turkic insignia; the eight star points represent the eight Turkic peoples of the world Bahamas, The three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea Bahrain red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag Barbados three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident) Belarus red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country Belgium three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field) Belize blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Bermuda red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue Bhutan divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Buddhism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty Bolivia three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag Bosnia and Herzegovina a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu Brazil green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth (the diamond shape roughly mirrors that of the country); the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District) note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu British Indian Ocean Territory white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago British Virgin Islands blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint; the other lamps symbolize her followers Brunei yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace" three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Burma design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation Burundi divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress Cabo Verde five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red) three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building into its design Cameroon three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the "star of unity" note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Cayman Islands a blue field with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS Central African Republic four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future Chad three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France Chile two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence note: design was influenced by the US flag China red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China Christmas Island territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed; the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes Colombia three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center Comoros four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros) note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam Congo, Democratic Republic of the sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country Congo, Republic of the divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Costa Rica five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverance, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed Cote d'Ivoire three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France Croatia three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Cuba five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed Curacao on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive Cyprus white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia Denmark red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign note: the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden Djibouti two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity Dominica green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice Dominican Republic a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads "Y la verdad nos hara libre" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes Ecuador three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms Egypt three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white) note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band El Salvador three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band Equatorial Guinea three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence Eritrea red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu Estonia three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun Ethiopia three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996 European Union a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT Faroe Islands white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning "the banner" or "the mark," the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors Fiji light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove Finland white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter France three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands French Polynesia two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a Polynesian canoe rides on the wave pattern; the canoe has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors note: similar to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest of the islands in French Polynesia, which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions Georgia white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; sometimes referred to as the Five-Cross Flag; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross design appears to date back to the 14th century Germany three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field Ghana three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band Gibraltar two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean Greece nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time Greenland two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark Grenada a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage Guam territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; the shape of the central emblem is that of a Chamorro sling stone, used as a weapon for defense or hunting; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression note: the US flag is the national flag Guatemala three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands represent the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea; the white band denotes peace and purity Guernsey white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross; the red cross represents the old ties with England and the fact that Guernsey is a British Crown dependency; the gold cross is a replica of the one used by Duke William of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings Guinea-Bissau two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag Guinea three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal Guyana green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance Haiti two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes Holy See (Vatican City) two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power Honduras three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue, with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band Hong Kong red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China Hungary three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country Iceland blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean India three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band Indonesia two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red Iran three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom Iraq three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist SADDAM-era flag note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band Ireland three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red Isle of Man red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-65); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol Israel white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Star of David or Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a traditional Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times Italy three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green Jamaica diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources Jordan three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I Kazakhstan a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future; blue and yellow are the national colors Kenya three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom Kiribati the upper half is red with a yellow frigatebird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigatebird symbolizes authority and freedom Korea, North three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stand for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism Korea, South white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the South Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite positive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony Kosovo centered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks Kuwait three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy Kyrgyzstan red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth Laos three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, as well as the country's bright future Lebanon three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity Lesotho three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence Liberia 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor note: the design is based on the US flag Libya three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe; the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design of the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-1969) on 27 February 2011; it replaced the former all-green banner promulgated by the QADHAFI regime in 1977; the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black symbolizes Cyrenaica, and green denotes Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent Islam, the main religion of the country Liechtenstein two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti Lithuania three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland Luxembourg three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field) Macau green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China Malawi three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered on the black band; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the rising sun represents the hope of freedom for the continent of Africa Malaysia 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers note: the design is based on the flag of the US Maldives red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam Mali three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea Malta two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the UK awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field Marshall Islands blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north Mauritania green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; green also represents hope for a bright future; the yellow color stands for the sands of the Sahara Mauritius four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island Mexico three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not display anything in its white band Moldova three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia Monaco two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red Mongolia three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity Montenegro a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy Montserrat blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness Morocco red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912 Mozambique three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism Namibia a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources Nauru blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru Nepal red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square Netherlands three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use New Caledonia New Caledonia has two official flags; alongside the flag of France, the Kanak (indigenous Melanesian) flag has equal status; the latter consists of three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a large yellow disk - diameter two-thirds the height of the flag - shifted slightly to the hoist side is edged in black and displays a black fleche faitiere symbol, a native rooftop adornment Nicaragua three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band Niger three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band Niue yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large star on a blue disk in the center and a smaller star on each arm of the bold red cross; the larger star stands for Niue, the smaller stars recall the Southern Cross constellation on the New Zealand flag and symbolize links with that country; yellow represents the bright sunshine of Niue and the warmth and friendship between Niue and New Zealand Norfolk Island three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band; also resembles the green and white triband of Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands blue with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture Norway red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue) Oman three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility Panama divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law Papua New Guinea divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific Paraguay three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia Peru three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace Philippines two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897 note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top Pitcairn Islands blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant) two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white Portugal two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation Puerto Rico five equal horizontal bands of red (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed Qatar maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the "reconciled emirates" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916 note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted Romania three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova Russia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors Rwanda three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the upper third of the shield depicts a white plover (wire bird) on a yellow field; the remainder of the shield depicts a rocky coastline on the left, offshore is a three-masted sailing ship with sails furled but flying an English flag Saint Kitts and Nevis divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red; green signifies the island's fertility, red symbolizes the struggles of the people from slavery, yellow denotes year-round sunshine, and black represents the African heritage of the people; the white stars stand for the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, but can also express hope and liberty, or independence and optimism Saint Lucia cerulean blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border; the blue color represents the sky and sea, gold stands for sunshine and prosperity, and white and black the racial composition of the island (with the latter being dominant); the two major triangles invoke the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), cone-shaped volcanic plugs that are a symbol of the island Saint Pierre and Miquelon a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier "discovered" the islands in 1536 note: the flag of France used for official occasions Saint Vincent and the Grenadines three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern, which stands for Vincent; the diamonds recall the islands as the "Gems of the Antilles"; blue conveys the colors of a tropical sky and crystal waters, yellow signifies the golden Grenadine sands, and green represents lush vegetation San Marino two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively Sao Tome and Principe three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Saudi Arabia green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides note: the only national flag to display an inscription as its principal design; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay Senegal three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea Serbia three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Seychelles five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment Singapore two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality Sint Maarten two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left, and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a brown pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines, but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag Slovakia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia Slovenia three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands Solomon Islands divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands Somalia light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the North East Province (Kenya) South Africa two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the "convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era note: the South African flag is one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Sudan's South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands South Sudan three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's Spain three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre Sri Lanka yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a maroon rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green Sri Lankan Moors, and maroon the Sinhalese majority; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag Sudan three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity Suriname five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future Swaziland three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally; blue stands for peace and stability, red represents past struggles, and yellow the mineral resources of the country; the shield, spears, and staff symbolize protection from the country's enemies, while the black and white of the shield are meant to portray black and white people living in peaceful coexistence Sweden blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field Switzerland red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339) Syria three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980 note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band Taiwan red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours) Tajikistan three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness Tanzania divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed Timor-Leste red with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light Togo five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia Tokelau a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and, in conjunction with the canoe, symbolizes the country navigating into the future; the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies Trinidad and Tobago red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people Tunisia red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire Turkey red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors Turkmenistan green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags Turks and Caicos Islands blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and displays a conch shell, a spiny lobster, and Turk's cap cactus - three common elements of the islands' biota Tuvalu light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean Uganda six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a grey crowned crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK United Arab Emirates three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification United Kingdom blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories United States 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico Uruguay nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil); the sun features are said to represent those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag Uzbekistan three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar Vanuatu two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, as well as unity, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Eritrea Venezuela three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, then President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy - to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the historic province of Guayana Yemen three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white) note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band Zambia green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag; green stands for the country's natural resources and vegetation, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom, black the people of Zambia, and orange the country's mineral wealth; the eagle represents the people's ability to rise above the nation's problems Zimbabwe seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which symbolizes peace; green represents agriculture, yellow mineral wealth, red the blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands for the native people	i don't know
Painted in 1881, the painting Luncheon Of The Boating Party was a famous painting by which famous artist who died in 1919?	1000+ images about Pierre-Auguste Renoir on Pinterest \| Oil on canvas, Portrait and Self portraits Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Bougival, 1883, Oil on canvas, 181.9 x 98.1 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. See More	Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Opened in 1969, in which city can you find the 344 metre tall John Hancock Centre?	1000+ ideas about Renoir on Pinterest \| Pierre Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and Monet La Danse a la ville (1883) Pierre-Auguste Renoir The first Birthday Card my husband (at the time my boyfriend gave me) yep, he is a keeper...21 years this year, and I still have it. Más See more	i don't know
The three letter name of which creature can be spelt out using the first letter of the capitakl cities of Mali, Kazakhstan and Bhutan in that order?	k \| Le Miiverse Resource Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia BlackTrollingIsLife The 45,000 Most Frequent English Words: is and in to a was not you i of it the be he his but for are this that by on at they with which she or from had we will have an what been one if would who has her there two can all some were their them as do said its about out then time me just so now him when could up my your more did also people no any into very first like only other new may should than way these because well our being how many yeah back where through between three must er years such good still own year down even know too those get go see does going here yes government much after oh us might last erm same man day make another world got social party within great fact four something money case local home made over different part went school taken think 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period doing long words market using areas gave service society woman making probably mother rather person known sometimes policy itself economic seems form tell special actually sense eyes several death effect health process became need therefore international morning knew evidence centre shall kind law further staff age look likely food child usually moment upon companies towards sort industry help rate level someone minister community idea committee yesterday ago mind certain gone road else taking thus looked authority far particularly general herself half difficult programme century father air hundred free value minutes order including word clear study few among main control table similar higher simply anyone reason third view keep result team early behind whole around type central hours true range management black land working history workers found clearly away support indeed certainly stage former seven change language countries patients white cos cases groups course god act 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held series final legal united model account france chapter movement security recently performance please questions human analysis serious specific following attention north son loss computer activities either pay wrong dr space current oil parts choice size news evening set environment try anyway bring reasons throughout property c fire south prime nor significant details obviously relationship couple fine project husband july feel defence showed original sorry st meeting amount activity sir population floor peter concerned difference parties understand suddenly summer scotland relations behaviour director chance rates george paul bit pounds results labour material army takes contract outside turned issues germany nearly nice effects energy list levels red east hour appropriate scheme leave unit season happy show aware building meet maybe industrial talking technology treatment event street figures de low forward left quickly window beyond sea picture date sales training easy lord girls basic professional record blood believe term thank present points wall dead october investment style exactly products product interests cup parliament resources economy march response circumstances york design unless teachers colour forces site successful advice richard hear jobs ideas events gives generally numbers military extent science village arms costs michael shop miles thousand play worth ireland follows prices opportunity employment lines yourself fish hard america stood page title january plan application popular ah died lower force risk ones james conference statement individual earlier start test traditional okay round goods thinking complete daughter piece september ability trouble existing sat responsible importance film ready talk direct playing operation press wrote peace fell mouth standards degree written december effective president arm remember capital looks charles scottish buy thirty ran considerable useful tomorrow heard access television stop species brought charge methods lost independent needs baby election wales county pattern majority november competition leaving campaign easily task february ensure rules source answer garden heavy required glass eventually houses wide responsibility interesting physical medical equipment move lack surface considered region demand older suppose highly disease seem include radio eye safety late method hot normally appeal total doctor status immediately plans officers software culture tea windows positive hotel allow teacher miss weight knows provision policies light obvious sunday context below directly fully places future factors stay increase essential top king beautiful hardly otherwise slightly fifty afternoon purpose oxford types condition forms ii university courses sound league sun variety built discussion brother wants boys states trees none saturday character chairman principle argument leader turn provides truth hope william individuals survey completely sale aid kitchen direction letters alone attempt continue families sector duty box media effort regional library produce environmental africa shares rule huge smith works concern french machine names players station dog extra run version exchange civil presence practical allowed budget accept pupils collection firms animals becomes robert speech close expected provided cash sex live balance marriage chair involved features blue call relatively gas august benefit telephone quarter post matters paid opposition board consider horse mhm started relevant plus larger along bar text benefits apparently cars regular decisions skin image association running edge separate career latter merely nuclear length differences base appears protection function failure annual skills politics organisation slowly student scale share speaker followed tried award complex corner gets commercial mainly speak leaders described clothes facilities plant foot born speed powerful memory subjects attack possibly impossible influence western 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explain offer thomas increasingly dinner tv rich create sight changed technical phone feeling cultural prison added nobody learn transport primary sides formal rural d equally fourth executive band records winter stand distance win proper programmes cold aircraft tree elements review e watching applications reasonable read difficulty beginning relationships meaning developed progress proportion path german twice reality assessment papers suitable immediate smile fund past sister train distribution ahead lovely soft substantial background strange follow factor games stuff pair moving male dark worse joint famous usual prevent funds coffee operations wish warm scientific onto measures henry contrast selection whilst sufficient inc grounds techniques freedom prepared wine democratic classes afraid walls achieve needed sign senior totally debate requirements paris weather edinburgh due sell lady whereas properly manner achieved communication district buildings sources ec seat claim client reduce strategy homes danger caused courts return frequently officials earth user elections battle compared purposes accident hall happens asking ought detail writing safe critical match fingers construction walked necessarily educational japan rise attitude capacity pound football procedure card patterns join absolutely managers established exercise element mental everybody familiar principles detailed keeping northern arrangements expensive decided regarded employees consideration led kept mark rock christian sites largest reports expenditure goal absence video college colleagues park opportunities unemployment holding rain output received living damage efforts friday appearance build shape happened increasing closely victory showing appeared supply recognition understanding thousands seriously feelings bill minute met apply congress audience widely violence reported dangerous obtained beside spend telling carrying sentence turning rose partly farm historical rooms pleasure conversation target bright silence upper commitment perfect replied key track reaction option unlikely birds route reach darlington membership introduced feature cell leg vital notes improve fear elsewhere liverpool volume contact neck correct front fields younger dad crisis charges empty urban conflict killed profits martin breath division fifteen deep bus boat t organization pieces ian facts offered emphasis estate designed continued murder quiet seeing conclusion gentleman thanks heat profit growing occasion walking requires threat procedures leading elderly send external alan treaty payment description meetings monday usa player cabinet entry fair neither limited sit tiny agreed prove institute flowers wait published except assembly standard branch arts streets spring note document italy moved processes pictures anybody contribution lips created owner claimed apparent manchester heads investigation dry coal birth island aye effectively engine providing copy wonderful faith driver wood ltd tend literature careful models newspaper tony object shops developments ibm eat thin belief notice raise x liberal busy remain package tradition included sky tour curriculum attractive acid projects hell receive greatest milk shook doubt generation aim broke bringing plenty criticism orders actions etc green tom horses welfare accounts troops functions wider definition lunch waiting forced russian reform organisations irish starting spent sections visitors goals jack secondary attitudes hence entire stephen longer meanwhile iii clients exhibition housing fundamental begin ancient desire stories depends v doors laws dealing reduction typical billion kinds address reached demands capable nineteen middle atmosphere official thoughts beneath explanation lose worked least decide australia nodded schemes centres standing fall potential broad india speaking laughed bloody establish permanent ended journey chosen teeth debt technique narrow christmas chief engineering sold examination brain biggest flight save creation alright screen challenge afterwards similarly partner unions significance r rapidly respect signs structures christ farmers drink metal treated finance perfectly master governments wondered originally forest bag brief unfortunately associated passed vast terrible wild un via phase intention harry contains injury amongst protect offices funny criminal knowing discuss museum leadership somewhat bridge machines broken strongly rare hole noise justice drew odd southern severe jones combination ooh double factory transfer chris shoulder tests motion independence tall readers yorkshire accepted drugs author jim anne grew consequences break sixty brian quick andrew worst departments meant ourselves spain ship suggest implications academic agree surprise settlement afford doctors corporate moreover wednesday played finding societies massive inner lying virtually nation sports affected youth leeds search russia employers somehow consumer assistance directors add suggested initial crucial pages iron simon constant begun walk temperature star unknown seats allows maintain desk session increased sport movements cover jesus unique parliamentary interpretation placed pretty won sample ninety colours involving bob opened objectives vote fashion wearing payments agency learning enterprise dogs reduced documents agent nations industries covered provisions objects appointment eastern guilty meal tone steve motor subsequent statements lights badly grey customer sheet joe glasgow negative rarely grass determined sequence patient finished crowd minor kids nose practices slow tape discussed trust aspect alive regulations fuel choose fruit yours female file communities shock pool heavily impression involvement improvement regions tears release inflation graham friendly artist naturally forget gold jane presented raised anywhere spot angry o code enormous accommodation contemporary bedroom shoulders unix plastic measure gently unusual properties seconds italian location lucky m relative wilson drug proceedings imagine bottle vision quietly crown sum revolution extensive cut stages mine bottom identify revenue abroad roof pass mike n average draw pension clean vehicle breakfast cities beauty pick contracts sudden soil proposal efficient maintenance distinction regularly artists row characters significantly teaching towns countryside song bbc markets liability selling believes h announced obtain identity talks spokesman decline voluntary brown household dramatic pub editor teams starts touch program firmly mostly passage persons lots conventional eighty hundreds continues highest periods replaced cards magazine golden claims criteria concentration thinks stared glad enjoy watch autumn occasions returned characteristics owners thursday formation philip losses stairs guide silent display approval keen occasionally married temporary index establishment agriculture overall framework loan theatre lifespan shortly valuable ice margaret comfortable dress eleven situations lewis weapons decade willing require writer statutory stars failed watched arguments duties positions initially representatives cat interview federal candidates clubs assets subsequently error taped stress resistance item encourage th forgotten theme rail options theories ref alternative remaining reputation bread yellow parent gradually stopped japanese coast agencies chest struggle lies cope supporters religion judge electricity deeply outcome caught eggs foundation intended publication panel deputy ta border worry tells cancer applied trip completed african elizabeth wages grow enable paying stations supported partners allowing drove eh co easier containing reader recession bigger wealth parish democracy meat yards seeking cambridge representation facing images negotiations recovery roads resolution grown sensitive seek competitive aside height emotional chain healthy candidate efficiency soldiers businesses scientists lived conservative computers 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philosophy determine catch tired literary defendant hello rapid relating worker findings newspapers adults falling respectively birmingham bird successfully pollution captain copies comparison metres golf arrival moments illness represents brothers wedding stupid self priority hill citizens solid check nineteenth mothers indian numerous arrangement sons paintings bits categories iraq neighbours preparation supreme genuine rough command requirement darkness experts films distinct mood truly f occurs presumably washington sugar aged queen mixture briefly defined partnership reading primarily incident classical exciting definitely feels begins presentation plate drama consent sake spanish tension retirement williams category johnson compensation surprised statistics proud module tory brings everywhere gap noted professor argued premises promotion scott thick conservation exists gloucester survival politicians anxious limit consistent changing proposed affair recorded thrown emergency earnings manage tools sam exist ben leaves confident thatcher flat israel throat painting altogether ladies fight fighting permission pulled vehicles bound gain unlike moscow shot whenever sleep corp degrees waited ownership helped consumption entitled inevitably describe judgment components finger issued currency mad sweet helpful ruth hat basically ken prospect festival shareholders nervous clause skill mentioned profession sheep dominant asia enjoyed extreme strategic birthday grand proved signed poverty mile fast producing adopted faces entrance uses armed branches wave servants intervention plaintiff storage personnel discussions comment crew savings prince achievement port guidance gate reasonably returning outstanding discovered conscious fewer alcohol served wage advantages ears solicitor joseph believed threw sand theoretical suggestion concerning mirror breach happening winner chances tables electric visible impressive adult institution moral leisure clinical examine core prize wore jacket neil tendency holy ideal stayed ha eighteen frame employer distant personality buying admit honest photographs jean perspective remote depth articles assumption symptoms wished territory percent constantly phrase residential valley patrick reply advertising soul introduce attend considerably constitutional precise puts remembered empire intelligence beach alliance mechanism seventy pilot replace abuse exception wear enthusiasm wet organizations employee explained sorts ultimately songs sentences stones arthur villages device snow poll cake camp disabled listen awful gentle waste grant possession chose travel economics ear iv kong hospitals deliberately nights column ratio approximately finds appointed accurate furthermore smooth tough bristol circle input creating secondly lords americans observation dear bills landscape violent prisoners fee contents nurse cricket origin contributions supposed nick boss driven determination silly canada involve responsibilities suit relation spending represented advanced understood mass readily false cheap roles disaster charity implementation childhood attempts gardens newly zealand y anger realise minds berlin hong experiments cycle sensible expense keith architecture argue satisfaction inevitable musical deaf luck fees psychological slight andy variation stomach climate channel covering automatically visited confusion survive divided employed rocks spoken knife monetary fourteen championship purchase contained clock headquarters proof critics wing string thereby losing protein applies howard loved frequency joined referred signal committed unemployed desperate conduct mode opposite committees responses managed dozen pressures agreements grateful discovery dressed loans remove participation imagination answers roman net tank released bath respond describes dave dispute republic helen staring fill pace poetry isolated champion guitar passing junior concepts promote holes laboratory infection instruments evaluation victims alongside replacement sixteen universe experiment protest chemical expertise strategies universities paragraph lucy kent millions pull designs modules operate undertaken boards continuous unity maximum newcastle circuit suffering evident winning matthew controls stronger waves restrictions pink pleasant certificate offers manufacturers mere shirt marketing taxes recognise penalty castle purely demanded universal principal granted realised knees buyer rang fixed calling cried l adding personally investors defeat wheel related sufficiently insisted hers runs warning staying dirty francis anxiety anna surgery keeps drivers gift writes regulation leather cattle softly occasional samples picked surprisingly victoria instrument pitch votes mission percentage possibilities summit opening hoped acquisition aha yard alexander burden excitement gordon salt ships rent encouraged shadow reaching charged acts completion eating memories terry invited middlesbrough limits grammar 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voices gallery indicate notably blind rising indicates meals flew dna sets attempting douglas j durham victorian indication photograph announcement recognised suggesting fun flexible ill nicholas jimmy catalogue host sheets conservatives bone ends professionals wings qualifications contain disk versions transition texts intense overseas undoubtedly draft evolution pointed closer concentrate norman guy assumed considerations airport colleges logic medicine ceiling tongue modest assess hearing dublin accordingly anthony amounts offences operating clever roughly rugby guidelines k roots promise interaction whispered inadequate depend refused lessons fears pacific marry quantity lake complaints poem lloyd integration rid cheaper warned reception charlie hotels launched destruction consumers australian maggie spiritual trousers alice bars essex revealed palace approaches bitter formally logical bomb flying cutting experimental rubbish jury liable sounded holds gulf generous identification 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arrested smiling uncertainty jewish namely participants dealt lists sole substance nurses automatic desirable investigate typically ticket clare rivers hero wondering punishment continuing carpet minimum transferred teach thirteen favourite pushing california bishop dreams judges pregnant perception devices marginal promised pleased specialist extended removal fred curious strict laughter prepare collect electoral sciences habit speakers nottingham delay helps sympathy taught van dates era pairs novel fabric treat sheffield thoroughly controversial ban everyday genes lie federation enables stability priest transactions stuart gross exclusive addition phenomenon kelly experienced wonder connections stepped beds mp considering cotton generations suffer mill driving statistical throw unexpected suggestions hardware daughters marked louis errors historic silver shift diana occurred prayer swindon tower pupil trends trials concentrations maria attract sessions opera dropped convenient 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publications diary accidents tin reflection winners straightforward beaten curve uncertain wildlife topics asks moon cream plays unfair approved piano democrats maintained bible biological du handed cross references directed weapon discourse supplied mathematics drop stands crossed magnificent mechanical root messages females mud physically carriage encouraging governor pop institutional examined phil slipped scientist fortune ann leads blocks restoration desperately innocent whereby pipe practitioners wise folk unhappy conducted eric harris wives moore passenger honour lightly pot sadly discrimination laughing prosecution strictly register butter disposal tissue pushed uncle voters adopt doubts ross claiming artificial mentally functional literally stated deficit assault clarke specially obligations marx failing concluded mess collapse initiatives sighed humour entering raf refers emotions resource explicit quantities paint tenants chinese joining awards flexibility pen friendship indicated railways export councillors concert heaven actor till comparable controversy unnecessary gear earliest sheer answered shakespeare imperial print securities appreciate selected flower invasion hidden gates barry engineers correctly customs successive cloth aggressive inspection hopefully le productivity named socialist tonnes spectacular retain painful eliot hungry invitation refugees legislative alex derek visits controlled physics estimated lease flats stolen inch engines routes fails discretion cloud availability routine chairs explore walter holder contribute caroline rely leicester studying eg twentieth intelligent origins convinced targets wars mouse forests tunnel vietnam blame cool format midnight exposure sociology raising greek dutch picking forever amazing separation evans ease taxi saved garage influential arise dictionary seventeen diseases economies capitalism collections constituency locally fiction bonds gesture seller spirits ridiculous conception walker spare 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dollars reign ford launch peasants improved bell ate singing ray arrange alternatively tourist vertical cleveland ideological accuracy brazil substantially occupied curtains jackson incidence lover pity debts investigations remainder organised opens ussr innovation belt operational barbara doorway dealers careers ok stick explanations neat magazines farms cap monopoly compulsory channels potatoes steadily climbed discussing horrible alternatives muscle payable ours scarcely progressive attached reckon loose pursue systematic liz settled borough midlands bye correspondent sweden technological colleague infant eaten attendance panic networks benjamin bench fascinating relevance geoffrey enquiries classification dialogue remarks establishing hostile spread destroy consistently realized faster asset diagnosis hate chaos nearby navy performances attended proceed particles solely opponents peasant supervision classic instantly deciding handsome awarded factories recognize hughes craft 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withdrawn corners fitted gary damp button tended actors dangers exports ranks grinned poems kenneth glory contacts invariably arguing tribunal broadly publishers alleged artistic struggling themes continent reveals forthcoming resulting jumped pardon differently campbell denied pregnancy delegation sensitivity circles publicly socialism gender dish arose commonwealth guilt schedule pressed inhabitants vessels witness senses allies operator drinking feed advise defendants killing widow headed toilet shit coup compete trains amendment collected travellers ye painted rope harsh gay satellite chapel restricted christians daniel chap barrier morgan tournament disappointment norway counter regardless heating wan ambitious continental supper johnny oral tube intentions seeks reward interpreted mature brave delivered hitherto consultants switch brussels probability fibre debut shaking descriptions sums sue sharing domain commented rape pat weekly hearts hang generate realize processor dominated directory reminded prey pond architect funding socially incidents chelsea compromise specimens tie seldom listened desert corbett fool balls empirical achievements spaces dramatically switzerland vague woods ph clay masters overcome vary odds bet expand dynamic naval cats julia princess located operators feminist courage gained les achieving proportions arrest ie snapped geography rigid whoever adoption louise technologies stake beef orchestra spectrum chart brighton populations exploration dismissed affecting wisdom demanding peoples clerk shapes lifted server remarkably appointments count connected cheeks circulation forgot ambulance discount muttered virus declared stocks electronics emotion commander threatened duncan fraction advisory roberts motivation smart operates choosing colonial indirect lively exceptions thereafter magnetic adventure rhythm abstract translation absent attraction evenings encouragement clinic closing latin harder alter custody scales transmission temperatures super fortnight demonstrations tourists filling referendum enemies locations barriers lacking excluded calculated forming portrait hamilton incomes actively deposit deck assurance publisher successor recruitment guardian fitness terrace satisfied races awkward buses imprisonment tactics lads norwich lock jordan liver sergeant cry hung dose waist shower execution steep workforce requiring favourable correspondence albeit illustrated volunteers extending rejection republics winds meanings grants oldest margin kissed tray gloucestershire demonstrated recognized dismissal mild profound netherlands envelope hungary ranging environments ignored stimulus attracted seventh dreadful pit varieties reportedly breast competence receiver lecture shore attending certainty immense informed emissions mines forwards surrounding breakdown introducing evidently w norfolk speaks faint broader statute comedy restore diversity participate historian earn drank peculiar creates eager applicable grandfather stuck surrounded equality davis secrets respects km emma examinations clouds sensation genuinely integrity bases accurately disorder suite sympathetic onwards hated practically cupboard aberdeen impressed sally dawn gifts accent enthusiastic repeat junction jan delegates sequences expects meantime vessel scandal travelling interface myth goodness ruling specialists abandoned representations leaning permitted divorce adjustment terror ocean dioxide attempted worthy uncomfortable suspension cable dimensions contest coastal verse refuse combined adviser independently indicating counselling conflicts kate shallow exclusion capitalist beneficial landing prevention woke collar accused comparative imposed ms mobility charming emerge productive arriving irrelevant undertake territories meets returns minimal handful measurements proposition throwing cheltenham guarantee foundations charlotte futures swiss portfolio accepting vendor insects honestly reserves grandmother deliberate boring churchill native habits affection heading compare fan sunderland makers yugoslavia lorry observers arab suspicious oven minus stanley shortage resolved phenomena clergy disability sing interference cooking popularity addressed cruel breeze symbolic deeper strings hanging recommendation gang merger canal dying kings betty verdict correlation plain marine ride flavour validity julie implication suspect kennedy loads workshops fatal remembering surfaces constructed gentlemen coins ugly profitable avoided singer crying wishes intend patch turkish paths tune polish urged belgium liberty pensioners corruption grace zero inspiration wishing kiss racial hesitated organ ali constable inspector frustration samuel iraqi wealthy imports positively tackle champagne journalist soup trick investments executives sword diverse grief hostility bias definitions dividend don eligible spencer nest withdraw sixties insufficient dishes forum protected blew denmark somerset importantly continually stranger pubs lengths monthly abilities appreciation elaborate nightmare prospective metropolitan assistant preserve milton olympic attacked bearing complicated cigarettes tourism beans mix layers conscience gabriel owned expressions sexuality shelter ambition ladder seed blank collaboration bastard yep mysterious lip accommodate unpleasant loyal falls russians symbols battery managerial forehead riding apartment partially crowds pavement parental preston nonetheless sacred counties commitments bonus reductions desktop installation evil migration joyce rolled molecular inherent implement maturity specification replacing supplier reflecting embarrassment testing manufacturing edwards championships temple intermediate crossing barnes temporarily useless fragments outline isabel explicitly hurt museums selective substances appearing banking threatening fantasy robinson kit newton varies backs boom roses harbour scores select settlements vienna tobacco repeatedly holland guess shut grows incentive boot mayor receives toward protective fraud darling dick backed nerve austria corresponding relate objections hint mistakes engaged defensive behalf masses fiscal devon exploitation brass solar novels invest utterly worship expectation killer craig approaching forth kinnock coloured shelf semantic shadows citizen eighth fucking roll raid qualification viewed moves bureaucracy couples linear pete allowances passive cornwall misery senate max broadcasting specified inappropriate striker communicate bloke auction jet furious kim noble bacteria lily islamic anderson neighbourhood fortunate interval believing mick diagram wimbledon bold faculty integrated philosophical keeper legend mate cab santa objection converted thesis harvey comply juice comparisons stressed freud resolve witnesses checking vi invisible predominantly sara considers remind sculpture trading dignity quid deposits marshall dancing buried matrix flag mathematical campaigns lisa seeds exhibitions refusing disappeared permanently survived slope stretch remedy openly revenues ingredients crop concentrated memorial curtain accountants doubtful beautifully intact feedback surroundings copper emergence pursuit repeated modes alison canterbury pint persistent leaf managing rob budgets horizontal aggression kick terribly proteins seemingly sickness repair celebration opponent tragic q criterion restriction ipswich enforcement respective carrier poles carers examining waved flights shouting negligence sphere bishops displayed rightly spatial custom grabbed belonging borders tightly continuity bowel thompson crude dependence skirt interior episode scrutiny racing jeans manufacture canadian defender decisive founded coventry privatisation cooperation policemen filter ozone founder competent harold respectable sits sin hampshire determining unacceptable forcing smoking pope likelihood alfred caution seasons murray supports distress holders slid bunch pause optimistic petition corn geoff silently mozart orange stretched recipe responded barn divine exercises privately telecommunications angles gothic probable sovereignty redundant script installed learnt spell nt insight applicants floors knocked swiftly adverse detect dorothy opposed steven humanity conventions bradford slim chains advised observer engagement communists compliance rush comparatively shade theft morality feeding delighted corps rumours calculations gods ralph remarked seventeenth youngest fame crystal erosion juliet earl concrete fashioned suffolk musicians unaware sunlight influences lighting el straw virginia lap conferences characteristic synthesis horizon pan ghost deputies cow basket robyn spots implemented leaflet affects willingness regulatory contexts preceding remark tons placing auditors stroke polite worthwhile tapes causal isle rescue penny brush appearances ad tribute champions cognitive calcium indians blown atlantic jewellery los magic lengthy bile miserable intake observe eddie lectures willie creditors panels pole fond sang recommend implicit soap perceptions rivals enhance accountability ideally criticisms phillips documentation stopping trevor array questionnaire tommy reporter abortion subjective strip succeeded incredible serum herbert turkey primitive entity nerves inform threats orthodox thirds coin lancaster cameras maps reduces travelled inheritance romania preferred inclusion regiment grid instinct legally packet southampton cups truck packages eleanor priests borrow guards compatible renaissance poured width pencil twins seminar toxic fashionable timetable flames celebrate convincing recovered fishing cautious abolition canvas developers gravity testament teenage fusion tent ici confirmation throne ted territorial disputes cheerful stored margins injured molecules fertility catching fathers recalled adequately brigade illustration neatly receipt charm critic indicators carrie obliged girlfriend cleared kilometres costly pie hydrogen parker separated tales brand 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expressing inability ignorance pays generated boyfriend depths lamp occurrence lamont restored wicked controlling crops amid prosperity colourful lid exposed presenting grin requests blues fantastic reproduction rode photographer ignoring predict acknowledge allocated genius monitor salvation flown formidable disadvantage identifying propaganda delicious colony descent oak dean preservation angeles retained clue unchanged provinces politician individually lawn intimate giant gravel annually precision relax weird richards voted wound valuation headmaster rats cabin premier lexical chester tap redundancy concessions disciplinary helicopter feared psychiatric promoting occurring concentrating worldwide scots autonomous respondents signature removing portugal salad glorious confidential quoted trace duck damaged failures adjacent delightful listed courtesy clarity wines jail shy resulted collins calculation jason arbitrary theology heritage judged equations merseyside z writings interactions sustain likewise bombs cheshire submission planes contempt reagan prizes racism ruled blake heroes assessing wash banned ashley thumb shoe assigned tanks distinguished specimen modification homeless guys clive airline reporting sigh conspiracy consisting followers laboratories lemon recordings exclude configuration palestinian abruptly log mining temptation lifestyle exotic merchants arises orientation expedition commit unfortunate imply bizarre crews cooper gradual researcher supermarket utility grim polls legacy dropping avoiding incidentally movies yo misleading rage loudly publish hereford indirectly smallest di evolutionary trades pm maurice databases lakes imaginative outdoor allegedly hatred heels immigration speeches geneva theirs outlook mucosa tutor rabbit ballet discharge photo ties cleaning flood arnold fought diamond syndrome interpretations needle foolish mitchell eventual sydney resigned husbands motive venice christie reynolds wrist gaps referee practitioner conversations temper lamb awake flour reid corporations journals invention weekends dies worlds praise israeli organisational cd transformed bothered appeals reaches sofa allan vegetation lump graph registered angel offenders pig mainstream privacy spontaneous yacht dc organisms colonel crack advertisements miracle rounds enjoyment breasts organisers illustrate soccer motives incentives armies mediterranean linda noisy ridge leonard laying vocational vivid strongest obtaining arrow mice protocol prayers missiles preparations bureau innovative admits athens confrontation ed kenya eldest assumes withdrew strengthen shelves photography strangely renewal calm settings rangers stirling architects mainland investigated reluctance qualify emperor jacques jump audiences proving qualified colitis hewlett biscuits fruits constitutes sauce bucket blanket mistress handled wartime da rolling treating advances texas abandon sunny reconstruction organs caring watson purple ministerial employ ambitions gregory acids unusually responding metals blacks unwilling revision phrases lit conceptual sanctions realm yield sexually sixteenth handicap von economically aloud phases honours nelson hunt axis intent grammatical suspended wins analyse conclude re hunting torn polytechnic striking dilemma egyptian keynes reject revival injection outset overnight hp extends technically swing parallel exchanges packard hitting colonies constructive insists trainer disappointed minerals resentment undertaking villa reminder reservations macdonald develops camps wembley cakes ulcer fulfil appalling kicked printed mercy retired biology chorus meaningful janet accounting windsor simplest lea ft versus despair drunk viable sean unreasonable perceived reads northampton wheat gaulle landed organise troubles surgeon julian denis maxwell upset deals credibility vaguely casualties vigorous permit ellis uneasy donna gerald caravan immune skull hartlepool illustrations tensions declined owe melissa foreigners prior whatsoever pilots booklet nuisance sri trusts rude draws painter encounter blackpool nationalism detected hurried amendments organized democrat linking lanes ironically mandatory rhetoric lobby magnitude jerusalem wells smoothly printing rival reluctantly overwhelming daylight amusement fortunes aspirations emailinc presently shaw construct usage duly richmond rebels keyboard indigenous geological weaknesses mills sink communism layout ninth aluminium innocence fist argentina jointly powder unsuccessful lion basin murphy admiration franco fifties optional outbreak presents prisons heir specify galleries mid jaw claudia aiming rear addresses cast restraint easter presidency ambassador disciplines greenhouse protecting struggled businessmen agrees lifting unconscious combinations eec activists vegetable drawer monarchy preferences breathing jokes milan rebellion abbey absurd principally uniform gp momentum prague charts frames bankruptcy eyebrows accountant eagle beam emerging simpler owns sleeve cliff scent existed nicely unclear detectives seventies switched prevalence strangers unionists successes infinite wee macmillan supposedly jackie adams submit trail comprising threshold wallace default shoot rises subsidiary convey sweat analogy optical consistency privileged bargain subjected notions mask adrian comfortably businessman norm holly florence wardrobe complain justified shooting exploit wounds commentators cameron resting linen liabilities confused offspring pepper methodology teenagers lincoln sutton bride dan acted poets limitation annie predictable balcony belong americas secular curiously hut poorly fridge occupations gazed gdp stadium portable dairy irony clark quantitative enjoyable frankly avenue spreading aviation singapore outcomes owl unionist laser indies sterling non jeremy faithful salaries liberals gould absorption sticking surplus ryan aesthetic organizational jealous announce lung dirt mammals exercised doyle planners walks passionate protested stretching mobile brandy hook swedish deserves butler simplicity phoned hammer beating exile dos blade prevented repairs combine vacuum criminals clauses builders allied paula poorer split tablets brains clerical revelation twelfth exit longest react designers fed exemption tumour bureaucratic cows predecessor decorative staircase interfere seasonal lecturer heroin needing prejudice capabilities airlines protests decoration dense washing eliminate fetch counts underground limbs merits lone attributed convert privileges composer repetition liquid beaches compound lunchtime bow chalk polly intervene chiefs pots unexpectedly voltage rover underneath arabia bore embarrassing woodland domination slightest elder clash burial morale exceptionally dragged angela owed flora energies handy vendors distances contributed resign proportional inquest inquiries nathan agony christine reserve critique tempted wordsworth ensures questioned exclaimed sponsored collecting measuring palm bobby preserved pottery dating cheques instrumental embarrassed glimpse interim agnes matt palestine unlawful maker coffin leo comparing accumulation unrest whitehall literacy convenience fix dealings fog labels shield trophy ballot stole blackburn flame judgements farming fragment shed hilary minorities breeding debates appropriately ancestors delayed enforce lets addressing desired happier rings assured bent ending ukraine arrives displays clearer verb toast bitch slip fossil pursuing lend promoted youths prints recreation appraisal harvest deer talents realism stunning continuously revealing coincidence professions indoor iranian toes notorious commodity similarities speeds florida insist fighter differentiation swallowed ruler formulation metre dennis stating electron competing jungle attractions ringing publishing unprecedented maid proceeds illusion rat villagers consult aggregate fragile fiercely ranges earned disappear commentary ego fox shaft photographic contractors doubtless rider pigs archbishop weights contemporaries itv charities maintains pretend departmental challenges saints acknowledged korean disruption ron par shake mighty obscure holmes bacon noting decides towel heath murdered vice collector thailand portsmouth potato evaluate whichever pudding giles bleak bourgeois seal altar plaintiffs plasma performing buttons nicholson jumping bricks lothian extensively appetite purchased contractual loch velocity copyright operative promises missile slopes freight solidarity elephant nationally rushed fever thrust warehouse revenge morton bells appreciated virtual drum beard choir hastily romance inspired hussein lace harrison frozen membrane ethics screens urgently facilitate posters lungs fundamentally pipes trivial deprivation builder squares kettle manners capability hull noises gall depressed lately hurry possessions swept slave engage dozens br promptly financially sheila import feminists screaming situated muslim knock metaphor treatments liaison interactive urgency infants reviewed psychologists deserve embassy tones sophie approve fluid atoms scholarship stops spine amsterdam memorable census defending reliance exchequer headings integral madrid restrictive manipulation powell leslie loud educated memorandum shelley absorbed codes plaster ambiguous astonishing mistaken blowing covenant teenager cage barrel raymond meg nominal vicious pulse verbal patten sentenced detection syntactic zones clearance bridges celebrations economists establishments mains tops sodium signing holdings complications attainment cylinder constituents hedge dividends disclosure preventing victor debtor refuge incapable rolls rabbits indonesia overview favourites boxing reckons remedies resident appoint footsteps nuts municipal torch noticeable secretion enters hunter retreat gibson boost cave talented printers hungarian sulphur gazing manor swung viewers magical courtyard oesophageal passes edmund murderer hats armstrong alterations hemisphere judging ambiguity arsenal finals saudi eighties manual greeks vacant intercourse wit actress strikes cure dock feasible saddam loses greg realities dwellings nitrogen companions cook eve sailing belly clues dundee jo citizenship washed understandable complementary climbing constitute saving breaks assertion archaeological guinness mankind disturbance modified bicycle tips ankle buckingham optimism insistence sideways gather nails intestinal renewed invite helpless heavier analysts operated possessed vincent provisional jeff wary completing restrict aquarium glow funded relieved legislature dated neville enquired richardson telegraph ivory evelyn tense telly refugee accepts inspectors jacob colonic elaine detention stiff socks statue needles honourable lacked shirley honey recorder hips exam screamed slice analyses eternal adjust danish finishing photos solved salisbury secured danny trustee enormously parade dorset boston modifications instant profitability harmful locals outlets coupled binding distinctly imminent incorporate remembers romans essays sticky stimulate deadly differential asylum serbian bored ferry gloom inclined pursued basement unwanted ample escaped unfamiliar immigrants featuring packed dependency molly quota theorists defects burton abnormal heseltine indicator monitoring conversely rex streams rehabilitation emerges quarry sociological croatia taiwan exploring petty belonged workstations historically marcus fisher leaflets academics imagined picasso seas lazy battles premature privatization fairy manuscript retention derby madame burn administrators possess platforms challenged invaluable midfield dolphins sore similarity anticipation touching brochure pc infrastructure slipping cargo rotation souls container adapt bull triangle rebel francisco dancers safer plausible wayne prone comprises retire studios hospitality papal arena lasted gut scared garlic editors al promoter candle awaiting wildly midland ace urine winchester northumberland focused mornings nina litigation queue valleys incredibly fittings superintendent quest poison frightened attributes kindly continuation criticised landowners radioactive velvet sainsbury ratios brow traveller stitches interviewed crohn analytical corpse pump civilians plymouth anglia constituencies carl offensive captured injunction clarify marriages moderate closest stimulation slide calories biopsy stamp boris umbrella dexter predictions surgical frontier catholics rotten radically kin oils indications loop rod contributing practise thirties strands inhibition coats defeated pr paragraphs andrews investor suspected grasp supportive utterance runners chat vested sack foster homework organism veins thirdly varying graduates compensate maureen appealing stockton attacking bosnia tyres pray gases consequent violently landlords napoleon deadline reasoning proves lowered conditional fibres norms ros cottages pragmatic candles robbery denies frequencies ferguson oz goodbye specifications republican linguistics enjoys secretaries onset destructive carol cult adaptation towers pierre knocking yarn sensed creed bankers reviews athelstan riders forgive gratitude colon sandwich classified bt symmetry bodily blast consortium meredith wickets concerts fluctuations casually swift attachment terrorist preferably capture segments counterparts expanding calmly authentic tastes excess blonde multimedia creativity bennett fuss jill destiny easiest viewpoint georgia fringe ux contradiction homosexual librarian bang shades headache unsatisfactory politely lions controller neglect warnings matched programming wendy breathe hazard peru bp decree enhanced cart dissolution seminars bears batch lighter revised quantum earning antibodies illustrates counting whites hastings honorary answering prolonged potent horn sundays warn disagreement vigorously reliability peaks counsel progressively cynical sights derbyshire stays antibody waving gardener spends parking wording sadness factual booked histories civilian carpets cruelty joanna concludes naive problematic supporter graduate fur sharpe exceed agreeing circular debris baldwin singles scenery superiority thread ordination sanctuary combining merit ideals carolyn jennifer nearer differ adapted survivors superficial exeter ecclesiastical batteries heights creditor beast barcelona sceptical encountered englishman feminine cluster parks brewery governed slender nationalist nigeria locks weaker biography recalls hannah dumb vicar calculate pence breathed jamie distinctions denial fired humble backgrounds jenkins surveillance wiltshire valve pretending pin goalkeeper clinics punch shaken insect convictions vii tomatoes probe halfway faintly angels applicant suffers segment shiny certificates workstation julius sufferers inequality gaining additions obstacles marking rosie trainers imaginary systematically locomotive ulcerative grave brutal hi vitamin manpower defective gloves spr ord subscription optimal discs explored chiefly pouring conspicuous patronage luxury prevents innovations delays classics predators governing lanka relates worcester irregular providers tidy collapsed ernest disco prose testimony desires defining personalities prompted downwards europeans licences demonstrators promising bat taxpayer deterioration amateur prestigious employing cuba arch vocabulary herbs paddy ally cease mcallister prediction crashed bushes proliferation terminals lordship donations transparent notebook compounds highway nazi ceasefire timing tribe timothy trips robertson reporters biblical plainly nursing bail corridors prestige severity waiter religions accompany terrorists dare ecological oddly stool overlooking developer devised currencies strode cliffs sweets consecutive reactor enzyme patron guitars balanced accord voting evenly oneself accidental theological scenario outfit fighters jockey lb delivering nervously hopeless placement seized beginnings merrill slaves rushing socialists 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simultaneous regression workplace polytechnics ruins marathon rays coarse supplying tooth rosa farewell transform shillings relies disgusting insights innings governmental housewife mg disposition mutually bangor centrally conveniently labourers countless cecil regimes incorporating upright leigh hans geology baltic thoughtful reservation ripe skies lawson jake energetic monument defines headlines conquest convicted arguably arrogant doorstep ensured eleventh ink anthropology balloon pathetic scepticism microsystems lethal skins relational farmhouse flows drill abolished surveyor terrific hypotheses vector variance peripheral incompatible muddy chamberlain austrian characterized iris hazel initiated conceived implied tempting temples attorney hepatitis habitat performers tricky blamed ritual censorship bite polar fists riots flowing dedication lodge griffiths climax sensory distortion tumours lightning participant piper nut sour suspicions struggles electorate scarborough highlands stem extremes ronald planted cocktail robbie nylon unofficial shone picnic nets electrons abundance physiological observing outgoing bend saddle campus shining carriers kite gorgeous stealing butterfly rails purse lou hmm munich spectacle doll arc banbury prescription consisted mohammed elusive reminiscent mounted confronted ceased coaches graves mildly salvador inspectorate cor finite variants responsive fourteenth carlos selecting immunity trembling node rents strand drunken planets reservoir baths slot specialised cosy pearce attacker bedside costing quicker cycles learner parishes circuits flock tours ducks derives dusk authoritative czech retains emission compass challenging croydon mellor obedience cemetery absorb imposing apt collision twisted scarlet doses oppose sponsors undesirable summons dementia radius bulletin profoundly tribes famine grades reformers denying muscular unsure questioning ordeal fletcher depended theatrical bundle imitation developmental malta intrinsic 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shepherd wretched reverse outsider confidentiality rationality gravitational ammunition integrate glucose internally stevens picturesque donation reed pensioner brushed gandhi prominence nicola sticks nicky sufferer investing portraits mould gloria conductor install int wallet handwriting trent skeleton genre mansion elephants abundant circumstance environmentally strengthened whisper radar tel bryan scratch omission arrows blocked parameter baxter microwave shropshire sober syllabus taller definitive verge undertakings infinitely romanian witch glared zambia sweater shah hart continual tougher pour presentations impatient dedicated readiness unmarried constituted humiliation listeners spectacles hygiene apartments gill undertook behavioural shocking prototype identifies screening damn calf repeating communion nottinghamshire harassment musician momentarily celia divide projection minton equitable composite instructed fertile feudal elite feathers donor quote brooke scrap orbit marsh universally arctic fiona combines purchasers journalism cement motorists caribbean sa overt springs acquiring patent homosexuality convoy socket sins amino piles marched rested devotion analyst thirteenth mouths wholesale paradox impatiently extracts pad valued unrealistic swan morally discretionary airways peterborough tins cries counsellor delhi appealed curves pills suited cia travis judith chapman syntax ski gavin noun unified distal vicinity examines novelist pork climbers beth inputs web nationalists critically ssr dental justices injustice comprehension subsidiaries tentative worries joking marion economist introduces assignments searched breadth ingredient attracting seriousness jay salon shorts underway librarians outlet cheerfully tapped highlighted damaging precautions nomination lyons practising practicable ads grimly geometric ignorant craftsmen compartment alpha bourgeoisie whip moist correction penetration interrupted fuck killings booking bulbs dangerously corresponds 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unrelated logically frail harvard knight airfield clinging anguish favoured desperation luggage sewage tenure jar regret del pet larvae cruise flu tracey rhythms robson rack overlap castles intimacy intensely lavatory glamorous goodnight chord trainee demolition insulation axe judgments madam sleeping monitored crystals offender admired highlight gradient congratulations attic saves cholesterol cavalry banker redemption thanked realization accounted mercedes bolts impress housekeeper diamonds stir ventilation pylori kissing symptom exploited bosnian ellie canteen pi dissatisfaction knots rectangular fuels quotas larry coldly presidents downs extraction chartered complexes identifiable suburbs berkeley installations bacterial deborah midday montgomery livestock careless poorest myths bungalow lynn acre acknowledgement financed admissions overs spider leicestershire compression aboard gastrin sh microscope shrine coronation grandparents henderson predator huh wicket heather spouse shivered postcard irene pointless addictive antonio stella supermarkets granite motif burned barrels threatens majesty gig needless packets cited tossed astonishment dolphin pending invented whistle participating rovers emphasised chef ventures activation proprietor crowded pronunciation implicitly mahogany sunset fences brokers discreet notwithstanding underwent reckless ram mergers costa alliances sacked reversed basil extinction drops concentrates arse behaving moses extraordinarily tackling heroic competitiveness referrals kenny wheelchair kathleen kinship constituent princes colombia seaside brenda charlton boredom warrington rosemary tedious mosaic dentist accidentally serbs discharged repay consolation pulls informative tt builds lexicon jug retorted wasting biscuit devoted onions exquisite mandate ions isaac rationale broker stylistic willis stewards herr reassure newman satisfactorily transportation introductory tiger blaze heavens tear newcomers cox tolerate temperament grains loaded honeymoon wires collectively textiles surrender erected discomfort sliding pillars churchyard diplomacy bladder rev directives missions oct cole addiction inherited diversion validation rests moor paisley weighing harlow persuasive peering surgeons diagrams bilateral deployment mineral recruits cheapest porch mysteries elimination reuter uniforms declaring mandy patiently benedict pasta tract kemp confidently derelict swore algorithm fantasies baroque receptor troubled behaviours sketch endorsement identifier forgiven cohen admitting foam sculptures drain fuller paradigm novelty frantic binoculars buckinghamshire foremost brilliantly composers diaries sworn nuns stamford disturb britons monkey molla mins apprehension differing disclose oath releasing rory intending costume grab regain intricate bullets hits tribunals elbows administered beijing roar slate mansell newsletter associates persian wipe jerry curls reviewing headline banner reassurance mandela clusters chatting incorporation adjusted fossils tomb handbag sociologists balances pal fisheries scotvec advisable tractor vulnerability sorrow assert maxim deviation miranda straightened reverend ftse doubled beforehand traits smokers reserved pyramid verses insurers incurred dolly lordships mechanics exhausted uniquely butcher lotus logo triumphant ni profiles productions deliveries kidney cara sophistication median assurances spiral medicines celebrated walkers acoustic centred cooperative rim rejecting generates spheres pact accessories detector daytime nutrients sha successors cs expressive stirred jerked environmentalists fleming trench recurrent overwhelmingly echoed inventory ale drifting chemists jaws cans cockpit amounted medals prevalent talbot sometime shifting motivated hood apologies disasters toe solving ghosts cooker excited stack commands confront repertoire republicans sotheby islam termination occupants warriors sherry blinked analogous anal versatile stereo divisional si marxism commenting descendants writ facial beg disgust submarine stimulating featured philips michel duchy morocco anxieties mann groaned cancellation aerial theses youthful unaffected mac paramount inspect hector cleaned utilities sung hostages tyre deterrent mortimer theatres dickens faulty engagements induce guided persisted petersburg eccentric coronary lucrative nov dared serial pre brighter trauma focal tudor stalls penis illnesses derive statutes hudson updated moisture negotiated consolidation toy philosophers cracks abraham richest contrasts noel saloon gillian persuasion chase radicals recreational contraction reversal congressional moonlight hilton afternoons mushrooms professionally minimise shields instructor arabs miracles otto efficacy fraser heater rituals nod hugo vale ronnie neutrality lime usefulness rochester mirrors youngster aristocratic fellowship unanimously rehearsal rio dale volunteer sentimental painters aeroplane mob stark manuscripts outrage sausage graeme irrational inclination peasantry mare gauge mole erika sellers render comic auguste philosopher woollen brazilian anticipate abdominal clashes theda mon loving buffet massacre indefinitely transmitted illegally reminding bee transfers turbulent ragged assisted picks ecology postponed duchess etcetera dancer familiarity laundry mitterrand lucas ditch africans spelling volatile forties classrooms landscapes cyclists recruited eased chill enclosure lawful dimensional coincide retrospective jelly sounding faye atom gestures confederation guerrilla harper eliminated adjective spreadsheet utter grandson notation hurricane fatigue firing madeleine gastrointestinal bounds brands preserving curved brisk briskly confessed sipped spin contemplate comeback drives amnesty frog butterflies hague labs rugs finer assemblies pints luxurious expresses dole designing promotional docks edited canopy motors aristocracy upward ascent posed morrissey limb algeria visions bureaucrats intolerable shores imported grandchildren litre launching mystical wonderfully uranium exhaustion charcoal unused floppy cuttings worms mock pam antique bridget squeezed icl respiratory displaying undue recurrence canon satellites newer monkeys psychologist rick hedges advancement adjectives recommends disclosed quinn paperwork sub inexperienced entrants sediments solaris stratford kills indicative cdna capitals dawson casting reactors accession cupboards amazement inmates highlights strokes wearily amidst opt silas retrieval jargon stare adventures mat interviewer devaluation loretta ronni nil dots liberties forster vastly folly jumper elders groupings understandably utterances dispose frightening abrupt monopolies generating shaped gripped grinning crap rhythmic gerry cares arrears forensic courtaulds bastards obstruction kg arrogance loft equals questionnaires gifted borrowing flicked workmen economical regulate eruption amenities organiser mantle summarised icing unbelievable wax blocking abandonment unlucky solitary trader merry lesions rebecca flux fiery thankfully complexities gallons prudent rhodes betrayal winston dire inference downward exempt manslaughter awe drifted teesside tails evaluated foul freed fulfilled eileen fiver rivalry nationals crossroads ascertain pistol subsection endowment apron bending karl sorting contentious discrete nail nought processed specificity medau elegance apprenticeship engels festivals stems stringent hypothetical smiles offerings slump forefront exceeds mcdonald conflicting physician negligible contributes settlers benign perpetual woken moira untouched runway bert conceptions irresistible circus slices issuing multitude stockings unpublished supplements pharmaceutical wagner gin bernice pedestrian serbia eminent winger notoriously prefers greenbelt royalty implying toilets dug antibiotics trailer cartoon dresses statistically goat amended pier embryo voluntarily immaculate homogeneous applause newcomer revive monsieur pancreatic turmoil revelations alpine carer damian compost pets mickey sincere sailed listener cumbria endoscopic proximal possesses professionalism barley nora warden convergence glue stirring transferring ethiopia tina warranty guarantees vividly obscene suppression advancing beads parsons enzymes editorial gangs binary moslem hissed northamptonshire tucked joanne kylie bids frankie cough intriguing syllable bangladesh crept quartet marrying sentiments pastry exploded resisted metabolism provoked arrests globe textbooks schoolboy shoppers devote bombers tighter seize bonn oriented span disappointing everton gerard instinctive ho sweep tyneside meter punk envisaged convent oesophagus ordinator donaldson interpreting inward archives provoke fry vietnamese lambs cathy fitting sheriff hopkins advising clumsy suppress unreliable breathless turf fractions turks relegation punished puppy toby rescued abolish explosions annoyance deepest ulcers entertain procedural violation pest hired medication mutation replies connect lieutenant dislike stoke kurdish reflections dynasty wagon civilised cork greedy allocations pose projections renal gateway remuneration dudley plug carbonate gardening parked deter agitation disgrace alley nineties practised undermined mosaics syrian cocaine sarajevo hunters trigger bless sausages telephoned hosts cherry slippery admirable arabic pavements violin maastricht committing commanded ridden summoned depreciation flashed performer labelled appliances albania excuses compares walton distributor slogan vouchers infectious fascist distribute weber contingency planting infusion derry caps detachment auditor ton niece memoirs seb cancers orderly recipients presumption digestion prescribed invalid nicaragua anyhow blend outwards cereal borrowers incorporates shaky commissioners ricky hesitate olympics solemn pillar meditation nanny jewels quit ordering avoidance defended clarification bankrupt pleasantly reflux vitamins imf shrewd greet satin slavery martial catering unskilled devise verbs avon pigeons wounded speciality boroughs excavation financing tearing len dover insult snatched designated conformity pioneer hears communicative devlin friction scholarly authoritarian postwar hereditary separating truths carrots vs emphasize sensations aisle stiffly hurriedly skirts battered sudan plateau cock raining rental polished enforced consultations radiator seamen refined zoo bind scream frontiers unwelcome overlooked sturdy glare scarf plains willingly quotations luce caesar reconcile coleman doug fictional tag projected bates chelmsford upbringing amanda impersonal dividing altitude bach athletes ore weeds unnecessarily stroked commonplace mattress vitality translate prosecutions beers sweeping lasting wrists preferring whereabouts questionable clifford bargaining reproduce sizeable claude donkey palms lamps severn typewriter coastline jenna degradation limiting maths monk edith danced iceland liberalism campaigners oceans melody commanders chickens slab receptors anchor fergus marc juan recognizing collaborative protestants brittle icon attracts plastics macgregor coordination presenter localities pasture accomplished bowls nostalgia savage horrific diane endure bomber institutes corrupt persistence frown stride traumatic decorated urgh firemen mast visibility knelt speedy ignores expose vigour powerless mutations unanimous inflammation inaccurate summat methodological franklin plaque misunderstanding lined telescope slaughter unduly assembled whale elevation val surviving banana gel emancipation raced barrister thereof ch calculating confirming elliott pamela deposition concluding oppressive disney replaces offset falklands heated creator learns kay gcse boiling viability apprentice beethoven vacancies hardest enthusiastically vibration daisy openness adventurers starvation hertfordshire waking chords mclaren microcomputer locke indispensable bursting brightly winding benny croatian posture mortar manipulate anthropologists froze perceive simulation cf plump sensational imprisoned feasibility beneficiaries aea patricia documentary wow mixing wheeler debbie nodding massachusetts rainforest higgins mortal repetitive amy semi chairmen envy utmost pretence skilful couch neglected peer faecal condemnation formulae pens generously peters submissions promoters cohesion anglers pathway telecom signatures edwardian pies nazis abstraction gina analogue donors guts guitarist transported cruz impatience embrace clerks diesel entrepreneurs cables policing nitrate blouse matilda junk anc constrained spontaneously ingenious subscribers discounts stakes ecstasy fallon matching stumbled dash conclusive graceful priced bland stylish admire ankles praying intuitive pearson tee cheaply menus assay telephones avoids perfume quoting ponds doubted albums alps bean sporting nutrition sketches hen howe tidal militia campaigning bananas haven plague favourably permits congestion mundane windy frogs monsters luton sensibly restoring ukrainian hallway gateshead grievances cane bulb embryos regards hens doomed chaotic leukaemia workload litres wry impending adventurous francs ruined formations liquidation cocoa scissors clocks disliked rotor hawkins bury sleepy brakes sailor homage viewing humorous rostov blankets initiate waterloo cubic stresses aquitaine compatibility stephanie worcestershire resumed grove softer wastes recipient shortcomings pilgrimage warrior abnormalities poisonous helplessly childish peninsula subsistence thornton goddess fills ethos accusation angular credible paradoxically cleaners ag feeble cigar oi knit jolly façade communicating liam monastic dismay sniffed breeds hq noses evacuation melanie canals tunnels treasures lava tackled leap mustard phosphate widows persuading roared maud toronto hurts hints improves archive marginally plots arthritis diplomats stressing staged enthusiasts worm unequal ceremonial cannon cuban manifestations epidemic nun queries dam penetrate chess fruitful lecturers alain calves hubert anatomy sullivan oracle lenders extinct formulated wycliffe triangular menace pears resorts citation airborne columbia singh wiping relocation squash viewer objectivity climatic seals antiques pleasing leapt pretended devolution usefully accustomed potter tournaments handbook robe glazed percy supremacy hollow fascinated burke teresa ee cater wolf hopelessly pants artefacts crashing effected salesman messenger resembles reds prayed hideous clan wellington warns brushing levy appropriation niche envelopes reins skinner outward bikes registers manifestation adjusting hare geometry protesters intrusion emphasises surveyed venus brake sponsor cookery lays asserted portions ex lastly ludicrous responds comrades recourse muriel longed jets carriages valerie infancy uncertainties irresponsible grandma powerfully spinning trailing omitted dreaming estuary yen disappearing performs chaired convertible hysterical inconvenience puzzle lending discusses cuisine flung isobel slides midfielder construed atkinson undergo bournemouth montreal rainbow ryder dhss plutonium benn hammond lyrics mounting imbalance veterans closes cot humanities refreshing detained olds copied heavyweight pascoe enclosed lifeboat rectal fright initiation administer narrower hindu curator stamps interventions ant fined shabby doncaster polymers glamour mentioning dwelling coherence manoeuvre tummy specialized beams ghastly pneumonia blunt richly esther spoil locomotives moderately decidedly baptism pill schooling query spectator stubborn swam keynesian troublesome strasbourg witty swallow felix cereals freezer inherently metallic horrors decorations dismal renew innate gooch disposable cardinal nationwide delors exchanged stout siemens mini intuition declining fixtures psychic parasites sebastian accents townsend covenants helicopters arable predominant intently granny bark possessing foreseeable interpreter frantically throws fixture baseline interiors uncomfortably guinea parkinson olive deregulation barren excesses starter joshua lest nests tuition formulate drafted biting shifts morley hearings dictatorship perverse queried undergoing dunn namibia slowed drastically venezuela vanished squared confess batsman advocate unmistakable pipeline bella lindsey gracious resurrection doo diocese weakly sovereign prostitution adversely badge disturbing compliment housed begged reef autobiography faithfully plentiful fours liquor advocates statues dissent vatican akin tactic intonation trafford acknowledges pledge wa posh curb imperialism thinly suburb positioned marjorie fen carlo meagre fortress ostensibly saturdays computerised trusted mumbled jew formality generator eyebrow reciprocal twisting barker reproduced murdoch freddie proven horizons psychoanalysis bangkok palmer parlour outputs safeguard smashed immature tuc schedules rating paperback reactive trout streak gala wonders unimportant capacities hectic straps overhead hilda selby furnishings towels chestnut accusing conversational excursions chuckled diagonal shortfall nave epithelial earthquake documented semantics tentacle valves roller swear diploma compiled escaping davidson segregation prof christina compulsion backdrop insolvency succeeds indignation exert technicians explosives flooding fold dissolved compelled bloc brink acutely curly domains venues patio airports janice maximise hairy newport moors granada evaluating tram slabs bugger seeming attach recalling directing continuum stripes insertion drily praised mattered sinking temperate lager curled distinguishes bypass bentley cavity patrons ci mythology packing patted grapes supervise draught occupying noticing posted crosby exceedingly waterproof rag brows discourage parliaments greeting basics homeland camille turbulence glider bowling hairdresser deserted shadowy jeep distributors vertically disappears oldham contextual veil ordinate barrett thrill industrialists conservatism einstein deduction occupies optimum legends stationary rodney forgiveness contributors reorganization henley prelude depending stale nixon gower necks observes meadow blond receptionist gypsy mortgages supervisory provider licensing veto agreeable moods mastery richness sombre costumes budapest loo deficiencies devoid packs commanding variability imposes consumed accompaniment lesley adolescence nutritional migrants weir warranties preventive wander lavish herald quarrel jaq unnoticed zinc petals compositions strikers drying infected fowler interfaces subordinate indices byrne altering opposing folds legion mint tightened baron influencing elites bait benches huy generals violations bidder filtration salts tents id miguel nostrils whitby cadbury tesco aquatic flags colliery beta warwickshire diagnosed karpov tallis mph rincewind characteristically bombay restructuring untidy ratification politburo marching awfully thicker wits xi sic dialect abandoning chichester robot nordern conservatory southend lucenzo staffordshire withstand routinely unavoidable pamphlet relics solvent vase mozambique coefficient proletariat lied wea sulphate selectors fife erratic insane buckets cosmic mouthful sheltered hindsight setback eats auntie marshes ceremonies biographical debated greasy strap bleeding spreads dances manhattan literal wwf beware intimately disguise timely consulting killers edwin groove catastrophic unto existent strata qc smells expelled clutch cranston sunsoft vowel wireless registrar indecent tracy repayments taxed coolly supplemented defiance visibly foil cambridgeshire induced dictionaries ethanol tarmac overwhelmed footpath mischief openings pins endorsed goats commando constructing proclaimed preparatory recycling engaging crusade boro tipped bubble celtic cromwell influx carey reformation hockey geese barnett scattered reacted kingston hurting blah oxide membranes cheeses histological affluent entrepreneurial graphs erotic variously tolerant weigh mario update voucher sid biochemical cushion redistribution redcar unfinished scorer tbsp bewildered restrain disruptive fixing centimetres clara stripped confuse tribal slots houston gibbs concede alignment scandinavian periodically cycling thinner awesome retrospect unsafe persecution messiah underwear visa disagree beck antrim ponies targeted nell norwegian mentions converting fulham rig eagles irritating excessively bonnet boxer monies thickly weighed pastoral prolific remotely shotgun refinement squeeze motionless petroleum austerity yachts aura hearth fake textbook warming heavenly disciples peacefully humphrey unavailable radial bachelor northallerton advert transnational syllables quieter preceded wolverhampton excludes viruses termed gigantic unjust oscar cunningham lloyds greene residues tenor jeffrey insp angola bowlers plo promotions terraced romanesque outing overheads crescent compilation faculties yields grossly signalled mound dinosaurs thankful evangelical maidstone parachute faldo sterile pesticides tanker spinal notices fumes mansfield caves ashton compounded demolished mcleish showers garrison tier elves stevenson manageable displacement cache maclean affordable reasonableness uruguay filed friendships menzies complement rung hamburg phonological broadway rites staggered expulsion enhancement curvature troop sermon lever patriotic alcoholic byzantine teaches balloons ceilings improbable wisely foreman notts scouts online greenwich shafts primacy predicament adherence nobles pike festive advocacy nominated patents masklin rusty bookshop metric connecting masterpiece symphony assisting pervasive oranges pyjamas diets shortages galaxies johannesburg lipstick sands monica claimants endlessly regulated impairment trays emphasized weakened meadows tapping parity comprise shilling hyde exceeding strengthening stately escort alienation carrot logs suspiciously psychiatrist abused narrator unionism swords filters lowe acknowledging cyril ceramic fluids textual probabilities racket terrified maze capitalists millionaire growled storms password vapour potency offline attain purchasing kirov rhetorical starving discrepancy stimulated antigen beech celebrity improper torque entertaining burdens sized graveyard bearings precedent fares healthier variant uniformed shutters diminish involuntary awkwardly beginners bust wallpaper elinor sierra wha echoes roadside constables nodes gutter correspond spells nizan treacherous individuality shuddered vaccine faded ideologies govern hostel expeditions deposited ashdown outstretched aerospace southeast obsessed distraction fergie screw inadequacy shh truce missionary appellant browning lender welcoming dwarf gosh landmark kasparov marshal portfolios freedoms respected souness franks contraception gibraltar cc contemplating eternity punish ashes knickers svqs invitations replay anthropological benson advantageous credentials brightness embargo assent romanov outright respite uneasily jon senator bracket uprising ornamental deviance settlor lesbian partition aroused tenderness glenn amazingly undergrowth natives forceful encounters pessimistic suspend courageous heterosexual inverness continents benefited ayrshire calibre misfortune conceivable borrowed cue tides wlr gratefully differs owls reunion spur nobel intestine bubbles brilliance venables cannabis hampstead relentless forcibly amounting sponge incidental organizing realizing verification blackness proceeding refurbishment rooted remnants workhouse searches dinners individualism inscription sealed vintage breaches symbolism diabetic poses rum briefcase murdering formative simplistic markings terence concurrent peking miami protesting travels synonymous pigeon chaplain kirk detached correlations baseball boyd creole catches tonic harshly taut dietary stillness lester intravenous curse suspects malt destinations redevelopment plunged grips activating superbly scanner lennie banging motorola illegitimate womb identities investigator allegation disagreements nepal opting steak tending burrows awoke arrivals barnsley bothering randomly electors apartheid enlightenment recollection slippers foyer carson prejudices lunches irvine prescriptions distinguishing threads speculate gum novice lifelong wrexham metaphysical portuguese ion teens blades vengeance cnaa damned residue spark steer adjustable monumental beasts roosevelt diverted feat caretaker tanzania placebo stormy insecurity barman locus williamson mam arches triple den kpmg phones plantations shattered baggage creamy discourses chairmanship barnet leopold pedestrians rebuild safeguards boswell sidney burglar telford crisps boldly tentatively advocated broadcast razor pronounced unnatural survivor massage indulge infringement militant mersey sculptor chernobyl lab mums progressed automation veteran vernon flushed focuses carved unfit notification fulfilling wreck spd incomprehensible candy announcements begging exposing fronts tess blaming huddersfield cod peg 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doubly snooker ubiquitous slowing remit pizza worthless housekeeping dump boasts afield becky spotlight insignificant schizophrenia tuna tuberculosis prosecutor catastrophe symmetric prepares provocative philadelphia offeror wooded ethel stratification soho honoured yugoslav bradley mccarthy darren unbearable conrad helpers normandy watkins footballer oblivious vans correspondingly discriminate poultry jewel lenses banquet distaste belts spared touring josh proprietary stair detroit intellect civilized resembled barrage piers lodged fenella cassie parsley mackay cuckoo portadown technician cone brook realistically hurrying stormed extracted endoscopy soviets humberside fashions crisp golfer grandeur lowering childbirth osborne excitation haste unconditional recognizes authorised indictment saline epic fragmentation josé pcr orthodoxy protects crushed imagining modernisation vines interrupt credited solomon healing calculator depicting strolled flanders mackenzie herring proxy volatility outburst listing captivity certification screws apologise blows stamina mips guild almighty culminating hurdle mildred pellets dunlop aa opec isolate judy flee zurich backbone ingenuity regent coordinator coke fetal grouped precarious berry splitting golfers confronting democracies feather triggered stained probes bounced hendry alternate rendered ominous receptive athlete vms bucharest ruin pursuits sexist unite duo folder sphincter daring ordinarily masculinity ayr basal flourish battalion tile attribute hates plantation directories pantomime batty sockets pearls rubble metabolic loser coincided philippa ammonia hostess assaults pious crewe anomalies goodwin modernism intermittent sylvia englishmen luncheon paddington ranged suffice retailer archaeologists highland kgb elton rifles lust sensual juvenile hammersmith horribly crouched behaved anaemia perceptual sparse exceeded audible detriment relaxing antiquity monstrous slogans herds grunted sporadic resonance ancestor keyword divert halted memo papillae closures heal cheeky bottomley boycott remanded amateurs lateral heady tongues inspections stain abingdon monte malicious commentator arid predicting consolidate slapped conceive cites dreamed hypertension shivering morals freelance hefty connor condemn subordinates hasty cursor sweetly irritable middleton covent reinforcement kisses invites retrieve jeopardy fireworks striped newbury blatant grease pornography walters stressful deployed lais evolve obsolete wryly detectors helens informing elect rejects barnard earrings hms ianthe complacency transitions natwest premise noreen kingsley vancouver discreetly guatemala chunks potassium overdue colorado edouard marketplace saucer catalyst reassuring silicon releases mo oceanic provocation preoccupied hatch saga confines deletion trinity transformations respondent edgar advertised inaccessible prostitutes cortex whaling flatly starring quotes gis twickenham pros exporters essentials prosecuting achieves claws cholera claimant shannon seizure haze insecure backward breathtaking berwick lodgings crypt counsellors pollutants longing vanity inertia donated mandeville strikingly suzanne flocks noticeably accelerate referral impossibility cradle unresolved estimation rub greed chromosomes establishes thriller manufactured bunny modernist alkaline henceforth boil normality unfavourable symmetrical objectively tablet dinghy ounce unattractive mockery replica tessa founders ncr thorne amend tying uganda wedge goose pirates networking ruefully transplant conscientious det sanction predictably thu imperfect fraught erection rector contingent bolivia cutter bereavement ribbons contemplation stockholm grange pleas chocolates geographically bathrooms invoice conveyed coil dominic jed gatwick readership illumination giggled grasped cabbage cornelius placements bulky bum istanbul token exaggeration pests macedonia zeal spurs havoc expiry pitches dissemination cushions knowledgeable multiparty reservoirs bravely apollo eisenhower descending brownie wade leonora vandalism referees exploiting mikhail eroded farmland renewable lawns float sabine nicer unauthorised ontario amazed dora wagons fracture ledge expanse ornate vowed stern pollen snakes exported thorpe headlights disposed lindsay dragons australians finn criticise regularity stray modernity bogus leases removes fauna weeping lorton dismissing boiled vacancy vibrations kb guildford maize enlightened parallels commence approximation pamphlets gardner nile zen obligatory latvia cues reacting exterior genetically cornish initials rainfall dive beatrice clones illusions lili observable pausing articulation associative jose dougal genus motto royalties misses abbot portrayed helmut hawaii pearl tack diplomat guardians spines gunmen emigration hormone gestured dustin spate everest impulses cheers leant stony settee fancied scrum hegemony decency exhaustive battlefield sophia void endill closeness indefinite gastritis harley wyatt affectionate bred vineyards exaggerated cologne betrayed webster spies unspoken pennsylvania habitats leaping landlady splash horrified hassle bibliography regiments popped dallas bulgarian inverted solids subversive lain caller massively treason masonry sevens banged sly carbohydrate pedigree fried contracted lasts mahmoud comprehend constructions femininity belgrade wavelength prophet remission axes repatriation click isabella covert hostilities inexpensive totality caspar flap winters genesis matrimonial hassan splendour disarmament aback floyd appalled peptide colorectal gummer waterfall unhappiness infamous withdrawing pathways amenable weed muttering radios tokens nec overtaken activist berries floated respectability prominently dice cassettes doris computational pancreatitis scraps tracing rods groom commencement straining whitehouse predatory supervisors corpses guineas pianist flicker saucepan estonia aliens remedial currie venetian mao subs banners aspirin angus solitude swollen mister underside glances parrot chronological se shuttle laughs gloss activated midwife billions pulses coating hovering est complimentary postcards exemptions rib hauled gen mod metaphors sql posing newmarket coercion hari halves oval thai amen burun sleek alleviate installing rewarding presume giovanni rated decor veterinary amplifier announces prostitute aided gravely knowingly clinically exhibit adhesion newco keegan inadvertently burglars rebuilt neural inspire esteem downfall ridley gigs emptiness artery qualifying perry scan nurseries steeply industrialization scotsman nomes weaken hangs animation dizzy multiply campaigner soluble grassy liar terminate fingertips condensation baked fitzgerald jumble vault hooper skinny lining tonne reflective glowing articulate widen cowley cerebral ahmed bony normative prophecy ferdinand mused slumped cosmetic laurence upgrade physicians sucking lightweight favours unpaid farther dread disapproval upland resented balancing drinkers electromagnetic greetings nan insensitive resumption manuals keenly psychiatrists forbes freeze kerry ripped shorthand hamlet butt valuations predicts protector adolescents shaun homelessness ono resembling mondays endangered envisage blockade urquhart checklist jess inhibit benevolent intellectually fade tara longitudinal armoured heroine specialization towering flowed disintegration receivers clapham jurnet payers slater inwards handles soda miserably battling duplication colouring takeovers artificially edie mosley lionel innumerable filming crane seams diffusion stationery bernie uncovered exhibits temporal phenomenal clutched cracked quebec paving pledged squads elvis gale footing misuse aylesbury bmw sings exposition shrug periphery inactive cop bilingual op subjectivity fertiliser asserting emotive shortest stabbed libyan lumps astronomy brutality unambiguous delegate landowner haul postage obsessive lifts humanitarian micro frome shipped trouser linguists impartial carcinoma countess murmur pioneers marlborough licked leapor olivia ramsay woven strenuous veronica southwark dismissive overweight emulate unfairly noriega postpone ss superficially stan accelerator shouts embedded adaptive denounced londonderry southport bows stricken preferential outlines defiantly coefficients patterned summed loyalist striving shipment funerals confusing persists nervousness netware scalp moles digits ferocious assertive beginner broadcasters privy culmination miraculous marines suez payne flint patterson fisherman renwick precaution coleraine dissolve gwen industrialisation thriving trenches informants execute fbi hierarchies railings sweating oxfam basins curry frustrated diligence externally diminished motility margarine dashed usable walsall birkenhead biotechnology hardness dye budgetary reptiles boulders fernando lattice upheld disrupt descended chassis complacent tranquillity charismatic entails demons yemen seismic grasses sting sharper peculiarly shocks elasticity inconvenient lent divorced summon combustion anglican sgt munro scratching justifiable countenance assemble exasperation reversing copenhagen contours pleading cutlery ornaments topaz shipments extradition guido teddy eloquent eerie miriam pinch burrow tempo raped felicity floods ecumenical speeding confinement stephenson fins leon austere fiji xv stunned outlining watt caravans rigidly parasite embarking ivy pathological interviewing crawled amused prussia wrath guise grubby prosecuted tranquil blindly tremendously labourer controllers tighten stoddard widest anticipating flask embroidery devastated seville derivatives liquids vodka dessert nickname franz watts entail screams refreshments inferences conveyance deference diy herb pricing canoe watery luminous kingdoms indistinguishable taxis freehold incest dodgy ombudsman specialising embark granddad pointer semiconductor juniors exploratory recorders walnut hayes contend envoy woodwork horrendous repercussions cute monasteries stupidity pathology permitting unmarked randolph slam commonest scar motorbike colder wiring gasp rufus gemma bra systemic liner kyle dearest finale bemused acquaintances dip rica oversee sae persist weddings originality lynch fabia bulls doubles invent clwyd modestly roxburgh animated mechanic retiring dolls grabbing cooke eligibility haemoglobin nuclei murderers figs anorexia sown emergencies sandstone hepatic frenzy revise artemis unwittingly mantelpiece witches methane drowned physiology ldp aug resin outspoken teased instructive portland repaid advertisers villain cartridge lurking repeats interfering stretches polo ups cohort conventionally echoing neurons cervical literate mushroom apprehensive trait ills lovingly pcs charters gleam adverts uncompromising pavilion viscount noah sane raiders chronology timbers unreal sincerity dictated scars drained herefordshire gatt delicacy siblings cleavage resolving contracting screened icons borrowings gascoigne happiest dilemmas grassland pores nominations clung palette yvonne stroking harmonic enquire wacc grit await wig yanto borrower rags dustbin epithelium replacements plato holloway overcoming cops merton plotting marrow tacit resisting inns vol truman fools inert preface invaded unspecified accessibility percentages deane stainless sweetness payroll climber timid decisively johnstone hanson facets abdomen asians meticulous overcoat substituted sucked avenues deity adulthood ursula vacation sacrifices doctrines incubation wexford perennial illustrating plead enamel hon hymns consume uptake siberia sherwood convincingly grotesque hooks harness quigley pumps malignant flute misty charlemagne fluorescent assassin shutting soothing woodlands endemic victorious presbyterian franc lambeth penry reshuffle condemning frau educate interpersonal prescott docklands grievous blokes smartly bs trophies reg listings equivalents robes tigers deprive examiner embankment gripping zoe stuttgart fairs discarded conducive extravagant royce refrigerator sympathetically ploy kev taunton malawi gamble fading mileage alloy uncontrolled presided waits ensemble terminated tucker biologists bake inversion template hobbies livingstone vectors poisoning tailor discontent conglomerate touches asbestos perimeter suffrage brittany narrowed informally augustine ventral contractions excitedly tumbling yuan polymerase approximate cfcs storey propensity aggressively accessed onslaught tights vera unqualified thrilled cumbersome artwork circulating volunteered discernible investigative apprentices pals ensuing huts monoxide divers athenian solemnly nash proprietors advocating delivers dissidents soften intruder shopkeepers ana hymn hayward amplification myriad custard manipulated oats gladly aroma tolerated carrington modelling integrating yoghurt helper adultery chlorine mesh invoked servicemen generators idealism steering uplands mas unbroken sco oswald dunbar loops totalling tramp morphological harmonious diving drawback intimidation skilfully lashes darkened tech aromatic las slovenia testator carpenter concise fatty admiralty dorcas transcript tiredness marketed inception afghan drawbacks corrected grill gilt impractical gazzer standpoint misgivings lo simplified equaliser bays fieldwork chauffeur buckley chunk flair overdraft mediation mastered incarnation elaboration albanian amiable densities configurations drawled undoubted scandals torquay carp flush cider ealing microprocessor irregularities sexism attackers mysteriously judiciary exporter generality retribution aspiration penelope exacerbated mclean livelihood bingham sensing kits turnout reformist replication bedfordshire habitual tiller stereotypes astonished solvents disgraceful lesion dispersed passions maisie untrue secretarial rogue suggestive brickwork relativity mel dentists pro vinyl spade ballroom township instructors prohibited masks inherit madeira informix tugged taps outpatient disagreed seoul skye chronicle terrestrial anymore dominates floorboards wills physicists safest deviations thirsty introductions postman muhammad suppressed thinkers fielding negotiators resultant drowning gypsies bud patriarchal bravery villas constipation elastic drown antarctic proviso cleanliness dimly overcame barbecue punitive singularity crawling belle trickle durkheim glazing precedents cooler wasteful polythene modigliani watchdog compaq mammal endurance flurry eliminating disputed assimilation retina wares cursed glamorgan abnormality implicated rarity fibrosis volcanoes principals palaces enlargement bream assign motherhood islington stab greatness bedding rectangle progressing bicycles emphatically hype robots athletic irishman contributor explores evacuated tyranny wizard throats fetched teasing uniformly annoyed registry inseparable whispering queens blueprint horton psychologically ventured squeezing revert backside lineage dived em separates sixpence intermediaries instruct distortions spiders yeast gran waitress attentions lima translations occurrences salads internationals heterogeneous irritably reunification naples welcomes smoked arson nationalities specifies blindness sandals notebooks macho accreditation unhealthy botanical firearms hinder sewing crilly flanks operatives crosses ongoing warmer bombing contests lofty earthly digestive tub abusive retailing bookshops spilling emphatic explode entrances highways fuelled activator toughest typing summerchild locking formats momentous magnet paste surname housewives knob satan citing reliably dss hesitant brushes topped ginger californian entrepreneur suede modem humidity correspondents restraints geographic calorie prerogative rdbi foreigner rite dept pebbles muster cyclic attendant oily rosy bollocks clown repository enrolment rollers cirencester retaliation rightful notify foucault skeletal bnfl bombardment conditioning plum collects cube alyssia fencing ambivalent heaved clad fuse depicted crackdown leisurely bruises knuckles prompt accumulated piled audrey quay farnham archers commuters asserts perdita tasted opener castro riven tncs screwed bouquet coasts andrea dumping lizzie snorted dissimilar devious requesting terminus tunic repressive unwillingness modernization marcos boarding condoms lithuanian barristers uncertainly boar vowels tracts tangle prop growers alaska famed kidneys militants pans assertions apex petitions broom slum en smug pastures josie egyptians cents divergence scandinavia detectable anglo punters warily pictured enthusiast foreseen kicks declares firth regulator smelly stench bloom dorsal blushed resolutely desmond catchment sublime adapting experimenting hysteria neutrons moss watchful voter scant punctuation recognizable beatles hooker humility moaned philippe rot coconut exhibited courtney flaws tae mosque disused sarcasm chicks overthrow chiswick stuffed fleeing dough albans fragrance waterways aide pirate misrepresentation quarries carolina reinforces drains weaving reflex constantine overflow adequacy weston wallis lids fragrant whereupon deriving causation melt mortgagee adjudication arbitrator vagina stroll brutally classify bloomsbury gaol denning khrushchev swans cylinders prematurely correlated hounds norris pennies inventor ix amazon goldberg equivalence mussolini supposing anomalous phoning fc jasper hal ontological csce poignant packaging hostage yielded manuel minimize scenic buds refreshment bidding basingstoke tees vicky liking nostalgic fungus mc hop professors grimsby erect reactionary comforting measurable connolly dependants radcliffe insure ass bursts enlarged stepfather patchy illicit connie rachaela scotch copying infer vile saxon holt cloudy irreversible legislators operas schoolgirl coral portrayal digest lt null shire cp multiplicity barge intervened easing hatton underwater declarations chimneys callaghan scratched joey malice misconduct fella alphabet levi simplify conservationists euro ageing sacks discursive sybil whitaker phoebe asquith calcutta fats staple defries trinidad frustrations adrenalin excretion experimentally salzburg hercegovina legitimately fin vinegar affiliations savagely chewing motorcycle shady strawberries clasped abuses rave center mainframes curricular conveys cprw grouping pickering gearbox grampian stephens transforming nutty devastation cynicism spurious noteworthy regulators daphne sportsmen yearly rationalisation grasping ethic stamped mischievous watercolour elisabeth ibid haphazard clarence inwardly gully deserving shareholding lj dreary dues dissertation spat vascular dictator conceivably gulls idiosyncratic thirst originated bonfire clergyman enactment drummer acceptability reiterated sauna eastbourne modesty enigmatic atlanta dispersal multiplier tan oesophagitis incorrectly distributions idly promotes conversions hailed spun upsetting darkly purposeful demon helmets perceptive spa uphold varnish prospectus reputable cathedrals lighthouse lear haemorrhage fringes strictures disproportionate dwell undisturbed dagger cartel celebrates sparkling footballers compensated blitz niall boyle unreasonably roubles archie usl reconnaissance pertinent manville consolidated photographed cardigan antarctica crunch unkind havel chapels keating enforceable irrigation chant dresser strife quakers astronomical triumphantly hormones lass inhibited broaden vaginal scriptures spokesmen sybase sparks faeces gleaming pleasurable rottweiler insiders barked infinity unison sniffing dipped physicist indignant gurder aberystwyth framed expands alarmed loading maltravers elland baptist leyland appointing amiss statesman compartments courteous bamboo desirability jars acidity hutton il zip coughed alkali industrialized chloride descend kendall rains saturation beak differed edged relentlessly repaired commercials abide emphasizes progresses newham barbados sod flashing guarded concerto foreground undergraduate thumbs shiona assortment planetary postponement hampered patriotism harp authorisation popping ecuador missionaries preoccupations distraught concealed enhances paints enclosing abortions rein glacial enhancing doubling pouch granting skelton cords confer cowboy denominations rockets teesdale blazing tweed der gravy transmitter generalization attractiveness shrill sermons noisily discharges powered nationalisation communicated antagonism hydraulic lymphocytes unexplained squarely cured greenland conway fairer tradesmen thence undertaker beamed pooley stigma northwards unitary moderation nouns earnestly mechanically peacock enclose nightmares dangling strategically subdued instalment guiding regulars manoeuvres wi malaria dictate filth effluent kuwaiti swearing bog vibrant incremental cohesive switches cistern trumpet bottoms marianne pompous regulating glastonbury blair novelists summarized vine shoved hind paradoxical rudimentary immortal stafford supervised softness connotations gunman biliary barred trifle clearest functionality lothar robins bunk newark lifeless klerk prosecute papacy accumulate resentful stocking maine creep unidentified encompass ferret nietzsche undermining garages ranulf allotment fraudulent discrepancies thrive kosovo uplift danes bedtime indexes riverside unilateral owning swap pnp contentment dj streaming procurement pentium carlton coca programmer evils motorist peptides overtly displaced depart führer companionship fervour homely affidavit hebrides boosted bingo succeeding departed fri emulation deadlock trunks cds coeliac breweries vitally staging medicinal kneeling storeys plumage puppet torrent tue trough knox cola concerted countered ghostly inefficiency miraculously joys subtlety prentice discouraged horizontally nicolo bug helsinki topical carboniferous superseded makeshift infarction bunker oasis col schema discriminatory chased offended hereby widnes mama telegram robbed triangles brentford deficient lyrical shampoo ache farce highlighting wickham striding adamant royals classed strachan plank damascus clough brett directs fitzalan vocation silvery distressing flooded antigens tempt familial riches rapport clayton brochures overlook barrow headaches fascists gears tow intelligentsia policyholder bonuses crater plough transient jessamy sony obscured intentional airy uh ignition consignment lame clone innocently hooligans hangover lockerbie anthem shipbuilding anonymity courtship opted physiotherapist commenced paces robbers guarding porcelain roundabout subsidence anglian signify traps chemotherapy repairing faintest viola warrants amenity curricula rampant luis feb forbidding mar alerted recruiting cleverly crystalline viewpoints contender raffle finnish edna os pilgrims snarled busily forthwith averages equities batsmen slovak craftsman tribune jacqueline strawberry defeats pulpit intolerance timeless smelled contiguous transfusion lipid waiters mediated mitch melodic strewn jupiter fridays prowess anselm subordination ornament dripping rousseau coals bluntly enacted dogma duvet anthropologist nasal molten commandos empathy mrna omissions infrequent spaghetti lunar wolfgang raincoat font pollock omally summers granddaughter pathologist insured insert riley catalytic linkage bromley communiqué excise hackney sylvester rohmer congenital jubilee arouse casey delta ow silhouette affiliation shrub delegations obtains ter tug macroeconomic scaffolding arterial periodicals motorways impeccable baggy exodus rowland exemplary legality pickup readable betray hampton bliss rump midweek scanned sdlp bakery inexplicable islanders modelled corals eradication kremlin skeletons collusion assessors porridge atkins tavern persistently sip coinage inconceivable scorn regal persona conserve blankly surrounds gail holistic rab volley upsurge fearsome jehan hem suites apathy attentive reinforcing sanity crafts bruno outings flotation wholemeal olivetti earners pinned coatings sensibility traded inflict sewn rap resurgence selkirk intrinsically bobbie tamil microcomputers densely pounding revolutions sartre randall troy rumoured pencils entrusted platinum rourke crocodile signalling captains interact arcade stereotype countrymen peril protracted manually moslems evasion gardiner nairobi celebrities rattled nausea cis editing satisfies bun embarked pram verity rudolf garrett platt embracing plasminogen footpaths doe ivor elsie enforcing obtainable harrow clip pagan hiring prognosis descendant allison boast unhelpful skyline frankish occupancy entertained materialism sympathies gland dilution jezrael nomadic punched reverence langley cinemas detainees klein composure ambassadors cruelly recoverable eyeing torment heaters shrink siren nam gogh congratulate salesmen hilarious twos piccadilly moran secretive discovers mckenzie syphilis sage orient angalo resemble atlas ardent denise promenade multiplication heaviest curate cellars viral piss alarms counteract surveying contaminated deducted tabloids queer lends annoying culinary distract smashing tutorial tenuous waistcoat reinforcements dichotomy loyalists rhodesia uttered likeness downturn facade specialisation hanged crossly souvenir farrell preaching rendezvous blessed flicking sped michele congregations morphology po elegantly standstill teas pegs lowland standardised ay discern spear shine worldly haynes poked numb doom edit ducked realms toured admirers swine darts birthplace attends eqn grandiose elective horace unequivocal lyle constants irwin classifications perched admirably pads scanning twigs disregard orcs winnie evokes nez crab oblivion somerville offend serpent cose eline ryedale radicalism helena stricter amalgamation grazing keepers ceramics arteries allergic arduous idiom vologsky bicester debating plunge flagship pembroke ecstatic carroll anomaly theresa guideline elemental wessex lilley hose messing buxton snap basque embryonic flaw eastwards deviant stein creations submitting rudder silky whore hatfield rune liturgy corrosion qb shoots marilyn newry malone popularly reconstruct vegetarian roast connects nasa impacts snail mindless abortive kilometre upheaval astute fujitsu schoolmaster eruptions plumbing antibiotic centralised blacksmith publishes arithmetic loughborough lucien mafia decimal kerr bewilderment moths delete sustaining climates cafés dwellers swaying biased startled blondel psychoanalytic louisa millennium malvern contravention monde selects queues fuselage compassionate spokesperson separatist eton georgina needy battersea widening presupposes willi whence regained perce primal apes parable absurdity adversary inter mabel planner absorbing agm snack underestimate shuffled rocking transistor dinosaur researching embodied carr martyn intrusive lyn gallagher feeder formalities incontinence inflexible highbury presumed otley chatter afloat crumbs untreated rushdie sill parody hutchinson containment admissible kazakhstan dominion stew graffiti tame tits cardiac educators pedal subtly sullen horsemen putative schellenberg pluralist grams submarines mats singular sedgefield es patel nude confine orleans pitfalls anton breeders kitten bede destroys swell forcefully hartley aggregation irons blackboard endeavours sued squat renault colossal flavours ticking householders abbott lyon rocked lettuce incur rucksack onerous realises fluffy atrocities homosexuals cumberland fidelity admirer rainy favouring hub traitor shameful caption inventions lasmo deliberations banning flavia ration overdose commuter vicki tilted lewes precursor liberia rom gasping widened gaza ethiopian substitutes subset flaubert punishments researches cam parishioners retreated howell quaint uniqueness pumping camel smoothing murky parchment decks hybrid electronically cricketers smoothed threes facsimile fullest ruc nme attaching blooms anarchy storing inhibitory underclass complied overalls reich graphically blackmail inhibitors cartoons liza hoarse mentor onus ohio ccg decentralization parochial commemorate violet pitt impedance heyday subscribe kites cosmos negatively spanning leningrad compulsive justifies weavers salford nightclub parapet aeroplanes disrupted unscrupulous distrust locker extremists scout firmer unanswered cessation unhappily uv nominally runaway automated glitter phyllis witney tiresome peacetime seductive diffuse élite filename ambivalence methodist fixation arizona ely emptied knitters deferred sparked transplantation adhere inspected recollections catholicism dishonesty disproportionately cutbacks gatherings upturn showroom undercover sipping unwise weep papa lymphoma briton botham amstrad althusser strides ladders extant workable transmit klaus labours peptic indebted euphoria idyllic preclude compiler adopts exemplified combo ripon jurisdictions sardonic ransom spectra dispense laity minibus spectre indulging entropy feeds glaring condom jobless foal wimpey fullness disposing raft uncanny boardroom stiffness clapped dyson ballymena unwell proofs moaning superfluous awaits downstream accompanies tally barclay secs consuming vitor ruby backlash notional chick jules coma necessities chromosome hazy unseen seth lennox regrettable fanciful premiership kiev selectively finch enrichment piety imperative alternately northeast interpreters substituting necklace azerbaijan helplessness motivations lousy skiing rationally barbarians characterisation comb outlay stroud jigsaw mistakenly woolf aunts wasps horrid callers naomi tentacles dinah mervyn statistic crudely laing inset crate aggie sprung ballets alphabetical deterrence amber emanating totals crag flared nocturnal positivist overhaul oblige healey rigorously lobster tunisia bribery myocardial expenditures beaumont rebellious rust primer shark milking cardiovascular mythical unleaded puppies paraffin whipped latitude hearer bordering shearer whitbread ju garry phonetic inadequacies joked interchange infrequently schofield jock afforded radioactivity wordperfect dobson effortlessly microscopic balfour ratified draining predictive propagation patsy hillsborough didcot obscurity disadvantaged golding awaited proponents rendering originating occupant programmers detailing adaptable intentionally entirety peach aloof solidly bsl picket milburn ella conspicuously montrose secretariat contrasting oxides hedgehog harwich distorted ethnicity deleted phd orwell woolley murderous booklets craven cooperate contacting vickers insurer slums formulations appreciable parasitic delaney commencing accuse intelligible dove committal groan conferred suck erroneous bosom indulgence administrations inconclusive theodora barns tolkien withdrawals sequel ruthlessly inferred deceptive unorthodox adolescent blinds cotswold episcopal jinny cystic folklore tracking woolly vest supt liberalization astronomers soaking custodial wrap remand theologians sickening instantaneous intrigued crates socialization diabetics override wept cleo almonds modulus delia hugging magician smyth gladstone advises parenthood furnace casserole shrank alastair algorithms coldness saliva xiv willy postscript emi arbitrarily freer rainforests alleging wheeled theorem gedge philosophies daniels sited persia revisions ned umpire channelled perkins relegated executions tramway jade henri regrettably gracefully inescapable underlined inflicted emperors ordnance polyester vehemently downhill inventive mend unnamed bgs harrods townships mead reconciled impaired renovation falsely momentary attendants comics brownies cantona completes soles additives gamma injunctions faber warner thrusting bearer brightest enid clenched auditory tod entertainments tait tertiary eradicate superstition coffins catfish tanner deserts calder refund maids eagerness vitro waldegrave hurled contemptuous hinted wedgwood differentials meteorological kashmir admiring sas suicidal reefs adored brute contraceptive analytic rife withheld watershed adept ventricular wc gwynedd vanguard rep lifestyles reversion intersection stud inconsistencies triumphs armenian neurotic tragically clumps psyche undisclosed abdul sufficiency departures barefoot fiasco passports pulmonary criticize yale priesthood galley accomplish pictorial licking fore vogue booth jefferson beckett templeton pretensions orbits pathogenesis undo bumper minoan ro hypnosis macleod verify markham casts fingernails polyps involuntarily pointers bully stationed headland newborn micky lazily staggering therapists bargains majestic fruitless undergraduates glimpsed anatomical donegal shanghai sender distracted pumped hants fountains unbeaten believer jaguar breached padded interplay caro whim ebb nay portray neutron nah rsc defeating barbed miscellaneous ltp geologists wandsworth unfolded hordes kerb industrialised selves empires monotonous pastime symposium planks walled evade sliced outbreaks busiest dialects naïve northwest playwright segmentation stallion coopers numeric hmso scientifically hvk shopkeeper scrolled barney eminently vaccination seizing malaysian underestimated mucus monoclonal vent rhyme prevailed reformed doubtfully sacrificed politeness stagnant alcoholism visionary bluff garvey pointedly artefact wardens garbage hebrew tinned criminology siberian romeo uncontrollable versatility finalists mohammad happenings smear unisys selections listens militancy haircut rapist caddie mourning artisans haiti utd rustic hewitt harding fleets easton suitcases despatch discos stile mongolia dane distinguishable goldsmith sampling vantage valentine thinker sweaty tapestry sumptuous chunky balliol determinant dominating snp advisor starters collapsing wavelengths abstentions pore specialities resides undone bartholomew neath childless conductors whistling doorways à lorna magnesium snacks underline grape uncles smash apostles tombs hooves toad fraternity chemically infrared dal surpluses signatories flickered charms tantrums mountainous speedily showdown peel stacks lisburn dung meters nether contenders boasted vocals lasers administering goblins congo yelling activate invaders brew woosnam distributing seating inconsistency falkirk sd adjoining cambodian dalton serene yates manic confessions gram fooled tick richie bracken clicked landings yrs curfew driveway timetables freeman unproductive carelessly winced coughing olives frs pesticide illogical nominate rallies superego torso dagenham georges delegated baking llanelli dalgliesh choked spikes headmistress probing ceases gingerly dissatisfied targeting materially pakistani capturing frosty vegas transcripts terrier clubhouse swings respectful pitched dogmatic tyson apologised volvo plunging unborn goldfish tubular unprepared seedlings watches aerobic bundles festivities haunted inextricably macarthur felipe aah decreases liturgical bicarbonate witchcraft appropriateness lissa scary nigerian restrained salute adrift verdun spite sluggish pellet slap reflectance yorks fmln nationalized frivolous exploits yeats botswana registering watercolours subversion deductions tundra scot birch chaucer exporting puddings permissive nappies voiced indie lynda exhibiting resilience salesperson ancestry monaco mountaineering clement avail motherwell headteacher transatlantic marton unconnected quickest neighbourhoods tiled slamming agrarian geographers messrs clientele berth sprint throttle rhine stickers estimating scenarios gee metro toxins quantify schoolchildren contemplative disobedience euston labov horne nationalization precipitation stanford circling alistair disparity circa rochdale sewers inorganic chad conveying commune exponent misled mixtures spirituality panting laps pronounce pentagon neon guessing affirmation cling abrasive algiers peugeot wye settles benefiting armenia examiners flanked ambiguities flourished sect revulsion andes inexorably domes latterly challenger decreased nipples originals clarinet divides versailles aides cheered straits intractable profitboss fag argyll budding millimetres lib prescribe utah constituting priceless generalized ledger emphasizing wes distasteful lizzy jockeys lantern souvenirs evoke underlines thorn barking patently approx joyful devout livingston compelling orlando britten bureaucracies disgruntled viking savers foetus iq canons senators apologetic teapot daly mmm mona stag brezhnev conciliation marina translator immersion stiffened mcmahon illustrious strident accumulator bucks unquestionably pregnancies manila spaniards athletics refrain esoteric phonemes pigment cutters fe forged cultivate gazette mccready doorbell paranoid roche alarmingly willow wirral santiago simplification preach circulate agnew poking bowen modifying lance cairns luxuries convection mutant hg singled cnut misunderstandings hating reeves bovine booze automobile unchallenged recital observatory steroids tranmere senna decorate aligned michigan chargeable confrontations levied throng cunt beats roderick translucent rectify landmarks indignantly culley luisa heresy acclaim scare hum pendulum grievance considerate charing wicker contemplated dostoevsky chewed badgers sideboard carving manure heaps londoners tossing bumping rations friar deliberation denim resilient roaring demo arguable gazza stubbornly contestants beetle sternly rides collars hume forte intergovernmental shelters columbus unfounded kidding vandals evaluations multilateral breaths wycombe asymmetry reminders qualifier guilds beacon swallowing rattling chen sectional loomed theodore assaulted colonialism orbital canvases interruptions tremor wrongs protons serb bowe apiece yarns pip existential habitually bowels crook lessen indo pristine beckenham buttocks measles imitate galileo skis soared shiver soaring sloppy verbally syndicate spouses applicability garland rspb sultan paterson primates antiquities distressed lilies glyn jagged informs permeability blur urges disarray invoke salient hobbes cyclosporin safari distort earns cursing liberalisation societal mourners ingrid leafy homoeopathic tenderly justly plumber multi cheating bookseller astonishingly matthey lithosphere humid proclamation erupted skip compton topography truthful partisan venom blasted revolutionaries braithwaite emerson nellie glint matron tugging decrees screwdriver inevitability lucid slows aziz huskily sobbed timescale léonie helium ghetto relish adherents albumin allergy khmer adelaide reputations satanic addicts tutorials deceive sociologist gentleness aloft redwood prompting inscriptions hostels aldershot exiles embodiment parisian clump appellants pear hospice thanking upholstery heparin friendliness alexandria convex nova logan reviewer conquer toxin mountbatten lapse burying orphans turnbull comprehensible foresee creggan observance defensively ritchie crowned obedient numbered morland shrunk weakest nearing gloomily kinetic painstaking dispatch magnates beauties lucia gestation foodstuffs projecting pendant camcorder achievable semblance cherries rigidity ferocity stools canberra centralized sensor pronouncements fiduciary humiliating childcare spit crawl limp mince incubated assaulting blames tonal charisma handel indeterminate vigilant commotion poker shoal huntingdon spilled contradict shepherds nixdorf smuggling houghton ultraviolet orchid sprs macaulay nitrates dialled restricts dispositions saviour magnus elizabethan pawn traction slang paige unoccupied sparcstation anti bets herts preview scrapped reassured boyfriends abc obscenity tremayne derrida ds wheelbarrow conditioned circled affections peanuts agatha trafalgar integer panelling spence freshness genital smoky trot forbid amorphous grudgingly lorraine intermittently inquired tortured bumped dickinson blatantly livery beveridge crux affectionately synonyms curl ashtray adaptor renders mapped cracking patchwork porters netting octave incompetent iranians rebuilding buenos powys robbins ewes cones inaugural buns mugs explorer gulped hess lilian reversible confided seminal elicit spicy glacier apical hooligan empowered speechless reprieve revolver epistemological jarvis upgraded sewer tcr interdependence valuables kinase paler choking embraced ibrox apologetically nowt mobilization expertly justifying darted alzheimer unjustified rained illusory acquires biographer passers fenari absently carole limelight johns dales captive honduras privatised penn enclave unheard pondered hotly whiskies scarcity animosity machin negotiator steered turtle girlfriends aaron glimmer nicandra forgery afresh acet dm mutiny spice dial beckoned compiling resignations deficits undeniable imperatives buzz warmed pretext tiananmen infra gem shudder uproar coy leagues cadfael edmunds tensor blanc stripping devising leonardo opposites chatted paddock withhold venous millie yarmouth slit rash adjournment homer equip hive compliments chaplin avert plethora menopause caste provenance crowns sb surety titford fireman amps undecided schmidt follower strained histamine courtroom juveniles stump ailments overboard justifiably paranoia gaunt rpm vanish injected deformation spire staffed unequivocally overshadowed debatable averaged pérez biographies utilised cosmetics sharpness gaelic smelt sham feargal tightening ugh mink averaging stumbling misunderstood whiff fleetwood twoflower bolster milky carbohydrates wistfully compilers paralysis southwell clatter choirs pickets seattle risked dipping deictic occupiers preachers penicillin outfits facet buck phillip mcgrath teachings farnborough reclaim squire hanover dissociation contested proportionately audition impulsive neal structurally parry sec inadequately navigator skipton alleyway yawned moth greenwood blyth ida melting knack hesitantly annabel moratorium detecting cricketer differentiated watchers failings bu flanker protagonists surround neill transparency flashes invade digit contras steamer contrasted antony servicing capsule napoleonic ideologically drilling autocratic switchboard coupons freshwater vanessa ludens sodden sobbing aggregates arbitrage simulations pitiful harem cabaret mcgregor granules therese headphones aboriginal figured elevator dries occult consternation oldfield anfield belatedly capacitor beetles oligonucleotide starve compile unarmed mercifully disillusionment coaching insanity convoys positivism magdalen horseback badger tit scrub peppers disqualified setbacks defense jekyll springfield obeyed wilkins grimma flemish relinquish treachery eyesight locating wrongful organist samantha dialectic genetics cl kabul playful edible marseille bandage cheryl boilers tableau cooling volkswagen spectacularly comma elevated bouts arched ethnographic decreasing danube scathing indiscriminate lemonade wilful upstream debit sloane complicity eaton sensuous maximize muck consequential kettering graduated redress susceptibility sperm perm bereaved filmed bubbling addict clinicians escalation cholangitis reasoned algerian reggae bump offa glimpses donate affluence haunt eviction crossings mercia walesa pepsinogen dcs drills illuminating squirrel utilisation churchmen individualistic caterpillars doc annoy strive whips manifestly superstar conjunction nominee surrendered invoices rarer nonconformists leaking melodies dreaded purification eugene empirically trembled answerable forlorn carts repeal corporal bros disdain inspecting cemeteries witnessing trek auditorium quarterly juicy laos amply equate logistics organizer winked warships thorfinn snapping intensify biologically sculptors muffled dorothea tearful lineker brooch trance mixer cucumber overtones manipulating seekers wholesome dungannon spinners hound intervening tankers manning sided hauling villains impossibly hicks pragmatism southgate unregistered televised tolerable prolong taping hallmark wilton workmanship typed yu divisive selfishness placid tread sleepless brady fives accelerated entailed syrup torches corrections deteriorate distinctiveness vases drafts crush despatched testify teamwork guillotine resale tripartite blessings importer sedimentation oecd ark sordid liberally floral husky weighs trails buggy briggs intensification sheridan spices affective dutifully nape chimpanzees wharf turbo kidnappers exuberant cheering looming geometrical hcima toss hernia tripped treatise heartbeat manhood escorted hegel archway scraped aching believers bukharin martyr embassies intracellular transformer ripple freeing maiden infiltration entourage kilos pronoun relic ileal bentham maude sellafield bibliographic uncover attaches plotted negatives bidders plucked amends fateful boeing phased snowy gruesome gems devils pronouns dramas merchiston meticulously opium mite chests stockport mcbride peruvian angered labelling tabloid justin pelvis recreate chariot fumbled calendars glittering upton criticising prickly scandalous presuppositions preached nsf instituted kiwi mounds longstanding piling duct madge closet eclipse embodies indexing spinner tardis djibouti grate multiplying sacrament sonny journalistic derivation diplock supervising polarization phantom recess concomitant bordeaux shawl kirsty needham deteriorated singularly din victorians kurt mccartney gaily endured receivership knitted tragedies bulge retarded springing butchers millar requisite intensified ridiculously inserting tab idol multiplied props proust paternal sonic bahamas grandad aversion pheasant forearm cobbled hypocrisy frankenstein mineralisation zaire exacting brooklyn spelt erik cyclist resection meningitis brace burlington crp participated protectionism impenetrable mosquitoes unrestricted backbenchers sensors rutland archer operatic plagued wasp reap veritable airfields unfriendly protestors palazzo albanians sept uninterrupted induces irina folding bologna vigilance evolving cameroon wetlands armoury acquitted anita tangled singly hawk masterpieces scents privet penh helm aires hedgerows tumbled metaphorical mousse relapse snatch fallacy succinctly callous crow jessie abreast lizards flynn unrivalled completeness tamar hobbs beatrix splashing heck claret creams advisors terrifying evocative bungalows drafting regan skulls françois sheds allowable ambience olympia littlewoods surf pas mute mannheim levelled radiotherapy urinary guaranteeing sep falkland secession almond con yachting perestroika grantham napkin laborious maryland epilepsy puppets decentralisation woody flare defy scholarships actuarial recycled baton disperse cinnamon glover sock ilp aegean banished ionic turbine lichfield durability bombings conciliatory odours crawley heartily bounty stockbroker comer constitutions aubrey disparate independents penetrated innocuous dismantled comprehensively hodge footage panoramic centrepiece proclaiming bodie grounded fungi interdisciplinary hellenistic aisles colt genome phnom deduce immaterial oman juries grenfell sweetheart inauguration bridle antithesis gunners crimson och patrols motivate battalions fervently bowing takings richter davy piggy grimaced alarming huxley rectory compensatory scramble risking cramped sanders cid underlies cunning coordinates poised fleshy tuscany becker suing novices sherlock ovens centenary claw chesterfield muir windscreen seconded wilde melancholy wed launches headhunting bounce lynne maguire crossword concealing resellers powerpc scullery fermentation exclamation hammering carew danzig enhancements brood stalemate batches sigma laden morbid whigs citations phoneme rigours porosity fished conical collaborators insoluble chi shingle bugs scorton fussy fabrication fragmentary barr cyclical bearded glassy ascendancy cheat heinrich comrade despised gentler backlog clarissa stronghold scraping profitably putt lbs senegal treading bracelet chores expansive merchandise judicious smoker whistled anew allegory culprit jordanian southall godwin illustrative webber programmed lavatories elliot trappings backup ambush hove chadwick objectors kansas aptly hasan digby altruism egalitarian groceries clarified crete warheads verandah interrupting milestone malnutrition rattle thanksgiving toddlers barthes leopard pistols translating dreadfully elapsed ascribed hug assays estuaries weariness llewellyn understatement runcorn grinding biochemistry johann quantification hale matrices linger importing obesity gales rotterdam caustic pulp cloths sarcastic observational stour acidic scarves pedestal alight monarchs connors pineapple fondly rhino incredulous reformer dispel conglomerates textures smoother importers hooliganism deceived alleys hotter autobiographical leaks lading insults papua orthopaedic affinities cascade maple summarise finishes ditches slates flinched unruly disagreeable informant spill southwards snag griffith stuffy plural underfoot hick optic prerequisite halved blossom encompasses cytoplasmic flimsy denotes speculators ushered fractured intuitively honda generalizations berg retrieved breathlessly rind marquee lobbying crackers fiddle thorns disqualification grated highness spitting orchids underwood hue reeling sahara etiquette muddle ounces exiled orton firewood reliant ratepayers crags melon polystyrene squadrons swamped pastels westward aptitude midway rip shambles depriving hawke penguin anecdotes cons projector eaves defection cosmo slips franca barber stairway bavaria hovered permanence armaments halling dwarfs obediently rankings geriatric smack reeds bustle blimey craftsmanship pyrenees ripping stretcher numerically clyde wrecked prawns embarrass saxons interminable naming fingerprints cylindrical oyster italics constitutionally attachments gutters tycoon physiotherapy staining ordinating stemming staffing spasm counters infirmary startling skirting aristocrats foley prophets islay zest nationalised stocky absurdly gcc lightness kendal bruges rigour junta garde soaked lr invertebrates avant billed mammoth inlet kidnapped beggar nikolai lumen brunt consonants oppressed hurricanes mackie realist amuse andrei holborn xii gunfire spherical apologize mosquito dorchester metropolis tsp espionage ribber worshippers pessimism hoard interchangeable sudbury burglaries earmarked bryce insidious bermuda bragg addis balconies occasioned impotent poisons predominance precondition premiere armagh droppings sykes ne sinful psychosis cruising redeem skiers rouble sarcastically humanist overtake ordinated tenders unscathed drizzle unspoilt satirical deterred celery neo bytes jesse copious forerunner tailored envious ultimatum unnaturally thud buchanan galway superstitious onlookers terracotta forge ascot complemented trimmings tractors billingham cafes godfather congenial platelets ox magma hectare denominator foresters gramophone biologist henrietta offending commemorative ingestion drilled bellowed hitachi sparkle cartridges epitome compromises mellow fervent constellation mgm gwent pelvic shyly abundantly oops limitless tropics weekday sundry successively wholeheartedly primers twelfths orphanage slain forbade abduction fend spree squalor equator reliefs foolishly soundly senseless beryl ratify weaponry lough gesner lori comforts monitors fitter specialises inject diseased beatty hydrocarbons crushing circumference hodgson llandudno trespass beattie nicotine shildon frameworks dispatched abdullah ibrahim birthdays reinstatement interviewers timer tibet josephine sabbath furry paralysed setup ti mogadishu summaries forthright flaming convocation sparta courtiers chew vladimir canonical hapless fabliaux valencia multinationals saturated seaman tossie frontal dumfries structuralism eddy seymour marius fabliau dine jen toyota colombian biopsies tabitha betraying keyboards swamp hooked crouching pornographic injuring fatally thugs mth plurality fertilisers controversies steen stamping pioneering curtailed avalanche tsb nsaids imprint beggars neurological wyresdale barrie porn deportation bins flipped opaque barlow dp fritz ballad hiss starboard pancreas lure lenient lessee replying puff stacked parson clifton kernel taxonomic hangar flapping dishwasher marcel sticker symbolically tripoli propriety aix correctness platoon himalayas tandem cotswolds ordained cite robber whe wittgenstein truthfully kathy trusting shyness wobbly marketable habsburg spiritually blot outraged clandestine endogenous illuminate cameraman headway authorized viscous ritz fanatics coordinate oxidation buzzing propped armchairs milne hath reappeared unforgettable oed schematic leighton goblin grocery scowled rt orally philharmonic longevity puddephat coils caster argentinian lurid complains forefinger unambiguously accorded overriding revd pivotal proton guru articulated weighty outdoors acupuncture mocked elena auto finalised augmented lochs fortified legislate majorities chromatography falcon juices seasoned oslo shareware helix interpretative holidaymakers antidote intangible magee synod equated moody madly microscopy frock lymph maynard formulating dotted fluency unsteady nordic sao parting tactful johnnie deduced scattering sweeney cultivated gluten rue exaggerate hungarians dislocation shane originator reputedly therapies connector ven determinedly deixis naturalist coercive footprints della overheard perspiration panes sorely mufti phosphorylation unprotected pernicious archaeologist lingered mercer jamieson cages auctions diminution anorak darkest airliner oblique lumpy roadway nenna chuckle remnant credence cannes mowbray incumbent remoteness swayed sportsman ancillary slashed dalglish supremely irving overtook virtuous fertilizer supple mediator kittens linfield pacifist academically uncomplicated calmer spears macquillan righteous remorse hourly tunstall brendan lurched inept tar preamble goodman debentures rounding teaspoon hopelessness hun impoverished binds lakeside shear camouflage reaffirmed disinterested reclamation thirsk reilly decorating geraldine cossacks js cynthia fdp theo delinquency shakes sinners fastened fragmented underworld groves captaincy florian latch carelessness illinois exchanging hopping hippy arabian bequest coniston senile gilts embraces possessive computation kilmarnock correcting verified rectum enlarge epidemiological salty kaye unmoved stead dell pittsburgh concurrently scripture posterity marvin wastage artai incongruous owing architectures rp otter anthology müller fruition rivalries sharks truancy stockmarket aquino funchal centrality devonshire haired shipyard yang ambit extravagance battled stockbrokers bryony graphite furthest unconstitutional crumpled weighted rejoined everett delightfully spotting unchanging eyre byron regimental roofing dubbed retreating newsagent bowled unanimity inroads rotherham rowe briefed stepmother tablecloth choreographer ducal furnish ape gritty intensively hancock unilaterally tags respectfully exhibitors tewkesbury carefree wink dawned dukes bassett bourne merged guisborough osf outflow zebra tiers kitty cr investigates donkeys tact java hank ramblers buffalo appreciative overly founding orgasm adhered transporting fuzzy delaying tvs ferns actuaries paws populace rye governess pastor ovation marred hattersley lowlands writs tucking mindful shrinking layman olivier wailed kurds curtly waller aung wednesdays restlessly exponents dialectical daffodils wilcox strolling immoral consumerism stint francesca trolleys accomplice westwards painstakingly demolish radiators backers molluscs sociable pilkington wreath reared volts faltered assembling marwick leverage hammers mme functionally standardisation stains snails solos rehearsing drip amelia clears silken lagoon captures hardback sirens mediocre businesslike overturn flannel stagnation impotence flick beige attractively detour objectionable insufficiently snug entitlements romanians dashboard hogan spoiling pinched lawton excavated depositors underwriters caledonian concentric appetites crooked grumbled radish transferable idealistic spoilt wriggled meats galloway balding louvre isotope inverse characterization spontaneity insides disparities malik archetypal piggott thérèse mccann desolation heightened duel lookout carcinomas electrically jumpers impartiality baroness ottoman rejoin inferiority inhibitor assorted elaborately noxious nappy keywords disciplined paulo mayo defends fanatical psychotic waddington leipzig spiky ellesmere subcommittee racecourse handsomely aerobics depiction fairies everlasting updating socialisation caterpillar resolute tempered algebra recklessly curling pang birdies slough cubicle pinpoint kenton abel sickly sectarian courier chronically prudence discounted commits cheery hottest bowie warp thumping mavis bran vaccines catered ives secondment spoiled vaults earthquakes cooks marian unconvincing splendidly nervosa mane leggings exclusions marguerite primate conscription bertha marquis cigars implementations interlude thesaurus materialise rumble leaps thefts homologous unconventional timed violated pod heaving spoons crowe improvisation disconcerting wilberforce glossary naylor gedanken deforestation agrippa originates leone caterers mapping pussy stokes holman lax spaceship manufactures conformation sunrise tablespoons filing traffickers strung marches cheekbones disappointments deploy vagaries pigments piston affirmed lennon lukewarm leaked sidelines pungent wheelchairs scooped yeo toughness bolsheviks psc emblem inquisitive perpetually unconcerned yew mt defer percussion defenceless nudged sanitary awash sergei woodward reopen corollary mercantile wrenched barbaric mathematically satchell antipathy inventories coursework raphael moat guidebook illuminated strove milkman walpole compositors unesco iaea depicts goodies sunglasses sutcliffe khmers caricature sr tidying evaporation hail aargh stumps rouges dissident lice unsuspecting dunkirk retinue concessionary solihull godfrey secluded dictum labrador siward centralisation trim bundestag authorise laurie rebate signor undisputed grunte reassuringly steaming departing hammered soundtrack annuity continuance ineffectual crammed langbaurgh divergent angling loco saatchi ached insignia neolithic prohibit slack priory organizers knossos angler masked thwarted elf brim understandings araminta carvings leans byte circumstantial labyrinth relay suspense inexorable impressively svq judas lag handicaps sclerosis oft severed mortals lil lsd functionalist cracker genres bathsheba kingship ernie nct inhabited bruise leakage raging maturation swimmer contagious berger mists hir acquiescence resettlement dicey specials somali perilous deafness divinity compromised denote tyrant camilla enclosures simulate perch chuck camden sheen horseman hogg alibi criticizing lombard cnd graduation constantinople enfield endings unsecured justifications quilt beleaguered intercity craters hinterland dixons ambrose gallop hoarsely collisions stravinsky scrambling penetrating syllabuses jerome soggy monolithic swelling woodstock extremist calming grocer lotion resent provisionally ababa cpsu quartz geophysical metaplasia pacing brine diagonally beset camping whoops meekly sneered punching joyous casing outwardly proverbial syringe inspirational affords mississippi lancs colourless fenton consensual profusion qualitatively commas fostered restitution bodyguard detract mathematicians canadians gemini bandwagon splashed cray proactive magnetism prescriptive ingres revaluation louisiana selector serenity dew neptune console proficiency lal hairdressing mysticism attribution airbus disposals reddish russon theorist prosper categorically persians handshake deng snatching southwest erich broughton salons mouthpiece brigadier wolverton impassive psychiatry procure pursed pinning lashed donovan conditioner puzzlement foothold candlelight passively ucta speculations hairdressers sling instrumentation aghast hanley croft conclusively mathematician cheerio unbelievably tung mocking fictitious mismanagement necessitated clover naturalistic radiological mhc juxtaposition brent sofia fated muzzle enlist melted stubble pugh unworthy surged hinges precedes compel walkman glee msc philippine raskolnikov ferries royston verdicts steele precinct workman rae culminated guarantor steeper gdr mckenna fo carmen omeprazole emerald generalisations stoves lucker nightfall jett migrate stratosphere pascal dismantle babe kentucky sweaters forecasting parkland eastwood heathcliff soak puberty earls absences negation hearted pleases bronchitis prodigious gratification whiskers reviewers greenery referential spectroscopy yogurt vigil resorting gilded satire lonsdale loosen ravages facilitated cuthbert slapping cabins provoking wayward linkages shreds frenzied bae impracticable tart masai highlander homology assessor cello mubarak excite brandon cursory interviewees unravel overlapping rifkind duet negotiable discriminating renting wardrobes lizard soothe unaccustomed brotherhood scaffold tehran fairway avid orchestral rembrandt genteel pundits unwarranted descends methyl mystique dyer silva coincides touche stifle ada qualifies oaths parietal slimy viennese virginity toulouse phosphorus bribes maximal whitney assists toxicity erstwhile unforeseen bahrain temptations petite mercenaries analogies aunty sonar tayside seaton rutherford dummy genial tallest rohan ablaze sinead venerable compose ballesteros husbandry electrician nuremberg flickering clambered gums paddle iain mule thursdays incredulously unlawfully vociferous lull immediacy creek niki determinism sheath awakening moan intrigue claudel monograph vikings grimes château anecdote cloves despairing defied auctioneer punishing unaltered unveiled cruiser sludge sneak passivity demeanour effortless macsharry sdp fairfax curving physique isambard weaver paced amicable seafood unita slung humanism demarcation cryptic signifies dominions whiteness juniper christendom sammy rafters displeasure stomachs phonology stevie financier dismayed sentry vertebrates landfill expressionless boulder righteousness mcc analyser unprofitable identifiers regrets chub isaiah governs bathing benchmark birdie bloodstream hundredth overthrown popes hurst undeniably mover characterise fishery edifice lavender pup brahms pinnacle banal eigenvalues utilise comedians imperfections merrily trajectory pixel weakening labor swedes peeled inquire ancestral lavishly beecham knobs hunted basildon abstractions filly nicest irradiation outcry disclosures obstructive roach executioner limbo briefing scornfully supernatural muted flamboyant dockers bridgend reacts maxine immortality nicolas newfoundland dom reminiscences gunn pulsar spying blenheim dotty mmc braintree congratulated broadest neutralisation psalms anecdotal emilia roberto semen cirrhosis reunited matisse unpopularity appliance margery whirled graded chefs importation trafficking veneer sway melrose frightful botanic publicise molar tuesdays fm reappear vow nightdress achilles washer savagery footwear hardwood contended torrential rc romanticism bart responsiveness jolt stooped omen wipers zach chanting mediate reside zeinab snaps burgess rebirth spenser staircases fn ssds sheikh fertilizers gents passageway grenade bulletins summing iced lifeline breakaway diocesan surfaced expire absenteeism refinery latitudes retardation mania stunt treble governance tactfully whelan hooded socrates mirth clinch sceptics glynn outlying mecca squatting cichlids generalised derivative iago languid droplets linford musically impasse littered monroe memorabilia cubism rayner nozzle jacobs troughs humming ominously soloist deepened mitcham hybrids inexperience bailiff dazed inhibitions ernst scrape agility ncc mutton seniority silks tenement downes fujimori spacing wherein hindrance merovingian unsold sanderson holiness inhabit expatriate arafat foresight clips fender plenum spanner goddard permissions democratically aviv pledges marr leash hamlets tenets decomposition plywood dup contraceptives inductance rationalization wasteland qpr widower prophetic insulting salaried inventing undertakes newsome imaginable summits breakage expatriates fishes sanitation clays lawrie havisham dai ge spraying implausible transgenic christchurch tinge empowerment raleigh precursors overlooks saul filler unattended cedric wakes crumbling flak autonomic epoch diversify boxers tattoo tennessee polishing fir narratives abolitionists fundamentalists populist pyramids columnist linton antecedents axle peripherals irritated deftly seafront meself nm marseilles neglecting tendon accelerating hrs headteachers bales beverly clapton oakley proctor bootle blurted tolstoy abolishing mi trendy slovakia grander evasive coward yardstick epistemology harmonisation draped hawaiian crafty shakily appoints sponsoring umpires smp bessie shaggy desolate creators wickedness grosvenor unmistakably badminton imbalances discredit goody dormitory smallpox exquisitely license mujaheddin screwing rotating fundamentals socioeconomic flattered ssd marzipan statesmen antagonistic incoming disappoint elias sibling electrification pauses wishful amaranth confide nra apprenticed ultra gays germanic retrospectively lodging soaps hanoi authorship legacies viscosity hops traverse rearing discontinuity bruised moulded rafsanjani slick eyelashes bigwig westbourne criminality minded shrimp praising opposes boyish sen milieu grimm tipping thereto slug mccoist jardine billie taurus horde basketball sanctity hardships insatiable concedes liquidator colombo baldersdale broadcaster grudge addison defunct bohemia complying croats collaborate saucers collagen tilt magnate drunkenness upshot interventionist dispensed assemblage sash itinerary auxiliary brewing quentin clinched antennae halliday luther calibration stornoway ui grainne stricture ascending jamaican paw duvall constructs destroyer policewoman dispersion soprano climbs prohibiting myra bertrand militias seduced yearning visas memoranda poisoned communicators templates dryer exertion hormonal immobile crucifixion hamstring haulage plaques gritted bernstein mop soot arkansas ferrets orientations healed helpfully medallist brethren sobs hoover heinz zuwaya waite sadler hencke orc clout lick adobe orchestras facilitating pivot attendances fondness mcenroe squalid veg massingham realignment softened tivoli gradients fleece prohibitions vets diminishing indomethacin orphan israelis stratton chimpanzee bloodshed jeanne overdrive forecourt corporatist unwritten hardline addressee footnote beuno jos lessor khaki devore missus whispers injure obese ppp encoding reproducing classless unchecked patting tchaikovsky gonorrhoea sufferings choreographers savoy thyme bonnie woking booming viciously unlocked apostle tapestries hoomey spires recklessness cfa tc stonework bicker probyn nutritious cobbles redmond tremble hillsides uphill partisans tectonic enviable snell gymnasium spirited trna monotony escapes ulceration presses anaesthesia bumpy researched duress widths depressive mcdermott reviving bobbing panamanian cbi colonisation bearers stimulates forgiving bends swanage mutants raided marvellously impervious emmanuel stripe rationing sampson feller griffin burnley ards lybrand cloakroom turin purposefully buggers geomorphology esrc hindus elation adversity haulier presley centralization anglesey dressings squirrels flyer glowed cargoes grids afar guildhall laymen scroll grille abode whitechapel internment recoup wholesalers hush heidi dilapidated contra unsympathetic sentencing wounding kidderminster floy pastel psbr conceding macabre kipling minh shin vultures bpd predetermined federalism universality congregational nicholls emptive manifested hastened clumsily delusion freddy belmont linguist nourishment sprinkle freudian regency garth dour dartmoor snapshot bombed vineyard inclinations hadrian millwall furore nevis candid chalmers tease flattery northumbria calvin slowness swinton baptized tufnell mckay medrese microphones limousine deflect trotted enchanting dismissively cliché minder toothpaste farmyard agile gospels basing bedclothes forgets northumbrian chop hypnotic sefton retrograde thatched commentaries au subsided carling sob oau mayer trotsky jerking wrapping miscarriage enrolled lingering feudalism octagonal frenchmen militarily commendable portillo antonia ascertained trustworthy easel balkans barges lodger queuing diver maurin teheran utilitarian goldsmiths dune lobe woodville horticultural inanimate assassins galerie feverish melodrama celestial instructing calais alf utopian thump orpheus fugitive bradbury uterus puddles grounding infallible merging knighton restructure validated antwerp stabbing putter orchards sem ramifications tammuz boarded lighted gorman otters squid outbursts reflexes unparalleled benefactor narrowing taboos andersen peterson assimilate inhibits aldridge keane minors talons pringle binocular furtive pretentious assimilated indecision jumps perks vulcan sap incessant sims rspca certainties tsu heiress gaul weathering incredulity pic inactivity roe git plinth candidacy serps angy haslemere grunt fodder embody catalysts hotspur bookcase lawfully britannia coalitions davison cosmopolitan baronet uzbekistan sprinter preventative superpowers aesthetics dodd contends manipulative stalks rodents harbours totalled earle fiddling minnesota reinstated phoney galvanised incineration insurrection cuff provence swimmers voyages capitalise abound glories thumped tomlinson sonnets gillespie reel sonia emigrants pantry cuddly pioneered norma cooled aw acton campaigned stabilise genomic whig photosynthesis appreciating bazaar whipping extracting memoir andre endanger gainsborough zodiac utilising lachlan prawn quivering archdeacon meek collaborating magnification chrissy cal fulfils borland jerk ranger friedman owt marbles heterogeneity kuhn hosted gambling connecticut orrell deliverance botany rouen reconstructed info gulp gertrude danielle actuality supplementation stranded yielding adriatic flea antenatal enchantment severance giggle malevolent contemptuously adjunct coffers maverick mayfair authorization diluted mali tennyson ironing preponderance elitist overturned unimpressed aggravated firework spellings giggling pont gb reps primaries magically vga pea walkway penzance cove potentials ea ranked directional sylvie hurley liners evangelism raspberry managements steely mabs brash casino spleen frailty desertion zeta autograph incomers diaphragm seasoning dlp trash rosenthal hirst hawick foe contingencies pushes spreadsheets coalfield strangest rené frescoes monologue jeweller bead vial draftsman mammalian explorers appleby ep wilder oversight bonanza simulated stalked waiver dyke porous stung fray dyfed commend kilo stealth notoriety clockwise madman hendon bronzes ottawa denver deities wharton cashier amphibians scapegoat abnormally umbrellas geologist intruders leila polluted raged parti rectification keynote conquered terminally ruining cornerstone serviced daisies alix heartfelt bst eyelid clamour sugars collided blunder spartan kiosk drowsy brisbane killion gleamed simmer ascii hooray upkeep zeus negro tunis earner eds crumwallis reuters ploughing bolder apricot helicobacter ballistic buoyancy stemmed scented flinging perceptible granville regis sarella foundry chronicler econometric lovable boyhood jammed practicalities structuralist armitage paired gascony transvaal pursuance distantly surreptitiously anaerobic immigrant standby afterthought unobtrusive enigma quaker wellbeing brits hargreaves generalisation semitism deeside hosting blurred cain turtles dresden inclusive dialogues merymose milder indiana allusion agendas loaves eclectic eurotunnel groundwater adaptability nucleotide dynastic nichols keswick pondering sleeps unclean tantamount cordless northerly madagascar ferrari sparingly televisions realizes blush imagines discerning sixes matey empress martyrs discontinued endowed smugglers airmen midi eccentricity vax crucifix jeremiah hybridization thirtieth punches purest eubank reimbursement northants gladys underpants assignee begs seniors hedgerow transmissions masturbation vip clicking catterick liberated alters dykes suppressing enduring firmness bsp unbalanced jannie idiots cora hides knowles buyout refinements lurgan radiant resigning aromatherapy mohamed daunting symphonies unintended rewritten cad czechoslovak ripples natalie reciprocity unfairness bremen earthworks serafin ambulances disneyland rostrum peck redeemed creb repetitions smoothness sonnet scorers doves magnificently dowry invasive bridal shamir magnets pe velocities aberration detergents penniless latvian superstructure alumni deplorable crows gliding immorality dent resonant crumble brewer uneconomic conspiring logos byrd trepidation stratum expectantly boisterous cancelling waterfalls athenians homogeneity hinting halo overcrowded ssp canny facilitates cv educating jc medically karr munitions lamina propeller staunch germ vanilla ashworth dingy princely troupe swede jennings breeder veal harshness mcmillan harsher cpu whiskey ins showcase dylan audits amos parma cores executors dismantling untenable mala tortuous accolade wavy barbarossa deceit tuppe shuffling canyon methodical carve gable implements bleach anaesthetic reckoning waterfront sabotage trailers sofas pritchard grind lustre othello crabs cavern adoration conifers approving puzzles thrush uefa su sourly arsenic macclesfield plasmids cairn pianos blazer umm lms quarrels carton denny ariel rowing handmade radon selwyn processions elise breeches bodied cowboys incline hansard reproductions unworkable adolf rem memorials executor judaism untold rosalind motherboard dante moons strengthens raisins belated sergeants alberto dignitaries perceives petitioner ridicule raucous putney dynamism tubs disregarded polyethylene accommodating bites parliamentarians antoinette petersfield sheppard substantiate downright chancery cubs rota denys affront robberies diners moneys airdrie jtr vern badges portico skinhead cuffs ahmad cauldron flowering descartes francesco stabilization telephoning mandarin positioning hearty scathach anathema seeping regretting rasped chipping newsagents electrodes larne tireless curt bookies hollows perfusion sidings tripping sensuality cowardly piazza hopper industrialist alternating emmie parallelism shaftesbury harwell exerted futility insolvent multiples earshot compacts montague stalk upheavals wildest homicide lettering culprits beaming upturned sadistic invoking whitehead logistic diagnoses spennymoor artisan wielding puzzling penance boer grimace hibs hermitage solidity flooring blasphemy inflow joel additive racks tuned habitation bedrock fellowships abiding broth encroachment toffee pancras diligent huddled renamed handwritten coded daresay cegb obnoxious likeable dubai incapacity modal theologian deadlines headhunters indebtedness stupidly paramilitary decreed hybridisation brando implacable menstrual hullo homesick colwyn suzie cultured scurrying samson substrate musée polled serfs pensionable vortex fleas nameless janeiro aitken expo newley landslide clipped defuse brothel citadel darwinian goreng lesotho rearrangement categorical fillings karajan bridegroom und gull audi centimetre excused scargill andrus fared disrepute diagnose cadres ungrateful mont piecemeal breakdowns celibacy peckham ileum xerox poppies atypical attaining seaweed displace ole flakes clergymen bowles seduction clegg deceptively uninterested flue sparsely upgrading chivalry vibrational trademark tiring oxen dart punjab absentee spaniard millimetre dormant lowell shoreline lacey ramparts cocked barmaid chrissie ct comedian nucleic bookmakers dillon attlee intelligently slag marlow cartons shipowners tbilisi pretends harker rueful dope emptying interviewee restlessness starkly abberley finality ineligible tributes gifford glistening elongated coolness dams stipulated vis cinematic chum bailiffs roadworks prejudiced jorge disclaimer peeling intermediary vestry detain unlock envisages seconder interlocutory jehovah slits blight mingled obituary altruistic colonists côte nuances carnage averse handout submissive arbiter millionaires interoperability untrained tilting adhesive crusty newtown neonatal astray reforming stewardship summarize shorten shapely slowdown hollidaye foggy pickups kane liaise fleeting ligaments upsets salvage clint dissenters figurative holywood moulds fundamentalist schoolboys ripley randomised ling sumatra attenuation kiln shrieked corrugated westerners shrines plugs acrylic slovene peng prosecutors bulging distractions rico finchley forwarded depots participatory accrue cbs shroud borderline carrick originate leach forts conduit taboo allocating fräulein silvia conjecture burials mehmed fearless initiating evesham dreamy clowes merlin peroxide inducement yeovil designate poachers mottled drab spurred hoax atherton felixstowe heralded prosaic nolan idleness udf inkling filmmakers oregon experimenter burner abusing voluminous roh palate spike whitlock transverse weimar taligent tenacity barth leased valuer ra jugs hilt tarts watering wistful montenegro underlie canned nap appointees ebony baberton nominees stacey daley enriched chomsky musty clerics prostaglandin plausibly doctorate phillis conducts braque faceless dreamt phenotype topping defamation moroccan conurbations alabama quayside pegasus ewen oscillation propria avery shellfish palmerston antoine muddled myers precariously nomenclature oysters atheist filtering stapleton natasha disablement refine unconvinced invasions bromwich verona discord aperture disenchantment filtered shedding naturalists subconsciously opcs comforted botha repertory deductive healthcare fowl binder whirlwind aegis oaks glaciers unixware incisive starred frizzell pebble mislead larder positional tumble reticent silica bohemian fourthly preposterous shareholdings feats confiscation sauces worthington choke capped unremarkable mares consents barlaston fluttered interprets grooves subscriber perils pedro earthy remembrance boosting constructively ecu weald collier flares prohibitive homoeopathy lured sudanese queensland comical exhilaration sedentary exogenous archibald budgeting neuron astra wrinkled aristocrat gav lc recapture fostering betting incurring distillation feud basilica sprays longman lark overseeing subconscious argumentative inspiring bodice characterize dakota prost mariana flipping asynchronous medway spinster microorganisms jarman mistrust mitigate dalziel casa sleeper spacecraft coe towpath cremation outweigh expired atop ayatollah comet willows durie flaps adorno disquiet schubert degenerate watchman invalidity josef stipulation devotees fluttering dodging unopposed wren bevin thi draughts inflated unimaginable jurors buddhist wolsey foothills bjp ayresome practicality fable murmuring catwalk banbridge entrenched pines undid nakedness schoolteacher interwar irrevocable semantically sensibilities exposes rosewood heartland elm sabah gangster trumpets watertight unreadable bushy obliquely rearmament andré dispensation lighten temperamental habermas gauntlet reputed protagonist scruffy cadets potencies resuscitation blinded gmbh burgh cleanly uninteresting sheldukher detergent mcnab classy straighten visualise palpable baffled derision uncritical plums ari cubes appreciably patrolling polling toleration merciful strangeness wheatley reprisals northward saigon paraphernalia sunlit fragility shovel tactile chore conservancy salman squatters waugh guiltily flake claustrophobic chipped wapping regressive robbing dti benin spades fluctuation estonian anus sac acquainted cambrian slime cullen lacquer impassioned claus orgy circuitry shoddy plausibility lautro jurisdictional truro ventilator loathe exuberance attainable illiterate rickety marlowe abstinence quell nonconformist industrious cladding chepstow experiential mcleod alcove predictability capacitance cognac discerned feebly wired qa assemblages searle formulas habituation thorny malaise retainers transcriptional rectified secretory glasnost synaptic numbering surgeries necessitate supposition ryley renton wintry lurch geothermal punctuated degeneration unplanned thermometer gadgets selectivity subduction sds springboard ranking chan pbs blushing aggravation hump harden mcintosh corporatism tracked landless ulthuan hypoglycaemia caressing unintelligible puffing mongolian errand ether timings framing influenza skipped commences squatted roaming cézanne mcdougall reproach stockists edging masts rallied radiocarbon marquess harrington sores trudged digested conductivity baltimore prescribing spencers fractional branded paz drafter dismissals imitating unload wallingford augment microprocessors banter twig fundamentalism lavas staffs savour ploughed gables hardcore vanishes luftwaffe gent nectar heron tumbler overcrowding rioters irrevocably dammit dauntless myles adenauer childlike knighthood garcia utilitarianism sachs greyhound generative dorian blackout normans connon axial trimmed desserts fearfully ibn seclusion celts dictates guyana scrupulous meyer topographical scornful mia moseley unsolicited loudspeaker camels handers disapproved dependable isabelle widowed twitched sunken chorley reappraisal amalgam cortical deutsche renunciation compressed cockney scourge playgroup augusta dully kestrel squeak spores jogging mascara blocs leavis wrestling dysfunction macedonian dunfermline assassinated dazzling evidenced steiner probate converts residences poulantzas bolshevik tablespoon asymmetric impart menstruation holism seamless proclaim anjou peculiarities refute irrelevance irregularly subsidiarity commended pedagogy traitors sentimentality repentance assesses silverstone fairclough jurassic rotary massey clamped dce andreas shoals leaped ramshackle wad sol sacrificial indecency suspecting shaved removable registrations pb chronicles mb tempest mayors roundabouts refurbished cynically fingerboard ware acrimonious bacterium nautical ping flopped gunner angie palatable astronomer extracellular manors shai fanshawe kempton oem photon snc fluorescence sheldon polarisation bundled specialty fiancée assailant gratuitous aces carolingian hatt shephard underlining marley depopulation piercing nipple prevails classically presidium marmalade rhythmically rake predation doctrinal spinelets digs rationalism hendrix dissuade natured flawed assertiveness purports tunbridge exaggerating warburg subway chasm exemplars commensurate intercept antagonists nip reverie citrus leavers katy broccoli marries corrosive debenture alignments wally dickson clove heartless amplifiers sieve whaddon deported sweeper explicable roam mayhew perceiving owens vomiting lecturing allotments salmonella briefings craze pedagogic caters oedipus molars reassessment tuck composing nicolae recombinant mancini hunched sanctioned illegality precautionary chopin scoop excitable bracknell metalwork brandt tristan parr unfashionable farr bikini jesuit isa tenements mans preconceptions polio defying optics incinerator vindicated osman plummer shriek swallows brandishing corinthians transitory enormity philanthropic unharmed weekdays ethernet devalued gloved lister curators sicilian accomplishment meaningfully coding blakey subunit yoga webs melville sinatra bradshaw barium bunches accumulating submits wolfe corinthian boon touchline arcs foresaw marchers correlate airing retort macpherson polypeptide capsules ollie energetically fortifications muslin stink ganglion unstoppable spiteful nightly bullshit auvergne litany mom hussey jeopardise vicarage prejudicial potted sighted basses booty proportionality nevada flashy fi pewter wilfully ajar hushed damien tacitly aerodrome slalom communicates onward ecologists incompatibility mirrored educationalists commoners rescuing pops rousing taunted declines mallachy crockery unstructured resourceful mending minefield flop kinsman ultrasound cholecystectomy clovis starved ensued hounslow eel jacqui panorama succulent pembrokeshire stardom rudely astrology smacked laughton disgusted crowding thresholds scalar brawl shrapnel encompassing cardinals soloists recycle actresses applauded postmodernism converter takers recogniser infantile specialise destitute intricacies wang waders indiscriminately unaccompanied cecilia perinatal pane marijuana cissie emulsion tortoise timor cobalt precludes jung rodriguez brunel capri infirm amdahl imperialist jr conspirators sinner choral dounreay tracksuit unfaithful niceties footbridge charade suzy undermines mobilisation spectral sleepers methodists neared depôt atrophy monmouth earthenware custodian paradigms sightings milligan outmoded marston ems carnivores adoptive slade summarily chang violins fagin venomous beccaria mournful levers macca gust myeloski fatalities wyn alcoholics woolworths wilfred scatter thingy unenforceable paracetamol stammered transmitting wrinkles smog oddity outwith fractionally brunei pius histology quietness geochemical quartets wrought grammars restart ranch unaided undetected stefan bogies nestling retires airs corby croaked payer prudential powerlessness shuts epsom sharpen ecosystem censure rebuke humbly unsolved holocaust straightening livid incense rocker stonehenge heed jealously draconian merciless posi millennia uncharacteristic abyss cosmology mono chiang tenancies octopus dashing gliders spoils primordial hitchcock philosophically dogged cripps calcite brackish epidemics burmese imaginations grassroots interdependent crescendo debacle puddle laird convened lucie churning blackwell pizzas painless slugs pheasants shines sealing fittest masons koreans encouragingly categorised lévi gullible contour arundel timmy interception citalia pds penge conceptually zoological unreported guitarists yamaha conjure kalchu brecon laboriously jonas photocopier collieries insignificance frontage rene glued supranational hoisted mismatch stuffing waterlogged æthelred parkin bryn termites disguised kaufman knaresborough leys vagueness beavis pratt mcfarlane elaborated hamish mercian approvals scrupulously pews rhoda fon evaluative fiat mower albion conceals eventuality deflation moynihan rabbi streaks contrived likened slurry posting grandpa carcass endothelial glc undemocratic enrich axed shevardnadze teamed incurable hedgehogs entertainer dahl neurosis overwhelm bumps iona mauve avoidable prologue plasmid colds hurtful caucasus jewellers rodgers dustbins wanton veiled chubby embroidered subdivision strauss penalised cuéllar speculating smelling jacquard kodak parables inundated documentaries twitching meryl boomed subdivisions rapidity interspersed bottled distinctively hexagonal detritus overgrown daine havens emigrate lanarkshire grime gilbey repulsive convener goblet leasehold blasting rennie proportionate waterway blockage exhausting starlings swirling abbreviations wakeham vita sustainability hoffman ludlow crocodiles photocopy milling archipelago miniatures tebbit riddle mobilize injecting burnham chancel automotive essences repressed glutamate sp rulings londoner sterne fictions whitley oratory loom constitutive hypocritical submerged revising mcqueen disincentive aspire hairstyle especial punishable commandments eduard insubstantial playback amersham shaikh incisors cul manley mahoney endowments disordered synagogue vindictive wholeness undeveloped terminating silt merest mal problematical tabled gist aden echelons proficient winged moorish hardened directness unpredictability fathom asymptomatic suffix ames lucinda finesse domesticated thundered waterhouse motioned interacting tyler coordinated univel circulars singularities pragmatics cafeteria indulgent rotate elucidate immaculately approvingly decently privatise canoes woodvilles susanna folders cognition leonie ballads antics overrun spielberg veranda cobwebs hallo shave unpalatable breakers flattened weymouth mainstay visualize refrigeration regimen shale paintwork marlene sga czechs burt frederica hares firefighters diesels conveyancer trunchbull jotan envoys missouri protectionist adversarial purporting plume reginald apocalyptic rehearse seduce humber francois mores sorties rewrite schramm hurling limestones fickle cedar fabio hurdles ppm taiwanese maura volt epidemiology tb intimidated perseverance anachronistic inaugurated patriarch indigestion issuer gowns storming sprawled transpired rushes dermot denials ley burford prodded mime normalization ras coped wiry windfall wootton shutter clashed typewriters remedied enquiring congratulating howling maximisation lumsden psychedelic perkin anglicans seedy unloaded greenock lemons deplored dyslexia winifred headmen posthumous blandford flutter raping doggedly proliferative chilean gipsies charley gillingham nesting perpetuate piracy rearguard wetherby waterman causeway uncontrollably maniac linguistically appendices wand mediators disaffection lenny dartford ethnography fetus herbaceous stanza arbitrators geraniums oncoming sayings gruff purge flattering gallant lanark hauser fungal dryness disciple hrun mdc shapeless collor slaughtered macari sociolinguistic captions corinth hallmarks furrow alleges intuitions interferon stabilize holyhead silicone reconciling dusting chateau hypocrite waterford wetland misconception leaden domicile shaman arresting subdivided hambleton medics geordie solves networked discard sustenance toshiba fln cooney bibliographical complicate makeup haddock scalable hayley antral overflowing mcpherson dada terrors affirm venison sceptic yugoslavs unwashed khomeini tetanus virulent unsteadily tattered pullover introspection saracens boasting cleric harmed marylebone handouts showbiz mba nightingale spotless maitland techno alienated ruddy cherished dpp mussels rentals pedagogical floodlit coordinators georgiades cinderella inscribed overload inpatient kirby hygienic fundholders coveted telescopes wiv stv jesuits refectory brainchild blisters biddy looser mcgowan snowdonia mold modulation pleistocene nome liberate localised verderers darting omit astride braces graciously groundwork mcnamara directorate domesticity pushchair superpower poise typist beastly budge violate daak creche jude aerosol diversions booths polarity calmed vista gateways inexplicably precipitated sampled eta nettles lodgers skinheads mimic cfc logging chestnuts acheson respiration dais transcendental fonda goldie dickie lexandro enthalpy vows fresco courtly coated pixels cellulose cohorts bans dunwoody entice memos caressed circumcision kee mcillvanney boz mall archbishops tanned bcci lin saxony behaves briefs intermediates signified embers payout bakers backyard franchises tomography tartly unkempt brooding stances algebraic exemplifies galore kilograms separatism sheeting multicultural endeavouring wealthier neuropathy olga standardized tedium summoning aib afro aggrieved pharmacy paved predicate hateley michelangelo pleats attitudinal osaka gatehouse opportunist mcewan battlements aoun legions tec convict graft frazer connectivity shootings toothbrush florid denouncing featureless acquittal patrician forrest invests hinge restful depict cartels washes sacrificing ugliness pavlov briant afflicted burr burger consultancies superannuation throes yds natures nahum sweeter trajectories pathogenic tilda eliminates froth concourse terse footprint kolchinsky hasten competitively lowers cb wager sheltering confers downpour laurent discordant intrusions surrogate funnel edgy prostate residuals interferes pakistanis bearable iceberg sc cookers taxonomy subsystem snobbery renewing prompts weave yum disbanded encountering laterally quarantine comedies amman heartbroken cytoplasm financiers gait pathos teller mythological etchings convene sprinkling biff intents undergoes unwieldy hacking pou maman puritan bray generalize pradesh virtuoso hungrily precede blooming workmates uae fidel bolted drier didier undertakers despise hepzibah deft leaded recesses intrepid tartan crypts trooper caine coli pew ngc coinciding intrude biomass igneous sawyer pétain annexation nurtured renfe predisposition goggles reverting topless tasteful kirkwall readability crim modi harare smuggled cheated rangoon altitudes cdu blackened duodenum sherman nobleman incontinent purified ballast paramilitaries unassailable waive hoskins quadrant grouse exempted paucity penguins keighley beards strapped rumbelows rotational tenner lethargy diverting paternalistic panther bravado gallows loophole stych nvq galloping gleefully flatter womanhood confronts verdi dwyer fondant memphis resistor larva misguided showrooms progeny unperturbed chagrin bandages functionalism grasslands expended berks infertility thrashing kirkby massed mori fraternal invading relocate spinach transporter eastward surreal oas dhabi birk flourishing gunpowder nicklaus melodramatic gearing dynamite straightaway mystic parole gatting surrealism awakened cheney vivo connoisseur werner athletico extinguished renounce donnelly albany ecologically succumb punchcard opulent osiris reassert approves fancies freak tensed woodchester navel sf garter gash keyhole cavities arrays dampness freeholders larkin rupture purists diminishes shaded fern serviceable lok spoonful rotting puncture sclerotherapy anguished contentedly rateable jus imperceptibly restraining rapped fawcett gills strenuously populated joker fractures teen metaphorically fortuitous rafael foreboding relieving pursuer monsoon canary disagrees carmichael koons boreholes extravaganza instantaneously bevan trillion midsummer tang manifests glittered tasting brampton glaxo wentworth instinctual repossessions enshrined eloquence sequent entitle saville carbonates dilute dyes thoroughness goldman godmother assiduously cornell soups representational howl abatement skipping forebears brooches pallid barometer screenplay anthea hangings stocked baird airframe bequests demised viv graduating cheerfulness mattresses limped perilously bowes mclaughlin bolivian hawes fleetingly exploding buzzard audited loner trilogy booster tay diurnal spiro uttering bavarian sparrow morecambe glinting orion abdication efta twists pun fairground saloons visualisation nationalistic torpedo anabelle wormwood formalism minster heroism penrose obstructing priestley protestations rd cadmium greener seizures phonemic appreciatively repudiation marino eurobond fergusson throbbing irate shrimps milford ceausescu aimlessly lfa bathed kath heats quirky pubic transcend obeying giggs nvqs hemispheres tendering negligently drake unbiased hoards sterilisation challengers imprecise saluted harpsichord devoting mooney despicable egf goings hospitable blithely pitching midwives sandinista falsehood howled alida deepen shove blending competences subsumed shoving holden parquet scotia umbilical drunks electrophoresis retd patriot chandeliers brompton panelled expediency tito uneducated curtail sighing edberg unhurt messengers embodying glaze clacton fedorov abject limping cycled radiance inappropriately follies paralleled morose acquirer regretfully kruger pleadings perfected bleakly crests aurora sprayed roamed rolle aforementioned wayside chisel argos eco squinted replicate percutaneous kaifu capt ladyship iteration ewe breakfasts grumbling educationally dualism creditable ageism jayne schumacher marshy buddhism nope boutique yankee remarking thame mccall tabs aphids dysplasia thucydides protruding crippled priestly steamy synonym tightness brusquely valuing reminiscence fibrous gloriously shrewdly taxing dislodge craggy aussie fridges blizzard confusions mockingly oban num lamely characterizes computerized tinker portrays scaled loosened triggers snowdon allay upholding jetty kelso chilli highgate sultry radiating genitals sketching integers conquests drone fertilization repose orb drinker braid unofficially unfettered montana feline consigned recur fates panicked migrant frodo prim unimaginative vices lockwood showpiece igg cabbages pentagonal rowntree carpenters funky snout usages surere robb clans slacks conscripts bastion manometry ticked capping blackbird discriminated soar prick mcloughlin undervalued musicals ar uist subunits riotous mechanistic juncture avidly garish zzap ezra boulogne div groped nephews fumbling innermost uneventful gm fishkeepers evaporated maximilian felled quantified dooley waltham niger dumas laurels joists dissolving collage harland falmouth sandstones certified enema determinate brevity bnp grabs clutter argentine sniff improperly waistband folkestone länder dearth gaiety bondage characterises annexe groaning wilkie principality undivided unfulfilled eternally floats asiatic monetarist dehydration violets gregarious slavs buchan reclaimed synapses tricked ulysses captives burnett inscrutable reincarnation falcons sulphuric eminence slant looms chopping bindings vole coloration ruskin vassals malpractice funniest absorbs sniper appease chastity assures butterworth pissed cob pollard samoa unsavoury violating stylistics materialistic deleterious sclerosing livesey jakarta deptford sanchez burdened goebbels wisconsin flyers stanton manly colonoscopy sinks gerhard sheaf braced rammed frankness tuning lac annihilation syl promiscuous acrid lowestoft presenters furnaces aetiology unsophisticated tor dilatation purposely toil beaverbrook distension resplendent subgroup friedrich recite amis rustle gambler dereliction aldington commissioning acne coincidentally pargeter fags deteriorating cramlington consented confesses sorrows fiftieth courteously imperfectly couched unyielding vince trotting ruthlessness chic demography pcf flushing inducements toads unopened hydrocarbon milner mercilessly fingered tersely recurring wickedly westerly thicket linoleum coalfields cranes epitaph domesday mannerisms caress polluters trusty hutchison thereabouts nguyen bletchley gargy evicted shoemaker responsibly pretoria scribe bullying disgraced kennels improvised swooped kentish undamaged auditing swathe miyazawa barricades deflection safeguarding auctioned exhortation antislavery emirates cohabitation punt foyle hayling constanza brambles padlock sensitively conveyor explorations amalgamated saddened virgins asda malignancy tantrum chandler pups offs mk inversely diplomas folio stumble vertebrae appallingly childebert raybestos stereotypical intransigence kuala constrain blackfriars transgression bunkers sardinia blob relaxations intimidate classmates bossy wheeling vernacular unevenly winnings trapping stiffer tenacious giggles steals dossier deletions dexterity shears nitric concave aches levin tacky luminal peanut startlingly clarifying undifferentiated milly lavinia seychelles presiding portraiture ousted swann maggots filmer solarium roirbak uniting unexplored movable glum injustices hnc busied fallow receptions bcr dun romances atrocious dismisses evocation paltry palsy clements booker curzon foregoing buddy rentokil tendons caesarean pennines travers ness nsaid reggie clapping unearthed serfdom rs salami laughable acoustics unauthorized sonata nucleotides extremities instigation cu famously anarchist omelette npfl thrives railroad eliza engulfed quiescent allergies plugged meteorites phosphates milroy sine boldwood guberniia getaway milestones hack eloquently hawks protestantism simulator cocky lorenzo traumas secondhand anytime spatially beaker roth lanfranc ensue majorca enoch howarth bundesbank ankara rothschild ejected preamp zealous murrayfield bengal chatterton barratt paraguay consular highlanders lithe mites surmounted demesne soya norwegians nearness clockwork podium grisly clutches gough bullion purgatory poke richmondshire mss actuary celebratory gusto thornaby wbc evoked utopia fand handcuffs hippies panache pollsters hailsham knighted hereafter anonymously aria hoop unmet buttress knockout grammatically xvi causality irregularity asymmetrical organises headstock batting unlisted yeoman carat legitimation levies gaseous plumes poplar palaeozoic karate mouldy contented ceaseless emu marlon mayonnaise spar posterior moribund rarest rapt tungsten burgundy smugly purée nb lorne minimising paradoxes necessitates oligonucleotides watcher paperbacks pierced allotted jovial pert unconditionally reptile clarkson fastidious humphreys turntable elliptical loathed reserving colic dailies stairwell roadshow denunciation policyholders electing pontypool accruing entrant morphine lichen tubing sensitivities nkrumah yoke insensitivity mamma exclusivity monopolistic whine hurworth flotilla equalised diligently misconceptions necrosis extremity unleashed capitalisation subgroups assuring violinist gh rouse spelled exits inaction amplified denomination flapped yarrow gore utterson impediment intifada venturing sejm stoppage apse yakovlev niches annals ashford benevolence acidification norwood infidelity idiopathic blooded stifling niro accretion exerts nightlife phew paediatric nuadu hopped gotten arden tempers clasping rundown edmonds nexus adventurer jacobite dieter softening thatcherite ldcs perfunctory sentries chung thaw middleweight wail deliciously assad mystics differentiating ga evacuate empiricism nicosia subcontractors numeracy unsurprisingly rheumatoid hoffmann singleton competed thereon onshore underpinned collectivism prairie decimals scudamore sera conferring oedema discharging brutus innes betsy denounce schooldays normalisation reindeer airway psd erase qua hopefuls sardonically providence attaché faiths mauritania hoare camberwell endorsing ixora thatch martyrdom campsite migraine brownlow zoos maidenhead armpits capricious adversaries rapprochement kant permutations historicism ns forestall wholesaler drachenfels toppled titled rethink accentuated bothwell venereal passover hydro catapult distillers unwillingly urbanization shattering thermostat licensee unsupported sliver shalt broadening cadet cellulite sandys caterer acumen transistors snort perot mausoleum magnificence caldwell transferor silenced depress coppers cosmological mcdonnell applaud unashamedly externalities malaya roused audacity sse angled gesturing inhospitable deacon methodologies strangled populous shallows precepts turquoise hues arranges shrugging sledge ratagan spotty postprandial mw tripod muse conchis knocks stifled gorilla torrance napier prs unawares lexicographers staccato tawno contesting suction doubting broadened ir notting lobbies herbal regina joiner sikes logged alresford scowl reappearance mci methanol foals poolside swivelled browsing declan castleford trowel printout futuristic infective vegetarians gonzález informer toying pallor forester oakeshott bulimia obsessions clowns secretions evacuees chalet personalised sported firelight sects uppermost lyric unbeatable activism ceylon galactic garel higgs ince reseller faulkner puerto atonement susannah paddling geezer postmodern pharmacist whining pronouncement bouncer fenn snoring ascites wondrous passer liphook bubbly objecting fanatic chesarynth inductive wabi chairperson sweeps aesthetically corduroy preserves puffed fiancé consul charred blissfully mademoiselle delirious bridesmaid precipitate mnr euthanasia southey consolidating bonfires wallabies bassist scanty putty pearly organically buf grapefruit harmonies turnaround punter dalek affliction gibbons lansdowne perpetrators comfy towed nucleation plaid welter nirvana dined foreword subtleties worksheet kampuchea transforms twinge aries lounging qualifiers getty natal fanny reticence windings probed florist rigs predictor summarises factional electricians peerage executing swimsuit enact caithness oars ewing denoting lovell environs muftilik saffron mauritius chanted confining dipole croquet frustrate gaped forsyth qatar fillet lacy harlem dishonestly petrochemical pickings lagos sortie fei dorrell circumvent inferno rwanda sketched dispensing cetaceans crematorium poly globally dosage plankton leftist castile woo commonsense dunning subsidised distributes bibliographies depressions multidisciplinary windmill chops aphasia bracing forging emergent conforming thunderous dependents allegiances catheter deceiving moonlit fishy converters convenor mules intercepted heriot redistributive capricorn bribe rout uninhabited blissful te delusions unfavourably merchantable petal portability hmi affable invincible kidnap civilizations giddy besieged revolves discouraging scribbled withington skimming kha disastrously reinstate depleted angelica alienate nacional pep hiroshima nicked subsections hbv afoot instructional psychotherapy retinal genera newsletters signatory sucker androids ilford thrombosis hornby carnival bernhard increment indicted jubilant pilgrim mucking stowe genoa malabsorption licensees jagger deluge stringer expires furthering embarrassingly forks antigua photons householder furs validate soothingly undercarriage blazed octamer whirling worshipped ravine unspeakable hydrochloric thrilling hardboard deputation lethargic newington behest lunatic gleaned schweppes situational forays clamp ormesby weller presbyterians engravings semitic mounts hallucinations sergio crisply mouldings bodyguards relativism admin combative shires gaston maroon schism riviera fling flirting paupers fis tastefully minnie footnotes sweetie drawl replicas underpin hywel frenetic creatively moot propping haughty bogs gec stalking lyell sooty lawsuit martini styled yawning troubling succinct decorator typology recalcitrant shaving allusions powders cleopatra enlisted spitfire cowardice isis greta menial rea moorings splits vesicles mitochondrial grooms yves cavernous canaries nicknamed babylon detects reopened purcell crimean crustal raking que unremitting groping bibles outdated dalyell interfered ebert mackerel mating illiteracy grenades haunts dreading emphases nu reassess brighten nikos forcible twinkle waged instil expel contradicted hankin vestiges swirled furby hexham windsurfing phosphatase masterly publican thrift yussuf ruffled expedient noblemen detach supine tidied saucepans fluently patter colts birt egalitarianism nana skirmish stratigraphical bullied ludwig hiya auctioneers spalding rosyth haines thwart dalai frieze insurmountable cindy oust hateful subsidise ado translates selina participative collegiate anterior davey indigo inflamed doggy intimidating germs stok residing obstruct disrupting foetal parades casket omar bilbao internationalism nursed navigational rebound emlyn steaks qualms herodotos migratory bloodstained landforms hindered forceps maestro undignified bracelets facile pecking intestines hoteliers flex gal ortega undaunted nathaniel tadpoles electrode averted anarchic sneer lacklustre bourdieu inhuman indefensible bertie obscures unresponsive eels color niggling rinse iraqis addicted jeeps indistinct langer impeccably courtyards fibreglass mchale outcrop grafton ludovico dialysis leasing segmental karabakh banish ayrton prestwick cavalier miletti mackintosh implant foray miguelito cupped alleyways decipher prodigy mcguinness linings worthing illustrator deflected russ attire hoo buffers demonstrably forums adore connotation stavrogin polluting motoring realists saver hennessy brimming dragoons seles crutch diabolical consciences gratifying shallot adage wield wantage chilled hydra nd bellies defamatory conjured flowery memento hanger isolating calculus comparability dictation mistresses alloys globular soothed harnessed gelder sacraments nissan signpost frying wont prototypes hypertext extrapolation urchin janata hurtling strait devraux luscious tariq soames increments unreality swelled heredity slicing snapshots subsystems chatham unrepresentative pursuers eadwine undefined lessing spooky impair generalise hob cert underwritten quashed showered pavel mace fens namibian compulsorily chromosomal timers dei translators upside turret bartlett amphitheatre condensed doth consulate mitigation appropriated unsound irritant warmest harsnet grumpy router tasteless twofold bouncy motivational exerting wilts funnily xiii pathogens limoges portals vehement sharpest weathered mot rebates grenada peebles waltz aggressor dinars worsened corrective raspberries humiliated vomit fleischmann cannons commemorating barmy acetic amazonian paternalism vaclav mcclair haggard gasps weedy mountainside eventful signification sow litigants viaduct chaste overcomes dockyard manx affirmative refrigerators meditations trimming chatichai unfolds colloquial inaccuracies dodge upgrades forfeiture thrills deirdre wriggling prettiest tolls snob realizations condemns brunswick pluralistic subjection nos refining pylons bonar forgo georg transferee suspensions medley rodrigo rubens ballots idols platonic sprouts inbuilt holster voltaire accuses rosettes yawn soapy martina naturalism tornado tensile loath conscientiously overture enchanted presentable retainer worsen copernican fizzy tenable lch communicator tiniest irc clattered immunological bandits probabilistic habsburgs sloping banda coined resists inconspicuous kenyan sirith preparedness scunthorpe rosen arias ceasing rightness dinghies overtaking varices placate fpr trident escarpment equivocal latency hodges scanners ducking picnics surrendering splinter coates suicides handset sardines hinkley miró vie regaining eucharist cordial erskine monetarists mayhem lucifer assigning stylist partitions wrappers ny serc whyte maliciously malton bonington desultory blockbuster netted grieve carmel cronies harpercollins freda fooling sleepily arnie pounced cretaceous imaginatively backstage indulged racer unattainable sawdust galloped siting unbearably calculates powdered mucous inflatable khartoum pomp unpleasantly exponential stupendous consecration envied greedily dictatorial entertainers benzene democratization anticipates controllable warts emigrated shia philanthropy shipyards overtures wriggle vane inkatha handler narrows bleed brides incipient footwork dregs sched argyle sema ticks clocked guttering portraying mulberry accessing montagu microelectronics gipsy lps dispenser unlit revoke coldest trivia dum sitter feeders scarman coastguard mack garrisons frith withholding ferranti strach speck cavendish attentively speculated antrum intercom jutting appraisals derogatory motel moulding bothers brough gael bridesmaids threadbare kingfisher bereft macroscopic denominational fillets caernarfon immunisation vassal serials vulture brennan wilfrid angina retaliate irreconcilable delinquent reconstructions lichens deconstruction dungeon bogey spawn antagonist imperious bfgf refs rheumatism cordon narration paraphrase inquisition perversion exalted confectionery pounce reeve virgil alma aristos immeasurably backbench facies warship stubbs calamity syrians shortlist defies rioting mcmanus waterside deuterium elgin dowd resuming christabel rafaelo plaintive sew scurried kinsmen hunch reverted bounded inimical leeks antlers raked specs standardization denser prophecies linlithgow benefactors riddled rnli hiatus finsbury hyperplasia palatine raider talkative shuddering libido recessions canine crease meehan namesake biases promiscuity irritability witham complies lumpur opportunistic cornflakes kew lino excrement graf hanna gliadin throughput reintroduction fullback unpack navigate dempster ellwood pours jeanette eccles notch dutiful helpline misplaced laibon workplaces signifier lombardy tolonen fresher karachi cradled pons mcneill pickwick salinity prestel crutches sovereigns demonic disentangle walnuts sukarno racially eldorado capitation pluck slash minimised changeover discounting balmoral annoys asylums estabrook borehole autopsy rottweilers auxiliaries naivety canes frere apace precocious temperance whittington manned romford tirelessly lees crayons idealized botanist quitting impede plugging pauper gerrard rowdy yea tirana perversely whims ri tabular solace rudeness sizewell catalonia repealed microcosm fagan noose drury parkes cartesian scratches officialdom recitals shelved wearer residency rockers messianic tremolo benedicta searcher defraud woolworth grub sabrina individualist apothecary partido kinda parrots dg nettle sheringham dersingham pecuniary yuppie dads moldova fangs foxton vacations irritate stent screech transfection chrome omagh doings teatime sunil bustled anatoly postmodernist chalker lymington pcbs recited connelly burgers gangway dicta enumeration herman custodians chute kiddies curses regenerate jonathon inducing preconditions prized barbs hobson wyndham erecting errol computed aspiring outbuildings pisa narrowness connell technicalities hayman ambulatory unintentional benton undiscovered conforms welshpool valence zoom idioms zagreb specialisms concorde offside patterning alias enmity loudspeakers nomads cynics chromatic capel mightily concertos disclosing tibetan legged deterministic dearer camaraderie wily airspace aqueous adenomas zhivkov mobs topple bishopric disturbingly infestation turk nailed tecs crackling ruddock urn sheff patriarchy spasms swastika arbroath bygone incensed farcical estranged gc unveil twitch paolo ramps mailing raman kidlington flirtation reparations oates buckle ponderous exxon walsingham tradesman sedimentary canoeing batten stu issuance sickle subdue rescuers tawny schemata menacingly discontented kangaroo loins matures stokesley despairingly pallets surnames trodden cdp regulates interlocking clipboard hermann shielding curd mprp pietro communes herein sikh trickling uninhibited calculators encore triumphal bh aerodynamic flawless unanticipated cures drifts wogan costings annan giorgio haringey cleans ixi phelps hons transference hester jacobsen flip browse retrial daze cultivating prise beaton farewells exon malleable gourmet simone deceleration scuttled adhering accords sandison havvie immersed dulwich curia tnc conqueror unrecognised springtime tankard extortion escorting busier wishart wedges crass profusely postoperative salutary susie caveat knut adjutant thoughtless cautioned jennie veils choreography bras tyrants disarm alternation polity ludo analogues gathers adele modernise changez sharpened determinations filaments bodo moderator simmonds brusque porto spluttered apostolic np amorous commemoration devolved joystick quayle quickened quizzical roundly technologically exacerbate peeping unloading anorexic rhymes rozanov takeaway oppositions genocide mediaeval pinks irresistibly sabha peacekeeping untimely conspiratorial boarders teeming centrist bash omitting deutschmark merson hoof incomparable potentialities crossover humankind textured doh ointment gangsters steadied growl rhyl selfless herpes unconsciousness bethlehem draughtsman outgoings rooney forrester woburn frigid wallasey fluke sequencing newtonian gebrec pageant surkov hallowed periodical healer awry thoroughfare lille cults harvests kennel arenas keener apprehensively hangman feathery dummies transvestite vistas coincidental gosforth ap tribesmen disappointingly stereotyped brad spanned amending resounding touchy relinquished barbarism focussed doherty av cobol propelled abbreviated macao hesketh mitsubishi estella penultimate anachronism peaty adenocarcinoma uninformed accruals convulsions ethereal abdel chants pharmaceuticals ab impunity exorbitant trod shostakovich platter caracas tendrils solute whit strictest hitch thatcherism rapids exercisable sulky thrashed app untypical linesman sedition bombarded equatorial panacea treacle ould praises respecting lieutenants lament lobes shifty gag lausanne reactivity pompidou obliterated oestrogen toiletries blandly hoods spans referent sacking vampire longterm brooklands puny isaacs kilburn stalinist rivera formby perthshire garnish reciting gentlemanly jabbed guesswork dixie mononuclear indignity autocracy keats mayne locational heeled chiffon consort apparition maltings enrol pagemaker quantitatively collie informational compositional testicles assigns amiably abducted acreage electrostatic gabon outweighed handlers revoked seabed winch decider ssrs ammonium deferential md lair wellies inspires supercomputer piping insular abstracts typified fontaine windowsill savages amnesia carnations lehmann hearsay informationssysteme layouts atrocity encoded oozing telex itzhak stow tristram adulation blanks flabby hoops unpromising crystallization collateral unhurried lewisham hydroxide penchant rehearsed beresford appreciates coupling autoimmune inordinate pontefract pinching moray troopers pathetically cashmere skirted forbids recounted unrelenting herbivores tailors transcendent tenths phobia attributing unilever scuffle guernsey thereupon inflicting harpy anchored kumar louth songwriter vindication sparrows lyneham obscuring pretreatment pipette beatings northwich urals accusingly mckeown larsen yon eczema infringe impassable unsung splinters fret pastiche potts incandescent understudy fainter denton monet acetate nicole wynne fluidity launderette mandible australasia ligament connectors greenish harbouring fael disuse nudes asparagus microscopes llewelyn langton rendition legislatures hilbert snub metamorphosis favouritism mcdunn madison proletarian hearse unguarded waived dominican levelling headlong electrolyte pandora goethe deservedly ariadne linearly quizzically pap esp hadley drummond beret chalets fortran extraneous aleksandr ambleside mach contemporaneous fsa broads superscalar wallets boutiques markby mandarins swapping doldrums seething deathly inis gajdusek rao indecently dewey début alexis erlich berowne dulles vainly browns allitt insomnia akbar deduct diction sympathise hegemonic delectable hodder impregnable threaded celluloid busby fitzroy engages postsynaptic shutdown schoolroom unassuming wallington dank undergravel exmoor sittings indisputable riga husayn vestments unthinking towelling frisson casework cobra manipulations nazareth vargas acorn commemorated punks admissibility surging roomy yanked courgettes sorcery chainsaw crick premiers snodgrass itn chrysler adorned stabilisation denholm waveform stonehouse swerved inhibiting unaccountably mango satisfactions lunged luigi pepsin parentage bankruptcies indestructible tusks steed invisibility irreducible rhinoceros movers legible gustave transformational hotelier congressmen unwrapped redness pipework bonding lexington sedate jonah postures gruffly hindi rocard nicol falconer pentland ruthven purported chromium neutrophils ostrich placards photocopies mosques bathe nevil halting hamburger innovatory xerxes incitement irrationality computerisation cripple frg bethnal babur imaging freckles branching maggot underdeveloped fenwick conserved ably paine djs sauntered comers anders siegfried lore drumming cli olsen doric chantal camra hoddle cruised mallet belgians broadhurst voluptuous refreshingly contradicts pedals infatuation fainted surfers fifths bono furnishing vance unquestioned emitted quantifiable indefinable sweatshirt attrition receding defoe godly transfusions recriminations gomez nz awkwardness penthouse foolhardy pneumatic nintendo utrecht pepe monopolist alfonso hebrews permissiveness inhabitant springy unsuited savouring bullocks detachable agitated shuffle cairngorms beinn slimming swivel covertly farmhouses macrophages stormont heighten ladbrokes finalist passable laurel confidences idiosyncrasies perfectionist grazed roma updates grandchild ryzhkov hinton aristotelian glenda larceny keele lafferty truer southerly laudable zeros sheepishly headington referents canning tire jacobites capitol hermit pers saucy breadwinner intoned lamented cuticle rosette fixes fad frets knowsley erupt disloyal orator sabre minders jig cent adjudicator dispelled ercp chattering antiseptic cleverness regionally nehru repugnant fads mythic metaphysics pluralists miscarriages lira vicarious combating divan jaunty discontinuous anchorage adoral clattering incursions engineered gorse dow cookstown exploitative proclaims collapses courting nairn adjourn apologising hcl lightest audacious dumplings trellis entitles ronaldsay smokes slavonic writhing reproduces eddies borrows kaleidoscope chucked retrieving critiques scrubbing tonga upbeat expectant woodrow gus offshoot irrepressible furrows bounding decrepit bismarck demented ecosystems coordinating vp frosted knitter judo awarding perez confidant nomic kidd aired expensively speke eaters unforgivable concealment cloaks canvassing overland bloodless formaldehyde shallower lytham intensities skimmed conwy halve glutathione droves nutmeg subtler baskerville olympus wraps repel laziness luxor planters samaritans bristles buzzed nascent rn interwoven decaying stank cocks wick datasets inconsequential lunatics pee pips rooftops judi lauda crashes maltese medallion hike sekers hezbollah digger aragon watersports toni tufts tackles pemberton cuddling reiterate crowley wah wpc horsley colonization phenomenological peake glumly pt unsuspected princeton clambering cobbler oglethorpe egon battleground dundas sequentially counterclaim monklands austrians havana indecisive numbness placings beardsley edison kelvin cramp wacky wispy bestowed admiringly conventionalism upmarket félix whores crunchy straws effecting alderley syndicates materialist abstention fernandez deepening erased ruinous armenians errands edi domestically menacing evan flinch palladium soy mott combatants unannounced newell categorisation confrontational grandmothers couplet boils majors detractors insemination cocoon mulroney unstressed stupor vermin precipitous durban bottomless hog transcriptions impurities pruning babble pretences patriots selhurst rhys piaget behold unstuck edta kindergarten hardliners methodically lapses bullock fischer unkindly tremors relished kimberley tyndale nn breather hesitating sponges informality raving homeowners toolkit complainant specialize relocated tobago pkk fallible deana charmingly blinking streamlined hnd reintroduce vass volkov hysterically windermere rpr spurt insulted neckline sadie prostacyclin howells harlequins yous boo idealised rhinos chilperic relishing dizziness hawkes discredited yegan consummate overleaf jonadab mortuary fortresses aussies rumbled togo harvested irreverent incoherent outnumbered physio uptight mansions shanty gunpoint buddha bennet scones swapped kahn ambient eclipsed eggar layton sprawling migrating stenosis mishap stucco basle macro alberta sinusoidal tuppence traditionalists statisticians ilkley eradicated boldness hpv yell eduardo whirl hyperactive uttar interpretive multiprocessor vdu xx shortened evaporate pounded slyly southward abbreviation crikey unobserved fells mag grandly impropriety alicia swamps utilization indemnities villiers playfully forgave lectured sedation indexed overdo madrigal vestige innovators tattoos supposes shae primeval jacklin trespasser polemic substantiated formers jewkes morsel sandringham spaniel polemical taff boulevard acclaimed melvyn batman urbanisation masha sloped unobtrusively acknowledgment nikkei jameson fingering europa labouring longitude thrombolytic resins ligand mcgee provokes rosenberg logistical hamster cradling torchlight interrelationships iboa kinky trespassing congresses sociability reprinted hearers fertilisation grappling lapel giscard loopholes outbound inaudible deposed paras randy hydroelectric telecoms bobbed dirk blink campuses aachen chauvinism colonnade fireside darcy itching frothy artistry tumultuous confiscated clampdown defensible hansen blunkett structuring authorial caucus homelands baptists algal gruelling compaction chequered wetter dreamily gastro tectonics sabatini distributive tashie relayed kneel earthworms pennine walthamstow dioceses croat engraved binge bryant tracer garcía laidlaw aborigines auspicious darkening lifetimes unites gallacher duplicate sophy wanker fontanellato strategists skating siena jp supersonic impulsively heuristic mccormack scala electrics outlandish adenomatous concussion incessantly consonant accrued mercurial uniforum imperceptible laminated converse tot tanganyika thistle quangos stellar breadcrumbs bel dissection pierce summation neutrinos tyrone laboured scouring abyssinia nuance mined professed trolls wigs voicing bandwidth scorpion acemi insolent squinting equine coexistence swig hilltop whitelaw snowball restorative tills lan innkeeper nonsensical blobs degeneracy peaches izzie oscillations fanaticism tubers dissipated dumbarton sever resorted schumann opportunism jehana slipper birkett configured harming headless associating immovable faultless feverishly brandenburg draughty jilly victors mandibles jerky palma invalidate elevations brom handley cuppa pragmatist sapphire monographs impeachment godstowe heretical taipei arran rootstock handfuls slut chiltern subterranean obligingly counterproductive moores visitation succumbed dissolves dynamical butlin damnation archival decadence bookshelves bougainville ruse canteens experimented converge grands safeway mcalpine tl disreputable stills adsorption centring jm creaked bey towing tributaries zenith coverings encyclopaedia certify bombshell vivien tranche corrie brigades dusky frills academia untroubled bewildering yorkshireman betrays assailants dd evangelists derisive cautionary spruce escalate chink khasbulatov specialties nagging airily nmr wagging whitfield superstars authoritarianism lingers baptised prudhoe turbines visor famagusta stansted streamers appeasement visceral bikers ibanez oligarchy steamed steroid moffat accessory cloisters slumber believable fleury nativity unpleasantness parvis polypropylene grimy lineages denham synchronous corpora mutilation yellowish mineworkers issuers langdale bulldozers panasonic vehemence lashing immutable trampled ramsden fortitude zack heartbreak cask scrubbed erica quits lifeboats pablo wrongfully ultrasonic najibullah seton guilloche palermo unsatisfied dillons walworth banknotes posse dumps payton masterful enthused shrieking leeway clydesdale groupe refresh demolishing walt reconsideration propellers didactic mouthed fluoride subjecting homecoming gullies gentiles despotism frosts bellamy converging flashman microfilm cunningly patented disinfection replicated eyeballs hegelian isotopic fl koch dares lauder bustling duplex possessor basalt guggenheim auschwitz disorientation contraption grail wealthiest devotional davide faunas hermes fasten notepaper wuthering finlayson disinfectant diameters overruled shunt marek werewolf windmills shards advertiser masonic refineries craigavon allegorical axons elitism nonchalantly unethical blackcurrant fairways belied wolff overgrowth fuji uneasiness israelites unusable distracting pacifists raynor compromising assassinate fitzpatrick domed whitewash carcasses juggling stalwarts spaced matured sagged underpins travesty burgeoning competes underpinning breaker pastimes subcutaneous delirium shales trite prohibits debenhams annette persuasions nld montgomerie reagents ssap swaziland approximations boathouse psychosomatic speeded ducts misnomer fahreddin kurdistan staples neurones squirmed halloween nurture spicer panto axiomatic tranquillizers sanctuaries panda spokes approachable apologized seagulls naff castlereagh penda rink springboks handkerchiefs variegated ingram vw libretto recounts rowlands leniency rpi misbehaviour encampment toothache federations ironed extremism isotopes melton separable pga rigging leopards exertions wildfowl mediocrity testers lire quipped gambia intensional blossoms testimonial ostentatious poppy spawned countryman opioid clarendon paraded dampen immunoglobulin robemaker misfortunes invariable whisker lisabeth infertile unced itinerant glycaemic eire cabs loaned comecon frigates ossetia breathes harrier wilds bretton cashing entrepreneurship carver bo disregarding dartmouth lonrho publicised laces schoenberg impairments crackle arousing lute harassed abbas jun chaplains outstandingly raoul grinstead furtherance deciduous principled docile stirs adidas tramways usher herod solubility continuities welch inhalation brat altars baronial saltburn beaks airman unicef divulge ukrainians chlorofluorocarbons faraway grapevine unjustifiable rut deviate coles homemade poitiers pippin shanks rotors vulgarity chimps snarl tilly showbusiness swain motorbikes facilitator unregulated hellyer commendation uncontroversial spartak knightsbridge piloted accede scrappy distally tuner technologists vengeful stepney springsteen tubby fete inventors welshman undeterred ante pus pacifism drawbridge unscientific welwyn haworth imitations diminutive teletext urethra slams goering zaïre nfu prednisolone painkillers squires hotline unmanageable hissing separations unfolding washable fused billiard thug riva smarter impromptu polygons sparkled crevices thermonuclear prerequisites prerogatives pushy phallic hawker pursues reflector minch farmed harmonization microkernel cocktails empiricist crosland instigated pittance injurious ferris midsole schoolgirls bayswater peculiarity overridden soundness nspcc musselburgh enlighten nep plover graze charger etched litem freestyle knitwear gratified strongholds interradial cobham rearrange patrimony coburg fetish haydn construe duplicated dia grice aintree evangelist collaborator thinning compagnie gregg adjusts decompression humanistic elects definable sonatas rediscovered perishable unrestrained arcades iconography fieldfare flowered drudgery tatters perennials gilly ores religiously clelia dozed blackbirds eights avenge mccabe clustered syd motivates perpetrator linseed aquifer ironical squealed exposures coachman tiptoed scoreline cartilage donal redeemable suffocation sweetest overlord brackley leanings mccormick minutely testable jungles cum jackpot smolensk starch cincinnati byelarus activates transmitters scorpio athena jostling shopper batted darwinism mendez inhaled minutiae rupees undress ave caddies dons porsche akers atheism haphazardly borneo dijon decker abstain andean posthumously cameo humiliate persuasively mopping styling rook constructional anniversaries headers secures decorum melanoma firearm hummed manoeuvred havelock omens accomplishments panicking vivacious needlessly niven grandstand vous julio voltages snappy wanderers snugly beefy ovulation prodigal endeavoured detested romantically hempstead carcinogenic unruffled effigy spotlights preconceived leyton livings yts operand altdorf introspective precincts technicality trippier edict intimation limerick freezers spills untoward amicably infuriated crump nieces xiaoping toner scrawny endothelium consett demos briefest zoology consignments inexhaustible bali foes liquidators studs melons catechism touchdown fenna oboe incongruously unsmiling revellers girth bursa catesby experimenters predicative beaver assayed katharine obstinately bulkhead totalitarian shrinkage classifying mcconnell cpre symphonic ashby princesses cuddle analyze regalia apathetic rummaged truss cloudless staffroom unacknowledged wailing salmond perpendicular toyed sojourn tingling utilized burners unacceptably sheepskin abd superimposed workington skylight railing crabb shetlanders sycamore bondholders ahi ordinance headingley vinnie basking comets divider jaundiced attributive odious jams nodules tapering smock euphemism mens flatten bmc ledges melwas soberly pallet affiliated mechanisation nowak notepad scone camped guesses recaptured hellenic skirmishes hash loveliest whillan meaty parlance rhee grandest outlaw superstore hemel perpetuity rosamund hippocampus humanly housebound misappropriation boycotted salted equanimity minding directorship joyfully bagpipes nothingness integrative locates roughness legalistic oppositional gunnell westland rehydration duncton limply subjectively keel excel strangle mcevoy greenfield sultanas kernaghan speedway disillusioned obstructions seasonally hypothermia infirmity proportionally cubist morenz lusaka etienne gynaecologist blended artifacts hydrophobic dabbed rpf fuming escalating unpretentious goodison shipman asb aileen frighteningly hepatocytes beckoning dh cisterns coffees lapping moi tvei powergen gusts localized cloned specialism scrutinised akram fishkeeper handiwork chaser undressed vaulted heaviness boutros alphabetically voidable ginny girlish cervix clouded cropping seditious erroneously unwind davie copse titanium circulatory rufous duality despondent pejorative furlong patronising awhile spec fawn gimmick throb ratcliffe rhododendrons abusers unceremoniously dbms interrogated ventura bhutto transcends whiter epping studded prettier urbane storyline gwyneth cements hatherby solemnity riba nibbling evidential carnal sympathisers serenely tooting underlay mugabe midwifery rainwater perfumes propulsion mvs ev lesbianism saws tussle nr vellum ctl pol dreamer obliging plumbers reformulation clothed visualization premonition commodore reece newsroom indoctrination pseudonym flutes ormond bawled prided inconsiderable piglets duckling dupont nigger mega rapturous linker quiss fontana lob hulk irresponsibility supremo finery prewar cytr shih kinder frees gamekeeper stranglehold obstetric uninitiated puritanical rhode karelius fairytale greenham customarily hairline neuronal swales craon outcast pericles farah grapple integrates devouring halstead lourdes lankan forgeries extrinsic finalise repudiate cub postulated gnomes shred detest sculptural delinquents mobilise conjures excelled easington fuses egerton dioxins discontinue doorman conurbation conjugal eponymous efficiencies oklahoma disprove dissonance keynesians eritrea demonstrable conifer indemnify hams papilla disraeli dryden cooperatives delicacies metcalfe headboard duffy distillery devalue lymphocyte evangelicals propagate chilling typeface vying mainz kidnapping swarm questioner mcintyre squeaky morrow steeple journeymen gutted regularities pave marsden hoyle são microbial madrigals aiding serotonin circumspect arabella vivienne stott cloister prettily jordanstown panted mattie wench ramos signings pu migrations dtp whitton drayton penrith cogent rambling moby rotated syntactically bcp buff stoop waverley taheb blanco headroom mesozoic teak unlicensed bermondsey shite lineout michaelmas babes lampard sustains arthritic turban aspired woefully composites urea sprouting peremptory humphries snuff viktor sib condone gassendi boundless minuscule unwitting chided osteoporosis smitten uncommitted maturing unsigned franciscan gamut ghali bale hco riyadh mucky ovaries jimi vendetta combing collocation unintentionally carmarthen mcnally artistically gauze scree bismuth rosary whimsical perpetrated incinerators berserk strayed ludicrously biennial pharmacists restructured breezy emf gadget jails unnerving salinas baleful devonian fincara sandown cck proverb captors yeomen stares tat mingling kilns scholastic stratospheric growths alderman overpowering barring starfish subtraction devotes cultivators typography flexed mistletoe thundering grotto kaiser mints swoop balustrade truncated silences reintroduced mu wading alertness escalator breezes intervenes spirals spiny eerily fledgling saddest signifying undistinguished scowling rackets fission herrings woe hindley antiracist rogues summertime ejection marvelled haunting rowbottom floodlights coombs defreitas stratigraphy donned munros caffeine choppy manganese haunches ruck loudest boatmen counterfeit spares guises holdall pooh deformity rigged combed icam analytically objector derisory magilton mazowiecki fluted grotesquely goalless simile madras minerva sendei lapels dieting rca outpost embezzlement victorine duplicity foregone specializing tainted commuting unfocused feuds liechtenstein ferryhill lowly falsification rumbling viz clasp liqueur actionable revisionist prognostic abominable sills unjustly pres conveyancing taper corresponded virile teaspoons tommaso harald bourbon carrickfergus childrens intentioned unrecorded unwin descriptors deserting dormitories alto canton abbots fay barbarous toothless willoughby supplementing inadmissible comte refusals bespectacled streamed studiously suitors calmness alphanumeric crossley brotherly walden biodiversity persecuted reprimanded dicks lathe stylus castration polyurethane preventable sears expansionist fiddled transactional repute dismounted plaza tome enlarging roper abeyance downcast sneaked slimmer coached arbuthnot hyperbole shilton unicameral pricked mooted calcareous wetness thyroid bsa wholehearted replete serrano atrium emit commercialism compliant tinted workroom extricate alacrity impressionable forgetful stalwart unabated egos nebulous enrolments affiliate serra backwardness foolishness codon marksman aladdin hollis duff luch eccentricities stoutly mopped obsessively danby presupposition warlike breaching willed exhaustively icelandic brightened bureaucrat squeal unsettling externality hertford wardship untried condolences curran creases hrawi christened confessing taffeta allah promulgated stylistically introns biarritz agonies conceit prospered steadfastly ailing spout smirk groundless redefined disseminate placenta mammy whirlpool fiesta zambian pv uninvited stirrings wedged summonses manson pastries unwisely engrossed quash dissipation seabirds mpg ascents pfk roster surcharge mcwhirter prep saleable rectangles watchdogs sprinkler jab woes rapists rotations monochrome predilection prudently sega ecgfrith riverbank regatta italianate ops illegible nickel plasterboard neumann logarithm maladministration higham portrush unenviable luv diffraction referendums rulebook señor barron programmable rampart broadside jessamyn bystanders competencies preside doorsteps barricade hideously saddled drs gouache dewar parrott druids sacrosanct ascended scruples caged reflectively partridge outlawed horny mariners monogamous unending livelihoods guidebooks bridlington ejaculation municipalities fasting lessened swooping mae antiracism nightie retaliatory racers fiend padding honecker strives graces tortoises sculptured dusted nat sigmar elevate moldavia libby churlish han belfry nutrient streatham chanel quine sucks sharif npv mccullough revelling subculture magpie marlboro usk cytokines partisanship corrupted resurrected lookalike countdown laced initiates javier lapsed smears synergy machynlleth faxes chronologically inarticulate utilize rampton microbes tiptoe grist nunn apocryphal abandons anemone rocastle vanishing garlands leonid cheekbone hysterectomy holdsworth levine stallions warders sampras whistles dunstable rylands whoa glowered silhouettes mcgeechan tal nupe crossbar prostaglandins budgie segregated orthogonal surrealist administratively ng hiccup precluded vexed maugham jiang gingerbread handbooks gaitskell sfa lutyens ahrairah grasmere lawlessness pinnacles demure domiciliary frigate aerosols uncritically weakens polynomial murals pegged pavilions plaice flocked fatter tepid mitochondria enclaves grainger virtuosity empt enthusiasms wilhelm denoted comings astronaut aethelred rallying heave merlyn icily pts mire potteries innocents potty scalpel insurgents congested dislikes decca jericho distancing humps cliche imelda lucille alejandro plucking endangering constellations garvin finlay pcc snowing schemas iterations nacl torness obsolescence scolded pate wyvis drapes mcclelland hypergastrinaemia monaghan facelift hayek personification southbound headley seine volition magdalene intraepithelial incumbents nicaraguan interrelated joyriders rbge olson highs oswiu obe worksheets fruity puffs renovated rejoicing inventiveness highfield impinge tarpaulin obtrusive opportune dev prelates ember separatists innuendo minneapolis foursomes encapsulated honouring latham erode stunningly burgled disbursements fluctuating gaudy recluse titanic competently dressmaker maidens bon domino ponder ascertaining murtach disequilibrium bowers bev distorts despondency psalm runways rippling sifting superhuman dismally prussians watered arrhythmias undisciplined rollins capacitors incalculable hepworth gorges jourdain classicism carnegie splashes playgrounds tyrrell templeman primitives baboon mutter promontory cations maori hambledon jewry quarks ballerina innards crossman bodywork preheat scrabbling blueprints qt combe whisked searchlight seamus ld extinguish prenatal underdevelopment acronym nudging borg immobility yellows dryly kw grieving apocalypse shrouded recessive sanctum jul conduction apr mourn archery fronting inimitable ganglia habitable bumble sparcstations bayonet helical outrageously clitoris grumble embroiled potion ostensible pahl crooks paediatrician flexing cllr candida syracuse jamming cupping triggering aerobatic acknowledgements lunacy cornwell slowest afforestation champ ing sighs pipelines tumult libyans tnf redolent voiceless runcie underwrite fundic egan res blundell packaged saturn hawthorn clothiers criticises claudio neurotransmitter ricardo equalled undefeated rooks terrence embankments tinkering reels straying disrespect counterpoint functionaries blameless baboons streaked verifiable optician sbus convicts allele desist superstitions canoeists heroines urchins seneschal buggery fucked vastness exasperated hatchback vouch hunterston hamas caerulein thurso bullish winterton snatches crofters basaltic disappearances yolk bassoon cuckoos lintel bsc chirac sos girdle anya holyfield quorum observant diplomatically bogie ayton bordered seve revs steamers blaster giver voracious irksome constabulary com imminence cacophony slashing creak trickled rabies ethnically earldom thicknesses topsoil contingents bitches holed headship eluded stranraer frightens bestseller stc enveloped authorising approver footballing tr subordinated unbounded hinduism abysmal mccreery eyewitness upcoming subvert entangled stepson genscher deploying reza slithered beeches chopper dozing pravda teal oscillator outs sikhs quadratic acer conductance massif baffling insuperable maradona malmesbury exhilarating repressor downside blacksmiths emil stave martinez coincidences pocketed eater sewell behaviourist tccb redoubtable fetching mallender casuals agarose scarred frugal dissension herons beep rationalize informers resistances intoxication septic katz phipps reims moodie fanned polaroid destroyers compensating easterly panicky fussing affray reigned mixes jewelled pcp quinine garb reeled intersections squashed indefatigable kopyion haig hedley petitioners heaths isotropic dickensian raiding orford plating neutrino ferociously mossley hamper newbridge outnumber hellish staid practises pox narcissism plush leger restores nouveau monty mcquaid disdainful evoking ungainly poaching treadmill fielded tripos sw petticoat jensen funk alsace valour templars tinged moored gauche trusteeship pantheon crustaceans savoury scaling gaskell suddenness burly ladbroke totem recyclable stripper debenham excellently osmotic diner fieldworker napkins lasagne commonality nonlinear categorized interjected solent rabble clichés dairies justinian pennant glade mouthfuls spindle chariots lanky flippant chardonnay routed vivian aural skidded matting signet dea potentiality spindly align buckland memorably queued strat sulphide luminosity andropulos machinations seep coax scooter wonderland interacts heretics hacked cancerous attested diversified haldane cubans asc candour bayonne snows atlantis unsubstantiated acceptances collectivist trifling howls launcher mimicry crimea christening loyally baits potholes shameless suture anticipatory uxbridge authorize shaven dms dainty validly valentin investiture diphtheria finnegan cytology manorial glandular bookman boniface wisps ardour ethylene histologically subservient wainwright protectively rabin dynasties asterisk currants sandinistas pythagoras watergate joão trump ascend intraluminal accordion rooting bisexual disembodied whisk supersparc indivisible tajikistan whittaker fanning gaveston evergreen mastering dominoes rapes bums maybury freighter fracas jaime caa westwood bade shopfloor overjoyed yuk coppell forefathers invocation oswestry unhindered omnibus poitou yuri rungs loot pulley battleship compute hee wester suburbia massaging adrenaline wanderings putts estoppel toledo blackheath baba maskell moreton cypriot pied indescribable summarising outpatients otherness mongrel malfunction orbitals forearms layered muller portia resistors fpcr sporty nfs disband impressionistic purges netball librarianship wellcome plait biomedical polygon provost denizens noir hubbub nalgo absentees cadre byzantium stasis nasser everard idiotic optimist sarawak exigencies newgate walkways pained optimistically militarism reinsurance ancients soiled succumbing masquerading convivial figurehead unfailing grading bcg nauseous ambled controversially amassed heywood cou endoscopically admires xanthe dwindled bse subcontinent smallholders illuminates lurching wenceslas kitchenette scampered conjunctions universals diagrammatic appellate lagoons doone spartans syringes mumbling firsts blythe fothergill wicketkeeper clio beverages unattached lukács steelworks tonnage kiff zealanders hitched lancet conversant wensleydale synopsis esc duma kcl dab nods euphoric jumbo solicitous grocers wrench resemblances buttresses vents tightrope objectification fronds azerbaijani rolf variceal barrington obviate knackered outcrops temperaments mendelssohn eastenders punctuality locos untested hurtled distorting propel irises sepsis brodie stubbornness rsfsr reversals lateness bicameral handbags clings unselfish ketchup pharisees iowa fledged leland malai dioxin newall hereinafter excitatory suspending tuathal eachuinn impurity frayed affirming cochrane polluter toxteth outreach mended cruises jellies giveaway unify unconfirmed morpeth pitifully redefinition heraldic draper myanma avocado impetuous zoser maximising rebellions leaky lexicographer soc hillary petitioned heaton mait maclaren craved roundhouse neale angelic moralists spasmodic giulio clearances recessionary laconic mesenchyme warring rapture genitalia befits opencast compendium hungerford privatising colectomy annuals petrified conquerors egbert luxemburg perish acidly fitters ordinators shoplifting phenomenology assam charting diode colliding swarming infect screeched ericsson buthelezi telecommunication wizards irreparable concordance somatostatin caresses prostatic chieftain blouses tidily veneration thrifty wellingtons assiduous deathbed suharto delicatessen unravelling ephemera unfold wardle glens encompassed annamese ellison neoplasia subtracting benedictine virgo heartache articulating dem westmorland genealogy hardwick accumulations flanagan capitalize stitched unanswerable vacated resonances dae crofts transcendence compensations lingfield axiom bestow phenotypic venezia bogwood chandelier bes hairdryer dodged kiwis workgroups bachelors billowing cascading mercians alchemy canister polybius remorseless aggravate tqm attractor woodford outgrown listless usurpation tampered behaviourism mischievously corks edmond fissure pathfinder forked bulwark yanks hendrie conditionals nawab edmonton softbench mirage metrical aviemore purposive bewick rubbery kitsch slander busacher dictating marriott bigotry verde sketchy sneaking fireplaces savannah asthmatic fades rampage dubiously degrading andreotti arsehole dystrophy lacuna dcf carrion botanists intravenously dionne zollinger amphibious truism ashen deceitful crippling misinterpretation solder scallops fallout waded elongation salah berths jogged detoxification bruising remoter sihanouk rustling lipped harwood lengthen npc sows rowed allenby hispanic grunts caverns heterosexuality tidings golfing elisa gels manifestos sizable distilled recreating troll ischaemic hereabouts hazlitt manse archivists receded stortford analyzed convulsively muon stitching ccp summarizes stilts medreses fumed bodmin woodpecker starry thiercelin cleese towered unbelief wove decorators nilsson olfactory coupe retails onlooker remotest slur volunteering thrall administers figurines cleverer rationalise fluff obtuse cohn purist slocombe rearranging refutation necklaces mamur largesse prokofiev signposts beadle leven lipids smithy ferdinando ineffectiveness mcculloch tutilo dynamically narrowest abbeys overlaid désirée captained mitre mcdowell sans cadiz trestle typescript bellows kindest munching nutshell pelmet unaccountable tingle commandant quarrelling terriers bedroomed fiance apposite connery bashing impassively freiburg lyndon lockers belize alfredo wrapper procuring sheriffs xenophobia stub battens taliesin computations halton flanking undisguised sewerage greatcoat cdc ballater contaminants fitzwilliam coups nondescript chalice conditioners tennant cms rudolph chloe biggs trilobites conner nic sna pledging welled harvesting occlusion unsustainable aground wrongdoing passageways nicknames lomond symbiotic blockages earphones kirkwood registrars darkfall prowling nero repositories surpassed gestational triplets thrash perspex flocking resolves moldavian pretender prow tribulations endocrine arcane chandra maypole coyle excommunication ding hag baku companionway interconnection refilled clippings worsening bower rachael sagittarius peres gory balm checkpoint simplifies jubilation strapping ega astronauts transmits analgesia alluvial winnipeg aqueduct fillers exemplar cameramen ghent ilk spillage whined unproblematic menem chisholm amplify cleansing med genotype cummins overturning das esau backwater auburn siesta aeronautics hatched esso fashanu armament typefaces creepy cistercian kilt coherently brentwood ossie excruciating lien thunderstorm clearinghouses mcguire likud enterprising cartographic improvise lawsuits epidermis retraced pedantic nipped maelstrom neatness stags aprons manageress manoeuvring indifferently czechoslovakian fudge natalia purred perished farmsteads mcrae falkenhayn luxuriant mechanization elicited dwelt tenet arkwright pollute une marilla knuckle wokingham addendum adler simms handbrake humourless ciskei interrelationship abigail lectern flagrant treasured fro washers tuxedo clique incomprehension banister bdda figaro gauged glide vagrants handover stiffen eyeball corkscrew obstinacy sandwiched infiltrated gallup beacons syndromes sheepish horus castings hela protectors exhortations embattled dimorphism monrovia obsessional judd anchors galleys billing expiration bma pompey duster atmospheres sumner censuses josiah rafferty preliminaries rancour epidermal herbie precept wilkes recombination tableaux discarding nelly ndp cher knocker saboteurs storeroom smouldering hoardings canvassed simmering jacquie smithkline mathers poodle ungrammatical humdrum hyacinth crevecoeur greaseproof demonstrator resurrect epson omi levelly agreeably scsi creaking koran goodwood smuggle lounges marvel rothmans cliftonville sighting bowyer anastomosis mira dysart apostrophe incubus revocation eucalyptus confidentially lech cowan rougher gaussian clo anaemic asexual husrev suppleness chucking marshland tritium disloyalty plasterwork ferment truncheon ctc prat babylonian hamnett snowdrops rosheen ravel schiller untitled hughie rejoice reconstituted editorship highgrove viewdata remittances cessna omits quintet daleks negate suffocating grained luckless effendi replenish sadat gallantry improbably fer kyte tremulous nuffield reaping harmonics disunity behavior acrimony inhumanity conceptualization storyteller navarre inserts conductive diametrically scrapping hs gradation epstein patina lovey transgene egoism lapillus degas ephemeral fellas ordinariness criminally ecowas hosiery embalmers ltte firefly outlaws infringed brothels duc skimpy pendlebury counsellee orthographic grangemouth driftwood decanter pitts terns mullin rancid ales stooping callanish avowed bonny comradeship infinitesimal fuelling engendered goff moisturiser enrique condescension salim vibes preset panties repaying docherty dpr dimness ethologists realisable tablecloths fastening phospholipid donne hrt capillary operands nashville jacobson barbican tufted expendable asean disallowed pickle cgmp epistle shrugs haughey sharpening buoy taxman ashenden garnett thrombolysis chairing kathryn birthright aquinas scooping crompton underprivileged asphalt adaptors loathsome suitor ascetic jokingly searchlights mealtimes mcnealy transplants repelled deleting crowther canopies abe insulate holme unravelled mash questioningly warbler repossession manchuria recollect ascribe fireball bernadette kingsholm curbs supernatant brewed unrecognized threefold uncut mortars intro amelioration conran mcgurk playboy totalization springer marathons infill quarrelled straighter lysosomal dapper tracery fingerprint rafts modicum bough floundering sallow reigning taster horseshoe testified chloroform tam overhang reparation airstrip unashamed whitish hoskyns phasing plenary streamline adopters shrift civilisations lopez thrillers traceable venturous piaroa obscenities mahmud impediments nona turkeys illegitimacy hydroxyl universes twit editorials petion inmos igor mckee snip widens fatuous arrestable squeaked minogue insulated identically windswept renegotiate hahnemann iliescu howes inflection plessey roskill solvency courtier savimbi motherly thickets sandhurst wavered incisor simmel postlethwaite ibiza spasticity oddities rb institutionalized aenarion ackroyd nonconformity kp tasmania volatiles timex prestatyn salter tirade lutheran michelin wellingborough gi thermodynamic pilger libra disapprove prolonging rucksacks pissing sinuous theist morosely parenting anarchists nightclubs profane stasi neutralise documenting tut commandment bosch shackles convertibility eyesore speculatively colourings prefix ratchet gil feasts emitting transcribed sprawl vicissitudes mull confluence inductivist excites testifies extermination confusingly daggers curbing boxed resentments blackberry alina baines flavoured redford velvety cheetahs bipolar livers shins boogie dsp snippets workout uranus redefine lunge undercut reorganise sanskrit godsend viceroy etching scribbling cannae assembler synapse lama revels ip armistice anwar graced undated gianni vats propitious cactus whittingham disaffected hillier unknowingly stowmarket carols francie ltb tyrell lurked woodwind airwaves ange warms aircrew isolates temerity cartwright tiffany cca tampering accredited crank lois clubhead indelible dissipate udc uncharted sinus undoing unreservedly sedgwick biographers suns trickery wynn speckled greenhouses unmatched mannered larynx spellbound wu dietrich elucidation boatman wisest retinoic worsley lina tampa idiomatic cherish aborted copeland tavistock rayleigh signorina rickie arachidonic utensils farley catamaran hijacked tesserae emilio maxims harbury bunting fissures invidious ohms orientated repairer ulterior epithet encyclopedia irreplaceable haircuts flagstones clicks centrifugal hdtv himmler balmy zapt ufo candlesticks ipuky harlequin photographing saplings rajiv journeyed gilfoyle elgar recoiled warranted mcinnes mullins sowing burroughs tunisian polyp claridge forfeited rescuer topmost hangers angelo pompeii imbued blends bskyb sunni dorigo bristling baize bulbous landscaped ledgers thudding ecsc atrophic nc armpit blunders unconstrained conroy rabid downtown attainments dangled gunshot divinely organizes indianapolis dino batter hooke spiralling needlework gregor carnation accesses bookcases civility devour swirl bystander brocade handsworth blinding coarser brittan constancy disobedient younis uncovering colette cots frightfully chained stinging formalists rudd brookes baring covalent rubs debuts depressingly substitutions sectoral reinterpretation squig gravestones wrecks chas tulips congruence sidecar seeker pods angst caledor barter leeward academies maltote sitters lobsters privatisations coterie loony elijah evergreens appendages unearthly derisively anderton squamous preservatives hah eea lorimer revolving matheson shoreditch extrovert tramps geographer wreaths cbe wessels holford presides refunds illustrators tactless lowry disrepair sidewalk themistokles spilt holroyd heathland kafka suzi fundholding triumphed cannibalism mixers firepower capitulation threateningly enthalpies motets libertarian loathing cpus jamila scribes galbraith discontinuities hesitations maturities undry slings meditative winsor categorise evaded puritans stochastic flammable curlers chanced royalist edgbaston mcfall rubies videotape smother provocatively héloïse snare requiem qaddafi rams pall inheriting simons fecundity carcinogens bi disconnected desertification forfeit cherwell rpc angelina wrestled unloved reissue lingerie salvadorean greengrocer aggro kilbride picts verges quiver lundy wella queueing scheduling mosses cilla lodges saudis thermos devastatingly kenilworth causally misdemeanour nagorny pickers jellyfish schizophrenic placental betterment sideline calligraphy sequenced mortem incision pricey referenced ironside hamburgers dissenting guthrie aft motivating cheetah probationary townspeople bleached itch extractor unlabelled dandelion dyslexic precipice cit piste racy prism particularity bared aplomb laxatives nichol chums matinee notched mettle parser perfecting scuba newsprint lefevre stipulate cornhill healy pancake vicars uprights canto twyford gaping martinho metaphoric cornered slaughterhouse hounded playroom plastered ou falter loos nv crickets nymph rachmaninov offing jest quirk pollination decentralised swaledale overstated deepens perplexity flasks xxx forerunners remorselessly postulate focussing matsushita defectors knits quivered axp intransigent invariant muggers notables revitalise pervades imaginings devilish grins esquire overseers alleles greville conundrum dempsey nearside vibe inciting lard ballyclare propagated raine snags ravens rummaging davenport eukaryotic fyfe jacko skaters scans postnominal hr opal wolds catriona pickled byelaws sherborne neglects chedworth fiddly kozyrev gens wyre larval truffles parading germination awning elasticities tobermory revolved vetoed coerced doctrinaire barbel endow polymeric wreak takeshita syllabic eamonn defaults falsity moussa goulding smallish subjugation scruff bonhomie gracie friesian rcm threepence thebes hypersensitive peeped comp michels currant oxbridge ramsgate sunburst statehood messed foci trythall psychosocial tsongas knotted moodily bainbridge attributions naturalness rescind downwind telegrams saintly dwindling prodding massacres flashlight flailing mistaking fakes inordinately blip soundings lm warhammer edn liberating welt mundi loire consortia inca specifics fanfare intakes incursion carlsberg oeuvre margate unflattering definitively homophobia nines authorizing naively magicians janine cyanide lothians expropriation dungarees readjustment fitful omf grenoble percival celsius contemptible florrie materialize neoclassical hebden recitative misinterpreted crusaders casablanca jocelyn derrick yarm frauds blasts consummation shading campese environmentalist burgundians centrifugation depredations willesden idealist misdemeanours reductionist nub encased aquarius anemones wingers titration categorization agonistes commoner balkan shelling ineptitude disruptions intercontinental displacing historiography disturbs collaborated coaxing zacco genealogical harewood hemingway powerhouse warburton barbarian goodall astern delos tranquillisers shimmering avril cheapness interrupts td fluctuate convalescence lustrous taunting slivers underwriting bawdy cantos annesley darius darnley uncluttered erudite adolph beowulf phraseology wilding wordless renegade bridging uos annex oatmeal shorn whalley banquets unstated reimburse welling suave tableware disingenuous vitriolic remover fanzine impresario cleanse disorderly sneaky strangeways roberta virginal marne unitarian fishwick rutter backcloth stockpile proponent hesitancy woodworking ere waxed wrecking betts collectivities presumptuous confuses stepan amusements starr hilarity confessor oscars dint expressionism rhubarb typists dierdriu fowey quotient dedicate zealots bordon wfs byre sleazy statuette physic subside indexation pmr videodisc purify jonson baritone delve vo ellipse replicators detachments clamouring whey georgie suppers kadilik proctocolectomy sinewy transylvania martens sakes cepacia apprehend norbert weathers liffe cathode signifiers legation parachutes insecticides heeded ode dazzled basalts ruff finney torrents reductionism medmelton macdonalds shelford locket repress duxford enniskillen perrier lilac persisting frampton oppenheim nawaz conserving clamping harriers galilee typographical purley ritualistic shamelessly helpings impeded nimble tombstone misused gubernatorial optimists latimer foursome feral legionnaires primly hemiplegic moorlands endara lx pimp gr udcs stealthily cheapside manfred prom longish icc ershad healthily illuminations inlets rightfully hacksaw jura carlyle intragastric lamentable señorita palliative axminster hardening juggernaut furtively midgley goalkeepers mildew preferentially landsat alston rodríguez restatement sporadically morass gilman supercomputers burghley greets jna langford grindal spins monteverdi twinkling ornithologist geranium estrangement carnivorous ormskirk fart perforce ravenous barrack collocations disintegrate partiality supplanted postnatal reynard newtownards cath reverses aggressiveness kinnear handlebars hobbled distanced thymus specks schopenhauer laminin tern identifications citroen reappears harford obiter burdensome antiquated yahweh shack philpott pheromones timisoara engender disseminated motorcycles airbrakes sal heinous leeming tonics wizardry permeates tully flitting romano revue policewomen resignedly misunderstand titus boughs toaster rifts lorrimer stevenage apolitical arête playhouse seater insufficiency neater creased weu sainsburys nitrite resentfully nauru fitzormonde timeshare placard tickling wildness jumpy stringency rabat swarthy manometric infiltrate tollemarche turnips santerre erratically garda inequitable transformers leprosy codification newt kirkpatrick pretension berdichev bistro racehorse afterlife scrabbled thoo unleash pliers effluents jnr lazio felony reimbursed clogs southwestern megan maudlin evading paye superman unhcr majlis aerials wordings amplitudes mobutu predicates nannies floodgates chrysanthemums muesli climes nev idyll abs margot jakobson refractory santos misogyny cockerel jurists familiarise wordstar hardbroom purer nmda leper jeopardize llangollen risley littlejohn sparkbrook orchestration slaven obstinate democratisation affording ursodeoxycholic interconnections blasphemous indiscretion stuarts gregson rheims wisbech affectation togetherness rigby romp swims pawns millet subscribed aeronautical bom nippon tarzan rinsed endometriosis durance huntley diverge kahlo recounting irritates roscoe wimp hither stavanger crazed dears sanguine ffestiniog onstage burnell plotter flexibly vestibule matthias crucible waistcoats gossiping liaising cruisers governorship bonded dwayne collinson verging lakatos restated newsworthy babangida harass combs effacing quattro torbay overlay lovemaking incongruity steffi dysphagia mesopotamia murmurs heterosexuals stretchers gorillas queasy myopic fairbairn mccallen vaz caspian innovator frill languidly interstellar boardman devine lapis paxton divisible lugubrious publicans mimicking bois reliving buzzer saddles disagreeing scrutinise unsightly charlatans uncouth élites stockade guile hardie banisters refresher dials alp telescopic prised foulkes alcock testily laddie waqar marconi foreshore autumnal consecutively zanzibar rebuff sargent dusseldorf makings christi worktop uncompetitive ultrasonography barnacles nullity serge crumbled pointes suckers emanuel chesterton brit wariness seaboard zia thromboxane shipper dracula consenting koi implored hypoxaemia bouquets forecasters callow torpedoes rectitude pyongyang parse appropriates greaves tinkers canter althorp postponing glitzy grilled gómez unifying mistook vilnius dara dowdy haemophiliacs inelastic lakeland tnt hyperglycaemia oxon galling warenne slotted protections locomotion gage frederic ridiculed burkina nw ssc pagham seatbelt emblems someday endorsements demonstrative sullenly reverently whimpered rumbold giuseppe bateson clawed wordlessly mutilated quincey andover alford sunselect smacking trawler deacons stubbed inched diarist raindrops jarrow pleated contemplates touchstone boyz goalscorer autobiographies clammy shatter valet nurturing charman cormack belies conveniences diagenetic curtailment corfu nigh rhythmical thinness mai boggy kinghorn shrubbery downed navigable drooping bergg encodes crested carrow checklists repayable disparaging fretting stacking virility renounced consumes armada harassing splenic churchman azure sulphurous microwaves discouragement ironwork excerpts plowden gonna jog bingley hades harbor complements nymphs brookside causative bedwyr rac dcm skinnergate kissinger uncomprehending bitumen ashington dissociate midge lanterns sightseeing csm fouchard imitative sequoia yugoslavian hl domiciled northbound cram encephalopathy lithium mounce deindustrialization cheerily explicitness mirroring inaccuracy helmsley optimise dunstaple lengthening kop holyrood vocalist muldoon bremner glided allot greased waging grobbelaar clenching vere underfunded headmasters launchers beddow depositing chimed clinician ornamentation dockside girders volga iodine cru juggle rudi longs privity transgressive tyrannical autistic nicholl amory druid threading potters exemplify conformations abort phospholipids cliches mariner slog thymocytes beet loosening chairwoman hubby unbridled horowitz matchbox russet wagged culpable turrets farthest venetians gulping glut herodotus grayson scoffed welford dented gwr crossbow hb tempos abrasion feckless heathcoat acas hereward ritually vapours billet nudity disconcertingly cresson safeguarded actin staunchly pipkin edwina soliloquy gondola meteoric mascot cropped vinny newhaven unicorn irretrievably gotta nilly phylogenetic fistful fiercest managua unprovoked nobly coexist umpteen huyton sprinkled predicated modifies lysis windowless insecticide transposition unheeded bayonets shredded mina bricklayer subservience kaunda apprehended scouse silvio trojan treads servitude audley serpents angell cardigans opulence annexed mbe junkie necessitating palatial leese naught perforated pyloric pancakes greats jealousies hinged prune mccallum medellín brooded moma nostril pelican hanky vermont middlemen salvaged lordly porpoise bloodshot smeared reprimand hawthorne colne muggeridge postcode ripen seashore appleton sis caterham tantalisingly boleyn hrh meacher rumblings sympathizers wolski longings astrologer colbert alwyn proximally amateurish compressor kinsey caliban shampoos tamils quake rearranged painlessly guardianship collingridge peristalsis thessaly harman unsettled quilted guillermo cherbourg mccloy motley recurrences lipoprotein ilea copts lexis hover abercrombie meanness elude impersonation sameness silhouetted weeding monotone sax ghettos billiards catalan impressionists candidature pumfrey integrators lego lauderdale hubbard incarceration skegness daggerboard pinochet stolid masking mughal nitrous gothenburg tactically stockist barrymore gilles stethoscope booms sgsa mendel unknowing trundled rbg slats linthorpe surfing hulls ostentatiously drunkenly comically mctear hulme yah gong hypertensive hvs perplexing heartened maxima innovate peavey backbencher faceted groovy lymphoid gurney insistently pâté gide barre perversity perforation potions stowey supplemental cummings seconding veered sams servo macintyre airtours retrenchment prehistory chipboard friars kufra signalman internationalist skier cursive transpires dumpy underwriter nicolson verve intolerant ambushed clap punctual altrincham inescapably trudging idaho pdc aristide rhetorically aidan mckinsey conservationist polymorphism symbolise ainsworth racked mustafa schumpeter relented sunningdale fiddler wigmore trotter scorpions feethams hatching azores riddick skid unmoving tipsy vidal victimisation windscale subcontractor tm correlates standardise recreated grower newnham rossi undercurrent stinking sulking tinnitus pleasantries untouchable adduced expanses unfpa staves architecturally upwind lifes flt chroniclers peseta symbolizes unrepentant unfeeling roddy tombstones savile bulldog monogamy showman gittens reiterating kinetics denbigh protractor portly moderates beale contending inlaid keg bcrs abhorrent perjury poacher depravity magenta rainbows reigns quack ballymoney forbearance handgun wristwatch kilogram consecrated whitewashed petticoats benchers mountaineer gustav dreadnought airtight permeable voids dramatist incestuous lubor mushy shivers elector announcer furlongs millan shush evict kitson boyce ligands palais cowards conflagration moustaches childbearing eloise riposte maldives blondes hairpin sander karel crazily blackmore err rapper immemorial meteorite fordham annadale nco exclamations notre organists accomplices coniferous galashiels headgear bluebells novelties cautions bard thousandth hiccups gonzalez airplane robustness integrator pouchitis cams tans penknife sarcophagus rafiq nico qdm enraged insincere edgware copperwheat alms devizes noodles reorganised holywell mawhinney populism demotion grande baddies remittance mello fatima wanders foretaste barrows vitae inmate compositor gantry salamanca pyjama coutts dunne roker franchisees maya samsung salomon pacts snarling maximizing extravagantly stickiness zeppelin rationed lusty caterina tepilit dub clocking pentonville aquifers snuggled healers dwight goodbyes alba lettings crunching smothered secreted slav accentuate amputation exhaled reopening levinson relinquishing hereto selborne scorned ionian warblers pressurised stratified benetton pumpkin unabashed criticizes jerseys purged unquestioning zips cadogan leathers inapplicable ovum sterner heifer prefect impoverishment cromer worships unobtainable skyscrapers ashtrays nf candidly porta snape stinks speedboat airlock amylase schuster perambulations konrad octaves milosevic beneficially modernize parched eastleigh isdn welded gestapo changeable coves trooped trespassers indigestible minimizing physiotherapists entrails sligo hockney memet nadir justine elevators npt unmodified insipid undiminished ballantyne phrased humbler ve recoveries saltash parc glib functioned multilingual medallions armful flirt insurances granular cynic finishers enteric malais matlock grégoire maleness philosophic outdone fiancee pentecost randomisation stencil desktops obscurely tarnished distributional luminaries wincing businesswoman pithy doughnut quintessential inoculation hurl therefrom banqueting emulator litters poe horsham thumbnail concur claustrophobia atheists drapery roebuck balbinder bloomfield benghazi montpellier smarting ccpr individualists awaken checkout helices cellophane dispensers treasurers metamorphic englishness artful hemispheric republicanism johannes supernova foiled dawes magpies deportees jammu turkmenistan disposes oases manger letterbox locale clawing lddc eliciting playable hardwoods turgid offal giddens errant dingwall cumbernauld microalbuminuria jeered microbiological actualization fabian unscheduled tamed bulldozer vibrating haskins sputum commemorates pandemonium embalmer kington fayoud scoured gelatine canisters cpp oversees lukic asa chertsey femur eases assassinations waterstones revelled teacup trapdoor reservists obliges merriment burundi bellowing heartbreaking subscribing numerals sidonius massaged sigmoid yonder affirms shipton impressing drenched mortally spongy baillie uncooperative chins capillaries infringements hilaire mogul laparotomy straitjacket consoled ith stunts windsurfers fatalism strabane cw ico unprofessional caked alt gnawing tributary hoy downland hippie alleviated electrolytes fugitives whimper pail thallium tormented ff acrylics wonderingly andrée fittingly instructs paganism tsarist mainline labourism bequeathed simeon heinemann cdr thrived jejunal weberian bimbo automobiles crotch fru wither fatah damon crusader rudiments magnitudes dredging chemiluminescence carpentry crusts makepeace impressionist lyman alder pwr trampling fairford yeremi paddlers channing screeching huntington townsfolk chattered dispassionately biker nosy midwinter reproachfully poindexter planar leech conversationally plexus buckles mimicked antenna rebuked luminescence colonised mccoy mellitus lomax handedly jottings marlin phytoplankton hostelry artifice somme cashed peregrine farthing microfiche hives mods magnum steeped retrace revamped minehead sawing mrp surgically lapped kempe nextstep riff pontypridd gnarled boulevards dynamo robotic aviary leaderships rediscover immunities perturbed pagans pcb priestess buzzards quadruple snipers strachey acquisitive hobart marcia deafening keenan bosworth capacious remarriage microbiology marler iniquity studentships inveterate equilibria brereton springbok siobhan joni morgue epa nightgown cubicles valiant forgetfulness defecation bergen knobbly aeration substrates ignite buttered drosophila babysitter immaturity talisman redruth groans gutsy wrenching dichotic wrasse askew debarred dnase antiquarian bogotá taunts apparel apportionment toshiki unblemished workhouses wholes palladian rhineland dips runny bairns dogmatism calico cryer darlings assailed sprinted uncommonly redditch alcatel rubbers bjorn tannoy battering stunted anthems tester skerne viewfinder woodhouse showy apoptosis twain royle okapi bissau responders crumb trentham widdicombe fatality bognor renfrew bronzed amazonia faerie darby abrams revolve vellayati fingernail vindicate deflationary rewriting thanet banff christology bartocci foolproof fairest mural yerself kleinwort undulating lauren powdery enzymatic unsupervised coyly bsdi alienating harmonise bistable indomitable tutelage gilmour ribbed unspoiled babysitting heifers rossendale sidelined décor frocks dullness schmeichel thermals soufflé clerkenwell cutaway farquhar dude fixedly eunuchs javed inborn mitotic pomerania optimisation bronchial semiconductors gallic suppressor troublemakers refill megabytes retirements shouldered renoir torts attenborough glanville sendero recovers wetting minimized straightforwardly barak reproducible naseby spitfires outermost pollitt pvc porthmadog nevin incubator fillip dimity symbolized subsurface oy stator farrow renown glentoran pluto linley ploughman miti popper sheaves multivariate nonchalant placidly thorp lobbyists portman reconstructing flaring lillian indiscreet cataract doddle auld kosher plotters migrated python bravo lorenz adverbs entwined boatyard pickerage varicose alia sampler menlo scathingly reshape choruses unpaired lao accumulators articulates stanhope bellow teaspoonful urns casinos uss manhole garner airlift narcissistic trachea gatekeeper braved blackberries jaundice garret promissory metallurgical diffidence voe educative salome construing mourned nastiness shadowed localisation urethritis valuers sycorax dogmas lawless fief alerting horoscopes sett reassurances luca heavies horned hirer isbn erred shortening pharmacological sloth sprigs italia sepia flushes avuncular tricia benstede maloney escapism photochemical froggy inalienable prolongation holm thorax bastions ditto cimetidine albino moralistic phonetics multhrop bridged tousled afore transcribe gwendolen tdc isomers trish alsatian rashly gt intelligibility espoused détente convergent magnified brutish technocratic counterbalanced tatty mcclellan dalrymple fijian havant postings cyrus separateness hamlyn backache dredger blurring pliable fisons kj gentility sinhalese geodesic cockburn branwell ingham rainey greys pistons comintern blufton morey salem cartoonist judiciously openers seaward emits hobbling lbw emporium fulton fellers retreats tabernacle chalky ryker deadweight hse insurgency traversed nightmarish returners portobello prohibitively redesigned throaty epics surfacing polyphonic militiamen chuckling scrolls demurely churned boulton overlaps lunn cowering coaxial presumptions amaze uselessly westbury stopper galton standish probity compatriots reith hmv showmen southerners inheritors teutonic sorcerers gibbon marvelling taskopruzade substandard braille coaxed warlords jurisprudence methodism waitresses atp slithering caecum procreation sulphasalazine adores airship scurrilous willpower spawning banco teaming ailment quail converged kmt schlesinger wheezing moorlake alarmist wallowing befall conformist brest spectrometer woodbridge cobblers una sclerites transparently cockroaches whatsit laissez fingertip georgians zombie bedsit reverb johanna macros restive vertebrate enteritis outlays abi positives herbicides iapx figment tomkins berne bollards charmer microeconomic funerary growling leominster kaptan evangelistic vacuous befell didi lagging topology sigmoidoscopy tuft peloponnesian fascia butts adverb disservice hauxwell devoured tithes excision minsk longingly faire theseus repossessed shoestring embellishment paragon crabbe malamute venezuelan sinker whelks hatches karim aes hyundai pharmacology lolling jarrett demoiselles ironies whack perpetuation piloting guscott looe monstrosity efficacious vigilante auerbach poached inane waybill nanking monarchical embalming zamora kennington gchq looting scam facades huntsmen philanthropist liddell jacobean epsilon biodegradable unholy bridgwater heartening barnabas inky rr oedipal radioimmunoassay clang tailed riskless eroding queene aimless fernand downgraded braked ruffians frontages berwickshire equalise radiations annabelle kyi eureka obliterate reprehensible shrew northgate oldies darnell aberdeenshire adeane psychopathic consignee interludes buttoned android weedon durations mugger complementing plodding wielded displacements transfected quintin archivist belligerent srebrenica relieves abba productively apollinaire cullam confiding turnpike votive augsburg ahhh béarn thurrock designations arithmetical whorls caramel safrane transgressions weaves rehoused waddell tithe severing musgrave gasoline solowka veracity honourably unfilled zhukov mouthing absolution charsky lovat waggon conceives fennell logogen gosport womenfolk poststructuralism sceptre foundling swipe workforces palaeolithic commode birkdale thessy bouncers maximization drugged hoot trippers smallness carshalton interlaced sesame psychogeriatric cystitis hypnotist aftershave regretful evolves microlight suchlike distrusted congruent relaxes cdnas wringing hunk britton spitalfields biscay alexandre nepotism peopled balor disguising mcmaster perturbations oar purring drummed retinopathy aka chimes transputer haitian theism thickening northerners stings psychopath mediums corsica pedestrianisation loggerheads culpability newness aberrant inefficiencies sheldrake vigilantes saxophone logarithmic gmc staunton reasserted chaovalit stadia perpetuated avignon mouncy donson pyy individuation gotobed overrule perusal javelin montaine ronan iras amiga bodleian navigators wherewithal montfort nadirpur sparing merges boudoir garnished tint rejoiced somalis spadefoot seizes cropper kieran sigmund pnc intricately craned usm nagasaki sweeteners torridon spearheaded unshakeable phena shamans contradicting marty harnessing perpetuating murad shackleton praxis nourished signora nudge dougie manifold gentile peterlee reconsidered constriction tangential chauvinist riddles fortnightly rime cawthorne wretch montserrat verifiers fahd ks carapace quarto definitional undiluted doubters vests crucified sheikha bandeira minima gamsakhurdia dram whooping eventualities boosts felton piped milliseconds carpeted kai cooperating grooming chianti integrins totalitarianism revered leaching colvin heretic deserters fermanagh upwardly fiercer dodds faraday belorussia zipped alnwick hustle templecombe dialling destitution pouches shadwell grunting grendon sacramental infuriating aptitudes knightly untapped censor loftus swears dvi mmmm drummers leamington camus sadder displeased leatherhead dungeons tanya eucharistic lasses plated cookies clot versa concoction duran vechey greyness cannock workaholic derwent ensembles bamford crampons clef grandsons marbled deformities cramps contrite gaullist bib sawn fabled hoppers settler bookshelf unsaturated arrogantly costed eras westphalian apprenticeships divorces reborn captivated latex cubists berliners batons undertones slovenian filament caucasian alcuin pianists conned decoy inhumane brimmer reflectors emile timidly abdallah rehabilitate kursk charted blotted bogged miseries cassidy ascension weightless excellency afghans butyrate cornflour autoradiography adjudicate variances aeons weighting attics violates dysfunctional awoken unrequited magellan warped voles underparts jihad annuities patched sandford wallaby bedraggled appropriations scuttling ppg saltire unreliability auditions monro antitrust subliminal predominate stagger troon transparencies oo abolitionist sowerby rebelled yr roulette eiffel bidwell rescinded valiantly smallholder implantation dejected storehouse pausanias villager transkei wishers warlord swathes lhasa belay islamabad plying lactose fantastically scrutinising delineation outhouses regenerative recoil pooling revolting paradigmatic squall sdi kidnapper apricots conglomeration gauges láznë obituaries criss primroses charmed grammes shawls suu ginsberg trueman abdulkerim quarrelsome nourish rasp professorship markov newlands ravenna brownish quieten kindred expandable polyunsaturated ht sauvignon daedalus wane banality thom rhodesian lena worksop nervy goddesses lucidity publicize striven mchugh nutter volleyball delving classificatory peacocks budgeted mountaineers unmade invokes mcavennie tongs lewin fao equating rathbone pediment citrine ploughs multiculturalism cauliflower zhao horsepower mcmullen readmission presumes ornithology hollins brachiopods oneness instonians bullies elms flattening bupa caledonia dewsbury mermaid negroes korda heisenberg guntram dictators cusp rowdies demobilization hanns footman primrose intimated repulsion quaternary feathered leonore rescission factsheet kell oversimplification artistes purvis ransacked motorised presuming tuan melvin chico plunder eurobonds polis kat airshow lotta enticing depositor juridical obstetrics attenders swish shortness complacently tho dressage johan polynomials damask crispy utilizing castes signe corky continence braun animate dwarfed ischaemia guillaume solly stockwell lsi forego plodded appraised stringy thickest sods bhp delightedly headman narcotics compress insolence lymphomas fizz paddled todorov fsln upriver resell frans babs bursaries multiracial luckier devonport surreptitious treeless mcgill crusades softens vixen wafting submersible liaisons triassic fairbrother borrowdale skein doleful impressionism sind nook pg grandfathers gpc buddhists maison southwold chameleon sidelong brize snaked shrieks inhaling gandalf sta misusers subsets beith beeswax zhelev pent baden rippled greenberg angharad thoracic cleft mobilized hierarchically moduli townsmen encircling rios buckmaster hanoverian propagandist banked mandamus jasmine sanatorium intertwined aga gerstner lamplight artificiality harcourt recompense relive instrumentalists rudy recessed machismo scorsese invader krishna silverware cookie jocular rivets hemp authentically meted salvo hodson housemaid equates wingate mallory contestant invisibly tunney regress straddling polyphony renovations haymarket lollipop removals brunette geddes molland smartest concurrence untrustworthy inflows snide horticulture norse schwartz squint tonbridge ahilar tris wobbling bronx wp invertebrate masochistic ralemberg quiche burnished encroachments valance spied clydebank simplifying glorified symons preoperative grandparent nicra emblazoned sunsets assizes casks thermodynamics platitudes partitioned cortes profligate municipality sagging wavering materiality minimalist mobilised paratroopers nbc devotee repent warhol bookmaker primed monetarism unthinkingly arsonists ordovician petered olazabal scab pilate braver ors ditched glycoprotein mueller bypassing transept brightening outweighs sire abattoir brock peppercorns zooming brae colonels mercenary gharr circumscribed gravest squabbles lengthened cgt chieh loci auden hodkinson laconically antelope blister kindersley securitate egocentric extolling interrogate rowley supersede germinate ringed reprocessing romsey camcorders dme nee hampson naas gimmelmann jukebox minigrams sartorial cambs inlay alligator institutionalised equestrian figuring moulton tenures dx wrestle emoluments hunts profess peaked orchestrated jez barest dappled maldon dorking reducible noblest persevered halogen inflections wastepaper neutrophil schoolteachers pelagic opticians jaunt watling mnemonic vojvodina readies otago mclachlan rheme silkily appendicitis mazda warnock marquetry refractive prays hedonism hooking watercourse calvert zealander fosdyke osvaldo depictions daemons convoluted boothroyd dowager epoxy kyoto pippa persevere lahore hickey lighters palin monosyllabic freeholder blacker hatchet workbench customised wyoming legate humbuckers fatalistic fertilized gastroscopy flax donating leathery humoured overdrawn faithfulness madra refunded alternator overseer poignancy brocklebank penetrates accelerators leek gurus addictions concisely menfolk polaris cupola herded clematis evaluates engulf pricking flamenco rawlings golly nationale gynaecology patois mol lewd unmitigated clinching cmhts emeralds pickles equipping ignominious countering cancels heaped abate thicken znf mirren dubcek smithsonian undying soulless sorrowful trombone jaffery copulation heston visuals adamson garfield authoritatively restorations dominica cuddled desecration addams foreskin curative birkbeck taint twomey tenerife bacchus beamish cornice candlelit ardiles strangling completions multicoloured hacks asturias companionable breastfeeding diggers unrewarding zimbabwean proffered spooner danziger rarities dickhead clustering wrest worriedly crackled squaring stabilised bookie symbolises decimated unrecognisable maslin paternity schematically rutskoi purport bloggs bolus vinci soundlessly unreasonableness pivoting unprincipled chem beauchamp tipple squealing wrestler pelham unnerved mugged stoned untrammelled acuity activators lam mashed vagotomy traversing taj lydon pri banfield stratigraphic sari pry rfl mortgagor worded struts alfa outback phlegm adamantly interpolation shank studious positivists chatto ouse oreste peso oki olwyn outposts roget arching slush prophylactic presentational mccaw prospecting medic hsv panthers mortgagees lamplugh mollie overcast bfs cataclysmic alleviation heathen nuisances loudness bayezid sectarianism bolsover mcmurdo jot tobias munster pulsing lemmings macfadyen pestering tyrosine prado presynaptic bailed raven screenings silage protégé stalled odiham wobbled siamese turnkey spam idealists vips soweto incontrovertible laparoscopic funnier redpath nursemaid deportations permian meander misapprehension falsificationist haughtily maxillae salamis handedness pumice valdez loggers lincs sapt gaviria croissants absolutism wonderment malign trans char roost alkalinity unwavering lite mgcl hideaway letterman jobson sewed ims conjectures edirne konstantin plucky redesign clerestory gynaecological interned heartlands basques concurred oakland morphemes tapwater livelier vertigo haughton unfathomable kincardine rakovsky iridescent smirked dodson saussure dnas gilford garnet effector ineffable sluice jahsaxa beckons doppler letts dispassionate bobbies goalie rochelle horrocks disparagingly frye kersey dyed née upjohn glassware crunched woodruffe ville jogger psoe fliers lassie zipper fms flyweight dakar expansionary pseudo horoscope reorganized indeterminacy butane freebie cavell monie bute interposed heralds quicken astounded pique chamorro plumpton judgemental tortoiseshell coiled receptionists fussed widowhood midriff capm complicates hairstyles scabs ullapool hailes whitsun instillation aldo ggf collimore usurper sats burghs esa fables sprinting smattering kirgizstan reclaiming causa unknowns eroticism amin mahler caper toxoplasmosis entailing trophic southernmost candlestick adhesives restorers bundesrat toolbox tadcaster bonnets escapement tensors fractious enriching tinny shunned fogerty deans straddled ewan seeped casement torsion superposition falsified dabbling renegotiation prefabricated pout redgrave reverent bea ribcage unadorned proprietorial revolutionise terminator wakefulness explodes cicely couplets sgurr leaner tass undeclared hn accommodates howden sprinters cabernet greyish waterlilies angevin seaham portmanteau contractile speculator cicadas redistribute sirius elspeth endonuclease battlefields maclennan underhill albie bargained dribbling grachev generalist sixsmith sterility empower vd flier suragai brice harems honeysuckle galicia ulrich stillborn preobrazhensky gushing brazen allure thither sequins tramping shekhar hibernation plaintively collectivity toppling yanomami fourpence downpatrick rejuvenation unhurriedly himalayan reorientation rcc wallsend revolts devereux maître sgi relocating sacco purveyor patency pupae rubric adjectival coalescence buttonhole bottleneck formalin dielectric chaff unsurpassed martins crowed refuted annulment muftis zigzag hammock treatises accompaniments lumley massacred cordially tuba astrological burgundian croak mallard cancellations shipwreck agassi grierson mair basten ethically illus criminologists enhancer hsia gambit sunbathing flecks unveils differentiates dene disjointed complainants irascible crangle bedchamber alfie glos pgc revisited mingle departs sleeveless localization stratus obispal bas expansions kc cyclone commute debilitating hannele middling secateurs headlands creepers uncannily deprives flysheet featherweight mohan morrell formless partridges grubb mussel xl inder pickard mineralogy excitements misshapen scares fallacious kaplan watercress cranmer artois ranitidine willington perceptibly degraded mckendrick burleigh perplexed mutinous osborn jaffa clipping maniacs chases frontispiece raffles supplant dispossessed autographs contemnor glutamine cleanest guatemalan fattening torturers rebuttal cuzco infiltrating pge easingwold stb invalids fusiliers blighted guam sidled aylwin odeon kraal dandy quietest offiah mtv swordfish anatolia mcmanaman schleiermacher soliciting stourbridge fap shunted devolve deadpan counsellees hosni disintegrating perk gim mediating cary schoolmasters telepathic easements pensive corned césar prospectively carlotta admittance imperiously morpheme unlocking darken pareto sydenham suchinda fidgeting chives potentiation expend vandal channon unbreakable whadcoat ccc crayon chippendales shamen unwary overspill gasworks gravestone comdex purveyors industrially dishevelled valois corticosteroids acklam cairngorm pomposity boffins meana ferdi cusick bromide undeserved enamelled waver fiennes broadsheet biogeography gamblers benbecula polarised trilby snowman unadulterated misinformation unshaven dispensary lars appellation privatize warhead strandli wheeze pairing streisand antecedent unavoidably hz altercation buttermere zemin somatic fastenings tamsin fuzz pansies swarmed dionysiac prunella cruder wray gascon marge interlocutor lifeguard ami magnanimous inservice rooftop unimpeded manna collaborations hailing sprig retraction buddie harmlessly fragrances ncb emissaries sceptically bolting profuse debits touting greenway cornea mystification mcphee salespeople humbug stirrup quays dives impartially nikki proudest hindquarters tex hippocampal pd pronouncing lai denunciations penalise lyricism hazell heedless specmarks lentils mailings crave specious ukcc broome playwrights ordinates neurophysiological wainfleet stoker impliedly adenoma summerhouse rediscovery audiovisual mangled skips goram stowed mutated stoughton ministrations stragglers fevers timbre secede pow stadiums hijackers typifies lieu overdrafts kuomintang jedburgh villus ruts ripa hypocrites navratilova profiting alluding railwaymen metabolites duodenitis desiring redder oilfield omega padre perky idolatry sayers metallurgy pooled minstrel iterative pwllheli mayall squirt procured uprisings musa forlornly moans pastors macfarlane pangs reigate empted levitt juventus unemotional apache miandad puffins lazuli contentions micros kapil vc pontoon unassisted redhead archbishopric gregorian compilations planter kravchuk huddle sadism rubinstein inhabiting enemas compunction philanthropists hedonistic jespersen alleviating burrell popcorn porterfield jacks gauguin exuded monsignor debonair nipping petula bedelia qian shrouds hgt mournfully lepers idris cisapride fawkes falstaff dumbly inertial seascale intestacy federico languishing wickes sculpted marten walkabout galapagos wring eglr jj macrae impertinence tunics facetious disengagement moveable generalities gags brogues joinery hyphen heartedly hd goblets dundonald dazzle peripatetic epochs farrier heavyweights hickson romany kudos impedances chancellors gilligan conservatively refrained earring evaluators reintegration kadi samana gritstone championed ignatius datable bloated valueless discoverer alighted fagg sphincterotomy bookkeeping centralism disapprovingly testimonials uncoordinated rims imp approximating conceited ciaran detonation foundered shockingly drowsiness curds bryson eject bunyan throgmorton hargreave fundraising restorer hampden fatherly ploys appraising tobacconist foresees warton coarsely tamworth trieste sorrel timbered finder breasted approbation biceps emburey limousin woodcock servile extinctions templar discernment mather gaols cristiani grilles telepathy pentagastrin precambrian mastic tormenting madden penang bubbled steadying drooped secreting retraining bask metronidazole refurbishing ebrd vhs presuppose marinade trollope stirrups slippage pylon gui chippenham trigram pragmatically outwit spenders pouting mariánské sullom matriculation sshh meade recede taker payback paceman sed nlp brainy rada apprehensions bannister vasco trebled collusive poetical mobuto sho farraday outhouse variscan typhoid gce seer odorous tampons recount encapsulate fathoms beaded veers proclamations subsidize santo nielsen rococo für predictors desiccated integrin trypsin memorise endorses quails misleadingly hydrological rowan delphi jutted renovating tetley reset liberian capers smudge antithetical axioms infringing tapie prides tachycardia reined isay pulleys multifarious halving tangy wham dyspepsia confidante noticeboard disconcerted headstrong knott armand airworthy hedged yesteryear stoppages wanly contrive sealant outlived haverford mylar infarct attainers kerosene arsenals dmitry joao featherstone lulled painswick blackwood kangaroos fatigues grafted fayre webbs immanent receivable bled uppers cravings peeved originators inclusions majestically khalid howards schrödinger wrangle henson indiscretions brooms filigree tadpole dieppe existents abstained otc diffident rote filial cottagers homophobic modems culloden rashes daf eyadema bedworth prams injectors leonidas dolomite salle heraldry cosworth lyddy exultation porches backer rawls octreotide immunohistochemical digression retract mahdi manservant cranial iga blemish freitas farquharson blustery grunwick softwood charolais creeds ameliorate connexion foremen cuellar malls deprivations discus limpid congregationalists coverlet mahon diffused dis richmann spanners imperium cruciform vagrant indictable atenolol chattels dorn consuls foundationalism transection stanzas camberley elegy poring recrimination miscellany sweetener exaltation bolstered destinies sump deformed escorts copernicus edenderry patton orgies marland underdog interstitial bpx encapsulates congregate loitering cartland thyself appraise boolean whitworth alluded agence attuned digesting deductible bairn attests achievers wbo satchel unrepresented basra columnists anaesthetist lully positivity spuds vivaldi chimp abergavenny viet vetted torpor wagnerian wrestlers verulamium texaco deviants chatterley continuo pendants utilises aldermen tolby systolic datum dripped aphrodite sisulu delighting osmosis tangier mccrea columba technocrats medications circuitous vanuatu yiddish tetras racking worryingly steppes nastier warne wyllie zonal catalogued quizzed tarrah surfeit nene bacteriological antiserum dk perms cymru soreness thorpey opacity triplet worsted machair crystallographic petworth smithfield kadhafi finnan cha hosepipe caveats undertone bucked contestable kathmandu parentheses ruhr rogan pisces mip camomile pollinators steepest cementation inherits sepoy welding ramble sugden footplate minicomputer curatorial statuary jovian plundered blundering rhododendron jeffries nics bunce novelistic buddies motivator nasogastric comprehensiveness brazilians overhauled sheraton aldous pac meteorology morphologically blackest gaidar carburettor prying mhz sickened mn nunnery wretchedly woof harpenden sandalwood cottee jerkily heyford legislator meps scarabae modernists pontificate pushers qichen rehabilitative porpoises duped rodent delineated pimlico kenyon valium romped quirks enteropathy tp parasol slanting sympathize roald sgr vociferously licenses parke soane sterland liqueurs antagonisms shipowner flourishes blaine nsc washbasin unheated areal conspired perfumed carruthers streaky reflexive whimpering praiseworthy zoologist gypsum discipleship pentatonic pepys lysozyme swb gooseneck weasel transducer fretboard holidaying biosphere martian ayer papyrus dunblane gooseberry analyzing acanthus wattana gannon elaborating furness owd absurdities amir untainted insulating conveyancers tweezers promulgation starlight stimulant sundial insecurities clift watchword siyad knesset truncheons beady linnaeus cohesiveness curlew stalling gunned cinque hurdler bridgnorth lessening coolies turd hindering verifying surest tidiness stylised subsidising incendiary airspeed tic amphetamines twelves taekwondo lithuanians expeditionary sledges basinger srs sealink sloan repudiated differentially euripides erasmus apc torres bigoted tenaciously lta multitudes shielded sophocles adapter oddest tramped lumber diggory waken brokerage evolutionism suzuki vr alvin spectrometry testes inflexibility unseeing keenest breakthroughs villous cfe dependencies angioplasty episodic epileptic cpcz claudine ccw wylie bureaus angrier lisbie mphil bishopsgate guérigny reina constructivist vicariously immunology imitators widgets infliction flo gresham chieftains comfortingly unrealised throbbed fretful adder collectable im morag twirled impolite fifa implants executioners besotted archways jaded bowring decadent xs homesickness iia yardley volcanism uda unveiling benefices mantra busts eochaid lumbar beneficent macroeconomics strang sorbonne fabricated lagan minuet raggedly maritima underachievement prophylaxis midget kms reallocation michell pitcher openvms angoulême mv presumptive transmutation vietminh squandered judicially illingworth stampede yek polypeptides unpacked lifelike swayne skate minimally presocratic scoreboard aldeburgh hekmatyar polynesian angiotensin obstructed parkside pinkish feltham degrade sportswear phyla repton hackers symbiosis hacienda steroidal patronise visualized marksmen raasay songwriters husameddin pyre strategist mandelson royalists survivals sidekick rationalist partake marshalls slovenes swagger stena shapiro stalinism goddam stationers loveless vinaigrette madder wisp lags drags kilda nibbled ignited giraffe nifty nogai deem recognizably maul steeplechase oleg nour prank papillomavirus indulgently hypertrophic reciprocate irrefutable pows navvies joiners hamsters pessimists paignton prongs shankill mitigated benz umpteenth familiarly harpers overkill entitling luminoso gangrene assuage dubois conditionally journeyman gladiators mutuality intarsia oblong impertinent florentine levellers sunflower wafted starling mandale repulsed dishwashers tickled redistributed scrapes clothier methadone triad mcdonalds disinfectants doughnuts telekom ingard roehampton palo permeate epistemic pesos enacting rookie farmstead scapegoats merited haile gaffer nicodemus expressiveness salience peal magwitch lcc discloses fulmars hilly medoc ire flotsam geochemistry glinted stannard dovercourt intruding huff limo knapp poignantly herdbook fidgeted fitfully formalized beater theoreticians krenz ovary incoherence fenced encircled ritschl modifier havre shanti thamesdown heidelberg emmerdale ingratitude reorganize harmoniously findlay frescos gagged glenavon loam forested unenthusiastic clarifies glossed disrespectful fakrid micron imitated heineken banger yaxlee humbucker coldfield egotistical tortious unworldly wednesbury googol uninspired ajayi erosions gazelle crouch özal catarrh cottle bunks verisimilitude haematoxylin bluish confounded bec agitators gunning daventry tsunami wedd awnings spaciousness dynmouth archly coriander bischoff malc chippings acquit walrus spiderglass underestimating trackway bramble cathie coldstream sugary cypress vegetative checker broca atholl steadfast waterproofs casualness wilfridi vibrancy butterfield distilleries asteroids disadvantageous gubberford brazier rivulets dhaka apotheosis augustinian maff balaclava acropolis courmont workgroup staveley credulity askance tomes tudors chintz shahs bloodied cranberry abated balcombe bruiser malevolence unrelieved certiorari competency dawkins apothecaries ferried connoisseurs assuredly christy mutterings vexatious bhutan unimpressive doormat anaphor bogota asthmatics unrecognizable banishment collin exorcism squeamish mccluskey wildcat hauliers acquiesce pleads culminate macs cools faring caricom britannica peristaltic inez mcneil billionaire chargee robbe tolerances intercellular contrivance sacramento unquestionable redeployment dentdale irena radiated resenting swapo warder manifesting nrc lances davers overblown droughts leafing skippers shaker kano ozawa adorable edc slovenly tacked minnows quinton medial pushkin recharge paunch oth contorted synthesized laterality stabiliser stretford olszewski remarried maría holstein sixths reactants searchers coursing resided ingeniously foraging dorling redirected rejoinder musket puns sacs leer plummeting shultz ablation flouted plaits mellon voodoo memberships serological octagon snobbish pith handheld uncompromisingly jowett glean phiala jazzbeaux medusa schleswig plebiscite jib minoans oocytes malham sabina camelot washroom ouch northwestern ajdabiya exponentially lounged contractually eigenvalue neanderthal fashionably confessional unincorporated midlothian bonard individualised bagged munn pervert teleological pitfall courageously indentation nationhood dallam preposition dutchman axon olden printable transports screwdrivers ravaged nimbly cornmill localism shamlou crier timescales generational imperialists etna resistivity cpl grillet microchip rx cypriots interdict costello kavanagh spars cpa entranced zombies ellipses theatrically marginality woodworm cantons disincentives filipinos categorize disarmingly peps kislev demurred mummies culled plied maung trenchcoat lubricants pervaded excised gibbet inshore conformance overcoats conjuring phrasing magritte daunbey newent eunuch refurbish indexical exultant balboa leeches gargoyles melee weeklies caviar levant interactional surrogacy epilogue fairfield gdansk fortieth predestination kantian fielder stimulants hbsag degenerative handrail bala entanglement shippers ageist curiosities contravene clemency irrecoverable itchy horncastle aplin eastman hafez defections tagged paton disputing fatwa howdendyke fevered woodworker footswitch ensconced doyen navies acetylcholine dissected elsworth hetherington maples throwaway yearned disinterest frivolity goalposts ebullient cutback liu mombasa jejunum hartnell cpv durables hinds engagingly cardia wychwood laughingly acceded ingmar broomstick cato worshipper millett clair encroach couture nosed wmc jekub cheddar cog magmas laundering wag toasted conservatories calatin mackinnon westerns bloxham andrewes whoop enquiringly ke carn crewmen davos pasa stipulates concord quorn envisaging bosnians constructors aurae betrothal intron demeaning dowling corny aeneas agonised garrick melanesian reiteration cumbrian ptolemy tweeds sellars blotter skates regionalism buffs chola peaceable peninsular unelected barro vox reassertion constitutionality circuses fiefs shiel precipitating climactic poetics premadasa reams parkhead cowes dentistry craving personable curing cagey asides gildas ulpian axles workbook euphemistically radiate symbolize mesalazine conservators soundless threadneedle regimens brigitte thinned mons rarefied crumlin simulators clemens squabbling pigmentation tickle cowslip retriever stewardess apu watchmaker eston liveliness stammer bucking crispin mindedly shearman tangles minced decrement sleet unknowable projectors sonorous sag quandary bedale semis posidonius airflow brill teasingly slimmers bihar racists periodontal requisitions sinton rayon symbolised remix premisses phelan chlothar woodhall overburden pacify santander uninjured romantics propelling ringside quarterback synth moderns aliquots blotting olympian pleat zimmerman revel rambo wasim burrowing molesworth sur publicising taxa magna sift overhanging peep miscalculation pressured powering cnn refuges rutted physiologically scrutinized recreations paley permeated arf ruggiero georgi tanzanian oiled overspend gangplank kingsdale bottlenecks toenails synthesise tilbury oa façades siding freemen cramming footloose lurk clothe lanchester teddington calgary disarmed modernised outsize flogging darkroom extinguishers effigies mackeson pardoned brac masochism boobs bda expelling bleasdale omniscient elasticated goldring knelle confound pinot diagnostics hydration overlords mexicans tiredly infused leinster hangovers summarizing coagulation bane hertz bleomycin craning rh jabbing dunedin henning leanne exhorted tuscan maronite commercialisation cavalcade glendinning benedetti gastronomic menswear convulsive toasting baptismal damsel crevice welterweight brunner humus diversifying allocative fightback chavigny transferability elbowed deanery ladylike leroy ent loudon castells blistering grangetown goodly cormorants amazes magisterial blyton undersides jeopardised clamps scorched diss encroaching fucker fribble 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anthropomorphic torrid surinam thetford hemlington turpentine semiotic beckwith blossomed blakelock shun whizzing histogram imputation silos sprout reykjavik fishbane ornithological glowering chagall snaking bobbin frontline ceilinged watanabe tynemouth courted coughs stalingrad bedspread inaccurately lendl sakharov adenoidectomy dubrovnik dinkins prettiness subterfuge transitive flyte cushioned unread fulke careering gleeful gimms underclothes bangs orbiting reprisal hepburn abounded eared centrifuged selfridges tilley talker fronted wettest silesia privatized boars nebraska baa sidi recurs eldon jeffery biplane speedier randomness unproven régime branagh llanberis reductivist lipman chats ceaselessly beholden victimization sevenoaks preferment buccal tania sips deferring westfield chantry mri escalators uncooked portentous crepe gosling rupee chez antioch supercilious granites hannon montparnasse craddock bratislava unencumbered chlorophyll shamefaced caudal jfk qui psi pedlar ripper budd blender monarchists homme ramadan necked airless jurist plummeted beaters quasars cagney hitchin denigrate wigley lolly roz parametric defector bis opéra jerkin congratulation disbelievingly conquering frequented irishmen indelibly conflicted beaux bovary extradite fouling collation mentors challis horbury diffidently escapade countrywide dentures capsaicin henceforward boating newquay unswerving halter defaulters freezes aldrich posix kink factly truest ducklings odder climatology withered elderslie highwayman fulsome imparting credo drips dreamers handyman grinder ophthalmic sandbags bric immunoreactivity guernica meanest hales koraloona goya electorally putrid zeno eustace fourier principalities marketer benignly capitalised enlisting maisonette invulnerable petra shorthorn je kayak dolores entrée artworks cmnd irs impresses strangulation overestimate looping daimler hearths beverage falsifiable swinbrook dishing roadblock cley fernie chippendale phonetically hedging scrip censorious agonist shotguns lobbied lignite arles idb graveyards mimetic drexel bm kingswood modalities retford unequalled homoclinic cammell hypersparc usurp lash vibrate premised repeater thelma nematodes procter copley cobbett staines lydney musing discomfiture prospectuses meddling svidrigailov womanly overawed airlifted jochen philology cajole hyacinths mercies vibrato bobo atari shuttered fianna beehive cataracts pathologists salivary barbra statuettes lifeblood dependant rejoining nastily broderick mrc cataloguing newson minke pereira intestate discharger bd delgard neurotransmitters pragmatists tgwu latrines hesse ravines ambulancemen convalescent marmite corrigan microns instilled ransome bramall amalgamations repatriated kippers rossini gayle digestible pedalling untamed plantagenet spillovers conformed matrilineal puss weaned writhed inoffensive rockingham amniocentesis annunciation occam pulsatance daryl notionally searing savoured litigant ontology pomiane augmentation yearbook ribosomal mishaps caen myrcans redcliffe karaoke phlegmatic connectives mispricings borstal distributable guerilla chivalrous apportion provident swarms hothouse titfords zany apis crusoe mcstay vzv visigoths nicking showering damning violette bolinger swahili nosey algarve lng coatbridge polyposis modrow minions payoff argyrophil luxuriously binyon tuckett bilingualism cheele sandpiper scolding comptroller nonchalance subtract newby sues suffragettes sitcom reno debauchery mimics indochina whiplash ismail sinned carlson hammonds tashkent tintern antisocial grubs blemishes princesse cpd abstracted gibb crannies breathable api benchmarks lather biotic hardens audibly winded descriptor corning peshawar greenidge ulema creeps hodgkin cricketing augusto backroom archetype dans cowl sagely tran cannibal assessable passwords transcending smothering vega corydoras fourths slatted lei indignities yazov bobs zebras denims bilirubin humorously pencilled gravitation foundries hines moritz taverns breakwater smithers meech db byelorussia receptacle doi midlife heselton dhas cymbals leftovers lf encloses imprudent crinkly bipartisan paratuberculosis fortification solicit puffy notations coastguards heathcote triforium sedately elapse crowbar flog conformational mitchum plasters meaningfulness mkm constanze psychometric dislodged mx holists unclassified eisa lfs secularism extrapolate educator ecomog greer uneconomical corazon mahal eugenie courtesies rix sequestration gilroy copiously franchisee fringed graveside isoud overran guv fealty foxy friendlier fête battleships reductive mews enticed mogg campers federated ponderously hallam eb uncaring craxi gbh quill rusted analgesics diagnosing enalapril presocratics bravest stipulating sepoys woolton inquiring golan degenerated anson godolphin ingleton koresh troupes pflp flan megawatts curvilinear kristeva bb greig wt cameos devotions josephs drunkard fryer personage gatherers ecologist whither dundalk truculent bleary genoese masque windpipe tendentious charlwood dermatitis fra casseroles fishkeeping uproot attains hangars abomination ce broach ackner anaesthetics finches beloff cobweb supercalc fulfill disharmony postdoctoral ephesus winterbottom dragonfly unexciting lubricant berghaus wor whitehill ashfield sociolinguists tyron reverberation bains schooled blurb inflammable testaments plumb tightens ncos rustled warley vulva xviii amiens attica baptiste phenylketonuria bagshaw tarragon instigator unfailingly touchingly ata marketers gnome shortcoming vitrinite bypassed segal worshipful midges ayres wilks unep bantam violas twat milanese oems arthropods thacker porritt pcx thickens subnormal ko stirlingshire cashflow stairways recitation wetherall trestles gravesend jewitt metastatic anions thinnest unpolluted mesa jenks thunderbolt octavia sandpaper cheekily lankans breakspear waning unsettle youngish saxton halsbury touted shrinks renamo staked stoltenberg nils stabilized redirect knutsford bharatiya unimpaired moron afhq stringing kneading refreshed pawnbroker kline wincanton statistician shetlands sleeved gooseberries testamentary sadist tenascin subverted reaffirming tendered stonily hallucination smilingly orphanages tango lwt impermeable polemics malnourished poplars antibacterial idem flopping thoroughgoing senescence resumes heathwood nears surpass magnolia narthex louts scotrail patricio gritting sien irritatingly rasbora divestment reorganising ppt sanctimonious annulled scarecrow groomed interdepartmental instigate wafer lh rotherhithe mourne polisario snh rashid implanted pharaoh rudyard prefaced secrete propagating plateaux predisposed stuttered inculcate poseidon tonality suet hunky pilkingtons düsseldorf manfully impersonality negotiates reclining molyneaux porting outpourings reassessed spina gaggle affidavits fittipaldi nullify psycholinguistic popish nithard mystified mutely streetwise cheadle sweetcorn guardsmen representativeness nepalese revivals bidirectional listlessly outgrowth humerus monotonic prue laud apportioned rappers exclaiming blundered spoof spasmodically haemorrhagic krajina logarithms broadmoor warnie gob wizened greying prowled saad viva jacky misfire bakewell quart redefining loftily fontainebleau courthouse minimises lola poisson earpiece greenaway innervation frick pevensey junkers delaware trekking preservative insularity cockcroft reprint mesmerised historicity medvedev excavator clashing iba forsake ensign empowering hydrolysis intensifies raves kooning harries decayed faltering commercialization inviolable collegiality culvert cringed radford erwin corbyn jinkwa geomorphological parmiter hoots clermont shadowing append earnestness bv efl cholesteryl gendered chrysalis comoros conscript courgette kitchener geophysics keller masud atherosclerosis mincemeat monologues nassau corgi headstone befallen aromas exegesis ain endear spinoza cleansed infuriatingly titans chuffed miro spluttering jb 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wrinkling anoraks huw lexicons providential bedevilled zadak odyssey inedible agonising vomited hoylake adornment kettles iffy lowndes rodo tacking vaccinia vaguest baldock velcro aficionados radionuclides waigel schwarzenegger superlative asher admirals millionth quagmire baldly schneider hashemi vocabularies unaccounted vogel repellent rounder bergman simulating quins tannin shakespearean marooned unseemly routers scapa rapacious khamenei grainy throwback aswan translocation juliette apologizing riveted hackett hexagon lansbury trelawney icrc thistles slorc unceasing according spatz keevins redecoration petulant florey alchemist scriptural bigorre stodgy mailer yitzhak indolent azaleas alamein everthorpe rugose alabaster bhopal scrapbook plumped bauxite hemmings lyles bromborough carcase heller inactivation barra darrell bangladeshi answerphone wen ypres carted manoeuvrability malachi whitchurch slavishly winking tulip mailed scrums yorick stealthy whittled ascendant theta anaphoric millstone aggressors cellos angolan wesleyan cranky telephony mcgovern withstood soppy prairies pluses hackles misrepresented tavernas binaries anvil racetrack waffle offends parton kandinsky flowerbeds pantomimes reissued iwc hitching wince laments livermore dido krakow overdoing miocene payoffs kilkenny mcmenemy roasting presences tawdry tadeusz bessmertnykh shrewdness groundsman ppd piecing disqualify porcine pennington peterhead golds reuben menaces obeys lawler etruscans discourages goo elated brugge blotches pitman encode subsoil rona dfc photocopiers collated cappella bakhtin enveloping trundling radiography wilcock hypotenuse presto lerwick clasper rabbis iro adair electrochemical impeding recognisably deano consoling ported melodious gymnastics humanely underweight ferrous beachy viscoelastic dinky pugnacious arlott ironworks garston earthen dacha ovenproof montgomeryshire asses psychotherapist abseil orifice wean woodhead navigating merrick caesarian telecaster oakes pk 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ceded associability counterpane lambourn deducting donleavy meddle wilenius coalification cranfield nestled galatians apogee porno madmen thrice hofmann kepler goddamn glutinous evictions ballycastle yeomanry visualised yegor surer sunburn usability protester censored undemanding blusher embellishments esher wrappings disengage pliny hustled gst headset dewi bunn trickster falangists patronizing fahrenheit counterweight watkinson ilchester retributive legless encyclopaedic marslen fimbra garbo ballard sprinklers sherds jackal giovanna crêpe egoistic brigham gramsci fuchs upholstered traditionalist yusuf propagandists lioness smythe hc belting santis hoe martí rilla stumped malpass izetbegovic disciplinarian lampreys landscaping looped paddocks stimulatory sentencers deceptions mflops mau delle vin humiliations eosin lara emanate allocates gushed gamal maronites flatness phage mollusc picketing tiverton keaton nazarbayev bifida suffocated indisputably globules fending juxtaposed plas 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infusions earthworm fosters inestimable instituting emmeline extensional glencoe adjoins grammarians dames longitudinally meditate louse bathgate squigs geikie fishmonger denouement harbinger pleasanter interconnected compacted ltc anchovy breads naturedly gemmell betide wipes ardently deflate tei milwaukee impregnated corrects whitburn bence holist defected meanders cmea wien ageless pöhl fistula backspace driffield allerton ambassadorial jeopardising exteriors alumina hutch corona endoprosthesis abscess gorazde grandison adroitly pilgrimages statutorily cayman havilland clogged telomeric ceo corrado pronominal bcs printouts dacre attendees mcadam chope wrangling meritocracy restaurateur attorneys palettes relays reconstitute wields becket ecole triennial smelting cognisance roars övp decked alija uzbek usury aspirants framlingham mdf tellingly wadi wei aldus shankly ditty unrealized whiston tlr zamoyski gibberish spiked sturt typhoon squalls tailplane titres herriot blocker utans 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blaenau vocations marsupials medallists tripled terrifically percussive lactoferrin sailings padlocks hallucinatory quixotic querulous zaria blois squirming maginnis seasick nuffink possessively lymphatic middleham mineralogical gangland revitalize uncapped malling orang saleh meandering mediates trickier manicured relaying hollies metronome stateless unmediated loped moldovan mozambican likeliest ach matings sla thuringia untied multiplies unevenness patristic lugging rolfe secondments ola michaels sacheverell oleic nepali mallaig ideologues pgce neutrals machiavelli selassie legislating hepes megalithic mitford jenkinson jci inexcusable romero sucrose matinée neighbourliness insubordination kharkov rearrangements newsmen nippy opined linnet landor pankhurst refraining immunoreactive mooring mathews liley notary howie fuchsia mucin joffre hubble herrick omni lockable pupillage lifter locksmith kramer mags laserjet nibble heroically buffaloes gare luciano motorcyclist manescu underhand halley penumbra llandrindod outflows muirfield transplanted ffr stabilisers homicidal orogeny ine hypoglycaemic railfreight judaea clogging federally computerization impelled concertina kier fireflies quito restarted opv ermine cranberries cordelia johannsen immunization fordism jamboree paraphrased hayton investigatory gideon friel histrionic flues lateran cocteau haslam hundredths gannets lamenting lowther cowling hizir revaluations masquerade enrolling daunted halsey endeared docker essentialism reticulum fashioning globes hussain depute inverkeithing agincourt backsides biffen galvone lillie como kowloon dinsdale holidaymaker computationally fistulas grieved débâcle donning cemented configure easygoing cherokee leonards filamentous fumble counsels dacourt burney gurgle ballvalve dibble exclusiveness cichlid evolutionists christensen genotypes confederations grasshopper haemophilia aramaic fp dod fearlessly egham disconnection borthwick depose epithets friendless headscarf empowers ansi hci annotated gossips creeper enterochromaffin dona che cantatas carradine congressman dataquest fidgety fierceness complementarity fab corman granpa caldaire disguises blandishments carys belgrave blighty caribbeans echinoderms awl witless eyres dilutions harlech copperfield cfm dragonflies gmtv cabling benediction carousel footlights couches budweiser damping bristle filbert formulaic cho beni colebrooke formica privations combinatorial histocompatibility papworth danakil booby adolfo camembert undersized parities braving awfulness boos chequers billington cappuccino tippett cbd alot Loading editor	BAT
James Dougherty, born on April 12th 1921 was an American police officer who rose to fame for being the first husband of which famous woman?	Gfiles January 2016 by gfiles - issuu issuu MG DEVASAHAYAM CHENNAI: MAN-MADE DISASTER p12 ASHOK LAVASA INDIA’S VOICE AT COP21 p8 January 5, 2016 ` VOL. 9, ISSUE 10 FIRST STIRRINGS MADHUKAR GUPTA Is the globe poised to explode? 1 AS PRESENTS MEMORY CLOUDS The Honâ€™ble Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, on April 21, 2015, on Civil Services Day, gave a clarion call to record and upload the memoirs of senior and experienced civil servants. Hence... gfiles brings you a compilation of reminiscences by senior civil servants which were published in gfiles between 2007 and 2015. Donâ€™t miss the opportunity to learn from the wealth of experience of veteran civil servants. Pre-order the book in advance to avail of the one-time offer of `720. 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For further information or queries: Mail us at [email protected] or log on to www.gfilesindia.com/memoryclouds.html 2 From the Editor vol. 9, ISSUE 10 \| JANUARY 2016 Anil Tyagi \| editor TR Ramachandran \| executive editor Niranjan Desai \| roving editor GS Sood \| consulting business editor Vartika Nanda \| consulting editor Rakesh Bhardwaj \| editorial consultant Naresh Minocha \| contributing editor Anish Gandhi \| consultant, foreign affairs Narendra Kaushik \| associate editor Sanjeev Acharya \| associate editor Venugopalan \| bureau chief (bengaluru) Kanika Srivastava \| sub-editor & coordinator Mayank Awasthi \| reporter Manasvi Sharma \| trainee sub-editor Pawan Kumar \| production coordinator Sumer Singh \| assistant manager, logistics Nipun Jain \| finance Gautam Das \| legal consultant Bushchat Media \| edit & design Madan Lal \| Webmaster Abhisshek Tyagi \| director advertising & marketing delhi: PALLAV MOITRA \| director marketing +919810119937; e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] chandigarh: RAMESH SHARMAâ€” +918699519405 e-mail: [email protected] mumbai: 48/C-1, Areshwar, Mhada, S.V.P. Nagar, Andheri(W), Mumbai 400 053 bengaluru: 2210, 10b main road, 3 block, jayanagar, bengaluru 560 011 CONTACT â€” +91 9845730298 e-mail: [email protected] $1,/7<$,35,17(5 38%/,6+(5 QGIORRUGGDVLWH QHZUDMLQGHUQDJDUQHZGHOKLÄƒ +All information in gfiles is obtained from sources that the management considers reliable, and is disseminated to readers without any responsibility on our part. Any opinions or views on any contemporary or past topics, issues or developments expressed by third parties, whether in abstract or in interviews, are not necessarily shared by us. Copyright exclusively with Sarvashrestha Media Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved throughout the world. Reproduction of any material of this magazine in whole, or in part(s), in any manner, without prior permission, is totally prohibited. The publisher accepts no responsibility for any material lost or damaged in transit. The publisher reserves the right to refuse, withdraw or otherwise deal with any advertisement without explanation. All advertisements must comply with the Indian Advertisements Code. Published and printed by Anil Tyagi on behalf of Sarvashrestha Media Pvt. Ltd at Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd. E-125, Site-B, Surajpur Ind. Area, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida-201306 U.P. (INDIA). All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent courts in New Delhi only &217$&7 HGLWRU#JILOHVLQGLDFRP )256$/(6 DGY#JILOHVLQGLDFRP )2568%6&5,37,21 KUG#JILOHVLQGLDFRP 7(/)$; A RE we heading for World War III? I have pondered this disturbing question for a long time after observing the ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham) activities and the exodus of the Syrian population in traumatic conditions. Look at the attacks in Paris on the night of November 13 last year by gunmen and suicide bombers, the incident in which Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik opened fire at a holiday party at the Inland Regional Centre in San Bernardino in the US on December 2 and the latest terrorist attack in Pathankot. These may be called stray but the implications are seriousâ€”possibly rewriting global history in favour of a greater conflict. World leaders, even after knowing the suffering the world is passing through, are acting as if the need to resolve the catastrophe is somebody elseâ€™s business. So, even after knowing that there are remote possibilities of World War III, as everybody is aware of the repercussions, why is gfiles carrying a cover story on WW III? gfilesâ€™ cover story is an endeavour to comprehend what is happening in the world these days. Our two senior writers, Alam Srinivas and Neeraj Mahajan, have analysed the future scenario. Mahajan, while explaining the devastation of war, writes, â€œ185 out of a total of 196 countries in the world today are engaged in some form of armed conflict, civil war, insurgency or other forms of violent unrest. Armed conflicts around the world have claimed the lives of more than 180,000 people in 2014.â€? Russia and the US appear to be in confrontation mode without a direct face-off. In the G20 meeting in Istanbul, President Vladimir Putin of Russia dropped a bombshell. He circulated a list of 40 countries who, in one way or another, were supporting, funding or arming the ISIS. Is the aim to topple the only existing superpower? The answer is not so simple. Global politics has its own dynamics and dimensions. It has elements of ideology, religion, currency or natural resources; itâ€™s like a cocktail. Srinivas says, â€œIn effect, imagine an America that uses its political, diplomatic, military and corporate clout to wage an overt and covert war not just in Iraq or Syria but across the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Substitute America with Russia, China, or even the ISIS, and one can visualise the character and contour of World War III.â€? After observing the devastations of World War I and II, nobody can even visualise a WW III. If it happens, nothing will remain in the world. The era of conventional warfare is gone; one push of the button somewhere will destroy all habitation across the globe. War has its own economic mechanism and the tycoons who are involved in this devastating industry, mint money beyond dreams. Global diplomacy is emerging as a tacit way to achieve currency dominance and capture more and more natural resources while camouflaging it with terror and religion. No doubt, religion is the opiate of the masses. Nobody can now initiate a war but the world is sitting on a spark and it can burst into flame anywhere, anytime. Developing economies will be the biggest losersâ€”not only of natural resources but of human resources too. Everybody in the world has to say a big â€˜noâ€™ to war and has to expose those who are determined to take the planet towards ruin. ANIL TYAGI Download the gfiles app vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 3 LETTERS [email protected] 5 Bric-a-Brac congress looks for leaders, new breed of party heroes, rss to review bjp agenda, shinzo’s friends the trajectory of Indian politics as of now. I am remembering a song of the 1960s era, “Jaga hai insaan zamana badal raha, utha hai toofan zamana badal raha”. I congratulate the author for this beautiful portrayal of the political scenario post the Bihar elections. Ranjit Banerjee via blog 8 Governance india@cop21 12 chennai: the deluge 44 delhi pollution: political smog 16 Cover Story sparks that may turn to flames: is the world poised for world war III? Civil services: perks and performance 28 In Conversation shiv kunal verma discusses the 1962 war, and the mistakes of that era 36 Book Review on sharad pawar’s terms 38 role of the civil service 39 First Stirrings down memory lane with madhukar gupta 42 Economy travel to madhav national park 50 Perspective bowing before life 57 By the Way search for foreign secretary, states dread pay commission, bsnl sidelined, delhi officers’ woes Good work recognised This is with reference to the article, “Thinking out of the box” (gfiles, December 2015). I really appreciate the gfiles initiative as it helps the officers to be acknowledged, praised and encourages them to continue their good work in their field of public service. Such an award function gives tremendous encouragement to the real ‘heroes’ of India who are 24x7 ready to serve their nation and sacrifice their lives for their motherland. Deepak Mukund via mail gfiles Governance Awards is an awaited event of the year. The selection of the awardees, chief guest, jury, guest of honour and the ambassadors make this event remarkable and unique in its own way. The honouring of Dr Anil Kakodkar, who was given the Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution as a nuclear scientist, is a well-taken decision by the jury. One can easily judge that this award function is undoubtedly genuine and a favourite among civil servants. Satish Kumar via email Bihar elections I fully agree with the author’s assessment in the article, “After the Bihar storm” (gfiles, December 2015) on 4 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 An interesting article (“Civil services: par, perk and performance”, gfiles, December 2015) has been written on the Seventh Pay Commission by the writer. The details provided in the write-up are mindblowing. The Seventh Pay Commission has already made headlines in India and all the news related to it is very fascinating to read. It helps the public to understand the working and payscales of the Indian Government. I loved this edition of gfiles the most. Hope to read more in future. Satish Sao via email It is ironical that while you are giving awards to civil servants for excellent governance, MG Devasahayam condemns them outright on the very next page. Taken to the logical conclusion, the entire civil service from top to bottom should be abolished because it is beyond redemption and does not deserve even a pay hike. Dr G Sundaram via email The Modi silence This is with reference to the article, “The strategy of silence” (gfiles, December 2015). What a unique topic related to PM Narendra Modi. The writer has smartly written about the drawbacks and benefits of the Prime Minister’s silence strategy. It is worth a read. If his silence is one of the reasons for the BJP’s loss in the Bihar election, he must develop a new strategy. Shivam Sharma via email www.gfilesindia.com Congress in leadership deficit scindia for mpcc? T HE Congress party has to immediately decide on two important issues. First, the party has to select ct the Deputy Leader of the Lok Sabha as Captain Amarinder Singh who was holding the post has been hey appointed President of the Punjab Congress. Second, they have to choose a new President of the Madhya Pradesh h Congress Committee. The problem is that there are few w senior leaders available in the Lok Sabha. The top contender ender for the post is Kamal Nath, the seniormost member of the Congress Legislature Party. Observing the political situation, uation, he may not agree to take the post. Another strong contender der is Jyotiraditya Scindia. In the given circumstances, he is an impressive leader but if insiders are to be believed, the Congress leadership is planning to appoint him the President of the Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee. Kamal Nath and Scindia are both articulatee rty and influential leaders but their hands are full with party activity. There are two other important leaders, Ashok Chavan, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra, and Kanti Lal Bhuria. Both are seasoned politicians and fulfil the loyalty prerequisite of the Congress. g Speaking to the nation party spokespersons are the new heroes T HE demands of television have created a furore in every political party. Every TV channel needs a party o . If the ow spokesperson on its evening show. representative of a political party is not ot seen on screen, it appears hell will break loose and the nation will be disappointed. Not surprisingly, every party has a department with these ‘guest coordinators’ for TV channels. It’s a full-time department that tracks the news, reads newspapers, keeps track of tweets and so on. The job of the media department and these so-called spokespersons starts from the morning. ng. This new breed of politicians dresses up in the morning and is ready to speak to the nation from morning till evening. They ey are the new heroes of their political www.indianbuzz.com parties. However, being in the opposition, the Congress is faced with a peculiar predicament. The party has 44 members of Parliament and 64 spokespersons. The guest coordinators are in great demand and are not averse to throw their weight around. They have their own whims and fancies and they send those spokespersons who take care of their personal needs. Nobody wants to go to the less-known TV channels and popular TV channels have their own choice of leaders. When the controversy about Robert Vadra, Sonia Gandhi’s son-in-law, was highlighted by the media, the instructions were to defend Vadra but some spokespersons refused, stating that Vadra was not a Congress party member and officially the Congress was under no obligation to defend him. Those who dared to defy the diktat have been shown the door. Sources even disclose that some newly recruited spokespersons brief senior team members on how to behave, speak and deal with the media. g vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 5 Catch-22 situation rss to discuss bjp agenda T HESE days, it is learnt, the RSS is a concerned organisation. First, they fought to get the power and, after achieving it, the top leadership is worried. The BJP, its political wing, is not delivering the agenda as per the desired speed. January is going to be a decisive month for the BJP. The future of two top leaders—Amit aders—Amit Shah and and n Arun Jaitley—will have to be decided. RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat, Bhaiya ji Joshi,, Dattatreya Hosabale and Krishna a Gopal, have to plan the BJP’s roadmap. Earlier, other RSS stalwarts like Suresh Soni and Indresh used to advise and their inputs were considered valuable but now they have been reportedly sidelined. There are many pending agendas which have to be implemented and ministers 6 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 are helpless to implement in doing so. Sources say that the top leadership of the RSS is discussing the role of the BJP leadership in managing the nation. Earlier there was a discussion that Arun Jaitley be shifted to External Affairs but with the onslaught by Arvind Kejriwal, this appears to be a remote possibility. Basically, it’s a Catch-22 situation for the BJP and the RSS. In Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s regime, there was Lal Krishna Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi and Jaswant Singh who were working as a team. In Modi’s regime, there is only Modi; the word ‘team’ team has disappeared. The BJP’s ‘Margd gdarshak Mandal’ comprising compr ‘Margdarshak Advani and Joshi is at log loggerheads with the RSS. Advani is not even on talking terms with the RSS leadership, though Joshi still h has some working relationship wi with the RSS. Modi has his own agend agenda in mind and is working like a bullet b train. But some voices of di dissent are growing louder in th the party while others are waiting for the RSS hammer tto strike. g Keeper of promises shinzo makes time for friends J APANESE Prime Minister Shinzo Abe did the aarti in Varanasi along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his recent visit in December. One was surprised to see Shinzo wearing a beautiful yellow jacket, shedding hiss traditional suit and tie. Shinzo was gifted the jacket by none other than his friend, Vibhav Kant Upadhyay, who heads thee India Center Foundation. Sources disclosed that Shinzo had been asked to wear the jacket during the aarti and not while travelling with Modi; Shinzo respected the advisory. When a dignitary like Shinzo visits India officially, there is no scope for a common citizen to interact with him. Shinzo has established a good rapport with the India Center Foundation. Shinzo and Upadhyay know each other for the last 20 years. And so Shinzo took time off from official engagements and met Upadhyay’s influential friends—Dr Vivek ivek Lall, Global CEO, General Atomics; Rajesh V Shah, Co-Chairman n and Managing Director, Mukand Ltd; Dr Shamsheer Vayalil, Founder and Managing Director, VPS Healthcare; Vivek Nair, Vice Chairman and MD, Hotel Leela; and Saleem lqbal Shervani, former Minister of State, Foreign Affairs, Government of India. At the meeting, Shinzo said, “The role of the India Center in the India-Japan relationship is significant. The foundation has been working for a very long time in ideating and authoring initiatives including but not limited to the Varanasi-Kyoto partnership, DMIC and the high-speed train. In 2005, I visited India just ahead of the visit by the then Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi. At that time, Vibhav and I visited many key policy leaders, including the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, and conveyed these ideas and initiatives.” Shinzo is now the Prime Minister of Japan but he has not forgotten his friendship with those who stood by him and, irrespective of diplomatic nuances, he kept his word to Upadhyay. g vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 7 GOVERNANCE cop21 ashok lavasa Climate justice served India returned from COP21 having played a positive and proactive role in evolving a consensus on contentious issues and at the same time not compromising on the issues that mattered in preserving our development space and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. 8 vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 PHOTOS: PIB F EW things have generated as much interest worldwide as the climate change negotiations in Paris in December 2015. Seldom in the history of the modern world have over 150 heads of state and government got together as they did on November 30, the day the fortnightlong high-voltage, high-decibel negotiations commenced. Le Bourget, an erstwhile airfield, was converted into a convention complex to host the 40,000 delegates that had registered to witness what could be a historic compact or catastrophe. The shadow of Copenhagen loomed large and so did the manoeuvres of the developed countries and the aspirations of the developing world. The challenge before the developing countries, or the non-Annex countries, was to maintain the sanctity of the principles enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Annex countries, or the developed countries, on the other hand, wanted to do away with the ‘bifurcation’ represented by the division of the world into Annex and non-Annex countries. Their sole effort was to dilute the differentiation denoted by ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ and erase the concept of historic responsibility. Their argument was that the world had changed in the last two decades and that many non-Annex countries could no longer be characterised as Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the President of France, Francois Hollande, at the launch of the International Solar Alliance during the COP21 summit in Paris on November 30, 2015. ‘developing’. The argument propagated by India was that despite economic growth witnessed in the past 20 years, there continues to be wide disparity in the world and the developing countries have a long way to go in providing a decent standard of living to their citizens. It was this ‘right to development’ that couldn’t be compromised even while developing countries were committed to following a low emission pathway. It was in this pursuit of growth that they required technol- ogy and technology transfer, capacity building and financial support both for their mitigation as well as adaptation efforts in order to deal with the challenge of climate change. The Paris Agreement on climate change was adopted on December 12, 2015. It is a legally binding agreement that covers all countries, developed and developing, with the aim to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and www.gfilesindia.com efforts to eradicate poverty. The salient features of the Paris Agreement are as under: (a) It acknowledges the development imperatives of developing countries. It recognises the developing countries’ right to development and their efforts to harmonise development with environment, while protecting the interests of the most vulnerable. (b) It recognises the importance of sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption with developed countries taking the lead, and notes the importance of ‘climate justice’ in its preamble. (c) It seeks to enhance the ‘implementation of the Convention’ whilst reflecting the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. (d) The objective further ensures that it is not mitigation-centric and includes other important elements such as adaptation, loss and damage, finance, technology, capacity building and transparency of action and support. (e) Parties’ contributions under the Paris Agreement are defined as ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ (NDCs), and a topdown approach of undertaking mitigation ambition has been avoided. The NDCs are country-driven and comprehensive. (f) It maintains differentiation in mitigation actions of developed and developing countries. (g) It recognises that the timeframe for peaking will be longer for developing countries. (h) It recognises that enhanced support from developed countries to The Paris Agreement acknowledges the development imperatives of developing countries. It recognises the developing countries’ right to development and their efforts to harmonise development with environment, while protecting the interests of the most vulnerable developing countries will allow for higher ambition in their action. (i) It mandates developed countries to provide financial resources to developing countries. Other parties may also contribute, but on a purely voluntary basis. (j) The accompanying decision to the Paris Agreement also lays down that US$100 billion mobilisation of funds per year by developed countries will be scaled up after 2020 and before 2025, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries. (k) It also establishes a new technology framework. This framework notes the importance of fully realising technology development and transfer in order to improve resilience to climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The framework also strives to support collaborative approaches to research and development, and facilitating access to technology, in particular for early stages of the technology cycle, to developing countries. (l) A global goal has been established to increase the adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change. Adaptation has also been accorded equal importance as ‘mitigation’ as demanded by developing countries. (m) In addition to adaptation, the Paris Agreement includes the concept of ‘Loss & Damage’ and recognises the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change and extreme weather events, and identifies various areas of cooperation and support. Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressing the Innovation Summit at COP21 in Paris on November 30, 2015. US President Barack Obama, French President Francois Hollande and Bill Gates are also seen. www.indianbuzz.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 9 GOVERNANCE cop21 ashok lavasa (n) A global stocktake, covering all elements, will take place every five years to assess the progress in addressing climate change. (o) Implementation of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) mechanism has been anchored in the Paris Agreement. (p) A new market mechanism to provide opportunities for voluntary cooperation in the implementation of the NDCs has been agreed. (q) An enhanced system for transparency has been agreed to. This will cover not only mitigation and adaptation actions, but also the support provided by developed countries. (r) A separate Capacity Building Initiative for transparency to help developing countries has been agreed to in order to build institutional and technical capacity. (s) A new institutional arrangement, viz. Paris Committee on Capacity Building, will be established for enhancing capacity building activities in developing countries under the agreement. Developed countries are to provide financial support for capacity building to developing countries. (t) Pre-2020 actions are also part of the decisions. The developed country parties are urged to scale up their level of financial support with a complete roadmap to achieve the goal of jointly providing US$100 billion by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation by significantly increasing adaptation finance from current levels and to further provide appropriate technology and capacity building support. The Conference of Parties also witnessed the launch of the historic International Solar Alliance (ISA), conceived as a coalition of solar resource-rich countries to address their energy needs and will provide a 10 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Pavilion at the Conference of Parties with other dignitaries (above); view of the pavilion from outside (below) platform to collaborate on addressing the identified gaps through a common, agreed approach. This alliance was jointly launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President François Hollande on November 30 with representatives of more than 70 countries, including 33 Heads of State and Heads of Government, attending the launch ceremony. Prime Minister Modi also participated in the launch of Mission Innovation, the publicprivate initiative for collaborative research and development in cleaner frontier technologies. The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change set up a pavilion which was the cynosure of the COP. It hosted 25 events and attracted over 6,500 visitors, who appreciated the story of India’s multi- farious initiatives and the manner in which the story was told. ‘Parampara’, a book on traditional Indian climatefriendly lifestyles, was launched by the Prime Minister at the pavilion. All in all, India returned from COP21 having played a positive and proactive role in evolving a consensus on contentious issues and at the same time not compromising on the issues that mattered in preserving our development space and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. As PM Modi said: “The outcome of the Paris Agreement has no winners or losers. Climate justice has won and we are all working towards a greener future.” g The writer is Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change www.gfilesindia.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 11 disaster management mg devasahayam PHOTOS: PIB A metropolis in deluge The recent floods in Chennai were the cumulative outcome of governance failure and the lack of emergency planning response action F OR once, Prakash Javadekar has spoken as a true Union environment minister. Though couched in diplomatic language, he has made one point clear–the recent deluge that devastated India’s fourth largest metropolis with a population of 10 million plus was neither caused by nature nor was it a ‘climate change event’ as being touted by the Government of Tamil Nadu and its cohorts. Javadekar said in the Rajya Sabha that the Chennai floods were due to heavy rain and the excess water released from the reservoir at Chembarambakkam which inundated the floodplains of the River Adyar. He went on to say: “In this 12 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 case, three days’ advance warnings were issued for placing emergency planning response action by the local authorities.” According to him the “non-climatic reasons” for flooding in cities and industries located in highrisk locations include lack of proper urban planning, demographic pressures, improper sewage disposal and drainage systems, and encroachment of land. What he implied is that the deluge was the cumulative outcome of failure in all the above and the lack of emergency planning response action. In sum, it is a case of failure of governance, both civil and environmental. Yet, the Government of Tamil Nadu has chosen to call this deluge as “a rarest of rare natural calamity.” The Merriam Webster dictionary defines calamity as a disastrous event marked by great loss and lasting distress and suffering. ‘Disaster’ is something that happens suddenly and causes much suffering or loss to many people. While the second part of the definition is true for the recent deluge in the Chennai metropolis, the first part is not applicable. While it caused much suffering and loss to many people resulting in great loss and lasting distress and suffering, it neither happened suddenly nor was it caused by nature. Chennai did have some excessive monsoon in November and December 2015–rainfall of 1,608 mm–but this was less than the 2005 downpour of 1,984.5 mm. Yet the inundation was much more severe, widespread and devastating. There are three www.gfilesindia.com reasons for this. One, the delayed, excessive and unannounced water release from the Chembarambakkam reservoir and two, the near-absence of any disaster management or emergency planning response action. These are due to the style of administration in Tamil Nadu wherein there is extreme concentration of power, authority and decision making at one centre, which has drained out suo moto actions and initiatives from RI¿FLDOVDFURVVWKHERDUG Three, this time around Chennai had to bear the brunt of excessive rains in the neighbouring districts of Kancheepuram (1,815 mm) and Thiruvallur (1,466.4 mm). This is due to the marauding urban sprawl–the unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into rural areas– of these two districts which are on the periphery of Chennai city, caused out by greedy land grabbers and real HVWDWH PD¿D IDFLOLWDWHG E\ FROOXVLYH and corrupt government machinery. This had choked and blocked nature’s ‘right-of-way’ and storage for the rain water–lakes, ponds, rivers, rivulets, marsh, wetlands. )LUVW WKLQJV ¿UVW 7KHUH ZDV D complete mess-up regarding the release of surplus waters from the Chembarambakkam reservoir, the city’s main water storage tank, into the Adyar river which runs to the Bay of Bengal almost through the centre of the city. On the evening of December 1, 2015, the Adyar was already in spate due to incessant rain in the catchment areas. As against the warning issued around 5 pm that 7,500 cusecs of water would be released from the lake, around midnight four times that (29,000 cusecs) gushed out. All KHOOEURNHORRVHDQGÀRRGOHYHOVURVH to 12 feet in some areas as the river unleashed its fury. Why did this happen? There was www.indianbuzz.com VSHFL¿F DGYDQFH ZDUQLQJ IURP WKH Meteorological Department about very heavy rainfall in the week beginning November 29. Even the quantum of rain was forecast. The Chembarambakkam reservoir was ¿OOLQJ XS IDVW DQG WKH 3XEOLF :RUNV Department engineers were agitated. They dare not open the sluice gates without the green signal from the Chief Minister. So they wrote to the PWD Secretary who in turn sought No attention was given to the emotional and psychological side of the victims, most of whom were traumatised by the devastation and humiliated by the ‘alms-giving’ attitude of the officials. To make things worse, political workers and politicians of all shapes and sizes descended on the scene, indulging in blatant ‘rent-seeking’ from the tragedy instructions from the Chief Secretary. In Tamil Nadu under the present dispensation, even the Chief Secretary cannot approach the Chief Minister directly. By the time the maze of bureaucratic red tape was cut, it was past midnight of December 1 and the water level had crossed the threshold. The released surplus waters rushed into the swollen Adyar without any warning for the people living downstream and most of Chennai city was deluged, resulting in huge destruction and killing 280 people that night. Even now water-turnedsewage is stagnating at several places in the city, spreading disease. F ACED with severe criticism, the Chief Secretary admitted that the Controlling Officer of the Chembarambakkam reservoir is the competent authority under the Rules for Flood Regulation to regulate flood discharge.The Chief Secretary states that as heavy rain was forecast, senior Supervisory Officers of PWD were also present at the site, personally monitoring the situation. True indeed, but the engineers will not dare to use their authority because in the Tamil Nadu government, every activity should gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 13 GOVERNANCE disaster management mg devasahayam be carried out only under the orders of the “Honourable Chief Minister”. Ministers ‘worshipfully’ invoke her name multiple times in every sentence they speak. Even under disaster conditions, this holds true. Officers coordinating relief work publicly stated that they are doing so not as their duty but only under CM’s orders. Even the directly elected Mayor of the city distributes food packets only on the orders of the CM. ‘War-footing’ is the word used when major disasters are to be managed. This term describes “the condition or status of a military force or other organisation when operating under a state of war or as if a state of war existed”. This was not so in Chennai. Firstly, the organisations responsible were not in a state of readiness to act. During the initial hours critically affecting the safety of the citizens, there was no systematic operation or emergency mobilisation for rescuing the marooned victims. There were only patchy and disjointed efforts put in mostly by volunteers and some RI¿FLDOV(YHQWKHOLPLWHGUHOLHIHIIRUWV were only targetted at the physical side of the victims like moving them to ‘relief centres’, providing food packets, old clothing, etc. No attention was given to the emotional and psychological side of the victims, most of whom were traumatised by the devastation and humiliated by the µDOPVJLYLQJ¶DWWLWXGHRIWKHRI¿FLDOV 8QWUDLQHG JRYHUQPHQW RI¿FLDOV IRXQG LW GLI¿FXOW WR VHHN RXW WKH victims and offer spontaneous relief/ assistance. To make things worse, political workers and politicians of all shapes and sizes descended on the scene, indulging in blatant ‘rentseeking’ from the tragedy. These worthies and busybodies, having no knowledge of relief management, elbowed out the government agencies 14 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 and voluntary groups to display that they were the only people to stand by the masses! No wonder that none of the international and national NGOs trained and equipped to deal with such ‘disasters’ made their appearance though many of them had rushed in within days of the tsunami that struck the Tamil Nadu coast on December 26, 2004. The NGOhounding indulged in by the Central Government of late also contributed to this indifference! I GNORING these realities, government sources talked of mega-operations by central and armed forces including warships, army boats and helicopters. Such interventions have only limited impact unless the political leadership and civil administration remains nimble-footed, capable of taking quick decisions and acting upon them. Rescue, relief and rehabilitation involve nuts-and-bolts jobs, local knowledge and an awareness of the local topography/demography. In the Chennai context, the Mayor, Corporation Commissioner, District Collector and Police Commissioner are the ideal sources of information, requirements and solutions. But all were waiting for “orders from above”. The Tamil Nadu government has not set up functional Disaster Management Agencies as mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. In the event, the Madras High Court had to step in suo moto and seek explanation from the state government for the lack of response and coordination This led to lack of coordination between the local authorities and the National Disaster Management Force as well as the Army rescue team. This was so because the Tamil Nadu government has not set up functional state district/city Disaster Management Agencies as mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. In the event, the Madras High Court had to step in suo moto and seek an explanation from the state government. Now to the urban sprawl. This is due to the predatory ‘development’ model and two catastrophic decisions of the UPA I government in 2004: one, to liberalise extremely the Special Economic Zone Rules, and the other, allowing 100 per cent FDI in the real estate business. With the pumping in of a massive quantum of black money, the property market boomed and land prices within city limits hit the sky. Unscrupulous elements and real estate sharks moved to the outskirts of the city and grabbed agricultural and low-lying land of all shapes and sizes which constituted the natural rainwater storage and drains that are ‘ecologically sensitive areas’. The Chennai Master Plan-cumDevelopment Regulations notified in 2008 prohibited construction in these places. Following up the Master Plan, at the request of the Corporation of Chennai, an expert group, including www.gfilesindia.com The Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Parliamentary Affairs, M Venkaiah Naidu, meeting the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, J Jayalalithaa, to discuss the flood situation and its management in Tamil Nadu. this writer, submitted the “Revised Chennai City Development Plan— 2009,” (CDP), suggesting rehabilitation of the city’s waterways to ward off threat of floods to the city. The purpose of the plan was to guide development of the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) through the year 2026 and to make Chennai a prime metropolis “which will become more liveable, economically vibrant, environmentally sustainable and with better assets for the future generations”. CDP mapped and identified the ‘ecologically sensitive’ areas of CMA and suggested a macro-level growth strategy with “strongest steps to maintain critical environmental assets in the CMA by further discouraging sprawling town and village growth and continuing a high level of development support to priority peri-urban areas.” It recommended nil construction in waterways, water bodies, rivers and marshes, low-riselow density construction in adjacent lands and medium to high-rise-highdensity construction at other places. As a solution to ‘demographic pressures’ CDP suggested sustainable ‘neighbourhood development’ and satellite townships with well-designed transport corridors to the city. In the battle between the planners and the real estate mafia, the latter won hands down. What is worse, both www.indianbuzz.com the central and state governments chipped in with large infrastructure and other constructions in these very eco-sensitive areas. The Elevated Expressway from Madras Port to Maduravoil is being constructed over the Cooum river, a natural drain; the Mass Rapid Transport System, a concrete monster, runs above the Buckingham Canal, the longest manmade drain; a wide highway with IT skyscrapers split the vast marshland of Pallikaranai. As to private development, Phoenix Mall, the largest in the metropolis, sits right on the Velachery lake bed. The world class, multi-specialty MIOT Hospital is perched on the banks of River Adyar. Global Hospital of the same class is deep in the low-lying paddy fields. Large engineering colleges and private universities have come up on marshes, water bodies or floodplains, mostly on encroached or puramboke land. The posh high-rise MRC Nagar, described as the Manhattan of Chennai, has blossomed on the prohibited Coastal Regulation Zone near the high tide line and the estuary of the Adyar. All these constitute a recipe for disaster. We need to have a look at the growth pattern of CMA to understand where the metropolis is heading. Population density has gone up from 769 persons per sq km in 1971 to 2,109 in 2011. During the same period, built-up area has gone up from 1.46 per cent to 18.6 per cent. Since 1991, area under vegetation has gone down by 22 per cent and open spaces, marshy land and floodplains reduced by 18.14 per cent. At this rate, by 2016, built-up area will increase to 36.6 per cent of the total city mass while open spaces and eco-sensitive areas will shrink to just 33 per cent! T HE Chennai deluge is a combination of greed, corruption and disaster leading to destruction and death. No estimation has been made so far, since the central fact-finding team that made a brief appearance after the first bout of rains has not reappeared even three weeks after the real deluge. Undaunted, the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister has made a pitch for about `26,000 crore and wants the central government to bankroll the entire amount because: “The costs are very large and it is very difficult for the State to meet the cost, particularly after the huge loss of Central tax devolution and transfers suffered by it consequent on the 14th Finance Commission’s recommendations.” Despite tall talk of ‘development’ and ‘governance’, we are back to square one. Governance failure and ‘destructive development’ were responsible for the deluge and the taxpayers, the victims, will have to foot the bill. What a travesty! g The writer is a former Army and IAS officer. Email: [email protected] gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 15 COVER STORY world war III World War III It is clear that World War III will be inspired and characterised by three factors—an aggressive attack on national currencies, capture of nations’ natural resources, and either direct or indirect terror-like military strategies—and camouflaging them with religion are evident now. Alam Srinivas and Neeraj Mahajan analyse. 16 vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com Is the third global war round the corner? by ALAM SRINIVAS F OR the past seven decades, since the end of World War II, global leaders, defence policymakers and military experts have speculated about how, when and where World War III will happen. The when and where is immaterial today; given the hundreds of hot and dangerous spots across the globe, it can happen anytime, anywhere. The how, though, is still relevant. During the Cold War, it was felt that the new global war would be instigated by one of the two superpowers, America or the Soviet Union. The Cuban missile crisis was a prime example of this mindset. After the Soviet break-up, the focus shifted to rogue elements, who could access nuclear weapons from the disintegrated Communist regimes to spark a world war. Later came the theory of the clash of civilisations— Christianity versus Islam—which initially popular, was later discredited, and then revived in recent years. During the Second Gulf War, the thinking was about weapons of mass destruction, be it biological, chemical or nuclear. There was also talk about a global cyber or technological war that could lead to a global economic meltdown. In the second decade of the 21st century, it is clear that World War III will be inspired and characterised by three factors—an aggressive attack on national currencies, capture of nations’ natural resources, and either www.indianbuzz.com direct or indirect terror-like military strategies. The trio can conspire to bring nations to their knees, and force them to bow to the diktats of nations, or elements, that are able to realise such objectives. In fact, a look at events over the past two decades is enough to prove that such conspiracies are already being enacted. There is now a clash between currencies to gain global primacy—dollar, euro, yuan, and possibly the rupee—over the next two decades. The US, Europe, China, India and others have joined an aggressive and neverending race to acquire global natural resources in Africa, central Asia, Latin America, and even some of the developed nations. At the same time, while the smaller countries and informal global groups have resorted to direct terror tactics, developed ones like the US, France, Russia and China are using their military strengths to terrorise the world. What was till a few years ago seen as disparate global trends have converged into an umbrella strategy that can lead to World War III. Imagine a nation, or a global group, that can crystallise a vision to combine currency warfare with the battle for natural resources, and underline it with terror tactics to achieve the first two objectives. Imagine the combination between Al-Qaeda or IS (Islamic State), George Soros, the legendary currency speculator, China with its single-minded focus to capture global natural resources, and Russia with its military strength. In effect, imagine an America that uses its political, diplomatic, military and corporate clout to wage an overt and covert war not just in Iraq or Syria, but across the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Substitute America with Russia, China, or even the IS, and one can visualise the character and contour of World War III. It will VIOLENCE vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 17 COVER STORY world war III not be about religions or territories. It will be about a nation’s or group’s ability to effect a grandiose combination of different kinds of naked powers. Currency wars Over the past three decades, entire nations, even continents, have capitulated to attacks on their currencies. Speculators and traders, whether cajoled by vested national and global interests, or for sheer greed of profits, have forced governments to accept their scheme of things. They have shoved and pushed regimes across the globe to adhere to their visions and blueprints. Currency warfare has become one of the best ways to push the world to the brink of a global war. Even the most powerful currencies, be it the dollar, pound or euro, are not safe anymore. The turbulent 1990s witnessed waves of attacks on various global currencies. In the early years of the decade, hedge funds, either led or violently aided by the legendary Soros, launched a virulent war on the British pound. Apparently, Soros made a billion-dollar profit as the pound fell and lost its relevance. 18 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 While the smaller countries and informal global groups have resorted to direct terror tactics, developed ones like the US, France, Russia and China are using their military strengths to terrorise the world It forced Britain and Italy to opt out of the newly formed European Monetary System, a precursor to the grand European Union. The hedge funds wrecked the foundations of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which was a critical pillar of the Union. T HE late 1990s saw the onset of the Asian currency crisis, which was engineered by currency speculators, possibly backed by interested nations. As currencies across East Asia, including Malaysia, spiralled into an unstoppable free fall, the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohammed, questioned the motives of the speculators. According to a paper by Rawi Abdelal and Laura Alfaro, Mahathir called Soros—the former thought the latter was behind the currency crisis—a ‘moron’. Soros said Mahathir was a “menace to his own country”. It turned out to be a classic ‘Market versus Mahathir’ interaction, where the market-backers felt it was important to discipline errant governments, and the rulers felt that the idea that the market will discipline government is sheer nonsense. It was a case of who will decide what is good for a nation—external forces or nationalistic ones. It was a narrative where a country had to decide whether it would accept the diktats of western interests, or adhere to its notions of right and wrong. In the end, apart from Malaysia, other East Asian nations accepted the market. After the East Asian crisis came the Russian rouble collapse. In the late 1990s, Russia’s leader, Boris Yeltsin, was unable to appoint a Prime Minister that he wanted as the currency downfall led to deeper economic crisis in Russia. In the end, Yeltsin had to accept nationalistic demands, and appoint a Prime Minister who was a compromise candidate. Yet again, a former superpower almost lost its economic freedom, and had www.gfilesindia.com to fight to regain its clout. It took almost two decades for a smaller Russia to become a recognised global force in 2015. The 21st century witnessed an epic currency battle, the kind that can easily lead to World War III. It was a tussle between the dollar, which had dominated global currencies for several decades, especially after World War II, and the fledgling euro, a European currency that was born in 1999. In the initial period, the euro lost out to the dollar. From 1 euro=$1.2, the euro slumped to 83 cents within months. But suddenly things changed. A slowdown in the US economy, slump in its share prices, and 9/11 forced investors to shift from dollar to euro. However, the crucial support for the euro came when the largest oil producers decided that they wanted their income from crude sales to be designated in euros rather than dollars. First, in November 2000, Iraq told the United Nations that its earnings from the Food-for-Oil programme should be in euros. Iran, another America-hater, converted half its foreign exchange reserves from dollar to euro. North Korea, which was among America’s top-most enemies, too said that it would soon shift to the euro. These shifts could have proved cataclysmic for the dollar. In the early part of this century, the dollar was so powerful that half of the global exports, two-thirds of all the official global foreign exchange reserves held by various nations, and four-fifths of global foreign exchange transactions were denominated in dollars. As nations bought dollar assets to save their incomes, the inflows helped America. If the nations, especially those who earned huge amounts from sale of oil, decided to www.indianbuzz.com shift to the euro, they would sell their dollar assets, which would force the dollar down. It would mark the end of the dollar hegemony. Several experts felt that this was one of the reasons for America’s second attack on Iraq. It wasn’t really about weapons of mass destruction, but it was an attempt to preserve the dominance of the dollar too. As Outlook wrote in 2003, “Once (George) Bush gains control over Iraq’s oilfields, he can pressure OPEC to fall in line. He can then send signals to unfriendly nations—including oil producers like Russia and importers like China—to stick with the dollar. The US can also play the stick-andcarrot game with Saudi Arabia, whose switch is critical in the currency war.” The objective: prevent oil producers and global importers to shift from the dollar to euro. Battle for natural resources FTER World War II, most of the nations in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and Asia turned their backs on Western hegemonies like the US and European countries. Over the next few decades, natural resources assets, especially in oil and gas, and minerals, were nationalised, or appropriated from the western companies. A wave of nationalised capitalism set the tone for ownership of natural resources. This forced American and European firms to seek new agreements with nations, or seek new opportunities in A uncharted territories. Then came the China wave. By the end of the first decade of this century, it was clear that China was into aggressive acquisition of global natural resources. According to a 2010 study by Theodore H Moran, “Backed by the Chinese government, Chinese companies have been acquiring equity stakes in natural resources, extending loans to mining and petroleum investors, and writing long-term procurement contracts for oil and minerals. These activities have aroused concern that China might be ‘locking up’ natural resource supplies, gaining ‘preferential access’ to available output, extending ‘control’ over the world’s extractive industries.” One of the prime examples of such control was in Africa. According to venturesafrica.com, “Across Africa, the growing presence of Chinese investments in economy and infrastructure is evident. In the last ten years, various state-owned firms… have become major investors in Africa with China being the single largest bilateral source of annual foreign investment in Africa.” However, what was unique about China was its alternative and innovative attempts to forge close links with African nations. For example, “in sports, China’s investments in Africa, popularly termed ‘Stadium Diplomacy’, has been focused on infrastructural developments which has and will, inevitably in the future, result in marked improvements in certain sports.” China built several football stadiums across Africa in a soccer-crazed continent. In most cases, China bore the entire cost of construction through concessional bilateral loans. In other cases, strategic partnerships were forged that enabled the building up of world-class football facilities. The recent rise of African nations in World gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 19 COVER STORY world war III World War I Also known as the War to End All Wars, and the Great War. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history Duration: 4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks (July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918) How did it end: The fighting stopped after a general armistice was agreed upon and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles by both sides. Cause: Differences in foreign policies. Immediate cause was the assassination of Austriaâ€™s Archduke Franz Ferdinand. After the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia stepped in to defend Serbia. Germany declared war on Russia to protect Austria. This led France to declare war on Germany. Germany invaded Belgium. This caused Britain to declare war on Germanyâ€”all in just a few days. Fought between: WWI was fought between the Allied Powers (France, Russia, United States and Britain) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria). In total, 30 countries were involved in the conflict. Italy, once part of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, fought on the side of the Allies. Conflict zone: Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pacific islands, China and coastal South & North America. Majority of the fighting took place in Europe along two fronts: the western front and the eastern front. The western front was a long line of trenches that ran from the coast of Belgium to Switzerland. A lot of the fighting on this front took place in France and Belgium. The eastern front was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria on one side and Russia and Romania on the other. Strategy: Soldiers fought largely in trenches during the war. Thousands suffered from stress, known as shell-shock. The British and French trenches were squalid, whereas the German trenches were luxurious in comparison, with bunks and decent cooking facilities. Major Battles: A lot of the war was fought along the western front. The armies hardly moved. They just bombed and shot at each other from the trenches. Some of the major battles included the First Battle of Marne, and the Battles of Somme, Tannenberg, Gallipoli, and Verdun.Â Casualties: More than 70 million military personnel participated in one of the largest wars in history. Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died and another 21 million were wounded as a result of the war. Over a million soldiers were killed in the infamous Battle of the Somme aloneâ€”about 30,000 in just one day. 20 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Around 11 per cent of the population of France was killed or wounded during the war. About 116,000 Americans were killed, even though the US was only in the war for about 7 months. Odd facts: t U XBT UIF GJSTU NBKPS XBS XIFSF BJSQMBOFT BOE UBOLT were used. t %PHTBOE1JHFPOTXFSFVTFEUPDBSSZNFTTBHFTJODBQsules attached to their body. Dogs played a role in carrying telegraph wires while about 500,000 pigeons carrying messages were dropped by parachute behind enemy lines. t "O VOPGGJDJBM USVDF XBT EFDMBSFE PO $ISJTUNBT &WF JO 1914. Both sides sang Christmas carols and played matches on that day in no-manâ€™s land and exchanged food and souvenirs. The ceasefire was known as the Christmas Truce and sentries on both sides had orders to shoot any soldier carrying weapons. Long-term Impact: t $BOOPOT BOE BSUJMMFSZ XFSF GPVOE UP CF FYUSFNFMZ loudâ€”explosives used to destroy a bridge in France could be heard 130 miles away in London. Hence, many new weapons like the famous Big Bertha, a 48-tonne gun capable of firing shells over 9 miles away, were invented. It took several hours for over 200 men to assemble the gun. t 5BOLTÂ‰5IF GJSTU UBOLT JOWFOUFE CZ UIF #SJUJTI XFSF called â€œlandships." Some of them, called male tanks, had cannons while female tanks had machine guns. t /JOFUZQFSDFOUPGUIFNJMMJPOTPMEJFSTGSPN"VTUSJB Hungary were either injured or killed. t "UFSSPSJTUHSPVQDBMMFEUIF#MBDL)BOEXBTSFTQPOTJCMF for assassinating Archduke Ferdinand. t .BSJF$VSJFIFMQFEUPFRVJQWBOTXJUIYSBZNBDIJOFT that enabled French doctors to see bullets in wounded men. These vans were called â€œpetites Curiesâ€?, meaning â€œlittle Curies.â€? Result: t "MMJFTXPO t 5IFÍƒ (FSNBO Íƒ 3VTTJBO Íƒ 0UUPNBO BOEÍƒ "VTUSP HungarianÂ empires ended. t 5SBOTGFSPGÍƒ(FSNBOBOEGPSNFS0UUPNBO&NQJSFÍƒDPMPniesÂ to other powers. t /FXDPVOUSJFTFNFSHFEJO&VSPQFBOEUIF.JEEMF&BTU www.gfilesindia.com World War II WW II was the bloodiest conflict in human history. The world was in a state of â€œtotal war.â€? Duration: 6 years 1 day (Sept 1, 1939 to Sept 2, 1945). Germany started an unprovoked attack on Poland. In retaliation, France and Britain declared war on Germany. Japan was already at war with the Republic of China. Many of the world's countries got involved. How did it end: WW II ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. On 8 May 1945, the Allies accepted Germany's surrender, about a week after Adolf Hitler committed suicide. Causes of World War Two: One of the long-term causes of the war was the anger felt in Weimar Germany over the Treaty of Versailles and inability of the League of Nations to deal with major international issues. Hitler wanted to push the boundaries and see what he could get away with. His first major transgression was his defiance of the Versailles Treaty. In 1936 Hitlerâ€™s Nazi Germany re-occupied Rhineland, forbidden by Versailles. Hitler was determined to expand east. Czechoslovakia and Poland were his next targets. Hitler referred to the Munich Agreement as a â€œscrap of paperâ€?. Fought between: The Axis [(Germany, Italy, Japan, Slovakia, Nov. 1940), Hungary (Nov. 1940), Romania (Nov. 1940), Bulgaria (March 1941)] and the Allies [Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Greece, India, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia] Major Battles: WW II was fought on different frontiers such as Russia, the Pacific Ocean, Western Europe and China. Some of these battles were Battle of Khalkhin Gol, Battle of Britain (air battle for England), Invasion of Poland, Operation Barbarossa (Case Barbarossa), Battle of Moscow, Battle of www.indianbuzz.com Stalingrad, Invasion of Normandy, Battle of Okinawa, Battle of Berlin and Battle of the Bulge. Casualties: Over 60-80 million people, about 3% of the 1940 world population (2.3 billion), were killed. Odd Facts: t "CPVUNJMMJPOQFPQMFGPVHIUJOUIFBSNFEGPSDFTPG the Allied and Axis nations. t 'JOMBOEOFWFSPGGJDJBMMZKPJOFEFJUIFSUIF"MMJFTPSUIF"YJT and was at war with the Soviet Union at the outbreak of World War II. In 1940, Finland joined forces with Nazi Germany to repel the Soviets; however, in 1944, Finland joined the Soviets to oust the Germans. t 4XJU[FSMBOE 4QBJO 1PSUVHBMBOE4XFEFOXFSFOFVUSBM in the war. t 5IF 4PWJFU 6OJPO MPTU UIF NPTU TPMEJFSTÂ‰NPSF UIBO seven million. t "QQSPYJNBUFMZTJYNJMMJPO+FXTEJFEJO/B[JDPODFOUSBUJPO camps. t )JSPP 0OPEB B +BQBOFTF TPMEJFS TUJMM GJHIUJOH UIF XBS was found by a search party on Lubang island in the Philippines in March 1974. After being convinced that the war was over he was flown to Manila and formally surrendered to President Ferdinand Marcos. Onoda died on January 16, 2014, at the age of 91. Long-term Impact: t #FHJOOJOH PG OVDMFBS BOE DPOWFOUJPOBM BSNT SBDF5IF atomic bomb invented during World War II is still a problematic leftover from World War II. t .BOZDPVOUSJFTJO&VSPQFBOE"TJBXFSFEJWJEFE t $PME8BSCFUXFFOUIFUXPSFNBJOJOHTVQFSQPXFST t $JWJMXBSTJOEP[FOTPGQMBDFTBSPVOEUIFXPSME Result: t 4PWJFU6OJPOBOUBHPOJTFEUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOE(SFBU Britain by annexing the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and by making extreme reparations demands upon Germany, Hungary, and Poland. They also supported rebels in Greece, Turkey, and Iran, aided the Communist uprising in China. These actions led to a prolonged period of tension called the 'cold war' between the Western powers. t 4PWJFU 6OJPO BOE 4PWJFUEPNJOBUFE &VSPQF XBT separated from the rest of the world by an â€œiron curtain.â€? t 6OJUFE /BUJPOT XBT FTUBCMJTIFE BOE JUT DIBSUFS XBT signed by 51 countries in 1945. gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 21 COVER STORY world war III Cup football tournaments can be attributed to the building of such assets that allowed citizens to watch world-class teams in action. An article in The Economist noted, “Chinese firms are going global for the usual reasons: to acquire raw materials, get technical know-how and gain access to foreign markets. But they are under the guidance of a state that many countries consider as a strategic competitor, not an ally. As our briefing explains, it often appoints executives, direct deals and finances them through state banks. Once bought, natural resource firms can become captive suppliers of the Middle Kingdom.” Now several other nations have joined the new global game. The ones which own the natural resources, like Australia and Latin America, wish to leverage their strengths to get the best out of competing nations like India and China. The ones which seek natural resources, like India and China, hope to do deals that will favour them. In some cases, India and China have joined hands in strategic partnerships to acquire natural resource assets. Links with terror Now add to the wars on currencies and battle for natural resources, statesponsored terror, indirect form of 22 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 militancy, and the rise of global groups that can control the economies of a nation or region. State-sponsored terror is not akin to what Pakistan does in India, but what America has done in Afghanistan, Iraq, and now Syria. It is equivalent to the rise of Russia’s regional ambitions that have rejuvenated in the past year or so with its humungous rise in military expenditure. It is akin to China’s support of dictatorial regimes across continents, just the manner in which America and Britain did in the past few decades. I NDIRECT form of terrorism was perfected by Saudi Arabia over the past few decades as it reportedly exported jihad through donations, support to conservative educational institutions in the Islamic world, and covert aid to nations and groups that were keen to support militancy. This has happened for several decades but Saudi Arabia, and then Iran as the Shia competitor, took it to another level. Over the years, Pakistan tried to act as a Sunni counterbalance to Saudi Arabia, but the size of its nation and economy prevented it from usurping Saudi’s global objectives. The rise of Al-Qaeda, and now the IS, are sure-shot examples of what independent groups can achieve, and aid in fuelling a global war. Americanled efforts to neutralise and decimate Al-Qaeda were a form of a global war. The same is true with the globalised, though uncoordinated, attempts to eliminate the IS. But imagine if the IS, or the new form of Al-Qaeda, get support from several nations, as was, and is, the case with them. Until now, Europe and the US have prevented such focused strategy. But who’s to know what can happen in the near future. Combine all the above three elements and one can imagine the face of World War III. It will be unlike what one has imagined so far. It will be completely different from the various theories that have emerged so far. It will be a combustible combination of economics, diplomacy, politics, militarian and terrorism. It will take a form that will be complex and difficult to unravel. So finally it seems the flaring may happen along religious lines. Neither currency nor natural resource can possibly become the trigger. The first light may come from terror, which is divided and conflicted around religion. So it is back to the clash of civilisations, or to be unfair to Samuel Huntington, the clash of civilisations versus cultures, or merely the clash. g www.gfilesindia.com World War III: myth or reality? Where is peace? Armed conflicts around the world have claimed the lives of more than 180,000 people in 2014 while deaths due to terrorist activities have increased 61 per cent in the past five years. As many as 18,000 lives have been lost in just five countries—Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria. by NEERAJ MAHAJAN P EACE is the greatest illusion today. The whole world is a battlefield. There is no place in the whole physical or virtual world put together that you can call totally peaceful. As many as 185 out of a total of 196 countries in the world today are currently engaged in some form of armed conflict, civil war, insurgency or other forms of violent unrest. There are only less than a dozen countries in the world today that are not involved in any violence or conflict within or outside their borders. Just the US alone is involved in 134 wars. These include the recent military actions in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen besides the global war on terror which has culminated in military actions against the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda and its affiliates and other major counterterrorism operations. On May 1, 2011, US Navy SEALs killed Osama bin Laden in a night raid in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Similar CIA, US Special Forces and counterterrorism operations have been reported in Iraq, Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Syria and Yemen. A more exhaustive list could involve countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Colombia, Peru, as well as several other countries in Eastern and Central Asia. This is notwithstanding the fact that the US Congress hasn’t officially declared war since 1942. Some experts believe that America tops the list of countries that have fought the most wars in its 200-yearold history. The British have invaded almost 90 per cent of the countries 2014 42 ©IISS www.indianbuzz.com around the globe. Just 22 out of the 200-odd countries in the world—like Mongolia, Guatemala, Tajikistan, Marshall Islands and Luxembourg— have never been invaded by the British according to a book titled All the Countries We've Ever Invaded: And the Few We Never Got Round To. The only other nation which comes close is France—which also holds the record for facing the brunt of most British invasions. Prominent among the countries experiencing armed conflicts or warlike situations today include the US, Russia, Afghanistan, Algeria, Africa, Colombia, Congo, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen, Israel, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria and Iraq. In terms of casualties, the largest conflicts are in Afghanistan, Congo, Israel, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Sudan, Syria and Ukraine. The Middle East and North Africa are hotbeds of violence, terrorist activity and revolutionary upsurge. Countries like Syria and Libya are without any doubt the most violent regions in the world. Almost half the population of Syria has been displaced by the civil war. gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 23 COVER STORY world war III T HESE armed conflicts have forced more than 1 per cent of the global population, or about 73 million people, to leave their homes. According to the Global Peace Index, a report published by the Institute for Economics and Peace, the actual number of refugees and internally displaced persons today is more than even World War II. One in every 130 people on Earth is currently a refugee or displaced—mostly as a fallout of the conflicts in the Middle East. In Syria, alone, 13 million out of 22 million people are displaced. The cost of waging war, homicide, internal security, violence and crimes has reached $14.3 trillion in the past year. Out of this, the cost of supporting refugees and displaced persons is $128 billion—it has risen 267 per cent since 2008. The number of people killed in conflict has risen from 49,000 in 2010 to 180,000 in 2014. Out of this, the number of deaths from terrorism is estimated to be around 20,000 a year. With groups like Islamic State and Boko Haram expanding their networks, the number of deaths caused by terrorism more than doubled from 8,450 to almost 18,000 in the last eight years. These numbers are Countries that never fought a war Strange though it might seem, there is probably not a single country that has never been involved in war in any shape or form in its history. Even a country like Switzerland, known for its neutrality, has engaged in wars in the early 20th century. Even relatively younger nations, formed after the break-up of the Soviet Union, have been involved in wars in history. Greenland is the only country which has never fought a war (though Denmark has had a military presence in the country). Then there are countries like Australia, which has not engaged in war on its own soil. The only war Iceland ever fought was a civil war on its own soil. Countries adopting an officially neutral policy today include Austria, Costa Rica, Ireland, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. 10 countries that do not have an army 1. Andorra Saint Lucia 10. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The most peaceful... Europe is among the most peaceful places on Earth for the eighth year in a row, according to the Global Peace Index. 15 of the top 20 most peaceful countries are in Europe. North America is the second most peaceful region. The countries highest on the list include: tDFMBOEt%FONBSLt"VTUSJBt4XJU[FSMBOEt+BQBOt2BUBSt.BVSJUJVTt 6SVHVBZt$IJMF t#PUTXBOBt$PTUB3JDBt7JFUOBN t1BOBNBt#SB[JMt1PSUVHBM Interestingly, the most peaceful countries in the world are often wealthy, western democracies. The United States ranks 94th on the list. Canada is at 7th place, France is 45th while Turkey staggers behind at no 135. Iceland tops the index as the most peaceful country in the world, Syria is the least. 24 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 expected to increase, according to an Australian research centre. The conclusion that emerges is that the world today is becoming a more violent and dangerous place to live in. It sometimes feels like the whole world is at war. Things are getting from bad to worse. Looking at things in perspective, roughly 13.4 per cent of global gross domestic product— equivalent to the combined economies of Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Spain and the UK—is being spent to finance military operations and armed conflicts, according to a report by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). This brings us to the larger question: Would all this ultimately lead to WW III. If the current situation is not managed, World War III might just be around the corner or already starting. As King Abdullah of Jordan said recently at a news conference, “we are facing a Third World War against humanity…. we must act fast to tackle the response to interconnected threats.” Even Pope Francis was quoted as saying “perhaps one can speak of a third war, one fought piecemeal, with crimes, massacres, destruction”, www.gfilesindia.com while visiting a military cemetery in Italy. The whole concept of World War III cannot be dismissed as a figment of wild imagination. The Syrian conflict itself has the potential to spark a global war given the clash of interests at the international level: With Russia and Iran supporting the Bashar alAssad regime while the US leading a coalition of over 60 countries supporting the Kurds and Syrian rebels fights against Assad’s forces. On the other side of the spectrum, France and Russia have stepped up their own efforts to forge a coalition against the Islamic State. Making matters worse, Turkey is fighting against the Kurds while the Syrian rebels are supported by Jordan, Turkey and the Gulf states. The picture that emerges from this is grim. All it would take is a slight spark in Iran, Iraq, or Syria to trigger a fiery conflagration in the entire Middle East. This could lead to World War III. The term ‘world war’ means a military conflict spanning more than two continents, in which at least 20 major countries participate in an attack against a common enemy, and which World’s least peaceful countries t4ZSJBtSBRt"GHIBOJTUBOt-JCZB t4PVUI4VEBOt4PNBMJBt6LSBJOF̓ The Middle East and North Africa now rank as the world's most violent regions, overtaking South Asia which received that ranking for 2013. has the attention of the man-in-thestreet due to the significant loss of life When it happened, World War I (1914–1918) was regarded as the "war to end all wars.” World War II (1939– 1945) proved that to be false. Today according to World Bank estimates, some 1.5 billion people, roughly onefifth of humanity, are affected by some form of violence or insecurity. The US military is involved in operations across all the five continents. It is the world’s largest landlord, with a significant presence in Bahrain, Djibouti, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Kyrgyzstan, in addition to bases in Germany, Japan, South Korea, Italy, and the UK. Some of these, like Fatalities in 2014 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Syria South Sudan ©IISS www.indianbuzz.com the Al Udeid Air Force Base in Qatar, the forward headquarters of the United States Central Command, can accommodate up to 10,000 troops and 120 aircraft. US forces are active in 20 countries across the Middle East and present in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen and some 54 African nations. Some of them are also supporting US Drug Enforcement Agency operations in Colombia and Mexico. T HE Institute for Economics and Peace is worried that conflicts have grown increasingly lethal over the last five years. While the total number of incidents has stayed relatively steady but their death toll has skyrocketed. In a speech last year President Putin was quoted as saying that World War 3 is ‘inevitable’. He accused NATO of ‘surrounding’ Russia and even signed a document stating that NATO has committed “violations of international law,” which is a very serious and inflammatory charge. In the speech delivered at the Valdai conference in Sochi, Putin made it clear that “Russia will no longer play games with the United States and engage in back-room negotiations…” “Russia does not wish for the chaos to spread, does not want war, and has no intention of starting one. However, today Russia sees the outbreak of global war as almost inevitable, is prepared for it, and is continuing to prepare for it. Russia does not want war, nor does she fear it…” he added. “I want to remind you that Russia is one of the most powerful nuclear nations…. This is a reality, not just words,” Putin warned. g gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 25 COVER STORY world war III Possible scenarios Flashpoints on the globe by NEERAJ MAHAJAN A LBERT Einstein was once asked what he thought the future wars—more so World War III—would look like. This is what he had to say, “I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.” Ironically US Army Chief of Staff Gen Omar Bradley also had a similar comment to make in a discussion with some bigshots about future wars and how they would be fought. “General, the newspapers tell us that World War III will be fought with atomic bombs, supersonic planes and a lot of new weapons. These are great strides, but how about World War IV? Is it possible to get any newer and fancier weapons than these?” one of the men asked. “I can give you the exact answer to that question… If we have World War III, and then World War IV will be fought with bows and arrows,” General Bradley replied. Every war brings destruction and needs a spark. For a conflict to escalate into a global war, the interest of more than a few great powers must clash. World War I started after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand; the Seven Years War was sparked by fighting between the French and British along the Mississippi river. 26 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 “Once started, religious strife has a tendency to go on and on, to become permanent feuds. Today we see such intractable inter-religious wars in Northern Ireland, between Jews and Muslims and Christians in Palestine, Hindus and Muslims in South Asia and in many other places. Attempts to bring about peace have failed again and again. Always the extremist elements invoking past injustices, imagined or real, will succeed in torpedoing the peace efforts and bringing about another bout of hostility.” Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, addressing the World Evangelical Fellowship in 2001. The combatants rarely start a global war on purpose but do not always realise that small sparks could lead to bigger conflagrations. The words ‘World War 3’ trended on social media worldwide as tension rose over Turkey shooting down a Russian jet over its airspace recently. Let’s look at the possible sparks which could explode the world and cause World War III. What might spark such a war, and how would it escalate into a global conflict? Here are five potential scenarios: none likely, but all possible. Syria The ever-changing battlelines in Syria are becoming even more complex. Russian air strikes could any day lead to a tug of war between Russia and the US. Will it lead to a deeper conflict, is the big question. An accidental confrontation between NATO and Russian aircraft could lead to bad tactical decisions. This could get ugly, as France, Russia, and the United States have very different views about how the future of Syria should look. Serious fighting between external powers in Syria could quickly draw in Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, and potentially spread to other parts of the globe. India-Pakistan India and Pakistan could go to war for any number of reasons. Incidents of unprovoked firing across the IndoPakistan border have been going on for years. India and Pakistan have fought three wars with each other, still the possibility of yet another conventional war is not ruled out. If it is only a regional war, then its effects might be less severe but if some global powers step in, it could lead to a fullscale nuclear conflict in case Pakistan suffered a serious defeat in conventional war. Infiltrations and subversive activities by Pakistan-sponsored terrorist groups are a routine irritant that India has been tolerating for www.gfilesindia.com long. Interventions in Afghanistan by either country could be another bone of contention. The 1971 IndoPakistani War nearly had both the US and China involved in the conflict on behalf of Pakistan. But over the past few years, the US has grown closer to India even as it continues to sell weapons to Pakistan. It is unclear, at this point, how the US would respond if China intervened on Pakistan’s side in a war with India. Russian miscalculations in Ukraine The ongoing crisis in Ukraine started on February 22, 2014, when the government of then pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich collapsed. Nearly two years have passed since then. The United States, Europe and Russia have thrown the Ukrainian situation into turmoil and caused bloodshed to spread further in the former Soviet state. Putin-backed rebels, supported by Russian forces, could drive further west in Ukraine to create a land cor- www.indianbuzz.com ridor to join up with Crimea. That triggers deeper economic sanctions from the US and the European Union and forces them to accelerate military support to the government. T HE situation is rife with opportunities for miscalculation, and a mistake on either side could produce a militarised confrontation. Much depends on how NATO countries decide to respond to Russian moves in Ukraine. China vs Japan in East China Sea Both China and Japan claim to own the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea and have deployed military forces in its vicinity. Both are not prepared to back off. The islands are close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and there may be oil reserves in the area. The United States is bound by treaty to defend Japan. If a conflict between China and Japan erupts, the United States may also get involved. China might feel compelled to preempt US intervention by an attack on American military installations across the region. The US has already had a number of uncomfortable confrontations with Chinese naval and air units in the South China Sea. In the event of a US-China war both Japan and India might feel the need to intervene. Russia might or might not stay out. This could throw the entire Asia-Pacific into chaos. Communist China and Russia vs United States If the Communist Party’s official People’s Daily newspaper is to be believed, a “US-China war is inevitable” over rights of passage and artificial islands built in disputed territory. Almost 74 per cent of Chinese think that their military would win a war against the US, according to a 2014 poll by the Perth US-Asia Centre. Many Chinese officers are believed to be suffering from “peace disease”—a term for those who never served in combat. g gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 27 IN CONVERSATION shiv kunal verma 1962 war Let down by the leadership In military circles, Shiv Kunal Verma first shot into prominence in 1992 when he produced the highly acclaimed film on 60 years of the Indian Air Force, Salt of the Earth. This benchmark film was followed by a series of films on the Indian Navy and the Army, culminating with his filming Kargil War and Aakash Yodha, which again covered the aerial dimension of the conflict with Pakistan in 1999. The Standard Bearers (National Defence Academy) and The Making of a Warrior (Indian Military Academy) were among the various films he made on military training institutions in the country. Verma is also the author of The Long Road to Siachen: The Question Why and the highly acclaimed Northeast Trilogy that documents the region in meticulous detail. Among his other works are the books on the Assam Rifles while he has also co-authored Courage & Conviction, the autobiography of the former Chief of Army Staff, General VK Singh. MG Devasahayam, a former Army and IAS officer, talks to the filmmaker and author: MGD: Generations brought up on stories of swarming Chinese hordes and Indian troops fighting in PT shoes to the last man, last round, are going to be in for a shock. More than half a century after the event, how difficult was it to put the narrative together? SKV: Quite honestly, I think the information has always been there, it is just that no one really wanted to talk about it. Those who did write about the conflict were more concerned about exonerating themselves. It’s a great pity that not only was the truth glossed over, it was also deliberately suppressed. This was an army that was simply not allowed to fight by our own people—it wasn’t so much the Chinese who ran over us in NEFA, it was our own leadership. MGD: The Henderson Brooks-Bhagat Report is still under wraps, at least partially. Do you think access to those papers would have thrown up any additional facts? SKV: I don’t think so, simply because though the report 28 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 PHOTOS: DIPTI BHALLA VERMA was asked for by General JN Chaudhury after he replaced General Thapar as the COAS, its terms of reference were changed within a couple of days and they were asked to confine themselves entirely to IV Corps’ Operations. Later, then Defence Minister YB Chavan used it as a major sleight of hand in Parliament to deflect the blame from Prime Minister Nehru and his immediate advisers to the army leadership. MGD: Neville Maxwell says Nehru was to blame for the ’62 conflict. Even our own history textbooks in schools acknowledge Nehru’s Forward Policy resulted in the clash between the two Asian giants. SKV: Buying into what Maxwell says as the gospel truth is to do a great injustice to ourselves. As Krishna Menon pointed out in 1968, India simply failed to realise that Communist China was expansionist by nature. Nehru’s failure lay in his inability to avert the clash. Before 1949, China was nowhere in the equation. The annexation of Sinkiang in 1949 first and then Tibet in 1950 changed www.gfilesindia.com all that. Sardar Patel read the situation perfectly and his letter to Nehru written 38 days before he died, spelt out the changed situation at the time. MGD: You talk of the Himmat Singh Committee that was constituted in 1951 and the General Kulwant Singh Report in 1953. They all seemed to warn Nehru. SKV: In retrospect, who didn’t warn Nehru? General Cariappa did and Sardar Patel did. Even the Kulwant Singh Report said in 1953 that there was a major likelihood of an armed clash between China and India in the next nine years—it was as specific as that. Just as the Chinese, after having annexed Tibet, were pushing forward to secure what they thought was the border, the Himmat Singh Committee did much the same though the main focus of the recommendations was on the restructuring and deployment of the Assam Rifles. This was to lay the ground for the Forward Policy. If these boys hadn’t pushed forward into what was then wild, hostile country, just as the Chinese did in Aksai Chin, that was devoid of Indian presence, they would have emerged one fine day at the foothills. On the larger map, the Himalaya would have been the Thagla Ridge, the Brahmaputra, the Nam Ka Chu, the Khasi and Garo Hills, and the Tsangdhar Ridge. MGD: Indeed. Nehru was too confident of himself on China. He even snubbed Jayaprakash Narayan, whom he considered his successor, for suggesting otherwise. By the way, Exercise Lal Qila was Thorat’s brainchild… it also spelt out the situation on the ground two years before the Chinese attacked. SKV: The Thorat Plan was what one would have expected of any Indian army officer who was of sound mind. It was based on pure military logic, which took into account EXCERPT 1962: The War That Wasn’t F OR the first time in twelve years, Nehru was unsure of himself as he rose from the prime minister’s seat in the Lok Sabha on 28 August 1959 to face the rest of the House. Clamouring Opposition members who were demanding a statement on the Longju incident fell silent as attention turned to the prime minister. Speaking in his usual clipped style, every word that Nehru uttered stunned the assembled MPs. The prime minister admitted to the people of India that serious disputes existed between China and India regarding the India-Tibet border and that several thousand square kilometres of Indian territory in Ladakh was under Chinese control. He then disclosed the fact that the Chinese had built a highway across the Aksai Chin, adding that the government had thought it fit not to make the disputes public, as that would have made their settlement even more difficult. He then went on to talk of the border clash between the Chinese and the Assam Rifles first at Khenzemane and then at Longju. However, it was the last part of Nehru’s statement that www.indianbuzz.com was to have far-reaching consequences: ‘We have in fact placed this border area of NEFA directly under the military authorities ...The Assam Rifles will of course remain there and such other forces as will be necessary will be sent, but they will function now under the army authorities and their headquarters.’ Nehru’s unconsidered remark had major national and international implications.By committing Army HQ, which had no troops of its own in NEFA into the existing defence structure of manning border posts, the prime minister was committing it to a policing role. Any plans for the defence of the region that could be based on a forward line held by the police (Assam Rifles) and an inner line held by the army evaporated. In his office in South Block, General Thimayya was oblivious of the drama that was being played out in the Lok Sabha less than a kilometre away. Around noon, there was a knock on the door and the Director Military Intelligence, Brigadier Prem Bhagat, walked into the army chief ’s office. Without any pre- gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 29 IN CONVERSATION shiv kunal verma 1962 war PRESENTS MEMORY CLOUDS The Hon’ble Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, on April 21, 2015, on Civil Services Day, gave a clarion call to record and upload the memoirs of senior and experienced civil servants. Hence... gfiles brings you a compilation of reminiscences by senior civil servants which were published in gfiles between 2007 and 2015. Don’t miss the opportunity to learn from the wealth of experience of veteran civil servants. Pre-order the book in advance to avail of the onetime offer of `720. You can make the payment through cheque, DD or RTGS in favour of gfiles. For further information or queries: Mail us at editor@gﬁlesindia.com 30 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com Featuring Prabhat Kumar BG Deshmukh MC Gupta Kripa Narayan Srivastava V Selvaraj Sushil Chandra Tripathi Romesh Bhandari Devi Dayal Reva Nayyar VP Sawhney SK Mishra Dr G Sundaram KC Sivaramakrishnan Nitish Sengupta Vishnu Bhagwan Gen Noble Thamburaj Baleshwar Rai Arun Bongirwar Arvind S Inamdar Madhav Godbole Ved Marwah Trinath Mishra Vineeta Rai Arun Kumar Rath Ajit Nimbalkar TR Kakkar Najeeb Jung MS Gill Shovana Narayan Lt Gen JFR Jacob Brijesh Kumar Surrinder Lal Kapur Yogendra Narain and many more... or log on to www.gďŹ lesindia.com/memoryclouds.html www.indianbuzz.com gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 31 IN CONVERSATION shiv kunal verma 1962 war the fighting capabilities of the Assam Rifles as well. But once Nehru had played the resignation card and literally destroyed Thimayya, there were no checks and balances left to stop General Kaul who simply steamrolled everyone and everything around him. The two men who could have brought some sanity into the situation were Generals Bogey Sen and Pran Thapar. But once Nehru through Menon had begun tampering with the Army’s command structure, the men on the ground subsequently were, as Thimayya put it, cannon fodder for the Chinese. Unfortunately, our own IB files are not easily available. It would be interesting to see what role BN Mullik, the Intelligence Chief, played in building up Thimayya and the military take-over bogey with Nehru. It’s also quite likely that most of this was never put in writing, just as Krishna Menon ordered that no written records of all policy meetings in Army HQ were to be maintained. MGD: You’ve almost ignored VK Krishna Menon in the book. Yet, his is the first name that comes to mind when we scan the pages of history. SKV: Krishna Menon was only doing what Nehru wanted him to do… he was the cat’s paw who was brought in by Nehru only when Thimayya became the Chief of Army Staff. By then Kaul was already the man to watch within the Army. Once the balloon went up and the Chinese got aggressive, Krishna Menon frankly had little to contribute. MGD: Finally, where was the IAF in all this? In your book you virtually accuse the IB of having lied to the Government in their appreciation of the PLAAF. SKV: The report given to Nehru was a joke, but then what exactly was the Air Chief doing? He just went along with it without a murmur… I first heard of it from former Defence Secretary HC Sarin in 1992 when we met him in connection with our IAF film. Then Air Marshal HC Dewan more or less confirmed it. I still remember the shocked faces when we played the tapes from the interview in Air HQ. Sarin told us about the letter written by Nehru amble, Bhagat told Thimayya that the joint secretary in the Ministry of Defence, HC Sarin, had just briefed him on the prime minister’s statement in Parliament. ‘Nehru has finally told Parliament the truth about the northern border. He spoke at length about the National Highway G219 and the loss of the Aksai Chin. He then spoke of both the Khenzemane and Longju incident.’ ‘It had to happen... I’m surprised it took so long for the press to realize everything isn’t quite bhaibhai with the Chinese,’ said Thimayya, shaking his head. ‘There’s something else...’ Bhagat hesitated, not quite sure if Thimayya was already in on the decision. ‘The prime minister has announced that as of today the entire border in NEFA with China is henceforth the army’s responsibility.’ The usually calm and unflappable Thimayya now stared at Bhagat, not quite sure if he had heard him correctly. He moved back to his desk and sat down slowly. ‘What else did Sarin say?’ he asked incredulously. ‘Nothing more, really. From his demeanour I gathered the Ministry of Defence had no idea this was coming. If Mr Krishna Menon was consulted by the prime minister, he certainly did not inform anybody else in the ministry.’ In 1957, when it was becoming obvious to Nehru that his Panchsheel policy with China was going nowhere, he had turned to Krishna Menon… As the defence minister of India, his appointment coincided with the elevation of General Thimayya to the top job in the Indian Army. Temperamentally Krishna Menon was a loner, and having had no ministerial or administrative experience, he found it necessary to dominate the military bureaucracy by trying to make a dent in the solidarity of its senior ranks. In this he succeeded to the extent that Bijji Kaul fell for his blandishments and for a time an unwonted relationship was established between the minister and the general officer. Menon would have probably never ventured into playing these devious mind games if the signal had not come from Nehru himself. It was Nehru who had built a strong rapport with Kaul; he had allowed this friendship to often overshadow Having destroyed its combat readiness by tampering with the military hierarchy, the Indian Army was deployed in both NEFA and Ladakh as a glorified police force. More than half-a-century later, shorn of the myths and half-truths, this is a superbly told story that needs to be understood by future generations—General (Dr) VK Singh, Minister of State for External Affairs & Former Army Chief 32 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com The author at Kibithu in the Walong Sector of NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh) the official relationship, sometimes summoning him for purposes outside the call of army duty, even when Kaul was only a lieutenant colonel. In 1953, Nehru entrusted Kaul with the delicate task of overseeing the arrest of Sheikh Abdullah and acting as a political troubleshooter in Kashmir. Unlike most of the other generals who were army and corps commanders at the time, Kaul had virtually no combat experience. After being commissioned into an infantry battalion, Kaul had voluntarily shifted to the Army Supply Corps while he was still a junior officer. Kaul used the term ‘national priority’ to explain the reason for this shift—a somewhat dubious explanation as no junior officer was likely to be accorded that sort of importance. As a result, Bijji Kaul had not even commanded an infantry company, let alone a battalion, either in war or peace. Though commissioned into the army well before the outbreak of World War II, Bijji Kaul was assigned sundry jobs, none of which had anything to do with combat. After Independence, his rise had been spectacular and completely at odds with the existing ethos of the armed forces where each appointment in an officer’s career is a vital cog in his own training that enables him to take on responsibility at the next level. In 1947, Kaul was plucked from obscurity to serve as India’s military attaché in Washington DC while also being a member of the quasi-political Armed Forces Nationalisation Committee. In 1948, he was again selected to be the military adviser to the Indian delegation to the Security Council on the Kashmir issue, which was where he first met Krishna Menon. Nehru then entrusted Kaul with the command of the Jammu and Kashmir Militia, but he had to be withdrawn from this post owing to his differences with Sheikh Abdullah, the then prime minister of Kashmir. By the early 1950s, it was fairly obvious to the rank and file that Kaul was Nehru’s trusted man. After Independence, Kaul repeatedly served under Thorat. Almost each and every time, despite Kaul’s political connections, Thorat would diligently put down on paper that in his opinion, Kaul had reached the limits of his professional competence. In an army where one bad report usually seals a man’s fate, Nehru’s repeated interventions kept Kaul’s flag flying. A story that needed to be told. Superbly written and brutally honest—by far the most definitive book on the subject. Removes the fig leaves and sets the record straight, something that today's context will profit by emulating—Dr YSP Thorat, Former Chairman, NABARD www.indianbuzz.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 33 IN CONVERSATION shiv kunal verma 1962 war MGD: Post-war I served in NEFA… I took a Long Range Patrol to retrace the path that the Chinese had taken. Even now it is hard to believe they could have so easily brushed the Indians aside. Could the Army have acquitted itself better? SKV: Almost certainly. Even on the Nam Ka Chu, it was a complete failure of command. When 2 Rajput was attacked on October 20, just 1,000 yards to its right 9 Punjab sat and watched, simply because there were no instructions from above. Without someone controlling and coordinating the battle, there was nothing they could do. What can one say when even after the event General Kaul writes a book in which he confuses Se-la with Tse-la, two passes that are quite a few miles apart. Our troops had endured a lot of hardships and had dug in whereever they were told to go, but in the absence of any command and control, they frankly did not stand a chance. A lot of officers bemoan the fact that we failed to hold Se-la for a week… I think if we had held it for three days and the GOC had pushed forward from Dirang Dzong instead of breaking backwards towards Bomdila, the Chinese would have been in serious trouble. Their gamble paid off then… but they knew they were overstretched. That’s why they quietly withdrew from NEFA. The Western Sector was a different cup of tea: the total quantum of Indian troops that actually clashed with the Chinese was less than one infantry battalion. g Subedar Dashrath Singh was dying, slipping in and out of consciousness as the blood seeped out of his torn and horribly mutilated body. All around him, men from No. 9 Platoon of 2 Rajput’s Charlie Company lay scattered—most of them had been torn apart by mortar and artillery fire. The firing had died down hours ago as the last few men, reduced to using stones to fight, were shot through the head at point-blank range. Just a few minutes earlier, Dashrath had fallen to the ground as a Chinese soldier emptied his entire AK-47 magazine into his stomach. ‘I felt no pain,’ he would recall years later, ‘just relief that the nightmare was over. The manner in which we were deployed, we had known for days that we stood no chance if and when the attack came.’ Just eleven days ago, on 9 October 1962, Lieutenant General BM ‘Bijji’ Kaul, camping at the Bridge 3 location on the Nam Ka Chu, had outlined an ambitious attack plan to occupy the Thagla Ridge across the Nam Ka Chu. Every officer and JCO present at the briefing knew the general’s plan was nonsensical. To Dashrath’s experienced ears, it sounded like the general was issuing orders for an advance the next morning across the river and up the Thagla slopes on the assumption that the Chinese did not exist. All the officers were sitting in stunned silence as Kaul droned on, using impressive jargon that included terms like ‘positional warfare manoeuvre’, something neither Dashrath nor any of the others present had ever heard before. Major General Niranjan Prasad, GOC 4 Division, was staring at his shoes the entire time, while Brigadier John Dalvi, the commander of 7 Brigade, meekly tried to point out a few technical difficulties like limited ammunition, lack of snow clothing, artillery support and other factors. The corps commander, deeming them minor irritants, impatiently brushed them aside. Having spelt out his objectives, the corps commander asked the assembled officers and JCOs if they had any questions. While the officers were still recovering from the shock of Kaul’s master plan, Subedar Dashrath Singh from 2 Rajput, who had seen five years of close combat with the Japanese in Burma and had then fought in the Jammu and Kashmir Operations in 1948, spoke up: ‘Yeh larai to maine pehli bar dekhi hai, saab, jisme hum nalle mein aur dushman upar pahar par.’ ‘Yeh bhi pehli baar aapne dekha hoga ki koi general front line mein khara ho’ was Kaul’s glib response. ‘Aapne apni baat to keh di, saab, lekin hamare jawaab nahi diya,’ said Dashrath. At this point Kaul lost his temper and demanded that the JCO be arrested on the spot and dismissed from service. While Niranjan Prasad and Dalvi tried to pacify the corps commander, Dashrath was quietly asked to leave the conference. to Kennedy, begging for US air support. He conveniently failed to mention he had drafted the letter along with Foreign Secretary MJ Desai. From the beginning to the end, the book literally grabs the reader by the throat. Brutally honest, every detail of the conflict with China half a century ago is laid bare. Sooner or later Indians had to face the bitter reality of what actually happened in the high Himalaya. Perhaps now we can begin to bury the ghosts—Sam Rajappa, former editor, The Statesman 34 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 35 by BN UNIYAL non-fiction autobiography Making of a mass leader “I had my first brush with administration when I was barely three days old, cradled in the arms of my mother. Sharadabai Govindrao Pawar had a meeting to attend at the Pune Local Board, of which she was a member, on 15 December 1940. Although she had delivered a baby boy just three days earlier, she was not one to miss her call of duty.” T HESE three opening sentences of the book sum up the entire life of the man. Born to a woman of tremendous force and fortitude, he grew up in the hustle and bustle of a highly charged peasant political family in an out-of-the-way village. Early experiences of dealing with all sorts of people and exposure to ideological crosscurrents drive the grown-up man at a very early age into active politics, which becomes his absorbing destiny. The title of the book sounds rather brash, though not for a Maratha, for the Marathas take pride in the bluntness of their tongue which they call plain speaking. The title apart, this is an engaging and enjoyable account of a long and hectic life of politics spanning over 60 eventful years from 1958 till date. It is written at that stage in life when the performer casts away his many masks and makes his peace with himself and the world without any heartache or heartbreak. It is a frank and forthright account of the many vicissitudes of a long political life, of friendships ending in estrangements, alliances breaking into feuds and late night scheming leading to early morning patch-ups. That is what politics is about, and all that politics 36 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Title: On My Terms: From the Grassroots to the Corridors of Power Author: Sharad Pawar Publisher: Speaking Tiger Pages: 312 Price: `699 is about is there in fair abundance in this book. Anyone curious about the events of the decades with which the book deals will find many interesting nuggets of information and pithy observations throughout its pages. At places, one wishes that Pawar had gone a little deeper into the events or elaborated on the doings of men and women of his time. He treats certain key events— like those of the Emergency years— in a somewhat hazy way. Sometimes one gets the feeling as if he has overlooked the details out of discretion, if not caution. However, the central theme of the book is the making of a mass leader. This aspect is so well dealt with in the book that it can very well be made standard reading for all young men and women who wish to carve out a place for themselves in politics. Leadership is neither taught nor studied in India which is a pity, possibly because it is commonly believed that leaders are born and not created. This is far from the truth. The fact is that even in the past, leaders were not born but created. Those who chose to work in public life carefully provisioned themselves intellectually and culturally for that. They found ways and means to get close to leaders of their times, associated themselves with such leaders, modelled their conduct and even manners and mannerisms on those they chose for their models. Pawar is clearly one such leader. I must, therefore, recommend his book to every aspiring leader irrespective of the party one may belong to or principles one may hold. He is one of the few living examples of a leader who has risen from the masses by sheer determination and dedication and made himself equally respected by his contemporaries of diverse ideological persuasions which was amply proved by the line-up at the release function of his book. Actually, it is not just aspiring leaders but even established ones like Narendra Modi and Nitish Kumar who can all benefit by reading the book because it is strewn with commonsensical wisdom that has become so uncommon in the strident and somewhat malicious public life of our times. One aspect of his personality which those of us from outside Maharashtra may discover in him for the first time on reading this book is the interest he has taken in cultivating his tastes in music and literature. And, interestingly, he also shows another aspect of his private face—a sense of ribald humour. I must say these all make him more of a complete man than he would have been otherwise. www.gfilesindia.com PHOTOS: PIB Pawar has been a successful administrator too. Many episodes from his long stint as chief minister of his home state and as minister at the Centre bear that out. Politics is not just being clever; nor is administration hard work alone. Both require astuteness which is different from merely being clever and both are more about being creatively innovative. Pawar describes several remarkable instances of both in his book. One such instance relates to the 1993 Mumbai bomb blasts in 12 different city localities. While giving the figure of blasts, Pawar on the spur of the moment slipped in the name of a 13th locality—a Muslim one—in his Doordarshan broadcast. “The trick worked. The terrorists’ plan to spark off Hindu-Muslim riots through explosions did not fructify.” This reminded me of a similar extremely astute decision of Sardar Patel when Gandhiji was shot by Nathuram Godse. He too feared that the incident may cause serious Hindu-Muslim riots because most Hindus would speculate that Gandhiji’s killer must have been a Muslim. He, therefore, instructed All India Radio to let it be disclosed in the day’s news broadcast that the killer was a Hindu! A NOTHER really inspiring chapter everyone must read is the one about Pawar’s battle with his mouth cancer. It must have been extremely painful, awkward and depressing but he has battled it successfully by sheer willpower which he believed he has inherited from his mother who was incapacitated in the prime of life by an unruly bull she was trying to help. I have just sent a copy of the book to the wife of a journalist friend of mine hospitalised with lung cancer so she can read out this particular chapter to him. www.indianbuzz.com The book would have, possibly, remained incomplete if Pawar had wound it up without touching on some of the charges of wrongdoing that have been hurled at him for many years by one and all and about which he has all along maintained a deliberate and studied silence. These arise from his alleged closeness to Dawood Ibrahim and undue favours done to his business friends like Ajit Gulabchand in allotment of land for developing the hill resort of Lavasa. Pawar seems to have decided to clear the matter and his conscience at the last. He has given elaborate explanation on both counts and a couple of other counts too. I am not competent to pass a judgement on these, anyway. Let the readers of the book judge for themselves. I can only say that the explanations are consistent with the character of the persona portrayed in the book. If the persona is taken to be true to life, there is no reason why the explanation too should not be. g BN Uniyal covered Parliament and national politics as a newspaper correspondent for three decades until the mid-1990s gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 37 A Roles and responsibilities T the Service of a Billion Plus is a recently published, very insightful and interesting book on Group ‘A’ Civil Services (CS), particularly for those contemplating entering these services. The book is a collection of 20 articles of retired officers from 19 services ranging from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) to the Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS). Shankarganesh Karuppiah, a serving Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax with economics background, has done a commendable work by editing this compilation. The uniqueness of the book lies in the fact that it will be very informative for the Indian citizen at large, on the broad role-cum-performance of the CS and their functioning milieu, outlined lucidly with a reasonable array of facts and figures, apart from short narratives on experiences of superannuated officers of the IAS and other CS. The reviewer of the book, by virtue of his advisory work with the Union Public Service Commission post-retirement, has observed that many of the CS aspirants appear before the personality test boards of the Commission with fanciful ideas. Many of them only have the IAS, or the role of Collector, as mentioned by Dr G Sundaram (IAS,’62) (who has written in great detail on the IAS), as their beacon of attraction. Some of them are either disdainful or uninterested or plainly ignorant on the nonIAS CSs, and even the Indian Foreign Service, which once used to attract only the toppers. The book will help correct the uninformed impression of the aspirants, their parents and well-wishers, and the public at large. After perus- 38 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Title: At the Service of a Billion Plus Edited by: Shankarganesh Karuppiah Publisher: Yaavarum Kelir, Chennai Price: `399 ing the book, the readers would have a more realistic and holistic perception of the higher Indian bureaucracy and different CS officers who function within its fold on an entire range of developmental, non-developmental, operational and also regulatory activities within the framework of the Constitution, various statutes and rules concerned. The message which the pieces in the book tend to convey is that no service is uninteresting or lacking in opportunities for self-improvement and scope to contribute to India’s growth story. Though there are variations in creature comforts for the officers, each service has a range of facilities and these have been growing. Most of the officers mention in their own way—variety in presentation of experience is another unique feature of the book—that each Service has its own dynamics. There are some candid references by some officers on the vicissitudes they faced such as an adverse service grad- ing (through the Annual Confidential Report) because of incompatibility with the superior’s unjustified views, corruption within the department or organisation they served in, staff agitations, etc. However, the system also has its redressal mechanism. The real issue is, as one of the contributors to the book ponders, whether those who have been selected, can intellectually and psychologically fit within the service they join. The worth of the book lies in the transparent manner in which the functioning of the services has been presented by the contributors from the different CS. Given my interactions with senior and junior colleagues of different CS, I consider the presentations truthful and also inspiring. Opportunities in different CSs cannot be equal or similar. But they are unique in their own way. The book should thus enable prospective CS officers to face the future with a more realistic disposition. The articles of Dr G Sundaram (IAS), Nalin Surie (IFS), Navdeep Suri (IFS), M Ravi (IPS), Dr G Alagarsamy (IPT&AFS), S Nagalaswamy (IA&AS), Dr Chittaranjan Satpathy (IRS– C&CE), Usha Anthony (IDAS), Vinita Chopra (IRS–IT), B Pugazhendhi (IOFS), Saravan Annemalai (IPoS), SM Kumar (ICAS), NM Madhusudan Rao (IRTS), PV Vaidialingam (IRAS), Pichai Rajan (IRPS), AG Sekaran (RPF), AP Frank Noronha (IIS), Agnewar Sen (ITS) and Arun Prasad Meganathan (ICLS) have undoubtedly enriched the book. g Gautam Sen (IDAS, 1976, Retd.) last served the Government of India as Additional Controller General of Defence Accounts, and later as Adviser (14th Finance Commission). www.gfilesindia.com Perception and prejudice PHOTOS: RAJEEV TYAGI His years as a civil servant taught Madhukar Gupta how wide the gap between reality and perception could really be W HEN Madhukar Gupta, an alumnus of Allahabad University, decided to appear for the civil services examination in 1970, he was only following a norm set by his grandfather, father, uncles and brothers. His grandfather, Lala Prasadi Lal, was in imperial service, an euphemism for the civil services under the British rule. His father, Dr Anandswarup Gupta, had an illustrious career as an Indian Police www.indianbuzz.com officer (1939 batch), which included serving as the Founder-Director of the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D). Four of his uncles were also in the premier service. Two of his elder brothers had already joined the civil services when Madhukar Gupta, the third among the male siblings, joined the IAS (Indian Administrative Service) on July 1, 1971. Eventually, his youngest brother also got into the IAS. Since one of his brothers had opted for the Foreign Service, his father’s only request was that he serve within the country. “In those days, one would get 10-15 days to make a choice. I wanted to go for the Foreign Service. But my father did not want it. I (eventually) opted for home (Uttar Pradesh) cadre,” he recounts. He still remembers OP Gupta, his batchmate, who went to Tokyo in his place. He landed up in Tehri as a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM). Gupta says he trekked and walked a lot, a trait he inherited from his father, to keep a check on his government subordinates. “When my father was ASP in Banaras, he would patrol police stations in his personal vehicle at night. Once he found nobody in a police station and walked away with the daily diary and the lantern (there was no electricity in those days) from there. Next day, the daroga (station officer) reported to him that there was a dacoity in the thana. When my father put the diary and lantern on his table, the daroga fell at his feet. I learnt to do supervision from him,” he recalls, parked on a sofa in his drawing room. The plan for Tehri Dam began during his tenure as SDM (1972-73) and its first phase got completed when he was the Chief Secretary in Uttarakhand in 2001. During the Emergency, he was the District Magistrate (DM) in Pratapgarh and did not like the idea of passing on vasectomy targets to his district staff. “I didn’t like the idea of using force. My record was poor and I had to hear reprimands from the Chief Minister’s Principal Secretary,” he reminisces. After the Janata Party came to power in Delhi, the situation turned on its head with the government granting too many concessions to people, even to the detriment of the state. So much so that a minister gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 39 FIRST STIRRINGS madhukar gupta in Uttar Pradesh—Jamuna Prasad Bose—told people in Banda district publicly that their revenue levy was waived. Gupta, who was leading a revenue collection drive in the district as DM, did not like it. He contradicted the minister and said the collection would go on. “You do not make such an announcement. I told him in as many words,” he narrates. As an outcome of the conflict, Gupta got transferred to the UP Cement Corporation in Churk (Sonbhadra district). I N August 1980, after a massive communal riot rocked Moradabad, the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Vishwanath Pratap Singh, dispatched him there. To restore a ‘modicum of governance’, he decided to deal with the situation strictly. He cancelled all curfew passes issued in the district and two joint magistrates went door-to-door to disburse compensation after the violence. The Congress accused him of being antiMuslim. In October, the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, undertook a tour of the riot-affected areas. Gupta took her around the city and explained how he dealt with the situation. “I had been told something else,” she said, apparently an approval of his actions. Gupta got validation of his impartiality on his transfer a few months later when the then head of the panchayat in Karbala and Karula, Muslim villages located on the outskirts of Moradabad which were the worst-affected in the riots, gifted him a brass idol of Goddess Durga as a token of love. The farewell gift was proof of how much gap could exist between reality and perception. Since his father, Anandswarup, was ill and showed no signs of improvement, he looked for a posting near Delhi to get him treated in the national capital. However, much to 40 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Since one of his brothers had opted for the Foreign Service, his father’s only request was that he serve within the country. He landed up in Tehri as a SubDivisional Magistrate (SDM) his chagrin, the state administration put him in Gorakhpur. His father stopped him from quitting. “I told him I would like to resign. He said duty should come first,” he recalls. Anandswarup passed away a monthand-a-half later. His next posting was as Administrator and Vice-Chairman of Lucknow Development Authority (LDA). This came after Indira Gandhi spotted garbage in the state capital during her visit there sometime in 1981 and the state government wanted an efficient officer to remove the mess. During widening of a chowk in the city, he wanted to demolish a small temple. But Swaroop Kumari Bakshi, the then home minister of the state, opposed this and sat on a dharna. Gupta raised the matter with CM VP Singh, after which the latter told Bakshi in his presence, “Chowk is not your area of responsibility.” His next posting was as Deputy Secretary in the Planning Commission in Delhi. During this period, his wife developed serious health problems. www.gfilesindia.com He wanted to take her abroad for treatment and requested the then Cabinet Secretary, PK Kaul, for a foreign posting. Within less than 72 hours, Kaul ordered his posting in the India Investment Centre at Abu Dhabi. Gupta initiated constitution of an NRI (non-resident Indian) forum, an idea which arguably later culminated in celebration of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas. On October 7, 1990, Mulayam Singh Yadav, the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, sent him to Faizabad as Divisional Commissioner. The frenzy over the Ram temple was at its peak. On October 30, lakhs of kar sevaks succeeded in sneaking into the division on the call of Hindutva groups. The police had to open fire. Gupta says there was ‘minimal damage to life’ but the press incited passions by coining headlines like ‘Saryu turns red’ with blood of kar sevaks. F OR Gupta, who was considered anti-Muslim in Moradabad, life came a full circle in Faizabad with the Bharatiya Janata Party and its sister organisations portraying him as anti-Hindu. He faced the worst kind of ostracism. “A price was put on my head. Lawyers stopped visiting my office (in those days DMs and Divisional Commissioners also had judicial powers). A campaign almost succeeded in demonising him for fulfilling his responsibility. So much so, that a lawyer from Gonda who visited his office expressed surprise on meeting him. “You look like me,” he recalls the lawyer having told him. This was the second instance when he realised how wide the gap between reality and perception could be. Fearing harassment under the BJP Government in Uttar Pradesh, Gupta sought deputation with the Centre in 1992. He got posted as Joint www.indianbuzz.com Secretary (Jammu & Kashmir and human rights) in the home ministry. The border state was on the boil with militants calling the shots. Gupta had to liaise with multiple agencies like the police, paramilitary, intelligence, state administration, Ministry of External Affairs and diplomatic missions. But the real challenge came in 1996 when India decided to hold elections in Jammu & Kashmir. There was requirement for 10,000 polling personnel. They were assembled from different parts of the country with a local Urdu-speaking person included in every polling party. Bank employees filed a writ against their deployment in the state in Delhi High For Gupta, who was considered anti-Muslim in Moradabad, life came full circle in Faizabad with the Bharatiya Janata Party and its sister organisations portraying him as anti-Hindu Court. Gupta argued the case personally in the court before the writ was rejected. Subsequently, Gupta was sent to the United States of America to brief American Senators and journalists on the situation in Jammu & Kashmir. In 1997, the government decided to send him on an Elizabeth House Fellowship on global terrorism to Oxford University. The one year proved to be a good sabbatical for him. In 2000, after the creation of Uttarakhand, Gupta was allotted the state. He served as Chief Secretary for two years under BJP CM Bhagat Singh Koshiyari and Congress CM ND Tiwari. Subsequently, he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) on deputation. In June 2007 he was appointed the Union Home Secretary. On November 24, he went to Islamabad for the annual home secretary talks between the two countries. The team was to return on November 26. But considering the talks were conducted in a cordial atmosphere and the Pakistani Government wanted Gupta to call on the then Pakistani Home (Interior) Minister, his stay was extended for a day. After the meetings, the team was shifted to Murree, a hill station near the Pakistani capital. Just when Gupta was preparing for dinner, he got a call from his daughter, Bhavna. “Bombay mein gangwar ho raha hai (There is a gangwar going on in Bombay).” Soon, the Cabinet Secretary and the Director Intelligence Bureau (DIB) were on the phone and a special plane was arranged for his return. When he was about to board the plane, the Pakistani liaison officer told him that Deccan Mujahideen had claimed responsibility for the attack. Gupta angrily retorted, “Do you know where Deccan is? Don’t you see the difference between Urdu and Deccan?” Surprisingly, the media hardly reported the fact that the Home Secretary was in Pakistan when the 26/11 attack began. The incident got Gupta a new Home Minister, with P Chidambaram replacing Shivraj Patil. He was instrumental in formulating CCTNS (crime & criminal tracking networks and systems) and oversaw constitution of COBRA battalions to take on Naxalites. Gupta superannuated on June 30, 2009. Nobody from the new generation in the Gupta family is into the civil services anymore. They have moved on to professional private services. Gupta attributes it to deterioration in the civil services. g As told to Narendra Kaushik gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 41 ECONOMY income tax tn pandey Futile efforts Frequent short-term committees, with hurriedly conceived terms of reference, have not reformed the income tax law T HE culture of constituting short-term committees for changing the income tax law of the country seems to have become a past time with finance ministers. In the past few years, there have been umpteen decisions to appoint committees/tax panels to amend the income tax law. The most recent has been the announcement by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, on October 27, 2015, of setting up a panel, headed by a retired judge of the High Court and nine members, for reviewing the Income Tax Act, 1961. Its duration is one year and it has to submit its first interim report by January 31, 2016, so that the acceptable suggestions can be included in the Finance Act. The objective for setting up a new committee for changing the Act has been explained by the Finance Minister saying that “...time has come to look at some provisions of the IT Act to look at how their drafting rafting qualder to avoid ity can be improved in order dy is certain ambiguity so that everybody as to what the Act is…” However, despite so many any committees and expert panels, thee IT law conx, litigation tinues to remain complex, prone, unstable, lacking in n attributes like neutrality, revenue elasticity asticity and similar qualities that tax laws aws need to possess. This has been because cause of the ad hoc nature of decisionss for appointing such bodies without serious homework to frame the ‘terms of reference’ and inadequatee time given 42 gfiles inside the government ent vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 to such bodies for completing their work. The main responsibility for this can be placed on PC Chidambaram, the former Finance Minister, who wasted nearly two decades (barring six years of the Atal Biahari Vajpayee government) not amending the IT law. But his efforts backfired because of deficiencies in his decision-making and the bodies chosen were improperly constituted, mandates to them Despite so many committees and expert panels, the IT law continues to remain complex, litigation prone, unstable, lacking in attributes like neutrality, revenue elasticity and similar qualities that tax laws need to possess p were vague and time for submitting the report was unduly short. The committee appointed in 1996 by Chidambaram to amend the income tax law and give a new code was merely given a general mandate ‘to examine the existing Income Tax Act and to suggest changes that have become necessary, particularly in the light of the new economic policy and reforms’. The committee (which comprised mainly IT Department officers) was given only five months (later extended by two months) to complete the task and give a draft of the new Act (which too was done in another few months). Obviously, the exercise was impromptu, done by a body which was not equipped with varied expertise and became a waste. In his second term as Finance Minister from 2004, Chidambaram did not appoint a formal body to amend the IT law and got it done through IT Department officers under his guidance. They, offi directly, without a report, produced dire DTC, DTC 2009, which was severely critici cised and his successor, Pranab Mukherjee ordered a re-look at the M 2009 draft, which was replaced by 20 th 2010 code, which too dragged the on and has ultimately been junked by Arun Jaitley, who has chosen to appoint a new committee, as stated stat earlier. Compared to the in-house comC mittees appointed by Chidambaram mit for DTC, the new committee comprises independent members com from different disciplines. However, www.gfilesindia.com Justice AP Shah Committee submitting its report on MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax) to Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Arun Jaitley, in New Delhi. a 10-member committee was not necessary, as it can create bottlenecks in working. It could have comprised five-six members. The terms of reference for the new Committee read as: Ɣ Study and identify the provisions/phrases in the Act that lead to litigation due to different interpretations. Ɣ Study and identify the provisions which are impacting the ease of doing business. Ɣ Study and identify the areas and provisions of the Act for simplification in the light of the existing jurisprudence. Ɣ Make recommendations to bring about predictability and certainty in tax laws without substantial impact on the tax base and revenue collection. E VEN here, the terms of reference are not comprehensive and cover limited areas. There are still very many areas which need consideration to avoid another committee and piecemeal legislation. The new attempt, though better than past decisions, still ignores some basic aspects. Here too, proper homework has not been done and the basic exercise, which is necessary before initiating any exercise for tax reforms—what is sought to be achieved; how it is proposed to be achieved (which would include taking care of implementational aspects also); what would be the reaction of the reforms in the existing social, economic and political set-up—has not been done. The proposals are to be balanced in the background of four rules—Rule www.indianbuzz.com PIB Making of tax reforms cannot be a hurried and ad hoc exercise through inept reform bodies of short-term duration with general terms of reference. It has to be a consolidated approach for improving the working of tax laws for a long-term application of Results, Rule of Relevance, Rule of Robustness and Rule of Resilience. Regretfully, such aspects have not been considered before appointing the committee and drafting its terms of reference. The Minister, in appointing the new committee, does not seem to have benefitted from past failures. In taking decisions regarding the new body and terms of reference, only some peripheral changes have been considered, ignoring the factors that led to past failures. The most important amongst these has been mixing of short-term objectives with long-term ones. Tax reforms need to be handled with two-phased approach. For shortterm issues, needing early solutions, short-term committees/panels can be appointed for these on the lines of Justice AP Shah Committee, appointed recently to review the provisions relating to Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) on foreign portfolio investors. Based on the recommendations of this panel, the government has successfully closed the issue and the law to implement the decision will be amended by the Finance Act, 2016. Long-term changes, inter-alia, could be said to be those which affect the basic structure of the Act, such as bringing in new concepts not hitherto tried, inclusion in the Act of the provisions which deviate from the generally accepted concepts like deeming certain receipts as income when it is not so in common understanding, introduction of provisions in the Act, which lead to sacrifice of tax revenue in order to achieve some non-tax objective such as for encouraging exports, change in law concerning searches and seizure, and so on. For long-term changes, a separate committee, with detailed terms of reference with a longer period for submitting the report, needs to be constituted. Or, this could be referred to the Law Commission of India for its report as was done when the present Act was drafted. Making of tax reforms cannot be a hurried and ad hoc exercise through inept reform bodies of short-term durations with general terms of reference. It has to be a consolidated approach for improving the working of tax laws for a long-term application, inter-alia, for the economy of the country and provide finances for achieving the government’s overall goals. For this, the prerequisites are political will and clarity regarding the purpose. g The writer is former Chairman, CBDT gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 43 Pollution politics N EW Delhi and Beijing are among the most polluted cities of the world. The quality of response that the two political systems have provided to the crises is a sad commentary on the efficacy of a democracy in the art of combatting b g emergencies. When Bejing was declared the most polluted city of the world, it inter alia declared d a red alert, closed its schools, shut down osed the thermal plants, and imposed el restrictions on plying of diesel generators and vehicles. New Delhi’s response was tepid by contrast. Even when the Delhi High Court somewhat hysterically described life in Delhi to living in a gas chamber, the ongoing fight between the Central Government and the State Government did not permit the launching of a national response with all parties on o high alert ready to move into action in well-rehearsed joint int manoeuvres. Internet humour Instead we got internet humour. mour. Arvind Kejriwal’s decision to allow vehicles with odd and even numbers mbers ernate to ply on Delhi roads on alternate days inspired the following joke: e: Advertisement in matrimonial monial column: Boy with car having g even number seeks an alliance with a girl possessing an odd number. mber. Girl’s merits, qualifications, famamily background, religion, caste etc., no consideration. Apply with photograph of number plate at post box number… 44 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Attitude of CP, Delhi The Commissioner, Delhi Police who reports to the Lieutenant Governor and not to the Chief Minister said publicly that he had not been consulted and he was not sure that he had the surplus manpower in the ranks of the police to take on this additional responsibility. Suggestions made by the HPC of the LG, Delhi Fortunately, y, the High g Powered Committee ARUNA www.gfilesindia.com of the LG, Delhi took the matter more seriously and suggested the following measures: i) A cess of `1 should be imposed on each pack of cigarettes and bottle of liquor, in order to create an urban transport fund. ii) The police should make it mandatory for vehicles to display a sticker showing the Pollution Under Control certificate on the windshield. iii) The PUC certificate should be a mandatory requirement for every purchase of petrol and diesel. iv) Vehicles that do not have a destination in Delhi should not be allowed to enter Delhi. v) Premium parking rates should be charged for parking in highly congested areas. battery-operated vi) Only vehicles should ply for last mile connectivity. vii) Metro Rail Corporation should introduce eight coaches for all its trains by 2016. Decisions taken by Delhi Govt The Delhi Government suggested the following measures in order to counter pollution: a) Vehicles with odd and even numbers would be allowed to ply on designated alternate days. This proposal received such an immoderate amount of flak, despite the clarification that the decision was patterned after the Beijing precedent, that the CM was compelled to say that the decision would not be imposed on the public if it was seen to inflict too much inconvenience on them. p The Supreme Court,, however,, found nothing undesirable in this decision which has been taken elsewhere also. b) Special checking parties of the Transport Department would check the PUC certificates of vehicles. c) There would be a sustained public awareness campaign to indicate the steps needed to be taken by them, especially with regard to reductio ion of emissions through reduction constant attention to engine tuning and maintenance. d) The Mass Rapid Transit System which had been introduced on an experimental basis should be extended. Having watched the operational problems faced by the system in the experimental stage, Delhiwallahs are not exactly ecstatic about this suggestion. e) Fiscal incentives will be provided for buying new replacement vehicles. f) The quality of fuel supplied to Delhi leaves much to be desired and will be constantly monitored. g) The latest emission standards will be adopted for manufacture of vehicles in the country and for import of vehicles from abroad. Euro II standards will be applicable from 2017. h) The movement of trucks will be perm permitted only after 11 pm. i) As dust d creates particulate matter, the government shall arrange for vacu vacuum cleaning of roads. j) There Ther shall be a massive plantation drive along arterial roads. k) All thermal power plants shall be closed c down for some time. In the case of the Dadri plant, the Nati National Green Tribunal shall be requ requested to pass on the orders. Obser Observations of Supreme Court HE matter also went up to the H Su Supreme Court. The Court fo found the pre-eminent position of Delh Delhi as the most polluted city of the world â€œmost embarrassingâ€?. It cal called on the authorities to adopt a multi-pronged approach to the problem and come up with short-term, short-t medium-term and long-term solutions. It hiked the long-te pollutio pollution tax on commercial vehicles entering Delhi. enterin T Suggestions of experts Various experts have analysed the problem of pollution in Delhi and suggested their own solutions. 1. An example is the pollution caused by the use of pyre wood for the burning of dead bodies. It has been suggested that CNG/ www.indianbuzz.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 45 8. 9. electric crematoria should be used instead. Although this may hurt the sensibilities of orthodox Hindu, Sikh, Jain and Buddhist communities, it is possible to educate the more enlightened of them. On the use of generators and vehicles based on diesel oil, there are varying points of view, ranging from a demand for absolute ban on use of diesel for any purpose whatsoever to a graded system of pricing and taxation designed to limit its use. Some experts favour the ban to be imposed in a gradual manner over a period ranging from three to five years. It has also been suggested that only inverter battery systems and gas-based generators should be permitted as new backup units. Distribution companies should not be permitted any unscheduled power interruption exceeding five minutes and should be penalised for a break if it occurs. Bonfires based on wood and coal should be banned and be replaced by electric hotspots. Waste incineration power plants should be installed in the vicinity of large garbage dump sites. All metal fabrication workshops emitting toxic fumes should be moved outside the city. The municipal authorities should formulate a Code of Conduct for builders. During demolition and construction of structures, the whole area should be cordoned off with proper covering and provided with dust catchers to prevent particulate emission into the atmosphere. Building material should not be allowed to be stacked on the streets. All new construction should be frozen for a certain period of 46 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 maximum risk. 10. Double-decker buses should be introduced on all major routes. 11. Autorickshaws should be replaced by compact GPS-equipped cars. 12. An intelligent, internet-based traffic management system should replace the present manual system 13. Electric vehicles should be introduced on a large scale.The following components of the strategy may be implemented: i) Production and operation of such vehicles should be exempted from all taxes and duties for seven years. ii) A family unit should be allowed only one conventional fuel vehicle. Additional vehicles should all be EVs. iii) All cabs should switch over to battery power in a phased manner. iv) Import of vehicles based on conventional fuel power should be barred. v) To increase the popularity of EVs, all VIPs, super stars and youth icons should be encouraged to use EVs. vi) All government and companyprovided vehicles should be EVs. vii) All potentially important areas like residential and commercial buildings, parking areas, etc., should be equipped with charging stations. Lessons from international experience A quick review of the international experience in pollution control reveals the following nuggets of wisdom: 1. Japan taught us that we should act as fast as the natural or manmade calamity that has befallen us. 2. China taught us that we should not target the particular city in whose atmosphere we are interested. We should target the entire region. 3. Singapore taught us that draconian laws and exemplary financial punishments were effective instruments of action. 4. Some countries have fixed a certain number as the maximum that would be permitted for registration in that financial year. This acts as an effective deterrent against excessive registrations and prevents the entry of fresh vehicles on the road. Conclusion HERE is no doubt that New Delhi is currently in the unenviable position of being the most polluted city of the world. At present, it is undergoing a highly critical phase and should in fact have been formally notified as being in a state of emergency. The courts have responded admirably to the crisis and used appropriate language to push the authorities on the path of speedy action and spirited response. By saying that the court felt highly embarrassed by the position Delhi had earned, the Supreme Court has goaded the Government to action. By comparing Delhi to a gas chamber, the Delhi High Court has revived memories of Nazi atrocities. Unfortunately, the politicians are locked in a vicious battle. The BJP has not been able to stomach the AAPâ€™s winning of 67 out of 70 seats in the Delhi Assembly elections. Nor has the Bihar election improved the situation one bit. The BJP would not like to help out AAP in any important challenge the latter may face in Delhi. Therein hangs the tail! g T MK Kaw is a former Secretary, Government of India. (The views expressed are those of the columnist.) www.gfilesindia.com Close to nature in Madhav M adhav National Park is located in close proximity to the Shivpuri town. Madhav National Park has been the hunting preserve of the Maharajas of Gwalior, and is one of the oldest protected areas of Madhya Pradesh. Spreading over an area of almost 355 sq km, the Madhav National Park is fascinating mix of natural splendors of history and architectural wonders. It is said that Emperor Akbar, while returning from Malwa in 1854, captured a large number of wild elephants in its forests. However, at present there are no elephants in this tract. The common fauna in Madhav National Park include leopard, wild dog, wolf, jackal, hyena, spotted deer, nilgai, chinkara, chowsingha and wild pig. There are reports of tigers straying into the area from adjoining forests. Having a varied terrain of wooded hills, dry, mixed deciduous forests, and flat grasslands around the lakes, the park offers abundant opportunities of sighting a variety of wildlife. The park is unique in having both lake and forest ecosystems. Sakhya and Madhav Sagar are the two lakes in the park, which are important biodiversity support systems. These lakes not only add to the natural beauty of the area, but also provide a permanent source of water to the wildlife, and a fine wetland habitat to the aquatic fauna including thousands of migratory waterfowls. Marsh Crocodiles are in abundance GETTING HERE The nearest airport to this National Park is at Gwalior which is 130 km away. Pre-paid taxi services are available from the Gwalior airport to Madhav National Park. State Transport Corporation as well as private buses connect the park to adjoining cities of Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal, Jhansi, and Ujjain. STAY Tourist Village (Shivpuri) Tel: (07492) 223760 , 221297 , 9977073318 Email: [email protected] BEST TIME October to March www.indianbuzz.com in Sakhya Sagar lake. Due to this, the lake looks like a â€œCrocodile Safariâ€? and attracts special attention of tourists. The artificial lake, Chandpatha, is the winter home of migratory geese, pochard, pintail, teal, mallard and gadwall. A good site for bird watching is where the forest track crosses the rocky stream that flows from the waste weir. Deep inside the Madhav National Park, at its highest point, stands the exquisite George Castle. Interestingly the castle was built by Jivaji Rao Scindia of the Gwalior royal family for an overnight halt for tiger shooting by the British King George V, when he was to pass that way during his visit to India in 1911. Ironically, it so happened that the emperor shot a tiger on the way itself and did not stop at Madhav. Other attractions are Tunda Bharka spring, Bhura-kho spring and watch tower, and Churanchaj ancient wall paintings. g gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 47 SPOTLIGHT The Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Narendra Kumar Sinha, inaugurating the gallery at the National Museum Foundation Day celebrations in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge) and Civil Aviation, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, addressing a press conference on flight operations from Chennai airport, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation, RN Choubey, is also seen. The Minister of State for Development of North Eastern Region (I/C), Prime Ministerâ€™s Office, Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Space, Dr. Jitendra Singh, addressing a press conference on good governance initiatives in New Delhi. The Secretary, DoPT, Sanjay Kothari, is also seen. The Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, Nripendra Misra, officially handing over the first set of files related to Netaji to the DG, NAI, in New Delhi. The Additional Principal Secretary, PK Mishra, is also seen. Finance Secretary Ratan P Watal addressing the concluding session of the first Conference of State Finance Secretaries, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Shaktikanta Das, and other dignitaries are also seen. 48 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com PHOTOS: PIB The Union Minister for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Chaudhary Birender Singh, releasing a publication on â€˜Good Governance Initiatives under PMGSYâ€™, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Rural Development, Sudarshan Bhagat, and Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development, JK Mohapatra, are also seen. The Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Independent Charge), Prakash Javadekar, addressing a press conference in New Delhi on December 16, 2015. The Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Ashok Lavasa, and other dignitaries are also seen. The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New and Renewable Energy, Piyush Goyal presented the National Energy Conservation Awards, at the National Energy Conservation Day function in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Power, PK Pujari and other dignitaries are also seen. The Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Radha Mohan Singh, releasing an official publication Bee World, in New Delhi on December 16, 2015. The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Siraj Hussain, is also seen. The Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Amitabh Kant, interacting with the media regarding achievements so far and the future plans under the Make In India scheme, in New Delhi on December 17, 2015. The Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Arun Jaitley, releasing the Government of India Calendar 2016, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, the Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Sunil Arora, and the Additional Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, JS Mathur, are also seen. Compiled by Kanika Srivastava www.indianbuzz.com vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 49 PERSPECTIVE life sadhguru I T is only a juvenile intelligence that analyses and arrives at a conclusion. If your intelligence is sufficiently evolved, you realise that the more you analyse, the further away you are from any conclusion. As we dissect everything, wanting to excavate truth from physical nature, we enter into the minute dimensions of particle science. From protons, neutrons and electrons to neutrinos, bosons, and super-symmetric particles, we seem to be going deeper and deeper. But all this is still only in the realm of physical nature. Dark matter, we are told, comprises more of the universe than matter—and this is not composed of atoms at all but of particles of a still unknown type. Pick up a glass of water and take a look at it. What do you really know about it? Why, for instance, do hydrogen and oxygen combine to become water? Or, pick up a pebble and gaze at it long and hard. Why does it have this particular shape, size, grain, texture? Or, just look at yourself: why are you the way you are? What is the basis of this form, this body, this individuality? If you go deeply into any aspect of life, you will move further and further away from any conclusion. Life becomes more mysterious than ever before. The more you delve into life, you see that it is an endless and unfathomable process. You cannot get it because you are it. When you realise experientially that every atom, every grain of sand, every pebble, every piece of life from the smallest to the biggest is unfathomable, you will naturally bow down in utmost devotion to everything. If you simply sit here and breathe, you will know life better than with any deep analysis. Traditionally in India, it was said that one ought to bow down to 50 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 Mystery of creation everything that one encountered. Whether it was a tree or a cow or a snake or a cloud—you just bowed down. When you bow to everything, it could mean that you are a fool, or that you have looked at life in its utmost profundity. The difference between an idiot and an enlightened being is thin. The two look similar, but they are actually worlds apart. An idiot is incapable of drawing conclusions. A mystic is unwilling to draw conclusions. The rest have glorified their conclusions as knowledge. The fool just enjoys whatever little he knows. One who has seen life in its utmost depth enjoys it absolutely. The rest are the ones who constantly struggle and suffer. One morning a man walked into his office and told his boss, ‘Boss, I want you to know, three big companies are after me. You must give me a raise.’ His boss said, ‘What! Which companies? Who wants you?’ He said, ‘The electric company, the telephone company, and the gas company.’ Something is always behind the so-called smart people, those with confirmed conclusions about life! Or else, they are always busy chasing something. An idiot can sit here quietly. A mystic can sit here quietly. The rest cannot. Devotion is a simple method of dissolving all the hurdles on the path. Bowing to everything does not seem to be particularly good for your selfesteem. But becoming a devotee does not mean you are a pushover. That which knows how to bend will not break. This is the rationale behind hata yoga and the ancient martial art traditions in the East. That is so with everything within you. Unfortunately, these days even so-called spiritual leaders are talking about self-esteem. ‘Self’ and ‘esteem’ are both a problem. Both are very limited entities; both are fragile, insecure. If you have no esteem, very good. If you have no self¸ fabulous! g Sadhguru, a yogi, is a visionary, humanitarian and a prominent spiritual leader (www.ishafoundation.org) www.gfilesindia.com birthdays IAS officers’ birthdays Jan 16, 2016 — Feb 15, 2016 IAS officers’ birthdays Jan 16, 2016 — Feb 15, 2016 Arvind Shrivastava vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 53 For a complete list of appointments & retirements, see www.gfilesindia.com The Justice has been appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. cadre has been appointed Director General, Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals. Bengal cadre has been appointed Chief Executive Officer, Food Safety and Standards Authority. RASHMI VERMA CHHABILENDRA ROUL The 1982-batch IAS officer of the Bihar cadre has been appointed Secretary, Ministry of Textiles. The 1983-batch IAS officer of the Himachal Pradesh cadre has been appointed Secretary of the Union Public Service Commission. The 1985-batch IAS officer of the Punjab cadre has been appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research and Education. SMITA NAGRAJ SARASWATI PRASAD The 1984-batch IAS officer of the Tamil Nadu cadre has been appointed Director General (Acquisition), Ministry of Defence. The 1985-batch IAS officer of the AssamMeghalaya cadre has been upgraded to Additional Secretary level in the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. UDAI PRATAP SINGH SUMEET JERATH The 1984-batch IAS officer of the Jharkhand cadre has been appointed Additional Secretary, Ministry of Tourism. The 1985-batch IAS officer of the AssamMeghalaya cadre has been appointed Additional Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs. NEERAJ KUMAR GUPTA The 1982-batch IAS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre has been appointed Secretary, Department of Disinvestment, Ministry of Finance. SANJAY MITRA The 1982-batch IAS officer of the West Bengal cadre has been appointed Secretary, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. BASUDEB BANERJEE The 1983-batch IAS officer has been appointed the new Chief Secretary of West Bengal. ASHIM KHURANA R RAJAGOPAL The 1984-batch IAS officer of the Tamil Nadu cadre has been appointed Adviser, Inter State Council Secretariat. The 1983-batch IAS officer of the Gujarat cadre has been appointed Chairman, Staff Selection Commission, at Additional Secretary level. BHUPENDRA SINGH Trilochan Singh (1982) Debabrata Pal (1997) Amal Roy Chowdhury (1997) www.gfilesindia.com PRADIP BHARGAVA The 1973-batch IAS officer of the Madhya Pradesh cadre has been appointed Independent Director in the NMDC. RK MATHUR The 1977-batch IAS officer of the Tripura cadre, former Secretary Defence has been appointed the new Chief Information Commissioner (CIC). ARVIND JADHAV The 1978-batch IAS officer of the Karnataka cadre, Chairman, Karnataka Appellate Tribunal, has been appointed Chief Secretary to the Government of Karnataka. SHYAMAL SARKAR The 1979-batch retired IAS officer of the West Bengal cadre has been appointed Independent Director in the NMDC. M VEERABRAHMAIAH The 1979-batch IAS officer of the Telangana cadre has been appointed Commissioner for Cooperation and Registrar of Cooperative Societies in Telangana. AMITABH KANT The 1980-batch IAS officer of the Kerala cadre has been assigned additional charge as CEO, NITI Aayog. ARADHANA JOHRI The 1980-batch IAS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre has been appointed Chairperson, National Authority of Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC). IS DANI The 1981-batch IAS officer of the Madhya Pradesh cadre has been appointed Chairman of the Land Reforms Commission in Madhya Pradesh. RK CHATURVEDI The 1987-batch IAS officer of the Madhya Pradesh cadre has been appointed Joint Secretary in the Implementation Cell, Seventh Central Pay Commission. SHUBHRA SINGH The 1989-batch IAS officer of the Rajasthan cadre has been appointed Executive Director (Joint Secretary level), Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), New Delhi. BHAGWANT SINGH BISHNOI THE FOLLOWING OFFICERS HAVE BEEN APPOINTED JOINT SECRETARIES IN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DINESH KUMAR (1996-batch IAS officer of the Rajasthan cadre), Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare; VENKATA RAMA SASTRYPIDAPARTHI (1989-batch IPS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre), Department of Consumer Affairs; RAJIV BANSAL (1988-batch IAS officer of the Nagaland cadre), Department of Electronics & Information Technology; AMIT YADAV (1991-batch IAS officer of the Union Territory cadre), Department of Telecommunications; B ANAND (1987-batch IAS officer of the Tamil Nadu cadre), Ministry of Urban Development; SHRIPAL (1986-batch IFS officer of the Kerala cadre) has been appointed Principal Commissioner (JS level), DDA under the Ministry of Urban Development; SONIA SETHI (1994-batch IAS officer of the Maharashtra cadre), Ministry of Culture; PRAVEEN GARG (1988-batch IAS officer of the Madhya Pradesh cadre), Department of Economic Affairs; ANIL KUMAR SINGH (1995batch IAS officer of the Union Territory cadre), Department of Justice; RAJINDER KUMAR KASHYAP (1989batch IPoS officer), Department of Justice; RACHNA SHAH (1991-batch IAS officer of the Kerala cadre), Cabinet Secretariat. The 1983-batch IFS officer, at present Deputy Permanent Representative of India to New York, has been appointed the new Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Thailand. JAIDEEP SARKAR The 1987-batch IFS officer, Ambassador of India to Israel, has been appointed the next Ambassador of India to the Royal Government of Bhutan. VINAY MOHAN KWATRA The 1988-batch IFS officer has been appointed Joint Secretary in the Prime Ministerâ€™s Office. SANJIV KOHLI The 1988-batch IFS officer has been appointed High Commissioner of lndia to New Zealand. AKHILESH MISHRA The 1989-batch lFS officer, Consul General of lndia, Toronto, has been appointed the next High Commissioner of India to the Republic of Maldives. SUSHIL KUMAR SINGHAL The Ambassador of India to the Republic of Angola, has been appointed the new Ambassador of lndia to the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome & Principe with residence in Luanda. SAURABH SHUKLA The 2005-batch IA & AS officer has been appointed Deputy Secretary in the Department of Economic Affairs. SHAMLA IQBAL KN SATHIYAMURTHY The 2002-batch IAS officer of the Karnataka cadre has been appointed Managing Director, Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited, in Karnataka. The 1977-batch IPS officer IG, Tiruchi, has been appointed the new intelligence chief in Tamil Nadu. KILLU SIVAKUMAR NAIDU The 1984-batch IPS officer of the Haryana cadre has been deputed as Additional Director General in the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). The 2011-batch IAS officer of the Telangana cadre has been posted as Additional Commissioner, GHMC, Hyderabad, in Telangana. NENGCHA L MUKHOPADHAYA The 1980-batch IFS officer, Dean (FSl), has been appointed the Ambassador of India to the Republic of lndonesia. SS DESWAL PV RAMASASHTRY The 1989-batch IPS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre IG, NIA, has been appointed Joint Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs. gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 55 For a complete list of appointments & retirements, see www.gfilesindia.com PIB PRAVEEN VASHISTA The 1991-batch IPS officer of the Bihar cadre has been appointed Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Mines. DC SRIVASTAVA The 1995-batch IPS officer of the AGMUT cadre has been appointed Executive Director (Security) in the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. AMRENDRA KUMARSENGAR The 1995-batch IPS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre has been appointed the new IG, NDRF. MADHAV PRASAD VERMA The 2008-batch IPS officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre has been appointed Superintendent of Police, Pratapgarh, in Uttar Pradesh. President Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath of office of Chief Justice of India to Justice TS Thakur at the swearing-in ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan JEYA KUMAR The IRTS officer has joined as the new Chairman of the Goa Port Trust. selected for the post of Director (Technical), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) at a PESB meeting. The 1989-batch IFS officer of the Andhra Pradesh cadre has been appointed Regional Director, Forest Survey of India (FSI), Kolkata. MOHD JAMSHED PRAKASH KUMAR SINGH The IRTS officer, General Manager, Northeast Frontier Railway, has been appointed Member Traffic, Railway Board. The Chief Executive Officer of SAILâ€™s Durgapur Steel Plant, has been appointed Chairman, Steel Authority of India Limited. PRAPHULLA CHANDRA SHARMA SEEMA GAUR JUSTICE VIRENDRA SINGH The 2006-batch IFS officer has been appointed Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in the Government of India. The 1984-batch IES officer has been appointed Economic Adviser, Office of EA, DIPP. The former Judge of the Allahabad High Court has been appointed the new Lokayukta of Uttar Pradesh. PRIYANKA SINGH PREETI KATIYAR The 1986-batch IES officer has been appointed Economic Adviser, Labour & Employment Ministry. The 2000-batch IRPS officer has been appointed Director in the Department of Biotechnology in the Government of India. SUNIL AGRAWAL PRABHAS KUMAR The 1985-batch IDSE officer has been appointed Assistant Director General at Director level, UIDAI, Delhi. The 1988-batch IDSE officer has been deputed Director in the Department of Fertilisers in Government of India. M NAIR RAJEEVAN SHANKAR MANOHARAN The Director, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, has been appointed Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences. The 1998-batch IDAS officer has been appointed Director in the Department of Space, Bengaluru. SAIFUDDIN FIDVI MUKESH CHOUDHARY The 1996-batch IoFS officer has been appointed Director in the Ministry of Coal in the Government of India. ASHOK AGGARWAL The Chief General Manager has been selected for the post of Director (Marketing), Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilisers Limited (RCF) by the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB). The IRS-IT officer has been appointed Senior DR, ITAT, Delhi. RAMAN AJAYA KUMAR NAIK The IRS-IT officer, Joint Commissioner of Income Tax, has been appointed OSD to the Secretary, Department of Revenue. SURBHAI SHARMA The IRS-IT officer has been appointed Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. SANJIV SHANKAR The IRS-IT officer has been appointed CIT in the office of the Principal CCIT, Delhi region. AK JAIN The IRS-IT officer has been appointed Chairman, Central Board of Direct Taxes. The Executive Director, SAIL, has been 56 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 SWATI BASU The officer has been appointed Scientific Secretary, office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA), Government of India. www.gfilesindia.com ...by the way Search for foreign secy begins T Waiting for Pandora’s box to open T he implementation of the Seventh Central Pay Commission report is a Pandora’s box for the states. The babus in the state bureaucracies are a worried lot as they may not get the benefit of the handsome package recommended by the Pay Commission. It is a norm that once the Central Pay Commission report is implemented by the Centre, the states are automatically under pressure to maintain pay parity. In the current circumstances, the financial condition of many states is not healthy. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Punjab have reportedly written to the Centre to delay the implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission report, citing their fiscal health and inability to shoulder such a huge financial burden. As per reports, it would imply a total burden of `1,02,100 crore on the central exchequer, and if the same formula is adopted by the states, there will be a huge burden on the existing fiscal frame of the states as well. The states have approached the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), the Cabinet Secretary and Niti Aayog, seeking more time for implementing the pay panel’s report. The states which are nearing assembly elections are really in a big soup. Any suggestions? g www.indianbuzz.com he search for the new Foreign Secretary has begun as the incumbent, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, is superannuating this year. So, who will be the new Foreign Secretary of India? There are many competent officers in the lineup but, as is the nature of the Prime Minister, there is no indication till now as to who will be appointed to this prestigious post. As the clock ticks, Navtej Singh Sarna would have been the obvious choice but he has been appointed High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Another officer who would have been a good choice was Anil Wadhwa, but he has been appointed Ambassador to Italy. It is learnt that a lobby within the Ministry of External Affairs was not on good terms with Anil Wadhwa. If the sources are to be believed, India’s Ambassador to China, Vijay Gokhale, is now the frontrunner for the post. It is believed Gokhale’s specialisation in China is in his favour; he also speaks fluent Chinese. A change of guard in South Block does not, however, mean that Jaishankar will be completely out of the ruling set-up. Sources disclose that there might be two security chiefs: one to look after internal security and the other to oversee the foreign front. In the given international scenario, security is going to be a paramount subject of the government. Watch this space. g gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 57 ...by the way Caught in Kejriwal’s war D Bumping out BSNL I s the government in the mood to wind up public sector institutions? There is no formal directive regarding this but the way some top functionaries of the RBI are working, it appears that it has the tacit consent of the government to ignore PSUs. Recently, there was an important matter—issue of payment banks licence to telephone operators by the RBI. Approximately 41 operators applied for the licence—including BSNL. Almost everybody got the licence—except BSNL. The Reserve Bank granted ‘in-principle’ approval to 11 entities, including Reliance Industries, Aditya Birla Nuvo, Paytm, Vodafone, and Airtel, to set up payment banks and proposed such licences ‘on tap’ in future. The other entities which have been given ‘in-principle’ approval are the Department of Posts, Cholamandalam Distribution Services, Tech Mahindra, National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), Fino PayTech, and Sun Pharma’s Dilip Shantilal Shanghvi. Not only BSNL but Mobikwik, Oxigen, Citrus, and Novopay Itz Cash Card also applied for the licence but failed to get approval. Sources disclosed that BSNL was refused on reasons of non-compliance with list of required documents. gfiles investigated this issue and found out that there was a strong lobby working to keep BSNL out of the multi-crore bonanza. BSNL partnered with Sistema, a reputed Russian company headed by Vladimir Yevtushenkov. Insiders reported that BSNL pleaded with RBI authorities that the noncompliance charge was false and that keeping in mind the impeccable reputation of BSNL, the licence should be granted ‘in-principle’. But when authorities have their own bias, who listens. The dream to promote rural banking by BSNL is shattered! g evi Lal, former Chief Minister of Haryana, used to say that whenever one is at a low ebb in politics, he/she should start fighting with the top leadership of the ruling party. It has a two-way advantage: if you win, nothing better than that and if you lose, people are afraid to fight with you as they are advised, keep away from him, he always fights with big people. Arvind Kejriwal hails from Haryana and he is following the same dictum in Delhi. He is on the warpath with all the bigshots of the nation since he has become Chief Minister of Delhi. In this milieu, most of the civil servants in the Delhi government do not have an idea how the Delhi government is running especially after the CBI raid on the office of Rajendra Kumar Sharma, PS to Kejriwal. Chetan Bhusan Sanghi, a 1988-batch IAS officer, who mportant was heading many important departments has taken leave for three months. The buzz is that when even the CM’s officer is not safe, what protection is there for other officers. vants Most of the civil servants are working as they have to do their job but their enthusiasm for the new government, away from rom BJP and Congress culture, has withered away. What’s more, Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia has barred all bureaucrats except heads of departments (HoDs) from communicating with the media. Citing “inordinate” delays in processing files and policy, the Aam Aadmi Party has further decided that bureaucrats can object to a Cabinet minister’s decision only once. In a recent Cabinet decision, the government ordered that files sent for reconsideration, if cleared by the minister a second time, would be binding on all officials. It is not surprising that within the Delhi Secretariat, civil servants are saying they have to tune up the radio and keep the TV on all the time as “our government is more seen and heard on newspapers, TV and radio than files”. g ILLUSTRATIONS: ARUNA 58 gfiles inside the government vol. 9, issue 10 \| January 2016 www.gfilesindia.com m .co m m bu z. z an .co di bu z in an uz di in o m z b an uz z.c o m b di c z o . n in u a z c b m . z di n o z u in a c i z b . m z u o nd n z b d in ian a i c i . u m z d nb uz .co in z b a om di n uz z.c m in dia nb uz z.co m in dia anb buz zz.co n di an bu i FOLLOW US ON : 59 Regn.No.DL(C)-14/1161/2016-2018 Licence No. U(C)-03/2016-17, Licence to post without prepayment Posted on 7th & 8th of every month at SPM SRT Nagar, Post Office, New Delhi 110055 R.N.I. No: DELENG/2007/19719. `200, vol. 9, issue 10 \| Date of Publication: 5/1/2016 \| Pages 60 60	i don't know
Usually made of plastic, which transparent instrument, in the shape of an arc or semi-circle, is used to measure angles on paper?	Types of Measuring Rulers \| eHow Types of Measuring Rulers steel ruler image by dwags from Fotolia.com A ruler is an instrument used to measure distances, degrees and determine straight lines. There are many different types of measuring rulers, available in different shapes, sizes and materials. These rulers are used in various occupations and fields of study, such as geometry, printing, technical drawing, building and engineering. Desk Ruler The best-known and most common type of ruler, desk rulers are generally used for measuring, drawing straight lines and as guides when cutting with blades. They have measurement markings along each side; generally, inches are marked on one side and centimeters are marked on the other. Standard desk rulers measure 12 inches or 30 centimeters long. They can be manufactured from a number of different materials, such as wood, plastic or metal, and are available in clear or opaque varieties. Line Gauge Line gauges are rulers used by printers that resemble desk rulers, but are marked in points, picas, agates and inches. Sometimes centimeters are also included. Line gauges are made of stainless steel and have engraved markings. They are generally 72 picas or 11.952 inches long. Protractor Used to measure angles or circles, protractors are clear, circular or half-circular rulers. They come in two varieties: 180 degrees -- half-circle -- or 360 degrees -- full circle. To measure an angle, protractors have two sets of degree units running along the curve, going in opposite directions. These degree units are usually marked off in half-degree increments. Protractors are available in three sizes: six inches, eight inches or 10 inches. Drafting Triangle Drafting triangles, usually made of clear plastic, are used to measure angles and draw vertical or inclined lines. The two types available, the 45-degree triangle and the 30/60-degree triangle, are named by the size of their acute, or small, angles. The 45-degree triangle has a 90-degree angle and two 45-degree angles; the 30/60 degree triangle has a 90-, a 30- and a 60-degree angle. Drafting triangles are available in sizes ranging from four to 18 inches. Adjustable Triangle Combining the functions of protractors and drafting triangles, adjustable triangles can be set and locked at any angle. The degrees of an angle, marked in half-degree increments, are found on the protractor portion and then locked in place. The triangle portion can then be used to draw the selected angle. Triangular Scale Ruler Triangular scale rulers, scale-measuring devices that are triangular in shape, are used by architects, engineers, builders and designers. They are marked with a range of scales or ratios, used for making or measuring reduced-scale drawings like blueprints or floor plans. In the United States, the ratios on these rulers are usually marked as inches-to-the-foot. In other parts of the world, the ratios are marked in metric terms, such as millimeters, centimeters and meters. Scale rulers generally have 10 to 12 scales available and are 12 inches in length.	Protractor
Maxwell Reed, born on April 2nd 1919, was a British actor who rose to fame for being the first husband of which famous woman?	Using a Protractor Using a Protractor This is a protractor, it helps you measure angles (in degrees ): Protractors are fun and easy to use Have a look at this animation (press the play button) to see how to make a neat angle using a protractor and ruler: Measuring Protractors usually have two sets of numbers going in opposite directions. Be careful which one you use! When in doubt think "should this angle be bigger or smaller than 90° ?" Have a Go Yourself! Try to measure the angles A, B and C inside the triangle. Drag the protractor and rotate it using arrow keys. Be careful which angle you read from the protractor. Hint: if you get them all correct, they will add up to 180° .	i don't know
Which planet in our solar syatem is situated approximately 228 million km from the Sun?	Order Of the Planets From The Sun - Universe Today Universe Today Order Of the Planets From The Sun Article Updated: 31 Jan , 2016 by Nancy Atkinson First the quick facts: Our Solar System has eight “official” planets which orbit the Sun. Here are the planets listed in order of their distance from the Sun: Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . An easy mnemonic for remembering the order is “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles.” If you add in the dwarf planets, Ceres is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, while the remaining dwarf planets are in the outer Solar System and in order from the Sun are Pluto , Haumea , Makemake , and Eris . There is, as yet, a bit of indecision about the Trans-Neptunian Objects known as Orcus , Quaoar , 2007 O10 , and Sedna and their inclusion in the dwarf planet category. A mnemonic for this list would be “My Very Educated Mother Could Just Serve Us Noodles, Pie, Ham, Muffins, and Eggs” (and Steak, if Sedna is included.) You can find more tricks for remembering the order of the planets at our detailed article here. Now, let’s look at a few details including the definition of a planet and a dwarf planet, as well as details about each of the planets in our Solar System. Artistic impression of the Solar System, with all known terrestrial planets, as giants, and dwarf planets. Credit: NASA What is a planet? In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) decided on the definition of a planet. The definition states that in our Solar System, a planet is a celestial body which: is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape), has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit. is not a moon. This means that Pluto, which was considered to be the farthest planet since its discovery in 1930, now is classified as a dwarf planet. The change in the definition came after the discovery three bodies that were all similar to Pluto in terms of size and orbit, (Quaoar in 2002, Sedna in 2003, and Eris in 2005). With advances in equipment and techniques, astronomers knew that more objects like Pluto would very likely be discovered, and so the number of planets in our Solar System would start growing quickly. It soon became clear that either they all had to be called planets or Pluto and bodies like it would have to be reclassified. With much controversy then and since, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. This also reclassified the asteroid Ceres as a dwarf planet, too, and so the first five recognized dwarf planets are Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea. Scientists believe there may be dozens more dwarf planets awaiting discovery. Later, in 2008, the IAU announced the subcategory of dwarf planets with trans-Neptunian orbits would be known as “plutoids.” Said the IAU, “Plutoids are celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun at a distance greater than that of Neptune that have sufficient mass for their self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that they assume a hydrostatic equilibrium (near-spherical) shape, and that have not cleared the neighborhood around their orbit.” This subcategory includes Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The Planets in our Solar System: Having covered the basics of definition and classification, let’s get talking about those celestial bodies in our Solar System that are still classified as planets (sorry Pluto!). Here is a brief look at the eight planets in our Solar System. Included are quick facts and links so you can find out more about each planet. Mercury: Mercury is the closest planet to our Sun, at just 58 million km (36 million miles) or 0.39 Astronomical Unit (AU) out. But despite its reputation for being sun-baked and molten, it is not the hottest planet in our Solar System (scroll down to find out who that dubious honor goes go!) Mercury, as imaged by the MESSENGER spacecraft, revealing parts of the never seen by human eyes. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington Mercury is also the smallest planet in our Solar System, and is also smaller than its largest moon (Ganymede, which orbits Jupiter). And being equivalent in size to 0.38 Earths, it is just slightly larger than the Earth’s own Moon. But this may have something to do with its incredible density, being composed primarily of rock and iron ore. Here are the planetary facts: Diameter: 4,879 km (3,032 miles) Mass: 3.3011 x 1023 kg (0.055 Earths) Length of Year (Orbit): 87.97 Earth days Length of Day: 59 Earth days. Mercury is a rocky planet, one of the four “terrestrial planets” in our Solar System. Mercury has a solid, cratered surface, and looks much like Earth’s moon. If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh 17 kg (38 pounds) on Mercury. Mercury does not have any moons. Temperatures on Mercury range between -173 to 427 degrees Celcius (-279 to 801 degrees Fahrenheit) Just two spacecraft have visited Mercury: Mariner 10 in 1974-75 and MESSENGER, which flew past Mercury three times before going into orbit around Mercury in 2011 and ended its mission by impacting the surface of Mercury on April 30, 2015. MESSENGER has changed our understanding of this planet, and scientists are still studying the data. Find more details about Mercury at this article on Universe Today, and this page from NASA. Venus: Venus is the second closest planet to our Sun, orbiting at an average distance of 108 million km (67 million miles) or 0.72 AU. Venus is often called Earth’s “sister planet,” as it is just a little smaller than Earth. Venus is 81.5% as massive as Earth, and has 90% of its surface area and 86.6% of its volume. The surface gravity, which is 8.87 m/s², is equivalent to 0.904 g – roughly 90% of the Earth standard. A radar view of Venus taken by the Magellan spacecraft, with some gaps filled in by the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Credit: NASA/JPL And due to its thick atmosphere and proximity to the Sun, it is the Solar Systems hottest planet, with temperatures reaching up to a scorching 735 K (462 °C). To put that in perspective, that’s over four and a half times the amount of heat needed to evaporate water, and about twice as much needed to turn tin into molten metal (231.9 °C)! Diameter: 7,521 miles (12,104 km) Mass: 4.867 x 1024 kg (0.815 Earth mass) Length of Year (Orbit): 225 days Length of day: 243 Earth days Surface temperature: 462 degrees C (864 degrees F) Venus’ thick and toxic atmosphere is made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), with clouds of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) droplets. Venus has no moons. Venus spins backwards (retrograde rotation), compared to the other planets. This means that the sun rises in the west and sets in the east on Venus. If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh 41 kg (91 pounds) on Venus. Venus is also known and the “morning star” or “evening star” because it is often brighter than any other object in the sky and is usually seen either at dawn or at dusk. Since it is so bright, it has often been mistaken for a UFO! More than 40 spacecraft have explored Venus. The Magellan mission in the early 1990s mapped 98 percent of the planet’s surface. Find out more about all the missions here. Find out more about Venus on this article from Universe Today , and this page from NASA. Earth: Our home, and the only planet in our Solar System (that we know of) that actively supports life. Our planet is the third from the our Sun, orbiting it at an average distance of 150 million km (93 million miles) from the Sun, or one AU. Given the fact that Earth is where we originated, and has all the necessary prerequisites for supporting life, it should come as no surprise that it is the metric on which all others planets are judged. Earth, pictured by the crew of the Apollo 17 mission. Credit: NASA Whether it is gravity (g), distance (measured in AUs), diameter, mass, density or volume, the units are either expressed in terms of Earth’s own values (with Earth having a value of 1) or in terms of equivalencies – i.e. 0.89 times the size of Earth. Here’s a rundown of the kinds of Diameter: 12,760 km (7,926 miles) Mass: 5.97 x 1024 kg Length of Year (Orbit): 365 days Length of day: 24 hours (more precisely, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds.) Surface temperature: Average is about 14 C, (57 F), with ranges from -88 to 58 (min/max) C (-126 to 136 F). Earth is another terrestrial planet with an ever-changing surface, and 70 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered in oceans. Earth has one moon. Earth’s atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% various other gases. Earth is the only world known to harbor life. Find out more about Earth at a series of articles found here on Universe Today , and on this webpage from NASA. Mars: Mars is the fourth planet from the sun at a distance of about 228 million km (142 million miles) or 1.52 AU. It is also known as “the Red Planet” because of its reddish hue, which is due to the prevalence of iron oxide on its surface. In many ways, Mars is similar to Earth, which can be seen from its similar rotational period and tilt, which in turn produce seasonal cycles that are comparable to our own. Global image of the planet Mars. Credit: NASA The same holds true for surface features. Like Earth, Mars has many familiar surface features, which include volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps. But beyond these, Mars and Earth have little in common. The Martian atmosphere is too thin and the planet too far from our Sun to sustain warm temperatures, which average 210 K (-63 ºC) and fluctuate considerably. Diameter: 6,787 km, (4,217 miles) Mass: 6.4171 x 1023 kg (0.107 Earths) Length of Year (Orbit): 687 Earth days. Length of day: 24 hours 37 minutes. Surface temperature: Average is about -55 C (-67 F), with ranges of -153 to +20 °C (-225 to +70 °F) Mars is the fourth terrestrial planet in our Solar System. Its rocky surface has been altered by volcanoes, impacts, and atmospheric effects such as dust storms. Mars has a thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar).If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh 17 kg (38 pounds) on Mars. Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. Mars is known as the Red Planet because iron minerals in the Martian soil oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red. More than 40 spacecraft have been launched to Mars. You can find out more about missions to Mars here. Find out more about Mars at this series of articles on Universe Today , and at this NASA webpage. Jupiter: Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, at a distance of about 778 million km (484 million miles) or 5.2 AU. Jupiter is also the most massive planet in our Solar System, being 317 times the mass of Earth, and two and half times larger than all the other planets combined. It is a gas giant, meaning that it is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, with swirling clouds and other trace gases. Io and Jupiter as seen by New Horizons during its 2008 flyby. (Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University APL/SWRI). Jupiter’s atmosphere is the most intense in the Solar System. In fact, the combination of incredibly high pressure and coriolis forces produces the most violent storms ever witnessed. Wind speeds of 100 m/s (360 km/h) are common and can reach as high as 620 km/h (385 mph). In addition, Jupiter experiences auroras that are both more intense than Earth’s, and which never stop. Diameter: 428,400 km (88,730 miles) Mass: 1.8986 × 1027 kg (317.8 Earths) Length of Year (Orbit): 11.9 Earth years Length of day: 9.8 Earth hours Temperature: -148 C, (-234 F) Jupiter has 67 known moons, with an additional 17 moons awaiting confirmation of their discovery – for a total of 67 moons. Jupiter is almost like a mini solar system! Jupiter has a faint ring system, discovered in 1979 by the Voyager 1 mission. If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh 115 kg (253) pounds on Jupiter. Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a gigantic storm (bigger than Earth) that has been raging for hundreds of years. However, it appears to be shrinking in recent years. Many missions have visited Jupiter and its system of moons, with the latest being the Juno mission will arrive at Jupiter in 2016. You can find out more about missions to Jupiter here. Saturn’s relatively thin main rings are about 250,000 km (156,000 miles) in diameter. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/J. Major) Saturn: Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun at a distance of about 1.4 billion km (886 million miles) or 9.5 AU. Like Jupiter, it is a gas giant, with layers of gaseous material surrounding a solid core. Saturn is most famous and most easily recognized for its spectacular ring system, which is made of seven rings with several gaps and divisions between them. Diameter: 120,500 km (74,900 miles) Mass: 5.6836 x 1026 kg (95.159 Earths) Length of Year (Orbit): 29.5 Earth years Length of day: 10.7 Earth hours Temperature: -178 C (-288 F) Saturn’s atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and helium (He). If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh about 48 kg (107 pounds) on Saturn Saturn has 53 known moons with an additional 9 moons awaiting confirmation. Five missions have gone to Saturn. Since 2004, Cassini has been exploring Saturn, its moons and rings. You can out more about missions to Saturn here. Find out more about Saturn at this series of articles on Universe Today and at this webpage from NASA. Uranus: Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun at a distance of about 2.9 billion km (1.8 billion miles) or 19.19 AU. Though it is classified as a “gas giant”, it is often referred to as an “ice giant” as well, owing to the presence of ammonia, methane, water and hydrocarbons in ice form. The presence of methane ice is also what gives it its bluish appearance. Uranus as seen by NASA’s Voyager 2 space probe. Credit: NASA/JPL Uranus is also the coldest planet in our Solar System, making the term “ice” seem very appropriate! What’s more, its system of moons experience a very odd seasonal cycle, owing to the fact that they orbit Neptune’s equator, and Neptune orbits with its north pole facing directly towards the Sun. This causes all of its moons to experience 42 year periods of day and night. Diameter: 51,120 km (31,763 miles) Mass: You can find out more about Uranus at this series of articles on Universe Today and this webpage from NASA . Neptune: Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun, at a distance of about 4.5 billion km (2.8 billion miles) or 30.07 AU. Like Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, it is technically a gas giant, though it is more properly classified as an “ice giant” with Uranus. Neptune photographed by the Voyager 2 space probe. Credit: NASA/JPL Due to its extreme distance from our Sun, Neptune cannot be seen with the naked eye, and only one mission has ever flown close enough to get detailed images of it. Nevertheless, what we know about it indicates that it is similar in many respects to Uranus, consisting of gases, ices, methane ice (which gives its color), and has a series of moons and faint rings. Diameter: 49,530 km (30,775 miles) Mass: 1.0243 x 1026 kg (17 Earths) Length of Year (Orbit): 165 Earth years Length of day: 16 Earth hours Temperature: -214 C (-353 F) Neptune is mostly made of a very thick, very hot combination of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) over a possible heavier, approximately Earth-sized, solid core. Neptune’s atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2), helium (He) and methane (CH4). Neptune has 13 confirmed moons and 1 more awaiting official confirmation. Neptune has six rings. If you weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) on Earth, you would weigh 52 kg (114 pounds) on Neptune. Neptune was the first planet to be predicted to exist by using math. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune. You can find out more about this mission here. Find out more about Neptune at this series of articles on Universe Today and this NASA webpage. We have written many articles about the planets for Universe Today. Here are some facts about planets , and here’s an article about the names of the planets .If you’d like more info on the Solar System planets, dwarf planets, asteroids and more, check out NASA’s Solar System exploration page , and here’s a link to NASA’s Solar System Simulator .We’ve also recorded a series of episodes of Astronomy Cast about every planet in the Solar System. Start here, Episode 49: Mercury .Venus is the second planet from the Sun, and it is the hottest planet in the Solar System due to its thick, toxic atmosphere which has been described as having a “runaway greenhouse effect” on the planet. Now you know! And if you find yourself unable to remember all the planets in their proper order, just repeat the words, “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles.” Of course, the Pie, Ham, Muffins and Eggs are optional, as are any additional courses that might be added in the coming years! Astronomy Cast also has some cool episodes about the Solar System. Here’s Episode 68: Pluto and the Icy Outer Planets , Episode 306: Accretion Discs , and Episode 159: Planet X .	Mars (disambiguation)
Whcih planet in our solar system is situated approximately 777 km from the Sun?	Orbit of Mars - Universe Today Universe Today by Jerry Coffey The orbit of Mars is the second most eccentric in the Solar System. Only Mercury’s orbit is more eccentric. At perihelion Mars is 206,655,215 km from the Sun and at aphelion it is 249,232,432 km distant. That is a variation of of just under 42,600,000 km. The average distance from Mars to the Sun (called the semi-major axis) is 228 million km. It takes Mars approximately 687 Earth days to complete on orbit. The orbit of a planet varies in relation to the gravitational influences of the bodies around it, so the eccentricity can change over time. AS recently as 1.35 million years ago, Mars was in a nearly circular orbit. Mars, like all planets in the Solar System, is tilted along its axis(axial tilt). For Mars, the axial tilt is about 25.19 degrees. This tilt is similar to Earth’s, so Mars has seasons like ours. The Martian seasons are longer because a year on Mars is nearly twice as long as an Earth year. The dramatically changing distances between Mars’ aphelion and perihelion means that the seasons aren’t balanced like Earth. Mars is at its closest when its southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. So the southern hemisphere experiences hotter summers than the northern hemisphere. The orbit of Mars allows it to approach Earth at varying distances. It is easiest to observe when it is at its closest approach. Opposition occurs when Mars’ geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun’s. Opposition can occur as much as 8½ days before or after closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about 54 and 103 million km due to their position in their orbits. The last Mars opposition was on January 29, 2010. The next will be on March 3, 2012(about 100 million km). The average time between the successive oppositions(synodic period) of Mars is 780 days. Mars made its closest approach to Earth in nearly 60,000 years(55,758,006 km) on August 27, 2003. While this was a record, it was only slightly closer than other close approaches. The orbit of Mars is well understood and has been observed, and documented, for thousands of years. The planet’s short period of apparent retrograde motion was noted as early as 1534 B.C. After reading and understanding the planet’s orbit, you should research more about its atmosphere, gravity, and exploration. Only then will you have a grasp of a few of the mysteries surrounding the Red Planet. Here’s an article about Martian ice ages in the past , related to tilt, and another about mid-latitude glaciers on Mars. Here’s more general information about Mars. And here are some pages from NASA about the Mars Phoenix Lander mission. Finally, if you’d like to learn more about Mars in general, we have done several podcast episodes about the Red Planet at Astronomy Cast. Episode 52: Mars , and Episode 91: The Search for Water on Mars . Source:	i don't know
According to his creator, which famous fictional character retired to take up bee-keeping on the Sussex Downs in the early years of the 20th century?	The Continuing Cases...Fiction Inspired by Conan Doyle's Detective - Sherlock Holmes, Consulting Detective: The Impact & Influence of a Literary Icon - Research Guides at Saint Francis University Sherlock Holmes, Consulting Detective: The Impact & Influence of a Literary Icon The Continuing Cases...Fiction Inspired by Conan Doyle's Detective Search this Guide Search Sherlock Holmes, Consulting Detective: The Impact & Influence of a Literary Icon One of the greatest detectives in history - who never existed. Dust off your deerstalker and find out more about his creator and how one literary character has inspired writers and others for over one hundred years. Call Number: 813.54 M6132 P11 ISBN: 0393311198 Publication Date: 1993-09-17 First discovered and then painstakingly edited and annotated by Nicholas Meyer, The Seven-Per-Cent Solution related the astounding and previously unknown collaboration of Sigmund Freud with Sherlock Holmes, as recorded by Holmes's friend and chronicler, Dr. John H. Watson. In addition to its breathtaking account of their collaboration on a case of diabolic conspiracy in which the lives of millions hang in the balance, it reveals such matters as the real identity of the heinous professor Moriarty, the dark secret shared by Sherlock and his brother Mycroft Holmes, and the detective's true whereabouts during the Great Hiatus, when the world believed him to be dead. Call Number: 813.54 M6132 P12 ISBN: 0393311538 Publication Date: 1994-06-17 March 1895. London. A month of strange happenings in the West End. First there is the bizarre murder of theater critic Jonathan McCarthy. Then the lawsuit against the Marquess of Queensberry for libel; the public is scandalized. Next, the ingenue at the Savoy is discovered with her throat slashed. And a police surgeon disappears, taking two corpses with him. Some of the theater district's most fashionable and creative luminaries have been involved: a penniless stage critic and writer named Bernard Shaw; Ellen Terry, the gifted and beautiful actress; a suspicious box office clerk named Bram Stoker; an aging matinee idol, Henry Irving; an unscrupulous publisher calling himself Frank Harris; and a controversial wit by the name of Oscar Wilde. Scotland Yard is mystified by what appear to be unrelated cases, but to Sherlock Holmes the matter is elementary: a maniac is on the loose. His name is Jack. ISBN: 0743407148 Publication Date: 2000-10-01 A tale for Holmes and Dracula fans alike. It is 1890 and a crewless ship is found floating off the English coast, its cargo 50 boxes of earth. The murdered captain is lashed to the wheel and Holmes, aided as ever by Dr Watson, finds himself on the trail of none other than the arch-vampire himself. ISBN: 0743423925 Publication Date: 2001-10-02 Another long-missing adventure from the casebooks of the world's greatest detective rediscovered by Shamus Award-Winner Loren D. Estleman, author of Sugartown and Every Brilliant Eye. Accompanied by Dr. Watson, master slcuth Sherlock Holmes has already encountered the evil young hedonist Edward Hyde, and knew he was strangely connected with Henry Jekyll, the wealthy, respectable London doctor. It was not until the Queen herself requested it, however, that Holmes was officially on the case of the savage murder of Sir Danvers Carew, the blackest mystery of his career Although Robert Louis Stevenson published his tale of Jekyll and Hyde as fiction, the hideous facts were true, insofar as Stevenson knew them.. Here, then, is the entire firsthand account of that devilish crime as recorded by Dr. Watson, with an explanation of why Holmes's personal involvement had to be kept secret - until now... ISBN: 1880284677 Publication Date: 2004-03-01 In 1903, widow Charlotte Dodson's livelihood is threatened by sinister events that converge on the small Sussex village where she is housekeeper at a mysterious manor. At the center of a black conspiracy, the only man she can trust emerges as Sherlock Holmes. As the plot thickens: * credulous villagers whisper that a vampire is on the loose * a dangerous prisoner escapes from Dartmoor * the legendary jewel, Orb of Kezir, goes missing. The story is told in the voice of a passionate young widow, with whom Sherlock Holmes falls in love - as much as his cold, self-absorbed nature will allow him to love. She is an intellectual sparring partner for him, and his match in deduction; and excels in the domestic arts: she foils more than one villain using common household objects and tools - much to the amazement of Scotland Yard and to the gratitude of Sherlock Holmes, whose life she saves. ISBN: 1848564929 Publication Date: 2009-11-17 When Harry Houdini is framed and jailed for espionage, Sherlock Holmes vows to clear his name, with the two joining forces to take on blackmailers who have targeted the Prince of Wales. It's a case that requires all of their skills -- both mental and physical. Can the daring duo solve what people are calling "The Crime of the Century"? Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's timeless creation returns in a new series of handsomely designed detective stories. From the earliest days of Holmes' career to his astonishing encounters with Martian invaders, the Further Adventures series encapsulates the most varied and thrilling cases of the worlds' greatest detective. ISBN: 1848564910 Publication Date: 2009-11-17 Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger and Dr. Watson meet their match when the streets of London are left decimated by a prolonged alien attack. Who could be responsible for such destruction? Sherlock Holmes is about to find out... ISBN: 1848564937 Publication Date: 2009-11-17 Holmes attends a seance to unmask an impostor posing as a medium, Sebastian Melmoth, a man hell-bent on obtaining immortality after the discovery of an ancient Egyptian papyrus. It is up to Holmes and Watson to stop him and avert disaster... In this fast-paced adventure, the action moves from London to the picturesque Lake District as Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson once more battle with the forces of evil. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's timeless creation returns in a new series of handsomely designed detective stories. From the earliest days of Holmes' career to his astonishing encounters with Martian invaders, the Further Adventures series encapsulates the most varied and thrilling cases of the worlds' greatest detective. ISBN: 1848565097 Publication Date: 2010-03-09 NO MAN IS ABOVE THE LAW In this story, written by future President Theodore Roosevelt long before The Great Detective's first encounter with Dr Watson, Holmes visits America to solve a most violent and despicable crime. A crime that was to prove the most taxing of his brilliant career... Recently discovered in the basement of the New York Police Department, ISBN: 1848564902 Publication Date: 2009-11-17 A young Sherlock Holmes arrives in London to begin his career as a private detective, catching the eye of the master criminal, Professor James Moriarty. Enter Dr. Watson, newly returned from Afghanistan, soon to make history as Holmes' companion... By turns both shocking and exciting, David Stuart Davies' controversial take on the Holmes mythology is a modern classic in crime fiction that will defy all expectations. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's timeless creation returns in a new series of handsomely designed detective stories. ISBN: 1848565089 Publication Date: 2010-03-09 In 1886, wealthy philathropist Lord Backwater is found beaten to death on the grounds of his estate. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson must unravel the mystery by pitting their wits against a ruthless new enemy, taking them across the globe in search of the killer. By turns both thrilling and daring, The Man From Hell braves dark new territories in the Holmes mythology and is an invaluable addition to the library of any Holmes fan. ISBN: 1848566778 Publication Date: 2010-06-22 When two suspect psychics offer Ambrose Altamont and his wife the opportunity to contact their recently deceased daughter, the wealthy British aristocrat wastes no time in hiring Sherlock Holmes to expose their hoax. He arranges for the celebrated detective and Dr. Watson to attend the family's next seance, confident in Holmes' rationalist outlook on the situation. But what starts as cruel mockery becomes deadly reality when young, beautiful Louisa Altamont appears to her parents in the flesh as one of the nosferatu--a vampire The resulting chaos leaves one of the fraudulent spiritualists dead. Sherlock Holmes missing, and Dr. Watson alone and mystified. With time running out, Watson has no choice but to summon the only one who might be able to help--Holmes' vampire cousin, Prince Dracula. Alternately narrated by Watson and the charismatic Dracula himself, Seance for a Vampire demonstrates that heroes are sometimes found in the most unlikely places. Saberhagen has recast Bram Stoker's paragon of evil into a noble, witty and chillingly powerful character. ISBN: 184856676X Publication Date: 2010-06-22 Sherlock Holmes' desire for a peaceful life in the Sussex countryside is dashed when true-life muckraker and author David Graham Phillips is assassinated, leaving behind little clues as to why he was murdered. The pleas of his sister draws Holmes and Watson to the far side of the Atlantic, where a web of deceit, violence and intrigue unravels as they embark on one of their most challenging cases. ISBN: 1848567499 Publication Date: 2010-10-26 Grotesque murders are being committed on the streets of Whitechapel. Sherlock Holmes comes to believe they are the skilful work of one man, a man who earns the gruesome epithet of Jack the Ripper. As the investigation proceeds, Holmes realizes that the true identity of the Ripper puts much more at stake than just catching a killer... ISBN: 1848568606 Publication Date: 2011-03-15 In deference to Sherlock Holmes's wishes, Dr Watson kept the tale of The Giant Rat of Sumatra a secret. However before he died he arranged that the bizarre story of the giant rat should be held in the vaults of a London bank until all the protagonists were dead.... Now, at last, it can be published. The reader is warned... ISBN: 1848568614 Publication Date: 2011-03-15 Paris 1890. Sherlock Holmes is summoned across the English Channel to the famous Opera House. Once there, he is challenged to discover the true motivations and secrets of the notorious phantom, who rules its depths with passion and defiance. ISBN: 0857681206 Publication Date: 2011-06-21 Holmes and Watson take to the skies in the quest of the nefarious Von Bork and his weapon of dread... A night sky aerial engagement with the deadly Fokker nearly claims three brilliant lives... And an historic alliance is formed, whereby Baker Street's enigmatic mystery-solver and Greystoke, the noble savage, peer of the realm and lord of the jungle, team up to bring down the hellish hun! ISBN: 0857681214 Publication Date: 2011-08-02 Holmes and Watson find themselves caught up in a complex chess board of a problem, involving a clandestine love affair and the disappearance of a priceless sapphire. Professor James Moriarty is back to tease and torment, leading the duo on a chase through the dark and dangerous back streets of London and beyond. ISBN: 0857686984 Publication Date: 2012-01-10 When a mysterious gypsy places a cruel curse on the guests at a ball and a series of terrible misfortunes begin to affect those who attended that night, Mr. Donald Wheelwight engages Sherlock Holmes to find out what really happened that fateful evening. With the help of his cousin Dr. Henry Vernier and his wife Michelle, Holmes endeavors to save Wheelwright and his beautiful wife Violet from the devastating curse. As the threats to the captivating Violet mount, Holmes is drawn in deeper and deeper, finding himself entangled in a vast dark web involving prostitution, perversion, theft, and blackmail. ISBN: 0857687107 Publication Date: 2012-03-13 Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson board the Titanic on its ill-fated maiden voyage, where Holmes is to carry out a secret government mission. Soon after departure, highly important submarine plans for the US navy are stolen. Holmes and Watson must work through a list of suspects which includes Colonel James Moriarty, brother to the late Professor Moriarty - but will they find the culprit before tragedy strikes? ISBN: 1783292709 Publication Date: 2014-11-25 Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson are holidaying on the English coast when they discover a corpse on the beach... which then disappears. They can get little help from the nearby village, populated by strange and unfriendly characters. Then the corpse suddenly reappears in their cottage and they are attacked by persons unknown. Watson comes to, and discovers that months have passed, and Holmes is not the man he remembers. What has happened to his friend? Does it have something to do with a dead devil worshipper, whose children happen to live in the cursed village? ISBN: 1783293128 Publication Date: 2015-05-19 When anarchists attack a painting of the Prime Minister and suggest that the man himself could be next, Scotland Yard have no choice but to call in SHERLOCK HOLMES. It is just the start of an adventure that sees Holmes and Watson on the trail of a centuries- old puzzle, a puzzle that they are not alone in trying to unravel. As the master criminal The Albino closes in on them, not to mention the mysterious Lord of Strange Deaths, Holmes and Watson find themselves in a race to solve the clues and locate England's long-lost treasure. ISBN: 1783295554 Publication Date: 2016-02-09 A journey to Whitby heralds the start of a new case for SHERLOCK HOLMES and Dr. Henry Vernier. Their client is in love, but a mysterious letter has warned him of the dangers of the romance. The object of his affection is said to be under a thousand-year-old druidic curse, doomed to take the form of a gigantic snake. Locals speak of a green glow in the woods at night, and a white apparition amongst the trees. Is there sorcery at work, or is a human hand behind the terrors of Diana's Grove? ISBN: 0857682822 Publication Date: 2011-09-20 A body is found crushed to death in the London snow. There are no footprints anywhere near - it's almost as if the man was killed by the air itself. While pursuing the case, Holmes and Watson have to travel to Scotland to meet with the one person they have been told can help - Aleister Crowley. ISBN: 0857689339 Publication Date: 2012-08-07 Following the trail of several corpses seemingly killed by wild animals, Holmes and Watson stumble upon the experiments of Doctor Moreau. Moreau, through vivisection and crude genetic engineering is creating animal hybrids, determined to prove the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin. In his laboratory, hidden among the opium dens of Rotherhithe, Moreau is building an army of 'beast men'. Tired of having his work ignored -- or reviled -- by the British scientific community, Moreau is willing to make the world pay attention using his creatures as a force to gain control of the government. ISBN: 1781160015 Publication Date: 2013-11-05 A young man named Peter Maugram appears at the front door of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson's Baker Street lodgings. Maugram's uncle is dead and his will has disappeared, leaving the man afraid that he will be left penniless. Holmes agrees to take the case and he and Watson dig deep into the murky past of this complex family. A brand-new Sherlock Holmes novel from the acclaimed author of the Newbury & Hobbes series. ISBN: 1781165416 Publication Date: 2013-08-27 It's the autumn of 1890, and a spate of bombings has hit London. The newspapers are full of fevered speculation about anarchists, anti-monarchists and Fenians. But one man suspects an even more sinister hand behind the violence. Sherlock Holmes believes Professor Moriarty is orchestrating a nationwide campaign of terror, but to what end? At the same time, a bizarrely garbed figure has been spotted on the rooftops and in the grimy back alleys of the capital. He moves with the extraordinary agility of a latter-day Spring-heeled Jack. He possesses weaponry and armour of unprecedented sophistication. He is known only by the name Baron Cauchemar, and he appears to be a scourge of crime and villainy. But is this masked man truly the force for good that he seems? Is he connected somehow to the bombings? Holmes and his faithful companion Dr. Watson are about to embark on one of their strangest and most exhilarating adventures yet. ISBN: 1781165432 Publication Date: 2014-06-10 1913. The clouds of war are gathering. The world's great empires vie for supremacy. Europe is in turmoil, a powder keg awaiting a spark. A body is discovered on the shore below Beachy Head, just a mile from Sherlock Holmes's retirement cottage. The local police are satisfied that it's a suicide. The victim, a young man, recently suffered a disappointment in love, and Beachy Head is notorious as a place where the desperate and depressed leap to their deaths. Holmes, however, suspects murder. As he and Watson investigate, they uncover a conspiracy with shocking ramifications. ISBN: 1781160023 Publication Date: 2014-08-19 Summer, 1915. As Zeppelins rain death upon the rooftops of London, eminent members of society begin to behave erratically: a Member of Parliament throws himself naked into the Thames after giving a pro-German speech to the House; a senior military advisor suggests surrender before feeding himself to a tiger at London Zoo; a famed suffragette suddenly renounces the women's liberation movement and throws herself under a train. In desperation, an aged Mycroft Holmes sends to Sussex for the help of his brother, Sherlock. ISBN: 1783295031 Publication Date: 2015-08-25 Man vs Machine it is 1895, and Sherlock Holmes is settling back into life as a consulting detective at 221B Baker Street, when he and Watson learn of strange goings-on amidst the dreaming spires of Oxford. A Professor Quantock has built a wondrous computational device, which he claims is capable of analytical thought to rival the cleverest men alive. Naturally Sherlock Holmes cannot ignore this challenge. He and Watson travel to Oxford, where a battle of wits ensues between the great detective and his mechanical counterpart as they compete to see which of them can be first to solve a series of crimes, from a bloody murder to a missing athlete. But as man and machine vie for supremacy, it becomes clear that the Thinking Engine has its own agenda... ISBN: 178329714X Publication Date: 2016-04-26 London, 1919. While the world awaits the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Holmes and Watson are called to a singular mystery. A severed hand has been found on the banks of the Thames, a hand belonging to a soldier who supposedly died in the trenches two years previously. But the hand is fresh, and show signs that it was recently amputated. So how has it ended up back in London two years after its owner was killed? The mystery puts Homes and Watson on the trail of a descent of Victor Frankenstein, via a terrifying genetic disease, government-sanctioned grave-robbing and an encounter with a... creature. ISBN: 0879239778 Publication Date: 1993-09-01 "When Sherlock Holmes went to his grave, what unutterable secret went with him? Why is the now-venerable Doctor Watson, having decided to write his old friend's biography, suddenly receiving death threats? What do Holmes's celebrated Stradivarius, an unpublished and long-forgotten adventure, and a mysterious musician-cum-prestidigitator have in common? These are the questions that Watson must answer, before the anonymous threats on his life become a reality." ISBN: 0375403671 Publication Date: 2001-11-13 In this brilliantly crafted pastiche, Stephen Kendrick brings Sherlock Holmes and Father Brown together in an unprecedented collaboration on a singularly shocking murder case. It is Christmas Day, 1902, and a priest's mutilated body has been found in a London church that is hosting a secret interfaith meeting to discuss the possibility of a Parliament of World Religions. A summons from the Prime Minister plunges Holmes into a case with international, political, and ecclesiastical complications. Untrampled snow surrounding the church suggests that the murderer remains within and that he is, presumably, one of the leaders of the world's great faiths. Throughout the night, as more deaths are discovered, Holmes and Dr. Watson follow one false lead after another. But with his legendary astuteness, Holmes manages to wrap the case up in less than twenty-four hours, or so it seems. Two weeks later, Father Brown, the meek young priest-translator, pays a call at Baker Street to reveal a few loose ends. ISBN: 0312427360 Publication Date: 2007-10-02 From New York Times bestselling author Laurie R. King comes the book that introduced us to the ingenious Mary Russell-Sherlock Holmes mysteries In 1915, Sherlock Holmes is retired and quietly engaged in the study of honeybees when a young woman literally stumbles into him on the Sussex Downs. Fifteen years old, gawky, egotistical, and recently orphaned, the young Mary Russell displays an intellect to impress even Sherlock Holmes--and match him wit for wit. Under his reluctant tutelage, this very modern twentieth-century woman proves a deft protégée and a fitting partner for the Victorian detective. In their first case together, they must track down a kidnapped American senator's daughter and confront a truly cunning adversary--a bomber who has set trip wires for the sleuths and who will stop at nothing to end their partnership. ISBN: 0312427379 Publication Date: 2007-10-02 Winner of the Nero Wolfe Award It is 1921 and Mary Russell--Sherlock Holmes's brilliant apprentice, now an Oxford graduate with a degree in theology--is on the verge of acquiring a sizable inheritance. Independent at last, with a passion for divinity and detective work, her most baffling mystery may now involve Holmes and the burgeoning of a deeper affection between herself and the retired detective. Russell's attentions turn to the New Temple of God and its leader, Margery Childe, a charismatic suffragette and a mystic, whose draw on the young theology scholar is irresistible. But when four bluestockings from the Temple turn up dead shortly after changing their wills, could sins of a capital nature be afoot? Holmes and Russell investigate, as their partnership takes a surprising turn. ISBN: 0312427387 Publication Date: 2007-10-30 The third book in the Mary Russell-Sherlock Holmes series. It is 1923. Mary Russell Holmes and her husband, the retired Sherlock Holmes, are enjoying the summer together on their Sussex estate when they are visited by an old friend, Miss Dorothy Ruskin, an archeologist just returned from Palestine. She leaves in their protection an ancient manuscript which seems to hint at the possibility that Mary Magdalene was an apostle--an artifact certain to stir up a storm of biblical proportions in the Christian establishment. When Ruskin is suddenly killed in a tragic accident, Russell and Holmes find themselves on the trail of a fiendishly clever murderer. Brimming with political intrigue, theological arcana, and brilliant Holmesian deductions. ISBN: 0553110934 Publication Date: 1999-06-01 Entering British-occupied Palestine in 1918, Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes soon find themselves engaged in a desperate mission for His Majesty's government, accompanied by two mysterious Arab figures and pursued by murderous strangers. ISBN: 0553801945 Publication Date: 2004-03-02 It's the second day of the new year, 1924, and Mary Russell is settling in for a much-needed rest with her husband, Sherlock Holmes. But the fragile peace will be fleeting-for a visit with Holmes's gravely ill brother, Mycroft, brings news of an intrigue that is sure to halt their respite. Mycroft, who has ties to the highest levels of the government, has just received a strange package. The oilskin-wrapped packet contains the papers of a missing English spy named Kimball O'Hara-indeed, the same Kimball who served as the inspiration for Rudyard Kipling's famed Kim. An orphaned English boy turned loose in India, Kim long used his cunning to spy for the Crown. But after inexplicably withdrawing from the "Great Game" of border espionage, he's gone missing and is feared taken hostage-or even killed. When Russell learns of Holmes's own secret friendship with Kim some thirty years before, she knows the die is cast: she will accompany her husband to India to search for the missing operative. But even before they arrive, danger will show its face in everything from a suspicious passenger on board their steamer to an "accident" that very nearly claims their lives. Once in India, Russell and Holmes must travel incognito-no small task for the English lady and her lanky companion. But after a twist of fate forces the couple to part ways, Russell learns that in this faraway place it's often impossible to tell friend from foe-and that some games must be played out until their deadly end. ISBN: 055380197X Publication Date: 2005-06-21 Mary Russell and her husband Sherlock Holmes are back in Laurie R. King's highly acclaimed New York Times bestselling mystery series. And this time the first couple of detection pair up to unlock the buried memory of a shocking crime with the power to kill again - lost somewhere in Russell's own past. After departing Bombay by ship, Mary Russell and her husband Sherlock Holmes are en route to the bustling modern city of San Francisco. There, Mary will settle some legal affairs surrounding the inheritance of her family's old estate. But the closer they get to port, the more Mary finds herself prey to troubling dreams and irrational behavior; a point not lost on Holmes, much to Russell's annoyance. In 1906, when Mary was six, San Francisco was devastated by an earthquake and a raging fire that reduced the city to rubble. For years, Mary has denied any memory of the catastrophe that for days turned the fabled streets into hell on earth. But Holmes suspects that some hidden trauma connected with the unforgettable catastrophe may be the real culprit responsible for Mary's memory lapse. And no sooner do they begin to familiarize themselves with the particulars of the Russell estate than it becomes apparent that whatever unpleasantness Mary has forgotten, it hasn't forgotten her. Why does her father's will forbid access to the house except in the presence of immediate family? Why did someone break in, then take nothing of any value? And why is Russell herself targeted for assassination? The more questions they ask of Mary's past, the more people from that past turn out to have died violent, unexplained deaths. Now, with the aid of a hard-boiled young detective and crime writer named Hammett, Russell and Holmes find themselves embroiled in a mystery that leads them through the winding streets of Chinatown to the unspoken secrets of a parents' marriage and the tragic car accident - that a fourteen-year-old Mary alone survived, an accident that may not have been an accident at all. What Russell is about to discover is that even a forgotten past never dies...and it can kill again. ISBN: 0553804545 Publication Date: 2009-04-28 For Mary Russell and her husband, Sherlock Holmes, returning to the Sussex coast after seven months abroad is a delicious anticipation. But the longed for sweetness of their homecoming is quickly tempered by a bitter memory from her husband's past. Mary had met Damian Adler only once before, but the talented and troubled young man is enlisting her help again, this time in a desperate search for his missing wife and child. From suicides among the Standing Stones to a bizarre religious cult, from the heart of Bohemian London to dark secrets on the streets of Shanghai, Russell will find herself on the trail of a killer more dangerous than any she's ever faced - a killer Sherlock Holmes himself may be protecting for reasons near and dear to his heart. ISBN: 0553805541 Publication Date: 2010-04-27 In Laurie R. King's latest Mary Russell & Sherlock Holmes mystery, the acclaimed New York Times bestselling author delivers a thriller of ingenious surprises and unrelenting suspense-as the famous husband and wife sleuths are pursued by a killer immune from the sting of justice. It began as a problem in one of Holmes' beloved beehives, led to a murderous cult, and ended-or so they'd hoped-with a daring escape from a sacrificial altar. Instead, Mary Russell and her husband, Sherlock Holmes, have stirred the wrath and the limitless resources of those they've thwarted. Now they are separated and on the run, wanted by the police, and pursued across the Continent by a ruthless enemy with powerful connections. Unstoppable together, Russell and Holmes will have to survive this time apart, maintaining tenuous contact only by means of coded messages and cryptic notes. With Holmes' young granddaughter in her safekeeping, Russell will have to call on instincts she didn't know she had. But has the couple already made a fatal mistake by separating, making themselves easier targets for the shadowy government agents sent to silence them? ISBN: 0553807986 Publication Date: 2011-09-06 In this latest adventure featuring the intrepid Mary Russell and her husband, Sherlock Holmes, New York Times bestselling author Laurie R. King takes readers into the frenetic world of silent films--where the pirates are real and the shooting isn't all done with cameras. nbsp; In England's young silent-film industry, the megalomaniacal Randolph Fflytte is king. Nevertheless, at the request of Scotland Yard, Mary Russell is dispatched to investigate rumors of criminal activities that swirl around Fflytte's popular movie studio. So Russell is traveling undercover to Portugal, along with the film crew that is gearing up to shoot a cinematic extravaganza, Pirate King. Based on Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, the project will either set the standard for moviemaking for a generation . . . or sink a boatload of careers. Nothing seems amiss until the enormous company starts rehearsals in Lisbon, where the thirteen blond-haired, blue-eyed actresses whom Mary is bemusedly chaperoning meet the swarm of real buccaneers Fflytte has recruited to provide authenticity. But when the crew embarks for Morocco and the actual filming, Russell feels a building storm of trouble: a derelict boat, a film crew with secrets, ominous currents between the pirates, decks awash with budding romance--and now the pirates are ignoring Fflytte and answering only to their dangerous outlaw leader. Plus, there's a spy on board. Where can Sherlock Holmes be? As movie make-believe becomes true terror, Russell and Holmes themselves may experience a final fadeout. ISBN: 0553807994 Publication Date: 2012-09-04 Now, in their newest and most thrilling adventure, the couple is separated by a shocking circumstance in a perilous part of the world, each racing against time to prevent an explosive catastrophe that could clothe them both in shrouds. In a strange room in Morocco, Mary Russell is trying to solve a pressing mystery: Who am I? She has awakened with shadows in her mind, blood on her hands, and soldiers pounding on the door. Out in the hivelike streets, she discovers herself strangely adept in the skills of the underworld, escaping through alleys and rooftops, picking pockets and locks. She is clothed like a man, and armed only with her wits and a scrap of paper containing a mysterious Arabic phrase. Overhead, warplanes pass ominously north. Meanwhile, Holmes is pulled by two old friends and a distant relation into the growing war between France, Spain, and the Rif Revolt led by Emir Abd el-Krim--who may be a Robin Hood or a power mad tribesman. The shadows of war are drawing over the ancient city of Fez, and Holmes badly wants the wisdom and courage of his wife, whom he's learned, to his horror, has gone missing. As Holmes searches for her, and Russell searches for herself, each tries to crack deadly parallel puzzles before it's too late for them, for Africa, and for the peace of Europe. Dreaming Spies by Laurie R. King ISBN: 0345531795 Publication Date: 2015-02-17 Laurie R. King's New York Times bestselling novels of suspense featuring Mary Russell and her husband, Sherlock Holmes, are critically acclaimed and beloved by readers for the author's adept interplay of history and adventure. Now the intrepid duo is finally trying to take a little time for themselves--only to be swept up in a baffling case that will lead them from the idyllic panoramas of Japan to the depths of Oxford's most revered institution. After a lengthy case that had the couple traipsing all over India, Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes are on their way to California to deal with some family business that Russell has been neglecting for far too long. Along the way, they plan to break up the long voyage with a sojourn in southern Japan. The cruising steamer Thomas Carlyle is leaving Bombay, bound for Kobe. Though they're not the vacationing types, Russell is looking forward to a change of focus--not to mention a chance to travel to a location Holmes has not visited before. The idea of the pair being on equal footing is enticing to a woman who often must race to catch up with her older, highly skilled husband. Aboard the ship, intrigue stirs almost immediately. Holmes recognizes the famous clubman the Earl of Darley, whom he suspects of being an occasional blackmailer: not an unlikely career choice for a man richer in social connections than in pounds sterling. And then there's the lithe, surprisingly fluent young Japanese woman who befriends Russell and quotes haiku. She agrees to tutor the couple in Japanese language and customs, but Russell can't shake the feeling that Haruki Sato is not who she claims to be. Once in Japan, Russell's suspicions are confirmed in a most surprising way. From the glorious city of Tokyo to the cavernous library at Oxford, Russell and Holmes race to solve a mystery involving international extortion, espionage, and the shocking secrets that, if revealed, could spark revolution--and topple an empire. ISBN: 0804177902 Publication Date: 2016-04-05 Laurie R. King's bestselling Mary Russell-Sherlock Holmes series weaves rich historical detail and provocative themes with intriguing characters and enthralling suspense. Russell and Holmes have become one of modern literature's most beloved teams. But does this adventure end it all? Mary Russell is used to dark secrets--her own, and those of her famous partner and husband, Sherlock Holmes. Trust is a thing slowly given, but over the course of a decade together, the two have forged an indissoluble bond. And what of the other person to whom Mary Russell has opened her heart: the couple's longtime housekeeper, Mrs. Hudson? Russell's faith and affection are suddenly shattered when a man arrives on the doorstep claiming to be Mrs. Hudson's son. What Samuel Hudson tells Russell cannot possibly be true, yet she believes him--as surely as she believes the threat of the gun in his hand. In a devastating instant, everything changes. And when the scene is discovered--a pool of blood on the floor, the smell of gunpowder in the air--the most shocking revelation of all is that the grim clues point directly to Clara Hudson. Or rather to Clarissa, the woman she was before Baker Street. The key to Russell's sacrifice lies in Mrs. Hudson's past. To uncover the truth, a frantic Sherlock Holmes must put aside his anguish and push deep into his housekeeper's secrets--to a time before her disguise was assumed, before her crimes were buried away. There is death here, and murder, and trust betrayed. And nothing will ever be the same. ISBN: 1400060656 Publication Date: 2003-09-02 Sherlock Holmes is dead - or so most of the world thinks. His fatal plunge over the Reichenbach Falls as he struggled with his archenemy, Moriarty, has been widely reported. But Holmes has escaped and is alive. ISBN: 0765318016 Publication Date: 2008-08-05 On May 4, 1891, the detective met his archenemy Professor Moriarty on a ledge above the falls; the two became locked in a titanic hand-to-hand struggle before both tumbled over the precipice, presumably to their deaths, as witnessed afar by Dr.Watson. The outcry against the death of such a popular character was so great that in 1901 Conan Doyle was forced to give in to the pressure of his fan mail. He resurrected the detective by claiming that Holmes had managed to grab a tuft of grass during the fall into the dreadful cauldron; and so had lived to solve another mystery. But what really happened that infamous day at Reichenbach Falls and why did Holmes disappear in the aftermath? And what of the infamous Moriarty? How did a noble mathematician become the Napoleon of Crime? ISBN: 0670870390 Publication Date: 1996-09-01 American railroad magnate James J. Hill summons Sherlock Holmes to Minnesota to save the Great Northern Railroad and Hill himself from the threats of The Red Demon. ISBN: 0670879444 Publication Date: 1998-11-01 To the delight of all Holmes and mystery fans, a second intriguing manuscript is "unearthed": a strange and terrible tale of the celebrated detective's 1896 return to Minnesota, the scene of Sherlock Holmes and the Red Demon, a work praised by Sherlockian experts for its outstanding authenticity. There, in the "dead tough" city of St. Paul, bustling with its annual Winter Carnival, the son of a noted businessman has disappeared. It is the eve of his wedding, but even before Holmes can search the Ice Palace where he was last seen, the young man's fiance inexplicably gives her bridal gown away.The case takes Holmes to the highest levels of power and corruption--and into a battle of competing wits with one Shadwell Rafferty, a genial, giant, Irish saloonkeeper who specializes in "discreet investigations." To penetrate the dark heart of the matter, Holmes must brave the Mississippi's frigid waters and confront the villain amid the roar of rockets, in one of the most thrilling episodes "Watson" ever committed to paper. ISBN: 0670031402 Publication Date: 2002-10-14 Sherlock Holmes Disappears, Foul Play Suspected reads a New York headline. So begins the fifth mystery in Larry Millett's series, which takes Holmes on a chase across continents and on a labyrinthine journey into a dangerous and sinister mind. Only with the assistance of his large-hearted and amply proportioned old friend, Irish saloonkeeper Shadwell Rafferty, will the score be settled and justice delivered. A letter, written in a secret cipher he recognizes all too well, tells the celebrated sleuth that Abe Slaney, the vicious murderer he once captured after a duel of wits, seems to have risen from the grave. And there is no time to waste. The beautiful woman for whom Slaney once killed is being held for ransom. But when it transpires that he-or someone-has presumed to impersonate Holmes himself, the great sleuth begins to glimpse a darker business than he expected. In desperate pursuit from London to New York to Chicago-from a foggy rendezvous in Lower Manhattan to a wild foray with Rafferty into the Windy City's underworld-Holmes soon has cause to wonder whether he will escape his captors or be framed for the crime himself. ISBN: 0816674809 Publication Date: 2011-03-29 St. Paul, Minnesota. October 1, 1917. High above the city, a renowned local financier named Artemis Dodge lies facedown on the floor of his armored penthouse sanctuary, a single bullet hole in his head. Thirty stories up, in the city's tallest building, and not a shred of evidence or sign pointing to anyone having broken into the wealthy man's fortress. It is--to all appearances--an impossible crime. Enter Shadwell Rafferty: Irishman, St. Paul saloonkeeper, sometime detective, and old friend of the celebrated sleuth Sherlock Holmes. Summoned by Louis B. Hill--son of railroad magnate James J. Hill--to investigate, Rafferty descends into a world dominated by greedy tycoons and awash in political intrigue and wartime fearmongering. Suspects lurk in every corner of the city--including Dodge's beautiful young widow, his slippery assistant, and a shadowy anarchist--and Rafferty pursues them from the streets of Ramsey Hill and the rooms of the Ryan Hotel to the labyrinthine caves under the Schmidt brewery. Matching wits with his foes at the police department and his unsavory rival, the St. Paul detective Mordecai Jones, Rafferty knows that in order to bring a killer to justice he must first unravel the riddle of a single bullet fired in a locked room, three hundred feet above the streets of St. Paul. Set during a bitter streetcar strike and amid the clandestine activities of a ruthless commission charged with enforcing wartime patriotism, Larry Millett has created a classic and perfectly executed locked-room mystery in the great tradition of John Dickson Carr. From locked rooms and civil unrest to murder and wartime paranoia, The Magic Bullet presents Rafferty's most challenging case, and its gripping conclusion--with a timely assist from Sherlock Holmes--finds both Rafferty and Millett at the top of their games. ISBN: 070908904X Publication Date: 2011-04-01 Watson narrates a new Holmes adventure featuring plenty of twists and classic touches: In the autumn of 1898, the Docklands of London are stunned by the arrival of a long overdue clipper ship; the Matilda Briggs, which has apparently drifted into a vacant berth. The only crew member still on board is a young cabin boy and he is in the throes of death, following a mysterious attack. The great consulting detective, Sherlock Holmes, is called to investigate the matter but the case fails to grip his imagination. Instead, he is more interested in the disappearance of a famous archaeologist. A violent confrontation on the waterfront brings this story to a shocking conclusion. ISBN: 071981300X Publication Date: 2015-10-01 A colourfully dressed Bedouin brandishing a sword and wearing an ancient symbol of Christianity interrupts the breakfast of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson with a cryptic message of warning: they must stay away from the affairs of his people.Before long the world's most famous detective and his tenacious assistant are dispatched to the Vatican to investigate the murder of Cardinal Tosca. Considered the Pope's natural successor, Tosca was involved in work of a controversial nature - talk of a lost gospel coincided with the arrival of several mysterious packages from Egypt - and he was killed as he worked on the translation of an ancient scroll. All clues point towards Holmes and Watson's Bedouin intruder and there are whispers of the involvement of a so-called 'unholy trinity'.The duo embark upon a dangerous trip to Egypt, the birthplace of the Coptic Church, to uncover the nature of a parchment missing from Cardinal Tosca's office and, ultimately, the motives of the Bedouin. ISBN: 0595356869 Publication Date: 2005-06-01 Departing from the seriousness of A Night at The Cup and Saucer, Autumn Sabol tries her hand at a romantic comedy that spans the ages! Nona Brown, an art student in New York City, has never found her place in life. Despite her best efforts, she never completely fit in with her modern urban lifestyle. Thanks to the movement of Fate and an unfortunate wrong turn, she soon finds herself in a totally different setting: Victorian England! Nona is mysteriously thrust into nineteenth century London, encountering the most famous of partnerships, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson! As she is forced to adapt in a world of horse cabs, corsets and Victorian etiquette, Nona's modern behavior makes a great impression on the duo, especially the cold-blooded, misogynistic Holmes. As a terrible case strikes a little too close to home for the detective, despite his denunciation of the softer emotions, he finds himself unknowingly drawn to Nona and her free-spirited ways. Can this unlikely couple hold fast to each other as Holmes' shadowed past is dragged forth and his very future is questioned? Brimming with witty dialogue, vivid descriptions and unforgettable characters, Elementary, My Dear is an enchanting novel that will restore your faith in love that withstands the test of time. ISBN: 0786715480 Publication Date: 2005-04-08 Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson are summoned to the aid of Queen Victoria in Scotland by a telegram from Holmes' brother, Mycroft, a royal advisor. Rushed northward on a royal train--and nearly murdered themselves en route--the pair are soon joined by Mycroft, and learn of the brutal killings of two of the Queen's servants, a renowned architect and his foreman, both of whom had been working on the renovation of the famous and forbidding Royal Palace of Holyrood, in Edinburgh. Mycroft has enlisted his brother to help solve the murders that may be key elements of a much more elaborate and pernicious plot on the Queen's life. But the circumstances of the two victims' deaths also call to Holmes' mind the terrible murder--in Holyrood--of "The Italian Secretary," David Rizzio. Only Rizzio, a music teacher and confidante of Mary, Queen of Scots, was murdered three centuries ago. Holmes proceeds to alarm Watson with the announcement that the Italian Secretary's vengeful spirit may have taken the lives of the two men as punishment for disturbing the scene of his assassination. ISBN: 1416583300 Publication Date: 2009-04-28 In Dust and Shadow Sherlock Holmes hunts down Jack the Ripper with impeccably accurate historical detail, rooting the Whitechapel investigation in the fledgling days of tabloid journalism and clinical psychology. This astonishing debut explores the terrifying prospect of hunting down one of the world's first serial killers without the advantage of modern forensics or profiling. Sherlock's desire to stop the killer who is terrifying the East End of London is unwavering from the start, and in an effort to do so he hires an "unfortuate" known as Mary Ann Monk, the friend of a fellow streetwalker who was one of the Ripper's earliest victims. However, when Holmes himself is wounded in Whitechapel attempting to catch the villain, and a series of articles in the popular press question his role in the crimes, he must use all his resources in a desperate race to find the man known as "The Knife" before it is too late. Penned as a pastiche by the loyal and courageous Dr. Watson, Dust and Shadow recalls the ideals evinced by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's most beloved and world-renowned characters, while testing the limits of their strength in a fight to protect the women of London, Scotland Yard, and the peace of the city itself. ISBN: 072786887X Publication Date: 2010-06-01 When James Wilson retires he decides to settle down in Herefordshire with a room mate, a Mr Cedric Coombes, and at first thinks little of his new friend's eccentric behaviour. As Coombes becomes embroiled in a police investigation into a bizarre death, Wilson begins to wonder just who Coombes really is. ISBN: 0727869469 Publication Date: 2011-01-01 Having emerged from a Swiss glacier and solved his first murder case in more than ninety years (described in The Strange Return of Sherlock Holmes), the world's most famous detective now sleuths through modern London in search of a stolen letter purportedly written by Shakespeare. Holmes displays his usual mental brilliance as he investigates the missing letter and discovers an international plot to arm terrorists. He and his roommate, James Wilson, track the Shakespeare letter and the terrorist arms dealers to a Scottish castle where surprises await . . . and where the two companions quickly find they must be bloody, bold, and resolute if they are to survive. ISBN: 0727881280 Publication Date: 2012-04-01 The original super-sleuth, Sherlock Holmes, is back on the case - A corpse in a sarcophagus, a headless macaw, and a stolen slice of Black Forest gateau alert Sherlock Holmes to a macabre international crime in progress, and lead him through London's backstreets to the gloomy moors of Cornwall. People vanish, Greek statues vanish. Even Holmes vanishes - to the distress of his companion, James Wilson, whose emails and text messages go unanswered. But Holmes is in top form, fully recovered from his journey through ice to the twenty-first century and ready to reveal a multitude of secrets . . . ISBN: 072788218X Publication Date: 2013-06-01 A scientist who tortures apes in a mountain lab. A corpse in a locked study. A super-hacker called Black Swann. These send Sherlock Holmes from Switzerland to the English countryside – plunging him into an Orwellian world where tabloids, government and police have made a devil’s pact to hack the private lives of citizens. With animal and human rights threatened, Holmes moves to end the mad experiments of Professor Droon, find what killed Sylvia Swann, and save Inspector Lestrade from corrupt superiors. Quick and quirky as ever, Sherlock is fully recovered from the icy journey that carried him from 1914 to the present day. And in this fourth adventure he proves yet again the superiority of mind over megabytes. ISBN: 0316196991 Publication Date: 2011-11-01 For the first time in its one-hundred-and-twenty-five-year history, the Arthur Conan Doyle Estate has authorized a new Sherlock Holmes novel. Once again, THE GAME'S AFOOT... London, 1890. 221B Baker St. A fine art dealer named Edmund Carstairs visits Sherlock Holmes and Dr John Watson to beg for their help. He is being menaced by a strange man in a flat cap - a wanted criminal who seems to have followed him all the way from America. In the days that follow, his home is robbed, his family is threatened. And then the first murder takes place. Almost unwillingly, Holmes and Watson find themselves being drawn ever deeper into an international conspiracy connected to the teeming criminal underworld of Boston, the gaslit streets of London, opium dens and much, much more. And as they dig, they begin to hear the whispered phrase-the House of Silk-a mysterious entity that connects the highest levels of government to the deepest depths of criminality. Holmes begins to fear that he has uncovered a conspiracy that threatens to tear apart the very fabric of society. ISBN: 1416583300 Publication Date: 2009-04-28 In Dust and Shadow Sherlock Holmes hunts down Jack the Ripper with impeccably accurate historical detail, rooting the Whitechapel investigation in the fledgling days of tabloid journalism and clinical psychology. This astonishing debut explores the terrifying prospect of hunting down one of the world's first serial killers without the advantage of modern forensics or profiling. Sherlock's desire to stop the killer who is terrifying the East End of London is unwavering from the start, and in an effort to do so he hires an "unfortuate" known as Mary Ann Monk, the friend of a fellow streetwalker who was one of the Ripper's earliest victims. However, when Holmes himself is wounded in Whitechapel attempting to catch the villain, and a series of articles in the popular press question his role in the crimes, he must use all his resources in a desperate race to find the man known as "The Knife" before it is too late. Penned as a pastiche by the loyal and courageous Dr. Watson, Dust and Shadow recalls the ideals evinced by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's most beloved and world-renowned characters, while testing the limits of their strength in a fight to protect the women of London, Scotland Yard, and the peace of the city itself. ISBN: 1780922825 Publication Date: 2012-10-01 In March 1882, when John Watson is invited to Edinburgh to visit his cousin, the eminent Dr. Patrick Watson, he convinces Holmes to accompany him on what he believes will be a relaxing holiday. But where Sherlock Holmes tends to go, then surely a crime must be detected. What begins as a chance encounter of a seemingly simple mystery at an Edinburgh home, soon takes Holmes and Watson in to conflict with the Edinburgh Police, an investigation involving murder and corruption, and crossing paths with the local populace including Dr. Joseph Bell. As Holmes works more closely with a young Edinburgh constable on the case, it causes Watson to question not only his own position, but his very relationship with Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 1780921233 Publication Date: 2012-05-01 Victorian Englands most famous consulting detective is hot on the trail of London's most notorious serial killer, Jack the Ripper. But in Sherlock Holmes and the Whitechapel Vampire, Jack is a vampire and Holmes refusal to believe it could be his undoing. ISBN: 1780921705 Publication Date: 2012-05-01 After Mina Murray asks Sherlock Holmes to locate her fiancee, Holmes and Watson travel to a land far eerier than the moors they had known when pursuing the Hound of the Baskervilles. The confrontation with Count Dracula threatens Holmes' health, his sanity, and his life. Will Holmes survive his battle with Count Dracula? ISBN: 1605983942 Publication Date: 2013-03-13 In a momentous period of British history, Donald Thomas's latest Sherlock Holmes adventure pits the Great Detective and his faithful biographer, Dr. John Watson, against an international conspiracy led by a disgraced English officer. Colonel Hunter Moran bears upon him -The Mark of the Beast - his satanic ingenuity leaves a spectacular trail of devastation. It runs from the annihilation of a British armored column by Zulu tribesmen armed only with shields and spears, to a life-and-death struggle on the sinking passenger steamer Comtesse de Flandre. Only the detective genius of Holmes can prove a match for the unfolding criminality of Moran and his associates. With Watson and Mycroft at his side, Sherlock Holmes again demonstrates although the powers of the state and the underworld may try to overpower him, they will never out-think his splendid analytical mind at the height of its powers. ISBN: 031619882X Publication Date: 2015-03-24 In 1893, Sherlock Holmes and Henry James come to America together to solve the mystery of the 1885 death of Clover Adams, wife of the esteemed historian Henry Adams--member of the Adams family that has given the United States two Presidents. Clover's suicide appears to be more than it at first seemed; the suspected foul play may involve matters of national importance. Holmes is currently on his Great Hiatus--his three-year absence after Reichenbach Falls during which time the people of London believe him to be deceased. Holmes has faked his own death because, through his powers of ratiocination, the great detective has come to the conclusion that he is a fictional character. This leads to serious complications for James--for if his esteemed fellow investigator is merely a work of fiction, what does that make him? And what can the master storyteller do to fight against the sinister power -- possibly named Moriarty -- that may or may not be controlling them from the shadows? ISBN: 1780924011 Publication Date: 2013-04-01 London, 1920: Boston-bred Enoch Hale, working as a reporter for the Central News Syndicate, arrives on the scene shortly after a music hall escape artist is found hanging from the ceiling in his dressing room. What at first appears to be a suicide turns out to be murder . . . the first of several using the same modus operandi. What's the connecting factor among all the victims? Or isn't there one? That's what the dogged journalist Hale aims to find out. Covering the Hangman Murders brings him into contact with a diverse cast of witnesses and interview subjects that include Winston Churchill, William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Alfred Hitchcock, and Ezra Pound. Hale, whose best friend in London is the chain-smoking poet and banker T.S. (Tom) Eliot even makes a pilgrimage to the Sussex Downs to get an opinion on the case from the great detective Sherlock Holmes. The trip is in vain, but he eventually does meet Holmes in a most surprising encounter. Through it all there is another mystery, which perhaps goes to the mystery of the human heart. What is the lovely music hall singer Sadie Briggs concealing from Hale - just her past or also her present? ISBN: 1780926332 Publication Date: 2014-05-01 London, 1922: Two years after helping Sherlock Holmes solve the Hangman Murders, American journalist Enoch Hale becomes even more intimately involved in another puzzling mystery. Langdale Pike, veteran purveyor of gossip to the trash newspapers, is poisoned while sipping tea with Hale - and apparently just as he is about to spill a secret more important than social gossip. With the unrequested aid of advertising copywriter Dorothy Sayers, Hale pursues a number of leads based on notes in Pike's pocket diary - including an interview with the formidable G.K. Chesterton. His attempts to uncover the identity of one of Pike's fellow club members bring Hale the unwanted attention of Mycroft Holmes, head of His Majesty's Secret Service, and of his younger brother. Once again Enoch Hale and the theoretically retired but far from retiring Sherlock Holmes join forces to solve a crime that may have international complications. And this time Hale himself almost becomes a victim when he gets too close to the solution. This fast-moving tale is sure to please the many fans of the first Enoch Hale - Sherlock Holmes adventure, The Amateur Executioner. ISBN: 1780927762 Publication Date: 2015 "London, 1924: When Alfie Barrington is stabbed to death outside his club, suspicion quickly falls on his widow, the lovely Sarah--and on her former beau, Enoch Hale. The American journalist has an alibi, but he doesn't know her name and Scotland Yard can't find her. Determined to solve this case without the help of his friend Sherlock Holmes, Hale launches and investigation that brings him into contact with Leonard and Virginia Woolf, bohemian writers and publishers; P.G. Wodehouse, creator of Jeeves and Bertie Wooster; Howard Carter, discoverer of King Tut's tomb; and one of the greatest mystery writers of all time. A second murder sparks journalistic speculation of a curse related to Alfie's time in Egypt as a competitor of Carter and his patron, Lord Carnarvon. Hale doesn't buy that, but he doesn't come up with a better solution until it is almost too late. And in the end, it is once again Sherlock Holmes who puts it all together." ISBN: 1780927207 Publication Date: 2015-01-26 Sherlock Holmes and John Watson have wandered far from the light of Victorian gas lamps. As Holmes and Watson they've tangled with Nazis, as Sherlock and John they roam the corridors of New Scotland Yard. In a world of so many fresh adventures, why not fresh beginnings to those adventures? From an 1879 Kabul train station to a King's College lecture theatre in 2015, The Day They Met includes stories both classic and contemporary, offering fifty intriguing new ways that the world's most legendary partnership might have begun. ISBN: 9780719814990 Publication Date: 2015-06-01 Three new Sherlock Holmes adventures by Séamus Duffy. When three people are murdered in London in The Adventure of the Soho Picture Gallery, the murders are accompanied by unmistakable symbols of ritualism. Holmes's trail leads to a respected peer of the realm and he unearths a web of vice, deception, and intrigue beneath Victorian society's respectable veneer. The Adventure of the Edmonton Horror offers a case which causes the wildest speculation, and which seems destined to join the apocrypha in Holmes's 'uncommonplace book' - a collection of the strangest and most mysterious occurrences ever recorded in the capital. Is it a matter for a detective, a clergyman, or an occultist?In The Adventure of the Rotherhithe Ship-breakers, Holmes tracks down a would-be assassin, yet no one is certain whom the bullet was meant for. The investigation leads Holmes to one of the foulest, most dangerous corners of riverside London, a criminal plague spot which even the locals call the Four Corners of Hell. ISBN: 0008130833 Publication Date: 2015-10-06 London. A snowy December, 1888. Sherlock Holmes, 34, is languishing and back on cocaine after a disastrous Ripper investigation. Watson can neither comfort nor rouse his friend until a strangely encoded letter arrives from Paris. Mlle La Victoire, a beautiful French cabaret star writes that her illegitimate son by an English lord has disappeared, and she has been attacked in the streets of Montmartre. Racing to Paris with Watson at his side, Holmes discovers the missing child is only the tip of the iceberg of a much larger problem. The most valuable statue since the Winged Victory has been violently stolen in Marseilles, and several children from a silk mill in Lancashire have been found murdered. The clues in all three cases point to a single, untouchable man. Will Holmes recover in time to find the missing boy and stop a rising tide of murders? To do so he must stay one step ahead of a dangerous French rival and the threatening interference of his own brother, Mycroft. This latest adventure, in the style of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, sends the iconic duo from London to Paris and the icy wilds of Lancashire in a case which tests Watson's friendship and the fragility and gifts of Sherlock Holmes' own artistic nature to the limits." ISBN: 1780927487 Publication Date: 2015-07-21 Long ago, it was stalwart Timothy Jones who promised to hunt the fiend responsible for the death of his friend and landlord, Baskerville. Now a letter has come from Timothy, pleading with Holmes to return to Dartmoor. The moor is again haunted by a killing beast. Screams and shrieks are heard on the moor. Sheep, horses and more are found ripped to pieces. Jones, Watson and Holmes, aided by armed villagers and their dogs begin closing in on the beast and flush him out of hiding -- a grizzly bear, and it is soon killed. Too late for Old Will who is found dead by his cottage, savaged by the bear, but with a pentagon carved on his forehead. He'd been killed by a single shot to the head. Sherlock is certain this is the work of Moriarty, who must have escaped the Falls, afterall. Returning to London, Holmes finds he's been made a laughing stock in the press and to his friends. ISBN: 0451208757 Publication Date: 2003-09-02 They say he is the son of Sherlock Holmes...The author of The Fall and the Dismas Hardy and Wyatt Hunt series takes us to a small French town in the dark days of World War I. The "reliably excellent" New York Times bestselling author offers an engrossing historical mystery in which the rumor is that young chef Auguste Lupa is the son of the greatest detective of all time. And his mysterious legacy may come to light as he attempts to solve the baffling murder of an intelligence agent... ISBN: 0727860569 Publication Date: 2004-04-01 Having graduated from a top European university, the son of Sherlock Holmes is approached by an uncle and introduced to the First Lord of the Admiralty. As World War I looms, Holmes is taken on to pose as a businessman and hunt down arms salesmen who intend avoiding US neutrality, a task fraught with danger. ISBN: 0446572594 Publication Date: 2010-12-01 When literary researcher Harold White is inducted into the preeminent Sherlock Holmes enthusiast society, The Baker Street Irregulars, he expects good sherry and stimulating conversation. He receives a bonus: the world's leading expert on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle announces that he's found the author's fabled "missing diary." But when the man is found murdered in his hotel room - it is Harold who must take up the search:both for the killer, and for the invaluable missing diary. With only his immense knowledge of the Doylean canon-and the help of a beautiful young journalist-Harold embarks on a dangerous translatlantic investigation, making deductions worthy of his literary idol. At the same time, author Graham Moore tells the story of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself, a story which his remained hidden in Conan Doyle's missing diary for a hundred years. In an attempt to prove himself the better of his most famous character, Conan Doyle hunts a serial killer through the streets of 1890's London. But what he finds is that in a world of real crime, and real evil, the world does not need Arthur Conan Doyle - the world needs Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 0312347804 Publication Date: 2006-02-07 Because 1893 is a tough year in Montana, any job is a good job. When Big Red and Old Red Amlingmeyer sign on as ranch hands at the secretive Bar VR cattle spread, they're not expecting much more than hard work, bad pay, and a comfortable campfire around which they can enjoy their favorite pastime: scouring "Harper's Weekly" for stories about the famous Sherlock Holmes. When the boys come across a dead body that looks a whole lot like the leftovers of an unfortunate encounter with a cattle stampede, Old Red sees the perfect opportunity to employ his Holmes-inspired deducifyin' skills. Putting his ranch work squarely on the back burner, he sets out to solve the case. Big Red, like it or not (and mostly he does not), is along for the wild ride in this clever, compelling, and completely one-of-a-kind mystery. ISBN: 0312379420 Publication Date: 2009-07-21 In 1893, Otto "Big Red" Amlingmeyer and his brother Gustav, "Old Red" find themselves in a situation that they never expected. They have a bit of money and time to do something other than scramble. It's enough to confound even that most unconfoundable of men, their mutual inspiration, Sherlock Holmes. So Old Red decides that it's time for the for the two of them to head off to the Texas hill country, to San Marcos, and deal with the greatest tragedy of Old Red's life. Five years ago, when Old Red was a cowpoke in San Marcos, he had a sweetheart--a fallen woman at the local house of ill repute. They had made plans but before they made their big move, his fiancee was murdered and the case swept under the rug by the local authorities. Now, Old Red is determined to find out what really happened and to finally find a measure of justice for his beloved. But Big Red and Old Red find themselves facing a wall of silence and in some of the worst situations of their lives: ensnared in a riot at the local cathouse, on the wrong end of a lynching party and perhaps worst of all--having to do the one thing you never want to do in the state of Texas: steal horses. ISBN: 031253812X Publication Date: 2009-06-23 "First in a spectacular new series about two brother lawyers who lease offices on London's Baker Street--and begin receiving mail addressed to Sherlock Holmes "In Los Angeles, a geological surveyor maps out a proposed subway route--and then goes missing. His eight-year-old daughter, in her desperation, turns to the one person she thinks might help--she writes a letter to Sherlock Holmes. That letter creates an uproar at 221b Baker Street, which now houses the law offices of attorney and man about town Reggie Heath and his hapless brother, Nigel. Instead of filing the letter like he's supposed to, Nigel decides to investigate. Soon he's flying off to Los Angeles, inconsiderately leaving a very dead body on the floor in his office. Big brother Reggie follows Nigel to California, as does Reggie's sometime lover, Laura---a quick-witted stage actress who's captured the hearts of both brothers. When Nigel is arrested, Reggie must use all his wits to solve a case that Sherlock Holmes would have savored and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle fans will adore. ISBN: 0312538138 Publication Date: 2011-03-01 Hoping to recoup his losses after answering a misdirected letter to Sherlock Holmes, barrister Reggie Heath represents a limousine driver who has been accused of murdering two tourists, a case that is complicated by a letter from a descendant of Professor Moriarty. ISBN: 1250016452 Publication Date: 2013-04-02 In Michael Robertson's The Baker Street Translation, Reggie and Nigel Heath--brothers who lease law offices at 221B Baker Street in London, England and answer mail addressed to the location's most famous resident, Sherlock Holmes--find themselves pulled once again into a case straight out of Arthur Conan Doyle. An elderly American heiress wants to leave her entire fortune to Sherlock Holmes. A translator wants Sherlock Holmes to explain a nursery rhyme. And Robert Buxton--Reggie's rival for the love of actress Laura Rankin--has gone missing.Reggie must suss all these things out before an upcoming British royal event. If he doesn't, something very bad will happen to everyone at that event--and to Laura. Fast-paced, exciting, and clever, this is the perfect mystery for aficionados of the current craze for all things Sherlockian. ISBN: 1250016460 Publication Date: 2014-01-28 Reggie and Nigel are back in a case that would confound even Sherlock himself. An exhibition of vintage Sherlock Holmes letters has opened at the Marylebone Hotel. As Reggie and his beloved Laura embark on a pre-wedding trip, someone from Reggie and Nigel's past--someone whom they thought was long gone--reappears, causing a whole slew of new problems for the brothers. ISBN: 1250060060 Publication Date: 2016-07-19 Michael Robertson has delighted mystery readers and Sherlock Holmes aficionados everywhere with his charming and innovative Baker Street mystery series, where brothers Reggie and Nigel Heath are charged with answering letters to Sherlock that arrive at their law office, located at 221B Baker Street. In the exclusive London suburb of Hampstead Heath, Rory McSweeny--a true national hero, having led the England cricket team to successive international championships--is accused of murdering his own wife with his own cricket bat. As preparations are made for the trial, the Royal Mail delivers two jury summonses to a law chambers located at Dorset House in the two hundred block of Baker Street. One summons is addressed to Nigel Heath. The other is addressed to Sherlock Holmes. And because Baker Street Law Chambers encompasses the address 221B Baker Street, both letters end up on Nigel's desk. There are twelve empaneled jurors--plus the alternates. But, an unfortunate accident befalls one of the jurors. And then things get worse. Jurors are dropping like flies, and they don't know who is doing it or why--or which of them will be next. ISBN: 0345537181 Publication Date: 2013-09-24 Evelina Cooper, the niece of the great Sherlock Holmes, is poised to enjoy her first Season in London Society. But there's a murderer to deal with--not to mention missing automatons, a sorcerer, and a talking mouse. In a Victorian era ruled by a council of ruthless steam barons, mechanical power is the real monarch and sorcery the demon enemy of the Empire. Nevertheless, the most coveted weapon is magic that can run machines--something Evelina has secretly mastered. But rather than making her fortune, her special talents could mean death or an eternity as a guest of Her Majesty's secret laboratories. What's a polite young lady to do but mind her manners and pray she's never found out? But then there's that murder. As Sherlock Holmes's niece, Evelina should be able to find the answers, but she has a lot to learn. And the first decision she has to make is whether to trust the handsome, clever rake who makes her breath come faster, or the dashing trick rider who would dare anything for her if she would only just ask. ISBN: 034553719X Publication Date: 2013-10-29 When a bomb goes off at 221B Baker Street, Evelina Cooper is thrown into her uncle Sherlock's world of mystery and murder. But just when she thought it was safe to return to the ballroom, old, new, and even dead enemies are clamoring for a place on her dance card. Before Evelina's even unpacked her gowns for a country house party, an indiscretion puts her in the power of the ruthless Gold King, who recruits her as his spy. He knows her disreputable past and exiles her to the rank alleyways of Whitechapel with orders to unmask his foe. As danger mounts, Evelina struggles between hiding her illegal magic and succumbing to the darker aspects of her power. One path keeps her secure; the other keeps her alive. For rebellion is brewing, a sorcerer wants her soul, and no one can protect her in the hunting grounds of Jack the Ripper. England full of intrigue, romance, murder, and tiny sandwiches. ISBN: 0786705167 Publication Date: 1998-05-01 What if Sherlock Holmes did not retire in 1903 to a life of bee-keeping in Sussex but instead returned as an occasional Consulting detective in some of the Edwardian eras most baffling, actual cases? Donald Thomas combines his expertise as a novelist and criminal historian to give a brand-new twist to the adventures of Conan Doyle's famous creation. Accompanied as ever by Dr. Watson, Holmes here investigates the alleged bigamy of King George V, the theft of the Irish Crown Jewels in 1907, the suspicious death of President Faure of France after the Dreyfus affair, and four of Great Britain's most notorious murder trials. The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes provides the Great Detective's numerous fans with their first look at clandestine investigations too damaging to the monarchy, the government or the nation's security to be read until now. ISBN: 0786709731 Publication Date: 2002-02-19 The famous tin box in the attic of the house on Baker Street is again unlocked in this new collection of tales contrived by the ingenious Donald Thomas. As in Thomas's successful previous collection, The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson presents six cases of real-life crime that he has uncovered in the unpublished papers of the world's most celebrated detective. Crossing historical fact with inventive fiction, Thomas introduces Holmes in these stories to such controversial clients as Oscar Wilde and Dr. Crippen. Holmes also meets and is himself arrested by his future ally, Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard. In these tales, a grim discovery lies behind the scandal of naked bicyclists in rural Essex; the deceptions of a military swindler lead to the execution shed; a young woman goes missing with a minor criminal, whom only Holmes believes to be the most dangerous psychopath of modern times; and a "Talking Corpse" unveils horror in the Lambeth slums. In all, the Great Detective appears at his most determinedly deductive and downright devious. "It is all Holmes, sweet Holmes for the premier sleuth's many fans."Booklist ISBN: 9781605980430 Publication Date: 2009-05-27 In these five tales, Sherlock Holmes is shown at the height of his powers: he co-operates with a young Winston Churchill in the famed Siege of Sydney Street; helps defeat a plan for a German invasion outlined in the Zimmerman Telegram; establishes a link between two missing light-house keepers and the royal treasures of King John; contends with a supernatural curse placed upon an eccentric aristocrat and discovers a lost epic of Lord Byron. But it is all in a days work for the great detective, who continues to defy the odds and lives to ratiocinate another day. ISBN: 1933648228 Publication Date: 2007-05-01 Crossing historical fact with detective fiction, the cache of the celebrated detective's private papers is once again opened, bringing Holmes and Watson out of retirement to investigate the most notorious mysteries in the annals of true crime. ISBN: 1605981346 Publication Date: 2010-12-29 "Have you ever seen a ghost, Mr. Holmes?" asks Victoria Temple, and Sherlock Holmes, at the height of his powers in 1898, must face a new challenge, one that plunges the great detective into the realm of the supernatural. Miss Temple has been found guilty, but also insane, at her trial for murdering a child under her care. She is locked away in the Broadmoor lunatic asylum, and worse still, she believes fully in her own guilt. But were the hauntings at the Elizabethan manor house of Bly a vision of the walking dead, perhaps, rather than delusions of her tormented mind? Or could it be that a criminal conspiracy is to blame for the psychic phenomena, as well as a second murder cunningly concealed in the past? In the company of Dr. Watson, the indefatigable Holmes will track down the perpetrators through the occult underworld of Victorian London. Next, on the eve of World War I, Holmes is confronted with fraud and forgery at the Royal Navy Academy in The Case of a Boy's Honor, while back in London, behind the scenes of the Herculaneum Theatre in the Strand, The Case of the Matinee Idol embroils Holmes and Watson directly in an apparent on-stage murder. How did poison get into two Shakesperean goblets when only the victim, now dead, had access to them and the most likely suspect was a mile away with an unbreakable alibi? ISBN: 9780312280932 Publication Date: 2003-02-12 For over a century, readers have thrilled to the exploits of Sherlock Holmes through the tales narrated by his sidekick and official chronicler, Dr. John Watson. But do Dr. Watson's tales really tell the true story of the great detective? In this collection of thirteen original tales, each told by a side character in the original canon, ranging from the famous (Irene Adler, Professor James Moriarty, and Mycroft Holmes) to the decidedy minor (Billy the page boy, Wiggins of the Baker Street Irregulars, and both Mrs. Watsons), readers finally get to hear another side of the legend. From what Inspector Lestrade really thought of Holmes to the untold tale of his encounter with Dr. Fu Manchu, from the bitter reminiscences of him by C. Auguste Dupin to the thoughts of his longtime landlady Mrs. Hudson, the totality of the veil of mystery over the legend that is Sherlock Holmes is at last removed. With stories from Barbara Hambly, Cara Black, Peter Tremayne, and Michael Kurland, among others, My Sherlock Holmes is a unique and compelling entry into the literature of the world's most famous detective. ISBN: 0312315139 Publication Date: 2004-11-05 An anthology of original stories follows the period between 1891 and 1894 during which Sherlock Holmes was presumed dead after a struggle with nemesis James Moriarty and experienced a series of adventures, in a collection that includes contributions by such writers as Peter Beagle, Rhys Bowen, and Bill Pronzini. ISBN: 0312378467 Publication Date: 2010-02-02 A compelling volume of original tales concerning Sherlock Holmes' legendary time in America With an introduction by Leslie S. Klinger, editor and compiler of all three volumes of theAnnotated Sherlock Holmes,this collection of ten original stories brings light to one of the least examined periods in the life of the great detective--his time in the former colonies, the United States. This Holmes is a youthful one--a young man not yet set upon his course in life and in his famous lodgings at 221B Baker Street. ISBN: 144054414X Publication Date: 2012-10-18 Authorized and licensed by Estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle! An adventurous collection of Sherlock Holmes mysteries and essays, including "Channeling Holmes," "On the Significance of Boswells," and "Was Sherlock Holmes The Shadow?" that delve deeper into the daring world of Sherlock Holmes and the imaginative mind of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. ISBN: 1440564833 Publication Date: 2013-11-18 A follow-up collection to well-received The Perils of Sherlock Holmes! Award-winning author Loren D. Estleman has curated a collection of Sherlock Holmes stories from some of the finest authors in Sons of Moriarty and More Stories of Sherlock Holmes. This is the first time that these stories appear together in one anthology, including "Sons of Moriarty," a Sherlock Holmes novella, appearing here for the first time. Publication Date: 2014-11-01 A collection of classic reprints and four original stories featuring Sherlock Holmes ISBN: 0762436263 Publication Date: 2009-05-12 Unrecorded cases of the world's greatest detective are found in this collection of original fiction by Stephen Baxter, Michael Moorcock, H.R.F. Keating, and more. The stories are linked by a running biography of Sherlock Holmes, identifying the gaps in the canon. ISBN: 9780749011383 Publication Date: 2012-11-15 June Thomson gives fascinating insights into the personalities of these two very different individuals whose relationship was to last for over forty-six years. Those interested in the many theories which surround the canon, such as the dating of The Hound of the Baskervilles or the location of 221B Baker Street, will find answers here. In addition, June Thomson supplies suggested chronologies to help with the vexed question of dating, as well as supplying two intriguing theories of her own concerning the identities of the King of Bohemia and the second Mrs Watson - both of which have been the subject of much debate among Sherlockian scholars. Those who have enjoyed the accounts of Holmes and Watson's adventures will find this book indispensible in providing a detailed and enthralling account of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's two immortal characters. ISBN: 9780749016470 Publication Date: 2015-05-19 In 1939, in rooms at All Saint College, Oxford - a certain Miss Adelina McWhirter paid a visit to another Dr. John Watson, leaving behind, after an exchange of money, a beat-up metal box full of old papers. But the volatile political circumstances of the day kept this second Watson, himself a Sherlockian scholar, from then publishing what he had fortuitously acquired. And thanks to Aubrey B. Watson, heir to the previous cache, seven heretofore untold cases investigated by Sherlock Holmes with the assistance of the always estimable Watson can be laid before the expectant public. ISBN: 9780749016678 Publication Date: 2015-05-19 This collection of stories, allegedly written by Doctor Watson, includes the tragic tale of Lord Deerswood's unwanted legacy, the account of the jealous contortionist, the affair of the beautiful housekeeper, the deadly doings of the costumed Russian, the Aladdin's Cave episode, and the extraordinary circumstances surrounding the deadly Sumatran rats. The discovery of these Sherlock Holmes cases - one of which reunites Holmes with brother Mycroft - represents a treasure trove for Baker Street devotees. ISBN: 0749011092 Publication Date: 2012-11-15 A further seven tales have been rescued from the battered tin dispatch-box which came into the possession of the famous Dr Watson's namesake. They are: The Case of the Millionaire's Persecution The Case of the Colonel's Madness The Case of the Addleton Tragedy The Case of the Friesland Tragedy The Case of the Shopkeeper's Terror The Case of the Smith-Mortimer Succession The Case of the Maupertuis Scandal And in addition, the brilliantly conceived proposition,an hypothesis regarding the identity of the second Mrs Watson. The cases of Sherlock Holmes entice readers with their curious mystery. The Secret Journals of Sherlock Holmes" is a series of short stories following the famous detective as he faces many more cases. June Thomson is dedicated to capturing the essence of Doyle's stories and characters and placing them in many new scenarios both common and uncommon. "The Secret Journals of Sherlock Holmes" is a must for fans of the detective and mystery in general, recommended."--Midwest Book Review, 2013/04 ISBN: 0749012439 Publication Date: 2013-03-15 A mysterious veiled lady carries a counterfeit painting into an art dealer's office. A widow with three hands slips out of a church door. A farmer lies dead in a barn, his son accused of his murder. A skeleton with a silver locket is unearthed in a back garden.What do they have in common? The famous resident of 221b Baker Street. From the gas-lit clamour of London's streets, to the isolated Welsh countryside, the great detective Sherlock Holmes, accompanied as always by his faithful friend and biographer Dr Watson, must solve cases as complex as any he has known before, some of which bring him face to face with old enemies from the past, figures left behind in the mists of the Reichenbach Falls. A brand new cache of original cases from the brilliant imagination of June Thomson displays the master of the art of deduction at his intriguing best and proves that the game is still very much afoot. ISBN: 0749011432 Publication Date: 2012-11-15 In Sherlock Holmes's London, reputations are fragile and scandal can be ruinous. In order to protect the names of the good (and not-so-good), Dr Watson comes to the decision that his accounts of some of his friend's most brilliant cases must never see the light of day. Concealing the manuscripts in an old despatch box deep in the vaults of a Charing Cross bank, Dr Watson preserves the honour of others and in doing so proves himself a true gentleman as well as a good friend. But then a hundred years pass, and the mysteries outlast the memories of those they once could have harmed?An aluminium crutch betrays the criminal who relies upon it for support? An Italian Cardinal lies dead in a muddy yard in Spitalfields? What do a pair of suspiciously successful gamblers have in common with the Transylvanian mind-reader, Count Rakoczi? And can Holmes and Watson outwit the jewel thief who has the nerve to steal from the King of Scandinavia? ISBN: 0749016574 Publication Date: 2015-05-19 This collection of stories, allegedly written by Doctor Watson, includes the theft of the Vatican cameos, the arrest of Huret the Boulevard assassin, and the terrible death of Crosby the banker. ISBN: 0749018186 Publication Date: 2015-07-23 The infamous Sherlock Holmes, now in his retirement, has turned his attention to his beekeeping hobby. But when a shadowy figure is seen walking below the cliffs one night, Holmes cannot resist the temptation of solving one more mystery. He summons his old flatmate and confidant Dr Watson to help. Against the backdrop of the stormy Sussex coast, desirable women and suspicious men weave an engaging and complex case. ISBN: 1597801607 Publication Date: 2009-09-01 The game is afoot! Night Shade Books is proud to present the fantastic adventures of the world's greatest detective #151; mystery, fantasy, science fiction, horror, no genre can escape the esteemed detective's needle-sharp intellect and intuition. This reprint anthology showcases the best Holmes short fiction from the last 25 years, featuring stories by such visionaries as Stephen King, Neil Gaimen, Laura King, and many others. ISBN: 0786708980 Publication Date: 2001-08-22 Ingeniously contrived and shrewdly executed by some of the finest talents at work in crime fiction today -- Anne Perry, Loren Estleman, Gillian Linscott, Edward D. Hoch, Peter Tremayne, Stuart Kaminsky, Jon L. Breen, Bill Crider, Howard Engel, Carolyn Wheat, and L. B. Greenwood -- the eleven stories in this premier volume celebrate the keen mind and singular manners of the Great Detective. ISBN: 9780786712441 Publication Date: 2003-11-06 Eccentric, coldly rational, brilliant, doughty, exacting, lazy--in full bohemian color the world's most famous literary detective and his loyal companion Dr. John Watson investigate a series of previously unrecorded cases in this second collection of totally original and confounding tales. As in the popular debut volume, Murder in Baker Street, Anne Perry and ten more popular mystery writers--including Sharyn McCrumb, Carolyn Wheat, Malachi Saxon, Jon L. Breen, Bill Crider, Colin Bruce, Lenore Carroll, Barry Day, Daniel Stashower, and Loren D. Estleman-- celebrate the mind and methods of Sherlock Holmes in this paperback version. In addition, Christopher Redmond illuminates the vast possibilities that new technology offers in "Sherlock Holmes on the Internet," while in "A Sherlockian Library" editors Lellenberg and Stashower provide a new list of fifty essential titles on Arthur Conan Doyle and the Holmes canon. Finally, an essay by mystery novelist Philip A. Shreffler explores one of English literature's most famous friendships in "Holmes and Watson, the Head and the Heart." This is truly a treasury of never-before-published Sherlockian tales that should not be missed. ISBN: 078671400X Publication Date: 2006-01-09 Sherlock Holmes once declared: "This world is big enough for us. No ghosts need apply." And when Dr. Mortimer asked if the legend of the Hound of the Baskervilles was not of interest, Holmes said only: "To a collector of fairy-tales." And yet Conan Doyle, fascinated by psychic phenomena his entire life, and author of many horror and supernatural stories, did give Holmes a few problems of the otherworldly sort, even if they ended in rational explanations. Featuring an all-star cast of Doyle devotees that includes Caleb Carr and Daniel Stashower, hosts of Baker Street is the third collection of original mystery stories featuring the literary world's greatest detective (Murder in Baker Street; Murder, My Dear Watson) and these stories bring Holmes and Watson up against the supernatural. This latest installment in the New Tales of Sherlock Holmes seriesedited by Martin H. Greenberg, one of crime fiction's most awarded editors and anthologists brings the reader more adventures where the ultimate disbelieving detective tackles mysteries with a distinctly strange flavor, featuring crimes and situations that may possibly be not of this world. ISBN: 9780812982466 Publication Date: 2011-10-25 These are just three of eighteen superstar authors who provide fascinating, thrilling, and utterly original perspectives on Sherlock Holmes in this one-of-a-kind book. These modern masters place the sleuth in suspenseful new situations, create characters who solve Holmesian mysteries, contemplate Holmes in his later years, fill gaps in the Sherlock Holmes Canon, and reveal their own personal obsessions with the Great Detective. ISBN: 9781605986586 Publication Date: 2014-11-11 The Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle were recently voted as the top mystery series of all time, and they have enthralled generations of readers--and writers! Now, Laurie R. King, author of the New York Times-bestselling Mary Russell series (in which Holmes plays a co-starring role), and Leslie S. Klinger, editor of the New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, have assembled a stellar group of contemporary authors from a variety of genres and asked them to create new stories inspired by that canon. Readers will find Holmes in times and places previously unimagined, as well as characters who have themselves been affected by the tales of Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 0709082495 Publication Date: 2007-03-01 Dr. John Watson finally reopens the lid of his old tin box and discovers a veritable treasure trove of unpublished tales recounting the remarkable skills of his friend and colleague, Mr Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 0709086873 Publication Date: 2009-06-01 In the tradition of Holmes pastiche, travel to Baker Street to finally hear the full stories of the Baron Maupertius, The Cutter Alicia, The Remarkable Disappearance of James Phillimore, The Red Leech, The Aluminium Crutch, The Abominable Wife, and The Mumbling Duellist: Isadora Persano. What is the connection between an impoverished dowager, an attempt on Mycroft's life, and Holmes' deadliest adversary? Can Holmes discover if a ship really disappeared in a patch of mist or if his client's father is insane? Who or what is the red leech? ISBN: 0709093462 Publication Date: 2013-04-01 From the author of Chronicles of Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes and The Giant Rat of Sumatra A sparkling collection of three new Sherlock Holmes stories draw on details and hints from the pages of Conan Doyle's classic works. From the pen of the acclaimed Doctor John Watson readers are introduced to previously unsolved mysteries, as referenced in many of the original stories. ISBN: 076245220X Publication Date: 2014-04-01 Sherlock Holmes is one of the most beloved detectives ever created and many have been inspired to continue his adventures after Sir Conan Doyle's death. In that spirit,The Mammoth Book of The Lost Chronicles of Sherlock Holmes brings together some of the more than two dozen stories that Denis O. Smith--regarded as the best Holmes storyteller after Doyle--wrote since the publication of "The Adventure of the Purple Hand" in 1982. ISBN: 0762456175 Publication Date: 2015-07-14 In this wonderful anthology of new stories, Sherlock Holmes travels to the far ends of the Earth in search of truth and justice. A host of singularly talented writers, while remaining respectful towards Conan Doyle's work, present a new and thrilling dimension to Holmes's career. ISBN: 1602393524 Publication Date: 2009-03-26 Sherlock Holmes makes his American debut in this fascinating and extraordinary collection of never-before-published crime and mystery stories by bestselling American writers. The world's greatest detective and his famous sidekick Watson are on their first trip across the Atlantic as they fight crime all over nineteenth-century North America. From the bustling neighborhoods of New York City and Washington, D.C., to sunny yet sinister cities like San Francisco on the West Coast, the world's best-loved British sleuth will face some of the most cunning criminals America has to offer, and meet some of America's most famous figures along the way. Each original story is written in the extraordinary tradition of Doyle's best work, yet each comes with a unique American twist that is sure to satisfy and exhilarate both Sherlock Holmes purists and those who always wished that Holmes could nab the nefarious closer to home. This is a must-read for any mystery fan and for those who have followed Holmes' illustrious career over the waterfall and back again. ISBN: 0719809061 Publication Date: 2013-02-28 Sherlock Holmes at the Breakfast Table is a sparkling new collection of the further adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson. It is unique in combining the style and intrigue of Holmes and Watson stories with the developing technology of turn-of-the-century Victorian England. Written in the original Strand Magazine style and told by Holmes’ companion, Dr John Watson, these previously untold tales unfold with wit and humour and most are recounted or begin at the breakfast table. Although told in the classic Holmes style, these adventures see the pair involved in telegraphy, flying-machines, a horseless carriage, chemistry, naval weapons and advanced steam engines. Holmes applies his highly developed powers of deduction to whole new fields of understanding, and the stories deftly mingle fiction with facts and events of the day. ISBN: 9781781082225 Publication Date: 2014-10-07 The world's most famous detective, as you've never seen him before! This is a collection of orginal short stories finding Holmes and Watson in times and places you would never have expected! A dozen established and up-and-coming authors invite you to view Doyle's greatest creation through a decidedly cracked lens. Read about Holmes and Watson through time and space, as they tackle a witch-trial in seventeenth century Scotland, bandy words with Andy Warhol in 1970s New York, travel the Wild Frontier in the Old West, solve future crimes in a world of robots and even cross paths with a young Elvis Presley... ISBN: 0849964830 Publication Date: 2013-05-06 Embark on a journey through the Old and New Testament with Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson as they explore exotic and spice-laden places in search of clues. The detective and the doctor travel back in time with the help of a Moriarty-designed time machine to investigate ten Bible destinations, unlocking clues to ten Bible mysteries. The most fascinating crime cases are those that are already solved, those that have been investigated by the police and brought to a swift, satisfying, and almost inevitable conclusion. So it is with Bible stories which the reader may consider familiar and unremarkable. But under close scrutiny these stories give up their hidden clues, their long kept secrets. Like a jewel newly polished, they sparkle and shine with a fresh, introspective light. While traveling back in time to witness certain scenes, Holmes and Watson unravel ten different Biblical mysteries,including the following: The Hanging Tree: Why did Ahithophel hang himself? Righteous Blood is Red: Is Zechariah the son of Berekiah or Jehoiada in Matthew 23? You Miss, You Die: Why did David take five stones against Goliath? Dead Man Walking: Why did Jesus delay in coming to Lazarus in John11? ISBN: 0486794628 Publication Date: 2015-09-16 When Arthur Conan Doyle killed off his fictional sleuth in the 1893 story "The Final Problem," distraught readers resorted to producing their own versions of Sherlock Holmes's adventures―thus inventing the now-common genre of fan fiction. These tales by famous and lesser-known devotees offer the best of early Sherlockian tributes and parodies. Editor Douglas G. Greene's informative Introduction provides background on each of the stories and their authors. ISBN: 1606900587 Publication Date: 2009-11-17 Arthur Conan Doyle's classic detective Sherlock Holmes returns in an all-new adventure! Holmes himself is the prime suspect in a murder mystery, and while he fights to save his very life, Watson must assemble the pieces of the puzzle in his stead. Will Watson's efforts save his friend or condemn him? ISBN: 1606904361 Publication Date: 2013-11-26 The legendary detective Sherlock Holmes and his trusted associate Dr. Watson investigate one of the strangest cases in their career! With mauled bodies appearing on the streets of Liverpool, rumors circulate that the culprit might be an inhuman monster known as Spring Heeled Jack. Determined to solve the case and debunk the city's superstitions, Holmes delves into the criminal underworld, piecing together an intricate and deadly puzzle. What have crime lord Mr. Drummond, a vicious dogfighting ring, and a museum's Aboriginal artifact exhibit to do with the Liverpool demon's rampage? Meanwhile, Dr. Watson witnesses the creature with his own eyes, and sets out alone in pursuit. Will Holmes be able to save his dear friend from the subterranean perils beneath Liverpool? ISBN: 1401228402 Publication Date: 2010-10-20 Collecting the acclaimed, hit 6-issue miniseries pitting Sherlock Holmes against zombies! In 1854, a meteor streaked across London's skies, bringing with it a zombie plague. For twenty years, Her Majesty's Secret Service has kept the threat under control. But now dastardly fiend Moriarty is using the zombies in an attempt to overthrow the Victorian government. It's up to Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson to face off against their greatest foe and his zombie minions! ISBN: 140123268X Publication Date: 2011-10-12 The sequel to the hit VICTORIAN UNDEAD A year after the defeat of Professor Moriarty's horde and the fire-bombing of London, restoration is well under way. Yet, from across the sea, ancient eyes cast their hungry gaze upon the still vulnerable capital...Dracula is coming. ISBN: 1606902172 Publication Date: 2011-11-01 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's dauntless detective returns in an all-new adventure exploring the sleuth's untold origins! Join Dr. John Watson as he meets young Sherlock Holmes in a fateful encounter that will forever shape both men's destinies. Mysteries and murders most foul abound as we discover clues that reveal just how Holmes became the world's most famous detective. ISBN: 1939516013 Publication Date: 2013-12-11 Collecting the entire first arc of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes and Dr John Watson re-envisioning as African Americans living in New York City's famous Harlem district. Watson, an Afghanistan war vet, works in an inner-city clinic; Holmes, a local P.I. who takes unusual cases. When one of them ends up in Watson's emergency room, the unlikely duo strike up a partnership to find a missing girl. Watson & Holmes bump heads along the way as they enter a labyrinth of drugs, guns, gangs and a conspiracy that goes higher and deeper than they could have imagined. ISBN: 1616552662 Publication Date: 2014-02-18 Sherlock Holmes died fighting Professor Moriarty in the Reichenbach Falls. At least, that's what the press claims. However, Holmes is alive and well and taking advantage of his presumed death to travel the globe. Unfortunately, Holmes's plans are thwarted when a plague of vampirism haunts Britain. ISBN: 1616558164 Publication Date: 2015-10-20 Following his encounter with the vampire Selymes, Sherlock Holmes embarks on an Arctic expedition under the assumed name of Thomas Sigerson. During his excursion, the great detective uncovers strange and dark forces at work, and only learns that some mysteries are best left unsolved! Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle meets H. P. Lovecraft! ISBN: 0374387672 Publication Date: 2011-02-01 It is the summer of 1868, and Sherlock Holmes is fourteen. On break from boarding school, he is staying with eccentric strangers--his uncle and aunt--in their vast house in Hampshire. When two local people die from symptoms that resemble the plague, Holmes begins to investigate what really killed them, helped by his new tutor, an American named Amyus Crowe. So begins Sherlock's true education in detection, as he discovers the dastardly crimes of a brilliantly sinister villain of exquisitely malign intent. ISBN: 0374387680 Publication Date: 2012-04-24 Fourteen-year-old Sherlock Holmes knows that Amyus Crowe, his mysterious American tutor, has some dark secrets. But he didn't expect to find John Wilkes Booth, the notorious assassin, apparently alive and well in England--and Crowe somehow mixed up in it. When no one will tell you the truth, sometimes you have to risk all to discover it for yourself. And so begins an adventure that will take Sherlock across the Atlantic, to the center of a deadly web--where a friend is in peril and a defeated army threatens to rise again. Andrew Lane's exciting second case for the teenage Sherlock leads the young detective to America, straight into the heart of a shocking conspiracy. ISBN: 0374387699 Publication Date: 2013-01-22 A third case for teen Sherlock involves a heinous crime . . . and a brother with blood on his hands When Sherlock and Amyus Crowe, his American tutor, visit Sherlock's brother, Mycroft, in London, all they are expecting is lunch and some polite conversation. What they find shocks both of them to the core: a locked room, a dead body, and Mycroft holding a knife. The police are convinced Mycroft is a vicious murderer, but Sherlock is just as convinced he is innocent. Threatened with the gallows, Mycroft needs Sherlock to save him. The search for the truth necessitates an incredible journey, from a railway station for dead bodies in London all the way to the frozen city of Moscow--where Sherlock is afoot in a world of secrets and danger. ISBN: 0374323119 Publication Date: 2013-10-01 In Fire Storm by Andrew Lane, young Sherlock's friend and her father have vanished. Their house looks as if nobody has ever lived in it; the neighbors claim never to have heard of them. Sherlock begins to doubt his sanity, until a clever clue points him to Scotland. Following that clue leads him into a mystery that involves kidnapping, bodysnatchers, and a man who claims he can raise the dead. Only the budding detective Sherlock can untangle the mind-bending--and dangerous--puzzles that ensnare his friends. Think you know Sherlock Holmes? Think again! ISBN: 9780374370909 Publication Date: 2014-10-21 Kidnapped and taken to China, teenage Sherlock finds himself plunged into the heart of a deadly mystery. How can three men be bitten by the same poisonous snake in different parts of Shanghai? Who wants them dead, and why? The answers seem to lie in a message hidden in a diagram that looks like a spider's web. But solving one puzzle only leads to an even more urgent question: What has all this got to do with a plot to blow up an American warship? To unravel the strands that entangle him, Sherlock must brave terrors greater than any he has faced before. ISBN: 031260212X Publication Date: 2010-03-30 Go to The Dancing Men and ask for a saucer of milk for your snake. Then all will be revealed. Xena and Xander Holmes think living in London will be boring. But one afternoon they're handed a cryptic note that leads them to a hidden room--and a secret society. When they discover they're related to Sherlock Holmes and inherit his unsolved casebook, life becomes so much more exciting. The siblings set out to solve the cases their famous ancestor couldn't, starting with the mystery of a prized painting that vanished more than a hundred years ago. Can two smart twenty-first century kids succeed where Sherlock Holmes could not? ISBN: 0312659180 Publication Date: 2011-03-15 Xena and Xander have been looking forward to their vacation in the peaceful country village of Blackslope. But when a huge monster begins to terrorize the town, the young detectives are faced with a mystery that seems impossible to solve. Sherlock Holmes, Xena and Xander's famous ancestor, investigated the case of a horrible beast in Blackslope, but that was nearly a hundred years ago. It couldn't be the same creature after all this time--could it? ISBN: 0312563582 Publication Date: 2011-08-02 Xander's classmate Karim tells him about a famous amulet carved in the shape of Thoth, the Egyptian god of time. It was thought to be so powerful that it could turn back time one day every hundred years. And that day is in a week! The amulet disappeared from a London museum years ago. Xena and Xander's celebrated ancestor Sherlock Holmes tried to find it, but had no luck. The twins are on the case--and so are mysterious foes who are trying to thwart and perhaps even harm them! Can Xander and Xena track down what Sherlock Holmes could not? ISBN: 1250004802 Publication Date: 2012-08-07 Xena and Xander have just learned that their shy classmate, Alice, is the heir to a royal throne! Then they discover that their ancestor, Sherlock Holmes, had his suspicions about the kidnapping and return of Alice's grandmother, the princess of Borogovia. Alice is to be crowned on her thirteenth birthday . . . but she goes missing days before the ceremony. Who would kidnap a princess? Where would they hide her in a city where Xena and Xander Holmes--and the police!--are looking for her? And then there's the biggest mystery of all: is Alice really the princess? ISBN: 1434265234 Publication Date: 2014-01-01 While on summer vacation, little Irene Adler meets a young William Sherlock Holmes. The two share stories of pirates and have battles of wit while running wild on the sunny streets and rooftops. When Sherlock's friend, Lupin, joins in on the fun, they all become fast friends. But the good times end abruptly when a dead body floats ashore on the nearby beach. The young detective trio will have to put all three of their heads together to solve this mystery. ISBN: 1434265226 Publication Date: 2014-07-01 Irene Adler, Sherlock Holmes, and Arsène Lupin planned to reunite in London, England, for their second adventure together...but Lupin doesn't show up. His father, Théophraste, has been arrested for the kidnapping of a famous opera singer and the murder of a secretary to the great composer, Giuseppe Barzini! The three intrepid detectives start a full investigation to clear Théophraste's name and rescue the missing soprano, Ophelia Merridew, only to discover that the singer is being held captive by criminals in the deadly district of Bethnal Green. Join Irene and her friends in their twist-filled bid to solve the mystery of The Soprano's Last Song. ISBN: 1434265242 Publication Date: 2015-01-01 Sherlock Holmes, Arsene Lupin, and Irene Adler meet up in London only to find a strange chess problem in the Times signed by "The Black Friar." It's written in an unknown code which Sherlock is eager to solve. The next day, the city is rocked by the news of a rich merchant found murdered. On the merchant's desk was scarlet rose: the same flower used as the calling card for a brazen criminal group that haunted the streets of London twenty years ago. Could the Scarlet Rose Gang be back? ISBN: 1496504909 Publication Date: 2015-08-01 In March 1871 Irene's family moves from London to Evreux in Normandy, but after a strange woman warns her that her mother is in danger, Irene calls upon her friends Arsène Lupin and Sherlock Holmes for help and soon the three young detectives are caught up in the search for an ancient relic said to be in a secret crypt beneath the streets of Paris--a Paris which is torn apart by war and currently ruled by the Commune. ISBN: 1481464019 Publication Date: 2016-05-17 ISBN: 1780923244 Publication Date: 2012-11-20 Spring 1887. Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson find a cuckoo in their comfortable nest at 221B Baker Street when, after a chance encounter in Hyde Park, twelve-year-old Winston Spencer-Churchill is dumped on them by his far from doting mother, Lady Randolph. Winston blossoms under the affectionate, if occasionally jealous care of Watson. His developing detective skills and connections in Society are combined with a capacity for creating mayhem. Add in pack of Indians from Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show... ISBN: 1780923279 Publication Date: 2013-01-22 June 1887. As the climax of her Golden Jubilee celebrations, Queen Victoria will join more than fifty foreign monarchs and heads of state, her peers of the realm and her ministers in a service of thanksgiving at Westminster Abbey. Spymasters in the newly created Special (Irish) Branch of Scotland Yard inform the Prime Minister that blood-oath Irish Republican fanatics vow to wipe out the Queen and her family; Fenian assassins will throw bombs of terrible potency using the new explosive, dynamite... ISBN: 1780923295 Publication Date: 2013-04-18 Christmas 1887. With his mother and father away on a European tour, young Winston Churchill, now thirteen years of age, spends his Christmas holidays with Holmes and Watson. Young Winston is a lively addition to the household, but Watson cannot help thinking that a cuckoo has landed in the nest at 221B. Holmes places a reliance upon the boy that appears quite unfair. He gives the boy tasks that would previously have fallen to Watson's lot. ISBN: 0439828368 Publication Date: 2006-09-01 This is a new spin on the most famous detective stories of all time, focusing on the kids who helped Sherlock Holmes solve mysteries and save England from doom. Sherlock Holmes stories captured readers' imaginations for more than a century. Now Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin will capture the hearts of a new generation with a unique new twist on these beloved mysteries. Few know: Holmes was assisted by a band of devoted boys, street urchins who loved to solve mysteries, called the Baker Street Irregulars. These boys go everywhere, see everything, overhear everyone undetected. Now, in this exciting tale, Wiggins, Ozzie, Simon, and the rest--with the aid of Pilar, a gypsy girl--help Sherlock Holmes solve the case of the deaths of the Amazing Walendas. ISBN: 0439836670 Publication Date: 2009-06-01 Casebook #2 in this exciting series gives Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars a most unusual case to crack! A young woman named Elsa Hoffman seeks out the detective when her aunt dies mysteriously. As Ozzie, Wiggins and the gang start investigating, seemingly real ghosts suddenly appear and Elsa is followed by shady characters. Holmes must decide if he and his assistants can solve the case without facing mortal danger. Join the Irregulars for a mysterious and frightening adventure and decide if this is a case of the supernatural or dark con men, thieves and murderers! ISBN: 0439836719 Publication Date: 2009-11-01 Sherlock Holmes's trusted assistants, a band of loyal streeturchins called the Baker Street Irregulars, must solve theirmost puzzling case yet, in a mystery that involves murder,abduction, and the hunt for a lost treasure. As Holmes andthe BSI begin their investigations into a gruesome murder,all at once the detectives find themselves in danger. When apersonal associate of the master detective disappears, Ozzie,Wiggins, and the gang know that they must uncover thetruth--and quickly! Yet there is deception within their ranks.Who is a friend? Who is a traitor? Who speaks the truth?Who tells lies? And in the end, who will survive?Join the Baker Street Irregulars as they search to findWatson and the double-crosser before it's too late! ISBN: 0439836727 Publication Date: 2010-07-01 A most vile villain, a master detective, a few ingenious assistants, and a mystery that spans Europe -- the Baker Street Irregulars are off on a brand-new case! The Baker Street Irregulars are back on the case as master detective Sherlock Holmes sets an elaborate trap to capture the wicked Professor Moriarty and dismantle his criminal organization, at last! But Moriarty has his own plans. In their final adventure, the Irregulars face the greatest challenge of their careers. The quest will take them, for the first time, out of England and on a thrilling chase across Continental Europe. Will Holmes and the Irregulars succeed or fall prey to the most dangerous man in all of England? Call Number: 823.914 B2614 P11 ISBN: 030726310X Publication Date: 2006-01-10 From one of England's most esteemed novelists, an utter astonishment that captures an era through one life celebrated internationally and another entirely forgotten. In the vast expanse of late-Victorian Britain, two boys come to life: George, the son of a Midlands vicar, and Arthur, in shabby genteel Edinburgh, both of them feeling at once near to and impossibly distant from the beating heart of Empire. One falls prey to a series of pranks en route to a legal vocation, while the other studies medicine before discovering a different calling entirely, and it is years before their destinies are entwined in a mesmerizing alliance. We follow each through outrageous accusation and unrivaled success, through faith and perseverance and dogged self-recrimination, whether in the dock awaiting complete disgrace or at the height of fame while desperately in love with a woman not his wife, and gradually realize that George is half-Indian and that Arthur becomes the creator of the world's most famous detective. Ranging from London clubs to teeming prisons, from a lost century to the modern age, this novel is a panoramic revelation of things we thought we knew or else had no clue of, as well as a gripping exploration of what goals drive us toward whatever lies in wait - an experience resounding with issues, no less relevant today, of crime and spirituality; of identity and nationality; of what we think, what we believe and what we can prove. Intriguing, relentless and, most of all, moving, Arthur and George richly extends the reach and achievement of a novelist described by the Philadelphia Inquirer as "a dazzling mind in mercurial flight." ISBN: 1585674176 Publication Date: 2003-07-28 When Alan Lambert is sentenced to hang for the murder of an opera star in 1879 Edinburgh, his brother, believing in his innocence, appeals to celebrated anatomy professor Dr. Bell to crack the case and identify the true killer. ISBN: 0312290950 Publication Date: 2002-05-13 "It is to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes."-Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to his mentor, renowned forensic scientist Dr. Joseph Bell As a young medical student, Arthur Conan Doyle, famously studied under the pioneering forensic detective Dr. Joseph Bell. Taking this as a starting point, author David Pirie has woven a compelling thriller which partners Bell (widely believed to be the model for Sherlock Holmes himself) and Doyle as innovators in criminal investigation, exploring the strange underworld of violence and sexual hypocrisy running below the surface of the Victorian era. When the impoverished young Arthur Doyle opens his first medical practice, he is puzzled by the symptoms presented by Heather Grace, a sweet young woman whose parents have died tragically several years before. Heather has a strange eye complaint, but is also upset by visions of a phantom bicyclist who vanishes as soon as he is followed. This enigma, however, is soon overshadowed as Doyle finds himself embroiled in more threatening events-including the murder of a rich Spanish businessman-that call for the advice of the eminent Dr Bell. But despite coming to Doyle's aid, Dr Bell dismisses the murder of Senor Garcia as a rather unimportant diversion from the incident which Bell considers to have real criminal implications: the matter of the patient's eyes and the solitary cyclist. David Pirie gained rave reviews for his screenplay depicting the "real" Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Joseph Bell, in the two part, Edgar-nominated TV series "Murder Rooms." Treading that same critically acclaimed ground, The Patient's Eyes is the first in a stand-alone cycle of novels written from Doyle's point of view that include a whole new perspective on the adventures of Bell and Doyle and the genesis of the best-known detective in all of mystery literature. Tense and dramatic The Patient's Eyes marks the debut of a brilliant new crime novelist. ISBN: 0312291043 Publication Date: 2003-08-08 As a young medical student, Arthur Conan Doyle-the creator of Sherlock Holmes-studied under one of the pioneers in forensic medicine, Dr. Joseph Bell. While details of Doyle’s actual relationship with the Doctor remain shrouded in mystery, author David Pirie has created an engrossing series that pairs the two as partners in criminal investigations in the dark underworlds of Victorian Edinburgh. The Night Callschronicles their most frightening and disturbing case, the encounter with the man who prefigures Holmes’ archnemesis Moriarty. A series of bizarre and outlandish assaults on women in the brothels of Edinburgh has caught the attention of Bell, who calls on Doyle to assist in the investigation. At the same time, however, there’s a violent struggle for women's educational rights taking place at the university's medical school where Doyle is a student. There he meets young Elsbeth Scott, a fellow student with an unfortunate list of enemies, among them a crazed misogynist student name Crawford, and the smiling hypocritical patron of the university, Henry Carlisle. Bell slowly begins to realize that the increasingly freakish crimes indicate a heretofore unknown and terrifying kind of criminal, one who is not susceptible to the Doctor's old methods.The Night Calls takes them from the evil heart of old Edinburgh into what Bell calls their fight against the future and to London itself, where Doyle again faces a villain with terrifying results. ISBN: 1933648112 Publication Date: 2006-09-01 In a literary tour de force worthy of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself, author David Pirie brings his rich familiarity with both the Doyle biography and the Sherlock Holmes canon to a mystifying Victorian tale of vengeance and villainy. The howling man on the heath, a gothic asylum, the walking dead, the legendary witch of Dunwich-perils lurk in every turn of the page throughout this ingenious pastiche, as increasingly bizarre encounters challenge the deductive powers of young Doyle and his mentor, the pioneering criminal investigator Dr. Joseph Bell. ISBN: 0380720191 Publication Date: 2005-04-26 Dark Brotherhood As the city of London slumbers, there are those in its midst who conspire to rule the world through the darkest and most nefarious means. These seven, seated in positions of extraordinary power and influence, marshal forces from the far side to aid them in their fiendish endeavor. Force of One In the aftermath of a bloody séance and a terrifying supernatural contact, a courageous young doctor finds himself drawn into a malevolent conspiracy beyond human comprehension. All or Nothing The future is not safe, as a thousand-year reign of pure evil is about to begin, unless a small group of stalwart champions can unravel the unspeakable mysteries behind a crime far more terrible than murder. ISBN: 1250035007 Publication Date: 2014-03-25 Arthur Conan Doyle has just killed off Sherlock Holmes in "The Final Problem," and he immediately becomes one of the most hated men in London. So when he is contacted by a medium "of some renown" and asked to investigate a murder, he jumps at the chance to get out of the city. The only thing is that the murder hasn't happened yet--the medium, one Hope Thraxton, has foreseen that her death will occur at the third séance of a meeting of the Society for Psychical Research at her manor house in the English countryside. Along for the ride is Conan Doyle's good friend Oscar Wilde, and together they work to narrow down the list of suspects, which includes a mysterious foreign Count, a levitating magician, and an irritable old woman with a "familiar." Meanwhile, Conan Doyle is enchanted by the plight of the capricious Hope Thraxton, who may or may not have a more complicated back-story than it first appears. As Conan Doyle and Wilde participate in séances and consider the possible motives of the assembled group, the clock ticks ever closer to Hope's murder, in The Revenant of Thraxton Hall by Vaughn Entwistle. ISBN: 1250035066 Publication Date: 2015-06-09 1895. Victorian England trembles on the verge of hysteria in Vaughn Entwistle's The Dead Assassin. Terrorist bombs are detonating around the Capitol and every foreigner is suspected of being an Anarchist lurking beneath a cape. Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle is summoned to the scene of a gruesome crime that has baffled and outraged Scotland Yard's best. A senior member of Her Majesty's government has been brutally murdered, and the body of his attacker lies close by--riddled with bullets. More perplexing, one of the attending detectives recognizes the dead assassin as Charlie Higginbotham, a local Cockney pickpocket and petty thief. Higginbotham is not just an improbable suspect, but an impossible suspect, for the young detective watched him take the drop two weeks previously, hanged at Newgate Prison. Conan Doyle calls in his friend Oscar Wilde for assistance and soon the two authors find themselves swept up in an investigation so bizarre it defies conventional wisdom and puts the lives of their loved ones, the Nation, and even the Monarch herself in dire peril. The murders continue, committed by a shadowy cadre of seemingly unstoppable assassins. As the sinister plot unravels, an implausible theory becomes the only possible solution: someone is reanimating the corpses of executed criminals and sending them shambling through the London fog... and programmed for murder. ISBN: 1476730237 Publication Date: 2013-06-11 Dartmoor, 1900. Two friends are roaming the moors: Arthur Conan Doyle - the most famous novelist of his age - who has recently killed off his most popular creation, Sherlock Holmes; and Bertram Fletcher Robinson - Holmes aficionado and editor of the Daily Express. They are researching a detective novel, a collaboration starring a new hero, set in the eerie stillness of ancient West Country moorland, and featuring a monstrous dog. They already have a title... London, 1902. The Hound of the Baskervilles is published, featuring Sherlock Holmes back from the dead. Conan Doyle and Fletcher Robinson have not spoken for two years and the book is credited to just one author. It will become one of the most famous stories ever written. But who really wrote it? And what really happened on those moors, to drive the two friends apart? ISBN: 1416534830 Publication Date: 2008-01-08 Lovers of historical mysteries will relish this chilling Victorian tale based on real events and cloaked in authenticity. The first in a series of fiendishly clever historical murder mysteries, it casts British literature's most fascinating and controversial figure as the lead sleuth. A young artist's model has been murdered, and legendary wit Oscar Wilde enlists his friends Arthur Conan Doyle and Robert Sherard to help him investigate. But when they arrive at the scene of the crime they find no sign of the gruesome killing--save one small spatter of blood, high on the wall. Set in London, Paris, Oxford, and Edinburgh at the height of Queen Victoria's reign, here is a gripping eyewitness account of Wilde's secret involvement in the curious case of Billy Wood, a young man whose brutal murder served as the inspiration for "The Picture of Dorian Gray." Told by Wilde's contemporary--poet Robert Sherard--this novel provides a fascinating and evocative portrait of the great playwright and his own "consulting detective," Sherlock Holmes creator, Arthur Conan Doyle. ISBN: 1849839565 Publication Date: 2013 Deep in the trenches of Flanders Fields, men are dying in the thousands every day. So one more death shouldn't be a surprise. But then a body turns up with bizarre injuries, and Sherlock Holmes' former sidekick Dr John Watson finds his suspicions raised. Soon more bodies appear, and Watson must discover who is the killer in the trenches. ISBN: 1471135063 Publication Date: 2015 The year is 1917 and Major John Watson is held in a notorious prisoner of war camp deep in Germany, there as Medical Officer for the British prisoners. With the Allied blockade of Germany, food is perilously short in the camp and when a new prisoner is murdered all assume the poor chap was killed for his Red Cross parcel. Watson, though, isn't so sure. Something isn't quite what it seems and a creeping feeling of unease tells Watson there is more to this than meets the eye. And when an escape plot is apparently uncovered in his hut and he is sent to solitary confinement, he knows he has touched a nerve. If Watson is to reveal the heinous crimes that have occurred at the camp, he must escape before he is silenced for good. All he needs is some long-distance help from Sherlock Holmes... ISBN: 1471135101 Publication Date: 2016 The skies above London hum with danger. And in the Channel enemies lie in wait ... Autumn, 1917. London is not the city that Dr John Watson and Sherlock Holmes once bestrode like giants. Terror has come from the sky and Londoners are scurrying underground in fear. Then a twin tragedy strikes Watson. An old friend, Staff Nurse Jennings, is on a boat-ambulance torpedoed in the Channel with no survivors. And his concert-going companion, Sir Gilbert Hardy, is kidnapped. Then comes the gruesome ransom demand, for Sir Gilbert and four others, which will involve terrible mutilation unless the demands are met. Help comes from an unlikely source when Watson finds himself face-to-face with his old ruthless adversary, the German spy, Miss Pillbody. She makes him a remarkable offer and so an unlikely partnership is formed - the enemy spy and Sherlock Holmes's faithful companion, a detective duo which will eventually uncover a shocking case of state-sponsored murder and find Watson on board a German bomber, with a crew intent on setting London ablaze. ISBN: 031220891X Publication Date: 2001-08-11 Labeled the "Napoleon of Crime" by an obsessed Sherlock Holmes, Professor James Moriarty is a prominent scientist, a keen analytical mind, and a dabbler in less than savory doings. Two friends and former associates of Moriarty - Benjamin Barnett and his wife, the former Cecily Perrine - are travelling in Europe in early 1891 when they realize that they have become objects of scrutiny from persons unknown. Things turn deadly when they find themselves in the midst of an attempted assassination of a German prince. Meanwhile in Vienna, the younger son of a British nobleman - indulging in what was then known as "The Great Game" of amateur spying - finds himself framed for the murder of his paramour and the assassination of an Austrian Duke. In London, an unknown caller arrives at Moriarty's door on a matter of great urgency. But before Moriarty can be summoned to speak with him, the stranger is shot by a crossbow bolt loosed by unseen hands. While a lesser man might be daunted, Moriarty is merely intrigued and begins to investigate. What Moriarty uncovers is a cabal that seems to be using assassination to destabilize the rule of the crowned heads of Europe. But he also senses that there is something even bigger than this operating - a conspiracy behind the conspiracy - and detects the workings of a mind quite possibly as clever as his own. Using his contacts, friends, and the not-so-desired help of his often nemesis Sherlock Holmes, Moriarty must save his friends and outwit his most cunning opponent while the fate of history hangs in the balance. ISBN: 0312291442 Publication Date: 2006-02-07 In the late Victorian days, a large amount of gold is arriving unannounced on the cargo ship The Empress of India. Yet the impossible happens--the shipment of gold disappears en route. Sherlock Holmes, brought in by Her Majesty's Government, knows that only one man is both diabolical and clever enough to pull off such an outlandish, daring, and, yes, theoretically impossible crime: Professor James Moriarty. Moriarty, however, had nothing to do with the crime and yet finds himself under siege from all sides. To regain his peace, Professor Moriarty undertakes to locate the missing gold. But the gold is only the exposed tip of the iceberg and he soon finds himself matching wits with a mind as nimble--perhaps even more so--than his own. ISBN: 0312365454 Publication Date: 2014-02-04 In London, 1892, a well-guarded young nobleman goes missing under distressing circumstances. The nobleman, one Baron Renfrew, is actually Prince Albert Victor, eldest grandson of Queen Victoria. He disappeared while he was visiting a house of ill repute, with bodyguards both inside and outside the building--with his inside bodyguard rendered unconscious and the trussed-up corpse of a brutally murdered young woman left behind. Hoping to find the missing Prince and to clear him of the murder, the royal family is looking for a brilliant--and, more importantly, discreet--investigator. Sherlock Holmes, alas, is out of the country so, at the suggestion of his brother Mycroft, they turn to the only man who just might be more brilliant--Dr. James Moriarty. Moriarty, at the time, is up on charges of murder, awaiting retrial after his first jury was hung. In exchange for his release and the murder charges (of which he's innocent), the so-called "Napoleon of Crime" will use all his resources to track down the missing prince and find out who is behind his disappearance and the brutal murders left in his wake. He soon finds that someone out there is laying a trail, setting up Moriarty himself to take the fall for the crimes. If the real Moriarty doesn't manage to unravel and foil this plot soon, he may never again draw another free breath. ISBN: 0062377183 Publication Date: 2014-12-09 Internationally bestselling author Anthony Horowitz's nail-biting new novel plunges us back into the dark and complex world of Detective Sherlock Holmes and Professor James Moriarty--dubbed "the Napoleon of crime"--in the aftermath of their fateful struggle at the Reichenbach Falls. Days after Holmes and Moriarty disappear into the waterfall's churning depths, Frederick Chase, a senior investigator at New York's infamous Pinkerton Detective Agency, arrives in Switzerland. Chase brings with him a dire warning: Moriarty's death has left a convenient vacancy in London's criminal underworld. There is no shortage of candidates to take his place--including one particularly fiendish criminal mastermind. Chase is assisted by Inspector Athelney Jones, a Scotland Yard detective and devoted student of Holmes's methods of deduction, whom Conan Doyle introduced in The Sign of Four. The two men join forces and fight their way through the sinuous streets of Victorian London--from the elegant squares of Mayfair to the shadowy wharfs and alleyways of the Docks--in pursuit of this sinister figure, a man much feared but seldom seen, who is determined to stake his claim as Moriarty's successor. ISBN: 0151012520 Publication Date: 2008-11-10 It is the turn of the century and, having survived the struggle with Sherlock Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls, Professor James Moriarty is alive and well and about to realize his plans to establish crime syndicates in the major cities of the United States. But suddenly he is called back to London, where his vast criminal society has been overrun by a rival concern led by the shadowy Sir Jordan Jack Idell--or Idle Jack--a supposed gentleman hoodlum acting on behalf of criminal elements in France, Italy, Spain, and Germany. As Moriarty fights back--against both the unruly crime families and the forces of law and order--readers are thrown in among the lurkers, punishers, dippers, cracksmen, and the professor's elite guard. Moriarty lives again and revolts against those who attempt to oust him from his rightful place as king of "Napoleon of Crime." ISBN: 1605983977 Publication Date: 2012-12-12 With riches accumulated from an American crime spree, Professor Moriarty proceeds to annihilate his enemies. He murders the leaders of Europe's underworld one by one, then prepares his most hideous revenge for his arch-enemy, Sherlock Holmes. Will he succeed in this most terrible plan? ISBN: 0812509498 Publication Date: 1992-05-15 Diva/detective Irene Adler and her bridegroom, handsome barrister Godfrey Norton, are honeymooning in Paris when they become embroiled in an investigation: a drowned sailor's body has been recovered from the Seine, and on his chest is a tattoo. A tattoo like one Irene once saw in London-- on another sailor's chest, while the corpse lay upon Bram Stoker's dining room table. This clue will lead Irene to the first beautiful blond American princess of Monaco, political and matrimonial treachery, and a sword duel as she and her new friend Sarah Bernhardt unravel the mystery-- with, of course, the help of Godfrey, Irene's faithful chronicler Miss Penelope Huxleigh, and Sherlock Holmes himself. ISBN: 0812517024 Publication Date: 1993-07-15 A delightful Victorian adventure novel about the only woman Sherlock Holmes has ever admired: Irene Adler. In this delightful encore to Good Night, Mr. Holmes, diva-turned-detective Irene Adler engages in a battle of wits with Sherlock Holmes -- and a vicious killer who seeks to hide a traitorous past... ISBN: 0765343258 Publication Date: 2003-01-20 A novel of suspense featuring Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler Originally titled Irene's Last Waltz The ever-irresistible Irene Adler, her dashing barrister husband, Godfrey Norton, and the indomitable Miss Nell Huxleigh have arrived at last as their French cottage-having survived dastardly plots, Russian spies, pistol-wielding criminals, and the occasional cobra. The happy trio seeks nothing but rest and peace-but Irene has always chafed under idle conditions, and Paris, she says, "is pretty and urbane, but hardly a center of excitement." So when Charles Frederick Worth, the Parisian king of couture, invites Irene to become his "mannequin de ville," to wear the fabulous worth creations to stimulate his trade, Irene leaps at the chance. But what was a joyous lark soon turns into a journey that can lead to disgrace, dishonor, and death when Irene, Nell, and Godfrey are drawn into a series of events that will compel Irene to the one place that she daren't go and the one man she must not confront-Prague and the King of Bohemia. ISBN: 0312854935 Publication Date: 2001-10-11 Before Caleb Carr and Laurie R. King, Carole Nelson Douglas gave readers a compelling look into Victoriana with a bold new detective character: Irene Adler, the only woman to ever outwit Sherlock Holmes. An operatic diva and the intellectual equal of most of the men she encounters, Irene is as much at home with disguises and a revolver as with high society and haute couture. Chapel Noir is the fifth book in Carole Nelson Douglas's critically acclaimed Irene Adler series, which reinvents "the woman" that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced in "A Scandal in Bohemia" as the heroine of her own extravagant adventures. This time readers are thrust into one of the darkest periods of criminal fact and fiction when two courtesans are found brutally slaughtered in the lavish boudoir of a Paris house. No woman should ever see such horrors, authorities declare, but a powerful sponsor has insisted that Irene investigate the case, along with her faithful companion, sheltered parson's daughter Penelope Huxleigh. But does anyone really seek the truth, or do they wish only to bury it with the dead women--for there is a worse horror that will draw Irene and her archrival, Sherlock Holmes, into a duel of wits with a fiendish opponent. These Paris killings mimic a series of gruesome murders that terrorized London only months before, in a dangerous and disreputable part of town known as Whitechapel . . . ISBN: 0765345714 Publication Date: 2003-09-15 Irene Adler is the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes in A Scandal in Bohemia; she is as much at home with a spyglass and revolver than with haute couture and gala balls. Her adventures are the stuff of legend, for she has faced down sinister spies, thwarted plots against nations, and led an unlikely group, including the bachelor of Baker Street and his faithful cohort Watson, through the cellars and catacombs of 1889 Paris to capture Jack the Ripper. But disaster scattered those allies and the Ripper has escaped... With the help of an unreliable prostitute named Pink, and theatrical manager Bram Stoker, who would later pen Dracula, Irene follows the clues that lead back to Bohemia, and on to new and bloodier atrocities. And when pursuers and prey reunite at a remote castle in Transylvania, the Ripper is cornered and fully unveiled at last... ISBN: 0765306824 Publication Date: 2003-11-24 Irene Adler is the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes... and the one who has come closest to stealing his heart. She has competed (and sometimes cooperated) with the famous fictional detective over six popular and acclaimed novels, featuring her daring investigations across the Continent. All along, the beautiful and brilliant American diva-turned-detective has managed to conceal her background and history, even from her dashing barrister husband, Godfrey Norton, and her devoted companion and biographer, English spinster Nell Huxleigh. But she has had some help along the way to do this, from such unlikely sources as the Baron de Rothschild, Sarah Bernhardt, and Bram Stoker, as well as the soon-to-be-infamous Nellie Bly, a daring American journalist who helped Irene hunt Jack the Ripper. Now Nellie has wired Irene some astounding news, news that will shake her world: Irene's mother is the target of an assassin. Irene's past is shrouded in secrecy, and at first she is unwilling to divulge anything that would link her to America. But a series of bizarre killings in New York City draws her reluctantly back to her native country, where she must race with a murderer to find her mother, a woman of mystery who may turn out to be the most notorious woman of the nineteenth century. As Irene forges a trail into her own hidden past, Nellie Bly draws another ace investigator across the Atlantic to join in the hunt for a serial killer, the last man on earth Irene Adler wants to discover anything about her shocking past... Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 0765306832 Publication Date: 2004-12-01 Irene Adler is the beautiful opera singer who bested the best detective in the world, the only woman to ever outwit Sherlock Holmes. She has spent years in self-imposed exile in Europe, in an attempt to reinvent herself and create a new life, because she cannot remember the old one. But now circumstances have forced this diva-turned-detective to investigate a past she doesn't remember - on her home ground. Daredevil reporter Nelly Bly has lured Irene, her faithful chronicler and British parson's daughter Nell Huxleigh, and Holmes himself to America, offering information regarding Irene's parentage. New York City in 1889 proved to be both fascinating and perilous for Irene, and Nelly Bly's information was more harmful than helpful. Because now Irene and her allies - and enemies - must race to follow a deadly trail of hidden personal and political history back in time to the days of the California gold rush, thirty years earlier.They are pursuing the complex and contradictory life story of one of the most notorious women of the nineteenth century, and before the intrigue-ridden quest is over, Irene and Nell will uncover murderous international political conspiracies, lost treasure, and finally... the full, shocking secret of Irene's birth. ISBN: 0765347903 Publication Date: 2006-11-28 Alive and well despite the widely published accounts of her death, diva Irene Adler and her dashing husband Godfrey Norton are taking coffee with their friend Nell Huxleigh in a Parisian sidewalk cafe when a stranger dressed in Oriental garb falls at their feet. It is not Irene's beauty that has felled him, but a dose of poison--and even more surprisingly, the friends learn as he recovers that he is an Englishman The mysterious young man informs them that he is seeking a Dr. Watson who tended his wounds at the disastrous battle of Maiwand, a man whose life he says is now in mortal danger. The hunt is on and their search will lead them to a command performance for the Empress of all the Russias and to Sarah Bernhardt, into a channel steamer and at last to the doorstep of 221 Baker Street, where they will discover deadly secrets both past and present. " ISBN: 1780921438 Publication Date: 2012-04-01 Irene Adler, American opera singer and the one woman who outsmarted Sherlock Holmes, finds herself a widow at thirty-two, wealthy but emotionally broken. At the same time, Sherlock Holmes finds himself unable to return to England after faking his death at Reichenbach Falls and is drawn into an investigation of two men with designs on a woman they call Miss A, who is none other than Irene Adler herself. The Detective and The Woman throw their lot in together to uncover a dangerous plot with implications that stretch across the Atlantic. In the process, they meet legendary inventor Thomas Edison and experience life in Florida at the turn of the 20th century. ISBN: 1780923465 Publication Date: 2013-01-23 Irene Adler is enjoying a quiet, undisturbed life in Sussex when the mysterious disappearance of a local farmer named James Phillimore throws her world into turmoil and forces her to enlist the aid of her friend and former enemy Sherlock Holmes. Irritated by his flatmate John Watson's romantic inclinations, Holmes journeys to Fulworth to assist The Woman in her investigation. Along the way, the two uncover the darkness, intrigue, scandal, and unexpected loyalty that lie at the heart of a see... ISBN: 0425198456 Publication Date: 2004-12-07 Entering into service as housekeeper for the distinguished investigator Sherlock Holmes and his associate Dr. Watson, Mrs. Hudson expands her duties beyond keeping things tidy. The great detective's latest client is a traveler recently returned from the Far East-and nearly killed under mysterious circumstances. He says he's under a Sumatran curse that will end his life. While Holmes and Watson seek a less superstitious solution to the man's dilemma, Mrs. Hudson and Flottie, the orphan girl in her care, take it upon themselves to investigate the case. They are determined to solve the mystery-even if it entails pointing Mrs. Hudson's employers in the right direction. ISBN: 0425202828 Publication Date: 2005-08-02 Even Sherlock Holmes needs help sometimes... Londoners are turning out for the unveiling of the Malabar Rose-a rare and remarkable ruby-and the British debut of the Great Salmanazar. A magician and illusionist extraordinaire, Salmanazar is the talk of Europe-since whenever he appears abroad, daring thefts of famous jewelry coincide with his performances. But after a special representative of the Home Secretary begs Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson to help guard the Malabar Rose, it vanishes under the most baffling of circumstances. Suspecting that the Great Salmanazar has used smoke-and-mirrors on Scotland Yard, the formidable Mrs. Hudson is called upon to give a lesson in criminal deduction to that most logical of minds-the great Sherlock Holmes. ISBN: 0380792168 Publication Date: 1998-01-01 Mrs. Hudson and her sidekick Vi Warner have been called upon to solve a murder mystery that has baffled Scotland Yard. At a small society gathering, the guests are hypnotized, and one of their number is murdered. No one remembers anything, the murder weapon is gone; so is the hypnotist, and Emma Hudson is called in to solve the most perplexing puzzle Scotland Yard has seen. ISBN: 038078176X Publication Date: 1997-02-01 Fresh from the triumph of their first case, Mrs. Emma Hudson and Mrs. Violet Warner are thrust into a new mystery when young Winston Churchill arrives in need of help. He asks the ladies to trail a terrorist known only as Marco, and their investigation soon takes the savvy pair into London's seedier environs and a world of peril.	Sherlock Holmes
In Morse Code which letter is represented by four dots (dot, dot, dot, dot)?	1000+ images about Places Related to Sherlock Holmes! on Pinterest \| Museums, London England and The reichenbach fall Learn more at en.wikipedia.org Yup - that's the hospital (Barts) where Sherlock Holmes and Watson first meet in A Study in Scarlet. A very, very special moment indeed. By the way, according to Wikipedia - "Barts is the oldest hospital in Europe, having been founded in 1123, and the oldest in the United Kingdom that still occupies its original site." More	i don't know
What is the name of the toy daschund with a metal body, who speaks with a southern accent, in the film Toy Story?	Slinky Dog \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia ― Andy shows Slinky to Bonnie Slinky Dog (better known as Slinky) is one of the supporting characters in the Disney / Pixar Toy Story movies . He is a wooden toy dachshund who speaks with a graveled Southern accent. The character's name and basic appearance are modeled on a much older pull-toy dog, manufactured by James Industries (the Slinky company). When Toy Story was released theatrically in late 1995 , the original toy had been out of production for at least five years. Thus, while toys of Woody, Buzz , and even a special edition Mr. Potato Head had been rushed to the market, company CEO Betty James had "mold problems" reworking the toy, and it was some time later when Slinky Dog toys (now bearing the likeness of the Toy Story version) were shipped to stores. Contents Background Original concept Originally, Slinky was depicted as a long-suffering, abused right hand of Woody, and was also one of the most unpopular toys among Andy 's collection. According to Woody , the only reason Slinky wasn't hauled off to Goodwill, much less is actually played with by Andy, was because of Woody. Eventually, after Woody not only attempted murder against Buzz Lightyear , as well as being severely insulted by Woody when he hesitantly spoke up against what Woody did, he turned against his former master by telling the other toys to throw him out the window just as he had done to Buzz. This concept, as well as Slinky's overall demeanor, was changed after the infamous Black Friday viewing of the film that resulted in it receiving an extensive redo. Physical Description Slinky is a toy dachshund that possesses a wooden front and hindquarters with a very stretchable metal slinky as his middle (hence his name), vinyl ears and a green collar. Personality Slinky is a nice, friendly and playful dog. He is quite well-behaved compared with some of Andy's other toys. He shows faith in Woody (sometimes acting like his pet), and he'll do anything to help his friend out. He is friends with all of Andy's toys, has a sense of humor, and enjoys playing checkers with Woody. Appearances Toy Story In the first film, Slinky is first seen coming out from under Andy's bed. He likes playing checkers with Woody . He is also one of the toys who believes it was an accident when Woody knocks Buzz out the window. He isn't happy about Woody's disappearance. He catches the lights when Woody calls them from the window of Sid's room until a grumpy Mr. Potato Head snatches them. When he and the other toys see Buzz's severed arm, Slinky looks devastated at what his friend seems to have done. Woody desperately pleads with him to help, but all he can do is very sadly close the curtains of Andy's window despite that Andy already misses Woody. He is also guilty when he sees Woody telling the truth after Mr. Potato Head toss him overboard. He and the other toys make amends and assist Buzz, Woody and RC to make it to the moving van . He uses his stretching ability in an attempt to pull them into the van, but when RC's batteries rapidly drain, he becomes stretched to the breaking point. He loses his grip on Woody and gets sprung back into the moving van without them. He appears to be badly damaged, and the toys try and comfort him while he laments he should have held on longer. He looks ecstatic when Woody uses the rocket strapped to Buzz to return to them. His slink has been fixed at the end of the film when the toys have been settled in Andy's new room . Toy Story 2 In the second film, when Woody is looking for his hat to go to Cowboy Camp with Andy, it's Slinky who ends up finding Woody's hat. The bad news is that he got it from Buster , Andy's dog. After Al McWhiggin steals Woody, Slinky goes on the mission led by Buzz to rescue their valuable friend. The rescue squad uses Slinky's coil as a bungee cord to jump from Andy's house . Slinky also has to use two traffic cones (one on his head, another on his tail) when crossing the street due to his unique size and structure. At Al's Toy Barn , while searching in Al's office with a newer Buzz Lightyear action figure that the toys mistake for Andy's, Slinky encounters two Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots on Al's desk and asks them if they have seen "a cowboy doll with a bad arm" (referring to Woody), only to indirectly cause the two robots to fight. As Al enters the office, the New Buzz orders the toys to stow away in Al's bag, then they arrive at an apartment that houses Al's Penthouse . After entering the apartment through an air vent, they climb up an elevator shaft and arrive at the topmost floor with help from a rising elevator. When the toys break into the penthouse, Slinky and Bullseye have a growling match that Jessie tries to stop, but Slinky uses his coil to tie up Jessie and Bullseye. He then orders his allies to grab Woody and escape, but they are stopped by Andy's Buzz, who proves that he is the one that the toys recognize, to Slinky's relief. Slinky feels disappointed when Woody intends to stay with his Roundup gang to be put in a museum, and takes a possibly one last look at Woody before he leaves with the others, but brightens up when Woody declares that he is coming with them. After Al packs up Woody and the Roundup collection into his case and leaves the penthouse, the toys jump onto the elevator, and Buzz opens the emergency hatch on the elevator and uses Slinky to fish Woody out. Just as Slinky opens the case and grabs Woody's hands, the elevator reaches the lobby and Al steps out, causing Slinky to become stretched out, but Stinky Pete grabs Woody and pulls him back into the case, making Slinky accidentally release Woody and rebound. After the toys leave the apartment, they hijack a Pizza Planet delivery truck , and Slinky controls the pedals of the truck to chase Al to Tri-County International Airport . At the airport, Slinky follows Buzz, but his hind legs become stuck to one of the luggage handles and is unable to follow Buzz as he becomes overstretched again. However, he is able to rejoin with the other toys as they stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras and finally capture him. After the toys return home, Slinky is seen standing with Buster at the door, interpreting that Buster wants to get out of the room. Finally, Slinky is among an audience of toys who gather around to watch a fixed Wheezy sing " You've Got a Friend in Me ." Toy Story 3 In the third film, Slinky's voice gets a little deeper, and his eyebrows are slightly trimmer. He goes to Sunnyside Daycare with the others when they think that Andy no longer wants them and are put out on the sidewalk by Andy's mother (who is much older than she was in the previous films) as trash. Slinky is still very loyal to his friends but is heartbroken when he believes he and the other toys are thrown out by Andy. At Sunnyside, Slinky, Hamm and Barbie shake hands with Stretch . Later, Slinky is seen being tangled up constantly by the young children, and is easily dispatched by Lotso and his gang, and imprisoned. Slinky is seen to be the happiest toy to see Woody return and assists him in getting rid of the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras. While the Monkey is overpowering Woody, Slinky grabs a piece of scotch tape, and the two succeed in taping up the Monkey. After reaching the dumpster, Slinky, being old but still has a spring in his step, manages to stretch himself across the open dumpster to the closed one so the toys can climb across to safety. Just as the toys are about to execute their leap to freedom, Lotso and his henchmen stop them, and Lotso kicks Slinky's paws, causing him to return to the chute. After the toys end up at the Tri-County Landfill , and are pushed onto a garbage conveyor belt, Slinky is the first to be sucked up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metal slinky in his body. After the toys clear the shredders, they are left to die in an incinerator due to Lotso's betrayal, forcing Slinky to hold hands with Woody and Hamm when Buzz and the other toys held hands with one another, but are saved by the Aliens commandeering a giant claw at the last moment. Once outside the furnace, Slinky is the most vocal about wanting to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die, along with Hamm. But Woody tells Hamm and Slinky to forget it because Lotso isn't worth it. When the toys return home, they use Slinky as a bungee cord to jump back up to the roof (the similar way Buzz's rescue party have done in the previous film when leaving). He tells Woody to have fun at college with Andy as he says his supposedly last farewell to his loyal friend. In the end, he and the other toys are eventually donated to Bonnie Anderson , a little girl who has taken Woody home earlier in the film. During the end credits, when Dolly shows the toys the drawing Bonnie has made for each toy, Slinky says his catchphrase "Golly bob-howdy!" as he sees the one made of him (however, he doesn't say the catchphrase during the main events of the movie). Finally, Slinky is last seen watching Buzz and Jessie perform a pasodoble to "Hay Un Amigo En Mi," the Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me." Slinky will return and go on the quest to find Bo Peep and Blake Clark will reprise his role as his voice actor. The Attack Dog With a Built-In Force Field "You can't touch me, Sheriff. I brought my attack dog with a built-in force field!" — One-Eyed Bart when Woody is about to arrest him During Andy's play scenario that occurs in the opening sequences for both Toy Story and Toy Story 3, the latter taking place in a real-world imagination, Slinky is portrayed as an "Attack Dog With a Built-In Force Field", who is Mr. Potato Head's character One-Eyed Bart's attack dog that, when summoned by Bart, protects him with a "force field" from being arrested by Sheriff Woody. In the third film, he also protects Bart's wife One-Eyed Betty ( Mrs. Potato Head's character) and the three Aliens. In the first film, he gets defeated by Woody's " Dinosaur Who Eats Force Field Dogs " ( Rex 's role), allowing Woody to send Bart to "jail" (Molly's crib). However, in the third film, he is spared because a spaceship controlled by Evil Dr. Porkchop (Hamm's character) appears, and Dr. Porkchop warps the villains, along with their attack dog, back inside the spaceship. Slinky Dog is the main feature of the Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin ride, a Himalaya style spinner ride in which guests are seated in Slinky's coils. Toy Description From Official Website: "A dog is a man's best friend, and the saying holds true for the plastic variety as well. Slinky maintains a nearly unflagging faith in Woody, and the practical pup will go great lengths to help his friend." Gallery The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Slinky Dog . Trivia He had larger eyebrows in the first two films. However, his eyebrows are quite trim in the third film. Slinky is made of wood with articulating legs and head, unlike the real life toy which is made of plastic and stands completely still. At one point in Toy Story 2 , Slinky says, "I may not be a smart dog, but I know what roadkill is." This is a reference to the quote, "I'm not a smart man, but I know what love is," from the 1994 film Forrest Gump , which starred Tom Hanks , the voice of Woody, as the main character. Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries, which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries, Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character. In the first and second films, Slinky was voiced by the late Jim Varney , who died shortly after Toy Story 2 was released worldwide due to lung cancer in 2000 , one decade before the third film. In the third film, Blake Clark , Varney's new replacement, lent his voice to Slinky. Prior to Varney's death, he had been good friends with Clark. This makes Slinky the only character who had to be recast for Toy Story 3 . Also in the third film, Slinky's voice is a bit low pitch. In the previous films, his voice was a bit higher; this can be explained by the fact that Slinky isn't voiced by the same actor. He also appeared in Toy Story 3: The Video Game and had his very own ranch called Slinky Corral (Blake Clark was also available to reprise his role). His famous catchphrase "Golly bob-howdy!" is a tribute to Jim Varney's most popular character, Ernest P. Worrell . Slinky doesn't appear, nor is he mentioned in Toy Story of Terror! . He may have been left behind at home during the events of that special. Originally, Slinky Dog was intended to be one of Andy's more unpopular toys and the least played with, with Woody effectively being the only reason Slinky was not hauled off to goodwill, with Woody pointing this out when demanding that Slinky force the other toys off the bed after throwing Buzz out of the window. This backstory, however, was cut out after the scene in question nearly resulted in Toy Story being shut down on Black Friday . This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from the Pixar Wiki . The list of authors can be seen in the page revision history ( view authors ). As with Disney Wiki, the text of the Pixar Wiki is available under the CC-BY-SA license.	Slinky
Which famous hymn begins with the words'Sowing in the morning, sowing seeds of kindness, sowing in the noontide with the dewy eye'?	Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear \| Wickedpedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Lotso came across the toys' well being and at first seemed caring, welcoming, friendly, and possessed all of the good qualities of the stereotypical soft teddy bear. This was further emphasized by his strawberry aroma and his hugging of Buzz Lightyear (hence his name Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear) when the toys first arrived at Sunnyside Daycare. He even went so far as to "promise" the toys that different kids at the daycare center would continue to play with them and that they would never feel unloved or rejected. However, this facade merely concealed his true nature later in the film. Lotso's true colors revealed him to be a dark, sadistic, conniving, selfish, rage-driven tyrant and prison warden, ruling Sunnyside with an iron fist and imprisoning new toys in the Caterpillar Room to test their ability to endure the abuse of the reckless and destructive children there. This nature was mostly brought about from his perceived betrayal from Daisy. However, he was considered to be a kind-hearted friend to both Chuckles and Big Baby before they were accidentally abandoned and subsequently replaced. Due to his painful past, Lotso possessed a negative philosophy about being a toy, believing toys to be nothing special and originally made for future disposal. While in power as a head toy at Sunnyside, he also seemed to develop nihilistic tendencies, as evidenced by his statement that all toys were ultimately going to be tossed out like garbage, and there is no salvation for them. Additionally, by destroying Big Baby's old pendant, Lotso not only wanted to forget his own relation with Daisy and pretend it never even existed, but he also wanted to destroy all of Big Baby's ties to Daisy and essentially all toys' ties to their owners. At the landfill, despite seemingly showing thankful feelings toward Woody for saving him from the shredders, Lotso still held on to his beliefs that children would discard their toys out of boredom and disinterest without realizing the physical and emotional pain they are causing to the toy, as evidenced when he refused to push the emergency stop button that, had he pressed it, would have supposedly led to his redemption by saving Woody and his friends from their fiery death in the incinerator. Backstory Edit Lotso first started out as a Christmas present for Daisy and instantly became her favorite toy. Lotso seemed to have enjoyed every moment of the time spent at Daisy's house. One day, Daisy took Lotso and her two other toys, Big Baby and Chuckles, out for a little drive with her parents and stopped at a rest stop for a little bit of playtime. After lunch, Daisy fell asleep and her parents took her back into the car, accidentally leaving Lotso, Big Baby, and Chuckles behind. The three toys waited for a long time, but Daisy never came back for them. Not wanting to give up, Lotso, followed by Chuckles and Big Baby, finally made it back to Daisy's house, only to discover that Daisy had bought another Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear toy, making Lotso heartbroken and feeling betrayed. Those feelings traumatized Lotso, and it made him turn evil, and he forcibly ordered Chuckles and Big Baby to leave Daisy and follow him. The three lost, cast-off, unloved and unwanted toys hitched a ride on a Pizza Planet delivery truck's rear bumper until the truck hit a bump, knocking the three off the bumper. Then, the three found Sunnyside Daycare, where Lotso and Big Baby took over the daycare and rigged the whole system. Appearances Edit Lotso is an old, pink stuffed teddy bear with a strawberry scent and a Southern accent, who uses a wooden toy mallet as a cane (he is still able to walk, even without it). He is first introduced riding over to Woody, Buzz, and the other toys in his dump truck. He greets them in a friendly, albeit fake manner and shows them around Sunnyside. He assigns the new toys in the Caterpillar Room, knowing that the toys there are treated abusively by the toddlers. That night, after the toys experience a rather rough playtime with the toddlers in the room, Buzz decides to go find Lotso to ask for his friends to be moved to the Butterfly Room because they do not belong in the Caterpillar Room. When Buzz finally reaches Lotso in the library, he requests a transfer for him and his friends, to which Lotso agrees (but only to Buzz's moving, knowing that Buzz might be useful to him). However, he refuses to listen to Buzz's plea to move his friends with him, believing that the Caterpillar Room needs toys for toddlers to play with, which makes Buzz instantly refuse his offer, unwilling to abandon his friends because they stay together as a family. Still thinking Buzz is too useful to give up, Lotso then tells his henchmen to put Buzz back in the Time-Out Chair. He then uses a Buzz Lightyear action figure manual, which is given to him by the Bookworm , to reset Buzz to his demo mode. Lotso then makes Buzz think he is a real space ranger again and manipulates him into believing that his friends are helpers of Emperor Zurg. Lotso then makes Buzz imprison the toys inside their cells, with Mr. Potato Head being put in "The Box." The next night, while Lotso is asleep, Woody, who has escaped Sunnyside earlier, manages to rescue his imprisoned friends after hearing how evil Lotso is. Woody's friends are happy to see he's still alive, and together they formulate a plan to escape Sunnyside, including the attempt to get Buzz to rejoin their side. When the toys try to leave Sunnyside through the garbage chute that the Chatter Telephone had told Woody about earlier, Lotso and his gang catch them at a dumpster, blocking their way of escape. Lotso tries to coax the toys into coming back to the Caterpillar Room to join his family again so as to avoid an approaching garbage truck, but the toys retort, labeling Lotso a liar and a bully who is running Sunnyside like a prison. This makes Lotso signal Stretch to push the toys into a dumpster, thinking that disposing them as trash will be better. At that moment, Ken appears, having come for Barbie, and tries to stop Lotso, but Lotso teases Ken for loving Barbie. When Ken disagrees with Lotso, Lotso becomes enraged at Ken's act of defection as well as his attachment to Barbie and throws him across the dumpster so as to force him to join her. Ken then speaks up, explaining what Lotso has done to Sunnyside, making Lotso question his cohorts if anyone concurs with Ken. When no one answers, Lotso continues with his lecture, telling the toys that not one kid has ever loved (or will ever love) a toy. Woody then attempts to remind Lotso of his old life with his previous owner, Daisy. However, Lotso immediately becomes upset as he doesn't want anything to do with Daisy, but to forget completely that his relation to Daisy has ever existed. Woody then pulls out Big Baby's old pendant (received from Chuckles during his stay at Bonnie's house earlier), and after unsuccessfully telling Lotso how she has loved him, Woody tosses the pendant to Big Baby, who picks it and, looking at the token of his lost love, sniffles, "Mama." Outraged at how Big Baby is still emotionally attached to his previous owner, Lotso snap out at Big Baby, yelling at him that Daisy never loved him as he snatches the pendant away from him and smashes it to pieces with his mallet, making Big Baby burst into tears. He then orders a now reluctant Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster, pokes Big Baby abusively with his cane for being a dummy, and denounces all toys as trash awaiting disposal. Without warning, Big Baby lifts up Lotso, causing him to drop his mallet. Lotso orders Big Baby to put him down, but Big Baby, having had enough with his treacherous nature, throws the bear into the dumpster and closes its lid on him. He then blows a raspberry directed at Lotso and allows the toys to escape. As the toys try to leave Sunnyside, one of the Aliens has become stuck by the dumpster's lid, prompting Woody to rush back to free the alien by slightly opening the lid. But then, Lotso, having caught sight of Woody through the opening and wanting revenge for being humiliated and having his schemes foiled, grabs Woody's ankle and pulls him into the dumpster, making Andy's other toys rush to his rescue just as the garbage truck arrives to pour the contents of the dumpster into the truck. The truck takes Lotso and Andy's toys to Tri-County Landfill, where they are pushed onto a conveyor belt leading to the shredders. After the toys grab onto a metal object so that they hang from the magnetic ceiling, safe from the shredders, Lotso calls for help from under a golf bag. Woody and Buzz drop down from the ceiling to free Lotso. They use one of the golf clubs to pry up the bag to let Lotso crawl out, and Woody makes Lotso take his hand as the club pulls them up to the ceiling, seconds before the shredders chew up the golf bag. Realizing that the conveyor belt is leading them to an incinerator, Lotso and the toys try to run for it, but the conveyor belt pushes them closer and closer to the furnace. Lotso then notices an emergency stop button and rushes over to grab hold on the lower rung of a ladder leading to the button. He calls to Woody, and Woody and Buzz rush over to nudge Lotso up, allowing him to climb up the ladder and access the button. Woody and Buzz then shouts at Lotso to push the button, but Lotso, whose inner beliefs haven't changed overall, gives the helpless toys a menacing glare, shouts an insult directed at Woody as he runs off, leaving the toys to die in the incinerator. However, the toys are rescued by the giant crane that the Aliens have commandeered at the last moment. After the toys emerge out of the furnace, Hamm and Slinky express their desire to get back at Lotso for almost getting them killed, but Woody convinces them to forget it, since he believes Lotso is not worth it. Meanwhile, as Lotso tries to find his way out of the dump, he turns to see another garbage truck pulling up toward him, forcing him to go limp. As the truck stops next to him, a garbage man steps out of the truck and is surprised upon discovering Lotso, claiming how he has once owned a Lots-o'-Huggin'-Bear during his childhood. Sticking to his love for Lotso (as well as his strawberry scent), the garbage man decides to take him along. Lotso is last seen tied up on the truck's front grill with a few other toys the same garbage man has collected earlier. Lotso panics as he wakes up to find himself in that predicament, but then one of those toys, a frog, advises Lotso to keep his mouth shut to prevent mud and insects from getting in, and Lotso does so right away. It is unclear what becomes of Lotso after Toy Story 3, but he most likely remains strapped to the truck like the other garbage toys and is eventually thrown away. Video games Edit "Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear is a jumbo, extra-soft teddy bear with a pink and white plush body and a velvety purple nose. This lovable bear stands fuzzy heads and shoulders above other teddy bears because he smells like sweet strawberries! With a smile that will light up your child's face and a belly just asking to be hugged, Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear is sure to become a bedtime necessity. Stain-resistant. Spot clean plush surface with a damp cloth." Trivia Edit Lotso is easily considered as one of the darkest and most evil of Pixar's villains, alongside Hopper and Syndrome . In a viral marketing campaign, Pixar posted two commercials, for a "real" Lotso teddy bear manufactured in 1983 (perhaps even longer), on YouTube. One was a typical American toy commercial from the 80's, and the other was done in Japanese. Both feature the "Toy Story Collection" edition of Lotso, that comes with the Certificate of Authenticity. Lotso made a cameo appearance in Up when he was first spotted next to Dee's bed when Carl's house flies past her window outside, and it was later confirmed that he would be a new character in Toy Story 3. When Lotso is helped to the Emergency Stop button on the trash conveyor belt, instead of pushing the button to stop the belt and save the other toys, he glares at them and yells, "Where's your kid now, Sheriff?!" This is a wink to the Internet meme "Where is your God now?", a sarcastic way of inducing fear in a victim (the internet meme in turn originates from a line in a Billy Crystal routine making fun of the incongruity of Edward G. Robinson being cast in The Ten Commandments (1956): "Where's your Messiah now, Moses?"). [1] Lotso's comeuppance is fitting because it has given him two things he had been asking for: The true meaning of love, which he got from the garbage man, who remembered having a Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear toy as a kid. A fitting end to a considerably miserable life, which he would face from the elements, bugs, and mud; or from eventually being thrown away again, leading him to die in the shredders or the incinerator. Thus, in a way, he got a good and a bad ending. Lotso shares a lot of character traits with Stinky Pete . They both seemed to be loving at first, but were then revealed to be cruel tyrants in the end. This is mainly because of a sense of feeling rejected or unloved, which were clearly seen in both Pixar villains. Lotso's fate by the end of the film is quite similar to Stinky Pete's. Both are unexpectedly found, and then, they find themselves in a unwanted predicament: Stinky Pete becomes stuck with a girl who likes to draw on her toys, while Lotso becomes a fly attractant for a garbage truck. However, after Toy Story 2, it has been stated that Stinky Pete got used to it and he liked it, while it is unclear if Lotso, after Toy Story 3, has ever got used to it because it has never been stated. Also, the two villains never met Andy, who is in fact a good kid. Oddly enough, the music that played during Lotso's defeat was the same music heard during Stinky Pete's defeat. His thick Southern accent, initially soft-spoken demeanor, and many of his iron fist policies as "Warden" -- including throwing uncooperative prisoners into "the box" -- are clear references to "The Captain," Strother Martin's character from Cool Hand Luke (as well as Lotso' voice actor, Ned Beatty's previous character, Sheriff J.C. Conners, from White Lightning ). According to the official movie magazine for Toy Story 3, Lotso was originally created for A Tin Toy Christmas (which later became Toy Story). Lotso can be assumed as one of the most evil and depraved Pixar villains for his many wicked deeds: Forcing his former friends to follow him into darkness. Causing toys to be broken by kids in the Caterpillar Room. Beating Chatter Telephone. Yelling at Big Baby and attacking him. Almost getting Andy's toys killed, despite being saved by Woody and Buzz. Lotso was originally conceived as a teddy bear from the early 80's Care Bears toy line. This idea was not dropped until after the storyboard was completed and can be seen in the tie-in book The Art of Toy Story 3. [2] In the same source, the animators also admitted that they increased Lotso's cruelty in the final version in order to ensure that people understood that he got exactly what he deserved, as the test screenings had some kids still sympathizing with him after his backstory was revealed. Lotso was portrayed as a "good toy" back when he was friends with Chuckles and Big Baby. However, when Lotso snapped and turned into the antagonist (when he saw that his owner, Daisy replaced him with another Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear toy), he was dropped from the list of protagonists. In the PS2 version of Toy Story 3: The Video Game, Lotso has a silent appearance, and his fate is not revealed nor is it seen. Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted to him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself, but according to the DVD commentary, director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso chose not to save the other toys so that audiences who had gotten to know them for three films could really care about even more when it looked like the end just before the aliens rescued them with the claw, so sadly, Lotso's reformation was dropped. Another reason is because they didn't want Lotso to get off so easy. Some people blame Daisy's parents for Lotso's villainous demeanor, as they could have went to look for their daughter's lost toys, instead of replacing Lotso. Lotso's later knowledge of Woody and his friends' escaping in the first place is not revealed, but it is likely that the Monkey managed to free himself and alert Lotso, leading to Lotso beating up the Chatter Telephone for information on Woody's whereabouts. An advertisement for a Lotso bear appears in Tokyo in Cars 2. Lotso was originally supposed to appear in the first film, but the technology needed to create his fur had not existed until the third film. A pink teddy bear that appears to be an early design of Lotso makes a brief appearance in Toy Story. Hades mentions Lotso in the Disney Cruise Line show Villains Tonight when he is looking for villains to call. However, he doesn't call Lotso as he "always brings that baby with him." Lotso is the only main Toy Story 3 character to not appear in the film's epilogue during the end credits. Lotso shared some similarities to Woody. Both were in charge of the toys at their location (Woody, Andy's House and later Bonnie's House; Lotso, Daisy's House and later Sunnyside), both were deeply devoted to their owners, and both ended up being replaced by their former owner. However, Woody never gave up on Andy, while Lotso gave up on Daisy. Had Woody let his fear of being replaced get to him, he would have ended up as cruel and evil as Lotso. Coincidentally, Lotso's persona was very similar to that of Woody's original rendition in Toy Story, specifically his characterization in the Black Friday showing. Also by coincidence, both characters also ended up toned up/toned down for the final version due to unexpected events during a test screening (Woody was originally an immense jerk and lacking of compassion, but toned down after the Black Friday reel nearly shut down production of Toy Story; Lotso, likewise, had his cruelty amplified after test audiences sympathized with Lotso and wanted him to push the button to show that he got exactly what he deserved). In the read-along version of Toy Story 3, Lotso's final scene on the garbage truck is never shown. Lotso's backstory is slightly similar to the original story of Peter Pan. In said story, Peter Pan was accidentally abandoned as a baby, and after he came back to his parents (after gaining the ability to fly), he saw through an open window that his parents had another child. However, unlike Peter Pan, Lotso became evil when he saw that he was replaced.	i don't know
According to his creator, which famous fictional character, in 1941, lied about his age in order to enter the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve during World war II from which he emerges as a commander?	stumbleupon Email Comment With Daniel Craig rumored to be slipping out of the suit following his latest outing as super spy James Bond in the upcoming “Spectre,” many fans and industry players have weighed in on their thoughts on who exactly should play the famous spy next, with Idris Elba getting a ton of fan support and some questionable comments about his qualifications . Well, as reported by Variety , former Bond actor Pierce Brosnan has weighed in and given his prediction on what the next person to play James Bond will look like. “Anything is possible for sure, but I think he’ll be male and he’ll be white,” Pierce Brosnan told the Press Association . “There’s wonderful black actors out there who could be James Bond, and there’s no reason why you cannot have a black James Bond,” he added. It seems that while Brosnan definitely supports the idea of a black actor taking on the role, he thinks that the powers that be will not make that choice. His predictions aren’t too far off base considering there was a big push and fan support for a minority actor taking on the role of Peter Parker. However, Marvel and Sony ultimately decided to go a more traditional route. By:	James Bond
Sharing his surname with a type of building, which footballer scored the deciding goal in the 1966 F.A. Cup Final?	Aerospace Spy Planes & Satellites: It begins with Royal Air Force Air Reconnaissance in WW2 James Bond Meets The Right Stuff: Ian Fleming By Air! By Mike Sparks 1 Photo Reconnaissance Unit (PRU) LOW ALTITUDE James Bond is For Real. CAVEAT: Our story begins whenever man was able to fly: there is substantial evidence that before the universal flood mankind with knowledge direct from the Creator was able to fly in our atmosphere and space and even waged nuclear wars using a form of anti-gravity craft (AGC). The "magic carpet" stuff from India is a mere literary trace of a shocking reality far greater and ominous. In short, man ever since the flood with lesser life spans has been in a game of "catch up" trying to regain the lost knowledge and technologies we already had but lost. Most secret societies are based on this quest and use what esoteric knowledge they have recovered as proof of their supernatural right to rule the rest of us, not making sure first that they are not playing for the wrong team again as before. Post-Flood Aerospace Reconnaissance: Height Above All Gary Powers in partial pressure suit by his U-2 There is a reason why the U-2 is still in use as a reconnaissance aircraft: it flies very high--at 70, 000+ feet there isn't very much in the way of anti-aircraft weaponry that can hit it--unless you are a sophisticated nation-state with a lot of money to create high-altitude surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and the radars to guide them. Even if manned recon high altitude aircraft are now being supplanted by drones, they will be around for many years collecting the data that can be obtained from the edge of the atmosphere. Prop Spy Planes As the 2IC of British Naval Intelligence during WW2, Commander Ian Fleming worked closely with pal Sidney Cotton's 1 PRU which did both low-altitude and high-altitude photo reconnaissance against the Axis powers. This intel was used to direct military actions which could be to send in agents like his 30 Assault Unit to capture documents and equipment/personnel and/or destroy important targets--like the V weapons sites --by air or ground strikes. The British are masters at countering enemy photo recon by creating dummy weapons and fake units best described in Anthony Cave Brown's masterpiece Body Guard of Lies. Before the WW2, Cotton (a WW1 seaplane fighter pilot) modified a twin-engined Lockheed Electra business plane to have hidden cameras for covert high altitude recon of Nazi Germany. This precedent of having civilian airplanes covertly spy sometimes has tragic consequences as seen in the KAL007 shoot-down of a 747 airliner deliberately sent astray in order to be shot-down by Soviet fighters to fan the flames of the Cold War to sustain Reagen-era budgets . During WW2, Cotton modified single-engined photo recon planes like the Spitfire created by the financing of Canadian businessman and British Security Coordination (BSC) master spy William Stephenson ("The Man Called Intrepid") that when not shooting down German planes or dive-bombing V-1 and V-2 launch sites guided by British radar--was modified to cruise at 40, 000 feet unarmed to be fast to evade shoot-downs from other prop-driven fighters with guns. RAF wing commander Fred Winterbotham who conceived of the special heating system to enable camera lens to work at high altitude does not appear to have been friends with Fleming as they both fought over use of Cotton's Electra undercover spy plane. youtube.com/watch?v=rrmNfz4X5GY In contrast, the Germans did not do air recon well; they placed cameras in aircraft that were INFERIOR in flight performance to Allied types, then wondered why they were constantly shot-down? If allowed to fly-over, they took photos of the deceptive decoys we wanted them to see--as per the Body Guard of Lies accounts. Maritime Reconnaissance USN Ensign (2LT) Leonard Smith radios the German battleship Bismarck's location: Sealing It's fate Getting comprehensive and persistent 24/7/365 coverage over the ocean is still a huge task today even with surveillance satellites. Flying land-based patrol planes has shown to not work as gaps invariably develop when planes leave to return to base or simply cannot reach the area. The UAV is going to prove to be an expensive Band-Aid to human maritime patrol planes once they start to crash. The best answer has always been SEAPLANES that can land on the water and be refueled and keep going. Small seaplanes operated by cruisers and battleships have been decisive numerous times at finding the enemy and should be used to insure air defense: combatreform.org/p6mseamaster.htm The painting above shows a RAF PBY Catalina seaplane flown by an American pilot, Ensign Leonard Smith and his crew "finding" the German battleship Bismarck when in actuality it was sent as a cover story since an American Coast Guard cutter Modoc patrolling the Bay of Biscay off the coast of France (!) had earlier saw the great ship breaking the horizon and radioed its location. [See A Man Called Intrepid, pages 259, 263-265] To preserve American political neutrality, a seaplane was sent over to deceive the Germans so when their battleship was sunk it was because of maritime air reconnaissance not that their codes were broken or America was covertly fighting them. The British often used seaplanes to provide cover for their ULTRA secret those times when spying found their targets and not from air reconnaissance by itself. Stealth by Wearing the Enemy's Colors and Markings The first thing that comes to mind is to capture enemy aircraft and keep them painted in their colors and fly them to sneak in and out. For details: Stealth by Paint and Lights During the day, objects in the air appear DARK when looked on from the ground. The best way to blend into the sky during the day was to use LIGHTS and light colors or no colors--see through skins like the WW1 Rumpler Taube recon plane. youtube.com/watch?v=scrcLT2JvqM Stealth by Construction Stevenson reveals that one of the reasons the Mosquito was made of wood was to be radar elusive. On pages 478-482, he writes about a Moon squadron Mosquito rescuing nuclear physicist Niels Bohr from Sweden inside it's bomb bay: xxxxxxxxxx Northrop Claims AF Scuttled "Flying Wing" by Ken Gepfert, Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1980 In the years during and immediately after World War II, aviation pioneer John K. Northrop developed and tested an odd-looking, jet-propelled bomber that he believed would revolutionize aircraft design. With no fuselage and no tail, the craft was aptly dubbed the "Flying Wing," and the Air Force selected it to replace the war-tested B-29. Then, in 1949, Flying Wing production was abruptly canceled and all test planes were ordered destroyed. For three decades, Northrop has refused to discuss why this promising airplane--the culmination of his lifelong dream -- was scrapped so suddenly. But in a dramatic taped interview broadcast last week, the 85-year-old Northrop Corp. founder finally told his secret The Flying Wing was canceled, he said, because he refused to obey an Air Force order that he merge his then-fledgling company with a more established competitive firm. When he balked, Northrop said, the Air Force summarily awarded the bomber contract to the competing firm. Northrop said he kept quiet for all these years because he feared the Pentagon would blackball his company if he disclosed the story. He said he even committed perjury before Congress to hide the facts. Northrop's allegation shed new light on a generation-old controversy that has become one of the biggest mysteries in American aviation. But it also raised new questions that may never be answered. In a precise unemotional tone, Northrop told his story to longtime aerospace reporter Clete Roberts in an interview on Los Angeles Public Television station KCET. Since that interview, taped in October, 1979, Northrop has suffered a series of strokes that have left him seriously ill and unable to speak. The 14-month delay between the interview and its broadcast as part of the KCET documentary last week was due partly to delays in gathering additional material for the telecast and partly to a postponement request by Northrop. Northrop's story was corroborated by Richard W. Millar, 81, who witnessed the drama as chairman of the Hawthorne-based aerospace company at the time and who still serves as Northrop vice chairman. But Millar, also interviewed by Roberts, has refused to respond to other questions since the broadcast, saying only that his taped statements "provide an accurate account" of the Flying Wing cancellation. The Air Force secretary accused of issuing the merger order, former Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.), 79; refused to be interviewed by Roberts. Repeated attempts by The Times to reach both the elder Symington and his son, also a former congressman, were unsuccessful. Most of the other witnesses to events surrounding the Flying Wing cancellation are dead. Based on the KCET broadcast and subsequent interviews by The Times with Northrop's son and others familiar with the story, however, the picture emerges of a man in a 30-year struggle between his love for the company that bears his name, and for the aircraft that was to be his contribution to aeronautical history. Northrop, who has long felt his plane had been wronged by history, finally decided to tell his story after becoming convinced--incorrectly as it turned out--that the National Aeronautics & Space Administration was about to resurrect his basic idea. [EDITOR: he couldn't tell you at the time of the article--1980--that the USAF was going to utilize his idea! Read between-the-lines, journalists!] The Flying Wing bomber was the product of more than 20 years of experimentation by Northrop, who believed as early as 1929 that a plane that was all wing would out-perform traditional designs featuring wings fuselage and tail assembly. By putting the 15-man crew eight engines and the bomb bay inside the wing, Northrop minimized the plane's drag and maximized its lift. As a result. the Flying Wing would carry a payload that was nearly equivalent to the plane's weight--a feat matched by no previous aircraft. Wins Competition To select a bomber to succeed World War II's B-29s, the Air Force pitted Northrop's Flying Wing, designated the B-35 and later the B-49, against a traditionally configured bomber built by Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp. (Convair), which later became a division of General Dynamics Corp. The Flying Wing won a competition against Convair's B-36 in 1948 and the Air Force awarded Northrop a contract to build 35 bombers with the possibility of ultimately producing 200 to 300 planes. But Northrop's elation turned into disbelief when he and company chairman Millar were summoned to meet Symington shortly after winning the contract in June 1948, according to their taped statements. Noting that his was "a very strange story and perhaps difficult to believe," Northrop told KCET reporter Roberts that Symington launched into a "lengthy diatribe" about how the Air Force did not want to sponsor any new aircraft companies because the Pentagon could not afford to support them with continuing business on declining post-war budgets. Then, Northrop said, Symington demanded that Northrop Corp. merge with Convair. General Reacts At that point, Northrop recalled, Brig. Gen. Joseph T. McNarney, commander of the Air Materiel Command and subsequently president of Convair said, "Oh, Mr. Secretary, you don't mean that the way it sounds." "You're...right I do," Symington answered, according to Northrop and Millar. Northrop and Millar told KCET's Roberts that they then visited Floyd Odium, head of Atlas Corp., which controlled Convair, to discuss a possible merger. But talks soon ended, Northrop said, because Odlum's demands were "grossly unfair to Northrop" A few days later, Northrop recalled, Symington telephoned him and said, "I am canceling all of your Flying Wing aircraft." "I said, 'Oh, Mr. Secretary, why?'" "He said, I've had an adverse report,' and hung up," Northrop recounted. "And that was the last time I talked to him and the last time we could reach him by phone or any other way." As part of the cancellation, Millar added, the Air Force ordered the destruction of seven Flying Wings then under construction. "Those airplanes were destroyed in front of the employees and everybody who had their heart and soul in it'" said Millar, his voice cracking. After the Air Force canceled the Flying Wing and awarded the contract to the competing Convair B-36, a House Armed Services subcommittee held hearings in 1949 to investigate allegations that the Pentagon used coercion in its aircraft procurement practices. Prompted by Rumors According to press accounts at the time, the investigation was prompted by "ugly rumors" about Symington and other Pentagon officials. One rumor investigated--and denied by witnesses at the hearing--was that Symington had been considered to head the firm that would result from the proposed merger between Consolidated Vultee and Northrop. Among the witnesses who denied seeing any evidence of Pentagon coercion was John K. Northrop. Northrop testified that he did not "feel there was any unjustifiable or unreasonable pressure in the cancellation of the B-49 contract. I would call the move reasonable and logical." When asked under oath if he was in fear of Pentagon reprisal, Northrop laughed and said, "I have no fear of reprisal." Thirty-one years later, when asked about his testimony by reporter Roberts, Northrop responded, "My reaction is that under pressure of the life or death of Northrop Corp., I committed one of the finest jobs of perjury that I've ever heard." Northrop said in the taped interview that he did not tell the full story until now because he feared that Symington would cause the "complete obliteration" of his company. Millar said that the meeting with Symington was so "brutal and bare-faced" that "you almost had to assume that he would be prepared to take further steps if we didn't do as good boys and go along." After serving as Air Force Secretary, Symington was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he remained for 24 years. He was an influential member of both the Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees, and unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1960. He retired from the Senate in 1977. Through his secretary in Washington, Symington told reporter Roberts that he "never did (the) sort of thing" alleged by Northrop and Millar. Prior to Northrop's account, a popular explanation for the Flying Wing's demise was technical failures. The aircraft did exhibit stability and control problems during testing, and one test plane disintegrated during a routine night in 1948, killing all five crew members. The Air Force was apparently convinced enough that problems were being corrected to award the production contract to Northrop just five days after the accident, however. The accident investigation proved inconclusive. Because of Symington's refusal to answer questions and the death of such key witnesses as Gen. McNarney, Convair chief Odlum, and post-war Defense Secretary Louis Johnson, there may never be consensus on the fate of the Flying Wing. Whatever the reasons, there is no question Northrop personally was devastated by the cancellation and destruction of the Flying Wing--his lifelong obsession. In 1952, at the relatively early age of 57, Northrop abruptly retired and divested himself of all interest in the company he founded. "At that time, Jack essentially felt his career was over," said historian William A. Schoneberger, who is writing a book on Northrop's life. According to his son, John H. Northrop of La Canada Northrop was particularly troubled by persistent historical accounts that portrayed the Flying Wing as a technical failure in light of its cancellation by the Air Force. The younger Northrop told The Times his father decided he could no longer remain silent. After reading that NASA was considering a Flying Wing design for an advanced, fuel-efficient cargo plane . Northrop asked to meet with NASA officials in early 1979 to explain his ideas about the design--and to tell why his version was killed 30 years earlier. "It was a fascinating story," said Gerald Kayten, deputy director of NASA's aeronautical systems divisions, who attended the half-day meeting at Northrop University in Inglewood. "But there really wasn't much of a meeting of minds. All Mr. Northrop seemed to be interested in was pointing out that his airplane was a pretty good airplane. He didn't need to convince us, because we already agreed with him." NASA already decided, however, to put the Flying Wing design "on a back burner" because it was best suited for much larger cargo planes than will be needed by military or commercial users for the next two decades, Kayten told The Times. Nonetheless, in a letter sent to Northrop after the meeting, NASA Administrator Robert A. Frosch acknowledged Northrop's pioneering work and said "our analyses confirmed your much earlier conviction as to the load-carrying and efficiency advantages of this design approach." Armed with this evidence that the wisdom of his approach finally was being recognized by the government, Northrop asked the company's present management for permission to tell his story, according to Northrop's son. Even after telling his story to Roberts, Northrop had second thoughts and asked the reporter to delay broadcasting the interview for several months, according to the KCET reporter. "Then one day he called and said 'Go ahead, Clete. It's all clear now,'" Roberts recalled. Northrop, now seriously ill in a Glendale hospital, was given a private screening of the documentary before it was broadcast. He could not speak to give his reaction, his son said, but "he put his hands together and shook them, like a fighter does, to show us he was pleased." Ben Rich of the rival Lockheed Skunk Works repeats the "technical problems" excuse for the YB-49 "never getting off the ground" which smacks of his own bias since the aircraft not only proved itself in the air with range, speed records but probably beat Rich's team to the radar stealth punch by 4 decades, too. The small RCS of the B-49 was known at the time, leading to my suspicion that pro-Nazi elements within the U.S. deliberately sabotaged the flying wing to keep the USAF locked into non-stealthy, easily shot-down tube & wing designs like the high-flying but fatally slow Convair B-36 for decades to come. The German B-36 Clone: the P1085 Stealth by Where You Land: Stuck Aircraft--Tracked Landing Gear & Air Cushions Needed If we want to do special operations flying right, we need relatively small aircraft no larger than a C-130 that can land with extreme STOL capabilities (ESTOL): combatreform.org/c130.htm Even small single-engined aircraft like the Lysander and AN-2 if fitted with wheels will get stuck and crash trying to land on unimproved surfaces. Tracked landing gear or even better air cushion landing gear are what we need to advance in this endeavor. V/TOL by tilt-rotors that cannot be made stealthy are not the answer. Commander Ian Fleming had Hitler and Eva Braun flown out of Berlin to Spain in a RAF Lysander that had to be carefully found a landing spot outside the city using a mini-submarine to get the mass murderer and wife to the RZ location. http://warandgame.com/2009/04/17/special-duties-161-squadron-wwii/ Flying by moonlight, No. 161 Squadron, RAF, slipped into occupied France to deliver precious cargoes of secret agents. As the fist of Germany tightened on the European nations subjugated by the Blitzkrieg operations of 1939 and 1940, hitherto isolated groups of resistance were consolidating and organising links with the free world. Knowing that their assistance would be invaluable in the struggle against Germany, Britain was anxious to encourage them with agents and supplies of equipment. With the expansion of the French partisan movement, known as the maquis, and similar movements elsewhere in occupied Europe including Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia, Britain was soon in need of air squadrons specialising in serving the resistance groups. No. 161 Squadron, brought into the fray in February 1942, was formed at Newmarket in Suffolk around a nucleus supplied by elements of the disbanded King's Flight and of No. 138 Squadron. Wing Commander E H. "Mouse" Fielden, who previously was captain of the King's Flight, became No 161 Squadron's first commanding officer, and the new squadron's aircraft, an assortment of Lysanders and bombers, included one Lockheed Hudson from the disbanded unit. On the night of 27/28 February 1942, Flight Lieutenant A.M. "Sticky" Murphy, piloting a Lysander carried out the squadron's frost pick-up operation Everything went according to plan, unlike an earlier sortie flown by Murphy when he was serving with No. 138 Squadron. On that occasion he had landed on a field in Belgium and come under fire from German troops lying in ambush. Although wounded m the neck and losing a lot of blood, he, nonetheless, succeeded in flying his Lysander back to Tangmere. In March 1942, Murphy was promoted to squadron leader and took command of "A" Flight. His next mission to France was rather unusual, as it was the only occasion on which an Avro Anson borrowed from a training unit was used for a pick-up operation. It was needed because four passengers were to be collected from a field near Issoudun, and the Lysander's normal passenger load was only two. Although visibility was poor, which made visual navigation difficult, Murphy eventually reached the landing zone. "Landing completed without trouble and the four passengers embarked very rapidly," he later reported. One of these passengers was Squadron Leader J. "Whippy" Nesbitt Dufort, a Lysander Special Duty pilot of No. 138 Squadron who had been forced by heavy ice to crashland in France during a pick-up operation on 28 January. After a month in hiding with the resistance, he was relieved to be rescued and breezily reported of his homeward flight: "The skill of the pilot and the navigator proved in this case to be exceptional, as we were only lost the majority of the way home." In March 1942, No. 161 Squadron moved from Newmarket (where it had operated from the famous race course) to Graveley in Huntingdonshire, before settling at Tempsford, Bedfordshire, in April. This airfield, which it shared with No. 138 Squadron, then became the centre of RAF Special Duty operations: "It was not much of a station," thought Squadron Leader Hugh Verity. "It was a rush job quickly built in wartime, like hundreds of others. Officers' mess, station headquarters, squadron offices and all the rest were temporary huts," A farmhouse on the site, Gibraltar Farm, was used by the SOE to prepare agents for parachute drops and to store supply containers, while the Lysander missions were generally flown from the forward base at RAF Tangmere in Sussex, where No. 161 Squadron used a cottage opposite the main gates as their crew room. The Lysanders used for pick-up operations were stripped of all armament and carved a 150 gallon auxiliary fuel tank beneath the fuselage to order to increase endurance to eight hours. A ladder was fitted to provide easy access to the rear cockpit, which usually accommodated two persons but could take three or even four adults cramped together. Since the pilot had to navigate himself over enemy territory, usually relying solely on map-reading, it was essential that operations took place within the full-moon periods Wing Commander Lewis Hodges, commanding officer of No. 161 Squadron during 1943/44, who was destined to retire from the RAF as Air Chief Marshal Sir Lewis Hodges, recalled: "Our lives were governed by the phases of the moon. We needed moonlight to map read by; we needed moonlight to find our way to the dropping zones for parachuting and to the small fields that served as landing grounds; and we needed moonlight to be able to see the ground clearly enough to make a safe landing." The resistance "reception committees" were warned by a cryptic radio message over the BBC's French service that a pick-up or parachute drop was scheduled for them that night. The pre-selected landing fields had to have an approach unobstructed by tall trees or other obstacles, and were expected to provide a firm and level surface of at least 600 yds in length. However, in practice many fields fell far short of these requirements, sometimes with serious consequences. The reception committee was responsible for laying out a rudimentary flare path, consisting of three lamps, to mark a landing run into the direction of the wind. Once the Lysander pilot had found the field, an identifying code letter was flashed to him in morse to signal that all was well. The Lysander would come in to land and turn into the wind to be ready for take-off, before disembarking its agents, (invariably known as "Does" or "Janes", according to sex) and picking up those to be carried out. The time on the ground was naturally kept to a minimum, and a smooth pick-up could be accomplished within three minutes. Parachute dropping operations, which were far more frequent than landings, employed broadly similar procedures. The dropping zone was marked by a pattern of lights, and the reception committee again identified itself to the Special Duty pilot by a code letter. The supply containers, sometimes accompanied by agents, were then dropped from an altitude which was sufficiently high to ensure that the parachutes deployed properly, but not so high that the containers were scattered over a wide area This kind of operation called for precise flying skills if the loads were to be delivered within the designated dropping zone. By 1944 the job of supply dropping had been made easier by the introduction of the Eureka/Rebecca navigation beacon system, which enabled the aircraft to home onto the dropping zone. The pilot and reception committee were also able to communicate using the "S-phone". In theory, all the Special Duty pilots were proficient in French and at least one member of each reception committee was to have received training in basic flying control techniques, but since, in practise, these requirements were often relaxed, the S-phone was not always particularly useful. Despite the operational dangers it faced: 161 Squadron's casualties were not especially heavy, a fact attributable largely to the high standards of navigation and airmanship achieved by its crew. Enemy action was an ever-present threat, with the Special Duty aircraft being vulnerable to German flak and nightfighters when in the air, and to ambush when landing in France. In the event, two Lysanders were lost to German anti-aircraft fire, but the only ambush attempted by the enemy failed to prevent Flight Lieutenant "Sticky" Murphy from returning to base. Bad weather, especially when it involved poor visibility and ice, was another hazard. On one disastrous night, 16/17 December 1943, two Lysanders were lost and their pilots killed when they crashed in fog while trying to land at the end of a mission. Again, aircraft were frequently damaged or bogged down after landing on unsuitable fields. For example, on 16/17 April 1943, Flight Lieutenant John Bridger's Lysander hit a high-tension cable when attempting to land on a field south of Clermont-Ferrand. The blinding flash temporarily destroyed his night vision, but he kept control of the aircraft and landed to disembark his passengers. One of the mainwheel tyres had burst and Bridger decided to puncture the other with a shot from his revolver in order to make his take‑off easier. Fortunately the wheel rims did not dig into the ground and he was able to return safely to base. The landing strips were sometimes found to be too boggy to take the weight of an aircraft, and on several occasions pilots were forced to abandon their trapped aircraft in France. One of the less serious of these incidents took place on the night of 24/25 February 1943 and involved a twin-engined Lockheed Hudson. Its pilot was Wing Commander P.C. Pickard, who had relieved Fielden as commanding officer of No. 161 Squadron on 1 October 1942, when the latter was promoted to Group Captain and given command of RAF Tempsford. Pickard was probably the best known bomber pilot in the RAF at that time, thanks to his role as the captain of the Wellington "F-for-Freddie" in the documentary film "Target for Tonight" he was subsequently to be killed in action in February 1944 when leading the famous Mosquito raid on Amiens prison. Pickard had carried out the first pick-up sortie flown by a Hudson on the night of 13/14 February and this had gone according to plan. However, on the more eventful mission 11 nights later, his aircraft had become stuck in a patch of muddy ground and, as one squadron member recalled, "his crew were armed to the teeth with revolvers, Sten guns and so on, but not so much as a teaspoon to dig themselves out." Eventually they succeeded in freeing the aircraft hindered rather than helped by an excited crowd of French villagers only to see the aircraft become bogged down again, By the time that the Hudson had been freed a second time dawn was approaching, and the aircraft was fortunate to reach England unmolested by German fighters. The experience of Flight Lieutenant Robin Hooper on 16/17 November 1943 was even more nerve racking. His outward flight was uneventful and he recalled: "After two unsuccessful attempts I got down off a very tight low circuit (even for a Lizzie!), dropping in rather fast and rather late through the mist. I soon realised that the ground was very soft indeed...At first, when I braked the wheels just locked and slid; but very soon it was a question of using quite a lot of throttle to keep moving at all and it seemed best to keep moving at all costs. Turning was all but impossible since the wheels dug into deep grooves. Finally we managed to turn 90ï¿½ to port and there stuck. The aircraft was immovable even with +6 boost, so I told the passengers to get out and got down myself to inspect. We were bogged to spat level; the ground appeared to be wet, soggy water meadow. The reception committee came running up: I organised them to push and we attempted some more +6 boost without the slightest effect, except perhaps to settle the wheels a little more firmly in their ruts ... At this point someone suggested getting some bullocks from the nearest farm; after a certain amount of fuss this was agreed to and a small, well-armed party set off to collect bullocks, spades and some planks or brushwood...The rest of us continued to dig trenches in front of the wheels with the idea of making a kind of inclined plane up which they could be pulled. About 20 minutes later, an odd procession loomed out of the mist; two very large bullocks trailing clanking chains, the farmer, his wife, his two daughters and the three chaps from the reception committee. The farmer shook me warmly by the hand and asked me when the British were going to land in France, and got to work." Despite the efforts of this team, later augmented by a further two bullocks, the Lysander remained firmly stuck. Flight Lieutenant Hooper decided to burn the aircraft and go into hiding with the resistance. He was picked up by Wing Commander Hodges a month later. The liberation of France greatly reduced the calls on the Special Duty squadrons' services, although drops of supplies and agents continued over other areas under enemy control. No. 161 Squadron's last pick-up operation was flown on 5/6 September 1944, by which time over 200 such missions had been successfully accomplished. The squadron's contribution to the Allied war effort was greater than that figure suggests. In all some 6700 agents had been flown into Occupied Europe, of which not many more than 400 had been carried during pick-up operations. Yet the latter flights had extracted more than 600 persons out of enemy territory and it was this service which was so uniquely valuable to the Allied resistance and intelligence networks. Moreover, No. 161 Squadron had made a significant contribution to the dropping of supplies to resistance forces, which in all received some 42,800 tons of materials supplied by air. For the crest of its official badge, No. 161 Squadron adopted the motif of an open fetterlock. Its motto is "Liberate". Neither is an overstatement of the vital role played by the squadron in releasing Europe from the yoke of Nazi occupation. The American P-38 Lightning was also well-used at high altitudes as the F-4 and F-5 photo recon aircraft. Possible Concept Sketches for the P-38: #1 looks like the DeHavilland Mosquito; #5 the P-82 Twin Mustang and #4 the P-38 Lightning Created by Kelly Johnson's "skunk works"--a small, talented elite team (instead of a large bureaucracy of mediocre persons) beginning on a napkin, the P-38 lay-out was emulated by Howard Hughes contra-prop F-11 to squeeze out a little bit more speed and altitude--but the advent of the jet engine offered flight performance improvement at least one order of magnitude higher. Paul Crickmore in his book Lockheed's Blackworld Skunk Works: The U-2, SR-71 and F-117, reveals the desperate straits the west was in when WW2 ended when it came to over-flying the Soviet Union for reconnaissance with prop-driven planes. Even jets were vulnerable if they didn't have a speed or height advantage: In June 1948, the Soviet Union enforced a food blockade upon the western zones of Berlin. The allies responded by mounting a round-the-clock airlift; the United States highlighted the seriousness of the situation by re-deploying bombers back to Britain. As allied reconnaissance operations continued, it was only a question of time before such actions provoked the ultimate response. It first occurred on 11th April 1950, when a U.S. Navy Consolidated PB4Y Privateer, operated by VP-26 and with a crew of ten onboard, was shot-down and crashed into the Baltic, off Soviet Latvia. In April 1952, an Air France DC-4 was attacked and damaged in the Berlin corridor and less than two months later, a Swedish Air Force C-47 was downed into the Baltic Sea east of Gotland. Even a search and rescue PBY was attacked whilst looking for survivors; the Russians certainly meant business. Four months later, MiG-15s destroyed a reconnoitring RB-29. On 10 March 1953, a USAF F-84 Thunderjet was shot down over Bavaria by Czech MiG-15s. Two days later an RAF Lincoln (RF-531) of the central gunnery school, was shot down in the Berlin Corridor by MiG-15s; seven crew lost their lives. youtube.com/watch?v=zobDfDYeJ3Y Clearly, the West needed high-flying jet spy planes. RB-45s were supplied to the RAF and their Canberra were put to work, but at best they could only get a marginal increase in speed/altitude. On 15 March 1953, an RB-50 of the 38th SRS, 55th SRW, flown by Lt. Colonel Robert Rich was intercepted by Soviet MiG-15s. The gunner, T/Sgt. Jesse Prim, returned fire and the MiGs withdrew. However, on 29 July, another RB-50 from the same wing was not so lucky. Attacked by MiG-15s during a reconnaissance flight near the Soviet border, the RB-50 lost a wing and fell into the Sea of Japan. Co-pilot Captain John E. Roche was the only survivor. RB-47 medium bomber being shot-down by a Soviet Russian MIG-19; flight performance and tail gunners were not enough; Excellent painting by David Pentland . I remember my father telling me that after his WW2 service in the Army, he was in the USAF as a part of a B-47 unit as a radio repairman (our last name is ideal for this job!) and losing some of his buddies to a MIG shoot-down during a spy mission. Seaberg Wanted 70K Altitude; Rejected the U-2 Design, Yet Johnson Prevailed: It Must Fly Higher than 70K Crickmore writes: As the cost in air crew's lives continued to mount it became apparent that a new approach to gathering such vital intelligence was needed. With high altitude having already been established as the "operational environment" for such missions, it was a U.S. Air Force Major who articulated the way forward. Having spent some time as an aeronautical engineer with Chance Vought, John Seaberg had been recalled to active duty following the outbreak of the Korean War. It was whilst serving as Assistant Chief in the New Developments Office, Bombardment Branch, at Wright Field, near Dayton, Ohio, that he mapped out high altitude strategic reconnaissance philosophy, proposing to mate an aircraft with an extremely efficient high-aspect-ratio wing to the new generation of turbo jet engines. Utilizing such a union, he believed an aircraft would be capable of cruising at altitudes far in excess of any other then in service. Spurred on by his new boss, William Lamar, Seaberg had, by March 1953, created a formal specification, requiring the aircraft to cruise at an altitude of 70,000 feet, possess a range of 1,500 nautical miles, whilst carrying a camera payload weight of up to 700lbs to be in service by 1956. These initial proposals were subsequently released to just three of the smaller aircraft manufacturing companies; the rationale being that as large-scale production was not envisioned, the project would receive a higher priority than if placed with the larger players. Bell and Fairchild were requested to submit proposals for the design and construction of a totally new aircraft; whilst Martin were asked to apply improvements to the B-57 (a design built under license by them, but actually developed by the English Electric Company and known in RAF service as the Canberra). In July 1953, six-month study contracts had been agreed with each company and the project, identified as MX-2147, was given the classified code name of "Bald Eagle". Bell Designs the X-16: But it Never Gets Built...Why? Thanks to Sharkit models in France we can get a good idea of what the Bell X-16 would have looked like: sort of like a swept-wing U-2 with two wing-mounted engines... So Where Did the Lockheed-Martin U-2 Come From? scribd.com/doc/123507983/Skunk-Works-Black-World-of-SR-71-Blackbirds-Stealth-Fighters Skunk Works: Black World of SR-71 Blackbirds, Stealth Fighters by James Gavin Jr. Crickmore reveals the behind-the-scenes maneuvering that got Lockheed the job over the Bell X-16: It was perhaps inevitable that someone in the Pentagon would leak details of the classified high-altitude reconnaissance proposal to Lockheed's Advanced Development Projects boss, aircraft design genius, Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson. However, after a short but detailed review, Seaburg and his staff rejected the Lockheed design, designated CL-282, and in June 1954 Kelly received a letter officially rejecting his proposal. Undaunted, Kelly decided to pursue funding from alternative sources. Shortly afterwards he therefore presented a refined design submission to a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) study committee. With the Killian Committee having been briefed earlier on all four "Bald Eagle" contenders and the CIA becoming increasingly enamoured of the idea of establishing its own airborne reconnaissance capability, Kelly met with the Government Advisory Board on 19 November 1954. During the course of that meeting he was told that he..."was essentially being drafted for the project". The Killian Committee's decision to back the refined CL-282 proposal was communicated to Secretary of Defence, Charles Wilson and CIA Director, Allen Dulles. They subsequently briefed President Eisenhower and sought authorisation for a programme to produce twenty aircraft at a total cost of $35 million. This was duly sanctioned. Read the above carefully. If the X-16 and RB-57 could reach 70, 000 why not tell Kelly Johnson to go fly a kite? Connect-the-dots. The only reason that the Skunk Works could barge into the recon plane competition would be if their design could significantly out-perform the others--like flying far above 70, 000 feet. Jet Spy Planes The U-2 spy plane was legally and illegally funded by the AmeroNazi Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to hype the Cold War against the Soviet Communists. Actual U-2 operating altitude is usually stated as 70, 000 feet--but Rich admits to 74, 500 feet in test flights. 1966 model U-2Rs are claimed to be able to fly above 75, 000 feet--5, 000 more feet to be exact--making the admitted ceiling 79, 500 feet. Then with the turbofan-powered U-2S another 3, 500 feet of altitude was claimed making for a total of 83, 000 feet. Even this could be more "limited hang-out" admissions--as actual altitude likely is higher. Rich smugly proclaimed it to be "70, 000" when President-elect Clinton asked. More proof that he can--and did lie on occasion. Meet the Amazing U-2 and It's Imagery youtube.com/watch?v=15T9fxH_aSY Best wishes Leningrad! From America with Espionage Semiplatenski from 70K+ What Tyuratam Soviet missile test center U-2 imagery over "Cuber" as JFK would have said it Imagery over Engles airfield revealing actual Soviet Mi-4 Bison bomber numbers espionageinfo.com/Te-Uk/U-2-Spy-Plane.html LARRY GILMAN The U-2 is a jet-powered reconnaissance aircraft specially designed to fly at high altitudes (i.e., above 70,000 ft [21 km]). It was used during the late 1950s to overfly the Soviet Union, China, the Middle East, and Cuba; flights over the Soviet Union, the primary mission for which the plane was designed, ended in 1960 when a U-2 flown by CIA pilot Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union. This event was a major political embarrassment for the U.S. A redesigned version of the U-2, the U-2R, was used from the late 1960s through the 1990s. The U-2R was used extensively during the Gulf War of 1991, for example, to monitor Iraqi military activities. A more recent version of the U-2, the U-2S, is deployed today. The U-2S has been used recently by both the United States and United Nations weapons inspectors to make observations of North Korea and Iraq. youtube.com/playlist?list=PL361A87BED340FCD8 It seems that the unmanned RQ-4 Global Hawk can't gather intel effectively, but the U-2 Dragon Lady can; strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20111109.aspx Background. Shortly after the end of World War II, the tenuous alliance between the Soviet Union, the United States, and the nations of Western Europe ruptured. The Soviets took control of Eastern Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed by the U.S. and its European allies, and the Cold War began in earnest. Tensions were high, and war between NATO and the Soviet Union often seemed imminent. Military planners desired what they termed "pre-D-day intelligence" about the Soviet order of battle, that is, information about the Soviet military obtained before a war began. Spy satellites would not become available until the early 1960s, leaving aircraft as the primary means of obtaining up-to-date information about Soviet military and industrial activities. A scene highly desired by the post-WW2 Nazis: the two Super Powers annihilating each other; leaving the world to them A number of photographic spy overflights of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Far East, China, and the periphery of the Soviet Union were made in the late 1940s and early 1950s using various U.S. and British aircraft including the RB-29 bomber, the B-47B bomber, the RF-80A fighter (the first operational U.S. jet fighter), the RF-86F fighter, and the RB-45C reconnaissance aircraft. None of these planes had enough range to penetrate very far into Russia itself, where nuclear testing grounds and missile bases were located; nor could they fly at altitudes high enough to avoid interception by Soviet MiG jet fighters. By the mid-1950s, Soviet air defenses had improved to the point where overflights by available aircraft had become impractical. Development of a lightweight, high-altitude, single-pilot plane (originally dubbed the CL-282 but later the U-2, a deliberately misleading designation suggesting a "utility" aircraft) began in 1954. However, the plane could not ready until 1956; in the meantime, high-altitude, unmanned balloons were used to carry camera packages over the Soviet Union. These balloons, code-named Genetrix balloons, were launched in Norway, Scotland, Turkey, and West Germany, from whence they were carried by global tradewinds across the Soviet Union to recovery zones over the Pacific Ocean. Some 379 Genetrix balloons entered Soviet airspace in 1955 and 1956; 235 were shot down by MiGs or antiaircraft guns, and only 44 were recovered. The success rate would have been higher except that President Dwight Eisenhower had ordered that the balloons not fly at their true maximum altitude (70,000 ft [21 km]); he reasoned that if the balloons were restricted to an altitude ceiling of 55,000 ft (17 km), where the Soviets could shoot them down most of the time, the Soviets would not be motivated to develop high-altitude interceptors that could be later used against the U-2. Gary Powers, shown while an Air Force Reserve pilot, later flew an American U-2 spy plane over Russia in 1960 and was shot down, held prisoner, was subjected to a public show-trial, and ultimately returned to the West in exchange for a Russian spy. Design. The U-2 is built much like a glider, with ultralight construction and long, narrow wings that measure 80 ft (24 m) from tip to tip, longer than the plane itself. (The U-2C, first flown in 1978, has a wingspan of 103 ft [31 m].) Wings of this type, mounted at right angles to the body of an aircraft, provide high lift (i.e., upward aerodynamic force resulting from airflow around the wing); this is necessary at 70,000 ft because the atmosphere is so thin. The U-2's cruising altitude takes it so close to outer space that the sky above appears black and the curvature of the Earth is visible. The U-2 had other features intended to reduce its weight and thus increase its cruising altitude and range. The wings were bolted to the body of the aircraft rather than supported, as in standard jet aircraft of that period, by a spar running right through the fuselage. The tail assembly was held on by only three bolts; the skin of the fuselage was thin aluminum; flight controls were manually powered, so the pilot flew the plane by muscle power; and there was no radar. In-line "bicycle"-type landing gear was employed, consisting of a main unit under the plane's nose and small wheel at the tail; upon landing, the U-2 would taxi to a halt and then tip over onto one wing. For takeoff, small detachable supports or "pogos" held the wings off the ground and were dropped when the plane was airborne. A camera package termed the A-2 was installed in the aircraft's belly; it contained three still cameras, one pointing straight down and the other two pointing to the left and right of the aircraft's direction of travel, as well as a tracking camera that filmed a continuous record of the plane's mission. Development of the U-2 and of reconnaissance balloons required numerous test flights over the United States. The balloons were often visible from the ground as metallic-looking ellipses, and prototype U-2 planes were sometimes spotted from civilian airliners; these sightings giving rise to many reports of unidentified flying objects (though to be alien spacecraft). Because the devices actually causing the sightings were secret, the government offered often uncreditable explanations for the sightings, inadvertently helping to encourage bizarre UFO beliefs. Because of the need to fly light, the U-2 does not carry weapons. Nor can it undertake evasive maneuvers if fired upon, for it is delicate, and breaks up if subjected to strong forces. It is designed to fly high and far. Deployment. On June 20, 1956, the first U-2 flight over a "denied area"-Warsaw Pact airspace-was made. The flight passed over Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany. On July 1956, flights over the Soviet Union itself commenced, with a flight over Leningrad to photograph the shipyards. MiG fighters attempted to intercept the U-2, which was detected by Soviet radars, but were unable to attain its altitude. The next day a U-2 overflew Moscow itself, photographing the Kliningrad missile factory and Khimki rocket-engine factory north of the city. Although the U.S. did not officially admit the existence of the U-2 flights, due to Soviet diplomatic protests President Eisenhower ordered all U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union temporarily suspended late in 1956. U-2s were used during this interval to spy on French and British actions in the Middle East during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower ordered U-2 flights resumed after the Soviets crushed the Hungarian rebellion of October 1956. This Soviet aggression heightened tensions between NATO and the Warsaw Pact and increased the U.S. desire for intelligence data. Over the next few years, the U-2 was flown over China and Vietnam as well the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. On May 1, 1960, a U-2 was shot down over Russia by a surface-to-air missile (SAM). The pilot was captured, tried for espionage, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. (He was traded for a captured Soviet spy two years later.) No more overflights of the Soviet Union were attempted. Coincidentally, however, the U.S. spy satellite program accomplished its first recovery of a film packet from space on the day that Powers was sentenced (August 19, 1960). The U-2 was, therefore, no longer a unique source of intelligence about affairs inside Soviet territory. However, it still had an important role to play in military history. On October 14, 1962, a U-2 flying over Cuba took pictures that proved that the Soviet Union had established sites for launching medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. The presence of these nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba, combined with U.S. insistence that they be removed, gave rise to the Cuban Missile Crisis, which almost resulted in war between the U.S. and Soviet Union in October 1962. Despite radical improvements in spy satellite capabilities since the 1960s, U-2 planes continue to provide some intelligence data. Some experts believe that U-2S photographs of North Korean facilities were the basis of the U.S. discovery in October 2002 that North Korea was producing enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. In 2003, proposed U-2S overflights of Iraq to support United Nations weapons inspections were a subject of controversy between the U.S. and Iraq. Furthermore, a civilian version of the U-2, the ER-2, is used by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration for Earth-resources research. The ER-2 has even made flights over Russia-with official permission. FURTHER READING: BOOKS: Peebles, Curtis. Shadow Flights: America's Secret Air War against the Soviet Union. Novato, CA: Presidio, 2000. SEE ALSO U-2 Incident Read more: espionageinfo.com/Te-Uk/U-2-Spy-Plane.html#ixzz0ck9JdM21 When U-2 imagery began to show that the Soviets were lying about their actual military capabilities, the CIA doing the bidding of the Rockefeller MILINDINTELCOMP lost interest in a means that threatened their Cold War racket . Rich reveals that before the U-2 was available, a RAF Canberra was stripped down to achieve a 55, 000 feet altitude--but when sent to recon the Soviet bases was shot-up badly due to the traitor Kim Philby acting within MI6/SIS as a double agent giving them advance warning. We also know that the Gehlen Nazi faction within the CIA ran phony defectors into the Soviet Union from Japan and that marine radar operator Lee Harvey Oswald participant to "C" detachment U-2 flight operations at Atsugi air base was one of these. When President John F. Kennedy (JFK) blamed the CIA for the Bay of Pigs failed invasion fiasco , Oswald was brought back to be the designated patsy for the former's assassination. U-2 Spy Flights spyflight.co.uk/u2.htm Ben Rich reveals in his book, Skunk Works that CIA Director Allen Dulles deliberately refused warnings from USAF General Nathan Twining that Francis Gary Powers' ridiculously long flight across the entire width of Russia (Operation GRAND SLAM) would be flying into alerted Soviet air defenses. On pages 158-161, Rich elaborates: Eisenhower was ready to approve the follow-up flight, but the State Department heard about it and Secretary of State Christian Herter was strongly opposed. Herter had replaced John Foster Dulles, who had died of cancer earlier in the year, and was worried that any overflight might upset the delicate planning that had revolved around a summit in Paris between Ike and Khrushchev scheduled to start on May 14. [CIA U-2 Program Manager] Bissell told Kelly that Allen Dulles had wrested one final flight out of the president, provided it took place two weeks before the Paris summit. The target date was May 1, 1960, the Soviet May Day; akin to our Fourth of July. We hoped to catch them with their defenses down, with only skeleton crews at work. As it turned out, our black box and the route of the mission finally selected would seal the fate of that tragic last flight. Ike had signed off on two mission options and left the final decision to the CIA. The choices were missions code-named Time Step, which would overfly certain key nuclear and missile test sites, and GRAND SLAM, a marathon nine-hour mission from Pakistan clear across Russia to land at a base in Bodo, Norway. The heart of GRAND SLAM was overflying Tyuratam, then heading south to photograph the huge military- industrial complexes at Sverdlovsk and Plesetsk. All were heavily defended. The two plans were sent for review to the Air Force Chief of Staff, General Nathan Twining, who quickly spotted a flaw in the GRAND SLAM mission and called Allen Dulles to personally urge changes. Twining had noticed that the proposed mission repeated the exact route into Sverdlovsk from the south used less than a month earlier by U-2 pilot Marty Knutson. "Allen, if you come in that way again, they'll know exactly where you are heading and will just be lying in wait. You'll get nailed." Dulles obviously didn't agree. He personally chose GRAND SLAM with no changes. KEY U-2 DOCUMENTS TO THE DULLES BACK-STAB scribd.com/doc/123905468/Russians-chase-U-2s-1960 Escape & Evade Gear Found on Powers on Display in Moscow: note the Silenced .22LR pistol and extra ammo as Personal Defense Weapon (PDW) There was little sympathy for Powers, who was kept incommunicado inside the notorious Lubianka prison for months before enduring a propaganda show trial that heaped embarrassment on the agency and the administration for more than three weeks. Powers was sentenced harshly to ten years at hard labor and served nearly two years before being exchanged in February 1962, for the captured Russian master Rudolf Abel; a decision that only enraged many at the CIA even more. Moreover, the U-2 Powers flew, called "article 360" had previously been damaged in a "C" detachment test flight, rebuilt by the Skunk Works and sent to "B" detachment in Turkey where it developed a reputation as a problem-prone "hanger queen". Spyflight.co.uk reports: 24 Sep 59 Whilst conducting a test flight in Article 360 from Det "C" in Atsugi in Japan, Tom Crull encountered problems on a test flight and eventually ran out of fuel. With great skill Tom Crull managed to dead-stick the aircraft onto a small civilian airfield at Fujisawa, where it was promptly surrounded and photographed by curious Japanese civilians. The damaged U-2C aircraft was shipped back to Lockheed in the USA for repairs. Article 360 was then returned to Detachment "B" at Adana in Turkey where it gained a reputation as a "Hanger Queen". For a variety of reasons Article 360 ended up being flown by Gary Powers on Mission 4154, Operation GRAND SLAM, when he was shot down. Clearly, Powers was being set-up to be the "fall guy". The implications are that pro-German Nazi traitor Dulles wanted the U-2 to be shot-down to ruin the upcoming peace conference between Soviet premier Khrushchev and President Eisenhower. Ian Fleming stated in his James Bond 007 books that Powers' U-2 was sabotaged such that it could be brought down to Soviet missile intercept altitude. Nigel West reports in his Historical Dictionary of Ian Fleming's World of Intelligence: In Fleming's version of the incident, Powers had been "brought down by delayed charges and not by rockets," an allegation of sabotage for which there was at the time the issue was of some importance because the U-2's precise operating altitude was a closely guarded secret, and 70,000 feet was thought to be above the SA-2's maximum ceiling. Notice in his 1959 book Goldfinger, he has the villain's operation named "GRAND SLAM"--the same as Powers' doomed flight later in 1960. Perhaps Dulles got the name from Fleming's book? Of course, in American baseball, hitting a home run when bases are loaded is a "grand slam"; but the British don't play baseball they play cricket. In WW2, the biggest bomb a RAF Lancaster bomber could drop was called the "grand slam ". In You Only Live Twice, Fleming (who visited Japan for MI6/SIS under cover as a journalist while American U-2 flights were underway) has Japanese air reconnaissance provide the intelligence required for James Bond to infiltrate into the mysterious "castle of death" afflicting the Japanese people. youtube.com/view_play_list?p=6547BA9BCFB52B8A On pages 162-163, Rich conjectures that the electronic countermeasures (ECM) radar jammer "black box" added to Powers' plane may have actually acted as a homing device to assist the Soviets since 3 Taiwanese Air Force U-2s had been shot down--but a fourth pilot survived because he forgot to turn the black box on. In Bamford's Body of Secrets, he gives a detailed account of the entire RB-47 and U-2 Overflights leading up to the Gary Powers U-2 set-up by Dulles. What's infuriating is that President Eisenhower only worried about his reputation and didn't even think of firing the bastard Allen Dulles who set him up in the first place! american-buddha.com/lit.bodyofsecrets.3.htm CHAPTER THREE: NERVES Alongside Greenland's North Star Bay, thick with pack ice, the RB-47 taxied up to a 10,000-foot runway. Strapped into the left-hand seat, the command pilot looked over and saw his detachment commander flash the green light for three seconds: he could start his engines. Nicknamed the Strata-Spy, the RB-47 was the Ferrari of electronic spy planes during the 1950s and early 1960s, with a speed of over 500 miles per hour and a ceiling of about 41,000 feet. Using the basic frame of a B-47 bomber, it was designed from the ground up strictly for eavesdropping. Its sleek silver wings, swept back at a 35-degree angle, were so long and heavy the tips drooped close to the ground. Weighing them down were 6 powerful turbojets capable of producing 6,000 pounds of thrust each. Like giant training wheels, landing gear extended from the two engines closest to the bullet-shaped fuselage. And to get off a short runway in a hurry, its fuselage was designed to accommodate thirty-three powerful [JPL, Jack Parsons JATO] rockets that could produce an instantaneous 1,000 pounds of thrust each. For listening, the plane's shiny aluminum belly was covered with an acne-like assortment of discolored patches, bumps, pods, and appendages, each hiding a unique specialized antenna -- about 400 in all. A twelve-foot-long pod containing even more antennas and receivers was occasionally suspended from the right side of the aircraft. The airborne electronic espionage operations, known as ferret missions, were so secret that the crews were forbidden from mentioning their aircraft, unit, or home base, or saying anything about their operations. "We usually snuck into our deployment base under the cover of darkness," said one RB-47 veteran, "and were hidden away on the far side of the field or in an isolated hangar well away from all other activities.". Some detachment commanders forbade the crews even to be seen together in public. And, to avoid tipping-off any spy that they were about to activate, crews would occasionally wear civilian work clothes over their flight suits when going to the flight line for a mission. Ten minutes before take-off at North Star Bay, the command pilot saw the green light flash twice for 3 seconds, clearing him to taxi out to the, active runway. His engines gave an ear-piercing whine as he slowly turned into take-off position. Once aboard the aircraft, the crew would maintain absolute radio silence in order to frustrate any Soviet electronic monitoring equipment. Even communication with ground control before take-off was restricted to these brief light signals. In the center of the plane, separated from the cockpit by a narrow crawlspace, were the three "Ravens"--Air Force officers who were specialists in electronic intelligence. Packed in the tight space of what would normally have been the bomb bay, and surrounded by bulky electronic equipment, a Raven could be "excruciatingly uncomfortable" said former Raven Bruce Bailey, a veteran of hundreds of missions against the Soviet Union. On a typical flight, he said, the idea was to "stuff" the Ravens "into unbelievably cramped, noisy, dangerous hellholes and assure that they have a pressurization/air-conditioning system that doesn't work, ample fuel leaks, no acceptable method of escape, and can not move around in flight." The Ravens were confined for up to a dozen hours in a compartment only 4 feet high. "Not only was it impossible to stand," said Bailey, "there wasn't even enough room for a good crouch. Most movement was made on your knees or in a crawl." Noise was also a major problem. "The compartment had no insulation and its thin aluminum walls were nestled right between and slightly behind the 6 engines. In addition...antennas and pods attached to the fuselage caused the skin to buffet and vibrate badly, adding to the noise." Finally, as the aircraft leveled-off, fuel would occasionally puddle in the compartment, filling the space with fumes. "With all the electrical gear and heat in the cabin, raw fuel made it a potential bomb," the former Raven pointed out. "When fuel was discovered, you immediately turned-off all electrical power and depressurized the cabin. Then you hoped to get [the plane] on the ground before it blew up." Bailey, a retired Air Force lieutenant colonel, called the RB-47 Strata-Spy "an ugly, overweight, underpowered, unforgiving, uncomfortable, dangerous, and noisy airplane." Nevertheless, he added, "all of us who flew in it eventually grew to love it." The entrance to the Raven compartment was a two-foot-square hatch on the bottom side of the fuselage. Once the 3 Ravens were aboard, the hatch would be sealed from the outside with forty-eight large screws. Squeezed together in the small space, all facing aft, the electronic spies were surrounded by scopes, receivers, analyzers, recorders, and controls. Raven One, the commander of the group, sat in the right forward corner of the cabin. In addition to banks of equipment in front and to his left, he had a wide array of analog, video, and digital recorders stacked tight along the wall to his right and behind him. During the flight, he would keep his ears finely tuned for airborne-intercept radar signals from hostile Soviet fighters. From the sound and the wavy lines on his scopes, he could tell just how threatening those fighters might be. Raven Two, who listened for Soviet ground control and intercept radar systems, would be the first to know when the Strato-Spy was being tracked. Raven Three was responsible for analyzing the Soviet early warning and missile guidance signals, one of the principal objectives of the mission. With 2 minutes to go, his preflight checks completed, the navigator began the countdown to take-off. He was seated facing forward in the black nose of the plane, just below and in front of the pilot. His cabin was darkened so he could better see his radarscopes; his only natural light came from two small windows above his seat. At one minute to take-off, a steady green light signaled to the command pilot that he was cleared to fly the mission. With a deafening roar, he eased forward on the throttles, bringing his engines up to 100 percent power. By then, the brakes were bucking and straining as they fought to hold back 36,000 pounds of forward thrust. The pilot carefully stabilized the engines. Ten seconds before the zero mark, the pilot flipped the water-alcohol injection switches, giving the plane a powerful boost so that it suddenly jumped forward briefly, like a lion about to pounce. From the half-dozen turbojets, thick clouds of heavy black smoke filled the sky. At exactly ten o'clock the spy plane shuddered and let out a loud scream as the pilot released the brakes. Lumbering at first, the quarter-million pounds of steel and flesh were soon racing down the long frozen runway at nearly 200 miles per hour, leaving behind a gray trail of smoke and mist. A "ground lover," the heavy bird required well over two miles of surface for lift-off. As the concrete began to run out, the pilot pulled firmly back on his yoke and the aircraft knifed gracefully skyward. In the spring of 1956, perhaps the most serious and risky espionage operation ever undertaken by the United States was launched. President Eisenhower authorized an invasion of Russian airspace by armed American bombers carrying eavesdropping gear and cameras instead of nuclear weapons. Details of the operation are still wrapped in great secrecy. Nicknamed Project Homerun, the operation was staged from an air base near the frozen Eskimo village of Thule, Greenland, a desert of ice and snow 690 miles north of the Arctic Circle. In the purple-black of the polar winter, aircraft mechanics labored in -35ï¿½ temperatures to prepare the nearly 50 bombers and tankers that would play a role in the massive incursion, one of the most secret missions of the Cold War. Housing for the flight and maintenance crews consisted of temporary buildings that looked like railroad refrigerator cars . The mission was to penetrate virtually the entire northern landmass of Russia, a bleak, white 3,500-mile-long crescent of snow-covered permafrost stretching from the Bering Strait near Alaska to Murmansk and the Kola Peninsula in European Russia. At the time, little was known about the vast Soviet Arctic region. Yet, because a flight over the North Pole was the shortest way for Russian bombers and missiles to reach the U.S. mainland, it was the most likely battleground for the next war, At the same time, it was also the most likely route for an American invasion of Russia. Thus, any Soviet radar operator seeing the bombers would have no way of knowing that the mission was espionage--and not war. Despite the enormous risks of igniting World War III, President Eisenhower approved the operation. On March 21, 1956, a group of RB-47 reconnaissance bombers took off for target locations within Russia. Almost daily over the next seven weeks, between 8 and 10 bombers launched, refueled over the North Pole, and continued south across the Russian border to their assigned locations. They flew in teams of 2. One RB-47H ferret would pinpoint and eavesdrop on radar, air bases, and missile installations. Nearby, an RB-47E photo-reconnaissance plane would gather imagery. Their assignments included overflying such sensitive locations as Novaya Zemlya, the banana-shaped island where Russia carried out its most secret atomic tests. From moment of take-off to moment of landing, absolute radio silence was required, even during the occasional chase by a MiG. "One word on the radio, and all missions for the day had to abort," said Brigadier General William Meng, one of the officers who ran the penetration operation. "But that never happened; not one mission was ever recalled." As in a Fourth of July fireworks display, the most spectacular mission was saved for the end. On May 6, they began the single most daring air operation of the Cold War, a "massed overflight" of Soviet territory. The point was to cover a great deal of territory, quickly. 6 armed RB-47E aircraft, flying abreast, crossed the North Pole and penetrated Russian airspace in broad daylight, as if on a nuclear bombing run. They entered above Ambarchik in western Siberia, then turned eastward, collecting valuable intelligence as they passed over key Russian air bases and launch sites on their way toward Anadyr on the Bering Strait. Nearly a dozen hours after it began, the massed overflight ended when the spy planes touched down at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. Within minutes of the landing, the recording tapes were sent by a special courier flight to NSA for analysis. They revealed no Soviet radar signals-proof that, at least for the time being, Russia was blind to an over-the-pole attack by American nuclear bombers. The vast sweep of frozen tundra making up Russia's northern frontier was virtually radar-free. Nevertheless, no one dared speculate on how the mission might have ended if hidden Soviet radar installations had picked up the incoming bombers and believed that they were sent on an American surprise attack. With only seconds to spare, the Russians might well have launched a counter-attack, with devastating results. In all, 156 eavesdropping and photo missions were flown over Russian airspace during the almost two months of Project Homerun without the loss of a single aircraft-and without a nuclear war. Nevertheless, Moscow was well aware of the air invasion. 8 days after the massed overflight, a protest note was delivered to the American ambassador in Moscow. Publicly, however, the Kremlin said nothing; the humiliation would have been too great. Throughout the 19505 the ferrets, like mosquitoes hunting for an exposed patch of skin, buzzed the long Soviet border. They were searching for holes in Russia's vast fence of air-defense radar sites. At the time, the Soviet military pad not yet completed work on a nationwide network. Nor was much of the interior protected. As a CIA report points out, human spies had effectively been put out of action. "The stringent security measures imposed by the Communist Bloc nations," said the study, "effectively blunted traditional methods for gathering intelligence: secret agents using covert means to communicate intelligence, travelers to and from target areas who could be asked to keep their eyes open and report their observations later, wiretaps and other eavesdropping methods, and postal interceptions. Indeed, the entire panoply of intelligence tradecraft seemed ineffective against the Soviet Bloc, and no other methods were available." But while the Communist governments of Eastern Europe and Asia could draw impenetrable iron curtains around their countries, hiding such things as the development of nuclear weapons and missile technology, they could not build roofs over them. Nor could their armed guards halt the continuous streams of invisible signals escaping across their borders. While the eavesdropping bombers occasionally flew deep into Soviet airspace, other ferret missions engaged in the dangerous game of fox and hounds. Probing and teasing the hostile air defense networks, they would dart back and forth across sensitive borders, daring the Soviets to react. There was no other way to force the missile batteries and border defense installations to turn on their secret tracking equipment and thus enable the American signal snatchers to capture the precious electrons. Once analyzed, the information enabled war planners to determine where the holes were and how best to build equipment to counter-act the radar and fire control systems. It was a time and a place where spy wars were fought with armor-piercing bullets and heat-seeking missiles rather than with whispered words over cocktails or bulky envelopes deposited under dead tree trunks. Unlike the U-2 spy planes, the converted bombers flew low -- well within the range of Russian missiles and warplanes. In 1954, two years before Project Homerun, three RB-47 reconnaissance planes took off from England and headed toward Russia's northern Kola Peninsula, which borders the Barents Sea. It was an area of extreme secrecy, and considered the most likely spot from which the Soviets would launch a nuclear attack. At the time, the United States was desperate to obtain intelligence on the number and location of the new Soviet jet-turbine-powered long-range bombers, codenamed Bison. At about one hundred miles from the heavily defended port city of Murmansk, two of the aircraft turned back as planned. The third, however, continued straight for the coastline. With no wingman to supply cover, the air crystal-clear, and the sun directly overhead, Captain Harold Austin, a tall, thin Texan, aimed the black nose of his converted bomber directly for Murmansk and pushed hard on the throttles. "The weather was gorgeous," he recalled. "We could see forever." He sped high over the Russian coastline at just over 500 miles an hour. But within minutes of turning on the cameras and eavesdropping equipment, MiGs were scrambling skyward. Above and below, Austin could see the tracer bullets, and he yelled at his co-pilot to return fire. Air Force captain Carl Holt had swiveled his narrow seat 180 degrees to the rear and was pressing hard on the fire control button for his twin [20mm] cannons. In the cloudless sky he stopped counting at about 10 MiGs. "The guns won't work," he shouted above the roar of the 6 powerful turbojets. "Well, you'd better kick something back there and get the damn things to work a little bit anyway, or we may be a dead duck here!." Austin roared in a deep Texas drawl. Austin quickly banked toward Finland. But a fighter from above put a shell through the top of his port wing, destroying the intercom and knocking a hole in the fuel tank. By the time they crossed into friendly territory, their plane was dangerously low on fuel, but a lucky rendezvous with a tanker saved Austin, his crew, and the mission tapes. Largely secret until now, the bomber overflights and ferret missions were the dark underside of the Cold War, an invisible hot war in which the lives of more than 200 silent warriors were lost and more than 40 American aircraft were shot-down. * In a restricted corner of a remote air base in Peshawar, Pakistan, Francis Gary Powers sat shoehorned into the narrow cockpit of U-2 Number 360.- At twenty minutes past six on the morning of May 1, 1960, the scorching sun had already pushed above the tallest peaks of the western Himalayas. In the low, fertile plain known as the Vale of Peshawar, rippling heat waves created the impression of an endless lake. Powers was locked in a white space helmet and a tightly tailored pressure suit. Beads of sweat flowed down from his short brown hair and passed across his broad forehead and cheekbones in thin streams. His long underwear was soaked with perspiration. The first U-2 had been launched from West Germany four years earlier, on Independence Day of 1956. Shortly before, NSA had detected a possible mobilization by Moscow in response to a series of riots in East Germany, thus making the mission more urgent. But hope that the U-2 would be able to slip across the Soviet Union undetected was dashed by the eavesdroppers at Fort Meade. "NSA picked up the [Soviet] transmission of their [the U-2's] track so we knew that they had been tracked a good deal of the time," said Richard M. Bissell, Jr., the CIA official who ran the program. Nevertheless, seeing where the Russians were able to pick up the plane and where they weren't gave NSA an indication of just where the holes were in Soviet radar coverage. As he did with the bomber overflights, Eisenhower played a major role in the planning for each mission. "He would sometimes cut out particular legs or say, "Well, don't go from A to B to C, go from A to C," according to Bissell. In Peshawar, Powers looked at his watch. The mission was now almost a half-hour behind schedule. He had never before had to wait so long for final clearance from the White House. In fact, Eisenhower had already given the mission a thumbs-up, but because of radio problems the message had not gotten through to the operations officer in Peshawar. Although much attention would later be focused on the U-2s' photo role, the planes' eavesdropping missions, codenamed Green Hornet, were equally important. A U-2's intercept equipment, known as System-V, was installed in the bay that normally housed the main camera. It consisted of sophisticated' electronic receivers and large-capacity recorders that used Mylar tape. Scores of antennas, like small blades, were attached to the fuselage, each dedicated to particular frequency bands. Powers's first eavesdropping mission took the plane along the Soviet border from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and on to Afghanistan. According to a CIA report, "the System-V unit worked well." Soon after his assignment to Adana, Turkey, Powers began flying Green Hornet missions. "We usually flew from Turkey eastward along the southern border of the Soviet Union," he recalled, "over Iran and Afghanistan as far as Pakistan, and back. We also flew along the Black Sea, and, on occasion, as far west as Albania, but never penetrating, staying off the coast, over international waters.... Since these 'eavesdropping' missions were eventually to become fairly frequent, there was a tendency to minimize their importance, but in many ways they were as valuable as the overflights, the data obtained enabling the United States to pinpoint such things as Russian antiaircraft defenses and gauge their effectiveness." On the top of the priority list, according to Powers, were Soviet space and missile launches which normally took place at night and, from the altitude of the U-2, "were often spectacular," he said. "The equipment we carried on such occasions was highly sophisticated. One unit came on automatically the moment the launch frequency was used and collected all the data sent out to control the rocket. The value of such information to our own scientists was obvious." Indeed it was. The U-2's ability to soar thirteen miles high along the Soviet border gave it a unique ability to eavesdrop on telemetry data during the earliest phases of the flight. The U-2, said one CIA report at the time, "possesses altitude capabilities which make it a unique platform for the reliable acquisition of high quality telemetry data prior to first stage burnout on Tyuratam [missile center] launchings. Such data is of extreme importance in determining ICBM characteristics." Finally, the link from Washington to Peshawar was made. Colonel William Shelton, the detachment chief, leaped from the radio van and ran across the field to give Powers the hand signal for takeoff. It would be the twenty-fourth U-2 overflight of the Soviet Union, and the last. Powers locked his canopy from the inside, turned on the pressurization system, and pulled back hard on the throttle, sending the plane into a steep climb, a roller-coaster ride up to the blue-black curve of space. Below passed the barren dusty-brown landscape of Afghanistan and the peaks of the Hindu Kush, spiking through the thin cloud cover like daggers. An hour later, reaching penetration altitude of 66,000 feet, he passed over the Soviet border, high above the village of Kirovabad in the remote Tadjik Republic. Oddly, Powers felt the Russians knew he was coming. In this, he was perceptive. Soviet radar had begun tracking the plane before it ever reached the border. Immediately, an alert was telephoned to command headquarters and air defense staff officers were summoned to their posts. In still-darkened Moscow, gaily decorated for the grand May Day celebration, a telephone rang next to Party Chairman Khrushchev's bed. "Minister of Defense Marshal Malinovsky reporting," said the voice on the other end. Malinovsky told his boss that a U-2 had crossed the border from Afghanistan and was flying in the direction of Sverdlovsk, in central Russia. "Shoot down the plane by whatever means," barked the Soviet leader. "If our antiaircraft units can just keep their eyes open and stop yawning long enough," he added, "I'm sure we'll knock the plane down." The days of protest were over. "We were sick and tired of these unpleasant surprises -- sick and tired of being subjected to these indignities," Khrushchev later wrote. "They were making these flights to show up our impotence. Well, we weren't impotent any longer." But Powers was in luck. A missile battalion more than a dozen miles below was not on alert duty that day. A missile launch was considered but then rejected as unfeasible. Instead, fighter aircraft were scrambled in an attempt to shoot down the plane. '~An uncomfortable situation was shaping up," recalled former Soviet Air Force colonel Alexander Orlov, who was involved in air defense at the time. "The May Day parade was scheduled to get underway at mid- morning, and leaders of the party, the government, and the Armed Forces were to be present as usual. In other words, at a time when a major parade aimed at demonstrating Soviet military prowess was about to begin, a not-yet-identified foreign aircraft was flying over the heart of the country and Soviet air defenses appeared unable to shoot it down." "Shamel" Khrushchev screamed at Marshal S. S. Biryuzov, the chief of the Air Defense Forces. "The country was giving air defense everything it needs, and still you cannot shoot down a subsonic aircraft!" Biryuzov had no excuses. "If I could become a missile," he fumed, "I myself would fly and down this damned intruder." The tension was palpable. "Nerves of military people at airfields," said Orlov, "missile positions, command-and-control facilities, the Air Force, and the Air Defense Forces were badly frayed.... Khrushchev demanded that the intruding aircraft be shot down at all costs. The Soviet leader and his lieutenants clearly viewed the violation of their nation's skies by a foreign reconnaissance aircraft on the day of a Soviet national holiday, and just two weeks before a summit conference in Paris, as a political provocation." Russian radar continued to follow the U-2 across the Central Asian republics. By the time Powers reached the Tashkent area, as many as thirteen MiGs had been scrambled in an unsuccessful attempt to shoot him down. Far below, Powers could see the condensation trail of a single-engine jet moving fast in the opposite direction. Five to ten minutes later he saw another contrail, this time moving in the same direction, paralleling his course. "I was sure now they were tracking me on radar," he later recalled, "vectoring in and relaying my heading to the aircraft." But Powers knew that at his altitude there was no way for the pilots even to see him, let alone attack him. "If this was the best they could do," he thought, "I had nothing to worry about." He then wondered how the Russians felt, knowing he was up there but unable to do anything about it. Had he known of a top secret CIA study the previous summer he might not have been so cocky, but the pilots were never informed of its findings. The study gave the U-2 a very limited life because of improvements in Soviet ground-to-air missiles. It recommended that the overflights be terminated and replaced by border surveillance flights: "In view of the improving Soviet air defense effort, we believe that the utilization of the aircraft may soon be limited to peripheral operations." By now, 4-1/2 hours into the mission, Powers was approaching his first important target, the Tyuratam Missile Test Range. This was the Soviet Union's most important space launch site. Three days earlier, CIA Director Dulles reported to the president and the National Security Council that Russia had recently attempted to launch two space vehicles, probably lunar probes. "Evidence indicates that both attempts failed," he said. "The vehicle launched on April 15 did not attain a velocity sufficient to send it to the moon.... The second Soviet space vehicle lifted from the launching pad but failed immediately." The short interval between the two attempts, he concluded, "probably indicates that the USSR has a second launching pad at Tyuratam." Up to then, the United States had known of only one. This information, produced by NSA listening posts and ferret missions, was considered so secret that Dulles took the unusual precaution of reminding the council and even the president of how closely it was held. "Intelligence concerning Soviet failures in the launching of missiles or space vehicles," he warned, "was very sensitive information." In addition to photographing the missile site, Powers had a second key mission-this one for NSA: to eavesdrop on the radar systems surrounding the base. On board were special recorders that could capture the signals. After landing, the tapes would be flown back to Fort Meade for analysis. Large thunderclouds obscured Powers's view of the test site, but he nevertheless switched on the cameras, which might capture proof of the second launch pad. At the same moment, he entered the engagement zone of a surface-to-air-missile battalion. "Destroy target," the officer in charge of the unit shouted. Immediately an SA-2 missile was fired. This time the missilemen's eyes were wide open-and the Soviets were lucky. A fireball exploded behind Powers, damaging the U-2's tail and wings but leaving the cockpit unharmed. At the air defense facility below, the small dot on the radar began to blink. The plane was breaking up. "My God, I've had it now!" Powers gasped. He felt a dull thump and a tremendous orange flash filled the cockpit. As his plane began to dip toward the ground from 70,500 feet, on the very edge of space, Powers fought for control. The orange glow, he thought, seemed to last for minutes. "Instinctively I grasped the throttle with my left hand," he recalled, "and keeping my right hand on the wheel, checked instruments." All of a sudden a violent force sent him bouncing within the cock pit and he knew both wings had come off. He was now in a tailless, wingless missile heading rapidly toward earth. "What was left of the plane began spinning.... All I could see was blue sky, spinning, spinning." With pressurization lost, Powers's space suit had inflated and was squeezing him tighter and tighter. At the same time, the g-forces were pushing him toward the nose of the plane. "I reached for the destruct switches [to blow up the plane]," he said, "opening the safety covers, had my hand over them, then changed my mind, deciding I had better see if I could get into position to use the ejection seat first." Forced forward in his seat, he was afraid that when he ejected his legs would be sliced off. "I didn't want to cut them off, but if it was the only way to get out ..." Instead of ejecting, Powers began to climb out of the cockpit. He unlocked the canopy and it jetted into space. "The plane was still spinning," said Powers. "I glanced at the altimeter. It had passed thirty-four thousand feet and was unwinding very fast." The centrifugal force threw him halfway out of the aircraft, smashing his head against the rearview mirror and snapping the mirror off. "I saw it flyaway," Powers recalled. "That was the last thing I saw, because almost immediately my face plate frosted over." Half in and half out of the disintegrating spy plane, Powers was still trapped. He suddenly realized that he had forgotten to unfasten his oxygen hoses and now they were turning into a noose. After minutes that seemed like hours of struggle, the hoses broke and suddenly, unbelievably, he was free. "It was a pleasant, exhilarating feeling," he thought. "Even better than floating in a swimming pool." Later he said, "I must have been in shock." At an NSA listening post in Turkey, intercept operators began picking up some worrisome signals. For more than four hours they had been eavesdropping on Soviet radar installations as the Russians tracked Powers's U-2 flight. It had long been one of NSA's neatest tricks. Because radar signals travel in a straight line and the earth is curved, it was impossible for American radar stations outside Russia to detect air activity deep within the country. However, Soviet radar installations throughout the country communicated with each other over high-frequency circuits. Because high-frequency signals bounce between the earth and the ionosphere, the right equipment can pick them up thousands of miles away. Thus, by eavesdropping on Soviet radar networks as they transmitted signals between their bases over these channels, NSA could, in effect, watch Russian radar screens far inside the country. For years American intercept operators in Turkey had eavesdropped on Soviet radar installations as they tracked the occasional U-2 overflight. But because the spy planes flew far too high for either Russian MiGs or their SA-2 surface-to- air missiles, they were out of harm's way. It was like throwing a rock at a passing jetliner. This time, however, something was different; something was very wrong. "He's turning left!" the Americans heard a Soviet pilot shout. A few moments later the intercept operators watched the U-2 suddenly disappear from Russian radar screens near Sverdlovsk. A CRITIC message was sent to NSA, the White House, and other locations in Washington. The information reached the CIA's Operations Center at 3:30 A.M. * They flew in low and swift, arriving with the dawn. The rhythmic thwap, thwap, thwap of the long blades competed briefly with the sounds of electric shavers and percolating coffee in town houses in northwest Washington and in split- levels in the nearby Maryland and Virginia suburbs. Almost simultaneously, they began landing on dirt fields, creating miniature dust storms, and in vacant lots, where commuters were briefly startled to see large, dark helicopters in their favorite parking spaces. At the White House the sun was just starting to peek from behind the Washington Monument, casting an early-morning shadow across the neatly landscaped Ellipse and illuminating the few remaining cherry blossoms along the Tidal Basin. President Eisenhower had been awakened by the phone call only minutes earlier and now he was being rushed out through the curved diplomatic entrance to his waiting chopper, ducking his head to avoid the slice of the still-spinning blades. A few miles to the east, the wife of Secretary of Defense Thomas Gates, still in her nightgown, negotiated through traffic as her husband read out lefts and rights to a secret landing spot within NSA's heavily protected naval headquarters on Nebraska Avenue. The secretary was in for trouble, however: his pass was still sitting back home on his dresser. When the White House switchboard reached the president's science adviser he was standing under the hot spray of his shower. There was no time to dry off, he was told as he quickly jotted down instructions. In Georgetown, CIA Director Allen Dulles managed to get a ride from another senior official when his car picked this of all mornings to stall. It was Thursday, the fifth of May. Within half an hour of the emergency calls, part of this long-planned "Doomsday" practice exercise, helicopters carrying the nearly two dozen senior national security officials were flying south over the thick green canopy that covers the Virginia countryside. Their destination was a secret command center dug deep into Mount Weather in the Blue Ridge Mountains and built on a series of giant nuclear-shock-absorbing steel springs. Its code name was High Point, but members of the president's inner circle also called it simply "the hideout." In Moscow at that very moment, a bald, rotund ex-miner in a tent-like business suit stood before the Supreme Soviet and punched the air with his fist like a bare-knuckles boxer. "Shame to the aggressor!" he bellowed, "Shame to the aggressor! Standing on the stage of the white-chambered Great Kremlin Palace, Chairman Nikita S. Khrushchev had just brought some news to the thirteen hundred members of the Soviet parliament. "I must report to you on aggressive actions against the Soviet Union in the past few weeks by the United States of America," he said, his voice rising to a shout. "The United States has been sending aircraft that have been crossing our state frontiers and intruding upon the airspace of the Soviet Union. We protested to the United States against several previous aggressive acts of this kind and brought them to the attention of the United Nations Security Council. But as a rule, the United States offered formalistic excuses and tried in every way to deny the facts of aggression-even when the proof was irrefutable." Then the surprise. Five days before, on May Day, "early in the morning, at 5:36 Moscow time, an American plane crossed our frontier and continued its flight deep into Soviet territory.... The plane was shot down," The packed auditorium broke into pandemonium, shaking with applause and wild cheers, stamping their feet. "Just imagine what would have happened had a Soviet aircraft appeared over New York, Chicago or Detroit," he added, "How would the United States have reacted? ... That would mean the outbreak of war!" Pointing to the west and stabbing, the air once again, Khrushchev yelled, "The question then arises: who sent this aircraft across the Soviet frontier? Was it the American Commander-in-Chief who, as everyone knows, is the president? Or was this aggressive act performed by Pentagon militarists without the president's knowledge? If American military men 'can take such action on their own," he concluded, "the world should be greatly concerned." More earsplitting applause. The timing of the long-planned Doomsday rehearsal seemed almost uncanny to the casually dressed officials in the cement bunker beneath Mount Weather. Five days earlier the U-2 spy plane carrying Francis Gary Powers had gone down over Central Russia-and then, not a peep. All concluded that the aircraft had crashed, killing the pilot. A standard cover story had been issued the next day. Approved by Eisenhower in 1956, at the beginning of the overflight program, this cover story had it that the missing plane belonged to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and had been on a routine air sampling mission in Turkey. "Following cover plan to be implemented immediately," said the CIA's top secret message to its field stations. "U-2 aircraft was on weather mission originating Adana, Turkey. Purpose was study of clear air turbulence. During flight in Southeast Turkey, pilot reported he had oxygen difficulties...." Deep in the hideout, Eisenhower's astonishment grew as each new page of Khrushchev's speech was handed to him. It had flashed across the wires shortly after the U.S. officials were airborne. The Soviets were not only taking credit for blasting the spy plane out of the sky with a missile, they were pointing the finger of responsibility directly at the president. The American press was also beginning to raise similar questions. Eisenhower could see the darkening clouds of an enormous election-year scandal forming. At 10:32 A.M. Russia's imaginary nuclear strike ended. But Eisenhower was now left to respond to Khrushchev's verbal bombshell, and against that the High Point bunker could offer no protection. As the rest of the senior national security team headed back to Washington, the president huddled with his closest advisers. Gathered on sofas and overstuffed chairs in the bunker's small informal lounge, most agreed with Douglas Dillon that a new statement should be issued, replacing the NASA cover story, to counter Khrushchev's explosive charges. A former Wall Street banker and owner of a French winery, Dillon was filling in for Secretary of State Christian Herter, who was out of the country. But Eisenhower would have none of it. All Khrushchev had was a dead pilot and a stack of scrap metal. As weak and as full of holes as the NASA cover story was, they would stick with it. Allen Dulles agreed. He had given birth to the U-2, nurtured it, and pressed the reluctant president to let it fly deep and often. Now was no time for weakness. Besides, he had long ago given the White House "absolutely categorical" assurances that a U-2 pilot would never survive a crash. [EDITOR: Bastard Dulles had U-2 rigged to explode if pilot ejected] This certainty was curious, for a number of safety devices were built into the aircraft, including a specially designed ejection seat. Dulles's "absolutely categorical" guarantee lends weight to the suspicion that the U-2 was rigged to prevent any possibility of a pilot surviving. Adding weight to this theory was a later comment by top Eisenhower aide Andrew Goodpaster that "we had an understanding that the plane would be destroyed and that it was impossible for the pilot to survive." Once set in motion, however, the lie would soon gain a life of its own and no one would be able to control it. At NASA, long respected around the world for the open and honest way it managed America's space program, spokesman Walter Bonney was forced to stand before television cameras and tell lie after lie for the better part of an hour. Two days later, on Saturday, May 7, Khrushchev let his other boot drop. "Comrades," he said with a smile, looking down on the delegates attending the meeting of the Supreme Soviet. "I must let you in on a secret. When I made my report two days ago, I deliberately refrained from mentioning that we have the remains of the plane -- and we also have the pilot, who is quite alive and kicking.''' The gathering howled with laughter and shook the walls with applause. Then, in an action that certainly sent shivers down the spines of senior officials at NSA, he told the crowd that the USSR had also recovered "a tape recording of the signals of a number of our ground radar stations-incontestable evidence of spying." * Notified of the news while at Gettysburg, Eisenhower replied with one word: "Unbelievable." In Washington, it was chaos. Senior aides, like masons, began to quickly build a wall of lies around the president, and the cover story seemed to change by the hour. Like a character from Alice in Wonderland, State Department spokesman Lincoln White was left to scurry down the rabbit hole again and again. Everything said previously was untrue, he told a dumbfounded press. One reporter later wrote, "Almost instantly you could feel the anger harden. Newsmen discovered, to their horror, that they had participated in a lie." At one point Secretary of Defense Gates called Secretary of State Herter and demanded that someone give a straight story. "Somebody has to take responsibility for the policy," Gates insisted. "While the President can say he didn't know about this one flight, he did approve the policy." Herter gripped the black receiver tight and shot back, "The president didn't argue with this but for the moment [he] doesn't want to say anything and we have been trying to keep the president clear on this." When the president walked into the Oval Office on the morning of May 9, his normal good humor had given way to depression. "I would like to resign," he said to his secretary, Ann Whitman. Talk was beginning to spread that Congress might call for a vigorous probe into the U-2 affair, something Eisenhower wanted to avoid at all costs. Later in the day Herter and Dulles were scheduled to go behind closed doors and brief a handful of senior senators and congressmen on the scandal. Dulles, Eisenhower said, should tell the delegation from the Hill only that the project had operated for four years under a general, blank presidential authorization. No more. Then, to discourage any thoughts of an investigation, the spy chief should "point out that any informal investigation would be very bad." For Eisenhower, the whole process was quickly turning into Chinese water torture. Every day he was being forced to dribble out more and more of the story. But he had decided that one secret must never be revealed, even if members of his Cabinet had to lie to Congress to keep it: his own personal involvement in the U-2 and bomber overflights. Before the congressional meeting, Goodpaster called Herter to emphasize the point. The "president wants no specific tie to him of this particular event," he warned. As Dulles and Herter were on Capitol Hill, Eisenhower was meeting with members of his National Security Council, warning them to avoid the press. "Our reconnaissance was discovered," he said ruefully, "and we would just have to endure the storm and say as little as possible." A short time later, in what had become by now an almost laughable daily routine, Lincoln White read still another statement, which contradicted the three previous announcements. Now the administration was admitting to "extensive aerial surveillance by unarmed civilian aircraft, normally of a peripheral character but on occasion by penetration. Specific missions have not been subject to presidential authorization." With that, Eisenhower had drawn a line in the sand. No matter what the cost, a blanket of lies must forever hide his personal involvement in the ill-fated project. From the very beginning, he had had a sense that the overflight programs would end in disaster. But his advisers, especially Allen Dulles and General Nathan Twining, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, had pushed and pushed and pushed. No more. "Call off any provocative actions," the president ordered Gates following a June 1960 Cabinet meeting, barely able to hide his anger. NSA's peripheral ferret flights, however, could continue-as long as they remained in international airspace. Then Eisenhower motioned for Herter and Goodpaster to follow him into his office and told them in no uncertain terms that all further U-2 overflights of the USSR would cease. "Inform Allen Dulles," he said abruptly. The next day Eisenhower was to depart for Paris and a long-awaited summit conference with Khrushchev. He wanted no more surprises. * Aboard his four-engine II-18, as it passed over the dark forests of Byelorussia on its way to Paris, Khrushchev once again began smolder ing over the timing of the U-2 mission. "It was as though the Americans had deliberately tried to place a time bomb under the meeting," he thought, "set to go off just as we were about to sit down with them at the negotiating table." He was particularly concerned over his nation's loss of prestige within the Soviet bloc. "How could they count on us to give them a helping hand if we allowed ourselves to be spat upon without so much as a murmur of protest?" The only solution was to demand a formal public apology from Eisenhower and a guarantee that no more overflights would take place. One more surprise for the American president. But the apology Khrushchev was looking for would not come. Despite having trespassed on the Soviet Union for the past four years with scores of flights by both U-2s and heavy bombers, the old general still could not say the words; it was just not in him. He did, however, declare an end to overflights through the end of his term. But it was not enough. A time bomb had exploded, prematurely ending the summit conference. Both heads of state returned to Orly Airport for their flights home. Also canceled was Khrushchev's invitation to Eisenhower for a Moscow visit before leaving office. "We couldn't possibly offer our hospitality," Khrushchev later said, "to someone who had already, so to speak, made a mess at his host's table." Back in Washington, the mood was glum. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee was leaning toward holding a closed- oor investigation into the U-2 incident and the debacle in Paris. In public, Eisenhower maintained a brave face. He "heartily approved" of the congressional probe and would "of course, fully cooperate," he quickly told anyone who asked. But in private he was very troubled. For weeks he had tried to head off the investigation. His major concern was that his own personal involvement in the overflights would surface, especially the May Day disaster. Equally, he was very worried that details of the dangerous bomber overflights would leak out. The massed overflight may, in fact, have been one of the most dangerous actions ever approved by a president. *** At 8:40 A.M. on May 24, shortly before a National Security Council meeting, Gordon Gray pulled open the curved, five- nch-thick wooden door of the Oval Office and walked briskly across the pale green carpet bearing the presidential seal. The president's national security adviser knew Eisenhower did not like visitors to wait to be told to come in. Gary had bad news. "It appeared," he told his boss, "that there was no longer any hope that congressional committees could be restrained from conducting investigations of the U-2-Summit matter." With the start of the hearings only three days away, Gray suggested that during the NSC meeting, Eisenhower "would wish to indicate to the Council how far he wished his principal advisers to go in their testimony." A short while later, two dozen officials crowded into the Cabinet Room, just off the Oval Office. Eisenhower's National Security Council meetings had the timing .and grace of Kabuki theater. At about thirty seconds before 10:00, Gray made his announcement in the Cabinet Room. "The President," he said in a deep voice, as if issuing a command, which in a sense he was. As Eisenhower entered, the Council participants awkwardly rose to their feet and mumbled a good morning. Eisenhower then took his position at the center of the table. Sitting on a leather-bound ink blotter was a large three-ring binder, his "Black Book," opened to the first item on the agenda. Nearby was a matching holder containing White House notepaper. A black dial phone with seven buttons was to his left. Directly across from him sat Vice President Richard M. Nixon, and behind the vice president was a bookcase containing a gold-colored Republican elephant, a colonial soldier standing at attention, and a shiny set of engraved leather volumes, which appeared never to have been opened. "Mr. President," Gray began. "The first item is a briefing by Mr. Allen Dulles." The CIA director was in his usual seat, at the head of the table and to Eisenhower's right, framed by a large white fireplace. Pipe in hand, the professor began. Moscow's decision "to play up the U-2 incident and to call off the visit of the President to the USSR," he told the somber officials, was made well before the summit took place. But the decision "to wreck the Summit meeting," Dulles said, was made only after the U.S. admitted presidential approval of the overflight program. This was not what Eisenhower wanted to hear. The blame for the disaster now reached right to the Oval Office door. He could not allow the Senate Committee to get any closer. He could not let them discover that, contrary to what he had told the American public and the senior congressional leadership, he had personally approved and overseen the bungled May Day flight and every other mission. And he certainly could not let them discover the risky bomber overflights which, thankfully, had not yet come to light. Sitting with his back to the blue drapes and the broad windows looking out onto the North Lawn, Eisenhower bemoaned the committee's investigation. "It was clear," he later wrote irritatedly, "that Congress would insist on some kind of investigation of the U-2 incident and the break-up of the Summit Conference." "Administration officials should be calm and clear, but should not be expansive and should not permit the investigators to delve into our intelligence system. ," he warned. "Some investigators were masters at beguiling witnesses and trying to find out all about our intelligence systems." "No information," he said sternly, "should be divulged" concerning those operations. Privately, Eisenhower had no use for congressional investigations. Over a Scotch in the family quarters of the White House, Defense Secretary Tom Gates once brought up his apprehension concerning his scheduled testimony before Lyndon Johnson's Preparedness Committee. The questioning was going to focus on accusations that the administration was deliberately underestimating Soviet missiles in order to reduce Pentagon spending and balance the budget. "What's more," Gates said, "that's under oath. That's an investigation." But Eisenhower quickly brushed aside the defense secretary's concern. "Just stand up there and tell 'em you won't take their oath." Another official fearful of the probe and seeking to scuttle it was General Nathan Twining. It was he who had been most responsible for the bomber overflights, and now, at the May 24 meeting, he was concerned that the investigators might soon turn away from the CIA and toward his own organization. "The investigation, once started, would seek to explore our whole intelligence operation," he protested. "If the investigators probed CIA, they would then want to investigate JCS operations." He then questioned "whether there was anything we could do to stop the investigation." After a few moments, Eisenhower brought up the concept of executive privilege but quickly rejected it as unworkable. The investigators could be stopped from probing into advice given him by his personal Staff, he said, but not into the activities of other administration officials. "Accordingly," he complained, "the investigation could not be stopped." But to limit the possibility of a leak, he said, "administration officials should testify themselves and not allow their subordinates to speak." One other possibility brought up by Eisenhower was to have Allen Dulles simply stonewall an questions. "Mr. Dulles," he said, "might have to say that CIA [is] a secret organization of the U.S. Government." Still another possibility was to try to turn the public against the Committee. Secretary of the Treasury Robert Anderson suggested to Eisenhower that he go on television and appeal to the American public to reject the investigation. "The speech," he said, "should express the hope that no one in this country will engage in activities which will imperil the capability of the country to protect itself in the future. The speech should contain the implication that there is a limit beyond which investigation cannot go without imperiling our security." To further make the point about the dangers to security such an investigation might cause, Anderson told Eisenhower he should evoke the terrible image of Pearl Harbor. But Eisenhower was resigned to the inevitability of the investigation. He turned to the most difficult topic: covering up his own involvement in the scandal, "Congress could be told that overflights have been going on with the approval of the secretary of State," he said, "and our scientific advisers, who have indicated that this method of gathering intelligence is necessary. It should be made clear that basic decisions respecting reconnaissance overflights of denied territory have been made by the president." That, Eisenhower decided, was all the investigators would get. Full stop. The fact that he had actually micromanaged the program from the Oval Office would have to be denied. According to formerly top secret documents obtained for Body of Secrets, Eisenhower was so fearful of the probe that he went so far as to order his Cabinet officers to hide his involvement in the scandal even while under oath. At least one Cabinet member directly lied to the committee, a fact known to Eisenhower. Subornation of perjury is a serious crime, one that had it been discovered might have led to calls for his impeachment and to the prosecution of senior Cabinet members. "The impression," Eisenhower ordered his senior Cabinet members and National Security Council team, "should not be given that the president has approved specific flights, precise missions, or the timing of specific flights." Yet that was precisely what the president had approved: the specific flights, the precise missions, and the timing of the specific flights. The issue was never the protection of "our intelligence systems," as Eisenhower told the NSC officials. It was covering up his role in the botched project. After all, the U-2 program had virtually no secrets left. For four years the Russians had been tracking each flight over and along their country. They now had a pilot, who had given them a signed confession and was talking. And sitting on display in Moscow's Gorki Park were major parts of the plane, largely intact. Included were the damaged camera and NSA eavesdropping gear, as well as pictures made from the exposed film showing the quality of photography. Visitors to the exhibit could even listen to the spy plane's intercept tapes giving off the beeping signals of Soviet radar installations. Tapes once destined for NSA. Nor was the public release of sensitive information an issue. The testimony was to be taken entirely in secret by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, which as a matter of course heard highly classified testimony concerning such topics as intelligence operations and nuclear weapons. Furthermore, to ensure security, the CIA itself was to be in charge of censoring any information that was eventually to be made public, and the stenographer's tapes were to be put through a shredder. Rather, what Eisenhower feared most was the leak of politically damaging information to the American public during a key election year. Powers's capture was the most serious national security blunder in more than a decade, one that caused the collapse of an important summit and plunged the country into an enormous crisis with Russia. Eisenhower was at the epicenter of the debacle, the man pulling the strings from the beginning. On top of that, at a time when his vice president was in a heated neck-and-neck race for the "White House, his administration had been lying to the public and to senior members of Congress for weeks about his lack of personal involvement. The U-2 affair was now part of the political landscape. Even before Eisenhower had returned from Europe, two-time Democratic rival Adlai E. Stevenson began throwing brickbats. "We handed Khrushchev the crowbar and sledgehammer to wreck the meeting," he huffed. "Without our series of blunders, Mr. Khrushchev would not have had the pretext for making his impossible demand and his wild charges." Mike Mansfield, the Senate Democratic Whip, said the committee should "trace the chain-of-command, or lack of it" that controlled the May Day flight and get to the bottom of the "confusing zigzags of official pronouncements." But Republican Senator Barry Goldwater thought the Senate should stay out of the matter: "What the CIA has done was something that had to be done," he argued. Goldwater, however, was in the minority. On May 26, the morning before the start of the probe, Eisenhower made a quiet last-minute plea to senior leaders in Congress to stay away from sensitive areas in their investigation. Over eggs and toast with the leaders of both parties in the State Dining Room, Eisenhower almost laughably said how he "heartily approved of the inquiry." Then he said how he "was worried that members of Congress in conducting the inquiry would try to dig into the interior of the CIA and its covert operation." He added that he was sure the leaders of Congress realized that "such attempts would be harmful to the United States." A little more than a dozen years later, Richard Nixon would also attempt to use the rubric of "national security" and "CIA intelligence operations" to hide his personal involvement in a politically damaging scandal. The members asked a few polite questions but never quizzed Eisenhower about his own role. Senator Mike Mansfield asked, "What M would the President think if there were to be established in the Congress a joint congressional committee which would oversee the activities of the CIA?" The thought no doubt horrified Eisenhower. "The operation of the CIA was so delicate and so secret in many cases," he said, "that it must be kept under cover." The next morning the doors to the Foreign Relations Committee Room were shut and guarded. Chairman J. William Fulbright gaveled the Senate hearings to order. Seated along the broad witness table, each administration official followed Eisenhower's instructions and dodged, ducked, or lied outright about the president's involvement in the U-2 program. Allen Dulles chose to stonewall. "I don't discuss what the president says to me or I say to the president." Years later, Under Secretary of State C. Douglas Dillon referred to the testimony given the committee as "just gobbledy-gook" and admitted, "Our testimony was not to tally frank because we were defending -- we were trying to hide the White House responsibility for this." But Dillon's boss went much further than gobbledy-gook. When asked point-blank by Fulbright if there was "ever a time" that the president approved each U-2 flight, Secretary of State Christian Herter simply swallowed hard and then told a bold-faced lie. "It has never come up to the president." In the hearing room, overseeing the testimony for the CIA and making .sure no secrets were released to the public, was Richard Helms, who would later go on to become the agency's director. Years later, he would look back on the testimony and say: "They were all sworn. Knowing what they knew and what actually went on, if it isn't perjury I don't understand the meaning of the word." Richard Helms had reason to be interested in the perjury over the U-2. In 1977 he was convicted in federal court and sentenced to two years in prison for a similar offense. Questioned by the chairman of the same Senate committee about the CIA's involvement in a coup in Chile, he lied to Fulbright and claimed there was none. Although Helms would later assert that his oath of secrecy to the CIA permitted him to lie to Congress, federal judge Barrington D. Parker strongly disagreed. Telling Helms, "You now stand before this court in disgrace and shame," the judge went on to ridicule his claim that lying to Congress to protect secrets was acceptable. If public officials embark deliberately on a course to disobey and ignore the laws of our land because of some misguided and ill-conceived notion and belief that there are earlier commitments and considerations which they must observe, the future of our country is in jeopardy. There are those employed in the intelligence security community of this country ... who feel that they have a license to operate freely outside the dictates of the law and otherwise to orchestrate as they see fit. Public officials at every level, whatever their position, like any other person, must respect and honor the Constitution and the laws of the United States. Despite his stern lecture, Parker suspended Helms's sentence and added a $2,000 fine. Although Fulbright treated the president's men with kid gloves and Eisenhower's role never emerged, there was great bitterness within the administration over the hearings. Dulles told Herter that he was "very disturbed" by the action, then added, like a gangster in a Mafia movie: "We should have kept our mouths shut."* *** At NSA, the implications of the latest intercepts were clear. Cuban bomber pilots were now being trained within the Soviet bloc. On January 19, 1961, Washington was caught in the icy grip of the coldest weather in memory. Carpenters, bundled like Inuits, hammered away on the grandstand for the next day's inauguration. An artist carefully dabbed white paint on the last few stars surrounding the great seal emblazoned on the presidential reviewing box. Opposite, in the White House, two men took their places at the highly polished table in the Cabinet Room. Dwight David Eisenhower, looking tired, sat for the last time in the tall leather chair from which he had led so many momentous discussions over the past eight years. With the Cold War still as frozen as the rows of stiff rosebushes outside his tall windows, Eisenhower's early dream of amity with Russia was dashed. Seated beside the president was John Fitzgerald Kennedy, tan and youthful. Like a storeowner whose family business has been seized by the bank, Eisenhower briefed his successor on a wide assortment of pending business. Oddly, although sitting on his desk were the plans for a massive, highly secret U.S.-sponsored invasion of Cuba, primed and ready to go within weeks, Eisenhower barely mentioned the island during the lengthy foreign policy briefing. The subject came up, in a sort of by-the-way manner, only during a discussion concerning Laos: "At the present time," Eisenhower said, "we are helping train anti-Castro forces in Guatemala." He added, "It was the policy of this government to help such forces to the utmost." In his last hours as president, Eisenhower issued what sounded to his successor like an order. "In the long run," he insisted, "the United States cannot allow the Castro Government to continue to exist in Cuba." At almost that same moment, across the river in the Pentagon's Gold Room, the Joint Chiefs had come to a decision of their own. The only answer, Joint Chiefs chairman Lyman L. Lemnitzer concluded, was for an all-out U.S. military invasion. War. _________ * As for Powers, a Soviet court found him guilty of espionage and sentenced him to ten years in prison. But in 1962 he was set free as part of an exchange with the United States for the Russian master spy Colonel Rudolf Abel. scribd.com/doc/49154903/The-CIA-And-The-U-2-Program The CIA And The U-2 Program by Gene Gatti SIDE BAR: Why Didn't the Russians Fit Rockets to their MIGs to Intercept U-2s? The rocket-assisted, NF-104 Starfighter depicted above was flown by Colonel Chuck Yeager to above 100, 000 feet: why didn't the Soviets try this to shoot-down U-2s? AFTERMATH: To Hide CIA Dulles Lies Who Sabotaged the Peace Meeting A Man is Tortured for Years President Eisenhower was violating the Rockefeller Illuminati script by trying to arrange a peace with the Soviet Union. To stop him, his own CIA Director, the treasonous Allen Dulles set-him up by arranging for Gary Powers' U-2 to be shot down by sabotaging the engine additive needed to reach safe high altitudes and rigging his ejection seat to blow-up if Powers tried to escape that way. Disgusting on many levels. Yet, Eisenhower did not even punish this traitor for actual "lack of loyalty" yet when Generals Ridgway, Gavin and Taylor merely spoke against his defense priorities he was set to try to court-martial them. Ike even went to the trouble of trying to get the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Lemnitzer to sabotage LTG Gavin's possible appopintment as Secretary of the Army by POTUS Kennedy blocked. Read Bamford's next Chapter 4. LTG Gavin was the best man for the job of fixing America's Army ; and frankly should have been recalled back to active duty and made Chief-of-Staff. It appears Ike was a selfish asshole who wanted to make a name for himself as the POTUS who ended the Cold War--a honorable goal even if for self-centered reasons. However, if you are a Rockefeller Illuminati man surrounding yourself by evil assholes like Dulles what do you expect when you wander off the evil reservation? British Prime Minister Churchill was quoted as saying, "Dull, duller, Dulles" After learning he had a brother, Churchill stated, "There is someone duller than Dulles?" democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=125x209669#209720 The CIA was clearly running Oswald in the Soviet Union. This was so clear the Soviets didn't even question Oswald, despite his too-obvious offers to give them info on the U2 program. The KGB knew the CIA would learn, even from questions they asked, what the KGB didn't know, and in the cold war, information was currency. The CIA ruined the life of Yuri Nosenko because he told that truth as a defector just at the moment the CIA was trying vigorously to paint Oswald as a communist as part of their cover-up. It was only later that LBJ realized he'd been had, and told a top associate that he "felt" [EDITOR: he KNEW--he was a part of the conspiracy] the CIA was behind Kennedy's assassination.The CIA gave Nosenko a lie detector test when he arrived that he passed. But his information did not support the CIA's story re: the assassination. So after months of isolation, sensory deprivation, and other forms of torture, he was drugged, anally stimulated, and then given a SECOND lie detector test, with many more questions about Oswald in it. Surprise, surprise (not), he "failed" the second lie detector test. It was unreadable. In other words, the CIA sacrificed a high-level Soviet defector and his information to protect their cover story about Oswald. That's how much they needed to hide their long-standing relationship with Oswald. The CIA had a file on Oswald since at least 1959 and had an Office of Security file; usually reserved for CIA people under internal investigation. Oswald was no Communist, ever. That was his cover, pure and simple, while he was on assignment... Angleton told author Joseph Trento that the reason he had gotten the counterintelligence job in the first place was by agreeing not to submit "sixty of Allen Dulles' closest friends" to a polygraph test concerning their business deals with the Nazis. In his end-of-life despair, Angleton assumed that he would see all his old companions again "in hell." The ironic thing about the U-2 is that one shoot-down over Soviet Russia--probably due to Dulles sabotage--did NOT result in the type being withdrawn from service. U-2s fly to the present day. It has to be remembered that in WW2 recon planes were often shot-down. One has to FIGHT for reconnaissance---the enemy is not going to just let you pick his defenses apart. With the U-2's high altitude of 70, 000 feet, most enemies are not going to be able to shoot it down unless they get a lot of radar and SAM help. The Cubans got this help and it nearly caused WW3 after they shot an U-2 down, killing a courageous USAF pilot. Years later, equally brave Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) Taiwanese U-2 pilots over-flew Communist Red China to gain vital intel for us and several lost their lives. The Fatal Reconnaissance that Nearly Murdered the World with WW3 The loss of an U-2 recon pilot almost causes a nuclear WW3 as Bamford describes in his book on the National Security Agency (NSA), Bodyguard of Secrets below of the 1962 Cuban missile crisis: american-buddha.com/lit.bodyofsecrets.4.htm Later that morning, Major Rudolf Anderson took off in a U-2 from McCoy Air Force Base at Orlando, Florida. The routine flight was expected to last about 3 and 1/2 hours. Over Cuba, Anderson pushed his plane northward toward the town of Banes. At an afternoon Executive Committee meeting, Secretary of Defense McNamara made a routine report on the day's daylight reconnaissance mission. "One mission aborted for mechanical reasons, according to preliminary reports," he said. "One plane is overdue and several are said to have encountered ground fire." He then recommended a number of night missions. But President Kennedy held off on a decision until more details could be obtained on the day's reconnaissance. He then ordered that missions be flown the next day without fighter escort. "If our planes are fired on," he said, "we must be prepared for a general response or an attack on the SAM site which fired on our planes. We will decide tomorrow how we return fire after we know if they continue their attacks on our planes." An aide quickly walked in and handed a note to Joint Chiefs Chairman [General] Maxwell Taylor. Major Anderson's U-2 had been shot down near Banes. "The wreckage of the U-2 was on the ground," Taylor was told; "the pilot had been killed." Taylor recommended an air attack on the SAM site responsible. McNamara said that we must be ready to attack Cuba by launching 500 sorties on the first day. Invasion, he said, had "become almost inevitable." At NSA, data were immediately called in from air, sea, and ground eavesdropping platforms in an attempt to discover the details of the shootdown. Director Blake ordered new rules, as follows: As a first priority, every listening post was to monitor in real time all reactions to U.S. reconnaissance flights. "Any time the Cubans scrambled a flight," said Hal Parish, "we were supposed to tell ... why they scrambled and who they were after -- very often they were after U.S. aircraft along the coast..When we were still flying the U-2s and we got what appeared to be Cuban threats to the U-2s with MiG aircraft, we had it arranged.... we would call General [John] Morrison [at NSA] first to get his okay, then we would call SAC ... and they would contact the aircraft." Once a warning was received, the reconnaissance flight would immediately break off from the mission and fly to Andrews Air Force Base near Washington, D.C. There, NSA analysts would meet the plane and debrief the crew. "You'd debrief in the airplane off the end of the runway," said Parish. "Pick. up all the tapes and bring them out to the building and put our linguists to work all night long working on those tapes in order to provide an assessment of whatever happened that day [and have it out] by six o'clock." In order to further protect the pilots, electronic countermeasures needed to be developed that could jam or deceive the Soviet SA-2 missile. But to develop these countermeasures, NSA would first have to intercept the missile's tell-tale fusing signals, which activated the warhead. That, however, required forcing the Cubans to fire off one more of their missiles. To accomplish this, DC-130 aircraft began launching high-altitude Ryan 147 drones over the island. The Ryans were equipped with electronics that made them appear larger than they actually were, about the size of a U-2. Each drone also carried onboard equipment to collect the critical fusing signals and retransmit them, in the few seconds before it was blasted from the sky, to a specially equipped type of RB-47 Strato-Spy codenamed Common Cause. One of the RB-47s was constantly in the air off the Cuban coast. "The plan was to lure the Cuban missile sites into firing at the drone," said Bruce Bailey, an Air Force signals intelligence officer, "thus providing the desired electronic intelligence to the RB-47." But the Cubans refused to fire any more missiles. "The Cubans had been assured that such a site or base would be struck immediately," said Bailey. "Obviously they believed that and refused to fire. The mission soon became more appropriately known as 'Lost Cause.'" At 7:15 on the evening of October 30, as the crisis grew hotter, Robert Kennedy asked Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin to meet with him in his office at the Justice Department in half an hour. "In the last two hours we had found that our planes flying over Cuba had been fired upon," Kennedy told the ambassador, as he noted in a top secret memo to Dean Rusk. "One of our U-2's had been shot down and the pilot killed.... This was an extremely serious turn of events. We would have to make certain decisions within the next twelve or possibly twenty-four hours. There was very little time left. If the Cubans were shooting at our planes, then we were going to shoot back." Dobrynin argued that the U.S. was violating Cuban airspace, but Kennedy shot hack that if we had not been violating Cuban airspace then we would still have believed what he and Khrushchev had said-that there were no long-range missiles in Cuba. "This matter was far more serious than the air space over Cuba and involved people all over the world," Kennedy added. "I said that he had better understand the situation and he had better communicate that understanding to Mr. Khrushchev," Kennedy later noted in the long secret memorandum. "Mr. Khrushchev and he had misled us. The Soviet Union had secretly established missile bases in Cuba while at the same time proclaiming, privately and publicly, that this would never be done. I said those missile bases had to go and they had to go right away. We had to have a commitment by at least tomorrow [October 31] that those bases would be removed. This was not an ultimatum, I said, but just a statement-of-fact. He should understand that if they did not remove those bases then we would remove them. His country might take retaliatory action but he should understand that before this was over, while there might be dead Americans there would also be dead Russians." Robert Kennedy returned to the White House, where the members of the Executive Committee held a late-night session. McNamara recommended, and the president approved, the call-up of 24 air reserve squadrons, involving 14,200 personnel and 300 troop carriers. President Kennedy then said that if, the reconnaissance planes were fired on the next day, "then we should take out the SAM sites in Cuba by air action." At a late-night meeting at the Pentagon, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended that "unless irrefutable evidence of the dismantling of the offensive weapons in Cuba were obtained," an air strike should be launched no later than October 29. At the time of the crisis, neither the NSA nor the CIA knew whether the Soviets had any nuclear warheads in Cuba. "We had photographs of missile launchers," said Robert McNamara, "but we thought the warheads were yet to come." It was only in the 1995 that the truth was discovered. "It took 30 years to learn there were 161 nuclear warheads there, including 90 tactical warheads to be used against an invasion ," McNamara said. Then, holding two fingers a fraction of an inch apart, he added, "And we came that close to an invasion ... We came so close-both Kennedy and Khrushchev felt events were slipping outside their control.... The world came within a hair breadth of nuclear war." In fact, recon flights using the U-2 are seen as a way to provoke a war by creating an excuse to retaliate against a SAM site shooting a plane and pilot down. Would an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) cause the same furor? December 4, 1962 assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf ExComm members today discuss future policy toward Cuba at a working meeting held without JFK. The group reviews U.S. planning for future overflights of Cuba, apparently agreeing that continued aerial reconnaissance is necessary to verify the removal of the IL-28s and to ensure offensive weapons are not reintroduced into Cuba. When [CIA Director] John McCone raises the possibility that another U-2 might be shot down, the ExComm decides that the United States should respond by attacking one or more SAM sites. Troubled by the potential for a new crisis arising over another attack on U.S. reconnaissance, McCone writes to McGeorge Bundy the following morning to recommend that "diplomatic measures be taken" to assure that the United States does not find itself in the position of having to attack Soviet-controlled bases in Cuba. Some pundits will pontificate that the UAV drone is the recon solution; we have already seen this tragic BS refuted: a high-tech "stealth" UAV has been duped by Iranians and recovered so now they can reverse-engineer their own stealth UAVs to use against us! Again, the question has to be asked if this UAV mentality was not just a secret way to Hegelian dialect-help the other guys to keep them in the Illuminati war game? The only thing that causes a humanist Illuminati type to drool more than a free technology lunch from a morality-free ET is if a human technology bisquit lands in their laps to copy. Weapons technology is a 2-edged sword; if you have an advantage you need to NOT use it and keep it to yourself so when you do use it, you have maximum effect before the enemy can first counter it, then capture and copy it. This is just a lethal version of the way patents for inventions are in the U.S.: if you create a new widget you have about 5 years to cash-in on it. Once the patent becomes public its game-over and when its protection runs out, all competitors have to do is make minor changes to the original--usually improvements--and your idea is stolen from you. Ask the genius inventor Butch Walker who created a pallet-trailer only to have an unethical scum business partner steal his trademark name and invention. Economics is only war by another name. BUILD-A-MODEL 1:144 Dragon Lockheed TR-1A - DR4640 squadron.com/product-p/dr4640.htm Stock Status:(Out of Stock) Product Code: DR4636 Description Lockheed high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, enlarged airframe with extended range "R" variant. Kit has engraved panel lines, detailed cockpit, single-piece canopy and exhaust pipe and optional position landing gear. Decals and color painting guide for 2 Dragon Ladies: ROCAF No. 3926 of 35th "Black Cat" Squadron and USAF No. 10338 of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing and RAF base Mildenhall, 1977. Why Not Height--Without the U-2 Problems--and Stealthy, Too? The obvious reaction to the U-2's lack of radar stealth was to somehow modify it to be radar invisible and Rich describes desperate measures attempted by his Skunk Works team. Radar absorbent paint and piano wires strung from the nose to poles on U-2 wings ("dirty bird") were attempted and seemed to have worked according to U-2 pilot James Cherbonneux in Rich's book, though maximum altitude was reduced by 5, 000 feet and range by 20%. Cherbonneux says he could only get up to 58, 000 feet in a radar-resistant "dirty bird" but the Russians could still track him because the cockpit and tailpipe were not treated. The web page below describes the details of the radar-resistant coatings applied to "dirty bird" U-2s but not the piano wires: www.dreamlandresort.com/pete/dirty_bird.html Kelly Johnson's conclusion was to start-over with a clean-sheet design and make the next spy plane radar stealthy from the beginning. His first stab at the problem began before the U-2 became untenable over Soviet territory. The NASA web site provides details of the CL-400 "Suntan" hydrogen powered, supersonic aerospace plane the Skunk Works attempted--but gave up on when the amount of liquid hydrogen required became excessive and the necessary inter-continental range couldn't be attained. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-12.htm The implications of flying aircraft over Russian territory, which had been on the minds of the Air Council and others since the beginning of the U-2 and its potential flameout problem, became very real with Gary Powers' experience in 1960. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/part2-sum.htm The Air Force, always seeking to extend flight capabilities, took a strong interest in very-high-altitude flight in 1953, became interested in hydrogen for this purpose in 1954 as the result of an imaginative proposal of Randolph Rae, helped the Central Intelligence Agency develop the U-2 airplane using conventional fuel, and mounted a massive, crash project to exceed the U-2's performance by using hydrogen. The hydrogen airplane did not materialize, but the liquid hydrogen plants and test facilities constructed by the Air Force would find full utilization in the emerging space program. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch7-8.htm The possibility that the U-2 might get shot down was recognized early, so attention was focused on airplanes capable of higher speeds and altitudes. One of the problems foreseen for the U-2 was its vulnerability from engine flameout at high altitude.[32] If flameout occurred, the airplane had to descend to a much lower altitude-about 9000 meters-to restart the engine; at that time it was a sitting duck for anti-aircraft fire. In addition to the flameout problem of the U-2, Kelly Johnson was faced with a problem of fuel loss from boil-off at very high attitudes. He had help on both problems from the Air Force and Pratt & Whitney, makers of the J-57-P37 engine. At the time, Col. Norman C. Appold, a combat pilot during World War II and holder of master's degrees in chemical and aeronautical engineering, was chief of the power plant laboratory at Wright Field. Earlier he had managed the Air Force contract with Pratt & Whitney for the J-57 and was very familiar with it. For this reason, and because he could draw on other propulsion and fuel experts in his laboratory, Appold was designated a "consultant" to Kelly Johnson. The father of the J-57 engine and chief engineer of Pratt & Whitney was Perry W. Pratt (no relation to the Pratt of P&W), and he too became closely involved with helping Johnson. The J-57 turbojet engine normally operated on JP-4, a kerosene-like fuel. Johnson needed a fuel of lower volatility than JP-4 to minimize fuel loss during climb to the cruising altitude and during cruise. When the airplane took off, its fuel was at ground temperature. At high altitude, the combination of still-warm fuel and reduced pressure caused the more volatile portions of the fuel to boil away through the tank vents. Second, he needed a fuel with as high a combustion efficiency and flameout limit as he could get. Research showed that low volatility fuels had lower combustion efficiency than those of higher volatility, but this could be offset somewhat by improvements in the fuel injection system. Other research showed that fuels of low volatility had high flame-out limits. In the end, Johnson, Appold, and Pratt selected a lower volatility fuel developed with the assistance of the Shell Oil Company research laboratories.[33] During the course of studying the fuel-engine relationships for the U-2 and J-57, Appold and the fuel experts at the power plant laboratory considered a variety of fuels, [128] including some of high volatility such as methane and liquid hydrogen. Methane was available in quantity, but liquid hydrogen was quickly dismissed because it was not.34 This was the same period in which Rae was promoting the use of hydrogen in his Rex engine. Appold was well aware of Rae's Rex proposals and was involved in the actions regarding them. Sometime during the discussions between Appold, Johnson, and Pratt, the seed of the idea to use hydrogen was planted and grew.* It matured into action in 1956 as we will see later. * The attendees at the March 1955 meeting were Mark M. Mills (chairman), W. Duncan Rannie, Addison M. Rothrock (NACA), Edward S. Taylor, and Gale Young. Records of USAF Scientific Advisory Board, Pentagon. On 3 May 1960, two days after Francis Gray Powers was shot down over Russia. NASA put out a press release stating in part that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties." Propulsion engineers familiar with the altitude performance of jet engines assumed Powers had a flameout and descended to a lower altitude to relight. Powers, however, insists that he was shot down at an operational altitude. Gary Powers with Curt Gentry, Operation Over-Flight: The U-2 Spy Pilot Tells His Story for the First Time (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), pp. 144, 201-202, 302, 323, 351-352. * Neither Appold, Johnson, nor Pratt could recall definitely when or where the idea originated (interviews with Appold 4 Jan., with Johnson 14 Feb. and 2 May, and with Pratt 14 May 1974). The origin of the idea is less important than the interactions that occurred. Less than four months after the first U-2 flight (Aug. 1954), the NACA Lewis laboratory found that gaseous hydrogen in a turbojet combustor did not flameout as easily as jet fuel and could burn at pressures equivalent to 1600 m altitude (p. 98). No connection between the U-2 problem and the Lewis experiments has been established, but the timing is interesting. That plane replacing Suntan high-speed mission profile would eventually become the RS-71, ehhh SR-71 which can fly at 100, 000 feet and at over Mach 3--three times the speed of sound compared to the subsonic U-2 powered glider. YF-12 armed interceptor version of the SR-71 combatreform.org/sr71smustreturn.htm youtube.com/watch?v=UbNSJGDSUw4 However in an ironic quirk of fate, the costly-to-maintain SR-71 "hare" ends up being retired--and the U-2 "tortoise" is still flying recon missions today and for the near future. Maybe "slow & steady does win the race"? Extremely cramped and difficult to fly, the manned U-2 still has a survival instinct to get back to base in event of mechanical problems that Unmanned Air vehicles (UAVs) don't have. lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2006/LOCKHEEDMARTINSSKUNKWORKSREVEALSHIG.html LOCKHEED MARTIN'S SKUNK WORKS REVEALS HIGH ALTITUDE UNMANNED SYSTEM P-175 "Polecat" high altitude unmanned aerial demonstrator in flight over a remote desert location. FARNBOROUGH, England, July 19th, 2006 -- Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] today unveiled the existence of a new high altitude, unmanned aerial demonstrator to reporters attending the Farnborough International Air Show. The announcement was part of a review of several Skunk Works projects highlighting technologies the company is exploring to enable technology for the future. "This UAV is an effort to better understand the flight dynamics of a tailless unmanned air system in support of our ongoing research and development work for the U.S. Air Force's future Long Range Strike Program as well as to field the next generation of structural composite concepts," explained Frank Cappuccio, executive vice president and general manager of Advanced Development Programs and Strategic Planning. Developed in only 18 months, using internal funding, unmanned system P-175, nicknamed "Polecat" - aligned with the well-known Skunk Works name - represents the key tenets for which the Skunk Works is known. "It was specifically designed to verify three things: new, cost effective rapid prototyping and manufacturing techniques of composite materials; projected aerodynamic performance required for sustained high altitude operations; and flight autonomy attributes," said Cappuccio. "In addition, the company investment and the resulting successful flights are proof positive of our commitment to developing the next inflection point in unmanned systems." Cappuccio said the company is also exploring technologies to enable low boom, supersonic flight over land and global reach. "It's easy to identify a need," said Cappuccio. "The hard part is evolving the technology to make filling that need possible. The Skunk Works is all about advancing the art of the possible. It may sound nebulous to some, but we thrive on ideas and innovation." Lockheed Martin ADP, which is part of Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, is the industry leader in innovative aerospace solutions providing expertise, novel approaches, cutting edge technology and a commitment to quality and timely performance to its customers. Spy Satellites In the 1962 novel, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Fleming dubs James Bond's mission to get Blofeld "Operation CORONA"--clearly referencing the extremely top-secret U.S. satellite CORONA program then underway that dropped film capsules by parachute that were snagged in-flight by USAF cargo planes: combatreform.org/escape.htm Fleming was clearly an MI6/SIS operative working under journalist/writer cover prone to inside jokes like "CORONA" to rattle-the-cages of the intelligence community and give the public breadcrumbs to follow to learn of amazing secrets. Satellites while relatively safe from shoot-downs in space where no nation owns , do not have the ability to move from their orbits to spy on targets as rapidly as an aircraft or aerospace craft. For a satellite's eye view of the Earth, click on the picture below for the "Pretty Blue Planet" slide show: Or click on the hyperlink or SLIDESHARE TV screen below: Space Recon: Pretty Blue Planet from 1st_TSG_Airborne Another option is to Google maps and select "satellite" or download Google Earth software to view the Earth from satellite imagery that has been censored by the establishment to hide their evil doings; but sometimes they screw-up and some things get past their gate-keepers. http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl It's worth a look, and can be life-changing, perspective way. Of course Google satellite resolution is nothing like the established nation-states have. Of course, the ultimate "spy satellite" is manned space stations under the cover story of peaceful space exploration; now that the NASA Space Shuttle is retired, the International Space Station (ISS) is completely dependant upon Russian boosters and capsules (see below how reliable they can be). Why No Spinning Space Stations To Create Artificial Gravity? youtube.com/watch?v=C4ecR12Zee8 Von Braun's Space Station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun The space station (to be constructed using rockets with recoverable and reusable ascent stages) would be a toroid structure, with a diameter of 250 feet (76 m); this built on the concept of a rotating wheel-shaped station introduced in 1929 by Herman Potocnik in his book The Problem of Space Travel - The Rocket Motor. The space station would spin around a central docking nave to provide artificial gravity, and would be assembled in a 1,075 mile (1,730 km) two-hour, high-inclination Earth orbit allowing observation of essentially every point on earth on at least a daily basis. The ultimate purpose of the space station would be to provide an assembly platform for manned lunar expeditions. More than a decade later, the movie version of 2001: A Space Odyssey would draw heavily on the design concept in its visualization of an orbital space station. Von Braun's Spinning Space Station---Why Are We Not Doing it? youtube.com/watch?v=Zjs3nBfyIwM youtube.com/watch?v=CnP02isl6Vg A Taboo Stealth Indicator (TSI) is the omission of discussion of certain things. Like picking out a stealth plane flying through a radar-saturated air space--it leaves a void--a wake. The Illuminati no longer talk about spinning space stations to create the artificial 1G of gravity humans need in space to remain healthy. At one time they did. I believe this is a TSI indicating that they a.) do not care about the white space program using action-reaction rockets fed for sheeple consumption and b.) the secret black space program can turn gravity ON in their AGC when they leave space--just as assumed in the Star Trek TV series and movies to simplify the whole storyline as compared to the zero-G nightmare director Ron Howard endured to film "Apollo 13". Illuminati Hegelian Gamemanship of the World's Space Programs It's clear that the fix was in in 1945 with the removal of first VP Wallace, replacing him with Military-Industrial Complex (MILINDCOMP) puppet Truman and then murdering President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) to get him into power. From there, other possibly fatal dastardly acts followed--like disbanding the anti-Nazi and morally-sound OSS and creating the monstrous Nazi-filled CIA working for the Rockefeller Illuminati. This was truly a "SkyFall" youtube.com/watch?v=teNORWBMeYw The embrace of the Operation PAPERCLIP Nazi scientists here and the dismembering of the JPL team by persecuting Tsien so he'd go to Communist China to start their missile program and murdering Jack Parsons connected to the rival Rothschild Illuminati group--appears as deliberate space program gamemanship to instigate a space race/war along Hegelian lines. Once Von Braun was here, to slow him and his mighty men down, they were kept on a shoe-string budget so the Soviet Communists would put a satellite into space first--enraging Americans into a space program buying frenzy. Fleming is clearly aware of this and warning us in From Russia With Love (the movie) that S.P.E.C.T.R.E. (Rockefeller Illuminati Nazis) is playing both east and west. The American (sheep-like people) sheeple are oblivious to these fine details and clueless as to the invisible hands behind these treasonous and disgusting actions. If the Illuminati order the FBI to persecute a Tsien or a Parsons they do not have within the latter's bureaucracy safety mechanisms and any embedded morality/decency to say no! to their actual masters. Disgusting. Aleister Crowley: High Free Mason, Illuminati OTO leader youtube.com/watch?v=iJT8io68p88 Excellent description by Icke of how our 5 senses DO NOT ascertain all that is going on around us. Amazing how Everard can edit Icke and bring out his best observations and avoid the silly reptilian human stuff. WARNING: footage of an actual demon-possessed person is terrifying proof that supernatural, intelligent life-forms exist and are MALICIOUS--DEMONS HATE US--they are ITs not ETs. Crowley was dangerously deluded; OTO Illuminati sub-group was his impatient, no-frills variation--later we will see Jack Parsons was his protege' and L. Ron Hubbard's Scientology false religion is just an Illuminati spin-off Excellent clip from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_the_Bell shows how they ARE the establishment; movie stars Chrs Pine of Star Trek's father. Great to see Glenn Ford playing a leading role; he was a former U.S. Navy Commander and made other important films like Once an Eagle and Gilda. Paul Bremer a Skull & Bonesman instigated civil war in Iraq by refusing to rehire the army as we promised--more gamemanship using Hegelian dialect. Raises the questiion of how can we prevent BAD FAITH ACTORS from perverting our actions? An U.S. military Sub-National Conflict Corps composed of professionals should be created that would have the power to rebuild nations properly and reject Illuminati Hegelian sabotage from traitors like a Bremer. The U.S. military may indeed be sent on fool's errands for the evil Illuminati but once there, they should have DECENCY and EFFICIENCY to smother the conflict and deny them their profits and depopulation goals. Illuminati War Goal Summary 2. Depopulates people 3. Fascism by everyone; STFU follow the script; take drugs The wealthy = think they ARE the Nation-State and sheeple are their servants. I also think the Illuminati want everyone on the same metaphysical sheet-of-music as a form of a Nuremberg defense if Lucifer/Satan doesn't win they can just say they were doing what the rest of humanity was doing. Fascism cannot tolerate other ideas because if they are wrong, these other ideas could be RIGHT. Rockefeller said "competition is sin"--a monopoly of metaphysical beliefs is a loser's ploy to hide amongst everybody else in case they are wrong while appearing to be right without fact-checking or scrutiny. Always keep the above in mind when trying to ascertain what's going on in the world. Without this proper understanding nothing will make any sense. The following speculative video--also from Chris Everard--makes some important specific points about the space race. Secret Space Volume 1: The Illuminati's Conquest of Space youtube.com/watch?v=WNZDo9iUAUA 1. It Shows Still Photos of UFOs in Germany from the 1920s/30s BEFORE they Were Building Anti-Gravity Craft (AGC) This demonstrates the German Thule/Vril Societies were inviting demonic entities to their territories for techno-inspiration--not unlike Arthur Young's American group did years later in the 1950s. 2. States that Von Braun (VB) was Aware of AGC Research CAVEAT: no evidence offered backing up this assertion. If so, how must have VB felt spending his energies on lesser efficient action-reaction rocket means? 3. That Von Braun--and by inference Hitler--thought ETs exist That VB believed in ETs is already evident in his warning to Carol Rosin (see later on this web page) where he says they are harmless. Very disappointing views from an alleged Lutheran; but begs the question of whether he was in a secret societ doing Satanic religious practices and held typical Illuminati theosophic man-save-himself-become-god beliefs etc. VB quote that he was glad his ballistic missile technology was in hands of a nation that reads the Bible smacks of a patronizing comment to con the sheeple. 4. That JP corresponded with VB? We know Goddard wrote to VB. Did Jack Parsons, too? If so, this amplifies the possibilities that VB had JP murdered to get him out of the way as a competitor. Otherwise, video is inconsistant; says Nazis have AGC, yet implies maybe we can't do AGC--and are stuck with weak action-reaction rockets--such that we had to fake moon landings with; ETs are lurking out there as critters and sophisticated craft fliers. 5. Apollo is another Word for Lucifer/Satan and other Mission Names show the Nazi NASA Influence has been Evil Continually Astronauts Armstrong/Aldrin high-level Mason secret society members--if the sheeple were smart we'd make it illegal to be in ANY government service and be a member of ANY secret society. CAVEAT: the whole Secret Space video and the Everard series in general is filled with the ExtraTerrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) cheerleading bull shit (BS). While Everard brilliantly explains and condemns the Illuminati, its a bad payload if it delivers the same ETH salvation message the Cabal embraces.The Illuminati want us to believe in ETs--and not the actual God of our Universe who communicates to us in his King James Bible...the more they play with us by pretending to keep the toys away from their children, the more the sheeple hunger for "disclosure". This author does not play games with his operating hypothesis and world-view trying to sneak it in upon you, the reader. JESUS CHRIST IS LORD. Call this the "Judeo-Christian Hypothesis" (JCH). What appear to be ETs are DEMONS who are already here on the Earth--as warned about in the Bible. Refer to this as the "Intraterrestrial Hypothesis" (ITH). All that I ask is that you give the Christian and ITH explanations a chance to see if they explain the facts and evidences we have best. John Keel and Jacques Vallee are examples of ITH proponents who are not JCH advocates. The FACTS of the UFO experience cry out that we are being conned--and this is obvious even if you don't assemble all-the-pieces-together and realize its a part of a JCH world-view. Let me get ahead a bit here and ask. If they were indeed, created beings from other planets (in the same metaphysical death predicament as us) aka ETs, WHY DON'T THEY KNOCK? We are not cockroaches; we can be communicated with directly over abstract matters. No one ACTING IN GOOD FAITH barges into someone else's house and starts building a snack from their fridge without knocking. Only asshole enemies do that. Enemies cannot be trusted--and are certainly not our "space brothers". If God Almighty WARNS US that we would be visited by demons, it screams at us that we ought to consider this as not only a distinct possibility--even if we are anti-God atheists--as a matter of pure survival--its probably what is actually happening--not feel-good space friends. The following email exchange with names redacted reveal the clearly EVIL, malicious ITH/JCH nature of UFOs even if they are human AGC. Sent: Mon, 3 Nov 2008 11:37 pm Subject: RE: This Evening's Discovery Channel's Nazi UFO Connection Show xxxxx: I just finished up watching the Discovery Channel's (11-03-2008) show in question on the WW-II Nazi UFO connection and it follows fairly closely Nick Cook's "Hunt for the Zero Point" book's account on same, except that the Nazi "Bell" flew in this version of the story, whereas in Cook's accounts it didn't, but it was very dangerous to be around when in operation due to some sort of emitted radiation from it. However, the descriptions of the Nazi Bell in flight given in this program and the supposition that the Kecksburg, PA UFO crash landing in 1965 was a Nazi Bell prototype that got away form its Paper Clip (German scientists) handlers got me to thinking about the 1980 account of a similar UFO report that xxxxxxx was kind enough to recount for me back in January 2007 which I provide to you below: "... It was a huge diamond-shaped craft that seemed to be brightly self-illuminated. ..." Perhaps the USAF/CIA types were still trying to tame this beast even 15 years later, but from what Nick Cook's sources had to say about the Nazi Bell and the German science behind it, it was based on a version of QM physics that is NOT well understood by the USA's practioners of same today. So we may still be trying to figure it all out... BTW, I saw your cameo appearance in this TV show and I noticed that you said that you worked with a number of German Paper Clip scientists at Wright Patterson AFB in Ohio in the 1950s or 60s. Did any of them confide in you about the Nazi Bell or any other German developed antigravity like devices during your stint there? xxxxxx *********************************************** xxxxxx, That incident took place on December 29, 1980 on FM1485 near Huffman, TX. The parties involved were Betty Cash (Businesswoman), Vickie Landrum (employee) and Colby Landrum (Grandson of Vickie). They were returning from a restaurant on I-59 near FM-1485. It was night and chilly but fairly clear. The boy first noticed the light in the distance over the trees. The two women ignored him because they figured it was an airplane headed for Houston Intercontinental Airport. However, in a short period of time they were on the 3-mile long straight stretch of FM-1485 and the light was rapidly closing on them. Betty was driving a new Olds Cutlass. As the oblong light upended and dropped toward the road she stopped the car on the pavement. By then the light was huge. As it neared the road it stopped above the ground but between the pine trees lining both sides of the road. At that point it was more than a light. It was a huge diamond-shaped craft that seemed to be brightly self-illuminated. It lit the area like daylight. A series of blue circles (ports? lights?) girded the object at its widest point. Periodically, flame came from the bottom of the object. We measured the distance from where they stopped to the marks on the road under where the object hovered and found it to be about 135 feet. The whole scene was very frightening to the witnesses. Betty, a tough Texas woman got out of the car and walked forward to the left front fender, shielded her eyes with her arm and observed the object for 7 - 10 minutes. When she tried to get back in the car she found the metal to be very hot, probably above 105 degrees by the way it affected her hand. She used her coat as a hotpad to open the driver's door. Vickie thought this was Biblical prophesy fulfilled and expected Christ to come out of the object. She opened the door and stood up in the doorway to get a better look so she wouldn't miss the event. She even told the boy that if it was Christ that everything would be ok, She had placed her hand on the roof of the car but she was only out there for 1 - 2 minutes total because Colby was so frightened. [EDITOR: She needs to go back to her Bible and actually READ it. God Almighty is not going to terrorize people during an angelic visitation with burning, radioactive heat. Compare this horror event to the actual accounts of angelic visitations in the Bible. The ladies should have stayed in their car. If the had a gun they should have SHOT at the threatening craft to see if it were a human AGC of some kind. If they had a Bible or remember some key verses like, "Get thee, hence!" or "Jesus Christ is Lord" now was the time to state them in the open to put up a metaphysical shield if it were an evil demonic-origin object.] Colby had been in the rear seat but when he saw the light he stood between Betty and Vickie, still in the back seat area, and tried to get their attention. When the car stopped he dove forward to get near Vickie for protection. By then he was screaming with fright. Vickie was so afraid he was going to yank free of her grip and dart into the woods that she got back in the car and held him under the dash board on the floor. Her fingers made impressions in the soft padded dash that remained long after the car cooled down. As the object left the area, it rose up and headed toward the Gulf of Mexico. A large number of helicopters swarmed into the area and pursued the object. Betty quickly started the car and sped on down FM-1485 and turned on to FM-2100. At that point they were using the A.C. to cool the car. This is strange because the outdoor temperature was in the mid-40s. By then they had caught up with the object and so she pulled off to the side of the road near the cemetery to watch and let it get out of the way. At this point they counted helicopters and found 21 - 23 of them. Some of the big twin rotor helicopters swarmed over their car at very low altitude, further scaring the boy. [EDITOR: the U.S. military only has one type of twin-rotor helicopter in operation: the CH-47 Chinook and its smaller cousin the CH-46 which is in dwindling numbers kept flying only because the V-22 tilt-rotor is defective. A flock of CH-47s over Texas clearly indicates an U.S. Army presence since the USMC has no large bases in the area. Moreover, the arid plains of Texas are often used for military experiments as they are ideal conditions for signals to propagate without vegetation and mountains to obstruct--hence a good place to fly UAVs by remote-control. The large numbers of human helicopters suggest this was a HUMAN AGC drone--an unmanned aerospace vehicle they were shadowing during a flight test. Thus, it would be very dangerous to get near it if it malfunctioned as it appeared to have done. These assholes need to conduct these experiments in areas far away from American citizens.] Over the next weeks and months we found a number of other witnesses but none were as close as this trio. We tracked the path of the object from near the TX - LA state line, west across Liberty, Dayton and to the ground zero site near Huffman. We also had witnesses to the south as near as Crosby and as far as League City. Unfortunately, we were unable to track it over the Gulf. As they went on home they began feeling strange and soon developed headaches. Vickie put Colby to bed and went to bed herself. In the night, Colby cried out - he had vomited in his bed. Vickie took him to the bathroom and cleaned him up and saw that they were both red like they had been out in the sun, but that wasn't the case. Betty arrived at her home which was several miles north of Dayton. One of her employees was there, staying the night as were her near-adult son. Betty flopped into a chair and didn't want to move, complaining she was feeling ill. Over the next several hours she developed big water blisters on her face and scalp and her left arm was burned. The area of her finger under her ring was badly burned. I could go on and on about this, but what happened was she was unable to keep anything down and all of them developed diarrhea. Thinking Betty was going to die, they sought the name of her doctor and he told them to get her to the emergency room. That started a series of hospital stays that repeated and repeated until she finally died several years later. She lost her hair, developed cancer, anemia, bone problems, and lost her immune system. She never worked again. Vickie suffered a lot but nothing like Betty. Vickie lost a lot of her hair, developed sores, lost her night vision and eventually developed paralysis in the parts of her face that were burned. [EDITOR: this sounds like classic radiation exposure. This implies the human AGC had a nuclear reactor to generate the massive amounts of power required to negate gravity. Its disappointing on many levels as it shows a callous disregard for American citizen's safety flying nuclear-powered AGC around and burning them if they venture too close as well as the lack of utilization of Zero Point Energy (ZPE) to power these craft.] The boy lost weight for more than a year. He had diarrhea, stomach pains and other problems. His whole life changed from being a strong outdoor boy to being a recluse that was afraid to go outside. I am writing all this from memory. There are lots more details but this gives you the idea of what the incident was like. We did an intensive search for military operations and found some, but they were denied by all officials. We worked with as many as 15 different doctors to get help for the victims. It was a mess. Hope this helps xxxxxxx Notice you Never get A Straight Answer from NASA--or any other USG agency controlled by Illuminati traitors who are members of secret socities. They smugly think they are above the law--or any law and do whatsoever they will. So when NASA whines about how astronauts are "so weakened from Zero-G" but you see them doing nothing to spin space stations to create artificial gravity...it's almost as if they deliberately want space exploration kept in the too-hard-to-do box... The "White" Action-Reaction Rocket Space Program from the Black Nazis & Occultists "Gravity is the arch-enemy of successful rocket performance." The Journal of the American Rocket Society, April 1940. american-buddha.com/cult.jackparsoncuriousorigin.9.htm In the preceding sections of this web page, we have seen post-flood man fly air pressure differential (aerodynamic) lift using wings inspired by birds. For aerodynamic lift to work, the air must have density for this trick of conning the bottom of the wing that the curved part above it is not there because the molecules are not allowed to stay there long enough to press down. At high altitudes as we see with the U-2 versus MIGs battle wings simply conk-out and need help from more THRUST. If you have massive amounts of thrust your object will fly BALLISTICALLY by Sir Isac Newton's action-reaction law. The problem is one needs a lot of thrust to just get off the ground--much less the 15, 000 miles-per-hour speed to escape Earth gravity to get into space. Smart scientists realize that the hardest part of space travel is leaving the first 100, 000 feet of Earth atmosphere and use aerodynamic airplanes to overcome the zero altitude-zero-speed hurdle on the ground and start the rocket craft from 40, 000 feet and at least 400 mph as seen in the NACA-NASA-USAF X-15 being dropped from the B-52 bomber all the way to today's Rutan mother ship combo that has actually went into the space. Early German scientists like Sanger knew that exploiting airplanes to get over the toughest part of space flight was the best way to help action-reaction rocketry and we to date have still not gotten the memo by building VERY LARGE seaplanes with unlimited take-off runs to carry to launch helper speed/altitude aerospace planes from their backs: SeaPlane Transports However, most humans cannot think more than 1 idea at-a-time--let alone several ideas at the same time and COMBINE THEM for a SYNERGISM. Even though Newton was propelled by Christianity to innovation (Jesus was a Carpenter) many talented people misconstrue Biblical beliefs as being very anti-technology judged by the negative experiences of Church racketeers turning church attendance into a money-making exercise with everyone sitting on their asses as sheeple waiting to die. Turned-off by a false presentation of Christianity, a lot of talented people have flocked to unknown-to-them dangerous Satanic beliefs systems meant to lure them in and destroy them. This mysticism is documented in the lives of Igor Sikorsky (seaplanes and helicopters), Arthur Bell (helicopters) and Jack Parsons--the latter the creator of the first practical U.S. rockets for jet assisted take-offs (JATO) for airplanes from very short runways. Bored with helicopters, Bell and his others are documented by Peter Lavenda in Sinister Forces with contacting demons directly through seances to gain technological secrets for anti-gravitational flight not requiring either aerodynamics or ballistics which we will discuss later in the SECRET space program. The point is that people like Parsons were unhappy about being Earth-bound and wanted more out-of-life: they wanted to fly and have sex with anyone they wanted. The best investigative look into Parson's life is the semi-fictional book by "The Magician"; Jack Parsons & the Curious Origins of the American Space Program available online at the links below: bibliotecapleyades.net/cienciareal/cienciareal22.htm#menu Parsons was a member of Aleister Crowley's OTO Satanic religious cult and rose to lead the local lodge in southern California. Crowley had worked with Commander Fleming during WW2 to place false astrological horoscopes into the mind of Hitler's #2 man, Rudolf Hess conning him to fly to Scotland in a Bf110 twin-engined fighter-bomber and parachute down to make contact with pro-German British Royals with a peace offer. american-buddha.com/levenda.nazi.htm Crowley had gone to live in New York during WWI after being rejected for military service by the British government, and began writing "pro-German propaganda" for a magazine called The Fatherland, published by George Viereck. Crowley took over as editor. He later claimed that he had really been working for British Intelligence, because "his articles were so outlandish that the journal was reduced to absurdity, a caricature of serious political discussion, which would help the British cause more than harm it." There is some evidence to suggest that Crowley was working for MI5 during this time, spying on his fellow OTO initiate Karl Germer, a German intelligence agent, so perhaps his excuse for working for The Fatherland is sound. Whatever the case, he was definitely hired by MI5 during WWII. Crowley had become friends with author Dennis Wheatley, well-known for a number of fiction and non-fiction books based on the occult who had once worked for Winston Churchill's Joint Planning Staff. He had been introduced to Crowley by a journalist named Tom Driberg, who would later become a spy for MI5 as well, and who would come into possession of Crowley's diaries shortly after his death in 1947. Wheatley also introduced Crowley to yet another MI5 agent, Maxwell Knight. Knight was the real historical figure behind the fictional character "M" in all the James Bond novels, written by Knight's friend in the Department of Naval Intelligence, Ian Fleming. Crowley met Knight for dinner at Wheatley's house, and it was there that Crowley agreed to take them both on as magick students. Later, Ian Fleming dreamed up a way to use Crowley's expertise in a scheme against the Germans. The scheme involved an Anglo-German organization known as "The Link", a supposed "cultural society" which had once been under the leadership of Sir Barry Domville, Director of Naval Intelligence from 1927 to 1930. The Link had been investigated by Maxwell Knight in the 1930s because of its involvement in German spy operations, and was soon dissolved after much incriminating evidence was found. As Levenda describes, Fleming "thought that the Nazis could be made to believe that the The Link was still in existence, they could use it as bait for the Nazi leadership. The point was to convince the Nazis that The Link had sufficient influence to overthrow the Churchill government and thereby to install a more pliable British government, one which would gladly negotiate a separate peace with Hitler." The suggestion came in the form of fake astrological advice passed on to the gullible Rudolf Hess, who was already under the delusion that only he could talk the British into peace with Germany, and that it was his destiny to do so. One of his staff astrologers, Dr. Ernst Schulte-Strathaus, under British employ, encouraged Hess to make his mission to England on May 10, 1941 a significant date because of a rare conjunction of six planets in the sign of Taurus. The Duke of Hamilton was also enlisted to let Hess know that he would be happy to entertain him should he plan to go through with such an endeavor. So Hess, a trained pilot, embarked on a rather dangerous solo flight to the British Isles, parachuting into Scotland donned in various occult symbols, where he was immediately arrested by the waiting Brits. According to Levenda, "Fleming tried to obtain permission for Crowley to debrief Hess in order to develop intelligence on the occult scene in the Third Reich and particularly the Nazi leadership." But this permission was denied, and Hess spent the rest of his days in prison not being much use to anybody. Levenda finds this suspicious, for "What could have been a major propaganda coup against the Nazis went utterly wasted, as if by tacit agreement on both sides." Martin Bormann became Hitler's right-hand man afterwards and would be rescued by Creighton/Fleming's commandos in Operation JAMES BOND in 1945 . youtube.com/watch?v=iKfKTAM20Oc Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile by James Gavin Jr. Hess was arrested--or a doppelganger of Hess--was then kept locked-up for decades with no tangible justification until he was murdered in 1987 by a piano wire used by an assassin just before his release. WHAT secrets a real or body double Hess could have known that would so scare the PTB to keep him locked up can only be of the game-changing variety like the Nazis having huge, Deep Underground Military Bases (DUMBs) in say Antarctica, Greeenland, Norway or Argentina and/or working Anti-Gravity Craft (AGC). Hess was up-to-his-neck in the German Vril society occult beliefs which we will discuss later when looking for clues where they got their inspirations for AGC. If it were some political secret it would have to be something on the order of the actual PLAN A for WW2 was never intended to include a war against the west: Hitler Wanted to Go East: We Wouldn't Let Him! Parson being a handsome young man was not insecure about attracting gorgeous women and loved the free-love aspects of his OTO religion--though Crowley was bitterly against it, having fired the local head in favor of Parsons in the hope that he would stay focused of sex magicing with one hot chick to form a Satanic baby. Crowley wanted at the end of his life to bring in the Satanic counterfeit of the baby Jesus to be the anti-Christ 666 and went to the desert and met with "LEM" who looks very much like the typical demons we see today used as part of the ET con-job on mankind. While Parsons and Von Karman create the "JPL" the title of the Magician's book implying that the American space program originated with small rockets that only assisted airplanes into flight seems inaccurate--though it raises a key question about why the USG probably murdered Parsons in 1952 (remember that date), that the author hasn't yet considered. The actual American space program originates when German Operation PAPERCLIP scientists lead by Werner Von Braun are finally allowed to place a satellite into orbit after the Russians embarassed us by doing it first with Sputnik in 1957. LTG James M. Gavin in War and Peace in the Space Age in 1958 clearly, lays the blame for the U.S. not getting into space first on U.S. bureaucratic corruption: War and Peace in the Space Age Below, you will see FBI documents articulating that the U.S. Army Missile team would have beat the Russians by 2 years had they been authorized--even on the shoe-string budget they had. The question can be best answered that the PTB wanted the Russians to get into space first to deliberately instigate a Space Race with the Russians to increase budgets and employ the Hegelian dialect mechanism the Illuminati--the "High Cabal" described by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to create problems for intended solutions to reverse-engineer synthesized outcomes. Dr. Antony Sutton depicts this process brilliantly in an illustration from his book The Order . Switch-out the Nazis in the right hand part of the wire diagram and replace with the American "White" Space Program. The Rockefeller Illuminati Hegelian Methodology: WW2 Wire Diagram Featuring the Nazi Prescott Bush Now back to Parsons & company. Parsons was being shunned by the FBI and the MILINDCOMP such that he lost his security clearance and was no longer able to work on rocketry--in the U.S. scribd.com/doc/128067941/ROCKET-MAN-Jack-Parsons-Murdered-by-USG-Part-1A Some Key Excerpts from the Fictional Parsons Book Caveating the USG Smear Job on Him american-buddha.com/cult.jackparsoncuriousorigin.10.htm Lodge himself firmly believed in the OSS principle that you only put into a file what you wanted to be found later. And, for the same reason, he knew you couldn't understand a group just by analyzing its publications or reading stolen memos. Truth is not to be found in paper documents. bibliotecapleyades.net/cienciareal/cienciareal22o.htm Craig's most recent job before going to work for Oral Jerry Swagger had been more boring, but easier. He had been employed by a government department as a fabricator of documents for release under the Freedom of Information Act. There he had had more control, because he got to see all the available records ahead of time. There were no surprises, at least with respect to the files. Once he had a clear picture of what was available, he would go to work: altering a sentence here, inserting a paragraph there. Though illegal, the result could be explosively effective: the recipient of the information lived with the fantasy he was using the FOIA to force the government to expose the truth, and consequently had all his guards down when slipped a doctored document. bibliotecapleyades.net/cienciareal/cienciareal22n.htm No matter what Parsons called himself, who wanted to be on the side of "lying priests, conniving judges, blackmailing police"? Who wanted to defend the "tyranny of false laws"? This was dangerous stuff. Parsons was attacking the established order, fraught as it was with corruption, and papered over as it was with fake religion. How would the U.S. government react to all this? Not well, I suspected. I looked through some of the other papers and found a statement from a Agape Lodge member in 1940 that Parsons traveled "under sealed orders from the government". But in 1948, he temporarily lost his security clearance due to the charge that his membership in a "sex cult" was subversive. After a closed court hearing, the charges were dismissed in April 1949, and his security clearance reinstated. But in September 1950 he lost his job at Hughes Aircraft because he was in possession of classified documents. Some of these, however, were ones from his Cal Tech days, papers of which he was a co-author. Parsons argued that he was in the process of trying to convince the Israeli government to build a jet- propulsion laboratory and factory, and was using the documents only for background information. The Justice Department decided there were insufficient grounds for prosecution. But the Appeals Board was not amused, and withdrew his security clearance in January 1952. So. The "Antichrist" wanted to build missiles for Israel. I tried to put this in perspective. Laying on my stomach on the quilt, I sketched out a brief chronology of Parsons' life, as I now understood it, in my notebook. Oct 2, 1914: Parsons' birth. 1928: Jack Parsons, age 13, invokes "Satan" but reacts with "cowardice when He appear[s]." 1936: Parsons, age 21, shows up with his friend Ed Forman at Cal Tech wanting to build space rockets, something they have been working on for years. The GALCIT project is initiated under Theodore von Karman, with Frank Malina, Jack Parsons, and Ed Forman initially the key individuals. Money is always an issue, and Parsons and Forman later take jobs with the Halifax Powder Company in the Mojave desert. 1938: The Army Air Corps becomes interested in the research. Hap Arnold appears at the GALCIT laboratory in Pasadena wanting to know if rocket research could help him with the problem of air strips which were too short for takeoff of modern military planes. 1939: Parsons and his wife Helen (Northrup) join the Los Angeles (Pasadena) branch of Crowley's O.T.O. This group is known as the Agape Lodge, and is headed by Wilfred Smith. Smith and his wife have an innovative way of recruiting members via sexual seduction, according to member Louis T. Culling. 1940: The Army Air Corps takes over sponsorship of the GALCIT project. Parsons spends most of his time developing jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) units. Most of the JATO patents are in Parsons name. December: Jane Wolfe, a Crowley associate who is a member of the Agape Lodge, writes in her diary that Parsons travels "under sealed orders from the government." She also says she believes Parsons will be the future leader of the order. March 1941: The head of the Agape Lodge, Wilfred Smith, writes Crowley that he had "at long last a really excellent man, John Parsons. And starting next Tuesday he begins a course of talks with a view to enlarging our scope." 1942: Parsons, von Karman, and others found Aerojet in order to build and sell JATO units to the Army Air Core. Parsons leaves his position as head of solid- fuel rocket research at the Army Air Core Jet Propulsion Research Project to take a similar position at Aerojet. March: Jane Wolfe writes Crowley: "I believe Jack Parsons--who is devoted to Wilfred--to be the coming leader." She goes on to note that he was "'sold on the Book of the Law' because it foretold Einstein, Heisenberg--whose work is not permitted in Russia--the quantum field folks, whose work is along the `factor infinite and unknown' lines, etc." July 1943: Crowley wants to get rid of Smith and appoint Parsons head of the Lodge. But he has problems doing so, because there is a good bit of loyalty to Smith, including on the part of Parsons himself. Crowley writes an Agape Lodge member named Max Schneider: "As to Jack; I think he is perfectly alright at the bottom of everything; but he is very young . . ." 1944: Aleister Crowley expels Wilfred Smith from the OTO for turning the Agape Lodge into a "love cult". Smith leaves with Parsons' wife Helen, who had taken the place of Smith's previous mistress, Regina Kahl, as high priestess in weekly performances of the gnostic mass, in which Smith served as high priest. Crowley appoints Parsons as head of the California O.T.O. in Smith's place. Helen's sister "Betty" (as she is known around the house at 1003 S. Orange Grove) moves in with Parsons. Parsons, Theodore von Karman, and others found the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, near Devil's Gate Dam in the Arroyo Seco-- nearby the location of many of their early rocket tests. August 1945: Parsons and Lafayette Ronald ("L. Ron") Hubbard are introduced by a science fiction illustrator named Lou Goldstone. Goldstone often visits at Parsons' place, and one day he brings Hubbard with him. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have just been devastated by atomic bombs . The world is amazed. Many people are elated. The social consequence, only seven years later, when every Pasadenan would be contemplating wearing a "colorimetric dosimeter," a chemical radiation detector, to tell who would live or die in an atomic raid, was the furthest thing from anyone's mind. Association with someone like Jack Parsons, conversant with JPL and Aerojet projects, is heady fare for Navy Lieutenant L. Ron Hubbard, on temporary leave, who is in any case eager to take up residence in a Bohemian house bustling with attractive women. After sleeping with as many of them as possible, Hubbard then creates turmoil by taking up with Betty, Parsons' own girlfriend. Parsons tolerates this (just as he had previously tolerated Smith's affair with his wife Helen) because, he says, he needs a magical partner, and he believes Hubbard can play that role. Dec. 5, 1945: Hubbard is officially discharged from the Navy. He immediately applies for a pension, claiming various disabilities, and heads for Pasadena, where he moves in with Parsons. Betty (Sara Elizabeth Northrup) again devotes herself to Hubbard. Parsons, sans Betty, looks for a replacement, and decides to attract one through magic ritual. But Parsons has bigger things in mind also. January 1946 to January 4: Parsons and Hubbard begin work on a magic ritual to attract a Scarlet Woman, through which Parsons will conceive a Moonchild. January 15: Parsons, Betty, and Hubbard start a company called Allied Enterprises. Parsons puts up most of the money, which he has from the sale of his Aerojet stock to General Tire. January 18: Parsons and Hubbard are in the Mojave desert, when Parsons realizes the experiment has succeeded, and tells Hubbard: "It is done." He returns home and finds the artist Marjorie Cameron, on visit from New York, waiting for him. "She is describable as an air of fire type with bronze red hair, fiery and subtle, determined and obstinate, sincere and perverse, with extraordinary personality, talent and energy," Parsons wrote. January 4 to March 4, 1946: Parsons writes an account, called The Book of Babalon, of the whole magick working. Jan 19-Feb 27: Parsons continues to invoke Babalon with the help of Hubbard. Feb 28: With Hubbard gone on a trip, Parsons, invoking Babalon by himself in the Mojave desert, receives a revelation of 77 clauses, which he calls Liber 49. He claimed it was the fourth part of the heretofore three-part Book of the Law (Crowley's revelation). This claim upsets many Agape Lodge members. March 1-3: Following the instructions in Liber 49, Parsons and Marjorie Cameron spend three days in ritual sex, with Hubbard in attendance, in an attempt to conceive a moonchild. March 6, 1946: Parsons writes Crowley: "I am under command of extreme secrecy. I have had the most important, devastating experience of my life." He goes on to say: "I believe it was the result of the IXth degree working with the girl [Cameron] who answered my elemental summons. I have been in direct touch with One who is most holy and Beautiful as mentioned in The Book of The Law. I cannot write the name at present. First instructions were received direct through Ron the seer. I have followed them to the letter. There was a desire for incarnation. I do not know the vehicle, but it will come to me bringing a secret sign. I am to act as instructor guardian for nine months; then it will be loosed on the world. That is all I can say now . . ." Crowley was annoyed with Parsons' secrecy, and wrote back he had no idea what Parsons was talking about. April 1946: Hubbard and Betty head to Florida with Allied Enterprise money to purchase a boat on the East Coast, to be sold on the West Coast. Parsons doesn't hear from them subsequently, because they are in fact taking a luxury vacation with Parsons' money. July 1946: Parsons tracks Hubbard and Betty to Miami, where he discovers they have purchased three boats. He files suit in Dade County court and gets possession of two of the boats, and part of the third. Parsons then dissolves Allied Enterprises, and Parsons and Hubbard part ways. But the first boat Hubbard had acquired with Allied Enterprise money had been the Diane. Hubbard would afterward combine Diane (which may have been another name for Babalon) with the then popular term cybernetics (Gk. "steersman") to form "Dianetics", the label Hubbard gave the philosophy and system of mind control which he created by combining his own science fiction concepts with the magick he learned from Jack Parsons as well from as the writings of Parsons' mentor Aleister Crowley. Later, mostly for tax reasons, Dianetics was renamed "Scientology." August 1946: Hubbard, age 37, marries Betty (Sara Northrup), age 21. Hubbard is still married to his first wife at the time. October 1946: Parsons, age 32, marries Marjorie Cameron, age 24. Crowley thinks Parsons has gone off the deep end with the Babalon working. Crowley writes Louis T. Culling: "About J.W.P.--all I can say is that I am very sorry--I felt sure that he had fine ideas, but he was led astray firstly by Smith, then he was robbed of his last penny by a confidence man named Hubbard." Sometime during 1946 Crowley suspends Parsons as OTO head. December 1946: Crowley further writes: "I have no further interest in Jack and his adventures; he is just a weak-minded fool, and must go to the devil in his own way. Requiescat in pace." 1947: Parsons becomes involved in arms for Israel, according to von Karman. Dec. 1, 1947: Aleister Crowley dies. 1948: Parsons loses his security clearance for doing classified government work, because "of his membership in a religious cult . . . believed to advocate sexual perversion . . . organized at subject's home . . . which had been reported subversive." He also breaks up with Marjorie Cameron. This break-up lasts until late 1949 or early 1950. Oct. 31, 1948: The events recorded in The Book of the Antichrist begin. He has put away magick for two years, when Babalon calls. March 1949: Parsons successfully defends himself against the subversion charges in closed court, and the Appeals Board reinstates his security clearance. 1949: Parsons writes The Manifesto of the Antichrist. September 1950: Parsons loses his job at Hughes Aircraft for being in possession of classified documents, which he was using to persuade the Israeli government to build a jet-propulsion laboratory and manufacturing plant. January 1952: The Appeals Board again revokes Parsons' security clearance. July 17, 1952: Parsons, while making preparations for a trip to Mexico, where he will build an explosives factory for the Mexican government (he tells von Karman), is killed by an explosion at his garage laboratory at 1071 South Orange Grove at 5.08 p.m. He is pronounced dead an hour later at Huntington Memorial Hospital. His mother commits suicide after hearing of the death. So. If Parsons had been involved in arms for Israel in 1947, as von Karman said, this would have been just prior to the founding of the state in 1948. This would probably imply continuing relationships afterward, hence leading to his 1950 proposal for an Israeli jet propulsion lab. Parsons was undoutedly contemplating building solid-fuel missiles as one of the by-products of the jet propulsion work. That was, after all, his specialty. This had to be the key. Parsons' beliefs about the Antichrist, and similar beliefs--say concerning the Knights Templar--would have led Parsons to focus his attention on Jerusalem. Combine this with Parsons' need to make a living. Who would Parsons have upset? Parsons calling himself the "Antichrist" was powerful stuff. It would upset Christians concerned with the same matrix: namely, the notion of an end-time clash of Christ and Antichrist around Jerusalem. http://hermetic.com/beastbay/1011038190/ Re: The Curious Story of Jack Parsons by Montana on Saturday January 19, @10:39AM Hi Libanus, i hit this website with this story about Jack Parsons too and found it's brilliant and really fun to read. Latley i talked with Author/Magician Stephen Mace about Parsons and he told me his father worked with him and that he knew "Pasons was a memeber of some sort of sex cult" whats kind of funny if you know the books by Stepehen Mace... I heard about there's a film to be produced about the story of parsons maybe "the magus" is in a way linked to this script? 93's Montana (Berlin /Grmany) This all begs the question. IF PARSONS AND JPL WERE SO GOOD...why were they not empowered by the USG to build bigger and bigger guided rockets (aka missiles) such that we could go into space? Because starting from 1945, the American Rockefeller Illuminati--that created Hitler in the first place--wanted instead to empower the Operation PAPERCLIP Nazis who had successfully bombarded London with V2 ballistic missiles to build action-reaction rockets for the "white" space program. PGMs are Nazi What is especially tragic is that the Germans got help from American rocket pioneer Robert Goddard who never got the help he needed from either the USG or private corporations composed of narrow-minded, defeatist loser assholes who like internet trolls mocked his work--as if they were doing a damn thing tangible themselves. Goddard refused to share his work with the group at JPL and struggled along on his shoe-string budget. People today with asshole attitudes really need to take a good long hard look in the mirror and ask what they see. Goddard whose health was frail from TB never knew how long he was going to live, died in 1945--and thus posed no threat to Von Braun's team newly established here in the U.S. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist Robert H. Goddard's research. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Wernher von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the Aggregat (A) series of rockets. The A-4 rocket would become well known as the V-2.[22] In 1963, von Braun reflected on the history of rocketry, and said of Goddard's work: "His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles."[7] Goddard confirmed his work was used by von Braun in 1944, shortly before the Nazis began firing V-2s at England. A V-2 crashed in Sweden and some parts were sent to an Annapolis lab where Goddard was doing research for the Navy. If this was the so-called Bï¿½ckebo Bomb, it had been procured by the British in exchange for Spitfires; Annapolis would have received some parts from them. Goddard is reported to have recognized components he had invented, and inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.[23] As you will see in the following FBI documents, many loser Americans--who themselves were sitting on their asses--were bitter about the Russians beating us into space and in a knee-jerk reaction blamed Von Braun and his fellow Nazis of deliberately dragging-the-feet and sabotaging our efforts into space. The allegations may have been true, they were just in no position as do-nothing hypocrites to complain about it. Hugo Drax = Von Braun = Otto Skorzeny in Ian Fleming's Moonraker This IS a distinct possibility...warned about as early as 1954 by Ian Fleming in Moonraker where missile expert Drax is clearly patterned after both Von Braun and Skorzeny; and he places a Soviet-supplied nuclear warhead on a supposedly test missile aimed at London to get revenge for losing WW2 to make a huge killing in the stock market--clear indications that the September 11, 2001 attacks originate within the western military-spy world--not Islamic ragheads. Moreover, Parsons may have posed a threat to the Von Braun team's monopoly control of the U.S. White Space Program and had to be eliminated as a potential competitor. Such heavy-handed, criminal actions by the USG are not unusual since American Rockefeller Illuminati fascism pre-dates German Nazi fascism--and is only less blatant in its land grabbing. The harsh handling of the earlier Maury Island and Roswell UFO incidents in 1947 come to mind; the former by self-proclaimed "disruption agent" WW2 USAAF CBI pilot Captain Fred Crisman who probably concocted the whole "Men-in-Black" (MIB) SOP for USG agents to terrorize UFO witnesses with a trojan horse message that they were ETs in order to misdirect them from their true Earthly origin as Nazi flying saucers. scribd.com/doc/123979710/B-25-Crash-Report-Maury-Island-UFOs-and-First-USAF-Dead B-25 Crash Report: Maury Island UFOs and First USAF Dead by youtube.com/watch?v=zzLptiNfqoY All the ET denials emanating from Roswell also suggest that's exactly what the USG wants us to believe happened--not that 2 years after WW2's end a large contingent of Nazis escaped and were not wiped-out to include Admiral Byrd's failed Operation HIGH JUMP invasion of Antarctica--and were spying on the American Boeing corporation B-29 bomber plant in Washington State and the 509th Bomb Group at Roswell, New Mexico operational with the world's only nuclear bombs that could threaten their DUMBs. In a show-of-force, the 4th Reich Nazis flew a formation of their flying saucers over the White House in 1952 to tell those who were still anti-Nazi within the USG to back-off--or else. For a long time, it appears from 1945 to 1962 the 4th Reich Nazis had a monopoly on AGC that flew around the world on primarily reconnaissance missions though integrating weaponry appeared difficult, the lost USMC C-46 that Kenneth Arnold was looking for appeared to have been shot-down by 20mm cannon fire--the common German Luftwaffe gun used during WW2. Some of the Nazi AGC were very crude and prone to break-downs as the Maury Island incident proved. July 19, 1952 over Puerto Maldonado, Peru this Probably 4th Reich AGC was photographed trailing smoke; South America is a huge, but discrete base of operations for these craft A decade later--according to even ET cheerleader Timothy Good, America in 1962 had begun to fly their own AGC, ending the monopoly the Nazi Germans had on such craft. Early American AGC over Albuquerque, New Mexico on 16 June, 1963 and video clip of film promotion of AGC for the U.S. Army from the 1970s. A critical part of keeping the American sheeple in-the-dark about the real, secret U.S. space program to fly by the greatest efficiency--anti-gravity--was to at least go-through-the-motions of getting into space by less efficient--but less scary--action-reaction rockets. Another possibility is that since Parson's Satanic inspiration came from the British Rothschild Illuminati school of thought emanating from Aleister Crowley--the Rockefellers as bitter rivals would not want the American rocket program lead around by the FDR/Churchill/Liberal New Deal Democrats who they just removed from power in the silent coup of placing their phony populist Harry Truman into the White House by Nazi traitor Allen Dulles murdering FDR by poison at Warm Springs, Georgia. Another clear sign of a Rockefeller Illuminati coup was the switching-out of morally-sound VP Henry Wallace for Truman just 93 days before the 1944 election. Notice the kooky false religion of Scientology created by former naval officer L. Ron Hubbard get involved in ruining Parson's life by taking his wife; as much as I like John Travolta's skills as an aviator and actor, and adore his gorgeous wife, Kelly Preston, it's a shame that such intelligent people get taken in by such cons just because they foist themselves off as technological and the true Christian beliefs as anti-high-tech which is patently false and untrue--just look at Noah's Ark as an example of how God wants man to create high-tech solutions for Earthly challenges. Its no surprise then that the OTO, Scientology as sex-centered spin-offs of the Rothschild Illuminati's British faction would be vehemently attacked by the violence-loving Rockefeller Illuminati through USG agencies like the FBI. The probable Rockefeller Illuminati instigation of the space race does not end here with esconcing the German PAPERCLIP Nazi monopoly over first the Army, then NASA. When Von Braun's people began to get very good, their budgets were cut to help the Soviets stay in the game. When Von Braun was able to put a satellite into orbit on a shoe-string, they were ordered not to do it. See a pattern here of Illuminati Hegelian interference? When the american sheeple needed a quick-fix, Von Braun and the Army were allowed to put a satellute up to keep us going, and then long-range missiles were taken away from the competent Army and given to the USAF and NASA to bungle. When the USAF figured out how to get to space efficiently with the X-20 DynaSoar aerospace plane, their knees were cut-out from under them. The game is rigged by the High Cabal. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (better read as Instigation) were hassling the Chinese-born member of the JPL team, Hsue-Shen Tsien forcing him to finally indeed become a traitor and flee America and found the Red Chinese Communist's space program: american-buddha.com/cult.jackparsoncuriousorigin.2.htm The other concerned Hsue-Shen Tsien, one of the original members of the GALCIT group with Parsons, Malina, and Forman. Von Karman considered Tsien one of his brightest students. Tsien had co-authored the paper with von Karman and Malina that lead in 1944 to the ORDCIT project: a program to develop long-range jet- propelled missiles. The first prototype was the Private A, a missile powered by a solid-fuel rocket unit manufactured under the supervision of Jack Parsons at Aerojet. Aerojet would later provide a liquid-fuel rocket motor for the spectacularly successful WAC Corporal. Tsien was thus a founding father of the U.S. missile program. In the 1960s Tsien was also credited with the successful establishment of the nuclear missile program of the People's Republic of China. Tsien was a classic case of self-fulfilled reality on the part of the U.S. government. As a Chinese citizen, Tsien was accused of being a Communist spy during the McCarthy period because he refused to testify against a colleague. Tsien's security clearance was removed. Tsien said he couldn't work under those circumstances, and threatened to return to China if his clearance wasn't restored. He made the threat to the U.S. Under Secretary of the Navy, who was ultimately responsible for some of Tsien's projects at JPL. The Under Secretary panicked and had Tsien arrested by Immigration. The U.S. government subsequently refused to let Tsien leave the country for five years, by which time he had no desire to stay. Ten years after leaving the U.S., Tsien had turned China into a missile power. DETAILS: The CHICOM Evil Clearly, the PTB are instigating wars and economic rivalries as per their favored Hegelian problem-solution-synthesis modus operandi (MO). As one of their false prophets, Leo Strauss taught a national lie must be created to con the sheeple into servitude for the elites. It would not be surprising at all that we only placed astronauts into orbit and pretended to land them on the moon to create the American technological superiority myth over the Russians to "win the space race" in 1969. Film maker Stanley Kubrick was instrumental (pun intended) in the Apollo moon landing fakery and when he tried to alert us with coded messages in films like The Shining and Eyes Wide Shut; he paid for these warnings with his life. When you read the FBI's disturbing Group 1 documents (where are group 2 and other documents?) they have partially revealed to us on Von Braun, keep in mind that the German mentality of the noble lie to create maximum freedom-of-action for the supermen from the sheeple. american-buddha.com/lit.nazishambhalaberzin.htm The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) also emphasized the concept of the ï¿½bermensch (superman) and began his work, Der Antichrist (The Antichrist) (1888) with the line, "Let us see ourselves for what we are. We are Hyperboreans. We know well enough how we are living off that track." Although Nietzsche never mentioned vril, yet in his posthumously-published collection of aphorisms, Der Wille zur Macht (The-Will-to-Power), he emphasized the role of an internal force for superhuman development. He wrote that "the herd," meaning common persons, strives for security within itself through creating morality and rules, whereas the supermen have an internal vital force that drives them to go beyond the herd. That force necessitates and drives them to lie to the herd in order to remain independent and free from the "herd mentality." In The Arctic Home of the Vedas (1903), the early advocate of Indian freedom, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, added a further touch by identifying the southern migration of the Thuleans with the origin of the Aryan race. Thus, many Germans in the early twentieth century believed that they were the descendants of the [underground] Aryans who had migrated south from Hyperborea-Thule [after the flood/ice ages] and who were destined to become the master race of supermen through the power of vril. Hitler was among them. Was He a Nazi? Von Braun = Drax in MOONRAKER? youtube.com/watch?v=ApFBZRhEIBI Von Braun's (VB) full name is unusual: Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr von Braun Prussian aristocratic family, anti-Nazi? How did he rise to power then? Had horseback riding and pilot skills Father, mother, brother, wife brought to FT BLISS--whatever happened to them? Anyone still alive? Brother, Magnus--a PAPERCLIP chemist Magnus sold platimum bar to jeweler for $100.00 got in trouble, VB beat him; FBI tolerated this Himmler persecution of VB in jail only freed because Dornberger insisted no V2 otherwise smells--like retaliation for father's anti-Nazism views? Later on in FBI docs VB says he said it was too bad we are using these rockets to hurt people etc. Confidential Informant T-1 bullshit--are we as fucking evil as the Nazis or what? Why after all these years still hiding identities of trash-talkers? Is this FBI or Oprah Winfrey gossip bureaucracy? 2 asshole informants speak out-their-ass that VB is a Nazi and would return to Germany when on its feet again (OOPS! that didn't happen) PAGE 75: FOIA Section 552 (b)(7)(c) loophole BS rears its ugly head in 1985 hand-written caption--and all throughout the 400+ pages! This BS loophole needs to be repealed. Another anonymous asshole claims VB and company are dragging-their-feet so we got beat by Sputnik--LTG Gavin says it was Navy, USAF and DoD assholes who stymied us--when we finally did get a satellite it was on VB's Jupiter C WHO are the "us" assholes saying this? Who is the guy drooling over Hoover's saying in handwriting he fears for VB's life? a former POTUS? A Rockefeller? Good points about VB evading postal spying by mailing letters from a post office away from Huntsville--guilty demeanor or just tired of USG BS? scribd.com/doc/127874008/Von-Braun-Drax-in-MOONRAKER?-Part-1b Why the 1985 redaction of someone claiming VB is a Nazi from 19fucking 57? Is the mfer still alive in 1985? FBI didn't redact crank? Hilzinger's name, WTFO? worthpoint.com/worthopedia/ecuador-1932-first-flight-cover-128946029 Colecciï¿½n "AEROPHILATELY- POSTAL HISTORY OF ECUADOR" de mi padre alemï¿½n Professor REINHOLD A. HILZINGER Interesting VB bio mag article--older brother was in Vatican when Allies liberated it? What happened to him? Crank reports threats on VB and X-15 pilot [Crossfield?]? Prudes praise VB? If so, more Germanic anti-sex mentality VB IFR rated pilot? Page 46-47 oil in magneto deliberate sabotage--yet FBI did nothing? WTFO? Page 88: MFkers at FBI refuse VB to speak at breakfast; homofaggot Tolson says he is a phony (as if he has done jack shiite in his life) and Hoover concurred; sounds like they are envious at all the public adulation VB gets doing TANGIBLE things while they go around smearing folks. Page 91 what allegation? VB showed proof they were BS allegations--yet FBI pooh poohs it. Nice. scribd.com/doc/127874072/Von-Braun-Drax-in-MOONRAKER?-Part-1c WTFO? Marry your cousin? Smacks of typical Illuminati inter-breeding. Was VB an Illuminati member? Brief trips to Juarez? To contact 4th Reichsters perhaps? daughter--where is she? Iris Careen VB Did he have a Son? Peter Constantine VB? Brother Magnus was 41 in 1970--would be 84 in 2013. Brother Sigimund was 49 in 1970--would be 92 in 2013. BS Gestapo arrest of VB for saying something the Nazis didn't like (sounds like America today), fake trial notation Why redacting a SA name on page 32? Is he special or something? Page 65 says he had a 2nd daughter Margerite VB. How old today? Still alive? scribd.com/doc/127874012/Von-Braun-Drax-in-MOONRAKER?-Part-1d OBSERVATIONS CIA snooping on brother who works at the Vatican? Why? P.12 Hoover and his lady (Tolson?) invited to watch movie on VB's life (must have made them gag reading this RSVP) by U.S. Senator; FBI agents must have got a rise out of it. I Shoot for the Stars imdb.com/title/tt0053440/ youtube.com/watch?v=1iB2uPzzdIw 007 Synchronicity: Jurgens plays VB--007 connections in 1977 The Spy Who Loved Me (TSWLM) where he played main villain; was also in 1969 Assassination Bureau with Telly Savalas and ubersexy Diana Rigg Notive VB flying a small observation plane enables him to document what's going wrong with their V2 rockets by high-speed camera work--VB apparently could mix & match technologies. VB: eggheads need isolated concentration to work their necessary magic--good piece of wisdom scribd.com/doc/127875181/Von-Braun-Drax-in-MOONRAKER?-Part-1e VB smearing a rival thru Jewish wife--murdered in camp (awful if true; disqualifies him from admiration) PAGE 8 PAPERCLIP Names PAGE 25 Spies in NYC with homing beacons to guide long-range missiles to hit; Fleming knew of early ballistic missile self-guidance weakness--and wrote about it in Dr. No. scribd.com/doc/123117709/Operation-PAPERCLIP Operation PAPERCLIP by James Gavin Jr. Both anti-VB biographer and FBI commentator don't realize that fascism was born in the USA by the Rockefeller Illuminati robber barons at the dawn of the Industrial Age--its not REACTIONARY against Socialism/Communism since it PRE-DATES Marx/Engels in the late 1880s--who were the one "reacting" against industrialism. It should be no surprise that the Rockefeller Illuminati that put Hitler into power in the first place to effect technoterrorism to get advanced war weapons would embrace at war's end the same efforts under the flag of the red, white and blue--those who died in the process too bad. America only went to war against Nazi Germany because FDR/Churchill/Fleming baited the Japanese to attack some of our old battleships at Pearl Harbor to oblige Hitler to declare war on us. Most of America was far too disgustingly sympathetic to Hitler's Nazis with a smug, pull-yourself-up-by-your-own-boot-strap attitude fed them by Wall Street . Of course, action-reaction rockets give us satellites circling the Earth and space stations--but that's about all they can do. If Von Braun was even limited in this field by ignoring Oberth's proposed efficiencies, then he offers a "limited technological hang-out" of what is actually possible to the sheeple in the WHITE Space Program while the BLACK, secret one does whatsoever it wills-to-power (deliberate pun-ification of Nazi and Satanist sloganry). The question still has to be asked: Was Von Braun aware of German AGC technologies? I'd conclude he did judging by his commentary on Roswell and that he used to do dinner and cigars with Aleister Crowley and Arthur C. Clark in London having space travel pep talks as reported by Jay Weidner. With Von Braun directly connected to Crowley--and hence aware of the brilliant Parsons at the rival JPL, it is not that far-fetched that he may have ordered the "hit" on him--just like he did to keep rivals out during WW2. He had the motive and the opportunity by being the darling of the USG to pull this off. Who benefited the most with Parsons out of the way? Though in the video biography he states he was a Lutheran, the question has to be asked if he is associating with the likes of Clark and Crowley is he were not initiatited into an Illuminati secret society where space travel is one of their central religious beliefs aka theosophism--man will become God and save himself through technology. So while we can peek down from space or high above the Earth like we used U-2 flights over Tibet to plan military insurgency operations against the Chinese Communists as detailed in The CIA's Secret War in Tibet ; its one thing to ascertain drop zones for paratroopers and supplies --its another more challenging thing to detect and track alert enemies on-the-move who don't want to be detected. Air Recon to be effective must be closer to the ground--and men must be in the aircraft to win this cat versus mouse game. Why are Our Men Still Getting Blown Up by Land Mines? Where is our Air Reconnaissance? Scrutinizing MCWP 3-26 Air Reconnaissance, one gets an overly rosy picture of our battlefield recon capabilities. scribd.com/doc/123139959/MCWP-3-26-Air-Reconnaissance MCWP 3-26 Air Reconnaissance by James Gavin Jr. Most of these aircraft are carrier-based and you will never see them on land. Others are retired and no longer fly. The gyrenes forgot all about the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior scout helicopters, which though they can collect good intel they can't fly long and often enough to provide 24/7/365 coverage. Window Dressing: BLUE = sea-based or not likely available to the lowly ground unit RED = not true; plane retired or moves too fast or flies too high YELLOW = plane worn-out, not likely available USMC Braggadocio Remove the USMC BS; Reality Not-So-Hot RED = Be REAL; bloated aircraft are not going to fly recon missions just so hand-held cameras can be operated by busy pilots so they can have "controlled flight into terrain". Hey they are marines....they can find cable cars to clip and murder civilians while joy flighting... The "centerpiece" of USN-USMC reconnaissance, the low power-to-weight ratio, Mach 1.8 (mildly supersonic) 2-seat F/A-18 Super Hornet simply cannot fly fast and agile enough to survive against enemy air defense AAA and SAMs or highly agile SU-35 Flankers. Gene Hackman and Owen Wilson movie "Behind Enemy Lines" showcases how easy it is to shoot down a Super Hornet (it's all dying U.S. naval aviation has): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_Enemy_Lines_(film) Flight Navigator Lieutenant Chris Burnett ( Owen Wilson ), and Pilot Lieutenant Jeremy Stackhouse ( Gabriel Macht ) are assigned a reconnaissance mission over Bosnia. During the reconnaissance mission, they spot suspicious activity in the no-fly zone that NATO aircraft are prohibited from entering. The same area is also a demilitarized zone that armed factions are not allowed to engage in military activity. Burnett persuades Stackhouse to fly their F/A-18F Super Hornet off-course to get a close look on the target and take photos of it . However, both men do not realize that they photographed mass graves , and Serbs in the area spot the jet. The local Bosnian Serb Army commander, General Miroslav Lokar ( Olek Krupa ), is conducting a secret genocidal campaign against the local Muslim population within the demilitarized zone. Not wanting the mass graves to be discovered, Lokar orders the plane to be shot down. Despite trying to outmaneuver the missiles shot at them, the aircraft is hit and Stackhouse and Burnett are forced to eject over Serb-held territory along the Bosnia- Serbia border. Horrible IR signature of a F-18 If you are going to be a successful spy plane to overfly enemy nation-state defense it needs to be fast, very low or very high flying or stealthy---the Super Hornet is none of these things. In fact, the U.S. military is dangerously over-matched by Russian and Chinese-made high-performance SU-35 fighter-bombers that use multiple missiles to defeat our stealth airframes: KILLER BEES 4: Dude! I Sunk Your Airfield! One of the mission capabilities we've lost with the bloated, low-performance Stupor Hornet is the low-level reconnaissance pass using the terrain to mask the plane and pilot like daring USAF RF-101 Vodoo pilots did during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis to get close-in imagery of what the Soviets and Cubans were up to. Take a look at the picture below--the RF-101 pilot is flying so damn low you can see his own shadow on the ground as the Cubans and Russians scatter to get behind anti-aircraft guns to shoot at him. THAT'S COURAGE. Bamford writes in Chapter 4 of his brilliant book (until the end where he absurdly portrays 9/11-according-to-the-lying-USG-script who earlier he stated could not be trusted to not instigate false flag attacks to con the sheeple into wars--go figure!), Bodyguard of Secrets: american-buddha.com/lit.bodyofsecrets.4.htm But by Friday, October 26, the results of low-level photography indicated that the Russians and Cubans were rapidly attempting to complete the four medium-range-missile site. "Although no additional missiles or erectors had been seen,~' said a Joint Chiefs report, "neither was there evidence of any intention to move or dismantle the sites. Camouflage and canvas covering of critical equipment was continuing." Proposed Fatal Low-Level Reconnaissance As Excuse to Invade Cuba Before Bamford drinks the 9/11 USG Kool-Aid, he reveals yet another proposed MILINDCOMP con-job to instigate a war. In May 1963 [Note this is AFTER the 1962 Cuban missile crisis], Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze sent a plan to the White House proposing "a possible scenario whereby an attack on a United States reconnaissance aircraft could be exploited toward the end of effecting the removal of the Castro regime." In the event Cuba attacked a U-2, the plan proposed sending in additional American pilots, this time on dangerous, unnecessary low-level-reconnaissance missions with the expectation that they would also be shot down, thus provoking a war. "[T]he U.S. could undertake various measures designed to stimulate the Cubans to provoke a new incident," said the plan. Nitze, however, did not volunteer to be one of the pilots. One idea involved sending fighters across the island on "harassing reconnaissance" and "show-off" missions "flaunting our freedom of action, hoping to stir the Cuban military to action." "Thus," said the plan, "depending above all on whether the Cubans were or could be made to be trigger-happy, the development of the initial downing of a reconnaissance plane could lead at best to the elimination of Castro, perhaps to the removal of Soviet troops and the installation of ground inspection in Cuba, or at the least to our demonstration of firmness on reconnaissance." About a month later, a low-level flight was made across Cuba, but unfortunately for the Pentagon, instead of bullets it produced only a protest. As we've seen, earlier during the Cuban missile crisis, USAF pilots in RF-101s screamed across Cuba to gain more detail than what the high-flying U-2s could collect. None were shot-down by skillful USAF route planning and execution. Nitze wanted to help the Cubans shoot-down our pilots by increasing their odds by offering more targets to them to get his pre-text for an invasion. If he had the slow crap F/A-18s we have today, it wouldn't be very hard to instigate multiple shoot-downs.However, they don't fly slow enough and are not armored to help our ground maneuver forces, either. In sub-national conflicts, paradoxically, the Super Hornet flies too fast and not often enough to help ground troops. So even if there is no enemy counter-air threat and Super Hornets are land-based and you go through the bureaucracy to "mother, may I?" to get them assigned, they fly TOO FAST to provide visual observation for use as an Airborne Forward Air Controller (AFAC) though the second seat observer is a good CONCEPT the marines should get praised for at least trying. redicecreations.com/specialreports/2006/02feb/themoon.html Possible First Sighting of the Moon by Man and Flashes of Light One of the most fascinating of the lunar observations are flashes of light. Ancient authors such as Aristotle and Plutarch wrote about a group called the Proselenes of Greece. This group claims to have existed before the Moon was in orbit. Hieroglyphs found near the city of Tiahuanaco, Bolivia record the Moon entering into orbit about 11,500 to 13,000 years ago. On July 29, 1953, John J. O'Neill observed a 12-mile-long bridge straddling the crater Mare Crisium. In August, British astronomer Dr. H.P. Wilkens verified its presence, "It looks artificial. It's almost incredible that such a thing could have been formed in the first instance, or if it was formed, could have lasted during the ages in which the Moon has been in existence." An obelisk-shaped object that towers 1 miles from the Ukert area of the Moon's surface, was discovered by Orbiter 3 in 1968. Dr. Bruce Cornet, who studied the amazing photographs, stated, "No known natural process can explain such a structure." One of the most curious features ever photographed on the Lunar surface (Lunar Orbiter photograph III-84M) is an amazing spire that rises more than 5 miles from the Sinus Medii region of the lunar surface. The Obelisks: Lunar Orbiter II took several photographs in November 1966 that showed several obelisks, one of which was more than 150 feet tall. "...the spires were arranged in precisely the same was as the apices of the three great pyramids." [4] wunderkabinett.co.uk/damndata/index.php?/archives/369-Hollow-Moon.html Who Built the Moon? author Christopher Knight says: The Moon is not only extremely odd in its construction; it also behaves in a way that is nothing less than miraculous. It is exactly four hundred times smaller than the Sun but four hundred times closer to the Earth so that both the Sun and the Moon appear to be precisely the same size in the sky ? which gives us the phenomenon we call a total eclipse. Whilst we take this for granted it has been called the biggest coincidence in the universe. Furthermore, the Moon mirrors the movement of the Sun in the sky by rising and setting at the same point on the horizon as the Sun does at opposite solstices. For example, this means the Moon rises at midwinter at the same place the Sun does at midsummer. There is no logical reason why the Moon mimics the Sun in this way and it is only meaningful to a human standing on the Earth. Not only is the Moon an apparently impossible object, it has some unique benefits for us humans. It has been nothing less than an incubator for life. If the Moon was not exactly the size, mass and distance that it has been at each stage of the Earth's "evolution"? there would be no intelligent life here. Scientists are agreed that we owe everything to the Moon. It acts as a stabilizer that holds our planet at just the right angle to produce the seasons and keep water liquid across most of the planet. Without our Moon the Earth would be as dead and solid as Venus. The question of why the Moon had to be built is easy to answer: To produce all life, especially humans. Knight goes on to make the absurd theosophic conclusion that HUMANS (that means us) created the moon in our FUTURE and went back in time. Mr. Occam? The more logical explanation is that GOD created the moon--after he tilted the Earth at it's 23 degree axis tilt to create the post-flood world we live in today. Recon-by-SIGINT: Why Don't We Radar-Map the Moon? As you have been reading this web page you will note that the sensor collection of recon data can be optical as well as other wave-lengths like radar and infared. While we began with the AIR PLATFORMS needed to get proximity and line-of-sight to collect this data and then progressed to more drastic aerospace and space means, we don't want to overlook the biggest "platform" of all--the planet we are on now--THE EARTH which is travelling at 66, 000 mph around the sun. SIGnal INTelligence (SIGINT) is the main focus of Bamford's book Body of Secrets which we have quoted from extensively. Not as sexy as high-performance aircraft and aerospace craft, but a necessary means to get-to-the-bottom of the whole artificial artifacts issue. Q: Why don't we bounce waves off the moon to map it and surveil it to detect UFOs? american-buddha.com/lit.bodyofsecrets.5.htm The Oxford would be unlike any other ship ever sent to sea. To quickly get intercepts from the ship to NSA, a unique sixteen-foot dish-shaped antenna was installed on its fantail. On December 15, the Oxford became the first ship at sea ever to receive a message bounced off the moon. "Signaling another first in communications by the Navy," said the message from the Chief of Naval Operations, "this message being sent to you from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Field Station, Stump Neck, Maryland, via the moon." A few weeks later, the Oxford left Norfolk on its first operational cruise, an eavesdropping sweep off eastern South America. After a brief visit to Colon, Panama, it crossed the equator and sailed to Recife, Brazil; Montevideo, Uruguay; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Along the way, the ship successfully used its moon-bounce antenna to send information back to Washington -- another first. In addition to speed, the moon-bounce antenna also provided the ship with stealth. Unlike the standard high-frequency communications, which were vulnerable to foreign direction-finding antennas, the moon-bounce signal was virtually undetectable because it used hard-to-intercept directional microwave signals. The moon-bounce system was also immune to jamming. Ground stations for the system were located at Cheltenham, Maryland, near NSA; Wahiawa, Hawaii; Sobe, Okinawa; and Oakhanger, in the United Kingdom. A: an astrophysicist wrote back: "Hi Mike, Great idea! Moon has already been mapped by radar. However, there are problems with trying to radar surveil the moon's vicinity for satellites (UFO's etc.) from earth because of the inverse 4th power effect. Radar is used to track satellites out to geosynchronous orbit at about 22,000 miles but the moon is about 10 times farther away. Inverse 4th power means that the returned signal (already extremely weak out to 22,000 miles and back) is reduced even further by a factor of 10x10x10x10 = 10,000 times. The moon is 2,000 miles in size, a very big target even for a weakly reflecting non-metallic surface, so it returns a radar signal much better than a tiny possibly metallic target only say 100 feet in size. So there are lots of tradeoffs." I replied that WE haven't mapped the moon by radar--THEY have. I was suggesting PRIVATE CITIZENS radar-map the moon because the GOVERNMENT cannot be trusted, period. There are supposed to be artificially-created objects on the moon. I don't want to hear any more speculation about it, I want to get-to-the-bottom-of-it. This means a non-governmental inquiry. In fact, we should cancel ALL space exploration by the USG; they are only going to keep to themselves whatever they find to satisfy their Illuminati urges, anyway. If someone like a billionaire Richard Branson actually wants to help WE THE SHEEPLE, then he should fund a PRIVATE SIGINT recon of say the moon and examine the now famous artifacts that are supposed to be there like "the shard" Hoagland (his girlfriend is hot) and others obsess over. The private SIGINT mission should transmit in real time the data to the internet without any delay so the Illuminati cannot interfere with what's found. I realize that a honest SIGINT of the moon would reveal artificial structures and the ETH cheerleaders will then pontificate on this for their BS agenda. We have to start somewhere with space exploration. Remember that? The Illuminati feeding their space lusts using our hard-earned tax dollars needs to stop. Let them fund their Satan/Lucifer-centric boondoggles with their own drug and war trade criminal profits. In the analysis of what's found it will be up to those of us who are not so gullible to remind everyone that just because we find a cool-looking artificial structure on a planet or moon does not mean Steven Spielberg space brothers did it. We know for a FACT that supernatural entities exist---they are called DEMONS. So we can cut out all the wailing and whining crap about "we are not alone". We have never been "alone". Get over it. Now stop being a gullible idiot and buying into the deception they feed you--this is NOT a science experiment of automatic, natural processes at work--repeatable in a test tube experiment. IT'S A CRIME SCENE. Evil intelligent beings are mind-fuking us and what you see of the scene has to be treated as such--that it is being staged for our manipulation. Demons ARE up to the job of making PHYSICAL things--as the evidence below proves. Beware of Signs Being Planted to Con You! The same intelligent, non-Earthly life-forms doing the "ghost" thing do the "crashed UFO thing" = DEMONS. And pay attention: they can leave PHYSICAL objects to fool the "Doubting Thomas's". This can be as subtle as microbial traces in meteorites: csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0307/Alien-fossils-found-in-meteorite-Scientists-urge-skepticism In deception operations, all it often takes is a subtle hint to deceive your intended target. Think of all the fake "poison pen" letters that were forged by BSC/SOE et al to make specific Nazi individuals look like they were betraying Hitler that got them executed... Another example is offered below. http://mysteriesaroundus.blogspot.com/2007_07_15_archive.html	i don't know
In terms of land area, which is the largest country to be situated wholly in Europe?	What is the largest country located entirely within Europe? What is the largest country located entirely within Europe? (Scroll down for the answer!) Russia, located on over 6.3 million square miles of land, is the largest country by land mass in Europe (and in the world) BUT it extends across northern Asia as well as northern Europe. If you counted overseas regions, the largest European country would be France, comprising over 247 thousand square miles. The largest country located entirely within Europe is c) Ukraine, situated on over 223 thousand square miles. Once part of the Soviet Union, the Ukraine became independent when the USSR dissolved in 1991. What is your favorite European country and why? Let us know in the comments! Photo of European post cards by clarita (Creative Commons) Share this post: Filed Under: BLOG , TRAVEL TRIVIA Tagged With: europe , Travel Trivia About Colleen Lanin, The Travel Mama Colleen Lanin is the founder/editor-in-chief of TravelMamas.com. As the author of her book, "The Travel Mamas' Guide," she teaches parents not only how to survive a trip with children, but also how to love exploring the world with their offspring. Her stories have appeared online and in print for such outlets as the "Today" show, NBCNews.com, Parenting Magazine, Orlando Sentinel, Chicago Tribune, Expedia, San Diego Family Magazine, and more. Colleen gives tips on television, radio, and as a public speaker. She has a master’s degree in business administration with a background in marketing. She lives in Arizona with her husband and two kids. Speak Your Mind	Ukraine
In Morse Code which letter is represented by dash, dash, dot, dot?	Fun Russia Facts for Kids - Interesting Information about Russia The official name for Russia is the Russian Federation. Russia shares borders with many countries, including China , Ukraine, North Korea and Norway. In terms of land area, Russia is the largest country in the world. Russia is located across 9 time zones. At the beginning of 2013, Russia was estimated to have a population of around 143 million. Russian is the official language of Russia but there are many other languages used in various parts of the country. The capital and largest city in Russia is Moscow. Other major cities in Russia include Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk. Russians drive on the right-hand side of the road. The currency used in Russia is the ruble. Russia has a wide range of natural resources and is one of the world’s largest producers of oil. The world’s first satellite, named Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The Soviet Union (USSR) was a socialist state that occupied much of northern Asia and eastern Europe from 1922 until it was dissolved in 1991. Former Soviet states include Lithuania, Georgia, Latvia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and others. The official residence of the Russian president is the Kremlin in Moscow. The name Kremlin means fortress. Russia is one of 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council, along with the US, UK, China and France. Russia has over 40 national parks and 100 wildlife reserves. Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in the world. It reaches 1642 metres (5,387 feet) in depth and contains around 20% of the world’s unfrozen fresh water. Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in Russia (and Europe), it reaches a height of 5642 metres (18,510 feet). Russia’s Volga River is the longest in Europe, with a length of around 3690 kilometres (2293 miles). Russia has the world’s largest area of forests. Russia produces a large amount of renewable energy thanks to its well developed hydropower stations. Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympic Games. Basketball, ice hockey and football (soccer) are popular sports in Russia. For more information, check out maps of Russia or take a closer look at the Russian flag . More Country Facts!	i don't know
In which year was the battle of the Alamo?	The Alamo - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Early History of the Alamo Spanish settlers built the Mission San Antonio de Valero, named for St. Anthony of Padua, on the banks of the San Antonio River around 1718. They also established the nearby military garrison of San Antonio de Béxar, which soon became the center of a settlement known as San Fernando de Béxar (later renamed San Antonio). The Mission San Antonio de Valero housed missionaries and their Native American converts for some 70 years until 1793, when Spanish authorities secularized the five missions located in San Antonio and distributed their lands among local residents. Did You Know? Ten years after Texas won its independence and shortly after it was annexed by the United States, U.S. soldiers revived the "Remember the Alamo!" battle cry while fighting against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. Beginning in the early 1800s, Spanish military troops were stationed in the abandoned chapel of the former mission. Because it stood in a grove of cottonwood trees, the soldiers called their new fort “El Alamo” after the Spanish word for cottonwood and in honor of Alamo de Parras, their hometown in Mexico . Military troops–first Spanish, then rebel and later Mexican–occupied the Alamo during and after Mexico’s successful war for independence from Spain in the early 1820s. In the summer of 1821, Stephen Austin arrived in San Antonio along with some 300 U.S. families that the Spanish government had allowed to settle in Texas . The migration of U.S. citizens to Texas increased over the next decades, sparking a revolutionary movement that would erupt into armed conflict by the mid-1830s. The Battle of the Alamo In December 1835, in the early stages of Texas’ war for independence from Mexico, a group of Texan (or Texian) volunteers led by George Collinsworth and Benjamin Milam overwhelmed the Mexican garrison at the Alamo and captured the fort, seizing control of San Antonio. By mid-February 1836, Colonel James Bowie and Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis had taken command of Texan forces in San Antonio. Though Sam Houston , the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Texan forces, argued that San Antonio should be abandoned due to insufficient troop numbers, the Alamo’s defenders–led by Bowie and Travis–dug in nonetheless, prepared to defend the fort to the last. These defenders, who despite later reinforcements never numbered more than 200, included Davy Crockett , the famous frontiersman and former congressman from Tennessee , who had arrived in early February. On February 23, a Mexican force comprising somewhere between 1,800 and 6,000 men (according to various estimates) and commanded by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna began a siege of the fort. The Texans held out for 13 days, but on the morning of March 6 Mexican forces broke through a breach in the outer wall of the courtyard and overpowered them. Santa Anna ordered his men to take no prisoners, and only a small handful of the Texans were spared. One of these was Susannah Dickinson , the wife of Captain Almaron Dickinson (who was killed) and her infant daughter Angelina. Santa Anna sent them to Houston’s camp in Gonzalez with a warning that a similar fate awaited the rest of the Texans if they continued their revolt. The Mexican forces also suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of the Alamo, losing between 600 and 1,600 men. Legacy of the Alamo From March to May, Mexican forces once again occupied the Alamo. For the Texans, the Battle of the Alamo became a symbol of heroic resistance and a rallying cry in their struggle for independence. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston and some 800 Texans defeated Santa Anna’s Mexican force of 1,500 men at San Jacinto (near the site of present-day Houston), shouting “Remember the Alamo!” as they attacked. The victory ensured the success of Texan independence: Santa Anna, who had been taken prisoner, came to terms with Houston to end the war. In May, Mexican troops in San Antonio were ordered to withdraw, and to demolish the Alamo’s fortifications as they went. In 1845, the United States annexed Texas. For many years afterward, the U.S. Army quartered troops and stored supplies at the Alamo. In 1883, the state of Texas purchased the Alamo, later acquiring property rights to all the surrounding grounds. The Daughters of the Republic of Texas, a women’s organization including descendants of the earliest Texan residents, has managed the Alamo since 1905. Today, more than 2.5 million people a year visit the 4.2-acre site, which includes some original structures dating back to the mission period. Tags	1836
Which poisonous compound was used by a religous cult in deadly attacks on the Tokyo subway in 1995?	ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE \| The Handbook of Texas Online\| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Site ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE Painting, Dawn at the Alamo, by Henry Arthur McArdle, hanging in the Senate Chamber of the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas. Courtesy of the Library of Congress . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The siege and the final assault on the Alamo in 1836 constitute the most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. The battle was conspicuous for the large number of illustrious personalities among its combatants. These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett , entrepreneur-adventurer James Bowie , and Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna . Although not nationally famous at the time, William Barret Travis achieved lasting distinction as commander at the Alamo. For many Americans and most Texans, the battle has become a symbol of patriotic sacrifice. Traditional popular depictions, including novels, stage plays, and motion pictures, emphasize legendary aspects that often obscure the historical event. Campaigns of the Texas Revolution Map (1928), original image drawn by Joseph L. Cain. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . Map of Fort Defiance, La Bahia Mission, March 2, 1836. Courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . To understand the real battle, one must appreciate its strategic context in the Texas Revolution . In December 1835 a Federalist army of Texan (or Texian , as they were called) immigrants, American volunteers, and their Tejano allies had captured the town from a Centralist force during the siege of Bexar . With that victory, a majority of the Texan volunteers of the "Army of the People" left service and returned to their families. Nevertheless, many officials of the provisional government feared the Centralists would mount a spring offensive. Two main roads led into Texas from the Mexican interior. The first was the Atascosito Road , which stretched from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, and finally into the heart of Austin's colony. The second was the Old San Antonio Road , a camino real that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing ) and wound northeastward through San Antonio de Béxar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and across the Sabine River into Louisiana. Two forts blocked these approaches into Texas: Presidio La Bahía (Nuestra Señora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Each installation functioned as a frontier picket guard, ready to alert the Texas settlements of an enemy advance. James Clinton Neill received command of the Bexar garrison. Some ninety miles to the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , subsequently took command at Goliad. Most Texan settlers had returned to the comforts of home and hearth. Consequently, newly arrived American volunteers-some of whom counted their time in Texas by the week-constituted a majority of the troops at Goliad and Bexar. Both Neill and Fannin determined to stall the Centralists on the frontier. Still, they labored under no delusions. Without speedy reinforcements, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahía could long withstand a siege. James Lee Ewing of Alabama taking a letter from Alamo Commander Lt. Colonel James C. Neill. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . James C. Neill to Sam Houston. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . At Bexar were some twenty-one artillery pieces of various caliber. Because of his artillery experience and his regular army commission, Neill was a logical choice to command. Throughout January he did his best to fortify the mission fort on the outskirts of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson , chief engineer at the Alamo, installed most of the cannons on the walls. Jameson boasted to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists stormed the Alamo, the defenders could "whip 10 to 1 with our artillery." Such predictions proved excessively optimistic. Far from the bulk of Texas settlements, the Bexar garrison suffered from a lack of even basic provender. On January 14 Neill wrote Houston that his people were in a "torpid, defenseless condition." That day he dispatched a grim message to the provisional government: "Unless we are reinforced and victualled, we must become an easy prey to the enemy, in case of an attack." Portrait of Jim Bowie (circa 1820). Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . By January 17, Houston had begun to question the wisdom of maintaining Neill' s garrison at Bexar. On that date he informed Governor Henry Smith that Col. James Bowie and a company of volunteers had left for San Antonio. Many have cited this letter as proof that Houston ordered the Alamo abandoned. Yet, Houston's words reveal the truth of the matter: "I have ordered the fortifications in the town of Bexar to be demolished, and, if you should think well of it, I will remove all the cannon and other munitions of war to Gonzales and Copano, blow up the Alamo and abandon the place, as it will be impossible to keep up the Station with volunteers, the sooner I can be authorized the better it will be for the country [italics added]." Houston may have wanted to raze the Alamo, but he was clearly requesting Smith's consent. Ultimately, Smith did not "think well of it" and refused to authorize Houston' s proposal. On January 19, Bowie rode into the Alamo compound, and what he saw impressed him. As a result of much hard work, the mission had begun to look like a fort. Neill, who well knew the consequences of leaving the camino real unguarded, convinced Bowie that the Alamo was the only post between the enemy and Anglo settlements. Neill's arguments and his leadership electrified Bowie. "I cannot eulogize the conduct & character of Col. Neill too highly," he wrote Smith; "no other man in the army could have kept men at this post, under the neglect they have experienced." On February 2 Bowie wrote Smith that he and Neill had resolved to "die in these ditches" before they would surrender the post. The letter confirmed Smith's understanding of controlling factors. He had concluded that Bexar must not go undefended. Rejecting Houston's advice, Smith prepared to funnel additional troops and provisions to San Antonio. In brief, Houston had asked for permission to abandon the post. Smith considered his request. The answer was no. William B. Travis. Courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . Colonel Neill had complained that "for want of horses," he could not even "send out a small spy company." If the Alamo were to function as an early-warning station, Neill had to have outriders. Now fully committed to bolstering the Bexar garrison, Smith directed Lt. Col. William B. Travis to take his "Legion of Cavalry" and report to Neill. Only thirty horsemen responded to the summons. Travis pleaded with Governor Smith to reconsider: "I am unwilling to risk my reputation (which is ever dear to a soldier) by going off into the enemy' s country with such little means, and with them so badly equipped." Travis threatened to resign his commission, but Smith ignored these histrionics. At length, Travis obeyed orders and dutifully made his way toward Bexar with his thirty troopers. Reinforcements began to trickle into Bexar. On February 3, Travis and his cavalry contingent reached the Alamo. The twenty-six-year-old cavalry officer had traveled to his new duty station under duress. Yet, like Bowie, he soon became committed to Neill and the fort, which he began to describe as the "key to Texas." About February 8, David Crockett arrived with a group of American volunteers. William Barret Travis' Letter from the Alamo (1836). Courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives Commision . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Courtesy of the Library of Congress . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . The Immortal 32 Monument. Courtesy of the Gonzales Memorial Museum . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . On February 14 Neill departed on furlough. He learned that illness had struck his family and that they desperately needed him back in Bastrop. While on leave, Neill labored to raise funds for his Bexar garrison. He promised that he would resume command when circumstances permitted, certainly within twenty days, and left Travis in charge as acting post commander. Neill had not intended to slight the older and more experienced Bowie, but Travis, like Neill, held a regular army commission. For all of his notoriety, Bowie was still just a volunteer colonel. The Alamo's volunteers, accustomed to electing their officers, resented having this regular officer foisted upon them. Neill had been in command since January; his maturity, judgment, and proven ability had won the respect of both regulars and volunteers. Travis, however, was unknown. The volunteers insisted on an election, and their acting commander complied with their wishes. The garrison cast its votes along party lines: the regulars voted for Travis, the volunteers for Bowie. In a letter to Smith, Travis claimed that the election and Bowie's subsequent conduct had placed him in an "awkward situation." The night following the balloting, Bowie dismayed Bexar residents with his besotted carousal. He tore through the town, confiscating private property and releasing convicted felons from jail. Appalled by this disorderly exhibition, Travis assured the governor that he refused to assume responsibility "for the drunken irregularities of any man"-not even the redoubtable Jim Bowie. Fortunately, this affront to Travis's sense of propriety did not produce a lasting breach between the two commanders. They struck a compromise: Bowie would command the volunteers, Travis the regulars. Both would co-sign all orders and correspondence until Neill's return. There was no more time for personality differences. They had learned that Santa Anna's Centralist army had reached the Rio Grande. Though Travis did not believe that Santa Anna could reach Bexar until March 15, his arrival on February 23 convinced him otherwise. As Texans gathered in the Alamo, Travis dispatched a hastily scribbled missive to Gonzales: "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the garrison to the last." Travis and Bowie understood that the Alamo could not hold without additional forces. Their fate now rested with the General Council in San Felipe, Fannin at Goliad, and other Texan volunteers who might rush to assist the beleaguered Bexar garrison. Santa Anna sent a courier to demand that the Alamo surrender. Travis replied with a cannonball. There could be no mistaking such a concise response. Centralist artillerymen set about knocking down the walls. Once the heavy pounding reduced the walls, the garrison would have to surrender in the face of overwhelming odds. Bottled up inside the fort, the Texans had only one hope-that reinforcements would break the siege. Plan of the Alamo, by José Juan Sánchez-Navarro (1836), by José Juan Sánchez-Navarro. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . On February 24 Travis assumed full command when Bowie fell victim to a mysterious malady variously described as "hasty consumption" or "typhoid pneumonia." As commander, Travis wrote his letter addressed to the "people of Texas & all Americans in the world," in which he recounted that the fort had "sustained a continual Bombardment and cannonade for 24 hours." He pledged that he would "never surrender or retreat" and swore "Victory or Death." The predominant message, however, was an entreaty for help: "I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch." On March 1, thirty-two troops attached to Lt. George C. Kimbell 's Gonzales ranging company made their way through the enemy cordon and into the Alamo. Travis was grateful for any reinforcements, but knew he needed more. On March 3 he reported to the convention at Washington-on-the-Brazos that he had lost faith in Colonel Fannin. "I look to the colonies alone for aid; unless it arrives soon, I shall have to fight the enemy on his own terms." He grew increasingly bitter that his fellow Texans seemed deaf to his appeals. In a letter to a friend, Travis revealed his frustration: "If my countrymen do not rally to my relief, I am determined to perish in the defense of this place, and my bones shall reproach my country for her neglect." Painting, Fall of the Alamo (circa 1903) by Robert J. Onderdonk, which hangs in the Texas Governor's Mansion in Austin. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . On March 5, day twelve of the siege, Santa Anna announced an assault for the following day. This sudden declaration stunned his officers. The enemy's walls were crumbling. No Texan relief column had appeared. When the provisions ran out, surrender would remain the rebels' only option. There was simply no valid military justification for the costly attack on a stronghold bristling with cannons. But ignoring these reasonable objections, Santa Anna stubbornly insisted on storming the Alamo. Around 5:00 A.M. on Sunday, March 6, he hurled his columns at the battered walls from four directions. Texan gunners stood by their artillery. As about 1,800 assault troops advanced into range, canister ripped through their ranks. Staggered by the concentrated cannon and rifle fire, the Mexican soldiers halted, reformed, and drove forward. Soon they were past the defensive perimeter. Travis, among the first to die, fell on the north bastion. Abandoning the walls, defenders withdrew to the dim rooms of the Long Barracks. There some of the bloodiest hand-to-hand fighting occurred. Bowie, too ravaged by illness to rise from his bed, found no pity. The chapel fell last. By dawn the Centralists had carried the works. The assault had lasted no more than ninety minutes. As many as seven defenders survived the battle, but Santa Anna ordered their summary execution. Many historians count Crockett as a member of that hapless contingent, an assertion that still provokes debate in some circles. By eight o'clock every Alamo fighting man lay dead. Currently, 189 defenders appear on the official list, but ongoing research may increase the final tally to as many as 257. Susanna W. Dickinson. Courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . Though Santa Anna had his victory, the common soldiers paid the price as his officers had anticipated. Accounts vary, but best estimates place the number of Mexicans killed and wounded at about 600. Mexican officers led several noncombatant women, children, and slaves from the smoldering compound (see ALAMO NONCOMBATANTS ). Santa Anna treated enemy women and children with admirable gallantry. He pledged safe passage through his lines and provided each with a blanket and two dollars. The most famous of these survivors were Susanna W. Dickinson , widow of Capt. Almeron Dickinson , and their infant daughter, Angelina Dickinson . After the battle, Mrs. Dickinson traveled to Gonzales. There, she reported the fall of the post to General Houston. The sad intelligence precipitated a wild exodus of Texan settlers called the Runaway Scrape . Victory or Death with Travis Signature. Courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 . What of real military value did the defenders' heroic stand accomplish? Some movies and other works of fiction pretend that Houston used the time to raise an army. During most of the siege, however, he was at the Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos and not with the army. The delay did, on the other hand, allow promulgation of independence, formation of a revolutionary government, and the drafting of a constitution. If Santa Anna had struck the Texan settlements immediately, he might have disrupted the proceedings and driven all insurgents across the Sabine River. The men of the Alamo were valiant soldiers, but no evidence supports the notion-advanced in the more perfervid versions-that they "joined together in an immortal pact to give their lives that the spark of freedom might blaze into a roaring flame." Governor Smith and the General Council ordered Neill, Bowie, and Travis to hold the fort until support arrived. Despite all the "victory or death" hyperbole, they were not suicidal. Throughout the thirteen-day siege, Travis never stopped calling on the government for the promised support. The defenders of the Alamo willingly placed themselves in harm's way to protect their country. Death was a risk they accepted, but it was never their aim. Torn by internal discord, the provisional government could not deliver on its promise to provide relief, and Travis and his command paid the cost of that dereliction. As Travis predicted, his bones did reproach the factious politicos and the parade ground patriots for their neglect. Even stripped of chauvinistic exaggeration, however, the battle of the Alamo remains an inspiring moment in Texas history. The sacrifice of Travis and his command animated the rest of Texas and kindled a righteous wrath that swept the Mexicans off the field at San Jacinto. Since 1836, Americans on battlefields over the globe have responded to the exhortation, "Remember the Alamo!" See also REVOLUTIONARY ARMY . BIBLIOGRAPHY: Stephen L. Hardin, Texian Iliad: A Military History of the Texas Revolution (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994). John H. Jenkins, ed., The Papers of the Texas Revolution, 1835–1836 (10 vols., Austin: Presidial Press, 1973). Walter Lord, A Time to Stand (New York: Harper, 1961; 2d ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978). Stephen L. Hardin	i don't know
Which highly toxic protein was present on the tip of the umbrella that was used to kill Bulgarian dissident writer Georgi Markov in 1978?	Sciencemadness Discussion Board - May I have been exposed by Ricin? - Powered by XMB 1.9.11 posted on 29-6-2006 at 02:40 mate you are one stupid guy i mean come on i would have stopped tryin the first time if i got ill like you did from what i have read about it you only need a little to kill you so leave alone most of the simptons are correct anyway if your gona keep doin it why not try extracting cyanide from wild cherrys its in the seed/nut thins in the centreof the cherrys but i advise you dont just be careful dont play with poisons play with explosives instead they fun!!!! try mixing aluminum fileings and iron oxide stand back and light called thermite burns through anythink If half the people here were bright enough to.... know how to use a library or the internet, the county could be in trouble. A not very bright US Gov idea. As recently as last year, a 1962 Army patent for making weapons- grade ricin was available on a public computer at the United States Patent Office. That Web page has been closed, but the military's recipe is still available elsewhere on the Internet. Yup, however, money talks. If you send the US PTO US $3.00 they will mail you a copy. Or as suggested you can DL it for free from any one of several obvious sources. I know of a PhD level forensic chemist who must have been watching toooo many TV shows who said to me I'll never taste anything else again. New York Times February 4, 2004 RICIN ON CAPITOL HILL: THE POISON; Ricin, Made From Common Castor Beans, Can Be Lethal but Has Drawbacks as a Weapon By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr. While ricin is one of the deadliest known poisons, and can be made from common castor beans, it has been used only rarely as a murder or terror weapon. It is normally just a white protein powder, and its plain appearance has led to false alarms in detecting it. A speck of pure ricin the size of a grain of salt is enough to kill if it is injected or swallowed, said Dr. Michael P. Allswede, a toxicologist at the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. But about 10 times that much would be needed if it is inhaled, so sending it through the mail is not as deadly as mailing anthrax, for example. Even high-quality homemade ricin, if that is what was found in a Senate mailroom on Monday, is only about one-third pure, so a lethal dose would mean inhaling or swallowing at least three times as much as a pure dose. None of the dozens of Capitol police and Senate staff members who were decontaminated by showering and throwing away their clothes yesterday showed signs of poisoning. The toxin in castor beans is in the pulp left after the oil is squeezed out. The oil has long been used as a laxative and in paints and lubricants. The beans grow wild in the United States and are farmed in many countries. There is no antidote for ricin poisoning. Doctors can offer only secondary support like fluids, oxygen and blood pressure drugs. Ricin (pronounced RICE-in) can cause severe swelling and fluid in the lungs or bleeding in the stomach and intestines, and it destroys the liver and kidneys. A survivor of ricin poisoning would probably have permanent organ damage. It is not a good battlefield weapon because, unlike hardy anthrax spores, its long, linked proteins break apart in dry, sunny conditions. Unlike nerve gases, it is not easily absorbed through the skin. ''It's best used as an assassination weapon or a food contaminant,'' Dr. Allswede said. ''It needs to be targeted at an individual.'' Last April, French officials were embarrassed when sophisticated tests revealed that a small bottle of powder found in a locker at the Gare de Lyon actually contained ground wheat germ and barley. Initial tests in March identified it as ricin, which has similar proteins, and officials had boasted that they had probably thwarted a terrorist attack. It was found during random locker searches when Paris was on a state of high alert because of the Iraq war. Three months earlier, a small amount of ricin had been found in a London apartment used by six North Africans who were arrested because of information gleaned by French police after the arrests of terror suspects in the Paris suburbs. The most famous ricin murder was that of the Bulgarian dissident, Georgi I. Markov, who was killed in 1978 at a London bus stop by the Bulgarian secret service, apparently to silence his broadcasts on the British Broadcasting Corporation. A platinum pellet injected into Mr. Markov's leg with a spring-loaded umbrella contained a dose of ricin that killed him after three days of intense fever and vomiting. In the 1990's, American white supremacist groups tried to kill police officers and tax officials by coating doorknobs and steering wheels with homemade ricin, hoping it would be ingested. The poison has also been used in extortion attempts. Last October, an envelope containing ricin inside a sealed metal container was left at an airport postal building near Greenville, S.C. Accompanying it was a typed letter to the Department of Transportation that was signed ''Fallen Angel.'' The writer claimed to be the owner of a truck fleet and demanded that a change in federal regulations to give drivers 10 hours of sleep between shifts instead of 8 be canceled. On Jan. 8, the Federal Bureau of Investigation offered a $100,000 reward for the arrest of the author. It is still very easy to find crude amateur recipes for turning castor beans into ricin. They have been printed in books on unconventional weapons like ''Silent Death'' and ''The Poisoner's Handbook,'' and intelligence agencies have said that translations of those recipes have been found in Al Qaeda hideouts. A five-minute Internet search yesterday produced a kitchen recipe using lye and acetone, which did contain a warning that making it at home could be fatal. As recently as last year, a 1962 Army patent for making weapons-grade ricin was available on a public computer at the United States Patent Office. That Web page has been closed, but the military's recipe is still available elsewhere on the Internet. Chart: ''Ricin, Compared With Some Other Killers'' Although highly toxic, ricin is less suitable as a widely distributed weapon than anthrax. AGENT: Ricin CHARACTERISTICS Pellets, mists or powder. Can be inhaled, injected or ingested. Not easily absorbed through skin. A salt-grain-sized amount, if pure, could be fatal. Derived from castor beans. EFFECTS/MORTALITY Toxin. Causes weakness, fever, cough, respiratory distress, internal bleeding, organ failure. High mortality rate, especially from inhalation and injection, lower mortality rate from oral ingestion. SPEED OF EFFECTS Rapid. Symptoms in a few hours. Toxic effects may last up to three days, but damage to organs can last much longer. STABILITY OF AGENT Very stable. Not affected much by extreme temperatures, but breaks down as it dries out, making it difficult to weaponize. Person-to-person transmission is extremely unlikely. DEFENSES AND TREATMENTS No antitoxin or vaccine available. AGENT: Anthrax CHARACTERISTICS Spores in powder or aerosol are inhaled. Occurs naturally and can be refined for weapons. EFFECTS/MORTALITY Bacteria. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax is not lethal; inhalation anthrax results in severe respiratory distress, with a very high mortality rate if not treated. SPEED OF EFFECTS Incubation: 1 to 6 days. Length of illness: 1 to 2 days. Death within 2 to 3 days. STABILITY OF AGENT Spores can live in soil for decades. Sunlight may degrade them. Person-to-person infection is extremely unlikely. DEFENSES AND TREATMENTS Treatable if antibiotics are administered early. Vaccine exists but is not available to the public. AGENT: Smallpox CHARACTERISTICS Disease officially eradicated in 1980; only two stocks remain, in U.S. and Russia, but hidden stocks are feared. Spread by contact with infected persons. EFFECTS/MORTALITY Virus. Causes severe skin rash. Historically, about 1 in 3 die from the infection. SPEED OF EFFECTS Symptoms appear in 12 to 14 days. Rash occurs between the 15th and 30th days of infection. STABILITY OF AGENT Highly contagious. Aerosolized, it is fragile. In experiments, 90 percent of aerosolized smallpox died within 24 hours; ultraviolet light degraded it further. DEFENSES AND TREATMENTS Limited vaccination of health care workers under way. Those vaccinated before eradication may have lost their immunity. Vaccines carry health risks, with rare fatalities. (Sources by Dr. Francis J. DeRoos and Dr. Robert H. Poppenga, University of Pennsylvania; Elisa D. Harris, University of Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ''The Survival Guide'' by Dr. Angelo Acquista) ------- Toxic terror or overkill? Probers seek answers,; suicide blocks way By Michael Dorman Ricin is a poison that kills by contactâdescribed by the FBI as third in toxicity only to plutonium and the botulism toxin. It has no known antidote. It has been a favorite death weapon of Soviet-bloc spiesâone of whom used a mere speck of the poison, jabbed on the pointy tip of a black umbrella, to kill Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov on a London sidewalk in 1978. Today ricin is at the center of a mystery marked by death, controversy and overtones of potential terrorism, stretching from Arkansas- to Canada to Alaska. The person best able to unravel the mystery is deadâ in what has been described as a jailhouse suicide. FBI agents, federal marshals and Canadian authorities are trying to solve the mystery without him. It dates to April, 1993, when a 52-year-old Arkansas farmer named Thomas Lewis Lavyâdescribed by neighbors as connected to survivalist groups tried to drive from Alaska into Canada at the Beaver Creek border crossing, A search of Lavy's car by Canadian customs agents revealed that he was carrying four guns, 20,000 rounds of ammunition, a belt-buckle knife, $89,000 in cash, neo-Nazi literature and a handbook on use of poisons; Court records show the agents also. found a bag containing 130 grams of a white, powdery substance. When the agents asked what the substance was, Lavy replied that it was poison he used to kill coyotes preying on the chickens on his Arkansas farm. The agents confiscated the powder and refused to permit Lavy to enter Canada on grounds that he lacked the forms needed to bring in more than $10,000. After chemical tests Canadian authorities identified the white powder as ricinâa poison 6,000 times more powerful than cyanide. An FBI agent later testified that the quantity confiscated from Lavy was enough to kill 32,000 people. For reasons yet unexplained, it took U.S. authorities more than two years to launch criminal proceedings against Lavy. After the border incident he made his way back from Alaskaâwhere he had previously worked in the oil fields near Yaldezâto his farm at Onia in northern Arkansas. Agent Thomas Lynch, assigned to the FBI's Little Rock office, said it was not until late last year that he was informed of the ricin incident and ordered to investigate Lavy. - On Dec. 12 a grand jury in Alaska returned a sealed indictment charging Lavy with violating the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989. Robert Bundy, the U.S. attorney in Anchorage, said in a telephone interview: "He was accused of possession of a biological toxin with intent to kill. He told two stories of why he had the poisonâone about protecting his chickens, and the other about preventing people from stealing his property. He said if a thief came onto his property, the thief would probably steal the ricinâthinking it was cocaine. And then the ricin would kill the thief." On Dec. 20 about 40 FBI agentsâaccompanied by Army chemical-warfare experts based in Aberdeen, Md.âdescended on the remote farm where Lavy lived alone. He was arrested without a struggle. Paula Casey, the, the U.S. attorney in Little Rock, said in a telephone interview that the agents found in Lavy's stone house "a Christmas fruitcake can filled with castor beans." Ricin is made from castor beans, which grow abundantly in many parts of the United States. Casey also said Lavy's house contained several books describing how ricin can be produced from the beans; But there was no evidence that Lavy had made the ricin confiscated by the Canadian agents. Part of the rnystery concerns who had produced the ricin and why. Another concerns what Lavy really planned to do with the poison. Still another concerns his reported survivalist connections and who might have been involved with him. There are also questions about why he had been carrying the weapons, ammunition and $89,000 While FBI agents continued investigating, Lavy was taken to Little Rock for arraignment and a bail hearing before U.S. Magistrate Jerry Cavenau. It was at the bail hearing that FBI agent Lynch testified the ricin confiscated from Lavy could have killed 32,000 people. Cavenau explained to Lavy that he faced a maximum sentence of life if convicted under the anti-terrorism act. The magistrate ordered Lavy held without bail and he was sent to the Pulaski County Jail in Little Rock, which holds federal prisoners temporarily. Three days later Lavy was found hanged in his cell. Conrad Petillo, the U.S. marshal in Little Rock, refused in a telephone interview to say how the hanging was accomplished or whether Lavy had any visitors at the jail. Local authorities unofficially described Lavy's death as a suicide, but the U.S. Marshals Service is investigating it. "We're not at liberty to comment on an open investigation," Petillo said. Federal authorities concede the ricin investigation is proceeding slowly. Ricin, used in medical research, can legally be obtained from chemical suppliers only with government certification that it is necessary for legitimate purposes. Agents have reported finding no evidence revealing the source of Lavy's ricin. As for his connections to survivalist groups, neighbors have told of Lavy talking about his association with such organizations but have provided no leads to specific individuals or units, It is known, however, that some paramilitary right-ring groups have begun acquiring ricin. In February two members of a paramilitary organization called the Minnesota Patriots were found guilty in a plot to kill federal agents and public officials with ricin: Sam Heuer, a Little Rock lawyer who had never met Lavy before being retained to defend him in the ricin case, accused federal authorities of mishandling the prosecution. "It is such a tragic case," Heuer-said. "An overzealous U.S. attorney in Alaska and a hqt-dog FBI agent tried to paint Tom as something he was not. " What Lavy was, Heuer contended, was simply a man trying to protect his chickens. Arkansas federal prosecutor Robert Govar scoffed at that. "It would be tantamount to saying you can use a thermonuclear device to protect your property from burglary," he said. Antiterrorism Law Used In -Poison Smuggling Case"." Man Had Enough Powder for Mass Killing By JOHN KIFNER Federal agents have arrested in Arkansas man on charges that he possessed enough of one of the deadliest poisons known - a favored and nearly undetectable weapon of the old Soviet K.G.B. - to kill thousands of people, officials said yesterday. The man, Thomas Lewis Lavy, was arrested on Wednesday morning In an F.B.I. raid on an isolated stone cabin In the Ozarks of northern Arkansas. Mr. Lavy, described as about 50 years old, is said by the authorities to have tried to smuggle 130 grams of the fatal poison ricin, a white powder distilled from castor beans, across Alaska's border with Canada In 1993, Although Mr. Lavy was not detained at the time, the Canadian authorities confiscated all the powder that subsequent analysis showed to be ricin. A mere speck of ricin, daubed on the tip of an umbrella, was used by Soviet agents in 1978 to kill a defecting Bulgarian official, Georgi Markov, at a London bus stop. Mr. Lavy was arrested after about 40 F.B.I. agents and Army chemical warfare specialists from Aberdeen, Md., surrounded the small stone house off a series of dirt roads near tiny Onia, Ark., In Stone County. He was charged under an anti. terrorism statute with possession of a toxic substance with intent to use it as a weapon. At a hearing In Little Rock yesterday, a United States Magistrate, Jerry Cavanaugh, ordered Mr. Lavy held without bail and transported to Alaska for trial, where the charges were originally filed. Although no poison was seized in the raid, Paula Casey, spokeswoman for the United States Attorney's office in Little Rock, said a container that she described as a "pound and a half Christmas fruitcake can" filled with castor beans was found, along with "several books detailing recipes" for producing ricin from the beans. Neighbors described Mr. Lavy as having ties to "survivalist groups," said Sheriff Fred Black of Stone County, although the Sheriff added that they did not name specific groups. In the parlance of the sparsely populated corner of the Ozarks where the raid occurred, the term "survivalist" refers to far-right Christian fundamentalists who are storing food, weapons and supplies In backwoods hideouts In anticipation of a cataclysmic war. Although officials cautioned that no links to known rightist groups had been established in the case, the arrest came against a backdrop of recent violence that Includes not only the bombing of the Federal Building In Oklahoma City, but several bombings of Federal Government offices in the West and clashes in which local police and sheriffs have been shot by people refusing to obey court orders or pay taxes. Two members of a paramilitary group called the Minnesota Patriots Council were convicted in March of planning to use ricin to kill Federal employees and law-enforcement agents. Ricin Is described In the Merck Index, the standard reference on chemicals, as "among the most toxic compounds known." It Is 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom, wrote Wayne Armstrong, a botanist, in the magazine Environment Southwest. When Soviet agents killed Mr. Markov, the Bulgarian defector, lie felt a sharp stab In the back of hls right thigh as he waited for his bus near Waterloo Bridge. Turning, he saw a man with an umbrella who apologized and hailed a taxi. Four days later, Mr. Markov was dead. Doctors could find no cause for his suffering until a pathologist recovered a tiny metal pellet with two' hollow channels, somewhat similar to the bail of a ballpoint pin. The poison ricin was identified in an amount estimated at a few hundred millionths of a gram. Sheriff Black, who accompanied the Federal agents on the raid, said.. that several rifles he described as "collector's models," five pistols, gold Krugerrand coins and several thousand dollars in cash had also been seized. The arrest was made on a sealed indictment handed up in Alaska on Dec. 12, which charged Mr. Lavy with possession of a toxic substance with the intent to use it as a weapon, Ms. Casey said. Federal officials said the charges arose from an effort that Mr. Lavy made in April 1993 to cross to Canada from Alaska, at Beaver Creek, while carrying the 130 grams of ricin. He was also carrying, court documents said, four. guns with 20,000 rounds of ammunition, a belt buckle knife and $80,000 in cash. In addition, court documents said, he had several pieces of literature, including "The Prisoner's Handbook," and "Silent Death," a work whose author was identified only as Uncle Fester. Canadian border officials turned Mr. Lavy back because he did not have the proper form to bring more than $10,000 into their country. They confiscated the white powder, which he had told them was a poison he was using to kill coyotes preying on his chickens. Federal officials indicated there had been a delay in the Canadians' notifying them of the nature of the white powder, Chemists say the tests to identify ricin are extremely difficult and sophisticated. Sheriff Black said Mr. Lavy had moved to the Ozarks - home to numerous right-wing survivalists about three years ago. He said Mr. Lavy was believed to have worked on the Alaska pipeline and seem to have retired. He said Mr. Lavy was pleasant but spoke little to his neighbors. "He just pretty much kept to himself," the sheriff said. The F.B.I. agents appeared in the area about Friday, Sheriff Black said, creeping up on the house from a, cemetery. The castor plant, which is readily'. available, has purplish-green, red-veined leaves shaped like starfish., Federal officials said Mr. Lavy told them he had bought his beans by mail from a woman In Oregon. Beans from the plant are used to, produce castor oil, paint, varnish, lubricant for jet engines, nylon and transparent soap. In addition to the real-life umbrella case in London, ricin made a fictional appearance in the 1929 Agatha Christie mystery, "The House of Lurking Death," In which an heir and heiress die from the poison, which had been mixed Into a fig paste. ---------- Man- Arrested In Poison Case Kills Himself In Jail Cell By JOHN KIFNER A man charged with possessing enough of one of the deadliest known poisons to kill thousands of people committed suicide in his Arkansas jail cell yesterday morning. The man, Thomas Lewis Lavy, 54, was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on Wednesday in a raid on his isolated stone cabin in the remote mountains of northern Arkansas and charged under antiterrorism statutes with possession of 130 grams of ricin, a white powder distilled from castor beans. The authorities said he had tried to smuggle the powder across the Canadian border from Alaska in 1993. Canadian authorities confiscated the powder and tests found that it was ricin. Ricin was a favorite and virtually undetectable secret weapon of the former Soviet K.G.B. A mere speck of ricin, jabbed from the tip of a black umbrella, was used by Soviet agents to kill a defecting Bulgarian official, Georgi Markov, at a London bus stop in 1978. Mr. Lavy's lawyer, Sam Heuer, said Federal marshals had told him that Mr. Lavy had hanged himself. The authorities, who did not confirm the hanging, said that he was found unconscious in his cell around 6 A.M. by a guard at the Pulaski County Detention Facility in Little Rock, where he was being held as a Federal prisoner. He was rushed to the University of Arkansas Medical Center, where he was pronounced dead. An autopsy will be performed, Mr. Heuer said. The lawyer took sharp issue with the Government's accusations against Mr. Lavy. "It is such a tragic case," Mr. Heuer said. "An overzealous U.S. Attorney in Alaska and a hot, dog F.B.I. agent tried to paint Tom as something he was not." Mr. Heuer said in a telephone interview that Mr. Lavy had possessed the ricin because he had "read about the use of ricin by sheep farmers in Montana to control coyotes." "We have the right to have rat poison or coyote poison, just like we have the right to have a .357 Magnum," he said. "It's a right. "Tom was a very gentle, very kindly person," Mr. Heuer said. "He was in great enjoyment of his retirement. He loved the country, he loved the farm. He was a far, far cry from what the Alaskan authorities tried to make him out to be. "He was a 54-year-old man who had never had his liberty taken away. He was a veteran, he fought for his country - and something of a naturalist. He loved exotic books. He had a great collection on elephant hunting." Mr. Heuer said he had first met Mr. Lavy when he took the case on Thursday. Some 40 F.B.I. agents and Army chemical warfare specialists from Aberdeen, Md., had surrounded the cabin, off a series of dirt roads near tiny Onia, Ark., on Wednesday morning before arresting Mr. Lavy. He was charged with possession of a toxic substance with intent to use it as a weapon under an antiterrorism statute and was held without bail after a hearing in Little Rock on Friday before United States Magistrate Jerry Cavanaugh. The Court ordered that he be transported to Alaska, where the charges were originally filed, for trial. Neighbors described Mr. Lavy as having ties to "survivalist groups," according to Stone County Sheriff Fred Black, although he said they had not named any specific groups. In the Stone County area, a sparsely populated corner of the Ozarks, the term "survivalist" refers to far-right Christian fundamentalists, who store food, weapons and supplies in backwoods hideouts in anticipation of a cataclysmic war. Officials cautioned that they had found no links to known rightist groups. But there have been several recent cases of violent activity linked to right-wing extremists, including the deadly bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, a number of bombings of Federal Government offices in the far West and clashes in which. police officers and sheriffs have been shot by people refusing to obey courts, pay taxes or put license plates on their cars. Two members of a militia called the Minnesota Patriots Council were convicted in March on charges that they had planned to use ricin to kill Federal employees and law enforcement agents. Ricin is described in the Merck Index, the standard reference on chemicals, as "among the most toxic compounds known." It is 6,000 times as potent as cyanide poison and 12,000 times as potent as rattlesnake venom, according to Wayne Armstrong, a botanist writing in the specialist magazine Environment Southwest. Although no actual poison was seized in the raid on Mr. Lavy's house on Wednesday morning, Paula Casey, a spokeswoman for the United States attorney's office, said a container she described as a "pound and a half Christmas fruitcake can" filled with castor beans was found, along with recipes for producing ricin from the beans. ---- I noted this ad when it was published .... hummm, not me it â it sets my Spider Scenes tingling. Case of the Willing Victim New York Newsday 16 viii 82 He called his plot to poison his wife "a mission of mercy," an attempt to end the pain and suffering caused by a paralyzing stroke she had three years ago. She backed his story, insisting in dramatic and emotional testimony that she wanted to die: "I begged and pleaded with him to help me, to get something that would help [kill me]." But the jury was unmoved: last week William Chanslor, 50, a prominent Houston attorney and past president of the city's Trial Lawyers Association, was convicted of "solicitation to murder" his 42 year-old wife, Sue. The plot was bizarre even by Texas standards. It began last year when Chanslor, using the alias John G. Thompson, advertised in paramilitary journals for an "expert in poisons & chemical agents with access to same." In one of those magazines, Soldier of Fortune, he spied an ad for a five-volume set of books entitled "How to Kill," written by a Canadian weapons expert (box [below]). He purchased the books and arranged to contact the author, John Minnery, at his Ontario home. Between October and March of this year, the two men had about a half-dozen telephone conversations about poison. Chanslor first inquired about killing animals, then revealed that his intended victim was human-42 years old and partially paralyzed in a wheelchair. When Chanslor asked Minnery to procure poison for him, Minnery went to the police. The two men finally met in April at the Toronto airport, where Minnery introduced the Texan, still using his alias, to Keith Symons, an Ontario provincial policeman posing as a man with access to poisons. During an hourlong conversation in the airport lounge, taped and photographed by Canadian police, Chanslor detailed his mission. When asked whether the victim might cooperate by committing suicide, he lamented, "It's an impossibility. We talked about it once and then the person backed out ... It's gone on too long, too long ... I'm sick of waiting, for this bitch is really getting to me." After discussing several poisons and rejecting them-because they leave traces the men decided on ricin, a toxin more powerful than cobra venom; it is extremely rare and produces a slow, convulsive death. It is also virtually impossible to detect: Minnery assured Chanslor that an autopsy would attribute the death to a stroke, heart attack or uremic failure. Chanslor said he planned to give the poison to the victim at bedtime and inquired how long he should wait before calling his neighbors for help. "Eight to ten hours," Minnery informed him. Vitamin C: Less than two weeks later, Symons flew to Houston and, this time under video surveillance by Texas authorities, delivered to Chanslor a yellow capsule (which actually contained vitamin C along with a surgical mask, gloves and tweezers to ensure that he didn't touch or inhale the "poison." After Chanslor paid the cop $2,500 and got into his 1981 Lincoln, police surrounded the car and arrested him. The defense didn't dispute the facts, only their interpretation-arguing that mercy, not murder, was on Chanslor's mind. The Chanslors tried to bolster that view by a public display of devotion throughout the eight-day trial; he wheeled his wife into the courtroom during the trial, and she sat as close to him as possible. On the stand, they echoed each other, maintaining that their complex scheme to make her death appear natural stemmed from the fear that their son, Brandon, would be stigmatized by his mother's suicide. But Assistant District Attorney Jim Lavine dismissed the mercy defense as "a kaleidoscope of deception" and Mrs. Chanslor's testimony as pathetic self- deception. He introduced statements from Mrs. Chanslor, made on the day of her husband's arrest, that she had never asked him to provide her with a way to die and that she wouldn't willingly take her own life. "He wanted to kill his wife because she was a yoke, a burden to him," Lavine argued. "The mission of mercy is for him, not her." The jury took only three hours to return its verdict. Mrs. Chanslor took the stand again, this time pleading that her husband not be sent to prison: "I can't live without him." Chanslor himself begged the jury not to separate him from his family because "they can't make it without me, and I can't make it without them." In the end, Mrs. Chanslor's mercy mission proved far more successful than her husband's. The jury rejected prosecution arguments for a prison term of 16 to 20 years and sentenced Chanslor to just three years in prison, making him eligible for parole in one year. "Mrs. Chanslor was devastating," conceded Lavine. Agreed his fellow prosecutor, Brad Beers, "If it wasn't for her testimony, he would have gotten 20 years." Manual for Murder "You may well find this booklet offensive, repulsive, brutal and vicious." So warns writer John A. Minnery in the preface of "How to Kill," a five-volume set of books [Now six volumes. I like these books, they appeal to the dark side of my humor. /djh/] that William Chanslor discovered while plotting to kill his wife. Minnery counsels on everything from the use of clubs to homemade atomic weapons; wiring a urinal accomplishes swift electrocution, portable drills can easily penetrate skulls, spines or heart muscles. But in general, Minnery advises killers to keep their crimes simple. Clobbering a victim over the head with a typewriter, for example, usually proves effective. Minnery, 34, claims his books are aimed at police officers and military per- sonnel as an "investigative aid." Morality plays little part in Minnery's text, but he does offer one admonition to the would-be assassin: "Kill without joy." âââââââââ [Minnery on the TV program "20/20" some years ago said: "They are not how to murder books, they are how to kill books [â¦â¦â¦..!] I would call his statement: "The morality of convenience." If it's convenient; it's moral. /djh/] [Chanslor placed ad's in the November, 1981 issues of both Soldier of Fortune and Gung-Ho. /djh/] "WANTED: Experts in poisons and chemical agents with access to same for lectures to civic groups. Excellent pay and expenses. Write to: G. Thompson, 8690 S. Gesser, Suite 232, Houston TX 77074."	Ricin
Which U.S. state has borders with Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana?	TOXINS Toxins Animal Toxins Batrachotoxin On a weight basis the batrachotoxins are among the most toxic natural substances known, being 250-times more toxic than strychnine. Batrachotoxin comes from the Greek words ï¿½batrachosï¿½ meaning frog, and ï¿½toxineï¿½ meaning poison. The lethal dose of this alkaloid in humans is estimated at 1 or 2 ï¿½g/kg. Thus, the lethal dose for a 68 kg (150 pound) person would be approximately 100 micrograms, or equivalent to the weight of two grains of ordinary table salt (NaCl). Batrachotoxin is thus around fifteen times more potent than curare (another arrow poison used by South American Indians and derived from plants of the genera Strychnos and Curarea), and about ten times more potent than Tetrodotoxin contained in the puffer fish. The toxin is a neurotoxin so it primarily affects the nervous system, although it also has significant effects on the heart muscle Phyllobates terribilis Batrachotoxin is found naturally in several higher organisms such as from the feathers and skin of birds belonging to genus Pitohui, endemic to New Guinea. Batrachotoxin was also later found in New Guinean birds of the genus Ifrita. It is probable the birds contain such toxins to provide some protection against natural enemies, such as parasites and predators. The most famous higher organism containing this toxin is undoubtedly Phyllobates terribilis the Golden Dart Frog, which is endemic to the Pacific coast of Colombia. Alkaloid Batrachotoxins toxins do not readily deteriorate, even when transferred to another surface, in fact dogs have died just from contact with an area on which a frog had previously sat. Interestingly neither genus Ifrita nor P. terribilis has the genes to produce it and therefore the origin of the toxin remained unknown. This resulted in Batrachotoxin being considered a low threat for use as a biological warfare agent. However, it was recently discovered that the dart frog obtains this poison from the prey it consumes, a small beetle called Melyridae Choresine. The poison dart frog is somehow immune or tolerant to the poisonous prey that it feeds upon while utilizing its preyï¿½s toxin as a weapon of self defense. The genes responsible for the toxin production in these beetles are being mapped and sequenced. This is indeed an extremely frightening prospect especially as it is a toxin for which there is no antidote. Tetrodotoxin TTX Tetrodotoxin, known commonly as TTX is one of the deadliest toxins found on earth for which there is no antidote. TTX is thousands of times more deadly than cyanide! Not only deadly but terrifying as the symptoms include total paralysis of the victim; although the brain is still fully conscious and aware of what is happening. TTX is found in the livers of Puffer fish, certain newts, Blue ringed octopus, Gobie fish, Star fish, Parrot fish, Sea squirts, and Angel fish. The fact that this toxin is found in so many different organisms led scientists to believe that it was not actually produced by them, but rather obtained from a common prey. As with the batrachotoxin situation and the Poison dart fish most animals feeding on organisms containing TTX would die; however, a few built up a resistance to this organism and survived. Recently a symbiotic Vibrio TTX producing bacterium (Tr-X) has been found living in TTX containing organisms. Sequencing work for Vibrio Tr-X bacteria is underway and the gene or genes responsible for the production of Tr-X will soon be available though the public domain. Some readers may feel this is no big deal as the toxin is already available in the liver of the Japanese Puffer fish that is removed before consumption of the Japanese delicacy Fugi. However to extract just 100 milligrams of TTX you would need approximately 100 kilograms of puffer fish liver! On the other hand if the genes for its production are excised and then inserted into other faster growing organisms the amount of TTX that could be produced with ease is alarming to say the least. Conotoxins Conotoxins are one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail. Cone snails are marine organisms that prey on fish and other marine animals using a venom filled harpoon to paralyze their prey. Some varieties are so deadly that one drop of its venom can kill more than 20 humans. Symptoms of some cone snail stings can result in intense pain, muscle paralysis, vision changes and breathing failure. There is no anti-venom for any cone snail toxin to date. Interestingly the venom of some cone snails is showing great promise as future medicinal drugs. For example the venom of the Magician cone snail Conus Magus is a potential pain control drug perhaps many hundreds if not thousands of times more powerful than Morphine. Other cone snail derived toxins are showing promising signs for the treatments of Alzheimerï¿½s disease, Parkinsonï¿½s disease, and epilepsy. However, this research is providing an ever greater source of information that can be utilized by terrorists. There are many thousands of varieties of Cone snail each with their own unique toxin so that finding antidotes to all may prove an impossible task. Brazilian Wandering Spider venom The Brazilian wandering spider appears in the Guinness Book of records as the worldï¿½s most venomous spider; this venom is a neurotoxin which causes loss of muscle control and breathing problems, resulting in paralysis and extreme pain. Additionally this venom can cause painful penile erections many hours long which in some cases leads to impotence. Drug companies are now investigating it, for use in erectile dysfunction treatments. The sequencing of the gene (s) for its production is already being carried out which will result in ï¿½dark biologyï¿½ having yet another deadly venom for the toxin larder. Readers may wonder that if the spiderï¿½s venom is really so deadly then why havenï¿½t there been more human fatalities from wandering spider bites. This is a good question and one that is easily answered. The relatively low fatality rate is not due to any failing on the part of the venom which is extremely deadly, but actually related to physiological factors of the spiderï¿½s mouth parts. These evolved to kill and envenomate very small prey: not being well-adapted to attacking large mammals such as humans. In addition the spider only injects a very small quantity of venom when biting, or often none at all when giving warning or defensive bites to larger mammals. Poisonous plants an introduction . Plants cannot move to escape their predators, so they must have other means of protecting themselves from herbivorous animals. Some plants have physical defenses such as thorns, but by far the most common protection is chemical. Over millennia, natural selection has produced a complicated and vast array of chemical compounds that deter herbivores. Tannin is a compound that emerged relatively early in the evolutionary history of plants, while more complex molecules such as polyacetylenes are found in younger groups of plants such as the Asterales. Many of the plant defense compounds arose to defend against consumption by insects, although when livestock or humans consume such plants, they may also experience negative effects, ranging from mild discomfort to death. Many of these poisonous compounds also have important medicinal benefits. Below is an extensive, if incomplete, list of plants containing poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury, ordeath to humans or animals. If you wish to grow any of these plants do so responsibly and check to make sure they are legal. Some of the plants listed below as poisonous may surprise you. I find the list very interesting and enjoy to study and discover more about many in the list. On this website I have also included individual pages on plants I find particularly interesting and those ones are usually associated with my northern European culture such as Henbane, Belladonna or the Datura. Anyway enjoy the list I am learning all the time about mother nature's toxic and magical garden. Atropa belladonna Buy Deadly night shade and Datura seeds through our Dark Biology Store Atropa belladonna or Atropa bella-donna, commonly known as Belladonna or Deadly Nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids. These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine which cause a bizarre delirium and hallucinations, and are also used as pharmaceutical anticholinergics. The drug atropine is derived from the plant. It has a long history of use as a medicine, cosmetic, and poison. Before the Middle Ages, it was used as an anesthetic for surgery; the ancient Romans used it as a poison (the wife of Emperor Augustus and the wife of Claudius both were rumored to have used it to murder contemporaries); and predating this, it was used to make poison-tipped arrows. The genus name "atropa" comes from Atropos, one of the three Fates in Greek mythology, and the name "bella donna" is derived from Italian and means "beautiful woman" because the herb was used in eye-drops by women to dilate the pupils of the eyes to make them appear seductive. The plant is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a as a shrub, from a fleshy rootstock. Plants grow to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) tall with 18 centimeters (7.1 in) long ovate leaves. The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented. The fruits are berries, which are green ripening to a shiny black, and approximately 1 centimeter (0.39 in) in diameter. The berries are sweet and are consumed by animals that disperse the seeds in their droppings, even though the seeds contain toxic alkaloids. There is a pale yellow flowering form called Atropa belladonna var. lutea with pale yellow fruit. It is naturalized in parts of North America, where it is often found in shady, moist locations with limestone-rich soils. It is considered a weed species in parts of the world, where it colonizes areas with disturbed soils. Germination of the small seeds is often difficult, due to hard seed coats that cause seed dormancy. Germination takes several weeks under alternating temperature conditions, but can be sped up with the use of gibberellic acid. The seedlings need sterile soil to prevent damping off and resent root disturbance during transplanting. This plant is a sign of water near by.[ The name Atropa belladonna was published by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. It is in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which it shares with potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, jimsonweed, tobacco, wolfberry, and chili peppers. The common names for this species include belladonna, deadly nightshade, divale, dwale, banewort, devil's berries, naughty man's cherries, death cherries, beautiful death, devil's herb, great morel, and dwayberry. The name Atropa is thought to be derived from that of the Greek goddess Atropos, one of the three Greek fates or destinies who would determine the course of a man's life by the weaving of threads that symbolized his birth, the events in his life and finally his death; with Atropos cutting these threads to mark the last of these. The name "belladonna" comes from the Italian language, meaning "beautiful lady"; originating either from its usage as cosmetic for the face, or, more probably, from its usage to increase the pupil size in women. Flowers of belladonna Belladonna is one of the most toxic plants found in the Eastern Hemisphere. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids. The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste. The consumption of two to five berries by a human adult is probably lethal. The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part, though this can vary from one specimen to another. Ingestion of a single leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult. The active agents in belladonna, atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine, have anticholinergic properties. The symptoms of belladonna poisoning include dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, flushing, severely dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and convulsions. Atropa belladonna is also toxic to many domestic animals, causing narcosis and paralysis. However, cattle and rabbits eat the plant seemingly without suffering harmful effects. In humans, its anticholinergic properties will cause the disruption of cognitive capacities, such as memory and learning. Cosmetics The common name belladonna originates from its historic use by women - Bella Donna is Italian for beautiful lady. Drops prepared from the belladonna plant were used to dilate women's pupils, an effect considered attractive. Belladonna drops act as an antimuscarinic, blocking receptors in the muscles of the eye that constrict pupil size. Belladonna is currently rarely used cosmetically, as it carries the adverse effects of causing minor visual distortions, inability to focus on near objects, and increased heart rate. Prolonged usage was reputed to cause blindness. Medicinal uses Belladonna has been used in herbal medicine for centuries as a pain reliever, muscle relaxer, and anti-inflammatory, and to treat menstrual problems, peptic ulcer disease, histaminic reaction, and motion sickness. At least one 19th-century eclectic medicine journal explained how to prepare a belladonna tincture for direct administration to patients. Belladonna tinctures, decoctions, and powders, as well as alkaloid salt mixtures, are still produced for pharmaceutical use, and these are often standardized at 1037 partshyoscyamine to 194 parts atropine and 65 parts scopolamine. The alkaloids are compounded with phenobarbital and/or kaolin and pectin for use in various functional gastrointestinal disorders. The tincture, used for identical purposes, remains in most pharmacopoeias, with a similar tincture of Datura stramonium having been in the US Pharmacopoeia at least until the late 1930s. The combination of belladonna and opium, in powder, tincture, or alkaloid form, is particularly useful by mouth or as a suppository for diarrhea and some forms of visceral pain; it can be made by a compounding pharmacist, and may be available as a manufactured fixed combination product in some countries (e.g., B&O Supprettes). A banana-flavoured liquid (most common trade name: Donnagel PG) was available until 31 December 1992 in the United States. Scopolamine is used as the hydrobromide salt for GI complaints, motion sickness, and to potentiate the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of opioid analgesics. It was formerly used in a painkiller called "twilight sleep" in childbirth. Atropine sulphate is used as a mydriatic and cycloplegic for eye examinations. It is also used as an antidote to organophosphate and carbamate poisoning, and is loaded in an autoinjector for use in case of a nerve gas attack. Atropinisation (administration of a sufficient dose to block nerve gas effects) results in 100 per cent blockade of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and atropine sulphate is the benchmark for measuring the power of anticholinergic drugs. Hyoscyamine is used as the sulphate or hydrobromide for GI problems and Parkinson's disease. Its side effect profile is intermediate to those of atropine and scopolamine, and can also be used to combat the toxic effects of organophosphates. Scientific evidence to recommend the use of A. belladonna in its natural form for any condition is insufficient, although some of its components, in particular l-atropine which was purified from belladonna in the 1830s, have accepted medical uses. Donnatal is a prescription pharmaceutical, approved in the United States by the FDA, that combines natural belladonna alkaloids in a specific, fixed ratio with phenobarbital to provide peripheral anticholinergic/antispasmodic action and mild sedation. According to its labeling, it is possibly effective for use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (irritable colon, spastic colon, mucous colitis) and acute enterocolitis. Berries of belladonna Alternative-medicinal Belladonna preparations are used in homeopathy as treatments for various conditions, although no scientific evidence supports their efficacy. Clinically and in research trials, the most common preparation is diluted to the 30C level in homeopathic notation. This level of dilution does not contain any of the original plant, although preparations with lesser dilutions which statistically contain trace amounts of the plant are advertised for sale. Recreational drug Atropa belladonna and related plants, such as jimson weed (Datura stramonium), have occasionally been used as recreational drugs because of the vivid hallucinations and delirium they produce. However, these hallucinations are most commonly described as very unpleasant, and recreational use is considered extremely dangerous because of the high risk of unintentional fatal overdose. In addition, the central nervous system effects of atropine include memory disruption, which may lead to severe confusion. Poison The tropane alkaloids of A. belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made poisonous arrows from the plant. In Ancient Rome, it was used as a poison by Agrippina the Younger, wife of Emperor Claudius on advice of Locusta, a lady specialized in poisons, and Livia, who is rumored to have used it to kill her husband Emperor Augustus. Macbeth of Scotland, when he was still one of the lieutenants of King Duncan I of Scotland, used it during a truce to poison the troops of the invading Harold Harefoot, King of England, to the point that the English troops were unable to stand their ground and had to retreat to their ships.[13] Folklore source Leaves of belladonna In the past, witches were believed to have used a mixture of belladonna, opium poppy, and other plants, typically poisonous (such asmonkshood and poison hemlock) in flying ointment, which they applied to help them fly to gatherings with other witches. Carlo Ginzburgand others have argued that flying ointments were preparations meant to encourage hallucinatory dreaming; a possible explanation for the inclusion of belladonna and opium poppy in flying ointments concerns the known antagonism between tropane alkaloids of belladonna (specifically scopolamine) and opiate alkaloids in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum (specifically morphine), which produces a dream-like waking state. This antagonism was known in folk medicine, discussed in eclectic (botanical) medicine formularies, and posited as the explanation of how flying ointments might have actually worked in contemporary writing on witchcraft. The antagonism between opiates and tropanes is the original basis of the Twilight Sleep that was provided to Queen Victoria to deaden pain as well as consciousness during childbirth, and which was later modified so isolated alkaloids were used instead of plant materials. The belladonna herb was also notable for its unpredictable effects from toxicity. Buy poisonous seeds by visiting our Dark Biology Store To buy Ricinus Communis seeds (Castor bean plant seeds click the icon below) Ricin Manufacture Ricin (pron.: /ˈraɪsɪn/), from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. A dose the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram (1.78 mg for an average adult, around 1⁄228 of a standard aspirin tablet/0.4 g gross) in humans if exposure is from injection or inhalation. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic and a lethal dose can be up to 20ï¿½30 milligrams per kilogram. Ricin is poisonous if inhaled, injected, or ingested, acting as a toxin by the inhibition of protein synthesis. That is, It prevents the cell from assembling various amino acids into protein according to the messages it receives from RNA. This process, conducted by the cell's ribosome ï¿½ literally a protein-making machine ï¿½ is the most basic level of cell metabolism, essential to all living cells and thus to life itself. Ricin is resistant, but not impervious, to digestion by peptidases. By ingestion, the pathology of ricin is largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract where it may cause mucosal injuries; with appropriate treatment, most patients will make a full recovery. Because the symptoms are caused by failure to make protein, they emerge only after a variable delay from a few hours to a full day after exposure. An antidote has been developed by the UK military, although it has not yet been tested on humans. Another antidote developed by the U.S. military has been shown to be safe and effective in lab mice injected with antibody-rich blood mixed with ricin, and has had some human testing. Symptomatic and supportive treatment are available. Long term organ damage is likely in survivors. Ricin causes severe diarrhea and victims can die of shock. Death typically occurs within 3ï¿½5 days of the initial exposure. The ingestion of Ricinus communis cake used as fertilizer has been responsible for fatal ricin poisoning in animals. Deaths from ingesting castor plant seeds are rare, partly because of their indigestible capsule, and because the body can, only with difficulty, digest ricin. The pulp from eight beans is considered dangerous to an adult. Rauber and Heard have written that close examination of early 20th century case reports indicates that public and professional perceptions of ricin toxicity "do not accurately reflect the capabilities of modern medical management". Overdose This section requires expansion. (April 2013) Most acute poisoning episodes in humans are the result of oral ingestion of castor beans, 5ï¿½20 of which could prove fatal to an adult. Victims often manifest nausea, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypotension and seizures persisting for up to a week.[10] Blood, plasma, or urine ricin concentrations may be measured to confirm diagnosis Manufacture Ricin is easily purified from castor oil manufacturing waste. The aqueous phase left over from the oil extraction process is called waste mash. It would contain about 5ï¿½10% ricin by weight, but heating during the oil extraction process denatures the protein, making the resultant seed cake safe for use as animal feed. Ricin can be isolated from fresh seed by chromatographic techniques similar to those routinely used for purification of many other plant proteins. Patented extraction process A process for extracting ricin has been described in a patent. The described extraction method is very similar to that used for the preparation of soy protein isolates. The patent was removed from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database sometime in 2004. Modern theories of protein chemistry cast doubt on the effectiveness of the methods disclosed in the patent. Potential military and terrorist use The United States investigated ricin for its military potential during World War I. At that time it was being considered for use either as a toxic dust or as a coating for bullets and shrapnel. The dust cloud concept could not be adequately developed, and the coated bullet/shrapnel concept would violate the Hague Convention of 1899 (adopted in U.S. law at 32 Stat. 1903), specifically Annex ï¿½2, Ch.1, Article 23, stating "... it is especially prohibited ... [to employ poison or poisoned arms". World War I ended before the United States weaponised ricin. During World War II the United States and Canada undertook studying ricin in cluster bombs. Though there were plans for mass production and several field trials with different bomblet concepts, the end conclusion was that it was no more economical than using phosgene. This conclusion was based on comparison of the final weapons, rather than Ricin's toxicity (LCt50 ~40 mgï¿½min/m3). Ricin was given the military symbol W or later WA. Interest in it continued for a short period after World War II, but soon subsided when the U.S. Army Chemical Corps began a program to weaponise sarin. The Soviet Union also possessed weaponised ricin. There were speculations that the KGB used it outside the Soviet bloc; however, this was never proven. In 1978, the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov was assassinated by Bulgarian secret police who surreptitiously "shot" him on a London street with a modified umbrella using compressed gas to fire a tiny pellet contaminated with ricin into his leg.He died in a hospital a few days later; his body was passed to a special poison branch of the British Ministry of Defense (MOD) that discovered the pellet during an autopsy. The prime suspects were the Bulgarian secret police: Georgi Markov had defected from Bulgaria some years previously and had subsequently written books and made radio broadcasts which were highly critical of the Bulgarian communist regime. However, it was believed at the time that Bulgaria would not have been able to produce the pellet, and it was also believed that the KGB had supplied it. The KGB denied any involvement although high-profile KGB defectors Oleg Kalugin and Oleg Gordievsky have since confirmed the KGB's involvement. Earlier, Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn also suffered (but survived) ricin-like symptoms after an encounter in 1971 with KGB agents.Given ricin's extreme toxicity and utility as an agent of chemical/biological warfare, it is noteworthy that the production of the toxin is rather difficult to limit. The castor bean plant from which ricin is derived is a common ornamental and can be grown at home without any special care, and the major reason ricin is a public health threat is that it is easy to obtain. Under both the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention, ricin is listed as a schedule 1 controlled substance. Despite this, more than 1 million tonnes of castor beans are processed each year, and approximately 5% of the total is rendered into a waste containing negligible concentrations of undenatured ricin toxin. Ricin is several orders of magnitude less toxic than botulinum or tetanus toxin, but the latter are harder to come by. Compared to botulinum or anthrax as biological weapons or chemical weapons, the quantity of ricin required to achieve LD50 over a large geographic area is significantly more than an agent such as anthrax (tons of ricin vs. only kilogram quantities of anthrax). Ricin is easy to produce, but is not as practical nor likely to cause as many casualties as other agents. Ricin is inactivated (the protein changes structure and becomes less dangerous) much more readily than anthrax spores, which may remain lethal for decades. Jan van Aken, a Dutch expert on biological weapons, explained in a report for The Sunshine Project that Al Qaeda's experiments with ricin suggest their inability to produce botulinum or anthrax.[49] A biopharmaceutical company called Soligenix, Inc. has developed a vaccine called RiVaxï¿½ that is currently in trials. Incidents involving ricin Main article: Incidents involving ricin Ricin has been involved in a number of incidents, including the high-profile assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978 using a weapon disguised as an umbrella. Several terrorists and terrorist groups have experimented with ricin, and several incidents of the poison being mailed to U.S. politicians have occurred in the 21st century. Poisonous food plants Many food plants possess toxic parts, are toxic unless processed, or are toxic at certain stages of their life. Notable examples include: Apple (Malus domestica). Seeds are mildly poisonous, containing a small amount of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside. The quantity contained is usually not enough to be dangerous to humans, but it is possible to ingest enough seeds to provide a fatal dose. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Roots and leaves contain two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. These are decomposed by linamarase, a naturally occurring enzyme in cassava, liberating hydrogen cyanide . Cassava varieties are often categorized as either sweet or bitter, respectively signifying the absence or presence of toxic levels of cyanogenic glucosides. The 'sweet' cultivars can produce as little as 20 milligrams of cyanide per kilogram of fresh roots, whereas bitter ones may produce more than 50 times as much (1 g/kg). Cassavas grown during drought are especially high in these toxins.[ A dose of 40 mg of pure cassava cyanogenic glucoside is sufficient to kill a cow. It can also cause severe calcific pancreatitis in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis. Processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.) of cassava root is necessary to remove the toxins and avoid getting sick. "Chronic, low-level cyanide exposure is associated with the development of goiter and with tropical ataxic neuropathy, a nerve-damaging disorder that renders a person unsteady and uncoordinated. Severe cyanide poisoning, particularly during famines, is associated with outbreaks of a debilitating, irreversible paralytic disorder called konzo and, in some cases, death. The incidence of konzo and tropical ataxic neuropathy can be as high as 3 percent in some areas." For some smaller-rooted sweet varieties, cooking is sufficient to eliminate all toxicity. The cyanide is carried away in the processing water and the amounts produced in domestic consumption are too small to have environmental impact.The larger-rooted, bitter varieties used for production of flour or starch must be processed to remove the cyanogenic glucosides. Industrial production of cassava flour, even at the cottage level, may generate enough cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in the effluents to have a severe environmental impact. Cherry (Prunus cerasus), as well as other Prunus species such as peach (Prunus persica), plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus dulcis), and apricot (Prunus armeniaca). Leaves and seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides. Indian pea (Lathyrus sativus). A legume grown in Asia and East Africa as an insurance crop for use during famines. Like other grain legumes, L. sativus produces a high-protein seed. The seeds contain variable amounts of β-N-Oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid or ODAP, a neurotoxic amino acid.[ODAP causes wasting and paralysis if eaten over a long period, and is considered as the cause of the disease neurolathyrism, a neurodegenerative disease that causes paralysis of the lower body and emaciation of gluteal muscle (buttocks). The disease has been seen to occur after famines in Europe (France, Spain, Germany), North Africa and South Asia, and is still prevalent in Eritrea, Ethiopiaand parts of Afghanistan when Lathyrus seed is the exclusive or main source of nutrients for extended periods. Kidney bean or common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin, is present in many varieties of common bean but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces mitosis, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types. The primary symptoms of phytohaemagglutinin poisoning are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Onset is from 1 to 3 hours after consumption of improperly prepared beans, and symptoms typically resolve within a few hours. Consumption of as few as four or five raw kidney beans may be sufficient to trigger symptoms. Phytohaemagglutinin can be deactivated by cooking beans at 100 ï¿½C (212 ï¿½F) for ten minutes. However, for dry beans the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also recommends an initial soak of at least 5 hours in water; the soaking water should be discarded. The ten minutes at 100 ï¿½C(212 ï¿½F) is required to degrade the toxin, and is much shorter than the hours required to fully cook the beans themselves. However, lower cooking temperatures may have the paradoxical effect of potentiating the toxic effect of haemagglutinin. Beans cooked at 80 ï¿½C (176 ï¿½F) are reported to be up five times as toxic as raw beans. Outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with the use of slow cookers, the low cooking temperatures of which may be unable to degrade the toxin. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Contains myristicin. Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cells. It has psychoactive properties at doses much higher than used in cooking. Raw nutmeg produces anticholinergic-like symptoms, attributed to myristicin and elemicin. The intoxicating effects of myristicin can lead to a physical state somewhere between waking and dreaming; euphoria is reported and nausea is often experienced. Users also report bloodshot eyes and memory disturbances. Myristicin is also known to induce hallucinogenic effects, such as visual distortions. Nutmeg intoxication has an extremely long time before peak is reached, sometimes taking up to seven hours, and effects can be felt for 24 hours, with lingering effects lasting up to 72 hours. Lima bean or butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Raw beans contain dangerous amounts of linamarin, a cyanogenic glucoside. Lupin. Some varieties have edible seeds. Sweet Lupins have less, and Bitter Lupins have more of the toxic alkaloids lupinine and sparteine. Onions and garlic. Onions and garlic (genus Allium) contain thiosulphate, which in high doses is toxic to dogs, cats and some other livestock. Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, of which the most prevalent are solanine and chaconine. Solanine is also found in other members of the Solanaceae plant family, which includes Atropa belladonna ("deadly nightshade") and Hyoscyamus niger ("henbane") . The concentration of glycoalkaloid in wild potatoes suffices to produce toxic effects in humans. The toxin affects the nervous system, causing headaches, diarrhea and intense digestive disturbances, cramps, weakness and confusion, and in severe cases coma and death. Poisoning from cultivated potatoes occurs very rarely however, as the toxic compounds in the potato plant are, in general, concentrated in the green portions of the plant and in the fruits, and cultivated potato varieties contain lower toxin levels. Cooking at high temperatures (over 170 ï¿½C or 340 ï¿½F) also partly destroys the toxin. However, exposure to light, physical damage, and age increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber, the highest concentrations occurring just underneath the skin. Tubers which are exposed to light turn green from chlorophyll synthesis, thus giving a visual clue as to areas of the tuber that may have become more toxic; however, this does not provide a definitive guide, as greening and glycoalkaloid accumulation can occur independently of each other. Some varieties of potato contain greater glycoalkaloid concentrations than others; breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. Breeders try to keep solanine levels below 200 mg/kg (200 ppmw). However, when these commercial varieties turn green, even they can approach concentrations of solanine of 1000 mg/kg (1000 ppmw). The U.S. National Toxicology Program suggests that the average American consume at most 12.5 mg/day of solanine from potatoes (the toxic dose is actually several times this, depending on body weight). Douglas L. Holt, the State Extension Specialist for Food Safety at the University of Missouri, notes that no reported cases of potato-source solanine poisoning have occurred in the U.S. in the last 50 years, and most cases involved eating green potatoes or drinking potato-leaf tea Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum). The leaf stalks (petioles) are edible, but the leaves themselves contain notable quantities of oxalic acid, which is a nephrotoxic and corrosiveacid that is present in many plants. Symptoms of poisoning include kidney disorders, convulsions and coma. Rarely fatal. The LD50 (median lethal dose) for pure oxalic acid in rats is about 375 mg/kg body weight, or about 25 grams for a 65 kg (~140 lb) human. While the oxalic acid content of rhubarb leaves can vary, a typical value is about 0.5%, so a rather unlikely 5 kg of the extremely sour leaves would have to be consumed to reach an LD50 of oxalic acid. Cooking the leaves with soda can make them more poisonous by producing soluble oxalates. However, the leaves are believed to also contain an additional, unidentified toxin, which might be an anthraquinone glycoside(also known as senna glycosides) In the edible leaf stalks (petioles), the amount of oxalic acid is much lower, only about 2-2.5% of the total acidity which is dominated bymalic acid. This means that even the raw stalks may not be hazardous (though they are generally thought to be in the US). However the tart taste of raw stalks is so strong as to be unpalatable to many. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Like many other nightshades, tomato leaves and stems contain solanine that is toxic if ingested, causing digestive upset and nervous excitement. Use of tomato leaves as a tea (tisane) has been responsible for at least one death.[Leaves, stems, and green unripe fruit of the tomato plant also contain small amounts of the poisonous alkaloid tomatine, although levels are generally too small to be dangerous. Ripe tomatoes do not contain any detectable tomatine.Tomato plants can be toxic to dogs if they eat large amounts of the fruit, or chew plant material. The poisonous plants guide Abrus precatorius (known commonly as jequirity, crab's eye, rosary pea, 'John Crow' bead, precatory bean, Indian licorice, akar saga, giddee giddee, jumbiebead, ruti, and weather plant). The attractive seeds (usually about the size of a ladybug, glossy red with one black dot) contain abrin, which is related to ricin, and very potent. Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, liver failure, and death, usually after several days. Ingesting a single seed can kill an adult human. The seeds have been used as beads in jewelry, which is dangerous; inhaled dust is toxic and pinpricks can be fatal. The seeds are unfortunately attractive to children. Aconitum (Several species, commonly called aconite, wolfsbane and monkshood) All parts are poisonous. The poison is an alkaloid called aconitine, which disables nerves, lowers blood pressure, and can stop the heart. Even casual skin contact should be avoided; symptoms include numbness, tingling, and cardiac irregularity. It has been used as poison for bullets (by Germany in WWII), as a bait and arrow poison (ancient Greece), and to poison water supplies (reports from ancient Asia). If ingested, it usually causes burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth, followed by vomiting and nervous excitement. It is usually a quick-acting poison. Used in the past for killing wolves (hence one of the common names). Actaea pachypoda (also known as doll's eyes or white baneberry). All parts are poisonous, but especially the berries, the consumption of which has a sedative effect on cardiac muscle tissue and can cause cardiac arrest. Adam and Eve ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Adenium obesum (also known as sabi star, kudu or desert-rose). Exudes a highly toxic sap which is used by the Meridian High and Hadza in Tanzania to coat arrow-tips for hunting. Aesculus hippocastanum (commonly known as horse-chestnut). All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis. African sumac ï¿½ see Rhus lancia. Agave. The juice of a number of species causes acute contact dermatitis, with blistering lasting several weeks and recurring itching for several years thereafter. Ageratina altissima (commonly known as white snakeroot). All parts are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal. Milk from cattle that have eaten white snakeroot can sicken, or kill, humans (milk sickness). Agrostemma githago (commonly known as corn cockle). Contains the saponins githagin and agrostemmic acid. All parts of the plant are reported to be poisonous and may produce chronic or acute, potentially fatal poisoning, although it has been used in folk medicine to treat a range of ills, from parasites to cancer . There are no known recent clinical studies of corn cockle which provide a basis for dosage recommendations, however doses higher than 3 g [of seeds] are considered toxic. Akar saga ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Amianthium ï¿½ see Deathcamas. Angel's Trumpet ï¿½ see Brugmansia. Angel Wings ï¿½ see Caladium. Anticlea ï¿½ see Deathcamas. Aquilegia (also known as columbine). Several species. Seeds and roots contain cardiogenic toxins which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed. The flowers of various species were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. Native Americans also used very small amounts of the root as an effective treatment for ulcers. However, the medical use of this plant is difficult due to its high toxicity; columbine poisonings are easily fatal. Areca catechu (commonly known as betel nut palm and pinyang). The nut contains an alkaloid related to nicotine which is addictive. It produces a mild high, some stimulation, and lots of red saliva, which cannot be swallowed as it causes nausea. Withdrawal causes headache and sweats. Use is correlated with mouth cancer, and to a lesser extent asthma and heart disease. Arum maculatum (commonly known as cuckoo-pint, lords and ladies, jack in the pulpit, wake robin, wild arum, devils and angels, cows and bulls, Adam and Eve, bobbins and starch-root). All parts of the plant can produce allergic reactions. The bright red berries contain oxalates of saponins and can cause skin, mouth and throat irritation, resulting in swelling, burning pain, breathing difficulties and stomach upset. One of the most common causes of plant poisoning. Asparagus. The berries are poisonous. Atropa belladonna (commonly known as deadly nightshade, belladonna, devil's cherry and dwale, an Anglo-Saxon term meaning stupifying drink). One of the most toxic plants found in the Western hemisphere. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids.[ The active agents are atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine, which have anticholinergic properties. The symptoms of poisoning include dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, flushing, dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and convulsion. The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part, though this can vary from one specimen to another. Ingestion of a single leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult. Casual contact with the leaves can cause skin pustules. The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste. The consumption of two to five berries by children and ten to twenty berries by adults can be lethal. In 2009 a case of A. belladonna being mistaken for blueberries, with six berries ingested by an adult woman, was documented to result in severe anticholinergic syndrome.[The plant's deadly symptoms are caused by atropine's disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system's ability to regulate involuntary activities such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate. The antidote for atropine poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine.[A. belladonna is also toxic to many domestic animals, causing narcosis and paralysis.However, cattle and rabbits eat the plant seemingly without suffering harmful effects.[36]In humans its anticholinergic properties will cause the disruption of cognitive capacities like memory and learning. Autumn crocus ï¿½ see Colchicum autumnale. Azalea ï¿½ see Rhododendron. Bittersweet nightshade ï¿½ see Solanum dulcamara. Black hellebore ï¿½ see Helleborus niger. Black locust ï¿½ see Robinia pseudoacacia and see Robinia. Black nightshade ï¿½ see Solanum nigrum. Bleeding heart ï¿½ see Dicentra cucullaria. Blind-your-eye mangrove ï¿½ see Excoecaria agallocha. Blister Bush ï¿½ see Peucedanum galbanum. Bloodroot ï¿½ see Sanguinaria canadensis. Blue-green algae ï¿½ see Cyanobacteria. Bobbins ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Bracken ï¿½ see Pteridium aquilinum. Broom ï¿½ see Cytisus scoparius. Brugmansia (commonly known as angel's trumpet). All parts of the plant contain the tropane alkaloids scopolamine and atropine. Often fatal. Calabar Bean ï¿½ see Physostigma venenosum. Caladium (commonly known as angel wings, elephant ear and heart of Jesus). All parts of the plant are poisonous. Symptoms are generally irritation, pain, and swelling of tissues. If the mouth or tongue swell, breathing may be fatally blocked. Castor oil plant ï¿½ see Ricinus communis. Cerbera odollam (commonly known as the suicide tree). The seeds contain cerberin, a potent toxin related to digoxin. The poison blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscle, causing disruption of the heart beat. This is typically fatal and can result from ingesting a single seed. Cerberin is difficult to detect in autopsies and its taste can be masked with strong spices, such as a curry. It is often used in homicide and suicide in India; Kerala's suicide rate is about three times the Indian average. In 2004, a team led by Yvan Gaillard of the Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology in La Voulte-sur-Rhï¿½ne, France, documented more than 500 cases of fatal Cerbera poisoning between 1989 and 1999 in Kerala. They said "To the best of our knowledge, no plant in the world is responsible for as many deaths by suicide as the odollam tree.' A related species is Cerbera tanghin the seeds of which are known as tanghin poison nut and have been used as an 'ordeal poison'. Chelidonium majus (also known as greater celandine). The whole plant is toxic in moderate doses as it contains a range of isoquinoline alkaloids, but there are claimed to be therapeutic uses when used at the correct dosage. The main alkaloid present in the herb and root is coptisine, with berberine, chelidonine, sanguinarine and chelerythrinealso present. Sanguinarine is particularly toxic with an LD50 of only 18 mg per kg body weight.The effect of the fresh herb is analgesic, cholagogic, antimicrobial andoncostatic,with action as a central nervous system sedative. In animal tests, Chelidonium majus is shown to be cytostatic. Early studies showed that the latex causescontact dermatitis and eye irritation. Stains on skin of the fingers are sometimes reported to cause eye irritation after rubbing the eyes or handling contact lenses. The characteristic latex also contains proteolytic enzymes and the phytocystatin chelidostatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Christmas rose ï¿½ see Helleborus niger. Cicuta (several species) (commonly known as water hemlock, cowbane, wild carrot, snakeweed, poison parsnip, false parsley, children's bane and death-of-man). The root, when freshly pulled out of the ground, is extremely poisonous and contains the toxin cicutoxin, a central nervous system stimulant, resulting in seizures. When dried, the poisonous effect is reduced. The most common species is C. maculata; one of the species found in the Western USA, C. douglasii, often found in pastures and swamps, has especially thick stems and very large and sturdy flowers which are sometimes harvested for flower displays. This is inadvisable as the sap is also toxic. Cocklebur ï¿½ see Xanthium. Colchicum autumnale (commonly known as autumn crocus and meadow saffron). The bulbs contain colchicine. Colchicine poisoning has been compared to arsenic poisoning; symptoms start 2 to 5 hours after the toxic dose has been ingested and include burning in the mouth and throat, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and kidney failure. These symptoms may set in as many as 24 hours after the exposure. Onset of multiple-system organ failure may occur within 24 to 72 hours. This includes hypovolemic shock due to extreme vascular damage and fluid loss through the GI tract, which may result in death. Additionally, sufferers may experience kidney damage resulting in low urine output and bloody urine; low white blood cell counts (persisting for several days); anemia; muscular weakness; and respiratory failure. Recovery may begin within 6 to 8 days. There is no specific antidote for colchicine, although various treatments do exist.Despite dosing issues concerning its toxicity, colchicine is prescribed in the treatment of gout, familial Mediterranean fever, pericarditis and Behï¿½et's disease. It is also being investigated for its use as an anti-cancer drug. Columbine ï¿½ see Aquilegia. Conium maculatum (commonly known as hemlock, poison hemlock, spotted parsley, spotted cowbane, bad-man's oatmeal, poison snakeweed and beaver poison). All parts of the plant contain the alkaloid coniine which causes stomach pains, vomiting, and progressive paralysis of the central nervous system. Can be fatal; it is the poison that killed Socrates. Not to be confused with hemlock trees (Tsuga spp), which, while not edible, are not nearly as toxic as the herbaceous plant Conium. Consolida (commonly known as larkspur).Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis. Often fatal. Convallaria majalis (commonly known as lily of the valley). Contains 38 different cardiac glycosides. Coriaria myrtifolia (commonly known as redoul). A Mediterranean plant containing the toxin coriamyrtin, ingestion of which produces digestive, neurological and respiratory problems. The poisonous fruits superficially resemble blackberries and may mistakenly be eaten as such. Can be fatal in children. Corn cockle ï¿½ see Agrostemma githago. Corn lily ï¿½ see Veratrum. Cowbane ï¿½ see Cicuta. Cows and bulls ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Crab's eye ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Cuckoo-pint ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Cyanobacteria A phylum of bacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. Many different species, including Anacystis cynea and Anabaena circinalis. Produce several different toxins known collectively as cyanotoxins. These can include neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, endotoxins and cytotoxins. Potentially hazardous particularly to marine animals, but also to humans. Cytisus scoparius (commonly known as broom or common broom). Contains toxic alkaloids that depress the heart and nervous system.[49] The alkaloid sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is not FDA approved for human use as an antiarrhythmic agent, and it is not included in the Vaughn Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Daffodil ï¿½ see Narcissus. Daphne. The berries (either red or yellow) are poisonous, causing burns to mouth and digestive tract, followed by coma. Often fatal. Darnel ï¿½ see Lolium temulentum. Datura Contains the alkaloids scopolamine and atropine. Datura has been used as a hallucinogenic drug by the native peoples of the Americas and others. Incorrect dosage can lead to death. Datura stramonium (commonly known as jimson weed, thorn apple, stinkweed and Jamestown weed). All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing abnormal thirst, vision distortions, delirium, incoherence, coma. Often fatal. A significant grazing livestock poison in North America. Deadly nightshade ï¿½ see Atropa belladonna. Deathcamas ï¿½ various genera in the Melanthieae have species whose common name includes "deathcamas", including Amianthium, Anticlea, Stenanthium,Toxicoscordion and Zigadenus. All parts of the plants are toxic, due to the presence of alkaloids. Grazing animals, such as sheep and cattle, may be affected and human fatalities have occurred. Delphinium (also known as larkspur). Contains the alkaloid delsoline. Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, often fatal. Dendrocnide moroides (also known as stinging tree and gympie gympie). Capable of inflicting a painful sting when touched. The stinging may last for several days and is exacerbated by touching, rubbing, and cold. Can be fatal. Devils and angels ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Dicentra cucullaria (also known as bleeding heart and Dutchman's breeches). Leaves and roots are poisonous and cause convulsions and other nervous symptoms. Dichapetalum cymosum (also known as gifblaar). Well known as a livestock poison in South Africa; this plant contains the metabolic poison fluoroacetic acid. Dieffenbachia (commonly known as dumbcane'). All parts are poisonous, causing intense burning, irritation, and immobility of the tongue, mouth, and throat. Swelling can be severe enough to block breathing, leading to death. Digitalis purpurea (commonly known as foxglove). The leaves, seeds, and flowers are poisonous, containing cardiac or other steroid glycosides. These cause irregular heartbeat, general digestive upset, and confusion. Can be fatal. Doll's eyes ï¿½ see Actaea pachypoda. Dumbcane ï¿½ see Dieffenbachia. Dutchman's breeches ï¿½ see Dicentra cucullaria. Elder/Elderberry ï¿½ see Sambucus. Euonymus europaeus (commonly known as spindle, European spindle or spindle tree). The fruit is poisonous, containing amongst other substances, the alkaloids the obromine and caffeine, as well as an extremely bitter terpene. Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly coloured fruits. Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death. There are many other species of Euonymus, many of which are also poisonous. Excoecaria agallocha (commonly known as milky mangrove, blind-your-eye mangrove and river poison tree). Contact with latex can cause skin irritation and blistering; eye contact can cause temporary blindness. False acacia ï¿½ see Robinia pseudoacacia and see Robinia. False hellebore ï¿½ see Veratrum. Foxglove ï¿½ see Digitalis purpurea. Frangipani ï¿½ see Plumeria. Gelsemium sempervirens (commonly known as yellow jessamine). All parts are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal. It is possible to become ill from ingesting honey made from jessamine nectar. Giant hogweed ï¿½ see Heracleum mantegazzianum. Giddee giddee ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Gifblaar ï¿½ see Dichapetalum cymosum. Greater celandine ï¿½ see Chelidonium majus. Gympie gympie ï¿½ see Dendrocnide moroides. Heart of Jesus ï¿½ see Caladium. Hedera helix (or common ivy) The leaves and berries are poisonous, causing stomach pains, labored breathing, possible coma. Helleborus niger (also known as Christmas rose) Contains protoanemonin,or ranunculin,which has an acrid taste and can cause burning of the eyes, mouth and throat, oral ulceration, gastroenteritis and hematemesis. Hemlock ï¿½ see Conium maculatum Hemlock water-dropwort ï¿½ see Oenanthe crocata. Henbane ï¿½ see Hyoscyamus niger. Heracleum mantegazzianum (also known as giant hogweed). The sap is phototoxic, causing phytophotodermatitis (severe skin inflammations) when affected skin is exposed to sunlight or to UV-rays. Initially the skin colours red and starts itching. Then blisters form as reaction continues over 48 hours. They form black or purplish scars, which can last several years. Hospitalization may become necessary. Presence of minute amounts of sap in the eyes can lead to temporary or even permanent blindness. Hippomane mancinella (commonly known as manchineel). All parts of this tree, including the fruit, contain toxic phorbol esters typical of the Euphorbiaceae plant family. Specifically the tree contains 12-deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-6gamma, 7alpha-oxide, hippomanins, mancinellin, sapogenin, phloracetophenone-2, 4-dimethylether is present in the leaves, while the fruits possess physostigmine.[55] Contact with the milky white latex produces strong allergic dermatitis.[56] Standing beneath the tree during rain will cause blistering of the skin from even slight contact with this liquid (even a small drop of rain with the milky substance in it will cause the skin to blister). Burning tree parts may causeblindness if the smoke reaches the eyes. The fruit can also be fatal if eaten. Many trees carry a warning sign, while others have been marked with a red "X" on the trunk to indicate danger. In the French Antilles the trees are often marked with a painted red band a few feet above the ground.[57] The Caribs used the latex of this tree to poison their arrows and would tie captives to the trunk of the tree, ensuring a slow and painful death. A poultice of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) was used by the Arawaks and Taï¿½no as an antidote against such arrow poisons.[58] The Caribs were also known to poison the water supply of their enemies with the leaves. Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leï¿½n was struck by an arrow that had been poisoned with manchineel sap during battle with the Calusa in Florida, dying shortly thereafter. Horse chestnut ï¿½ see Aesculus hippocastanum. Holly (European) ï¿½ see Ilex aquifolium. Hyacinth ï¿½ see Hyacinthus orientalis. Hyacinthus orientalis (commonly known as hyacinth). The bulbs are poisonous, causing nausea, vomiting, gasping, convulsions, and possibly death. Even handling the bulbs can cause skin irritation. Hyoscyamus niger (commonly known as henbane). Seeds and foliage contain hyoscyamine, scopolamine and other tropane alkaloids. Can produce dilated pupils, hallucinations, increased heart rate, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension and ataxia. Ilex aquifolium (commonly known as European holly). The berries cause gastroenteritis, resulting in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Indian licorice ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Ivy (Common) ï¿½ see Hedera helix. Jack in the pulpit ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Jacobaea vulgaris (commonly known as ragwort). Contains many different alkaloids, including jacobine, jaconine, jacozine, otosenine, retrorsine, seneciphylline, senecionine, and senkirkine. Poisonous to livestock and hence of concern to people who keep horses and cattle. Horses do not normally eat fresh ragwort due to its bitter taste, however it loses this taste when dried, and become dangerous in hay. The result, if sufficient quantity is consumed, can be irreversible cirrhosis of the liver. Signs that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucus membranes, depression, and lack of coordination. The danger is that the toxin can have a cumulative effect; the alkaloid does not actually accumulate in the liver but a breakdown product can damage DNA and progressively kills cells. Jacobaea vulgaris is also theoretically poisonous to humans, although poisoning is unlikely as it is distasteful and not used as a food. However some sensitive individuals can suffer from an allergic skin reaction after handling the plant because, like many members of the compositae family, it contains sesquiterpine lactones (which are different from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are responsible for the toxic effects), which can cause compositae dermatitis. Jamestown weed ï¿½ see Datura stramonium and Datura. Jequirity ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Jerusalem cherry ï¿½ see Solanum pseudocapsicum. Jimson weed ï¿½ see Datura stramonium and Datura. 'John Crow' Bead ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Jumbie bead ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Kalanchoe delagoensis (commonly known as mother of millions) Contains bufadienolide cardiac glycosides[61] which can cause cardiac poisoning, particularly in grazing animals.During 1997, 125 head of cattle died after eating mother-of-millions on a travelling stock reserve near Moree, NSW. Kalmia latifolia (commonly known as mountain laurel). Contains andromedotoxin and arbutin. The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, and symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about 6 hours following ingestion. Poisoning produces anorexia, repeated swallowing, profuse salivation, depression, uncoordination, vomiting, frequent defecation, watering of the eyes, irregular or difficulty breathing, weakness, cardiac distress, convulsions, coma, and eventually death. Autopsy will show gastrointestinal irritation and hemorrhage. Laburnum. All parts of the plant and especially the seeds are poisonous and can be lethal if consumed in excess. The main toxin is cytisine, a nicotinic receptor agonist. Symptoms of poisoning may include intense sleepiness, vomiting, excitement, staggering, convulsive movements, slight frothing at the mouth, unequally dilated pupils, coma and death. In some cases, diarrhea is very severe and at times the convulsions are markedly tetanic. Larkspur ï¿½ see Consolida and Delphinium. Ligustrum (several species, commonly known as privet). Berries and leaves are poisonous. Berries contain syringin, which causes digestive disturbances, nervous symptoms. Can be fatal. Privet is one of several plants which are poisonous to horses. Privet pollen is known to cause asthma and eczema in sufferers. It is banned from sale or cultivation in New Zealand due to the effects of its pollen on asthma sufferers. Lilium (commonly known as lily). Most have an unknown water-soluble toxin found in all parts of the plant. Extremely poisonous, yet attractive, to cats, causing acute renal failure; 2 petals can kill. Lily ï¿½ see Lilium. Lily of the valley ï¿½ see Convallaria majalis. Lolium temulentum (commonly called darnel or poison ryegrass). The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine. Some experts also point to the fungus ergot or fungi of the genus endoconidium, both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity. Lords and ladies ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Madiera winter cherry ï¿½ see Solanum pseudocapsicum. Manchineel tree ï¿½ see Hippomane mancinella. Mango tree ï¿½ Mango peel and sap contains urushiol, the chemical in poison ivy and poison sumac that can cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis in susceptible people. Cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol have been observed. Those with a history of poison ivy or poison oak contact dermatitis may be most at risk for such an allergic reaction. Urushiol is also present in mango leaves and stems. During mango's primary ripening season, it is the most common source of plant dermatitis in Hawaii. Mayapple ï¿½ see Podophyllum peltatum. Meadow saffron ï¿½ see Colchicum autumnale. Menispermum (commonly known as moonseed). The fruits and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal. Milky mangrove ï¿½ see Excoecaria agallocha. Monkshood ï¿½ see Aconitum. Moonseed ï¿½ see Menispermum. Mother of millions ï¿½ see Kalanchoe delagoensis. Mountain laurel ï¿½ see Kalmia latifolia. Narcissus (commonly known as daffodil). Various species and garden cultivars. The bulbs are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Can be fatal. Stems also cause headaches, vomiting, and blurred vision. Nerium oleander (commonly known as oleander). All parts are toxic, but especially the leaves and woody stems. Contains nerioside, oleandroside, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Causes severe digestive upset, heart trouble and contact dermatitis. The smoke of burning oleander can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal. Oak ï¿½ see Quercus. Oenanthe crocata (commonly known as hemlock water dropwort). Contains oenanthotoxin. The leaves may be eaten safely bylivestock, but the stems and especially the carbohydrate-rich roots are much more poisonous. Animals familiar with eating the leaves may eat the roots when these are exposed during ditch clearance ï¿½ one root is sufficient to kill a cow, and human fatalities are also known in these circumstances. Scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified this as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin,[and it is the most-likely candidate for the "sardonic herb," which was a neuro toxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in Phoenician Sardinia. When these people were unable to support themselves, they were intoxicated with this herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death. Criminals were also executed in this way. Oleander ï¿½ see Nerium oleander. Ongaonga ï¿½ see Urtica ferox. Passiflora caerulea (also known as the blue passion flower or the common passion flower). The leaves contain cyanogenic glycoside, which breaks down into cyanide. Passion flower (blue or common) ï¿½ see Passiflora caerulea. Peucedanum galbanum (commonly known as blister bush). All parts are poisonous, and contact causes painful blistering that is intensified with exposure to sunlight. Physostigma venenosum (commonly known as calabar bean and also as ordeal beans due to their former use in trials by ordeal). The toxin in the seeds is the para sympathomimetic alkaloid physostigmine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Symptoms of poisoning include copious saliva, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, dizziness, headache, stomach pain, sweating, dyspepsia and seizures. and can lead to cholinergic syndrome or "SLUDGE syndrome". Medicinal uses of physostigmine include the treatment of myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease and delayed gastric emptying. Plumeria (commonly known as frangipani). Contact with the milky latex may irritate eyes and skin. Phytolacca (commonly known as pokeweed). Leaves, berries and roots contain phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin. Toxin in young leaves is reduced with repeated boiling and draining. Ingestion of poisonous parts of the plant may cause severe stomach cramping, persistent diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (sometimes bloody), slow and difficult breathing, weakness, spasms, hypertension, severe convulsions, and death. Podophyllum peltatum (commonly known as Mayapple). Green portions of the plant, unripe fruit, and especially the rhizome contain the non-alkaloid toxin podophyllotoxin, which causes diarrhea, severe digestive upset. Poison hemlock ï¿½ see Conium maculatum. Poison ivy ï¿½ see Toxic Dendron. Poison oak ï¿½ see Toxicodendron. Poison parsnip ï¿½ see Cicuta. Poison sumac ï¿½ see Toxicodendron. Poison ryegrass ï¿½ see Lolium temulentum. Pokeweed ï¿½ see Phytolacca. Precatory bean ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Privet ï¿½ see Ligustrum. Pteridium aquilinum (commonly known as bracken). Carcinogenic to humans and animals such as mice, rats, horses and cattle when ingested. The carcinogenic compound is ptaquiloside or PTQ, which can leach from the plant into the water supply, which may explain an increase in the incidence of gastric and oesophageal cancers in humans in bracken-rich areas. Quercus (several species, commonly known as oak)). The leaves and acorns of oak species are poisonous in large amounts to humans and livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep and goats, but not pigs. Poisoning is caused by the toxin tannic acid, which causes gastroenteritis, heart trouble, contact dermatitis and kidney damage. Symptoms of poisoning include lack of appetite, depression, constipation, diarrhea (which may contain blood), blood in urine, and colic. Rarely fatal however, and in fact after proper processing acorns are consumed as a staple in many parts of the world. Ragwort ï¿½ see Jacobaea vulgaris. Redoul ï¿½ see Coriaria myrtifolia. Rhododendron (certain species commonly known as Azaleas). All parts are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, depression, breathing difficulties, coma. Rarely fatal. Rhus lancia (commonly known as African sumac). Closely related to poison ivy, all parts of this tree contain low levels of a highly irritating oil with urushiol. Skin reactions can include blisters and rashes. It spreads readily to clothes and back again, and has a very long life. Infections can follow scratching. As urushiol is not a poison but an allergen, it will not affect certain people. The smoke of burning Rhus lancia can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal. Ricinus communis (commonly known as castor oil plant or Palma Christi). The seeds contain ricin, an extremely toxic water-soluble protein. Also present are ricinine, an alkaloid, and an irritant oil. According to the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records, this plant is the most poisonous in the world. Castor oil, long used as a laxative, muscle rub, and in cosmetics, is made from the seeds, but the ricin is removed during processing. The lethal dose in adults is considered to be 4 to 8 seeds, but reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare. If ingested, symptoms may be delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2ï¿½4 hours. These include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3ï¿½5 days; if victims have not succumbed after this time, they often recover. In 1978, ricin was used to assassinate Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident. He was stabbed with the point of an umbrella while waiting at a bus stop near Waterloo Station in London. After his death a perforated metallic pellet was found embedded in his leg; this had presumably contained the ricin toxin. Toxicity varies among animal species: 4 seeds will kill a rabbit, 5 a sheep, 6 an ox or horse, 7 a pig, and 11 a dog. Poisoning occurs when animals ingest broken seeds or break the seed by chewing; intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin. Ducks have shown substantial resistance to the seeds: it takes an average of 80 to kill them River poison tree ï¿½ see Excoecaria agallocha. Robinia (also known as black locust and false acacia etc.). All species produce toxic lectins.The poison is a complex mix of lectins with the highest concentration in the fruit and seed, followed by the root bark and the flower. There is little poison in the leaf.[74] The lectins, generally called robin are less toxic than those of e.g. Abrus (abrin) or Ricinus (ricin), and in non-fatal cases the toxic effects tend to be temporary. Rosary pea ï¿½ see Abrus precatorius. Sambucus (commonly known as elder or elderberry). The roots are considered poisonous and cause nausea and digestive upset. Sanguinaria canadensis (commonly known as bloodroot). The rhizome contains morphine-like benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, primarily the toxin sanguinarine. Sanguinarine kills animal cells by blocking the action of Na+/K+-ATPase transmembrane proteins. As a result, applying S. canadensis to the skin may destroy tissue and lead to the formation of a large scab, called an eschar. Although applying escharotic agents, including S. canadensis, to the skin is sometimes suggested as a home treatment for skin cancer, these attempts can be severely disfiguring,as well as unsuccessful. Case reports have shown that in such instances tumor has recurred and/or metastasized]The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the inclusion of sanguinarine in toothpastes as an antibacterial or anti-plaque agent,[78][79][80][81] although it is believed that this use may cause leukoplakia, a premalignant oral lesion.[The safe level of sanguinarine in such products is subject to regulation and debate.[S. canadensis extracts have also been promoted by some supplement companies as a treatment or cure for cancer, but the FDA has listed some of these products among its "187 Fake Cancer 'Cures' Consumers Should Avoid".[85] Bloodroot is a popular red natural dye used by Native American artists, especially among southeastern river cane basket makers.[86] However in spite of supposed curative properties and historical use by Native Americans as an emetic, due to its toxicity internal use is not advisable (sanguinarine has an LD50 of only 18 mg per kg body weight).[43] Solanum dulcamara (commonly known as bittersweet nightshade). All parts are poisonous, containing solanine and causing fatigue, paralysis, convulsions, and diarrhea. Rarely fatal. Solanum nigrum (commonly known as black nightshade). All parts of the plant except the ripe fruit contain the toxic glycoalkaloid solanine. Solanine poisoning is primarily displayed by gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, burning of the throat, cardiac dysrhythmia, headache and dizziness. In more severe cases, hallucinations, loss of sensation, paralysis, fever, jaundice, dilated pupils and hypothermia can result. In large quantities, solanine poisoning can be fatal. Solanum pseudocapsicum (commonly known as Jerusalem cherry, Madiera winter cherry and winter cherry). All parts, especially the berries, are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. It is occasionally fatal, especially to children. Sosnowsky's Hogweed. Plant has toxic sap and causes skin inflammation on contact. Spindle tree or spindle ï¿½ see Euonymus europaeus. Starch-root ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Stenanthium ï¿½ see Deathcamas. Stinging tree ï¿½ see Dendrocnide moroides. Stinkweed ï¿½ see Datura stramonium and Datura. Strychnine tree ï¿½ see Strychnos nux-vomica. Strychnos nux-vomica (commonly known as the strychnine tree). The seeds usually contain about 1.5% strychnine, an extremely bitter and deadly alkaloid. This substance throws a human into intense muscle convulsions and usually kills within three hours. The bark of the tree may also contain brucine, another dangerous chemical. Suicide tree ï¿½ see Cerbera odollam. Taxus baccata (commonly known as English yew', common yew and graveyard tree). Nearly all parts contain toxic taxanes (except the red, fleshy, and slightly sweet aril surrounding the toxic seeds).The seeds themselves are particularly toxic if chewed.[Several people have committed suicide by ingesting leaves and seeds,including Catuvolcus, king of a tribe in what is now Belgium. Thorn apple ï¿½ see Datura stramonium and Datura. Toxicodendron Several species, including Toxicodendron radicans (commonly known as poison ivy), Toxicodendron diversilobum (commonly known as poison-oak), and Toxicodendron vernix (commonly known as poison sumac). All parts of these plants contain a highly irritating oil with urushiol. Skin reactions can include blisters and rashes. It spreads readily to clothes and back again, and has a very long life. Infections can follow scratching. Despite the common names, urushiol is actually not a poison but an allergen, and because of this it will not affect certain people. The smoke of burning poison ivy can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal. Toxicoscordion ï¿½ see Deathcamas. Urtica ferox (commonly known as ongaonga). Even the lightest touch can result in a painful sting that lasts several days. Veratrum (commonly known as false hellebore and corn lily). Several species, containing highly toxic steroidal alkaloids (e.g. veratridine) that activate sodium ion channels and cause rapid cardiac failure and death if ingested.[All parts of the plant are poisonous, with the root and rhizomes being the most toxic.[Symptoms typically occur between 30 minutes and 4 hours after ingestion and include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, numbness, headache, sweating, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia, and seizures.[Treatment for poisoning includes gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal followed by supportive care including fluid replacement, antiemetics for persistent nausea and vomiting, atropine for treatment of bradycardia, and vasopressors for the treatment of hypotension.[Native Americans used the juice pressed from the roots to poison arrows before combat. The dried powdered root of this plant was also used as an insecticide.[The plants' teratogenic properties and ability to induce severe birth defects were well known to Native Americans,[although they also used minute amounts of the winter-harvested root (combined with Salvia dorii to potentiate its effects and reduce the toxicity of the herb) to treat cancerous tumors. The toxic steroidal alkaloids are produced only when the plants are in active growth, so herbalists and Native Americans who used this plant for medicinal purposes harvested the roots during the winter months when the levels of toxic constituents were at their lowest. The roots of V. nigrum and V. schindleri have been used in Chinese herbalism (where plants of this genus are known as "li lu" (藜蘆). Li lu is used internally as a powerful emetic of last resort, and topically to kill external parasites, treat tinea and scabies, and stop itching.[However some herbalists refuse to prescribe li lu internally, citing the extreme difficulty in preparing a safe and effective dosage, and that death has occurred at a dosage of 0.6 grams.[During the 1930sVeratrum extracts were investigated in the treatment of high blood pressure in humans. However patients often suffered side effects due to the narrow therapeutic index of these products. Due to its toxicity, the use of Veratrum as a treatment for high blood pressure in humans was discontinued. Wake robin ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Water hemlock ï¿½ see Cicuta. White baneberry ï¿½ see Actaea pachypoda. White snakeroot ï¿½ see Ageratina altissima. Wild arum ï¿½ see Arum maculatum. Winter cherry ï¿½ see Solanum pseudocapsicum. Wolfsbane ï¿½ see Aconitum. Xanthium (commonly known as cocklebur). Several species. The Common Cocklebur (X. strumarium), a native of North America, can be poisonous to livestock, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producing unsteadiness and weakness, depression, nausea and vomiting, twisting of the neck muscles, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, and eventually death. Xanthium has also been used for its medicinal properties and for making yellow dye, as indicated by its name (Greek xanthos = 'yellow'). Yellow jessamine ï¿½ see Gelsemium sempervirens. Yew ï¿½ see Taxus baccata. Zantedeschia (several species, also known as Lily of the Nile and Calla lily). Contain calcium oxalate. All parts of the plant are toxic, producing irritation and swelling of the mouth and throat, acute vomiting and diarrhea.[96] Can be fatal. Zigadenus ï¿½ see Deathcamas Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days. The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word bubo, meaning "swollen gland." Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) especially occur in the armpit and groin in persons suffering from bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. The first recorded epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century, and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justitinian. Bubonic plague ï¿½ along with the septicemic plague and the pneumonic plague is generally believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 75 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose and some historians have seen this as a turning point in European economic development. Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The Black Death originated in or near China and spread by way of the Silk Road or by ship. Carried by the fleas on rats, it spread along trade routes and reached the Crimea in 1347. Signs and symptoms The most famous symptom of bubonic plague is painful, swollen lymph glands, called buboes. These are commonly found in the armpits, groin or neck. Due to its bite-based form of infection, the bubonic plague is often the first step of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2ï¿½5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Chills High fever (39 ï¿½Celsius; 102 ï¿½Fahrenheit) Muscle Cramps Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Skin color changes to a pink hue in some extreme cases Bleeding out of the cochlea will begin after 12 hours of infection. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain. The pain is usually caused by the decay or decomposure of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium and coma. Two other types of Y. pestis plague are pneumonic and septicemic. Pneumonic plague, unlike the bubonic or septicemic, induces coughing and is very infectious, allowing to it be spread person-to-person. Pathophysiology Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). The fleas are often found on rodents such as rats and mice, and seek out other prey when their rodent hosts die. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. This form of the disease is highly communicable as the bacteria can be transmitted in droplets emitted when coughing or sneezing, as well as physical contact with victims of the plague or flea-bearing rodents that carry the plague. Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1-15%, compared to a mortality rate of 50-90% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is required, in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague, a severe type of lung infection, is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rare than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body; the bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, the pneumonic plague is an infection of the respiratory system, and the septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream. Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate. Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. 98% of the world's cases occur in Africa. Pathology and transmission Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Death. It could kill 90%ï¿½95% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria. Symptoms The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours. Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include: Fever Prognosis and treatment Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. Antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death,. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%. Present Day Occurrences of Pneumonic Plague. China The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humansï¿½from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.n September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague. A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this." In September 2010, there were 5 reported cases of pneumonic plague in Tibet. Peru Peru's health minister says an outbreak of plague has killed a 14-year-old boy and infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. Health Minister Oscar Ugarte says authorities are screening sugar and fish meal exports from Ascope province, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of Lima. Popular Chicama beach isn't far away. Ugarte says the boy, who had Down syndrome, died of bubonic plague July 26, 2010. He said August 1 that most of the infections are bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague. The former is transmitted by flea bites, the latter by airborne contagion. The disease is curable if treated early with antibiotics. The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. The last, in 1994, killed 35 people. Recent notable cases On November 2, 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in Grand Canyon National Park. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion carcass. Plague in Biological warfare. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been product of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages in order to spread the pestilence. Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Epidemiology of plague following use as a biological weapon. that plague had been artificially disseminated would be the occurrence of cases in locations not known to have enzootic infection, in peThe Epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally occurring infection. Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to produce disease in nonhuman primates. A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses. The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain, environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization. Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure, and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms. Indicationsrsons without known risk factors, and in the absence of prior rodent deaths. Present day incidents of suspected attempted attacks using . Al-Quaida I t was reported in 2006 that an al-Quaida cell killed by the Black Death may have been developing biological weapons when it was infected and all the operatives succumbed to the infection. It was initially believed that they could have caught the disease through fleas on rats attracted by poor living conditions in their forest hideout. But there are now claims the cell was developing the disease as a weapon to use against western cities. Some experts said that the group was developing chemical and biological weapons. Dr Igor Khrupinov, a biological weapons expert at Georgia University, told The Sun: "Al-Quaida is known to experiment with biological weapons. And this group has direct communication with other cells around the world."Contagious diseases, like Ebola and anthrax, occur in northern Africa. It makes sense that people are trying to use them against Western governments." Dr Khrupinov, who was once a weapons adviser to the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, added: "Instead of using bombs, people with infectious diseases could be walking through cities." Post graduate terrorists. It was reported last year that up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to become postgraduate students in Britain in an attempt to use laboratories. Ian Kearns, from the Institute for Public Policy Research, told the newspaper: "The biological weapons threat is not going away. We're not ready for it." Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt American white supremacist Bio Terrorists? The FBI arrested two men in 1998, including a self-professed white separatist, on charges of developing and stockpiling a biological agent -- suspected of being deadly anthrax -- and conspiring to use it as a weapon. The FBI announced the arrests of Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt Jr. at a news conference Thursday. The men were taken into custody Wednesday evening and were being held at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas. "These individuals posed a potential chemical and biological threat to our community," said FBI Special Agent Bobby Siller. "It was suspected that these individuals were in possession of a dangerous biological chemical, anthrax." However, Leavitt's lawyer, Lamond Mills, said that what the FBI actually seized was a substance the two men hoped to test and market as an anthrax vaccine. Tip off The FBI was tipped off to Harris' alleged activities by a man in Las Vegas who said Harris had told him of his ability to make biological agents, a top law enforcement source told CNN. The man apparently went with Harris to a medical office outside Las Vegas to observe Harris' makeshift laboratory, an official said. Agents responding to the tip seized unknown materials and Petri dishes and "locked them up," the source said. "We're not sure what the hell they got." Harris on probation for buying bubonic plague Harris, 46, a native of West Virginia who now lives in Lancaster, Ohio, has a microbiology degree from Ohio State University. He has written extensively on the dangers of biological warfare and how people can protect themselves with massive doses of antibiotics. Harris has described himself as a white separatist. He once held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the far-right white separatist group Aryan Nations, and he has also told reporters that he is a follower of the Christian Identity movement. During the 1980s, Harris was questioned about his involvement with the Aryan Nations by the Secret Service in advance of a visit to Ohio State by then-President George Bush. In 1995, he was arrested after purchasing three vials of bubonic plague by mail from a Maryland laboratory. That was not in and of itself a crime, but Harris was convicted on two counts of mail fraud and one count of wire fraud for misrepresenting the purpose of the purchase, a federal offense. At the time, Harris told prosecutors in Lancaster he was worried about the effects of "super germ-carrying rats" coming from Iraq. Though still on probation for his 1995 conviction, he has permission to travel and gives speeches at gun shows about biological warfare. Leavitt A behavior science expert who looked at Harris for the FBI after his previous arrest advised agents "to take him seriously because he had this stuff before," a source said. Less is known about Leavitt, 47. The FBI affidavit says he is also a microbiologist who owns clinics in Logandale, Nevada, where he lives, and Frankfurt, Germany. "My son is the most caring person you would ever find," said his mother, Betty Leavitt. Describing her son as a very religious Mormon, she said he "prays every time" there is danger of a world conflict and is "extremely concerned about germ warfare." Separatist allegedly described New York attack According to an affidavit filed with his arrest warrant, Harris told a group last summer of a 1995 plan to "place a 'globe' of bubonic plague toxins in a New York City subway station, where it would be broken by a passing subway train, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths." He told the group, according to the affidavit, that "the Iraqis would be blamed for that event." However, Siller said that there is as of yet no indication as to "what the target might have been or even if there was a target at this point." The Plague Doctors. Fourteenth century plague doctors who wore a bird-like mask were referred to as "beak doctors". Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak was shaped like a bird's. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator. The mask they wore had a protruded beak which contained aromatic items. . The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by the plague doctors had a wide brimmed leather hood to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to examine the patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days. The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word bubo, meaning "swollen gland." Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) especially occur in the armpit and groin in persons suffering from bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. The first recorded epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century, and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justitinian. Bubonic plague ï¿½ along with the septicemic plague and the pneumonic plague is generally believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 75 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose and some historians have seen this as a turning point in European economic development. Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The Black Death originated in or near China and spread by way of the Silk Road or by ship. Carried by the fleas on rats, it spread along trade routes and reached the Crimea in 1347. Signs and symptoms The most famous symptom of bubonic plague is painful, swollen lymph glands, called buboes. These are commonly found in the armpits, groin or neck. Due to its bite-based form of infection, the bubonic plague is often the first step of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2ï¿½5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Chills High fever (39 ï¿½Celsius; 102 ï¿½Fahrenheit) Muscle Cramps Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Skin color changes to a pink hue in some extreme cases Bleeding out of the cochlea will begin after 12 hours of infection. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain. The pain is usually caused by the decay or decomposure of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium and coma. Two other types of Y. pestis plague are pneumonic and septicemic. Pneumonic plague, unlike the bubonic or septicemic, induces coughing and is very infectious, allowing to it be spread person-to-person. Pathophysiology Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). The fleas are often found on rodents such as rats and mice, and seek out other prey when their rodent hosts die. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. This form of the disease is highly communicable as the bacteria can be transmitted in droplets emitted when coughing or sneezing, as well as physical contact with victims of the plague or flea-bearing rodents that carry the plague. Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1-15%, compared to a mortality rate of 50-90% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is required, in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague, a severe type of lung infection, is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rare than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body; the bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, the pneumonic plague is an infection of the respiratory system, and the septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream. Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate. Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. 98% of the world's cases occur in Africa. Pathology and transmission Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Death. It could kill 90%ï¿½95% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria. Symptoms The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours. Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include: Fever Prognosis and treatment Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. Antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death,. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%. Present Day Occurrences of Pneumonic Plague. China The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humansï¿½from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.n September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague. A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this." In September 2010, there were 5 reported cases of pneumonic plague in Tibet. Peru Peru's health minister says an outbreak of plague has killed a 14-year-old boy and infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. Health Minister Oscar Ugarte says authorities are screening sugar and fish meal exports from Ascope province, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of Lima. Popular Chicama beach isn't far away. Ugarte says the boy, who had Down syndrome, died of bubonic plague July 26, 2010. He said August 1 that most of the infections are bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague. The former is transmitted by flea bites, the latter by airborne contagion. The disease is curable if treated early with antibiotics. The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. The last, in 1994, killed 35 people. Recent notable cases On November 2, 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in Grand Canyon National Park. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion carcass. Plague in Biological warfare. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been product of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages in order to spread the pestilence. Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Epidemiology of plague following use as a biological weapon. that plague had been artificially disseminated would be the occurrence of cases in locations not known to have enzootic infection, in peThe Epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally occurring infection. Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to produce disease in nonhuman primates. A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses. The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain, environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization. Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure, and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms. Indicationsrsons without known risk factors, and in the absence of prior rodent deaths. Present day incidents of suspected attempted attacks using . Al-Quaida I t was reported in 2006 that an al-Quaida cell killed by the Black Death may have been developing biological weapons when it was infected and all the operatives succumbed to the infection. It was initially believed that they could have caught the disease through fleas on rats attracted by poor living conditions in their forest hideout. But there are now claims the cell was developing the disease as a weapon to use against western cities. Some experts said that the group was developing chemical and biological weapons. Dr Igor Khrupinov, a biological weapons expert at Georgia University, told The Sun: "Al-Quaida is known to experiment with biological weapons. And this group has direct communication with other cells around the world."Contagious diseases, like Ebola and anthrax, occur in northern Africa. It makes sense that people are trying to use them against Western governments." Dr Khrupinov, who was once a weapons adviser to the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, added: "Instead of using bombs, people with infectious diseases could be walking through cities." Post graduate terrorists. It was reported last year that up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to become postgraduate students in Britain in an attempt to use laboratories. Ian Kearns, from the Institute for Public Policy Research, told the newspaper: "The biological weapons threat is not going away. We're not ready for it." Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt American white supremacist Bio Terrorists? The FBI arrested two men in 1998, including a self-professed white separatist, on charges of developing and stockpiling a biological agent -- suspected of being deadly anthrax -- and conspiring to use it as a weapon. The FBI announced the arrests of Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt Jr. at a news conference Thursday. The men were taken into custody Wednesday evening and were being held at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas. "These individuals posed a potential chemical and biological threat to our community," said FBI Special Agent Bobby Siller. "It was suspected that these individuals were in possession of a dangerous biological chemical, anthrax." However, Leavitt's lawyer, Lamond Mills, said that what the FBI actually seized was a substance the two men hoped to test and market as an anthrax vaccine. Tip off The FBI was tipped off to Harris' alleged activities by a man in Las Vegas who said Harris had told him of his ability to make biological agents, a top law enforcement source told CNN. The man apparently went with Harris to a medical office outside Las Vegas to observe Harris' makeshift laboratory, an official said. Agents responding to the tip seized unknown materials and Petri dishes and "locked them up," the source said. "We're not sure what the hell they got." Harris on probation for buying bubonic plague Harris, 46, a native of West Virginia who now lives in Lancaster, Ohio, has a microbiology degree from Ohio State University. He has written extensively on the dangers of biological warfare and how people can protect themselves with massive doses of antibiotics. Harris has described himself as a white separatist. He once held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the far-right white separatist group Aryan Nations, and he has also told reporters that he is a follower of the Christian Identity movement. During the 1980s, Harris was questioned about his involvement with the Aryan Nations by the Secret Service in advance of a visit to Ohio State by then-President George Bush. In 1995, he was arrested after purchasing three vials of bubonic plague by mail from a Maryland laboratory. That was not in and of itself a crime, but Harris was convicted on two counts of mail fraud and one count of wire fraud for misrepresenting the purpose of the purchase, a federal offense. At the time, Harris told prosecutors in Lancaster he was worried about the effects of "super germ-carrying rats" coming from Iraq. Though still on probation for his 1995 conviction, he has permission to travel and gives speeches at gun shows about biological warfare. Leavitt A behavior science expert who looked at Harris for the FBI after his previous arrest advised agents "to take him seriously because he had this stuff before," a source said. Less is known about Leavitt, 47. The FBI affidavit says he is also a microbiologist who owns clinics in Logandale, Nevada, where he lives, and Frankfurt, Germany. "My son is the most caring person you would ever find," said his mother, Betty Leavitt. Describing her son as a very religious Mormon, she said he "prays every time" there is danger of a world conflict and is "extremely concerned about germ warfare." Separatist allegedly described New York attack According to an affidavit filed with his arrest warrant, Harris told a group last summer of a 1995 plan to "place a 'globe' of bubonic plague toxins in a New York City subway station, where it would be broken by a passing subway train, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths." He told the group, according to the affidavit, that "the Iraqis would be blamed for that event." However, Siller said that there is as of yet no indication as to "what the target might have been or even if there was a target at this point." The Plague Doctors. Fourteenth century plague doctors who wore a bird-like mask were referred to as "beak doctors". Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak was shaped like a bird's. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator. The mask they wore had a protruded beak which contained aromatic items. . The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by the plague doctors had a wide brimmed leather hood to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to examine the patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days. The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word bubo, meaning "swollen gland." Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) especially occur in the armpit and groin in persons suffering from bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. The first recorded epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century, and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justitinian. Bubonic plague ï¿½ along with the septicemic plague and the pneumonic plague is generally believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 75 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose and some historians have seen this as a turning point in European economic development. Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The Black Death originated in or near China and spread by way of the Silk Road or by ship. Carried by the fleas on rats, it spread along trade routes and reached the Crimea in 1347. Signs and symptoms The most famous symptom of bubonic plague is painful, swollen lymph glands, called buboes. These are commonly found in the armpits, groin or neck. Due to its bite-based form of infection, the bubonic plague is often the first step of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2ï¿½5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Chills High fever (39 ï¿½Celsius; 102 ï¿½Fahrenheit) Muscle Cramps Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Skin color changes to a pink hue in some extreme cases Bleeding out of the cochlea will begin after 12 hours of infection. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain. The pain is usually caused by the decay or decomposure of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium and coma. Two other types of Y. pestis plague are pneumonic and septicemic. Pneumonic plague, unlike the bubonic or septicemic, induces coughing and is very infectious, allowing to it be spread person-to-person. Pathophysiology Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). The fleas are often found on rodents such as rats and mice, and seek out other prey when their rodent hosts die. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. This form of the disease is highly communicable as the bacteria can be transmitted in droplets emitted when coughing or sneezing, as well as physical contact with victims of the plague or flea-bearing rodents that carry the plague. Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1-15%, compared to a mortality rate of 50-90% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is required, in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague, a severe type of lung infection, is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rare than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body; the bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, the pneumonic plague is an infection of the respiratory system, and the septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream. Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate. Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. 98% of the world's cases occur in Africa. Pathology and transmission Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Death. It could kill 90%ï¿½95% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria. Symptoms The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours. Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include: Fever Prognosis and treatment Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. Antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death,. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%. Present Day Occurrences of Pneumonic Plague. China The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humansï¿½from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.n September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague. A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this." In September 2010, there were 5 reported cases of pneumonic plague in Tibet. Peru Peru's health minister says an outbreak of plague has killed a 14-year-old boy and infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. Health Minister Oscar Ugarte says authorities are screening sugar and fish meal exports from Ascope province, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of Lima. Popular Chicama beach isn't far away. Ugarte says the boy, who had Down syndrome, died of bubonic plague July 26, 2010. He said August 1 that most of the infections are bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague. The former is transmitted by flea bites, the latter by airborne contagion. The disease is curable if treated early with antibiotics. The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. The last, in 1994, killed 35 people. Recent notable cases On November 2, 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in Grand Canyon National Park. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion carcass. Plague in Biological warfare. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been product of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages in order to spread the pestilence. Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Epidemiology of plague following use as a biological weapon. that plague had been artificially disseminated would be the occurrence of cases in locations not known to have enzootic infection, in peThe Epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally occurring infection. Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to produce disease in nonhuman primates. A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses. The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain, environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization. Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure, and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms. Indicationsrsons without known risk factors, and in the absence of prior rodent deaths. Present day incidents of suspected attempted attacks using . Al-Quaida I t was reported in 2006 that an al-Quaida cell killed by the Black Death may have been developing biological weapons when it was infected and all the operatives succumbed to the infection. It was initially believed that they could have caught the disease through fleas on rats attracted by poor living conditions in their forest hideout. But there are now claims the cell was developing the disease as a weapon to use against western cities. Some experts said that the group was developing chemical and biological weapons. Dr Igor Khrupinov, a biological weapons expert at Georgia University, told The Sun: "Al-Quaida is known to experiment with biological weapons. And this group has direct communication with other cells around the world."Contagious diseases, like Ebola and anthrax, occur in northern Africa. It makes sense that people are trying to use them against Western governments." Dr Khrupinov, who was once a weapons adviser to the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, added: "Instead of using bombs, people with infectious diseases could be walking through cities." Post graduate terrorists. It was reported last year that up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to become postgraduate students in Britain in an attempt to use laboratories. Ian Kearns, from the Institute for Public Policy Research, told the newspaper: "The biological weapons threat is not going away. We're not ready for it." Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt American white supremacist Bio Terrorists? The FBI arrested two men in 1998, including a self-professed white separatist, on charges of developing and stockpiling a biological agent -- suspected of being deadly anthrax -- and conspiring to use it as a weapon. The FBI announced the arrests of Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt Jr. at a news conference Thursday. The men were taken into custody Wednesday evening and were being held at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas. "These individuals posed a potential chemical and biological threat to our community," said FBI Special Agent Bobby Siller. "It was suspected that these individuals were in possession of a dangerous biological chemical, anthrax." However, Leavitt's lawyer, Lamond Mills, said that what the FBI actually seized was a substance the two men hoped to test and market as an anthrax vaccine. Tip off The FBI was tipped off to Harris' alleged activities by a man in Las Vegas who said Harris had told him of his ability to make biological agents, a top law enforcement source told CNN. The man apparently went with Harris to a medical office outside Las Vegas to observe Harris' makeshift laboratory, an official said. Agents responding to the tip seized unknown materials and Petri dishes and "locked them up," the source said. "We're not sure what the hell they got." Harris on probation for buying bubonic plague Harris, 46, a native of West Virginia who now lives in Lancaster, Ohio, has a microbiology degree from Ohio State University. He has written extensively on the dangers of biological warfare and how people can protect themselves with massive doses of antibiotics. Harris has described himself as a white separatist. He once held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the far-right white separatist group Aryan Nations, and he has also told reporters that he is a follower of the Christian Identity movement. During the 1980s, Harris was questioned about his involvement with the Aryan Nations by the Secret Service in advance of a visit to Ohio State by then-President George Bush. In 1995, he was arrested after purchasing three vials of bubonic plague by mail from a Maryland laboratory. That was not in and of itself a crime, but Harris was convicted on two counts of mail fraud and one count of wire fraud for misrepresenting the purpose of the purchase, a federal offense. At the time, Harris told prosecutors in Lancaster he was worried about the effects of "super germ-carrying rats" coming from Iraq. Though still on probation for his 1995 conviction, he has permission to travel and gives speeches at gun shows about biological warfare. Leavitt A behavior science expert who looked at Harris for the FBI after his previous arrest advised agents "to take him seriously because he had this stuff before," a source said. Less is known about Leavitt, 47. The FBI affidavit says he is also a microbiologist who owns clinics in Logandale, Nevada, where he lives, and Frankfurt, Germany. "My son is the most caring person you would ever find," said his mother, Betty Leavitt. Describing her son as a very religious Mormon, she said he "prays every time" there is danger of a world conflict and is "extremely concerned about germ warfare." Separatist allegedly described New York attack According to an affidavit filed with his arrest warrant, Harris told a group last summer of a 1995 plan to "place a 'globe' of bubonic plague toxins in a New York City subway station, where it would be broken by a passing subway train, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths." He told the group, according to the affidavit, that "the Iraqis would be blamed for that event." However, Siller said that there is as of yet no indication as to "what the target might have been or even if there was a target at this point." The Plague Doctors. Fourteenth century plague doctors who wore a bird-like mask were referred to as "beak doctors". Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak was shaped like a bird's. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator. The mask they wore had a protruded beak which contained aromatic items. . The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by the plague doctors had a wide brimmed leather hood to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to examine the patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days. The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word bubo, meaning "swollen gland." Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) especially occur in the armpit and groin in persons suffering from bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. The first recorded epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century, and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justitinian. Bubonic plague ï¿½ along with the septicemic plague and the pneumonic plague is generally believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 75 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose and some historians have seen this as a turning point in European economic development. Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The Black Death originated in or near China and spread by way of the Silk Road or by ship. Carried by the fleas on rats, it spread along trade routes and reached the Crimea in 1347. Signs and symptoms The most famous symptom of bubonic plague is painful, swollen lymph glands, called buboes. These are commonly found in the armpits, groin or neck. Due to its bite-based form of infection, the bubonic plague is often the first step of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2ï¿½5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Chills High fever (39 ï¿½Celsius; 102 ï¿½Fahrenheit) Muscle Cramps Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Skin color changes to a pink hue in some extreme cases Bleeding out of the cochlea will begin after 12 hours of infection. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain. The pain is usually caused by the decay or decomposure of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium and coma. Two other types of Y. pestis plague are pneumonic and septicemic. Pneumonic plague, unlike the bubonic or septicemic, induces coughing and is very infectious, allowing to it be spread person-to-person. Pathophysiology Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). The fleas are often found on rodents such as rats and mice, and seek out other prey when their rodent hosts die. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. This form of the disease is highly communicable as the bacteria can be transmitted in droplets emitted when coughing or sneezing, as well as physical contact with victims of the plague or flea-bearing rodents that carry the plague. Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1-15%, compared to a mortality rate of 50-90% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is required, in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague, a severe type of lung infection, is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rare than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body; the bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, the pneumonic plague is an infection of the respiratory system, and the septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream. Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate. Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. 98% of the world's cases occur in Africa. Pathology and transmission Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Death. It could kill 90%ï¿½95% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria. Symptoms The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours. Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include: Fever Prognosis and treatment Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. Antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death,. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%. Present Day Occurrences of Pneumonic Plague. China The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humansï¿½from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.n September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague. A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this." In September 2010, there were 5 reported cases of pneumonic plague in Tibet. Peru Peru's health minister says an outbreak of plague has killed a 14-year-old boy and infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. Health Minister Oscar Ugarte says authorities are screening sugar and fish meal exports from Ascope province, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of Lima. Popular Chicama beach isn't far away. Ugarte says the boy, who had Down syndrome, died of bubonic plague July 26, 2010. He said August 1 that most of the infections are bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague. The former is transmitted by flea bites, the latter by airborne contagion. The disease is curable if treated early with antibiotics. The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. The last, in 1994, killed 35 people. Recent notable cases On November 2, 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in Grand Canyon National Park. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion carcass. Plague in Biological warfare. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been product of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages in order to spread the pestilence. Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Epidemiology of plague following use as a biological weapon. that plague had been artificially disseminated would be the occurrence of cases in locations not known to have enzootic infection, in peThe Epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally occurring infection. Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to produce disease in nonhuman primates. A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses. The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain, environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization. Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure, and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms. Indicationsrsons without known risk factors, and in the absence of prior rodent deaths. Present day incidents of suspected attempted attacks using . Al-Quaida I t was reported in 2006 that an al-Quaida cell killed by the Black Death may have been developing biological weapons when it was infected and all the operatives succumbed to the infection. It was initially believed that they could have caught the disease through fleas on rats attracted by poor living conditions in their forest hideout. But there are now claims the cell was developing the disease as a weapon to use against western cities. Some experts said that the group was developing chemical and biological weapons. Dr Igor Khrupinov, a biological weapons expert at Georgia University, told The Sun: "Al-Quaida is known to experiment with biological weapons. And this group has direct communication with other cells around the world."Contagious diseases, like Ebola and anthrax, occur in northern Africa. It makes sense that people are trying to use them against Western governments." Dr Khrupinov, who was once a weapons adviser to the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, added: "Instead of using bombs, people with infectious diseases could be walking through cities." Post graduate terrorists. It was reported last year that up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to become postgraduate students in Britain in an attempt to use laboratories. Ian Kearns, from the Institute for Public Policy Research, told the newspaper: "The biological weapons threat is not going away. We're not ready for it." Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt American white supremacist Bio Terrorists? The FBI arrested two men in 1998, including a self-professed white separatist, on charges of developing and stockpiling a biological agent -- suspected of being deadly anthrax -- and conspiring to use it as a weapon. The FBI announced the arrests of Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt Jr. at a news conference Thursday. The men were taken into custody Wednesday evening and were being held at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas. "These individuals posed a potential chemical and biological threat to our community," said FBI Special Agent Bobby Siller. "It was suspected that these individuals were in possession of a dangerous biological chemical, anthrax." However, Leavitt's lawyer, Lamond Mills, said that what the FBI actually seized was a substance the two men hoped to test and market as an anthrax vaccine. Tip off The FBI was tipped off to Harris' alleged activities by a man in Las Vegas who said Harris had told him of his ability to make biological agents, a top law enforcement source told CNN. The man apparently went with Harris to a medical office outside Las Vegas to observe Harris' makeshift laboratory, an official said. Agents responding to the tip seized unknown materials and Petri dishes and "locked them up," the source said. "We're not sure what the hell they got." Harris on probation for buying bubonic plague Harris, 46, a native of West Virginia who now lives in Lancaster, Ohio, has a microbiology degree from Ohio State University. He has written extensively on the dangers of biological warfare and how people can protect themselves with massive doses of antibiotics. Harris has described himself as a white separatist. He once held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the far-right white separatist group Aryan Nations, and he has also told reporters that he is a follower of the Christian Identity movement. During the 1980s, Harris was questioned about his involvement with the Aryan Nations by the Secret Service in advance of a visit to Ohio State by then-President George Bush. In 1995, he was arrested after purchasing three vials of bubonic plague by mail from a Maryland laboratory. That was not in and of itself a crime, but Harris was convicted on two counts of mail fraud and one count of wire fraud for misrepresenting the purpose of the purchase, a federal offense. At the time, Harris told prosecutors in Lancaster he was worried about the effects of "super germ-carrying rats" coming from Iraq. Though still on probation for his 1995 conviction, he has permission to travel and gives speeches at gun shows about biological warfare. Leavitt A behavior science expert who looked at Harris for the FBI after his previous arrest advised agents "to take him seriously because he had this stuff before," a source said. Less is known about Leavitt, 47. The FBI affidavit says he is also a microbiologist who owns clinics in Logandale, Nevada, where he lives, and Frankfurt, Germany. "My son is the most caring person you would ever find," said his mother, Betty Leavitt. Describing her son as a very religious Mormon, she said he "prays every time" there is danger of a world conflict and is "extremely concerned about germ warfare." Separatist allegedly described New York attack According to an affidavit filed with his arrest warrant, Harris told a group last summer of a 1995 plan to "place a 'globe' of bubonic plague toxins in a New York City subway station, where it would be broken by a passing subway train, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths." He told the group, according to the affidavit, that "the Iraqis would be blamed for that event." However, Siller said that there is as of yet no indication as to "what the target might have been or even if there was a target at this point." The Plague Doctors. Fourteenth century plague doctors who wore a bird-like mask were referred to as "beak doctors". Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak was shaped like a bird's. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator. The mask they wore had a protruded beak which contained aromatic items. . The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by the plague doctors had a wide brimmed leather hood to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to examine the patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas, and is one of three types of infections caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis), which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days. The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word bubo, meaning "swollen gland." Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) especially occur in the armpit and groin in persons suffering from bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. The first recorded epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century, and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justitinian. Bubonic plague ï¿½ along with the septicemic plague and the pneumonic plague is generally believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 75 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose and some historians have seen this as a turning point in European economic development. Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The Black Death originated in or near China and spread by way of the Silk Road or by ship. Carried by the fleas on rats, it spread along trade routes and reached the Crimea in 1347. Signs and symptoms The most famous symptom of bubonic plague is painful, swollen lymph glands, called buboes. These are commonly found in the armpits, groin or neck. Due to its bite-based form of infection, the bubonic plague is often the first step of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2ï¿½5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Chills High fever (39 ï¿½Celsius; 102 ï¿½Fahrenheit) Muscle Cramps Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears Skin color changes to a pink hue in some extreme cases Bleeding out of the cochlea will begin after 12 hours of infection. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain. The pain is usually caused by the decay or decomposure of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium and coma. Two other types of Y. pestis plague are pneumonic and septicemic. Pneumonic plague, unlike the bubonic or septicemic, induces coughing and is very infectious, allowing to it be spread person-to-person. Pathophysiology Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). The fleas are often found on rodents such as rats and mice, and seek out other prey when their rodent hosts die. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. This form of the disease is highly communicable as the bacteria can be transmitted in droplets emitted when coughing or sneezing, as well as physical contact with victims of the plague or flea-bearing rodents that carry the plague. Treatment Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1-15%, compared to a mortality rate of 50-90% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is required, in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague, a severe type of lung infection, is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rare than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body; the bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, the pneumonic plague is an infection of the respiratory system, and the septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream. Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate. Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. 98% of the world's cases occur in Africa. Pathology and transmission Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Death. It could kill 90%ï¿½95% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria. Symptoms The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours. Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include: Fever Prognosis and treatment Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. Antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death,. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%. Present Day Occurrences of Pneumonic Plague. China The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humansï¿½from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.n September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague. A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this." In September 2010, there were 5 reported cases of pneumonic plague in Tibet. Peru Peru's health minister says an outbreak of plague has killed a 14-year-old boy and infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. Health Minister Oscar Ugarte says authorities are screening sugar and fish meal exports from Ascope province, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of Lima. Popular Chicama beach isn't far away. Ugarte says the boy, who had Down syndrome, died of bubonic plague July 26, 2010. He said August 1 that most of the infections are bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague. The former is transmitted by flea bites, the latter by airborne contagion. The disease is curable if treated early with antibiotics. The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. The last, in 1994, killed 35 people. Recent notable cases On November 2, 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in Grand Canyon National Park. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion carcass. Plague in Biological warfare. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been product of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages in order to spread the pestilence. Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Epidemiology of plague following use as a biological weapon. that plague had been artificially disseminated would be the occurrence of cases in locations not known to have enzootic infection, in peThe Epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally occurring infection. Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to produce disease in nonhuman primates. A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses. The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain, environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization. Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure, and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms. Indicationsrsons without known risk factors, and in the absence of prior rodent deaths. Present day incidents of suspected attempted attacks using . Al-Quaida I t was reported in 2006 that an al-Quaida cell killed by the Black Death may have been developing biological weapons when it was infected and all the operatives succumbed to the infection. It was initially believed that they could have caught the disease through fleas on rats attracted by poor living conditions in their forest hideout. But there are now claims the cell was developing the disease as a weapon to use against western cities. Some experts said that the group was developing chemical and biological weapons. Dr Igor Khrupinov, a biological weapons expert at Georgia University, told The Sun: "Al-Quaida is known to experiment with biological weapons. And this group has direct communication with other cells around the world."Contagious diseases, like Ebola and anthrax, occur in northern Africa. It makes sense that people are trying to use them against Western governments." Dr Khrupinov, who was once a weapons adviser to the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, added: "Instead of using bombs, people with infectious diseases could be walking through cities." Post graduate terrorists. It was reported last year that up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to become postgraduate students in Britain in an attempt to use laboratories. Ian Kearns, from the Institute for Public Policy Research, told the newspaper: "The biological weapons threat is not going away. We're not ready for it." Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt American white supremacist Bio Terrorists? The FBI arrested two men in 1998, including a self-professed white separatist, on charges of developing and stockpiling a biological agent -- suspected of being deadly anthrax -- and conspiring to use it as a weapon. The FBI announced the arrests of Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt Jr. at a news conference Thursday. The men were taken into custody Wednesday evening and were being held at the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas. "These individuals posed a potential chemical and biological threat to our community," said FBI Special Agent Bobby Siller. "It was suspected that these individuals were in possession of a dangerous biological chemical, anthrax." However, Leavitt's lawyer, Lamond Mills, said that what the FBI actually seized was a substance the two men hoped to test and market as an anthrax vaccine. Tip off The FBI was tipped off to Harris' alleged activities by a man in Las Vegas who said Harris had told him of his ability to make biological agents, a top law enforcement source told CNN. The man apparently went with Harris to a medical office outside Las Vegas to observe Harris' makeshift laboratory, an official said. Agents responding to the tip seized unknown materials and Petri dishes and "locked them up," the source said. "We're not sure what the hell they got." Harris on probation for buying bubonic plague Harris, 46, a native of West Virginia who now lives in Lancaster, Ohio, has a microbiology degree from Ohio State University. He has written extensively on the dangers of biological warfare and how people can protect themselves with massive doses of antibiotics. Harris has described himself as a white separatist. He once held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the far-right white separatist group Aryan Nations, and he has also told reporters that he is a follower of the Christian Identity movement. During the 1980s, Harris was questioned about his involvement with the Aryan Nations by the Secret Service in advance of a visit to Ohio State by then-President George Bush. In 1995, he was arrested after purchasing three vials of bubonic plague by mail from a Maryland laboratory. That was not in and of itself a crime, but Harris was convicted on two counts of mail fraud and one count of wire fraud for misrepresenting the purpose of the purchase, a federal offense. At the time, Harris told prosecutors in Lancaster he was worried about the effects of "super germ-carrying rats" coming from Iraq. Though still on probation for his 1995 conviction, he has permission to travel and gives speeches at gun shows about biological warfare. Leavitt A behavior science expert who looked at Harris for the FBI after his previous arrest advised agents "to take him seriously because he had this stuff before," a source said. Less is known about Leavitt, 47. The FBI affidavit says he is also a microbiologist who owns clinics in Logandale, Nevada, where he lives, and Frankfurt, Germany. "My son is the most caring person you would ever find," said his mother, Betty Leavitt. Describing her son as a very religious Mormon, she said he "prays every time" there is danger of a world conflict and is "extremely concerned about germ warfare." Separatist allegedly described New York attack According to an affidavit filed with his arrest warrant, Harris told a group last summer of a 1995 plan to "place a 'globe' of bubonic plague toxins in a New York City subway station, where it would be broken by a passing subway train, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths." He told the group, according to the affidavit, that "the Iraqis would be blamed for that event." However, Siller said that there is as of yet no indication as to "what the target might have been or even if there was a target at this point." The Plague Doctors. Fourteenth century plague doctors who wore a bird-like mask were referred to as "beak doctors". Straps held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak was shaped like a bird's. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator. The mask they wore had a protruded beak which contained aromatic items. . The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease in the miasma theory of infection, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by the plague doctors had a wide brimmed leather hood to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to examine the patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse (Top left, Paulus Furstï¿½s 1656 engraving of Dr. Schnabel ("Beak") of Rome wearing protective clothing typical of the plague doctors of Rome at the time. Top middle Plague Doctor costume 1720. Top right, an 1841 version of the frontispiece to Jean-Jacques Mangetï¿½s Traitï¿½ de la peste (1721),used to illustrate an article in the Saturday, June 5, 1841 issue of The Mirror of literature, amusement, and instruction on the 1637ï¿½37 plague in Nijmegen. Bottom left, Plague Doctor (Medicus in Pestilentia) from Thomas Bartholinï¿½s Historiae anatomicae of 1661. (Perhaps copied from Gerhart Altzenbachï¿½s 1656 image. Bottom Middle, Johann Melchior Fï¿½ssli, engraving, c. 1721, of a plague doctor of Marseilles. His nose-case is filled with smoking material to keep off the plague. Bottom right, a beaked Venetian carnival mask with the inscription Medico della Peste (ï¿½Plague doctorï¿½) beneath the right eye.) Charles de Lorme adopted in 1619 the idea of a full head-to-toe protective garment, modeled after a soldier's armour. This consisted of not only the bird-like mask, but of a long leather (Moroccan or Levantine)or waxed-canvas gown which was from the neck to the ankle. The over-clothing garment, as well as leggings, gloves, boots, and a hat, were made of waxed leather. The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask. This popular seventeenth century poem describes the plague doctor's costume. As may be seen on picture here, In Rome the doctors do appear, When to their patients they are called, In places by the plague appalled, Their hats and cloaks, of fashion new, Are made of oilcloth, dark of hue, Their caps with glasses are designed, Their bills with antidotes all lined, That foulsome air may do no harm, Nor cause the doctor man alarm, The staff in hand must serve to show Their noble trade where'er they go. The Genevese physician Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, describes the costume worn by plague doctors at Nijmegen in 1636-1637. The costume forms the frontispiece of Manget's 1721 work. The plague doctors of Nijmegen also wore beaked masks. Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were made of morocco leather. This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Plague of 1656, which killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples. The overcoat was sometimes made of levant morocco. The costume terrified people because it was a sign of imminent death. Plague doctors wore these protective costumes per their agreements when they attended their plague patients. Traditional treatment Medieval doctors thought the plague was created by air corrupted by humid weather, decaying unburied bodies, and fumes produced by poor sanitation. The recommended treatment of the plague was a good diet, rest, and relocating to a non-infected environment so the individual could get access to clean air. This did help, but not for the reasons the doctors of the time thought. In actuality, because they recommended moving away from unsanitary conditions, people were, in effect, getting away from the rodents that harbored the fleas carrying the infection. We suggest if you like this topic to read Twenty First Century Overman by visiting our Dark Biology store Anthrax in bio terrorism Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Most forms of the disease are lethal, and it affects both humans and other animals. Like many other members of the genus Bacillus, Bacillus anthracis can form dormant endospores (often referred to as "spores" for short, but not to be confused with fungal spores) that are able to survive in harsh conditions for decades or even centuries. Such spores can be found on all continents, even Antarctica. When spores are inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with a skin lesion on a host they may reactivate and multiply rapidly. Anthrax commonly infects wild and domesticated herbivorous mammals that ingest or inhale the spores while grazing. Ingestion is thought to be the most common route by which herbivores contract anthrax. Carnivores living in the same environment may become infected by consuming infected animals. Diseased animals can spread anthrax to humans, either by direct contact (e.g., inoculation of infected blood to broken skin) or by consumption of a diseased animal's flesh. Anthrax spores can be produced in vitro (in the lab) and used as a biological weapon. Anthrax does not spread directly from one infected animal or person to another; it is spread by spores. These spores can be transported by clothing or shoes. The body of an animal that had active anthrax at the time of death can also be a source of anthrax spores. Exposure and mode of infection. Occupational exposure to infected animals or their products (such as skin, wool, and meat) is the usual pathway of exposure for humans. Workers who are exposed to dead animals and animal products are at the highest risk, especially in countries where anthrax is more common. Anthrax in livestock grazing on open range where they mix with wild animals still occasionally occurs in the United States and elsewhere. Many workers who deal with wool and animal hides are routinely exposed to low levels of anthrax spores but most exposures are not sufficient to develop anthrax infections. It is presumed that the body's natural defenses can destroy low levels of exposure. These people usually contract cutaneous anthrax if they catch anything. Throughout history, the most dangerous form of inhalational anthrax was called Woolsorters' disease because it was an occupational hazard for people who sorted wool. Today this form of infection is extremely rare, as almost no infected animals remain. The last fatal case of natural inhalational anthrax in the United States occurred in California in 1976, when a home weaver died after working with infected wool imported from Pakistan. The autopsy was done at UCLA hospital. To minimize the chance of spreading the disease, the deceased was transported to UCLA in a sealed plastic body bag within a sealed metal container. In November 2008, a drum maker in the United Kingdom who worked with untreated animal skins died from anthrax. In December 2009 an outbreak of anthrax occurred amongst heroin addicts in Glasgow, Scotland, resulting in ten deaths. The source of the anthrax is believed to be dilution of the heroin with bone meal in Afghanistan. Also during December 2009, The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services confirmed a case of gastrointestinal anthrax in an adult female. The CDC (Center for Disease Control) investigated the source and the pox Anthrax can enter the human body through the intestines (ingestion), lungs (inhalation), or skin (cutaneous) and causes distinct clinical symptoms based on its site of entry. In general, an infected human will be quarantined. However, anthrax does not usually spread from an infected human to a non- infected human. But, if the disease is fatal to the person's body, its mass of anthrax bacilli becomes a potential source of infection to others and special precautions should be used to prevent further contamination. Inhalational anthrax, if left untreated until obvious symptoms occur, may be fatal. Anthrax can be contracted in laboratory accidents or by handling infected animals or their wool or hides. It has also been used in biological warfare agents and by terrorists to intentionally infect as exemplified by the 2001 anthrax attacks. Signs and symptoms Pulmonary (in other words airborne infection) Respiratory infection in humans initially presents with cold or flu-like symptoms for several days, followed by severe (and often fatal) respiratory collapse. Historical mortality was 92%, but, when treated early (seen in the 2001 anthrax attacks), observed mortality was 45%.[Distinguishing pulmonary anthrax from more common causes of respiratory illness is essential to avoiding delays in diagnosis and thereby improving outcomes. An algorithm for this purpose has been developed. Illness progressing to the fulminant phase has a 97% mortality regardless of treatment. A lethal infection is reported to result from inhalation of about 10,000ï¿½20,000 spores, though this dose varies among host species. As with all diseases, it is presumed that there is a wide variation to susceptibility with evidence that some people may die from much lower exposures; there is little documented evidence to verify the exact or average number of spores needed for infection. Inhalational anthrax is also known as Woolsorters' or Ragpickers' disease as these professions were more susceptible to the disease due to their exposure to infected animal products. Other practices associated with exposure include the slicing up of animal horns for the manufacture of buttons, the handling of hair bristles used for the manufacturing of brushes, and the handling of animal skins. Whether these animal skins came from animals that died of the disease or from animals that had simply laid on ground that had spores on it is unknown. This mode of infection is the type used weaponization in biological warfare.. Gastrointestinal (needs to be ingested) Gastrointestinal infection in humans is most often caused by eating anthrax-infected meat and is characterized by serious gastrointestinal difficulty, vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, and loss of appetite. Some lesions have been found in the intestines and in the mouth and throat. After the bacterium invades the bowel system, it spreads through the bloodstream throughout the body, making even more toxins on the way. Gastrointestinal infections can be treated but usually result in fatality rates of 25% to 60%, depending upon how soon treatment commences. This form of anthrax is the rarest form. In the United States, there is only one official case reported in 1942 by the CDC. Cutaneous (on the skin). Anthrax skin lesion Cutaneous (on the skin) anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (lesion). The black lesion often shows up as a large, painless necrotic ulcer (beginning as an irritating and itchy skin lesion or blister that is dark and usually concentrated as a black dot, somewhat resembling bread mold) at the site of infection. In general, cutaneous infections form within the site of spore penetration between 2 and 5 days after exposure. Unlike bruises or most other lesions, cutaneous anthrax infections normally do not cause pain. Cutaneous anthrax is typically caused when bacillus anthracis spores enter through cuts on the skin. This form of Anthrax is found most commonly when humans handle infected animals and/or animal products (e.g., the hide of an animal used to make drums). Cutaneous anthrax is rarely fatal if treated, because the infection area is limited to the skin, preventing the Lethal Factor, Edema Factor, and Protective Antigen from entering and destroying a vital organ. Without treatment about 20% of cutaneous skin infection cases progress to toxemia and death. Diagnosis Other than Gram stain of specimens, there are no specific direct identification techniques for identification of Bacillus species in clinical material. These organisms are Gram-positive but with age can be Gram-variable to Gram-negative. A specific feature of Bacillus species that makes it unique from other aerobic microorganisms is its ability to produce spores. Although spores are not always evident on a Gram stain of this organism, the presence of spores confirms that the organism is of the genus Bacillus. All Bacillus species grow well on 5% Sheep blood agar and other routine culture media. PLET (polymyxin-lysozyme-EDTA-thallous acetate) can be used to isolate B.anthracis from contaminated specimens, and bicarbonate agar is used as an identification method to induce capsule formation. Bacillus sp. will usually grow within 24 hours of incubation at 35 degrees C, in ambient air (room temperature) or in 5% CO2. If bicarbonate agar is used for identification then the media must be incubated in 5% CO2. This ability to grow well makes it a great threat for the possible use as a biological warfare agent. Prevention Vaccines An anthrax vaccine (BioThrax or Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and produced from one non-virulent strain of the anthrax bacterium was formerly administered in a six-dose primary series at 0, 2, 4 weeks and 6, 12, 18 months, with annual boosters to maintain immunity. On December 11, 2008, the FDA approved omitting the week 2 dose, resulting in the currently recommended five-dose series. Unlike NATOcountries, the Soviets developed and used a live spore anthrax vaccine, known as the STI vaccine, produced in Tbilisi, Georgia. Its serious side-effects restrict use to healthy adults. Treatment Anthrax cannot be spread directly from person to person, but a peoples clothing and body may be contaminated with anthrax spores. Effective decontamination of people can be accomplished by a thorough wash-down withantimicrobial effective soap and water. Waste water should be treated with bleach or other anti-microbial agent. Effective decontamination of articles can be accomplished by boiling contaminated articles in water for 30 minutes or longer. Chlorine bleach is ineffective in destroying spores and vegetative cells on surfaces, though formaldehyde is effective. Burning clothing is very effective in destroying spores. After decontamination, there is no need to immunize, treat or isolate contacts of persons ill with anthrax unless they were also exposed to the same source of infection. Antibiotics Early antibiotic treatment of anthrax is essentialï¿½delay significantly lessens chances for survival. Treatment for anthrax infection and other bacterial infections includes large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin, or doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin or penicillin. FDA-approved agents include ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and penicillin. In possible cases of inhalation anthrax, early antibiotic prophylaxis treatment is crucial to prevent possible death. In May 2009, Human Genome Sciences submitted a Biologic License Application (BLA, permission to market) for its new drug,raxibacumab (brand name ABthrax) intended for emergency treatment of inhaled anthrax. If death occurs from anthrax the body should be isolated to prevent possible spread of anthrax germs. Burial does not kill anthrax spores. In recent years there have been many attempts to develop new drugs against anthrax, but existing drugs are effective if treatment is started soon enough. Anthrax in bioterrorism and biological warfare. The virulent Ames strain, which was used in the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, has received the most news coverage of any anthrax outbreak. The Ames strain contains two virulence plasmids, which separately encode for a three-protein toxin, called anthrax toxin, and a poly-glutamic acid capsule. Nonetheless, the Vollum strain, developed but never used as a biological weapon during the Second World War, is much more dangerous. The Vollum (also incorrectly referred to as Vellum) strain was isolated in 1935 from a cow in Oxfordshire, UK. This is the same strain that was used during the Gruinard bioweapons trials. A variation of Vollum known as "Vollum 1B" was used during the 1960s in the US and UK bioweapon programs. Vollum 1B is widely believe to have been isolated from William A. Boyles, a 46-year-old scientist at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories at Camp (later Fort) Detrick (precursor to USAMRIID) who died in 1951 after being accidentally infected with the Vollum strain. The Sterne strain, named after the Trieste-born immunologist Max Sterne, is an attenuated strain used as a vaccine, which contains only the anthrax toxin virulence plasmid and not the poly-glutamic acid capsule expressing plasmid. Site cleanup Anthrax spores can survive for very long periods of time in the environment after release. Methods for cleaning anthrax-contaminated sites commonly use oxidizing agents such as peroxides, ethylene oxide, Sandia Foam, chlorine dioxide (used in the Hart Senate Office Building), and liquid bleach products containing sodium hypochlorite. These agents slowly destroy bacterial spores. A bleach solution for treating hard surfaces has been approved by the EPA.]Bleach and vinegar must not be combined together directly, as doing so could produce chlorine gas. Rather some water must first be added to the bleach (e.g., two cups water to one cup of bleach), then vinegar (e.g., one cup), and then the rest of the water (e.g., six cups). The pH of the solution should be tested with a paper test strip; and treated surfaces must remain in contact with the bleach solution for 60 minutes (repeated applications will be necessary to keep the surfaces wet). Chlorine dioxide has emerged as the preferred biocide against anthrax-contaminated sites, having been employed in the treatment of numerous government buildings over the past decade. Its chief drawback is the need for in situ processes to have the reactant on demand. To speed the process, trace amounts of a non-toxic catalyst composed of iron and tetro-amido macrocyclicligands are combined with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and converted into a spray. The spray formula is applied to an infested area and is followed by another spray containing tert-Butyl hydroperoxide. Using the catalyst method, a complete destruction of all anthrax spores can be achieved in under 30 minutes. A standard catalyst-free spray destroys fewer than half the spores in the same amount of time. They can be heated, exposed to the harshest chemicals, and they do not easily die.] Cleanups at a Senate office building, several contaminated postal facilities and other U.S. government and private office buildings showed that decontamination is possible, but it is time-consuming and costly. Clearing the Senate office building of anthrax spores cost $27 million, according to the Government Accountability Office. Cleaning the Brentwood postal facility outside Washington cost $130 million and took 26 months. Since then newer and less costly methods have been developed. Clean up of anthrax-contaminated areas on ranches and in the wild is much more problematic. Carcasses may be burned, though it often takes up to three days to burn a large carcass and this is not feasible in areas with little wood. Carcasses may also be buried, though the burying of large animals deeply enough to prevent resurfacing of spores requires much manpower and expensive tools. Carcasses have been soaked in formaldehyde to kill spores, though this has environmental contamination issues. Block burning of vegetation in large areas enclosing an anthrax outbreak has been tried; this, while environmentally destructive, causes healthy animals to move away from an area with carcasses in search of fresh graze and browse. Some wildlife workers have experimented with covering fresh anthrax carcasses with shade cloth and heavy objects. This prevents some scavengers from opening the carcasses, thus allowing the putrefactive bacteria within the carcass to kill the vegetative B. anthracis cells and preventing sporulation. This method also has drawbacks, as scavengers such as hyenas are capable of infiltrating almost any exclosure. The occurrence of previously dormant anthrax, stirred up from below the ground surface by wind movement in a drought-stricken region with depleted grazing and browsing, may be seen as a form of natural culling and a first step in rehabilitation of the area. Biological warfare Anthrax was first tested as a biological warfare agent by Unit 731 of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria during the 1930s; some of this testing involved intentional infection of prisoners of war, thousands of whom died. Anthrax, designated at the time as Agent N, was also investigated by the allies in the 1940s. Weaponised anthrax was part of the U.S. stockpile prior to 1972, when the United States signed the Biological Weapons Convention. Anthrax spores can and have been used as a biological warfare weapon. Its first modern incidence occurred when Scandinavian freedom fighters ("the rebel groups") supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax with unknown results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916.There is a long history of practical bioweapons research in this area. For example, in 1942 British bioweapons trials severely contaminated Gruinard Island in Scotland with anthrax spores of the Vollum-14578 strain, making it a no-go area until it was decontaminated in 1990.The Gruinard trials involved testing the effectiveness of a submunition of an "N-bomb"ï¿½a biological weapon. Additionally, five million "cattle cakes" impregnated with anthrax were prepared and stored at Porton Down for "Operation Vegetarian"ï¿½an anti-livestock weapon intended for attacks on Germany by the Royal Air Force. The infected cattle cakes were to be dropped on Germany in 1944. However neither the cakes nor the bomb was used; the cattle cakes were incinerated in late 1945. More recently, the Rhodesian government used anthrax against cattle and humans in the period 1978ï¿½1979 during its war with black nationalists. American military and British Army personnel are routinely vaccinated against anthrax prior to active service in places where biological attacks are considered a threat. The anthrax vaccine, produced by BioPort Corporation, contains non-living bacteria, and is approximately 93% effective in preventing infection. Weaponised stocks of anthrax in the US were destroyed in 1971ï¿½72 after President Nixon ordered the dismantling of US biowarfare programs in 1969 and the destruction of all existing stockpiles of bioweapons. The Soviet Union created and stored 100 to 200 tons of anthrax spores at Kantubek on Vozrozhdeniya Island. They were abandoned in 1992 and destroyed in 2002. Sverdlovsk incident Sverdlovsk anthrax leak Despite signing the 1972 agreement to end bioweapon production the government of the Soviet Union had an active bioweapons program that included the production of hundreds of tons of weapons-grade anthrax after this period. On 2 April 1979, some of the over one million people living in Sverdlovsk (now called Ekaterinburg, Russia), about 850 miles east of Moscow, were exposed to an accidental release of anthrax from a biological weapons complex located near there. At least 94 people were infected, of whom at least 68 died. One victim died four days after the release, ten over an eight-day period at the peak of the deaths, and the last six weeks later. Extensive cleanup, vaccinations and medical interventions managed to save about 30 of the victims. Extensive cover-ups and destruction of records by the KGB continued from 1979 until Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted this anthrax accident in 1992. Jeanne Guillemin reported in 1999 that a combined Russian and United States team investigated the accident in 1992. Nearly all of the night shift workers of a ceramics plant directly across the street from the biological facility (compound 19) became infected, and most died. Since most were men, there were suspicions by NATO governments that the Soviet Union had developed a sex-specific weapon. The government blamed the outbreak on the consumption of anthrax-tainted meat and ordered the confiscation of all uninspected meat that entered the city. They also ordered that all stray dogs be shot and that people not have contact with sick animals. There was also a voluntary evacuation and anthrax vaccination program established for people from 18ï¿½55. To support the cover-up story Soviet medical and legal journals published articles about an outbreak in livestock that caused GI anthrax in people having consumed infected meat, and cutaneous anthrax in people having come into contact with the animals. All medical and public health records were confiscated by the KGB. In addition to the medical problems that the outbreak caused, it also prompted Western countries to be more suspicious of a covert Soviet Bioweapons program and to increase their surveillance of suspected sites. In 1986, the US government was allowed to investigate the incident, and concluded that the exposure was from aerosol anthrax from a military weapons facility. In 1992, President Yeltsin admitted that he was "absolutely certain" that "rumors" about the Soviet Union violating the 1972 Bioweapons Treaty were true. The Soviet Union, like the US and UK, had agreed to submit information to the UN about their bioweapons programs but omitted known facilities and never acknowledged their weapons program. Anthrax bioterrorism In theory, anthrax spores can be cultivated with minimal special equipment and a first-year collegiate microbiological education, but in practice the procedure is difficult and dangerous. To make large amounts of an aerosol form of anthrax suitable for biological warfare requires extensive practical knowledge, training, and highly advanced equipment. Concentrated anthrax spores were used for bioterrorism in the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, delivered by mailing postal letters containing the spores. The letters were sent to several news media offices as well as to two Democratic senators: Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont. As a result, 22 were infected and five died. Only a few grams of material were used in these attacks and in August 2008 the US Department of Justice announced they believed that Dr. Bruce Ivins, a senior biodefense researcher employed by the United States government, was responsible. These events also spawned many anthrax hoaxes. Due to these events, the U.S. Postal Service installed biohazard detection systems at its major distribution centers to actively scan for anthrax being transported through the mail. Decontaminating mail In response to the postal anthrax attacks and hoaxes the US Postal Service sterilized some mail using a process of gamma irradiation and treatment with a proprietary enzyme formula supplied by Sipco Industries Ltd. A scientific experiment performed by a high school student, later published in The Journal of Medical Toxicology, suggested that a domestic electric iron at its hottest setting (at least 400 ï¿½F (204 ï¿½C)) used for at least 5 minutes should destroy all anthrax spores in a common postal envelope.	i don't know

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