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Which is the only letter in an English Scrabble set which has 3 tiles	1000+ images about Scrabble Tiles on Pinterest \| Christmas ornament, Tile and Names Printable Scrabble Tiles. I just saw great 1st grade lesson where students had to make 3 letter words then write the matching equation. Great way to teach 3 addends! See More	G
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Who was the Democratic candidate in the 1984 US Presidential Election?	1984 United States Presidential Election (President John Glenn) \| Alternative History \| Fandom powered by Wikia 1984 United States Presidential Election (President John Glenn) 40,675pages on Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. ‹ 1980 United States presidential election, 1984 November 6, 1984 62.4% 37.6% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Reagan/Bush (50), Blue denotes those won by Mondale/Ferraro (D.C.). President before election Ronald Reagan Republican The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate, and former Vice President Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate. Reagan was helped by a strong economic recovery from the deep recession of 1981-1982. Reagan carried 49 of the 50 states, becoming only the second presidential candidate to do so after Richard Nixon's victory in the 1972 presidential election. Mondale's only electoral votes came from his home state of Minnesota which he won by fewer than 3,800 votes and the District of Columbia, which has always been considered a Democratic guarantee. Reagan's 525 electoral votes (out of 538) is the highest total ever received by a presidential candidate. Mondale's 13 electoral votes is also the 2nd-least ever received by a second-place candidate, second only to Alf Landon's 8 in 1936. In the national popular vote, Reagan received 58.8% to Mondale's 40.6%. Contents Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1984 Ronald Reagan, President of the United States from California Harold Stassen, former governor of Minnesota Ben Fernandez, Republican National Hispanic Assembly Chairman from California Candidates gallery Primaries Ronald Reagan—the incumbent president—was the assured nominee for the Republican Party. The popular vote from the Republican primaries was as follows: Ronald Reagan (inc.): 6,484,987 (98.78%) Unpledged delegates: 55,458 (0.85%) Harold Stassen: 12,749 (0.19%) Benjamin Fernandez: 202 (0.00%) Reagan was renominated by a vote of 2,233 (two delegates abstained). For the only time in American history, the vice presidential roll call was taken concurrently with the presidential roll call. Vice President George H. W. Bush was overwhelmingly renominated. This was the last time in the 20th century that the Vice Presidential candidate of either major party was nominated by roll call vote. The Balloting Walter Mondale, former U.S. vice president and former U.S. senator from Minnesota John Glenn, U.S. senator from Ohio Jesse Jackson, reverend and civil rights activist from Illinois Gary Hart, U.S. senator from Colorado George McGovern, former U.S. senator from South Dakota Reubin Askew, former Governor of Florida Alan Cranston, U.S. senator from California Ernest Hollings, U.S. senator from South Carolina Candidates gallery Primaries Only three Democratic candidates won any state primaries: Mondale, Hart, and Jackson. Initially, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, after a failed bid to win the 1980 Democratic nomination for president, was considered the de facto front-runner of the 1984 primary. But, after Kennedy ultimately declined to run, former Vice-President Mondale was then viewed as the favorite to win the Democratic nomination. Mondale had the largest number of party leaders supporting him, and he had raised more money than any other candidate. However, both Jackson and Hart emerged as surprising, and troublesome, opponents. South Carolina Senator Ernest Hollings' wit and experience, as well as his call for a budget freeze, won him some positive attention, but his relatively conservative record alienated liberal Democrats, and he was never really noticed in a field dominated by Walter Mondale, John Glenn and Gary Hart. Hollings dropped out two days after losing badly in New Hampshire, and endorsed Glenn a week later. His disdain for his competitors sometimes showed. He notably referred to Mondale as a "lapdog" and to former Astronaut Glenn as "Sky King" who was "confused in his capsule." Jackson was the second African-American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for the presidency, and he was the first African-American candidate to be a serious contender. He got 3.5 million votes during the primaries, third behind Hart and Mondale. He won the primaries in Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and split Mississippi, where there were two separate contests for Democratic delegates. Through the primaries, Jackson helped confirm the black electorate's importance to the Democratic Party in the South at the time. During the campaign, however, Jackson made an off-the-cuff reference to Jews as "Hymies" and New York City as "Hymietown", for which he later apologized. Nonetheless, the remark was widely publicized, and derailed his campaign for the nomination. Jackson ended up winning 21% of the national primary vote but received only 8% of the delegates to the national convention, and he initially charged that his campaign was hurt by the same party rules that allowed Mondale to win. He also poured scorn on Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul-Minneapolis" area. John Glenn of Ohio was a more serious threat to Mondale, and after winning several early primaries it looked as if he might take the nomination away from Mondale. Glenn criticized Mondale, comparing him to the McGovern of the 1972 Presidential Election. He emerged as a formidable candidate, winning the key New Hampshire, Ohio, and California primaries as well as several others, especially in the West and parts of the South. However, Glenn could not overcome Mondale's financial and organizational advantages, especially among labor union leaders in the Midwest and industrial Northeast. Glenn managed to also capture the imagination of the new generation on his proposed policy of reinvigorating NASA. His expansion included renewed missions to the Moon, a Lunar Outpost, and manned missions to Mars and Venus. While the response was positive to what was now called the “Glenn Initiative”, it did not give Glenn the support he had hoped. At a roundtable debate between the three remaining Democratic candidates moderated by Phil Donahue, Mondale and Glenn got in such a heated argument over the issue of U.S. policy in Central America that Jackson had to tap his water glass on the table to help get them to stop. Mondale gradually pulled away from Glenn in the delegate count, but, as Time reported in late May, "Mondale ... has a sizable lead in total delegates ... because of his victories in the big industrial states, his support from the Democratic Establishment and the arcane provisions of delegate-selection rules that his vanguard helped draft two years ago.” After the final primary in California, on June 5, which Hart won, Mondale was short of the total delegates he needed to win the nomination. However, at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco on July 16, Mondale received the overwhelming support of the unelected superdelegates from the party establishment, narrowly giving him the required majority to win the nomination, despite having lost the popular vote within the primaries to Glenn by a sizable margin. This race for the nomination was the closest in two generations, and it has been the most recent occasion that a major party presidential nomination has gone all the way to the convention. After Mondale's loss to Reagan in the general election in November 1984, Glenn quickly emerged as the frontrunner for the Democratic Party's 1988 presidential nomination, though he did not commit himself until ’86. Glenn would go on to defeat Reagan’s Vice President, George H. W. Bush in ’88. Endorsements Notable endorsements during the primaries included: Walter Mondale Lane Kirkland 1 When he made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, Mondale said: "Let's tell the truth. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." Although Mondale intended to expose Reagan as hypocritical and position himself as the "honest" candidate, the choice of taxes as a discussion point likely damaged his electoral chances. Vice-Presidential nominee Mondale chose U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York as his running mate and she was confirmed by acclamation, making her the first woman nominated for that position by a major party. Aides later said that Mondale was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate, considering San Francisco Mayor (Later U.S. Senator) Dianne Feinstein and Governor of Kentucky Martha Layne Collins, who were also female; Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Hispanic, as other finalists for the nomination. Unsuccessful nomination candidate Jackson derided Mondale's vice-presidential screening process as a "P.R. parade of personalities", however he praised Mondale for his choice, having pledged, himself, to name a woman to the ticket in the event he was nominated. Others however preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to more conservative Southern voters. After the delegates had voted, Glenn was supposed to endorse Mondale, as requested by the Democratic National Committee. However, during his speech, instead of endorsing him, Glenn said, “I ask my supporters to do only one thing, vote for the man you think would run this country the best. Do base your decision on what they say, or what they do, but on their actions. If those actions represent what you believe in, then you’ve found your president.” Many believe that last quote was in fact an endorsement of incumbent President Reagan, but Glenn never actually campaigned for him during the election. However, he has at the same time never directly answered the question when it is put to him. Ferraro, as a Catholic, came under fire from some members of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church for being pro-choice on abortion. Further controversy erupted over statements regarding the release of her husband John Zaccaro 's tax returns. Other parties David Bergland was the nominee of the Libertarian Party. His running mate was James A. Lewis. The Bergland-Lewis ticket appeared on 39 state ballots. The Communist Party USA ran Gus Hall and Angela Davis. General election Campaign Mondale ran a liberal campaign, supporting a nuclear freeze and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). He spoke against what he considered to be unfairness in Reagan's economic policies and the need to reduce federal budget deficits. At a campaign stop in Hammonton, New Jersey, Reagan said, "America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in songs of a man so many young Americans admire, New Jersey's Bruce Springsteen." The Reagan campaign briefly used “Born in the U.S.A.", a song criticizing the treatment of Vietnam War veterans (which they mistakenly thought was devoid of anti-war content), as a campaign song, without permission, until Springsteen, a lifelong Democrat, insisted that they stop. The Reagan campaign was very skilled at producing effective television advertising. Two of the more memorable ads it produced were commonly known as "Bear in the woods" and "Morning in America". By 1984, Reagan was the oldest president to have ever served, and there were many questions about his capacity to endure the grueling demands of the presidency, particularly after Reagan had a poor showing in his first debate with Mondale on October 7. He referred to having started going to church "here in Washington", although the debate was in Louisville, Kentucky, referred to military uniforms as "wardrobe," and admitted to being "confused," among other mistakes. However, in the next debate on October 21, Reagan effectively neutralized the issue by quipping, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Results Reagan was re-elected following the November 6 election in an electoral and popular vote landslide, winning all 50 states. Reagan won a record 535 electoral votes total (of 538 possible), and received 62 percent of the popular vote. Mondale's 3 electoral college votes (The District of Columbia) marked the lowest total of any major Presidential candidate. Mondale's defeat was also the worst for any Democratic Party candidate in U.S. history in the Electoral College, though others, including George McGovern, John W. Davis, and James M. Cox, did worse in the popular vote. Psephologists pointed to "Reagan Democrats" — millions of Democrats who voted for Reagan. They characterized such Reagan Democrats as southern whites and northern blue collar workers who voted for Reagan because they credited him with the economic boom, saw Reagan as strong on national security issues, and perceived the Democrats as supporting the poor and minorities at the expense of the middle class. As of 2008, the 1984 election was the last time that a Republican presidential candidate won the states of Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington and Wisconsin. Close states Margin of victory less than 5% Minnesota, 3.18%	Walter Mondale
Clarissa is the eponymous protagonist of which Virginia Woolf novel set on one day in post World War One London?	Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Elections A+E Networks Introduction Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. Under this new order, George Washington, the first U.S. president, was elected in 1789. At the time, only white men who owned property could vote, but the 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution have since expanded the right of suffrage to all citizens over 18. Taking place every four years, presidential campaigns and elections have evolved into a series of fiercely fought, and sometimes controversial, contests, now played out in the 24-hour news cycle.The stories behind each election—some ending in landslide victories, others decided by the narrowest of margins—provide a roadmap to the events of U.S. history. Google 1789: George Washington – unopposed The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. No one contested the election of George Washington , but he remained reluctant to run until the last minute, in part because he believed seeking the office would be dishonorable. Only when Alexander Hamilton and others convinced him that it would be dishonorable to refuse did he agree to run. The Constitution allowed each state to decide how to choose its presidential electors. In 1789, only Pennsylvania and Maryland held elections for this purpose; elsewhere, the state legislatures chose the electors. This method caused some problems in New York , which was so divided between Federalists who supported the new Constitution and Antifederalists who opposed it that the legislature failed to choose either presidential electors or U.S. senators. Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, each elector cast two votes for president. The candidate with a majority won the presidency, and the runner-up became vice president. Most Federalists agreed that John Adams should be vice president. But Hamilton feared that if Adams was the unanimous choice, he would end in a tie with Washington and might even become president, an outcome that would be highly embarrassing for both Washington and the new electoral system. Hamilton therefore arranged that a number of votes be deflected, so that Adams was elected by less than half the number of Washington’s expected unanimous vote. The final results were Washington, 69 electoral votes; Adams, 34; John Jay , 9; John Hancock , 4; and others, 22. 1792: George Washington – unopposed As in 1789, persuading George Washington to run was the major difficulty in selecting a president in 1792. Washington complained of old age, sickness, and the increasing hostility of the Republican press toward his administration. The press attacks were symptomatic of the increasing split within the government between Federalists, who were coalescing around Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans, forming around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . James Madison , among others, convinced Washington to continue as president by arguing that only he could hold the government together. Speculation then shifted to the vice presidency. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the reelection of John Adams. Republicans favored New York governor George Clinton, but Federalists feared him partly because of a widespread belief that his recent election to the governorship was fraudulent. In addition, the Federalists feared that Clinton would belittle the importance of the federal government by retaining his governorship while serving as vice president. Adams won relatively easily with support from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, except New York. Only electoral votes are recorded here, because most states still did not select presidential electors by popular vote. Nor was there a separate vote for president and vice president until the Twelfth Amendment took effect in 1804. The results were Washington, 132 electoral votes (unanimous); Adams, 77; Clinton, 50; Jefferson, 4; and Aaron Burr, 1. 1796: John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson The 1796 election, which took place against a background of increasingly harsh partisanship between Federalists and Republicans, was the first contested presidential race. The Republicans called for more democratic practices and accused the Federalists of monarchism. The Federalists branded the Republicans “Jacobins” after Robespierre’s faction in France. (The Republicans sympathized with revolutionary France, but not necessarily with the Jacobins.) The Republicans opposed John Jay’s recently negotiated accommodationist treaty with Great Britain, whereas the Federalists believed its terms represented the only way to avoid a potentially ruinous war with Britain. Republicans favored a decentralized agrarian republic; Federalists called for the development of commerce and industry. State legislatures still chose electors in most states, and there was no separate vote for vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president, with the runner-up becoming vice president. The Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams and tried to attract southern support by running Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina for the second post. Thomas Jefferson was the Republican standard-bearer, with Aaron Burr as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton, always intriguing against Adams, tried to throw some votes to Jefferson in order to elect Pinckney president. Instead, Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became vice president, with 68; Pinckney came in third with 59; Burr received only 30; and 48 votes went to various other candidates. 1800: Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams The significance of the 1800 election lay in the fact that it entailed the first peaceful transfer of power between parties under the U.S. Constitution: Republican Thomas Jefferson succeeded Federalist John Adams. This peaceful transfer occurred despite defects in the Constitution that caused a breakdown of the electoral system. During the campaign, Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist, tainted by his sympathy for the increasingly bloody French Revolution . Republicans (1) criticized the Adams administration’s foreign, defense, and internal security policies; (2) opposed the Federalist naval buildup and the creation of a standing army under Alexander Hamilton; (3) sounded a call for freedom of speech, Republican editors having been targeted for prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts ; and (4) denounced deficit spending by the federal government as a backhanded method of taxation without representation. Unfortunately, the system still provided no separate votes for president and vice president, and Republican managers failed to deflect votes from their vice-presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. Therefore, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each; Adams received 65 votes, his vice-presidential candidate, Charles C. Pinckney, 64, and John Jay, 1. This result threw the election into the House of Representatives, where each state had one vote, to be decided by the majority of its delegation. Left to choose between Jefferson and Burr, most Federalists supported Burr. Burr for his part disclaimed any intention to run for the presidency, but he never withdrew, which would have ended the contest. Although the Republicans in the same election had won a decisive majority of 65 to 39 in the House, election of the president fell to the outgoing House, which had a Federalist majority. But despite this majority, two state delegations split evenly, leading to another deadlock between Burr and Jefferson. After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11, 1801, Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied delegations of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. 1804: Thomas Jefferson vs. Charles Pinckney The 1804 election was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton (Republicans) over the Federalist candidates, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was 162-14. The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated electoral college balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election. Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. 1808: James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of 1808. Madison won 122 electoral votes to Federalist Charles C. Pinckney’s 47 votes. Vice President George Clinton received 6 electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president, 113-47, with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe, and John Langdon of New Hampshire . In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of 1807. The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures. These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. 1812: James Madison vs. DeWitt Clinton In the 1812 contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican party had come to power in 1800. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts won the vice presidency with 131 votes to Jared Ingersoll’s 86. The War of 1812 , which had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue. Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clinton’s supporters also made an issue of Virginia’s almost unbroken control of the White House , which they charged favored agricultural states over commercial ones. Clintonians accused Madison, too, of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. In the Northeast Madison carried only Pennsylvania and Vermont, but Clinton received no votes south of Maryland. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist party, largely owing to anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. 1816: James Monroe vs. Rufus King In this election Republican James Monroe won the presidency with 183 electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut , and Delaware . Federalist Rufus King received the votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with 183 electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates. After the bitter partisanship of the Jefferson and Madison administrations, Monroe came to symbolize the “Era of Good Feelings.” Monroe was not elected easily, however; he barely won the nomination in the Republican congressional caucus over Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia . Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to the mediocre Monroe. The caucus vote was 65-54. The narrowness of Monroe’s victory was surprising because Crawford had already renounced the nomination, perhaps in return for a promise of Monroe’s future support. In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of 1814 (growing out of opposition to the War of 1812) had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds, and they put forth no candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States . 1820: James Monroe – unopposed During James Monroe’s first term, the country had suffered an economic depression. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Also causing controversy were Supreme Court decisions in the Dartmouth College case and McCulloch v. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in 1820, and the opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. Voters, as John Randolph put it, displayed “the unanimity of indifference, and not of approbation.” Monroe won by an electoral vote of 231-1. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so be-cause he thought Monroe was incompetent. He cast his ballot for John Quincy Adams . Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. 1824: John Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William Crawford The Republican party broke apart in the 1824 election. A large majority of the states now chose electors by popular vote, and the people’s vote was considered sufficiently important to record. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite-son candidacies. By the fall of 1824 four candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, his cosmopolitanism, and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentucky , the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , who owed his popularity to his 1815 victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans , were the other candidates. With four candidates, none received a majority. Jackson received 99 electoral votes with 152,901 popular votes (42.34 percent); Adams, 84 electoral votes with 114,023 popular votes (31.57 percent); Crawford, 41 electoral votes and 47,217 popular votes (13.08 percent); and Clay, 37 electoral votes and 46,979 popular votes (13.01 percent). The choice of president therefore fell to the House of Representatives. Many politicians assumed that House Speaker Henry Clay had the power to choose the next president but not to elect himself. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was then elected. When Adams subsequently named Clay secretary of state, the Jacksonians charged that the two men had made a “corrupt bargain.” John C. Calhoun was chosen vice president by the electoral college with a majority of 182 votes. 1828: Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson won the presidency in 1828 by a landslide, receiving a record 647,292 popular votes (56 percent) to 507,730 (44 percent) for the incumbent John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with 171 electoral votes to 83 for Richard Rush and 7 for William Smith. The emergence of two parties promoted popular interest in the election. Jackson’s party, sometimes called the Democratic-Republicans or simply Democrats, developed the first sophisticated national network of party organizations. Local party groups sponsored parades, barbecues, tree plantings, and other popular events designed to promote Jackson and the local slate. The National-Republicans, the party of Adams and Henry Clay, lacked the local organizations of the Democrats, but they did have a clear platform: high tariffs, federal funding of roads, canals, and other internal improvements, aid to domestic manufactures, and development of cultural institutions. The 1828 election campaign was one of the dirtiest in America’s history. Both parties spread false and exaggerated rumors about the opposition. Jackson men charged that Adams obtained the presidency in 1824 through a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. And they painted the incumbent president as a decadent aristocrat, who had procured prostitutes for the czar while serving as U.S. minister to Russia and spent taxpayer money on “gambling” equipment for the White House (actually a chess set and a billiard table). The National-Republicans portrayed Jackson as a violent frontier ruffian, the son, some said, of a prostitute married to a mulatto. When Jackson and his wife, Rachel, married, the couple believed that her first husband had obtained a divorce. After learning the divorce had not yet been made final, the couple held a second, valid wedding. Now the Adams men claimed Jackson was a bigamist and an adulterer. More justifiably, administration partisans questioned Jackson’s sometimes violent discipline of the army in the War of 1812 and the brutality of his invasion of Florida in the Seminole War. Ironically, Secretary of State Adams had defended Jackson at the time of the Seminole War, taking advantage of Jackson’s unauthorized incursion to obtain Florida for the United States from Spain. 1832: Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William Wirt Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832 with 688,242 popular votes (54.5 percent) to 473,462 (37.5 percent) for National-Republican Henry Clay and 101,051 (8 percent) for Anti-Masonic candidate William Wirt. Jackson easily carried the electoral college with 219 votes. Clay received only 49, and Wirt won the 7 votes of Vermont. Martin Van Buren won the vice presidency with 189 votes against 97 for various other candidates. The spoils system of political patronage, the tariff, and federal funding of internal improvements were major issues, but the most important was Jackson’s veto of the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. National-Republicans attacked the veto, arguing that the Bank was needed to maintain a stable currency and economy. “King Andrew’s” veto, they asserted, was an abuse of executive power. In defense of Jackson’s veto, Democratic-Republicans labeled the Bank an aristocratic institution–a “monster.” Suspicious of banking and of paper money, Jacksonians opposed the Bank for giving special privileges to private investors at government expense and charged that it fostered British control of the American economy. For the first time in American politics, a third party, the Anti-Masons, challenged the two major parties. Many politicians of note participated, including Thaddeus Stevens, William H. Seward, and Thurlow Weed. The Anti-Masonic party formed in reaction to the murder of William Morgan, a former upstate New York Freemason. Allegedly, some Masons murdered Morgan when he threatened to publish some of the order’s secrets. The Anti-Masons protested Masonic secrecy. They feared a conspiracy to control American political institutions, a fear fed by the fact that both the major party candidates, Jackson and Clay, were prominent Masons. The Anti-Masons convened the first national presidential nominating convention in Baltimore on September 26, 1831. The other parties soon followed suit, and the convention replaced the discredited caucus system of nomination. 1836: Martin Van Buren vs. Daniel Webster vs. Hugh White The election of 1836 was largely a referendum on Andrew Jackson, but it also helped shape what is known as the second party system. The Democrats nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren to lead the ticket. His running mate, Col. Richard M. Johnson, claimed to have killed Indian chief Tecumseh . (Johnson was controversial because he lived openly with a black woman.) Disdaining the organized politics of the Democrats, the new Whig party ran three candidates, each strong in a different region: Hugh White of Tennessee, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and Gen. William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for “acts of aggression and usurpation of power.” Democrats depended on Jackson’s popularity, trying to maintain his coalition. Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, only 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26 and Webster 14. Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state’s 11 electoral votes. Johnson, who failed to win an electoral majority, was elected vice president by the Democratic Senate. 1840: William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Aware that Van Buren’s problems gave them a good chance for victory, the Whigs rejected the candidacy of Henry Clay, their most prominent leader, because of his support for the unpopular Second Bank of the United States. Instead, stealing a page from the Democratic emphasis on Andrew Jackson’s military exploits, they chose William Henry Harrison, a hero of early Indian wars and the War of 1812. The Whig vice-presidential nominee was John Tyler , a onetime Democrat who had broken with Jackson over his veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank. Studiously avoiding divisive issues like the Bank and internal improvements, the Whigs depicted Harrison as living in a “log cabin” and drinking “hard cider.” They used slogans like “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” and “Van, Van, Van/Van is a used-up man” to stir voters. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral margin of 234 to 60. But the victory proved to be a hollow one because Harrison died one month after his inauguration. Tyler, his successor, would not accept Whig economic doctrine, and the change in presidential politics had little effect on presidential policy. 1844: James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay vs. James Birney The election of 1844 introduced expansion and slavery as important political issues and contributed to westward and southern growth and sectionalism. Southerners of both parties sought to annex Texas and expand slavery. Martin Van Buren angered southern Democrats by opposing annexation for that reason, and the Democratic convention cast aside the ex-president and front-runner for the first dark horse, Tennessee’s James K. Polk . After almost silently breaking with Van Buren over Texas, Pennsylvania’s George M. Dallas was nominated for vice president to appease Van Burenites, and the party backed annexation and settling the Oregon boundary dispute with England. The abolitionist Liberty party nominated Michigan’s James G. Birney. Trying to avoid controversy, the Whigs nominated anti-annexationist Henry Clay of Kentucky and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey . But, pressured by southerners, Clay endorsed annexation, although concerned it might cause war with Mexico and disunion, and thereby lost support among antislavery Whigs. Enough New Yorkers voted for Birney to throw 36 electoral votes and the election to Polk, who won the electoral college, 170-105, and a slim popular victory. John Tyler signed a joint congressional resolution admitting Texas, but Polk pursued Oregon, and then northern Mexico in the Mexican War, aggravating tension over slavery and sectional balance and leading toward the Compromise of 1850 . 1848: Zachary Taylor vs. Martin Van Buren vs. Lewis Cass The election of 1848 underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics. Democratic president James K. Polk did not seek reelection. His party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan , who created the concept of squatter, or popular, sovereignty (letting the settlers of a territory decide whether to permit slavery), with Gen. William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president. Antislavery groups formed the Free-Soil party, whose platform promised to prohibit the spread of slavery, and chose former president Martin Van Buren of New York for president and Charles Francis Adams, the son of President John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts for vice president. The Whig nominee was the Mexican War hero, Gen. Zachary Taylor , a slave owner. His running mate was Millard Fillmore , a member of New York’s proslavery Whig faction. Democrats and Free-Soilers stressed their views of slavery, and Whigs celebrated Taylor’s victories in the recent war, although many Whigs had opposed it. For his part, Taylor professed moderation on slavery, and he and the Whigs were successful. Taylor defeated Cass, 1,360,099 to 1,220,544 in popular votes and 163 to 127 in electoral votes. Van Buren received 291,263 popular votes and no electoral votes, but he drew enough support away from Cass to swing New York and Massachusetts to Taylor, assuring the Whigs’ victory. With the Taylor-Fillmore ticket elected, the forces had been set in motion for the events surrounding the Compromise of 1850. But Van Buren’s campaign was a stepping-stone toward the creation of the Republican party in the 1850s, also committed to the principle of “Free Soil.” 1852: Franklin Pierce vs. Winfield Scott vs. John Pitale The 1852 election rang a death knell for the Whig party. Both parties split over their nominee and the issue of slavery. After forty-nine ballots of jockeying among Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, former secretary of state James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , the Democrats nominated a compromise choice, Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former congressman and senator, with Senator William R. King of Alabama as his running mate. The Whigs rejected Millard Fillmore, who had become president when Taylor died in 1850, and Secretary of State Daniel Webster and nominated Gen. Winfield Scott of Virginia, with Senator William A. Graham of New Jersey for vice president. When Scott endorsed the party platform, which approved of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Free-Soil Whigs bolted. They nominated Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire for president and former congressman George Washington Julian of Indiana for vice president. Southern Whigs were suspicious of Scott, whom they saw as a tool of antislavery senator William H. Seward of New York. Democratic unity, Whig disunity, and Scott’s political ineptitude combined to elect Pierce. “Young Hickory of the Granite Hills” outpolled “Old Fuss and Feathers” in the electoral college, 254 to 42, and in the popular vote, 1,601,474 to 1,386,578. 1856: James Buchanan vs. Millard Fillmore vs. John C. Freemont The 1856 election was waged by new political coalitions and was the first to confront directly the issue of slavery. The violence that followed the Kansas- Nebraska Act destroyed the old political system and past formulas of compromises. The Whig party was dead. Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore to head their nativist American party and chose Andrew J. Donelson for vice president. The Democratic party, portraying itself as the national party, nominated James Buchanan for president and John C. Breckinridge for vice president. Its platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and noninterference with slavery. This election saw the emergence of a new, sectional party composed of ex-Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats, and antislavery groups. The Republican party opposed the extension of slavery and promised a free-labor society with expanded opportunities for white workers. It nominated military hero, John C. Frémont of California for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The campaign centered around “ Bleeding Kansas .” The battle over the concept of popular sovereignty sharpened northern fears about the spread of slavery and southern worries about northern interference. The physical assault by Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the floor of the Senate heightened northern resentment of southern aggressiveness. Although the Democratic candidate, Buchanan, won with 174 electoral votes and 1,838,169 votes, the divided opposition gained more popular votes. The Republican party captured 1,335,264 votes and 114 in the electoral college, and the American party received 874,534 popular and 8 electoral votes. The Republicans’ impressive showing–carrying eleven of sixteen free states and 45 percent of northern ballots–left the South feeling vulnerable to attacks on slavery and fearful the Republicans would soon capture the government. 1860: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas vs. John C. Breckingridge vs. John Bell At the Republican convention, front-runner William H. Seward of New York faced insurmountable obstacles: conservatives feared his radical statements about an “irrepressible conflict” over slavery and a “higher law” than the Constitution, and radicals doubted his moral scruples. Hoping to carry moderate states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, the party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president. The Republican platform called for a ban on slavery in the territories, internal improvements, a homestead act, a Pacific railroad, and a tariff. The Democratic convention, which met at Charleston, could not agree on a candidate, and most of the southern delegates bolted. Reconvening in Baltimore, the convention nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and Senator Herschel Johnson of Georgia for vice president. Southern Democrats then met separately and chose Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon as their candidates.Former Whigs and Know-Nothings formed the Constitutional Union party, nominating Senator John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. Their only platform was “the Constitution as it is and the Union as it is.” By carrying almost the entire North, Lincoln won in the electoral college with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won a popular plurality of about 40 percent, leading the popular vote with 1,766,452 to 1,376,957 for Douglas, 849,781 for Breckinridge, and 588,879 for Bell. With the election of a sectional northern candidate, the Deep South seceded from the Union, followed within a few months by several states of the Upper South. 1864: Abraham Lincoln vs. George B. McClellan The contest in the midst of the Civil War pitted President Abraham Lincoln against Democrat George B. McClellan, the general who had commanded the Army of the Potomac until his indecision and delays caused Lincoln to remove him. The vice-presidential candidates were Andrew Johnson , Tennessee’s military governor who had refused to acknowledge his state’s secession, and Representative George Pendleton of Ohio . At first, Radical Republicans, fearing defeat, talked of ousting Lincoln in favor of the more ardently antislavery secretary of the treasury Salmon P. Chase , or Generals John C. Frémont or Benjamin F. Butler. But in the end they fell in behind the president. The Republicans attracted Democratic support by running as the Union party and putting Johnson, a pro-war Democrat, on the ticket. McClellan repudiated the Democratic platform’s call for peace, but he attacked Lincoln’s handling of the war. Lincoln won in a landslide, owing partly to a policy of letting soldiers go home to vote. But the military successes of Generals Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and William T. Sherman in the Deep South were probably more important. He received 2,206,938 votes to McClellan’s 1,803,787. The electoral vote was 212 to 21. Democrats did better in state elections. 1868: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Seymour In this contest, Republican Ulysses S. Grant opposed Horace Seymour, the Democratic governor of New York. Their respective running mates were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana and Francis P. Blair of Missouri. The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage. Grant, a moderate on Reconstruction, was accused of military despotism and anti-Semitism, and Colfax, of nativism and possible corruption. Besides criticizing Seymour’s support for inflationary greenback currency and Blair’s reputed drunkenness and his opposition to Reconstruction, the Republicans questioned the wartime patriotism of all Democrats. Grant won the popular vote, 3,012,833 to 2,703,249, and carried the electoral college by 214 to 80. Seymour carried only eight states, but ran fairly well in many others, especially in the South. The election showed that despite his popularity as a military hero, Grant was not invincible. His margin of victory came from newly enfranchised southern freedmen, who supplied him with about 450,000 votes. The Democrats had named a weak ticket and attacked Reconstruction rather than pursuing economic issues, but revealed surprising strength. 1872: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Greeley President Ulysses S. Grant ran against New YorkTribune editor Horace Greeley in 1872. Greeley headed an uneasy coalition of Democrats and liberal Republicans. Despite Greeley’s history of attacking Democrats, that party endorsed him for the sake of expediency. The vice-presidential candidates were Republican senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts and Governor B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. Disaffected by Grant administration corruption and the controversy over Reconstruction, Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform, laissez-faire liberalism, and an end to Reconstruction. The Republicans came out for civil service reform and the protection of black rights. They attacked Greeley’s inconsistent record and his support of utopian socialism and Sylvester Graham’s dietary restrictions. Thomas Nast’s anti-Greeley cartoons in Harper’s Weekly attracted wide attention. Grant won the century’s biggest Republican popular majority, 3,597,132 to 2,834,125. The electoral college vote was 286 to 66. Actually, the result was more anti-Greeley than pro-Grant. 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden In 1876 the Republican party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for president and William A. Wheeler of New York for vice president. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden of New York for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. Several minor parties, including the Prohibition party and the Greenback party, also ran candidates. The country was growing weary of Reconstruction policies, which kept federal troops stationed in several southern states. Moreover, the Grant administration was tainted by numerous scandals, which caused disaffection for the party among voters. In 1874 the House of Representatives had gone Democratic; political change was in the air. Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, receiving 4,284,020 votes to 4,036,572 for Hayes. In the electoral college Tilden was also ahead 184 to 165; both parties claimed the remaining 20 votes. The Democrats needed only 1 more vote to capture the presidency, but the Republicans needed all 20 contested electoral votes. Nineteen of them came from South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida–states that the Republicans still controlled. Protesting Democratic treatment of black voters, Republicans insisted that Hayes had carried those states but that Democratic electors had voted for Tilden. Two sets of election returns existed–one from the Democrats, one from the Republicans. Congress had to determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. Unable to decide, legislators established a fifteen-member commission composed of ten congressmen and five Supreme Court justices. The commission was supposed to be nonpartisan, but ultimately it consisted of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. The final decision was to be rendered by the commission unless both the Senate and the House rejected it. The commission accepted the Republican vote in each state. The House disagreed, but the Senate concurred, and Hayes and Wheeler were declared president and vice president. In the aftermath of the commission’s decision, the federal troops that remained in the South were withdrawn, and southern leaders made vague promises regarding the rights of the 4 million African-Americans living in the region. 1880: James A. Garfield vs. Winfield Scott Hancock The election of 1880 was as rich in partisan wrangling as it was lacking in major issues. Factional rivalry in the Republican party between New York senator Roscoe Conkling’s Stalwarts and Half-Breed followers of James G. Blaine resulted in a convention in which neither Blaine nor the Stalwart choice, former president Ulysses S. Grant, could gain the nomination. On the thirty-sixth ballot, a compromise choice, Senator James A. Garfield of Ohio, was nominated. Stalwart Chester A. Arthur of New York was chosen as his running mate to mollify Conkling’s followers. The Democrats selected Civil War general Winfield Scott Hancock , a man of modest abilities, because he was less controversial than party leaders like Samuel Tilden, Senator Thomas Bayard, or Speaker of the House Samuel Randall. Former Indiana congressman William English served as Hancock’s running mate. In their platforms, both parties equivocated on the currency issue and unenthusiastically endorsed civil service reform, while supporting generous pensions for veterans and the exclusion of Chinese immigrants. The Republicans called for protective tariffs; the Democrats favored tariffs “for revenue only.” In the campaign, Republicans “waved the bloody shirt,” ridiculed Hancock for referring to the tariff as a “local question,” and quite possibly purchased their narrow but crucial victory in Indiana. Democrats attacked Garfield’s ties to the Crédit Mobilier scandal and circulated the forged “Morey Letter” that “proved” he was soft on Chinese exclusion. Turnout was high on election day (78.4 percent), but the result was one of the closest in history. Garfield carried the electoral college, 214-155, but his popular majority was less than 10,000 (4,454,416 to Hancock’s 4,444,952). Greenback-Labor candidate James Weaver garnered 308,578 votes. Outside the southern and border states, Hancock carried only New Jersey, Nevada , and 5 of 6 California electoral votes. 1884: Grover Cleveland vs. James G. Blaine This race, marred by negative campaigning and corruption, ended in the election of the first Democratic president since 1856. The Republicans split into three camps: dissident reformers, called the Mugwumps, who were opposed to party and government graft; Stalwarts, Ulysses S. Grant supporters who had fought civil service reform; and Half-Breeds, moderate reformers and high-tariff men loyal to the party. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine of Maine, a charismatic former congressman and secretary of state popular for his protectionism, but of doubtful honesty because of his role in the scandal of the “Mulligan letters” in the 1870s. His running mate was one of his opponents, Senator John Logan of Illinois. This gave Democrats a chance to name a ticket popular in New York, where Stalwart senator Roscoe Conkling had a long-running feud with Blaine, and they took advantage of it. They chose New York governor Grover Cleveland , a fiscal conservative and civil service reformer, for president and Senator Thomas Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. The campaign was vicious. The Republican reformers and the traditionally Republican New York Times opposed Blaine. When it became known that Cleveland, a bachelor, had fathered a child out of wedlock, Republicans chanted “Ma! Ma! Where’s my pa? Gone to the White House, Ha! Ha! Ha!” But the furor died down when Cleveland acknowledged his paternity and showed that he contributed to the child’s support. Blaine alienated a huge bloc of votes by not repudiating the Reverend Samuel Burchard, who, with Blaine in attendance, called the Democrats the party of “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.” Cleveland defeated Blaine by a very close margin, 4,911,017 to 4,848,334; the vote in the electoral college was 219 to 182, with New York’s 36 votes turning the tide. 1888: Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland In 1888 the Democratic party nominated President Grover Cleveland and chose Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as his running mate, replacing Vice President Thomas Hendricks who had died in office. After eight ballots, the Republican party chose Benjamin Harrison , former senator from Indiana and the grandson of President William Henry Harrison. Levi P. Morton of New York was the vice-presidential nominee. In the popular vote for president, Cleveland won with 5,540,050 votes to Harrison’s 5,444,337. But Harrison received more votes in the electoral college, 233 to Cleveland’s 168, and was therefore elected. The Republicans carried New York, President Cleveland’s political base. The campaign of 1888 helped establish the Republicans as the party of high tariffs, which most Democrats, heavily supported by southern farmers, opposed. But memories of the Civil War also figured heavily in the election. Northern veterans, organized in the Grand Army of the Republic, had been angered by Cleveland’s veto of pension legislation and his decision to return Confederate battle flags. 1892: Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison vs. James B. Weaver The Republican party in 1892 nominated President Benjamin Harrison and replaced Vice President Levi P. Morton with Whitelaw Reid of New York. The Democrats also selected the familiar: former president Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. The Populist, or People’s party, fielding candidates for the first time, nominated Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. The main difference between the Republicans and the Democrats in 1892 was their position on the tariff. The Republicans supported ever-increasing rates, whereas a substantial wing of the Democratic party pushed through a platform plank that demanded import taxes for revenue only. The Populists called for government ownership of the railroads and monetary reform, confronting these issues in a way the two major parties did not. Cleveland, avenging his defeat of 1888, won the presidency, receiving 5,554,414 popular votes to Harrison’s 5,190,801. Weaver and the Populists received 1,027,329. In the electoral college Cleveland, carrying the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana, garnered 277 votes to Harrison’s 145. 1896: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan vs. Thomas Watson vs. John Palmer In 1896 the Republican nominee for president was Representative William McKinley of Ohio, a “sound money” man and a strong supporter of high tariffs. His running mate was Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey. The party’s platform stressed adherence to the gold standard; western delegates bolted, forming the Silver Republican party. The Democratic party platform was critical of President Grover Cleveland and endorsed the coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one. William Jennings Bryan , a former congressman from Nebraska, spoke at the convention in support of the platform, proclaiming, “You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” The enthusiastic response of the convention to Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech secured his hold on the presidential nomination. His running mate was Arthur Sewall of Maine. The Populists supported Bryan but nominated Thomas Watson of Georgia for vice president. Silver Republicans supported the Democratic nominee, and the newly formed Gold Democrats nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for president and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky for vice president. Bryan toured the country, stressing his support for silver coinage as a solution for economically disadvantaged American farmers and calling for a relaxation of credit and regulation of the railroads. McKinley remained at home and underscored the Republican commitment to the gold standard and protectionism. The Republican campaign, heavily financed by corporate interests, successfully portrayed Bryan and the Populists as radicals. William McKinley won, receiving 7,102,246 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,502,925. The electoral college votes were 271 to 176. Bryan did not carry any northern industrial states, and the agricultural states of Iowa, Minnesota , and North Dakota also went Republican. 1900: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president. Bryan campaigned as an anti-imperialist, denouncing the country’s involvement in the Philippines. Delivering over six hundred speeches in twenty-four states, he also persisted in his crusade for the free coinage of silver. McKinley did not actively campaign, relying on the revival of the economy that had occurred during his first term. In the election McKinley won wide support from business interests. Bryan was unable to expand his agrarian base to include northern labor, which approved of McKinley’s commitment to protective tariffs. Foreign policy questions proved unimportant to most voters. McKinley was elected, receiving 7,219,530 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,358,071. In the electoral college the vote was 292 to 155. 1904: Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker This race confirmed the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president when McKinley was assassinated, and moved Democrats away from bimetallism and toward progressivism. Some Republicans deemed Roosevelt too liberal and flirted with nominating Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, who had been William McKinley’s closest political adviser. But the party easily nominated Roosevelt for a term in his own right and Senator Charles Fairbanks of Indiana for vice president. Democrats divided again over gold and silver, but this time gold won out. The party nominated conservative, colorless New York Court of Appeals judge Alton Parker for president and former senator Henry Davis of West Virginia for vice president. Parker and his campaign attacked Roosevelt for his antitrust policies and for accepting contributions from big business. His having invited Booker T. Washington for a meal at the White House was also used against him. William Jennings Bryan overcame his distaste for Parker and his supporters and campaigned in the Midwest and West for the ticket. Playing down bimetallism, he stressed moving the party toward more progressive stances. Parker gained some support from the South, but Roosevelt won 7,628,461 popular votes to Parker’s 5,084,223. He carried the electoral college, 336 to 140, with only the South going Democratic. 1908: William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan After Theodore Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908, the Republican convention nominated Secretary of War William Howard Taft for president and Representative James Schoolcraft Sherman of New York as his running mate. The Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan for president for the third time; his running mate was John Kern of Indiana. The predominant campaign issue was Roosevelt. His record as a reformer countered Bryan’s reformist reputation, and Taft promised to carry on Roosevelt’s policies. Business leaders campaigned for Taft. In the election Taft received 7,679,006 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,409,106. Taft’s margin in the electoral college was 321 to 162. 1912: Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt vs. Eugene V. Debs In 1912, angered over what he felt was the betrayal of his policies by his hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination. When the party chose Taft and Vice President James Sherman at the convention, Roosevelt bolted and formed the Progressive party, or Bull Moose party. His running mate was Governor Hiram Johnson of California. After forty-six ballots the Democratic convention nominated New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president. For the fourth time the Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs for president. During the campaign Roosevelt and Wilson attracted most of the attention. They offered the voters two brands of progressivism. Wilson’s New Freedom promoted antimonopoly policies and a return to small-scale business. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for an interventionist state with strong regulatory powers. In the election Wilson received 6,293,120 to Roosevelt’s 4,119,582, Taft’s 3,485,082, and nearly 900,000 for Debs. In the electoral college Wilson’s victory was lopsided: 435 to 88 for Roosevelt and 8 for Taft. The combined vote for Taft and Roosevelt indicated that if the Republican party had not split, they would have won the presidency; the total cast for Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs spoke to the people’s endorsement of progressive reform. 1916: Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughs In 1916 the Progressive party convention tried to nominate Theodore Roosevelt again, but Roosevelt, seeking to reunify the Republicans, convinced the convention to support the Republican choice, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes . The Republicans selected Charles Fairbanks of Indiana as Hughes’s running mate, but the Progressives nominated John M. Parker of Louisiana for vice president. The Democrats renominated President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. The Democrats stressed the fact that Wilson had kept the nation out of the European war, but Wilson was ambiguous about his ability to continue to do so. The election was close. Wilson received 9,129,606 votes to Hughes’s 8,538,221. Wilson also obtained a slim margin in the electoral college, winning 277 to 254. 1920: Warren G. Harding vs. James M. Cox vs. Eugene V. Debs After a generation of progressive insurgency within the Republican party, it returned in 1920 to a conservative stance. The party’s choice for president was Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, a political insider. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, best known for his tough handling of the Boston police strike of 1919, was the vice-presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James M. Cox, governor of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. Democratic chances were weakened by President Woodrow Wilson’s having suffered a stroke in 1919 and his failure to obtain ratification of the League of Nations treaty. The Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned for his opposition to World War I , and Seymour Stedman of Ohio. A bedridden Wilson hoped the 1920 election would be a referendum on his League of Nations, but that issue was probably not decisive. If anything, the election was a strong rejection of President Wilson and an endorsement of the Republican candidate’s call for a “return to normalcy.” Harding’s victory was decisive: 16,152,200 popular votes to Cox’s 9,147,353. In the electoral college only the South went for Cox. Harding won by 404 to 127. Although still in prison, Debs received more than 900,000 votes. 1924: Calvin Coolidge vs. Robert M. LaFollette vs. Burton K. Wheeler vs. John W. Davis The Republican nominees for president and vice president in 1924 were President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes of Illinois. President Warren G. Harding had died in 1923. Disaffected progressive Republicans met under the auspices of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and nominated Robert M. La Follette for president. The new Progressive party chose Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana for vice president. The platform called for higher taxes on the wealthy, conservation, direct election of the president, and the ending of child labor. In choosing their candidates the Democrats were faced with polar opposites. Alfred E. Smith of New York was the epitome of the urban machine politician, and he was also Catholic; William G. McAdoo was a Protestant popular in the South and West. A deadlock developed; on the 103rd ballot the delegates finally settled on John W. Davis, a corporation lawyer, and Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, the brother of William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans won easily; Coolidge’s popular vote, 15,725,016, was greater than that of Davis, 8,385,586, and La Follette, 4,822,856, combined. Coolidge received 382 electoral votes to Davis’s 136. La Follette carried only his home state, Wisconsin , with 13 electoral votes. 1928: Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred E. Smith The Republican presidential nominee in 1928 was Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Charles Curtis of Kansas was his running mate. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, and Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas . The Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) and religion–Al Smith was Catholic–dominated a campaign that was marked by anti-Catholicism. Hoover firmly supported Prohibition, whereas Smith, an avowed wet, favored repeal. Many Americans found the urban and cultural groups that the cigar-smoking Smith epitomized frightening; Hoover seemed to stand for old-fashioned rural values. The Republican campaign slogan promised the people “a chicken for every pot and a car in every garage.” The election produced a high voter turnout. The Republicans swept the electoral college, 444 to 87, and Hoover’s popular majority was substantial: 21,392,190 to Smith’s 15,016,443. The Democrats, however, carried the country’s twelve largest cities; the support for Smith in urban America heralded the major political shift to come. 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover In 1932, the third year of the Great Depression, the Republican party nominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis. Although Hoover had tried to respond to the crisis, his belief in voluntarism limited his options. The Democratic party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York, for president and Senator John Nance Garner of Texas for vice president. The platform called for the repeal of Prohibition and a reduction in federal spending. During the campaign Hoover defended his record, his commitment to a balanced budget, and the gold standard–a backward-looking stance, given that the number of unemployed stood at 13 million. Roosevelt made few specific proposals, but his tone and demeanor were positive and forward-looking. The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled. 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Alfred M. Landon In 1936 the Democratic party nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. The Republican party, strongly opposed to the New Deal and “big government,” chose Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas and Fred Knox of Illinois. The 1936 presidential campaign focused on class to an unusual extent for American politics. Conservative Democrats such as Alfred E. Smith supported Landon. Eighty percent of newspapers endorsed the Republicans, accusing Roosevelt of imposing a centralized economy. Most businesspeople charged the New Deal with trying to destroy American individualism and threatening the nation’s liberty. But Roosevelt appealed to a coalition of western and southern farmers, industrial workers, urban ethnic voters, and reform-minded intellectuals. African-American voters, historically Republican, switched to fdr in record numbers. In a referendum on the emerging welfare state, the Democratic party won in a landslide–27,751,612 popular votes for fdr to only 16,681,913 for Landon. The Republicans carried two states–Maine and Vermont–for 8 electoral votes; Roosevelt received the remaining 523. The unprecedented success of fdr in 1936 marked the beginning of a long period of Democratic party dominance. 1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Wendall L. Wilkie In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president. The major issue facing the American people in 1940 was World War II . This fact had determined the Republican choice of Willkie, who was a liberal internationalist running as the candidate of a conservative isolationist party. Although Willkie did not disagree with Roosevelt on foreign policy, the country chose to stay with an experienced leader. 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Thomas E. Dewey By the beginning of 1944, in the middle of World War II, it was clear that President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to run for a fourth term, and this shaped the coming campaign. Democratic party regulars disliked Vice President Henry A. Wallace; eventually they persuaded Roosevelt to replace him with Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri.Although Wendell Willkie, the nominee in 1940, was initially the front-runner in the Republican race, the party returned to its traditional base, choosing conservative governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Republicans had hoped that Governor Earl Warren of California would accept the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined. The party then turned to John W. Bricker. The president won reelection with results that were similar to those of 1940: 25,602,504 people voted for Roosevelt and Truman, and 22,006,285 voters gave their support to Dewey. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the issue in 1944: his health–the sixty-two-year-old suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure–his competence as an administrator, and his stand on communism and the shape of the postwar world. At issue also was whether any president should serve four terms. The Democrats and the president were vulnerable on all these points, but the American people once again chose the familiar in a time of crisis: “Don’t change horses in midstream” was a familiar slogan in the campaign. 1948: Harry Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey vs. Strom Thurmond vs. Henry Wallace President Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in 1945, stood for reelection on the Democratic ticket with Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. When the Democratic convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, southern delegates walked out and formed the States’ Rights party. The Dixiecrats, as they were called, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Fielding Wright for vice president. A new left-leaning Progressive party nominated former vice president Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president with Glen Taylor, a senator from Idaho , as his running mate. The Republican slate consisted of two prominent governors: Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Earl Warren of California. Although polls and conventional wisdom predicted a Dewey victory, Truman campaigned vigorously as the underdog, making a famous whistle-stop tour of the country aboard a special train. Results were uncertain to the last minute. A well-known photograph shows Truman the day after the election smiling broadly and holding aloft a newspaper with the headline dewey wins! The paper was wrong: Truman had received 24,105,812 popular votes, or 49.5 percent of the total; Dewey, 21,970,065, or 45.1 percent. Thurmond and Wallace each received about 1.2 million votes. The Democratic victory in the electoral college was more substantial: Truman beat Dewey 303 to 189; Thurmond received 39 votes, and Wallace none. 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson When President Harry S. Truman declined to run for a third term, the Democratic convention nominated Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for president on the third ballot. Senator John Sparkman of Alabama was chosen as his running mate. The Republican fight for the nomination was a conflict between the isolationists, represented by Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the more liberal internationalists, who backed World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University. Eisenhower won the nomination. Richard M. Nixon , an anticommunist senator from California, was the vice-presidential candidate. Popular discontent with Truman’s handling of the Korean War , charges of corruption in his administration, an inflationary economy, and a perceived communist threat worked against Stevenson. He was also confronted with Eisenhower’s immense personal popularity–i like ike! the campaign buttons proclaimed–and the voters’ belief that he would swiftly end the war. A scandal regarding Nixon’s campaign fund threatened briefly to cost him his place on the ticket. But an emotional speech he delivered on television featuring his wife’s “good Republican cloth coat” and his dog, Checkers, saved him. Eisenhower’s victory was the largest of any candidate’s to that time: he received 33,936,234 popular votes and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson’s 27,314,992 popular votes and 89 electoral votes. 1956: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson Despite suffering a heart attack and abdominal surgery during his first term, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated by the Republicans for a second term without opposition. Although Richard M. Nixon had been a controversial vice president and many Republicans felt he was a liability, he was also renominated. For the second time the Democrats chose former governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois; his running mate was Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Foreign policy dominated the campaign. Eisenhower claimed responsibility for the country’s being prosperous and at peace; Stevenson proposed ending the draft and halting nuclear testing. The Suez Canal crisis, occurring in the final weeks of the campaign, created a sense of emergency, and the country responded by voting strongly against change. Eisenhower won with 35,590,472 votes to Stevenson’s 26,022,752. His margin was 457 to 73 in the electoral college. 1960: John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon In 1960 the Democratic party nominated John F. Kennedy , a senator from Massachusetts, for president. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas was his running mate. The Republicans nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon to succeed Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was prohibited from running for a third term by the recently adopted Twenty-second Amendment. The Republican nominee for vice president was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of Massachusetts. Although much of the campaign centered on style rather than substance, Kennedy stressed what he claimed was a “missile gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union. Kennedy was Catholic, and though religion was not a major issue, it had considerable influence on many voters. Kennedy won the presidency by a popular margin of less than 120,000, receiving 34,227,096 votes to Nixon’s 34,107,646. The race was not as close in the electoral college where Kennedy got 303 votes to Nixon’s 219. Kennedy was the first Catholic and the youngest person to be elected president. 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater The Democrats nominated Lyndon B. Johnson who had succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Johnson, the first president from the South since Andrew Johnson, had been Democratic leader of the Senate. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, a longtime liberal, was nominated as Johnson’s running mate. The Republicans chose Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona for president and Congressman William E. Miller of New York for vice president. In the campaign, conducted in the midst of the escalating Vietnam War , Goldwater, an ultraconservative, called for the bombing of North Vietnam and implied that the Social Security system should be dismantled. President Johnson campaigned on a platform of social reform that would incorporate Kennedy’s New Frontier proposals. Despite the country’s deepening involvement in Vietnam, the president also campaigned as the candidate of peace against the militaristic Goldwater. Johnson won a decisive victory, polling 43,128,958 popular votes to 27,176,873 for Goldwater. In the electoral college he received 486 votes to Goldwater’s 52. 1968: Richard M. Nixon vs. Hubert Humphrey vs. George Wallace The Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and protests tied to both combined in a tumultuous year to cause a tight, unusual election closely linked to these issues. Opposition to the war moved Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to enter the Democratic race, followed by Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, both with strong support from liberal constituencies. On March 31, 1968, in the wake of the Tet offensive, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. This prompted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to announce his candidacy. Kennedy won the California primary, but immediately thereafter, he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Humphrey then pulled ahead and was nominated for president, with Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine for vice president. The party convention in Chicago was marred by bloody clashes between antiwar protesters and the local police. In comparison, the Republican race was less complicated. Former vice president Richard M. Nixon completed his political comeback by winning the presidential nomination. He chose Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate. The conservative American Independent party nominated Governor George Wallace of Alabama, a segregationist, for president, and Air Force general Curtis LeMay of Ohio, who advocated using nuclear weapons in Vietnam, for vice president. Nixon campaigned for law and order and said he had a “secret plan” to end the war. Wallace was highly critical of Supreme Court decisions that had broadened the Bill of Rights and of Great Society programs to rebuild the inner cities and enforce civil rights for blacks. Humphrey supported most of Johnson’s policies, but late in the campaign he announced he would seek to end American involvement in Vietnam. It was not quite enough to overcome Nixon’s lead in the polls. Nixon received 31,710,470 popular votes to 30,898,055 for Humphrey and 9,466,167 for Wallace. Nixon’s victory in the electoral college was wider: 302 to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, the latter from the South. 1972: Richard M. Nixon vs. George McGovern In 1972 the Republicans nominated President Richard M. Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. The Democrats, still split over the war in Vietnam, chose a presidential candidate of liberal persuasion, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota . Senator Thomas F. Eagleton of Missouri was the vice-presidential choice, but after it was revealed that he had once received electric shock and other psychiatric treatments, he resigned from the ticket. McGovern named Sargent Shriver, director of the Peace Corps, as his replacement. The campaign focused on the prospect of peace in Vietnam and an upsurge in the economy. Unemployment had leveled off and the inflation rate was declining. Two weeks before the November election, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted inaccurately that the war in Vietnam would soon be over. During the campaign, a break-in occurred at Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. , but it had little impact until after the election. The campaign ended in one of the greatest landslides in the nation’s history. Nixon’s popular vote was 47,169,911 to McGovern’s 29,170,383, and the Republican victory in the electoral college was even more lopsided–520 to 17. Only Massachusetts gave its votes to McGovern. 1976: Jimmy Carter vs. Gerald Ford In 1976 the Democratic party nominated former governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. The Republicans chose President Gerald Ford and Senator Robert Dole of Kansas. Richard M. Nixon had appointed Ford, a congressman from Michigan, as vice president to replace Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid charges of corruption. Ford became president when Nixon resigned after the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment because of his involvement in an attempted cover-up of the politically inspired Watergate break-in. In the campaign, Carter ran as an outsider, independent of Washington, which was now in disrepute. Ford tried to justify his pardoning Nixon for any crimes he might have committed during the cover-up, as well as to overcome the disgrace many thought the Republicans had brought to the presidency. Carter and Mondale won a narrow victory, 40,828,587 popular votes to 39,147,613 and 297 electoral votes to 241. The Democratic victory ended eight years of divided government; the party now controlled both the White House and Congress. 1980: Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter vs. John B. Anderson In 1980 President Jimmy Carter was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts in ten primaries. But Carter easily won the nomination at the Democratic convention. The party also renominated Walter Mondale for vice president. Ronald Reagan , former governor of California, received the Republican nomination, and his chief challenger, George Bush , became the vice-presidential nominee. Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois, who had also sought the nomination, ran as an independent with Patrick J. Lucey, former Democratic governor of Wisconsin, as his running mate. The two major issues of the campaign were the economy and the Iranian hostage crisis. President Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had not succeeded in obtaining the release of American hostages in Tehran before the election. Reagan won a landslide victory, and Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time in twenty-five years. Reagan received 43,904,153 popular votes in the election, and Carter, 35,483,883. Reagan won 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter’s 49. John Anderson won no electoral votes, but got 5,720,060 popular votes. 1984: Ronald Reagan vs. Walter Mondale In 1984 the Republicans renominated Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Former vice president Walter Mondale was the Democratic choice, having turned aside challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and the Reverend Jesse Jackson . Jackson, an African-American, sought to move the party to the left. Mondale chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York for his running mate. This was the first time a major party nominated a woman for one of the top offices. Peace and prosperity, despite massive budget deficits, ensured Reagan’s victory. Gary Hart had portrayed Mondale as a candidate of the “special interests,” and the Republicans did so as well. Ferraro’s nomination did not overcome a perceived gender gap–56 percent of the women voting chose Reagan. Reagan won a decisive victory, carrying all states except Minnesota, Mondale’s home state, and the District of Columbia. He received 54,455,074 popular votes to Mondale’s total of 37,577,185. In the electoral college the count was Reagan, 525, and Mondale, 13. 1988: George H.W. Bush vs. Michael Dukakis Although Vice President George Bush faced some opposition in the primaries from Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in 1988, he won the Republican nomination by acclamation. He chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. The Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, for president and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for vice president. Dukakis had faced strong competition in the primaries, including the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. Hart withdrew from the race following revelations about an extramarital affair, and party regulars and political pundits perceived Jackson, a liberal and an African-American, as unlikely to win the general election. Once again the Republicans were in the enviable situation of running during a time of relative tranquillity and economic stability. After a campaign featuring controversial television ads, Bush and Quayle won 48,886,097 popular votes to 41,809,074 for Dukakis and Bentsen and carried the electoral college, 426 to 111. 1992: Bill Clinton vs. George H.W. Bush vs. H. Ross Perot In 1991 incumbent President George H. W. Bush’s approval ratings reached 88 percent, the highest in presidential history up to that point. But by 1992, his ratings had sunk, and Bush became the fourth sitting U.S. president to lose re-election. In the summer of 1992 Ross Perot led the polls with 39 percent of voter support. Although Perot came in a distant third, he was still the most successful third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Popular Vote: 44,908,254 (Clinton) to 39,102,343 (Bush) Electoral College : 370 (Clinton) to 168 (Bush) 1996: Bill Clinton vs. Robert Dole vs. H. Ross Perot vs. Ralph Nader Although Clinton won a decisive victory, he carried a mere four Southern states, signaling a decline in Southern support for Democrats who historically could count on the area as an electoral stronghold. Later, in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Democrats did not carry a single Southern state. The 1996 election was the most lavishly funded up to that point. The combined amount spent by the two major parties for all federal candidates topped $2 billion, which was 33 percent more than what was spent in 1992. During this election the Democratic National Committee was accused of accepting donations from Chinese contributors. Non-American citizens are forbidden by law from donating to U.S. politicians, and 17 people were later convicted for the activity. Popular Vote: 45,590,703 (Clinton) to 37,816,307 (Dole)Electoral College: 379 (Clinton) to 159 (Dole) 2000: George W. Bush vs. Al Gore vs. Ralph Nader The 2000 election was the fourth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the electoral votes did not carry the popular vote. It was the first such election since 1888, when Benjamin Harris became president after winning more electoral votes but losing the popular vote to Grover Cleveland. Gore conceded on election night but retracted his concession the next day when he learned that the vote in Florida was too close to call. Florida began a recount, but the U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled the recount unconstitutional. Political activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and captured 2.7 percent of the vote. Popular Vote: 50,996,582 (Gore) to 50,465,062 (Bush)Electoral College: 271 (Bush) to 266 (Gore) 2004: George W. Bush vs. John Kerry Total voter turnout for the 2004 presidential election numbered at about 120 million, an impressive 15 million increase from the 2000 vote. After the bitterly contested election of 2000, many were poised for a similar election battle in 2004. Although there were reported irregularities in Ohio, a recount confirmed the original vote counts with nominal differences that did not affect the final outcome. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean was the expected Democratic candidate but lost support during the primaries. There was speculation that he sealed his fate when he let out a deep, guttural yell in front of a rally of supporters, which became known as the “I Have a Scream” speech, because it was delivered on Martin Luther King Day. Popular Vote: 60,693,281 (Bush) to 57,355,978 (Kerry)Electoral College: 286 (Bush) to 251 (Kerry) 2008: Barack Obama vs. John McCain In this historic election, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become president. With the Obama/Biden win, Biden became the first-ever Roman Catholic vice president. Had the McCain/Palin ticket won, John McCain would have been the oldest president in history, and Sarah Palin would have been the first woman vice president. Popular Vote: 69,297,997 (Obama) to 59,597,520 (McCain)Electoral College: 365 (Obama) to 173 (McCain) 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney Romney, the first Mormon to receive a major party’s nomination, fought off a number of Republican challengers in the primary, while the incumbent Obama faced no intra-party challenges. The election, the first waged following the “Citizens United” Supreme Court decision that allowed for increased political contributions, cost more than $2.6 billion, with the two major party candidates spending close to $1.12 billion that cycle. Popular Vote: 65,915,795 (Obama) to 60,933,504 (Romney). Electoral College: 332 (Obama) to 206 (Romney). Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	i don't know
The six elements including Beryllium and Magnesium are described in the periodic table as 'alkaline (what) metals'?	What are Alkaline Earth Metals? What are Alkaline Earth Metals? hibbing.edu Main Image: The six elements found in the second group of the periodic table are alkaline earth metals which are metallic elements. The group is present in the s-block of the periodic table. Group 2 (IIA) consists of Beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra) on the periodic table. This family of elements is known as the alkaline earth metals, or just the alkaline earths. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Due to their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found freely in nature. The alkaline earth metals are also usually found in the continental crust though ancient chemists gave the name "earths" to a group of naturally occurring substances that were unaffected by heat and insoluble in water. On the other hand, Group I elements and ions be likely to concentrate in the ocean. With the alkali metals, the properties are due to the ease with which electrons are lost as they have two electrons in the outer shell. The two valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus, so the alkaline earths willingly lose the electrons to form divalent cations. They have smaller atomic radii than the alkali metals. Content What are the properties of alkali earth metals? The Group 2 elements are all metals with a shiny, silvery-white color. The alkaline earth metals are high in the reactivity, and have high melting and boiling point. The alkaline earth metals all have a silver luster when their surfaces are freshly cut, but, except for beryllium, they tarnish quickly. The alkaline earth metals are silver colored, soft metals, which react eagerly with halogens to form ionic salts and with water to form strong alkaline hydroxides. These metals have low density. Beryllium won’t react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent. Magnesium is soft and can be machined, cast, and rolled. In their valence shell, which is their outer most shell, all the alkaline earth metals have two electrons . The actively favored state is achieved by losing two electrons in order to attain complete electron shell. Alkaline earth metals in the periodic table owe its name to their oxides. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. In order to remain as remain as solids ("earths") in fires, these oxides melt at very high temperature. Beryllium is lightweight and as strong as steel. The alkaline earths and their compounds burn with distinctive colors. The green of barium, orange for calcium, bright red of strontium , and the bright white of magnesium and crimson for radium are well-known in fireworks. Similar to most metals, they are good conductors of electricity. What is the history of their identification? The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, known as the "father of modern chemistry" is often credited for understanding that these alkali earths were compounds and not elements . In 1789, in his book “ Elements of Chemistry” he described them as earth elements that form salts. A British chemist, Humphry Davy was the initial scientist to get samples of the metals by electrolysis of their molten earths, in 1808. How was the name derived? Though the traditional names were beryllia, magnesia , lime, strontia and baryta, the alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the ‘alkaline earths’. When reacting with water, these oxides are basic or alkaline. "Earth" is a previous term given by ancient chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating which are also the properties of oxides of alkaline earth metals. How do alkaline earths occur in nature? Beryllium is not readily available and considered generally to be highly toxic. It does not have any impact in living organisms. Magnesium and calcium are abundant in Earth's crust and are omnipresent and vital for all living organisms. Both compounds have many functions such as Mg/Ca ion pumps (a trans membrane protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane) taking part in few cellular processes in which magnesium acting as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts plays a structural role (e.g. You do not have access to view this node). Calcium carbonate is organically obvious as limestone, marble, coral , pearls, and chalk—all derived mostly from the shells of small marine animals. The weathering of calcium silicate rocks over millions of years converted the insoluble calcium silicate into soluble calcium salts, which were carried to the oceans. The dissolved calcium was used by marine organisms to form their shells. When the organisms died, the shells were deposited on the ocean floor where they were ultimately compacted into sedimentary rock. Eventually, collisions of tectonic plates allow this rock to rise above the ocean floor to become "land-based" limestone deposits. Magnesium is found in seawater and as the mineral ‘carnallite’, a mixture of potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. Radium has is not readily obtainable and is extremely radioactive and so it is highly dangerous. Radium compounds occur in pitchblende, which is primarily uranium oxide, as radium is a product of the radioactive disintegration of U-238. Most pitchblende in the United States is found in Colorado. Radium is a source of radioactive rays traditionally used in cancer You do not have access to view this node Strontium and barium are also not available readily in the biological system. In aquatic life , particularly in hard corals, strontium does a significant job. Hard corals use strontium to construct their exoskeleton. These elements have some key roles in medicine , for instance, strontium compounds are used in toothpastes, whereas, "barium meals" in radio graphic imaging. How to compare Alkaline and Alkali metals? In case of the alkaline earth metals, there are two electrons that are available to form a metallic bond, and the nucleus has a positive charge in addition to that. The most important difference is the electron configuration, which is ns2 for alkaline earth metals and ns1 for alkali metals. The alkaline earth metals are very hard and dense, but the alkali also has a softer and more light -weight structure. The alkaline earth elements have very high melting points and boiling points than those of alkali metals. What are the applications of Alkali earth metals? The dissolved calcium was used by marine organisms to form their shells. Calcium carbonate exists as whole mountain ranges of chalk, limestone, and marble. Beryllium is used for windows in x-ray equipment and in other nuclear applications, permitting the rays to pass through with minimum absorption. As beryllium-nickel alloys defy corrosion by salt water, they are used in marine engine parts. Magnesium-aluminum alloys, whose trade name is “Dowmetal” are frequently used in airplane construction. Magnesium oxide is used for lining furnaces. Calcium hydroxide or slaked lime is a significant flux in the reduction of iron in blast furnaces. Radium is a source of radioactive rays traditionally used in cancer You do not have access to view this node. Strontium oxides are used to coat the filaments of vacuum tubes, which are still used in some applications. External References	Earth
Which actor, who died after a riding accident while filming in 1988, played Henry Salt in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory1?	What are alkaline earth metals used for? \| Reference.com What are alkaline earth metals used for? A: Quick Answer The six elements in the alkaline earth metals group all have a variety of different uses, including making batteries, flashbulbs, fireworks, fertilizers and various metal alloys. The six alkaline earth metals are calcium, magnesium, barium, beryllium, radium and strontium. Full Answer Magnesium is one of the most widely used alkaline earth metals, and is used to create a number of lightweight alloys for various applications, including in constructing airplanes and spaceships. The highly reactive nature of magnesium is also the reason it is found in most fireworks. Calcium is the only other alkaline earth metal that has a wide range of uses. Calcium is one of the primary components of plant and animal life, making it useful as a fertilizer and an additive to many foods. It is also used to help remove impurities from steel and can be found in many pharmaceuticals, papers and cosmetic products. Barium and strontium are the only alkaline earth metals that don't play a role in industrial applications, although strontium is sometimes used in fireworks due to the bright orange color it produces when burned. Barium, radium and beryllium are all highly radioactive, which limits much of their usefulness. However, radium and beryllium do play a role in x-ray machines and also in detecting x-rays, while barium was formerly used in a number of medical applications until safer radioactive materials were discovered.	i don't know
Who was the drummer for the band Nirvana before founding the Foo Fighters?	Foo Fighters \| Rolling Stone artists > F > Foo Fighters > Bio Foo Fighters Bio The Foo Fighters emerged from the ashes of Nirvana, but the band's true roots lay in the years of personal recordings made by leader Dave Grohl. The former Nirvana drummer had played guitar and written songs since he was a Washington, D.C., teenager, while also playing drums in several hardcore bands. At 17, Grohl became the drummer for the veteran punk act Scream. In 1990 he joined Nirvana, but continued to work on his own material during breaks from the road and studio. After finishing Nirvana's Nevermind, Grohl returned to D.C. to record several tracks, which were released on the cassette-only Pocketwatch. Plans for another cassette release were shelved with Kurt Cobain's 1994 suicide. Later that year Grohl entered a studio with friend and producer Barrett Jones to record what would become the first Foo Fighters album. Grohl played all the instruments himself (with the exception of the song "X-Static," which featured guitar by Greg Dulli of the Afghan Whigs). Though he had written and sung just one Nirvana song (the B-side "Marigold"), Grohl demonstrated a flair for pop hooks and driving guitar rock. (The name Foo Fighters came from what American World War II pilots called unidentified fireballs spotted over Germany.) Grohl signed with Capitol and formed a band in time for a 1995 tour, recruiting bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith from the freshly-broken-up Sunny Day Real Estate. Pat Smear, the former Germs guitarist who had joined Nirvana for its final tour, also joined. Foo Fighters (Number 23) was released in 1995 and spawned the Modern Rock hits "This Is a Call," "I'll Stick Around," and "Big Me." Goldsmith quit during the making of The Colour and the Shape (Number Ten, 1997), the first Foo Fighters album recorded as a band, and was replaced by Taylor Hawkins (Alanis Morissette). The album contained the Modern Rock hits "Monkey Wrench," "My Hero," and "Everlong." Smear quit and was briefly replaced by Franz Stahl (Scream) and then Chris Shiflett (No Use for a Name, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes), solidifying the lineup to date. Grohl relocated to Virginia and recorded There Is Nothing Left to Lose (Number 10, 1999) in his basement; the album included "Learn to Fly" (Number 13, 2000). In 2001 the group began recording its fourth album in Los Angeles, but stopped before finishing. Grohl took a break from band-leading by getting behind the drums again for Queens of the Stone Age's 2002 album Songs for the Deaf. Refreshed, Grohl gathered the Foos back together and re-recorded almost the entire album at his Virginia home studio, released as One by One (Number Three, 2002). The album further consolidated the band's place as the well-loved elder statesmen of alt-rock. In 2004, Grohl released Probot, the self-titled side project featuring a number of vocalists from heavy metal legends, among them Lemmy Kilmister (Mot örhead), Snake (Voivod), King Diamond, and Max Cavalera (Sepultura, Soulfly). Later the same year, the Foos publicly backed John Kerry's presidential campaign, an endeavor Grohl said inspired the title of In Your Honor (Number Two, 2005), a double-CD featuring an acoustic disc and an electric disc. It featured the hit "Best of You" (Number 18, 2005), later covered, to Grohl's great delight and surprise, by Prince during his bravura halftime appearance at the 2007 Super Bowl. (Foo Fighters had covered Prince's "Darling Nikki" on the B-side of the 2003 single "Have It All" and performed it live and on the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards with guest star Cee-Lo.) After a stopgap live disc, Skin and Bones (Number 21, 2006), Foo Fighters worked together again with Gil Norton, who'd produced The Colour and the Shape, and recorded the well-received Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace (Number Three, 2007). The group scored both Best Rock Album and Best Hard Rock Performance at the following years' Grammy Awards, and performed "Young Man Blues" and "Bargain" (with Gaz Coombes of Supergrass) at VH1's Rock Honors concert for the Who. After this whirlwind of activity, Grohl announced the band would be taking a hiatus. A greatest hits album featuring one new song, "Wheels," was released in 2009, and Grohl turned his full attention to another project: his role as drummer in the hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures, which featured Josh Homme of Queens of the Stone Age and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin. The group debuted with a performance at the Metro in Chicago as part of a Lollapalooza after-party, and then made a series of festival appearances that summer before releasing their first album (Number 12) to generally positive reviews and strong sales in November of that year. Portions of this biography appeared in The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001). J. Edward Keyes contributed to this article.	Dave Grohl
Where was cartographer Gerardus Mercator born - the modern name of the country where he was born?	Foo Fighters \| Download Music, Tour Dates & Video \| eMusic Group Members: Taylor Hawkins And The Coattail Riders , Pat Smear All Music Guide: When Foo Fighters released a debut album written and recorded entirely by leader Dave Grohl -- at that point known only as the powerhouse drummer for Nirvana -- in the summer of 1995, few would have guessed that the group would wind up as the one band to survive the '90s alt-rock explosion unscathed. Other bands burned brighter but they flamed out, breaking up after scoring a hit or two, but the Foos steadily racked up success after success, filling up stadiums around the world while staying on top of the charts all the way into the second decade of the new millennium. Once the band's lineup coalesced around the time of its third album in 1999, Foo Fighters' sound also gelled into a recognizable signature built upon the heavy, melodic, loud-quiet-loud template of the Pixies and Nirvana, the modern rock anchored by a love of classic guitar rock. It was commercial without pandering, creatively restless without being alienating, a sound with wide appeal delivered by a band that was happy to tour and record the way bands did back in the '70s. When Wasting Light became their first number one album in America upon its release in the spring of 2011, it was confirmation that Foo Fighters were survivors who had earned a large, devoted audience primarily through hard work. All of this industriousness stems from Dave Grohl, who had been playing guitar and writing songs long before he began drumming. Throughout his early teens he performed in a variety of hardcore punk bands and in the late '80s he joined the Washington, D.C.-area hardcore band Scream as their drummer. During Scream's final days, Grohl began recording his own material in the basement studio of his friend Barrett Jones. Some of Grohl's songs appeared on Scream's final album, Fumble. Following the band's 1990 summer tour, Grohl joined Nirvana and moved cross-country to Seattle. After Nirvana recorded Nevermind, Grohl went back to the D.C. area and recorded a handful of tracks that would appear on Pocketwatch, a cassette released by Simple Machines. For most of 1992, he was busy with Nirvana, but when the band was off the road, he recorded solo material with Jones, who had also moved to Seattle. The pair kept recording throughout early 1993, when Grohl returned to Nirvana to record In Utero. Grohl had toyed with the idea of releasing another independent cassette in the summer of 1993, but the plans never reached fruition. Following Kurt Cobain's suicide in 1994, the drummer kept quiet for several months. In the fall of 1994, Grohl and Jones decamped to a professional studio and recorded the songs that comprised Foo Fighters' debut album in a week. Boiling down his backlog of songs to about 15 tracks, Grohl played all of the instruments on the album. He made 100 copies of the tape, passing it out to friends and associates. In no time, Grohl's solo project became the object of a fierce record company bidding war. Instead of embarking on a full-fledged solo career, Grohl decided to form a band. Through his wife he met Nate Mendel, the bassist for Sunny Day Real Estate. Shortly before the pair met, Jeremy Enigk, the leader of Sunny Day Real Estate, had converted to Christianity and quit the band, effectively ending the group's career. Not only did Mendel join Grohl's band, but so did Sunny Day's drummer, William Goldsmith. Former Germs and Nirvana guitarist Pat Smear rounded out the lineup. The band, named Foo Fighters after a World War II secret force that allegedly researched UFOs, signed a contract with Capitol Records. The band's self-titled debut, consisting solely of Dave Grohl's solo recordings, was released on July 4, 1995. It became an instant success in America, as "This Is a Call" garnered heavy alternative and album rock airplay. By early 1996, the album was certified platinum in the U.S. Throughout 1996, Foo Fighters supported the album with an extensive tour, enjoying a crossover hit with "Big Me" that spring. Late in the year, the group began recording its second album with producer Gil Norton. During the sessions, William Goldsmith left the band due to creative tensions, leaving Grohl to drum on the majority of the album. Before the record's release, Goldsmith was replaced by Taylor Hawkins, who had previously drummed with Alanis Morissette. The Colour and the Shape, Foo Fighters' second album and the first they recorded as a band, was issued in May of 1997. Smear left the group in the wake of the album's completion and was replaced by guitarist Franz Stahl, whose stay proved short-lived; 1999's There Is Nothing Left to Lose was recorded as a three-piece, with ex-No Use for a Name guitarist Chris Shiflett signing on soon after. One by One, the group's most polished production, appeared in late 2002, followed by 2005's In Your Honor, which narrowly missed the top of Billboard's album chart. After releasing a live album titled Skin and Bones in 2006, the band returned to Norton's studio and started constructing a dozen fractured, eclectic rock songs to be released in 2007 under the name Echoes, Silence, Patience, and Grace. Two years later, the group released its first compilation, Greatest Hits, as Grohl launched his new supergroup Them Crooked Vultures, which also featured Josh Homme of Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin's John Paul Jones. Foo Fighters reconvened for 2011's Wasting Light, a Butch Vig production that doubled as the official return of Pat Smear, who hadn't played on any of the band's albums since 1997. Wasting Light wound up as a smash success for the Foos, debuting at number one on the Billboard charts, going gold in the U.S. and garnering the band another four Grammy Awards. In the wake of Wasting Light, several other Foo projects emerged -- a limited-edition compilation of covers called Medium Rare released for Record Store Day 2011; a documentary of the band called Back and Forth -- and the group toured the album into 2012. In 2012, the Foo Fighters announced they were taking a hiatus and Dave Grohl immediately returned to the confines of Queens of the Stone Age, drumming on their 2013 album ...Like Clockwork. He also threw himself into directing a documentary about the legendary Los Angeles recording studio Sound City. The film appeared early in 2013 to positive reviews, and it was accompanied by a soundtrack called Sound City: Reel to Real, which featured Grohl-directed jams including a variety of Sound City veterans, plus Paul McCartney. Not long after its release, the Foo Fighters announced their hiatus had ended and they were working on a new album. Sonic Highways, released late in 2014, was their most ambitious project yet; each track was recorded in a different city, some with special featured guests, a process documented on an eight-episode documentary series for HBO. Sonic Highways saw international release in early November 2014.	i don't know
On which day of the week did Mo Farah win both of his gold medals at the 2012 Olympics?	London 2012 Olympics: Mo Farah wins gold medal in the 10,000 metres final - Telegraph London 2012 London 2012 Olympics: Mo Farah wins gold medal in the 10,000 metres final The Olympic stadium became a cauldron of noise as Mo Farah completed a glorious day for British athletes by becoming the first Briton to win an Olympic 10,000 metres final. Mo Farah celebrates his victory with his daughter Rihanna Champion: Mo Farah, Olympic champion, after crossing the finishing line Photo: ACTION IMAGES Image 1 of 3 Mo Farah received a deafening ovation as he won gold in the 10,000 metres race at the Olympic Stadium on Saturday night Photo: REUTERS	Saturday
What was the name of the only female emperor of China (690 to 705) to rule the country in her own right?	BBC Sport - London 2012 Olympics - Mo Farah : Great Britain & N. Ireland, Athletics Great Britain & N. Ireland A week ago he won gold in the 10,000 metres in a very successful night for Great Britain which has become known as Super Saturday. 16 Jan 13 Men's 10,000m 16 Jan 13 Team GB's Mo Farah received a standing ovation from a packed Olympic Stadium as he was presented with his gold medal - a day after his stunning victory in the 10,000m. Men's 10,000m 26 Sep 12 Fresh from the amazing summer that saw Mo Farah become a double Olympic gold medallist, the athlete returns to his old school in Feltham to answer questions from School Reporters. More Mo Farah stories (10) Men's 5000m Round 1, Heat 1 3 Mo Farah vs Nick Mccormick Select a different athlete to compare Mo Farah Show me: countries or athletes medal table Total Medals by Athlete All Athletes from Team GB Team GB Learn more about the athletes representing Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the 2012 Olympic Games, and catch up on the latest news and gossip surrounding Team GB Copyright © 2017 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.	i don't know
In which city is Monkwearmouth Station Museum?	Monkwearmouth Station Museum \| See it Do it Sunderland See it Do it Sunderland What's on The museum is housed in an outstanding grade 2* listed 1840s station building, commissioned by the famous railway entrepreneur George Hudson, displaying many original features such as the ticket booths, fireplaces and shuttered windows. The station has once again been brought to life through inspiring and interactive displays, telling the story of an age when Monkwearmouth was the main station for the city and the building buzzed with the excitement of the people passing through. There's a children's gallery, gift shop and an ongoing programme of events and exhibitions. Attraction/Venue Information Monday - Saturday 11am until 3pm Sunday – Closed Find out more Did you know? St Peter's Church in Monkwearmouth formed part of the Anglo-Saxon monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow, which was home to the author of the first history of England, the Venerable Bede. Twitter Glad you enjoyed it @lord_barrold , we certainly agree that it's well worth a look! @SundMuseum … https://t.co/STVBC2AepP — 3 hours 27 min ago It's not all about great seaside sunrise pics here in Sunderland you know... here's a pleasant sunset shot by… https://t.co/E5mfZ2G9yL — 21 hours 29 min ago At a loose end post Christmas fun? Thoughts turning to New Year celebrations yet? We'll just leave this here then..… https://t.co/LLDGl9xHhR — 1 day 3 hours ago @8m8o8g8 hi, no just at the seafront this year. Thanks — 2 days 17 hours ago Want to get up close and personal with swans and other fascinating birds? There's extra ways @WWTWashington now.… https://t.co/4ORU8I9jlb — 6 days 1 hour ago We're going to make no aplogies at all for sharing yet another sunrise at Roker photo, this time from @lightaperture https://t.co/JnMTNifI5g — 6 days 3 hours ago Is it time to take a break from your hectic pre-Christmas preparations and think about New Year for just a moment?… https://t.co/8RXBu4nt1W — 6 days 22 hours ago We never get tired of seeing glorious sunrise pictures of our coatstline like this one from @simoncwoodley includin… https://t.co/RLIk18cPQE — 1 week 4 hours ago RT @NGC_GlassCentre : Love Christmas drop-in on until 4pm today. 4 activities for only £10! https://t.co/2R1j3nqQAN https://t.co/OOoiuTvY2P — 1 week 2 days ago Just when you thought you'd seen the golden sands of Roker from every angle... up pops @Dean_Matthews_ with a new v… https://t.co/ZtVNyFuA3x — 1 week 3 days ago	Sunderland
Who married Jean-Bernard Fernandez-Versini in July?	Collections at Monkwearmouth Station Museum \| See it Do it Sunderland See it Do it Sunderland What's on Monkwearmouth Station Museum has a fine collection of transport related articles, from model railways to timetables... and everything in between! The collections have been growing since early in the 19th century, and are still expanding, with particular emphasis on North East industrial and social history (including shipbuilding and coal mining), natural history, geology, glass and pottery made on Wearside, 19th and 20th century art, work by L S Lowry, archaeology and ethnography. Search the Monkwearmouth Station Museum collections at http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/collections/search-our-collections.html Find out more Did you know? Roker beach is home to the unique 'cannonball' rock formations that were the inspiration for the seafront 'pods'. Twitter RT @1034SunFM : Happy New Year from @SeeitDoitSund and our team at Sun FM - thanks for coming down to Cliffe Park at teatime, weren… https://t.co/00f04JrSBu — 17 hours 7 min ago Tonight's fireworks photographs are pretty terrible, please share yours with us if you've got better ones!… https://t.co/o0KXIKMQUY — 19 hours 30 min ago Fantastic fireworks finish the New Year's Eve celebration at Cliffe Park. Hope you enjoyed if you came, have a great New Year. — 19 hours 35 min ago Fire, lights, juggling, tightropes and neon hula hoops all wowing the crowds at Cliffe Park https://t.co/4IAnxUCoeB — 20 hours 43 min ago Crowds gathering at Cliffe Park to enjoy the show https://t.co/b1cAIh5Zzm — 21 hours 14 min ago Starting at 5pm at Cliffe Park, Seaburn, see you there! https://t.co/Oa5gRGJjHS — 22 hours 47 sec ago It sounds like @1034SunFM have booked the weather too... @SunSeaTraders , @RokerPier @BW_Rokerhotel @MarriottSland w… https://t.co/RTHIon13RA — 2 days 1 hour ago New Year's Eve is almost upon us, but if you're still looking for something fun, and FREE to do, check this out:… https://t.co/MoMvyL8xDD — 2 days 1 hour ago Roker lighthouse being lit up in a rather different way in this pic from @Dean_Matthews_ . @RokerPier @SunSeaTraders https://t.co/JUCxlORVuc — 2 days 3 hours ago RT @SundEmpire : Last perfs 2c Sleeping Beauty - 2day at 2pm & 6pm and 2moro at 2.30pm https://t.co/xqnUXKHsr7 Don't miss our family… https://t.co/WjxahU2Jns — 2 days 4 hours ago What a great way to make the most of a frosty day... wrap up warm and watch some wildlife @WWTWashington https://t.co/O124LFWgR3 — 3 days 37 min ago Glad you enjoyed it @lord_barrold , we certainly agree that it's well worth a look! @SundMuseum … https://t.co/STVBC2AepP — 3 days 3 hours ago It's not all about great seaside sunrise pics here in Sunderland you know... here's a pleasant sunset shot by… https://t.co/E5mfZ2G9yL — 3 days 21 hours ago At a loose end post Christmas fun? Thoughts turning to New Year celebrations yet? We'll just leave this here then..… https://t.co/LLDGl9xHhR — 4 days 3 hours ago @8m8o8g8 hi, no just at the seafront this year. Thanks — 5 days 17 hours ago	i don't know
On which island is the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the USA	West Coast Lighthouses - East Brother Light Station Victorian Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast Inn East Brother Light Station Victorian Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast Inn CALL US NOW West Coast Lighthouses East Brother was one of about seventy lighthouses built on the West Coast of the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Its history is linked to these other beacons in many ways. All were built and maintained by the federal government. All responded to similar changes in our culture and technology. And many were cared for by keepers who had worked at other lighthouses as well. In other respects, however, each lighthouse, including East Brother, has its own unique story to tell. Lighthouses in Central California, past and present. Lighthouses help mariners in several ways. Major sea coast lights serve as landfalls for ships arriving from across the ocean. These lighthouses and the smaller lights along the coast and in bays also act as guides for coastal vessels, in some cases warning them of dangerous reefs or shoals. Others mark turning points along the coast or at entrances to bays or harbors. Most also aid mariners as landmarks visible during the day. They are, however, of little help day or night when there is thick fog. In the past many light stations were equipped with a fog signal such as a bell, steam whistle, or steam siren. Today such devices have given way to electronic fog signals and radio beacons. These modern aids and ship-based radar have frequently made lighthouses of secondary importance in navigation. Nevertheless, there is still nothing quite as reassuring as seeing a light, particularly when steering a vessel near shore to enter a harbor or bay. Several events shaped the early history of West Coast lighthouses. These in turn set the stage for construction of later stations such as at East Brother Island. First was the acquisition by the United States of Oregon Territory in 1846 and California in 1848. No lighthouses were built in California under Spain or Mexico. Lighthouses would have been of little benefit since so few ships served the small population in Alta California at that time. There is a report that the Spaniards sometimes hung a lantern on a stake at Ballast Point when a ship was expected at San Diego Bay, but this was hardly a lighthouse. Thus the United States started from scratch in planning a system of lighthouses for the Pacific Coast. Another dramatic event, the discovery of gold in 1848, changed the face of California almost overnight. Hundreds of ships, each filled with hopeful gold-seekers, set sail for the Golden Gate. The gold rush touched off continued immigration which brought growth in agriculture, lumbering, construction and other activities. As cities and towns swelled with activity, so did commerce and shipping. California's population of immigrants grew from less than 15,000 in early 1848 to 223,856 in 1852. By 1870 the state's population had expended to over 560,000. The third significant event in the early development of West Coast lighthouses was the establishment of the Lighthouse Board. This administrative body took over the duties of the fifth auditor of the Treasury Department, who had supervised the nation's lighthouse system from 1820 to 1852. On August 31, 1852, Congress passed an act requiring the President to appoint three high ranking officers from the Navy, three engineers from the Army, and two civilian scientists to constitute the Lighthouse Board. The Secretary of Treasury served as the board's ex-officio president. The diverse makeup of the Lighthouse Board enabled it more easily to administer the varied duties of a growing lighthouse establishment, which included maintaining lightships, buoys, fog signals and other navigational aids. The board intended to improve the quality and dependability of United States lighthouses, bringing them up to the level of those in France, England, and Scotland. The Lighthouse Board held its first meeting October 9, 1852. One of its early tasks was to divide the nation into twelve lighthouse districts. The entire West Coast became the Twelfth District with headquarters in San Francisco. (Later Oregon and Washington were made into the Thirteenth District.) Each district had a Naval officer as an inspector in charge of personnel and daily operations, and an Army engineer to oversee new construction and repairs at the different light stations. The Lighthouse Board planned most of the lighthouses eventually built on the West Coast, but not all. By the time they met, arrangements had already been made to construct the first set of lighthouses here. Earlier, on April 20, 1852, the government contracted with the firm of Francis A. Gibbons and Francis X. Kelly of Baltimore, Maryland, to build eight lighthouses. These were to be constructed at Point Loma near San Diego, Point Conception, Point Pinos near Monterey, Southeast Farallon Island, Battery Point (Fort Point) and Alcatraz Island on San Francisco Bay, and at Humboldt Harbor-all in California. They were also hired to build a lighthouse at Cape Disappointment at the mouth of the Columbia River in what is now Washington. Gibbons and Kelly purchased the bark Oriole, gave her new fittings, and loaded the ship with all materials necessary to build the lighthouses with the exception of stone, which would be quarried near each lighthouse site. The shipload of materials with crew and workmen set sail from Baltimore August 12, 1852, and arrived in San Francisco on January 29, 1953. Gibbons and Kelly agreed to build the eight lighthouses for just $136,000-all that Congress had appropriated. From early on the builders were plagued by unexpected difficulties. Just three months after the Battery Point lighthouse was constructed (but before the lens arrived from France), the Army selected that very site for a fort. The structure was razed before ever being lighted, and eventually a second lighthouse was built. After construction of lighthouses at Battery Point, Alcatraz, Point Pinos, and Southeast Farallon Island, the workmen sailed north to Cape Disappointment. The site was aptly named. Here the Oriole was wrecked and her cargo destroyed. Fortunately, no lives were lost, but work was delayed while replacement materials were purchased. At Point Loma the problems continued. Additional time and materials needed to build a road to the site made the cost nearly double the $15,000 originally budgeted for the job. At Point Conception and Southeast Farallon Island the lighthouses had to be rebuilt because the lenses, when they arrived, were too big to fit. Finally, on June 1, 1854, the Alcatraz Island lighthouse became the first to be lighted on the West Coast. Not until October of 1856 did the last of these first eight lighthouses, Cape Disappointment, go into operation. Each lighthouse was a simple, rectangular, masonry dwelling known as a Cape Cod structure. Most had a circular tower rising from the center, through at several locations the on-site decision was made to offset the tower or detach it from the dwelling. The design was devised by Ammi B. Young, an architect employed by the Treasury Department. By the end of the 1850s eight more lighthouses were built on the West Coast. They were similar in design to the first eight, but were built by local contractors and for even less money than the amount paid to Gibbons and Kelly. The second eight were built at Santa Barbara, Point Bonita, and Crescent City in California, at Umpqua River in Oregon, and at Willapa Bay, Cape Flattery, Smith Island, and New Dungeness in Washington. During the early 1860s, while the nation was preoccupied with the Civil War, no lighthouses were built on the West Coast. In fact, during the war 164 East Coast lights were discontinued and many were badly damaged. By 1866, however, most of these beacons had been repaired and relighted, and the Lighthouse Board again turned its attention to constructing new lighthouses. In the 1850s and 1860s the Pacific's ragged edge devoured numerous ships. The loss of these vessels, their cargo, and many lives underscored the need for additional lighthouses. In California during the late 1860s and early 1870s twelve more lighthouses, many with fog signals, would be constructed-among these East Brother. Find Us On...	Alcatraz Island
In 1985 which was the last non-Glasgow team to win the Scottish Football League title	The Rock, Alcatraz Island - San Francisco Bay, California - YouTube The Rock, Alcatraz Island - San Francisco Bay, California Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 21, 2013 You can not escape from "The Rock", as it is commonly known. Alcatraz was a high security federal prison from 1934 to 1963. The main prison building was constructed from 1910 to 1912. It housed 1,576 total prisoners who continually caused trouble at other federal prisons. 36 prisoners made 14 attempts to escape The Rock; none are known to have survived. The island also contains the oldest operating lighthouse on the American west coast. Alcatraz is now a museum and a major San Francisco tourist attraction. 1.5 million visitors annually tour the grounds. The white structure covers the iconic water tower since it is undergoing renovation for visitor safety. This video was captured in March, 2012 with a Canon HFS-100 camera and was edited with Adobe Premier Pro 6.0. Music is "Oppressive Gloom" by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a CC Attribution 3.0.	i don't know
In which English city is the arts and media centre called The Custard Factory	Read more About Custard Factory The Custard Factory is the most powerful collection of creative and digital businesses, independent retailers and event venues outside London. Along with its sister project, Fazeley Studios, it forms the heart of Birmingham’s creative and digital district. Just over five minutes walk from the Bullring, it is home to over 500 businesses and hosts a regular calendar of fairs, festivals and gigs, as well as corporate and private events and weddings. The Custard Factory is set in 15 acres of beautifully renovated riverside factories, built more than 100 years ago by Alfred Bird to manufacture and market his famous invention, eggless Custard. At one time he had a thousand people making the stuff and was exporting it across the globe. However, following the rationing and production limits imposed by World War Two, the company was taken over and in 1964 production relocated to Banbury and the factories fell derelict. We took The Custard Factory over in 1988. We began to restore the buildings and opened it up to the best of Birmingham’s young creative talent. The first phase, Scott House, launched in 1993 and was so popular that it was full before the brochures had finished printing. Today we have developed over three quarters of a million square feet and not just on the core Custard Factory site. The Custard Factory has expanded to become a whole creative quarter, including our sister project Fazeley Studios, the TV Studios of Maverick TV (How to Look Good Naked, Embarrassing Bodies) and North One TV (The Gadget Show) and the creative workspace and incubation at Boxxed. Tenants of the Custard Factory itself range from innovative start ups to household brands such as ASOS and the Prince’s Trust. About Us The Custard Factory is the most powerful collection of creative and digital businesses, independent shops and event venues outside London. Just over five minutes walk from the Bullring, it is the heart of the city’s creative quarter, home to over 500 businesses and host to fairs, festivals and gigs, along with corporate events and weddings.	Birmingham
Which post was held by Reginald Pole from 1556 to 1558	Grand Central Sharing thoughts on Birmingham By Ashley Innis 27 Oct 2015 Birmingham is one of the most diverse and multicultural cities in the UK, this mix and blend of cultures means that whether you’re looking for something to watch, see or eat, there are endless choices here in our wonderful City. There are so many places to visit and things to do that aren’t so well known, so if you’re looking for something different to try, here are a few suggestions: IKON For those interested in Art and Culture, a trip to 'Ikon' an internationally acclaimed contemporary art venue located in the centre of Birmingham, is the place to visit. Housed in a magnificent neo-gothic school building, it is an educational charity and works to encourage public engagement with contemporary art through exhibiting new work in a context of debate and participation. The gallery programme features artists from around the world. A variety of media is represented, including sound, film, mixed media, photography, painting, sculpture and installation and entry is free to all – donations are greatly received. Fiona Banner, Scroll Down And Keep Scrolling Installation, Ikon Gallery, 2015. Photo: Stuart Whipps, courtesy the artist and Ikon. CBSO If you’re after some ‘world class’ entertainment right on your doorstep, then a visit to the Symphony Hall to hear the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is a must. Here you’ll be able to hear a orchestra which has grown into a 90 piece ensemble since Sir Edward Elgar conducted the inaugural concert in 1920. An orchestra with a worldwide reputation – but one rooted firmly in the City of Birmingham, the CBSO performs the full symphonic repertoire, from Mozart and Bach to full-scale concert performances of major operas. These performances take place in the magnificent surroundings of the Symphony Hall – a venue which has been acclaimed as one of the finest concert halls in the world by critics, performers and public alike. The renowned acoustics of the Hall have attracted virtually every established musical figure on the world stage, and have also enabled the CBSO to record many award-winning discs there. The CBSO has an international reputation as a champion of contemporary music; while popular Friday night concerts of light music and family concerts aimed at all age groups bring world-class music making to the whole community. Witnessing a world class orchestra perform in one of the best concert halls in the world is an opportunity not to be missed. Birmingham Hippodrome The Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre is one of, if not the busiest theatre in the UK, hosting a range of performances from Musicals to Pantomime, drama, dance opera and comedy, and is of course the home of the Birmingham Royal Ballet. Whether you fancy a singing along to classics like Mama Mia or Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, or seeing fantastic choreography in the spectacular Jesus Christ Superstar, belting out ballads from the Bodyguard or laughing along to a pantomime like Aladdin, then the Hippodrome should be your first choice for a night of entertainment and fun. Mary Poppins by Disney and Cameron Mackintosh. Photo: Deen Van Meer, courtesy Birmingham Hippodrome. But before you take your seat a meal in the onsite 'Circle Restaurant' is the perfect place to start your night. Recently awarded an AA Rosette Award this stylish Restaurant offers a relaxing dining experience with tempting modern menus. The menus vary by show and the chefs take advantage of seasonal produce to ensure the menu has the freshest in season ingredients, and with an extensive wine list you’re sure to find a delicious wine to accompany your pre theatre meal. Enjoy fine dining at the Hippodrome’s Circle Restaurant. Photo: courtesy Birmingham Hippodrome Like many of the hit shows in the West End and Broadway performances are often delivered by an outstanding cast supported by a first class band. Over the years shows such as Stomp, Phantom of the Opera, the Lion King, Singin’ in the Rain and Fiddler on the Roof have wowed and excited audiences. So be sure to check out the latest listings to find out if there’s a show for you! Birmingham Royal Ballet Birmingham Royal Ballet is one of the three major ballet companies of the UK, alongside The Royal Ballet and the English National Ballet. Formed in 1990, Birmingham Royal Ballet (BRB) is welcomed enthusiastically around the world. The Company has completed numerous successful tours, including to the USA, China, Japan and South Africa, and continues to build its international profile. Performing in the Birmingham Hippodrome, BRB deliver spectacular performances of some of the most well-known ballets such as Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and Romeo and Juliet. If the name of a classic such as ‘Avant Garde’ leaves you feeling a little puzzled, why not go and see a performance of a comedy based ballet such as the 5 star rated Hobson’s Choice which could be a light hearted introduction to ballet. If you fancy something a little more serious then there are a number of tragedy and abstraction based performances in their repertoire – demonstrating the broad and adventurous offering of BRB. Swan Lake is sure to leave you wowed. Image courtesy Birmingham Royal Ballet Ballet isn’t just for adults though, like many of the other places here in Birmingham, BRB welcome and indeed encourage children and young people to get involved. If you’ve got young people with you, why not go along to one of the Saturday matinees with a Family Fun Day running alongside. These include craft sessions, a make-up demonstration and a chance to see the stage being set for the matinee – giving you a sneak peek ahead of the main event! The Jewellery Quarter If you’ve not heard of our world famous ' Jewellery Quarter ' then where have you been?! located a short distance away from the city centre this area of unique character has been described by English Heritage as a ‘national treasure’ and as having a ‘particular combination of structures associated with jewellery and metalworking which does not seem to exist anywhere else in the world’. Here you’ll find a host of jewellery shops selling the very best diamonds and metals. With a huge range of shops there’s something for everyone’s budget, and you can even have bespoke pieces made. There’s more than just shops though, you’ll also find the Museum of the Jewelley Quarter here which tells the story of jewellery production in Birmingham over the last 200 years as well as exploring the Jewellery Quarter as it is today. The temporary exhibition space also provides a programme of workshops and events for all the family. Custard Factory If you’re a creative mind then Birmingham’s Custard Factory is well worth a visit. The Custard Factory is set in 15 acres of beautifully renovated riverside factories, built more than 100 years ago by Alfred Bird to manufacture and market his famous invention, eggless Custard. At one time he had a thousand people making the stuff and was exporting it across the globe. Rejuvenated in the early 1990’s it’s described as Birmingham’s very own version of Carnaby Street and Shoreditch all rolled into one. Custard Factory, home to Birmingham’s creative quarter. The Custard Factory is located in Digbeth, a short distance from the city centre and proudly boasts being the revolutionary arts and media quarter in the Midlands, plus a massively vibrant creative and retail hub. It truly is one of the coolest independent shopping and leisure areas in the entire region. There’s always a lot happening from Vintage Fairs to Street Food Festivals so it’s well worth checking out. The Balti Triangle Birmingham is the home of the ‘Balti’, now world renowned and served in restaurants all over the world, not many people realise it actually originated here. There is a dedicated area within Birmingham known as 'the Balti Traingle' here you’ll find a range of different Asian restaurants each with a different twist on the famous dish, whether it be from a Pakistani, Indian, or Bangladeshi chef check out this renowned area of the city where you’re sure to find a dish to suit your palette. Birmingham, the home of the ‘Balti’ If you’ve enjoyed reading this blog, please click here to read my latest blog posts Categories:	i don't know
Emile Ford and the Checkmates had a UK number one in 1959 with a song whose title included which parts of the body?	Formally Known As The Bollocks : The History Of Emile Ford Associated acts The Checkmates Emile Ford (born 16 October 1937) is a musician and singer, who was popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1950s and early 1960s as the leader of Emile Ford & the Checkmates. Contents [ show ] Life and career[ edit ] Emile Ford was born in Castries , Saint Lucia , in the West Indies . According to his own web page, [1] he was born Michael Emile Telford Miller, the son of a Barbadian politician, Frederick Edward Miller, and Madge Murray, a singer and musical theatre director whose father had founded and conducted the St. Lucia Philharmonic Band. His mother married again, taking the name of Sweetnam; [2] some sources erroneously give Emile Ford's birth name as Sweetnam or Sweetman. He moved to London with his mother and family in the mid-1950s, partly motivated by his desire to explore improved sound reproduction technology, [3] and was educated at the Paddington Technical College in London. [4] It was during this time that he taught himself to play a number of musical instruments . These included the guitar, piano, violin, bass guitar and drums. Ford first entered show business at the age of 20, and made his first public performance at the Buttery, Kensington . His first appearance with a backing group was at the Athenaeum Ballroom in Muswell Hill . His TV appearances in 1958 included outings onThe Music Shop, the Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson Show, Oh, Boy! , and Six-Five Special . He teamed up in January 1959 with his half-brother, bassist George Sweetnam-Ford (born 1 January 1941), electric guitarist Ken Street (born 1943) and drummer John Cuffley as Emile Ford and the Checkmates. The band appeared on the TV programme Sunday Serenade, which ran for six weeks. They won the Soho Fair talent contest in July 1959, but turned down a recording contract with EMI because the company would not allow Ford to produce their records, and instead agreed a deal with Pye Records . [5] Their first self-produced recording , " What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For? ", a song originally recorded by Ada Jones and Billy Murray in 1917, went to number one in the UK Singles Chart at the end of 1959 and stayed there for six weeks. [6] Ford was the first black British artist to sell one million copies of a single. [7] In January 1960, Ford signed a two-year employment management contract with Leslie Grade . He had several more hits in the UK, and also scored a number one EP in 1960. The readers of the British music magazine New Musical Express voted Emile Ford and the Checkmates as the "Best New Act" in 1960. [8] Ford's debut album was made up of covers . He made several albums, but his last studio recordings were in 1963. [3] His half-brothers George and Dave Sweetnam-Ford were later members of the Ferris Wheel . [2] According to his own site, Emile Ford was responsible for creating a backing track system for stage shows, first used in 1960, which later became known as karaoke . [1] In 1969, he set up a recording studio in Barbados with the help of his father, before moving to live in Sweden . [6] While there, he further developed a new open-air playback system for stage shows. [1] Counting Teardrops, an anthology including all of Ford's work with Pye Records , was released in 2001. [3] Discography[ edit ] UK singles chart credits[ edit ]	what do you want to make those eyes at me for
What is the highest value Euro banknote?	Mike Smith's Hot Hundred UK Hits Title: It's Only Make Believe Artist: Conway Twitty Writer(s): Jack Nance & Conway Twitty Entered chart 14 Nov 1958; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 15. Was at no 1 from 19 Dec 1958 to 22 Jan 1959. Conway Twitty (1 Sep 1933 - 5 Jun 1993) was born in the state of Mississippi, USA. He began playing music at high school, and formed a band in the army during the early 1950s. After leaving the army he pursued a musical career, changing his name, and spending time at Sun Studios in Memphis. In 1958 he recorded this song for MGM which went to the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic. After a few smaller pop hits he moved into Country Music in the mid-1960s and enjoyed massive success, achieving over 30 number ones in the US Country Chart by the 1980s. He died whilst on tour, aged 59. # Three other versions of the song have been in the UK Top 10 since 1959. They are Billy Fury (1964, number 10); Glen Campbell (1970, number 4), and Child (1978, number 10). 2 Title: Come On, Let's Go Artist: Tommy Steele Writer(s): Ritchie Valens & Bob Kuhn Entered chart 14 Nov 1958; Highest Position: 10; Weeks on chart: 13; still on chart during January 1959. Tommy Steele was born on 17 Dec 1936 in Bermondsey, London, UK. He took to performing after a spell in the merchant navy, and got a recording deal with Decca in 1956. He is regarded as Britain's first Rock 'n' Roll star, having his first hit, "Rock With The Caveman" in October 1956. By the end of the 1950s he was developing a new career, making films and appearing in stage musicals. # This song was written and recorded by American, Ritchie Valens who had the USA hit. Steele's cover was the only version to chart in the UK at the time. 3 Artist: Kingston Trio Writer(s): Traditional, arranged by The Kingston Trio Entered chart 21 Nov 1958; Highest Position: 5; Weeks on chart: 14; still on chart during January 1959. The Kingston Trio was formed in the San Francisco area, California, USA, and they began performing around 1957 as a folk group. They were given a recording contract by Capital Records, and their first album was released in June 1958. A track on the album, "Tom Dooley" was released as a single, which reached number one in the USA. They continued successfully in the USA, but made little lasting impact in the UK. With inevitable personnel changes over the years, the group, without any original members, continued performing into the 21st century. # "Tom Dooley" is an old North Carolina folk song based on the 1866 murder of a woman named Laura Foster. Confederate veteran Tom Dula (Dooley), Foster's lover and probable fiancé, was convicted of her murder and hanged on 1st May 1868. # Lonnie Donegan recorded a cover version which entered the chart on the same date, peaking at number 3 and charting for 14 weeks. 4 Title: The Day The Rains Came Artist: Jane Morgan Writer(s): Carl Sigman, Gilbert Bécaud Entered chart 5 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 16. Reached No. 1 on 23 Jan 1959. Jane Morgan was born on 3 May 1924 in Massachusetts, USA. As a youngster she moved to Florida and began piano and singing lessons. In 1948 she went to Paris, France and joined a dance band there. She already spoke French, so was able to sing in their language, which helped her to become a cult star amongst the society people of Paris. She returned to the USA in the early 1950s, and soon won a recording contract. This song was her break-through, which had the same song on the B-side sung in French. She retired from singing in 1973, but has performed at some benefit concerts since then, most recently in 2009. 5 Title: To Know Him Is To Love Him Artist: The Teddy Bears Writer(s): Phil Spector Entered chart 19 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 2; Weeks on chart: 16. Reached its peak in January 1959. The Teddy Bears were a group formed by Phil Spector (born 26 Dec 1939 in New York City) after he graduated from high school in Los Angeles, Califormia, USA. The lead singer was Annette Kleinbard, and drums were played by Sandy Nelson who would have few drum-based instrumental hits in the early 1960s. The song went to number one in the USA, but follow-ups fared badly, and Spector broke up the band within a year. He went on to become a famous record producer in the 1960s, inventing his "wall of sound" with groups The Crystals and The Ronnettes etc. Annette Kleinbard changed her name to Carol Connors and became a successful song writer - mostly for film soundtracks. # In 1965, Peter & Gordon reached number five in the UK charts with the song, although slightly changing the title and lyric to "To Know You Is To Love You". 6 Title: As I Love You Artist: Shirley Bassey Writer(s): Jay Livington & Ray Evans Entered chart 19 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 19. Was at No. 1 from 20 Feb 1959 for 4 weeks. Shirley Bassey was born on 8 Jan 1937 in Tiger Bay, Cardiff, Wales. She went on to become an international star with countless hit singles and albums throughout the world. She began singing professionally in 1953, and performed up and down the UK. She signed a recording contract in 1956, and had her first Top 10 hit in 1957 ("Banana Boat Song"). "As I Love You" was her first number one. She had her own TV show during the 1970s, and continued performing into the 21st century. By 2015 she had scored 33 hit singles and 39 hit albums. She was honoured with a Damehood in 2000, and was back in the recording studios in 2014. 7 Title: Kiss Me, Honey Honey, Kiss Me Artist: Shirley Bassey Writer(s): Michael Julien & Al Timothy Entered chart 26 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 17. Reached its peak in February 1959. This record and the one above were issued a couple of weeks apart by Bassey's record company, Philips. They chased each other up the charts and stood in the top three simultaneously in January 1959. They were separate physical records with different catalogue numbers, not two sides of the same disc. They presented two styles for the singer, with "As I Love You" being a romantic ballad, and "Kiss Me" being an up-tempo number. These were her last hits for Philips, after which she moved to EMI's Columbia label. 8 Title: You Always Hurt The one You Love Artist: Connie Francis Writer(s): Allan Roberts & Doris Fisher. Entered chart 26 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 13; Weeks on chart: 7. Reached its peak in January 1959. Connie Francis was born on 12 Dec 1938 in Newark, New Jersey, USA. She entered talent contests as a young teenager, and even made some records, but did not score her first hit until 1958. She often recorded older songs, but usually put a modern Rock 'n' Roll number on the B-side of the discs. Her record success continued into the early 1960s, but she has continued performing live, with some long breaks, into the 21st century. # This song was a hit for the Mills Brothers in 1944, reaching number one in the USA charts. It was also a hit in the UK charts for Clarence "Frogman" Henry in 1961, reaching number 6. 9 Artist: The Big Bopper Writer(s): Jiles Perry Richardson (The Big Bopper's real name) Entered chart 26 Dec 1958; Highest Position: 12; Weeks on chart: 8. Reached its peak in January 1959. The Big Bopper (24 Oct 1930 - 3 Feb 1959) was born in Texas, USA. He became a radio disc jockey on a Texas radio station in 1949, and eventually rose to Programme Director. He was also writing songs for other acts, but was encouraged to record this one himself. He had been calling himself The Big Bopper on his radio shows, and used the same name for the record. It reached number 6 in the USA, and so he began touring with other Rock 'n' Roll artists. He died in the plane crash that killed Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens on 3rd Feb 1959. # The song was recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis in 1972 and became a hit in the USA and in the UK, reaching number 33 in the British charts. 10 Writer(s): Duane Eddy & Lee Hazlewood Producer: Lee Hazlewood (Hazlewood became Nancy Sinatra's producer and co-writer in the 1960s) Entered chart 2 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 22; Weeks on chart: 4. Duane Eddy was born on 26 Apr 1938 in Corning, New York, USA. His family moved to Arizona when he was a young teen, and he started playing guitar with a friend when he was 16. They got a few gigs on a local radio station, where Duane met Lee Hazlewood, who would help develop the "twangy" guitar sound that was Eddy's trademark. He began recording in 1957, and his recording of "Rebel Rouser" became an international hit in 1958. Eddy enjoyed numerous hit singles and albums during the 1960s, and has continued making live appearances into the 21st century. # This follow-up hit to "Rebel Rouser" was again co-written and produced by Lee Hazlewood. 11 Writer(s): Harry Akst & Benny Davis. Entered chart 2 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 2; Weeks on chart: 15. Little Richard (Richard Penniman) was born on 5 Dec 1932 in Macon, Georgia, USA. Like so many singers from the South, Richard started his career by singing Gospel music. He left his home in 1948 and began performing with various touring bands. In the early 1950s he formed his own band and again began touring. After meeting with record producers, he had his first hit record in 1956, and the hits continued through the 1950s. This was his first hit with an old song, rather than a contemporary song written in the Rock 'n' Roll era, and was his final UK Top 10 hit. # The song was published in 1926 and recorded by many artists of the time, including Al Jolson. In 1962, American, Bobby Darin had a Top 40 hit in the UK with his version of the song. In early 1976, instrumental group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps reached number 12 in the UK with the song. 12 Writer(s): Bob Montgomery & Norman Petty Entered chart 16 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 30; Weeks on chart: 1. Buddy Holly is one of the legendary early Rock 'n' Roll stars. He was born in Lubbock, Texas, USA on 7 Sep 1936, and died on 3 Feb 1959. He was highly influential to immerging musicians of the time, and his records are still widely played on radio stations throughout the world. He had learned to play guitar whilst at school, and he formed a band after graduation. The band played on local radio, and even provided the opening act for stars performing in Lubbock, including Elvis Presley. He and his band moved to Nashville in 1956, and began making demo recordings, which led to a record contract. Unusually for the time, his debut single was self-penned, and most of his output was written by Holly with contributions from band members and manager Norman Petty. His career flourished with hit records and TV appearances during 1957 and 1958. He died in a plane crash whilst on a tour of the USA, along with two other stars of the period. This was the last Buddy Holly record to enter the charts in his lifetime. # The song has charted in the UK for other artists. It was a hit for the England Sisters in February 1960, reaching number 33, and in September 1975 Showaddywaddy took the song number 7. In June 1992, Nick Berry's version, recorded for the Heartbeat TV series (in which Berry starred) reached number 2. 13 Title: Smoke Gets In Your Eyes Artist: The Platters Writer(s): Jerome Kern & Otto Harbach Entered chart 16 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 20. The Platters formed in Los Angeles in 1952. By 1955 they had their first hits in the USA, quickly followed by hits in the UK. There were several personnel changes, even during their hits period. Subsequently, changes have been frequent, and ex-members have formed new groups also called The Platters, which led to various legal challenges. Such legal activity continued right up to 2014, even though most of the original members had died by then. The current line up has no original members. This recording was their only number one in the UK, and turned out to be their final visit to the UK Top 10. # The song was written by the composers for their 1933 musical "Roberta" and was featured the 1935 film adaptation. This American standard has been recorded by numerous artists over the years. Other hit versions in the UK charts are by Blue Haze (1972, number 32); Brian Ferry (1974, number 17); and John Alford (1996, number 13). So The Platters version remains the most successful in the UK charts after more than 50 years. 14 Title: I'll Be With you In Apple Blossom Time Artist: Rosemary June. Writer(s): Albert Von Tilzer & Neville Fleeson Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 14; Weeks on chart: 9. There seems to be no biographical information about this American artist on the internet. What is known is that she was a member of the Ray Charles Singers (nothing to do with the R&B singer) who were a group of mainly backing singers who also appeared on the Perry Como TV show in the 1950s, backing Perry. Rosemary June was brought out from the group on one edition of the show, and given the chance to sing solo. She made records during 1958, released in the UK on the Fontana label, but none appeared in the UK charts. However, in early 1959, this record (on the Pye International label) took off in the UK, although it did not chart in the USA. Further releases failed in the UK. # The song was published in 1920. The first significant recording of the song was made in 1937 by American clarinetist and band leader Artie Shaw, and the first hit recording was by The Andrews Sisters who reached number 5 in the USA during 1941. 15 Writer(s): Dave Bartholomew, Earl King & Anita Steinman Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 12. The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA. He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA. After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion. He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total. His home in Memphis, "Graceland", is now a museum and major tourist attraction. His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world. # The song was originally written and recorded under the title "One Night (Of Sin)", and had been a hit for American Blues artist, Smiley Lewis in 1956. Both Elvis and RCA Records were concerned about the suggestive lyrics. Elvis rewrote the lyric that might cause offence, changing "One night of sin is what I'm now paying for" into "One night with you is what I'm now praying for." # British band Mud recorded a version in 1975, which reached 32 in the charts. The Elvis original was re-released in January 2005 and again went to number one. 16 Writer(s): Aaron Schroeder & David Hill Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 12. This recording was a double A-side with record 15 above. Whilst "One Night" is a sultry slow-tempo song, this number is an upbeat Rock 'n' Roll song. This original recording was re-released in January 2005, again as a double A-side with "One Night", and again went to number one. 17 Title: Last Night On The Back Porch Artist: Alma Cogan Writer(s): Carl Schraubstader & Lew Brown Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 27; Weeks on chart: 2. Alma Cogan (19 May 1932 - 26 Oct 1966) was born in east London, England. She began singing when just 14. By the early 1950s she was appearing regularly on the big radio shows of the time. A recording contract followed and from 1954 to 1961 she had 21 hits. In the late 1950s she frequently appeared on television, and became famous for her huge ball gowns. She died from cancer at the age of 34. At the time of this hit, her bubbly, novelty songs were becoming less popular with the record-buying public than they had been in the mid-1950s. Her remaining few hits would do little better than this one, but she was still popular on TV and on the stage. # This song was first published in 1923, and was introduced in the Broadway revue "George White's Scandals". It was recorded by acts of the day, including the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, in 1923. 18 Writer(s): Boudleaux & Felice Bryant Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 12. These two brothers had roots in American Country Music, but soon became major Rock 'n' Roll stars. They were Don Everly (born 1 Feb 1937) and Phil Everly (19 Jan 1939 - 3 Jan 2014). Their first UK hit was "Bye Bye Love" in July 1957, and they amassed 29 hit singles by the end of the 1960s. Their hits faded after 1968, but after a falling-out, the duo reformed and had sell-out tours in the UK during the 1980s and 1990s. # This song was written by the husband and wife team who provided a number hits for the brothers. 19 Writer(s): Ron Hargrave & Jerry Lee Lewis Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 12; Weeks on chart: 6. Jerry Lee Lewis was born on 29 Sep 1935 in Ferriday, Louisiana, USA. He is one of the great Rock 'n' Roll pioneers, and made his hit recordings at the legendary Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. He is the only white early Rock 'n' Roll star to play piano rather than guitar. His antics at the piano earned him the nickname "The Wild Man of Rock". Personal-life controversy led to his May 1958 UK tour being cancelled after just three performances. Nevertheless, there was still a market for his records in the following year. He continued recording and touring, but In 1968 he turned to Country Music and enjoyed considerable success. However, he returned to Rock 'n' Roll in the late 1970s, and toured with other artists of his era throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He is still performing occasionally in the 21st century. # This song is from the film of the same name. It is a crime drama directed by Jack Arnold, and features a cameo by Jerry Lee Lewis, who opens the movie singing the song. The full title of the song does not appear in the lyrics. Instead, the phrase "High School Hop" is repeated many times. 20 Writer(s): Richard Addinsell with lyrics by Carl Sigman Entered chart 23 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 18; Weeks on chart: 6. The Four Aces were formed in Philadelphia, USA by lead singer Al Alberts in 1950. They were a close-harmony quartet, who amassed a large number of hits in the USA during the 1950s. They were sucessful in the UK as well, scoring seven hits, four of which made the Top 10. This hit was their final visit to the UK charts. Over the years, the original members have been replaced, and the current line-up has no original members, who all died between 2009 and 2013. # The music, otherwise known as "The Warsaw Concerto", was written by the British composer, Richard Addinsell, for the 1941 British film "Dangerous Moonlight". The lyrics were added by American, Carl Sigman. # Two other versions were in the UK charts at the same time as The Four Aces hit. They were by Ronnie Hilton who also peaked at number 18 with his recording, and Russ Conway, whose instrumental (piano) version reached number 24. 21 Title: (All Of A Sudden) My Heart Sings Artist: Paul Anka Writer(s): Harold Rome & Henri Laurent Herpin Entered chart 30 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 10; Weeks on chart: 13. Canadian Paul Anka was born on 30 Jul 1941, in Ottawa. He went to New York at the age of 14 to audition for a record deal. His first release, the self-penned "Diana" was a world-wide smash, and his career grew from there. He wrote most of his big hits which continued into the early 1960s. He also wrote songs for other performers including Buddy Holly, Tom Jones and Frank Sinatra. He has continued recording and performing into the 21st century. # This song dates from 1942, and is based on the French song "Ma Mie". Other versions have been recorded by numerous artists, but none have been in the UK singles charts. 22 Title: A Pub With No Beer Artist: Slim Dusty Writer(s): Gordon Parsons, Dan Sheahan, Chad Morgan Entered chart 30 Jan 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 15. Slim Dusty (13 Jun 1927 – 19 Sep 2003), was an Australian country music singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer, with a career spanning nearly seven decades. He was born as David Gordon Kirkpatrick, near Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia - the son of a cattle farmer. He adopted the stage name "Slim Dusty" in 1938 at 11 years of age. In 1951, Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean and, with her help, achieved great success around Australia. McKean was Dusty's wife and manager for over 50 years. # This Australian song was adapted by Gordon Parsons from the original poem "A Pub Without Beer" by Dan Sheahan of Ingham, North Queensland (originally from Ireland). 23 Title: Does Your Chewing Gum Loose It's Flavour (On The Bedpost Overnight) Artist: Lonnie Donegan Writer(s): Billy Rose, Ernest Breuer, & Marty Bloom Entered chart 6 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 12. Lonnie Donegan (29 Apr 1931 - 3 Nov 2002) was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His first interest was jazz, and in 1952 he formed his own jazz band. He also performed with other jazz bands, notably Chris Barber's. He was interested also in Blues and created a jazz-blues hybrid called Skiffle. His first hit came in 1956 - "Rock Island Line" - a fast version of the Lead Belly blues number. He became a mainstream performer, with many TV appearances in the UK, and became known as The King of Skiffle. Between 1956 and 1962 he had 32 hit singles. # The song was written in 1924 as "Does The Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?", and was recorded by popular acts of the day. The title and lyrics of the Donegan version were changed from the original, as "Spearmint" is a registered trademark, and the BBC would not play songs that mentioned trademarks. # Unusually for the time, the track was recorded live at the New Theatre Oxford, in December 1958. The record also reached number 5 in the USA during 1961. 24 Writer(s): Traditional, re-worked by Lloyd Price & Harold Logan Entered chart 13 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 7; Weeks on chart: 14. Lloyd Price was born on 9 Mar 1933 in Louisiana, USA. He began singing and playing piano at a young age. He made his first record in the early 1950s, and was at No 1 in the American R&B charts with "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" in 1951. It was "Stagger Lee", however, that shot him to fame, reaching number one in the USA pop charts in late 1958. Several hits followed into the early 1960s. He is still occasionally performing, but is also running a southern-style food company. # The song "Stagger Lee", also known as "Stagolee" and other variants, is a popular American folk song about the murder of Billy Lyons by "Stag" Lee Shelton in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, at Christmas 1895. Shelton was charged, tried and convicted of the murder in 1897. He was pardoned in 1909, but returned to prison in 1911 for assault and robbery, and died in prison in 1912. # The song was first published in 1911, and was first recorded in 1923 by Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians. The song has been recorded by many artists over the years, but Price's version is the only one to reach the UK charts. 26 Artist: Chris Barber's Jazz Band Writer(s): Sidney Bechet (American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer) Entered chart 13 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 24. Chris Barber is a British jazz musician, bandleader and trombonist. He was born on 17 Apr 1930 in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, and attended the Guildhall School of Music in London. In 1953, Barber and Monty Sunshine (clarinet) formed a band, calling it Ken Colyer's Jazzmen, to capitalise on their trumpeter's recent band-playing in New Orleans. The group also included Lonnie Donegan. Barber's big break-through came in 1959 when the band's version of "Petite Fleur", featuring the clarinet solo by Monty Sunshine, spent twenty-four weeks in the UK Singles Charts, and selling over one million copies. He has never stopped playing, and has performed in concert into the 21st century. # The song was written by Sidney Bechet and recorded by him in January 1952. Barber's version was also a hit in the USA, reaching number 5. Following Barber's hit, French lyrics were added, and the song was recorded by Petula Clark (in French) in 1964. 27 Writer(s): Alan Jay Lerner & Frederick Loewe Entered chart 13 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 8; Weeks on chart: 14. Billy Eckstine (8 Jul 1914 - 8 Mar 1993) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He went to Chicago in 1939 and joined Earl Hines' Orchestra, staying with the band as vocalist and trumpeter until 1943. He then formed his own band and scored a number of hit records. He became a solo vocalist in 1947 and, with his rich baritone voice, went on to international stardom, performing and recording until the 1980s. He returned to Pittsburgh after suffering a stroke in 1992, and died when he was 78 years old at that city's Montefiore Hospital. # "Gigi" is the title song from the 1958 Academy Award-winning film, staring Leslie Caron and Maurice Chevalier, directed by Vincente Minnelli, with music by Lerner & Loewe. It was sung by Louis Jourdan in the film. It then went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1958. The song was recorded by a number of artists, but Eckstine's version was the only one to chart in the UK. 28 Writer(s): Russ Conway (under his real name of Trevor Stanford) Entered chart 20 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 30. Russ Conway (2 Sep 1925 - 16 Nov 2000) was born in Bristol, England. He joined the Royal Navy in 1942, remaining in service until 1955. After the navy he began playing piano in night clubs and worked as a rehearsal pianist for the stars. This resulted in a recording contract, appearances on TV, and his becoming a major star during 1959. His hits went on into the early 1960s, but he continued performing right up until his death. # Conway composed this instrumental piano tune as part of the score for a television musical adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast". 29 Writer(s): Giovanni D'Anzi with English lyrics by Norman Newell (as David West) Released February 1959 - not a hit in UK charts. Marion Ryan (4 Feb 1931 - 15 Jan 1999) was born in Middlesbrough, England, and became a TV singing star featured in the TV musical quiz show "Spot The Tune", which ran for seven years from 1956. A contract with Pye Records resulted in several record releases - mostly covers of American hits, although this was an Italian song. She only had one hit single - "Love Me Forever" - in 1958. She retired in 1969. # This Italian song ("Ti Diro"), with English lyrics, was a hit in the UK for Malcolm Vaughan in March 1959, who only reached number 13 with it, but stayed on the charts for an amazing 15 weeks. It was Vaughan's last ever hit record. 30 Writer(s): Joe Farrell and Jim Conway Entered chart 27 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 10; Weeks on chart: 12. Perry Como (18 May 1912 - 12 May 2001) was born in Pennsylvania, USA to Italian immigrants. In 1933 he took part in a talent spot, singing with a dance band and was immediately offered a job. By 1943 he had his own radio show, and a recording contract with RCA. The mid 1950s and 1960s saw him with hit records and his popular TV show that was broadcast in the UK as well. His first run of hits continued until 1962, but he returned in 1971 with another series of hit singles, when he was nearly 60 years of age! Como died in his sleep at his home in Jupiter Inlet Colony, Florida, USA six days before his eighty-ninth birthday. 31 Artist: Reg Owen & His Orchestra Writer(s): Billy Maxted (American jazz pianist and composer) Entered chart 27 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 20; Weeks on chart: 8. Reg Owen (3 Feb 1921 - 23 May 1978) was a British musician and composer, born in east London, England. He began playing the saxophone at the age of 15, and in 1945 began arranging music for the bands of Ted heath and Cyril Stapleton. He began writing film scores from 1957, and enjoyed this instrumental hit in 1959, which also charted in the USA, reaching number 10. He relocated to Brussels, Belgium in 1961, working as a composer, conductor, and arranger in Europe. He moved to Spain in the 1970s, and died in Málaga at the age of 57. 32 Writer(s): Silversteed, May Entered chart 27 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 30; Weeks on chart: 1. The Mudlarks were a British family trio from Luton, England, comprising brothers Jeff Mudd (born 1935) and Fred Mudd (1937-2007), plus sister Mary Mudd (born 1939). They were invited to appear on the BBC TV music show "Six-Five Special", and they quickly earned a recording contract. They only achieved three hit records during the period 1958 to early 1959. This was the final of the three, which was not such a great success in the charts as their previous two. After this, they continued issuing singles until 1964, but none reached the charts. 33 Title: It Doesn't Matter Anymore Artist: Buddy Holly Writer(s): Paul Anka Entered chart 27 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 21. This entered the charts in the wake of Holly's death in a plane crash on 3 February 1959. Holly had been on tour in the USA with Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper who all perished in the accident. It will never be known if the publicity surrounding his death led to the heavy sales of this record, but it was his first (and only) number 1 in the UK. It peaked at number 13 in the USA. Nevertheless, it is a very good, well produced record that has stood the test of time. # The song was written especially for Holly by the successful singer-songwriter Paul Anka, after Holly had asked him for a song. Following the tragedy, Anka donated his composer's royalty to Holly's widow. # The B-side of the record was "Raining In My Heart" written by Felice & Boudleaux Bryant, who had penned many Everly Brothers hits. This B-side track has appeared on a number of Holly's compilation albums. 34 Writer(s): Billy Fury Entered chart 27 Feb 1959; Highest Position: 18; Weeks on chart: 9. Billy Fury (17 Apr 1940 - 28 Jan 1983) was born in Liverpool, England. He bought his first guitar at age 14, entered talent contests, and by 1958 was writing his own songs. He was spotted by impresario Larry Parnes, who put him on tour, and arranged a recording contract with Decca. He also appeared on the TV pop show "Oh Boy!", and released this, his first record in 1959. He went on to considerable success, and had amassed 26 hit singles by the end of 1966. Heart problems, which he suffered from childhood, led to surgery in the early 1970s. He did some touring and recording in the very early 1980s, but his heart problems worsened, and died in London in January 1983, aged just 42. On 19 April 2003 a bronze statue of Fury was unveiled at the National Museum of Liverpool Life. 35 Writer(s): Ritchie Valens Entered chart 6 Mar 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 18. Marty Wilde was born on 15 Apr 1939 in south London, England. Whilst performing live in 1957 he was spotted and signed up to Philips records. In 1958 he began appearing alongside Cliff Richard on the TV pop show "Oh Boy!", which brought him to the attention of a wider audience. His first hit came in 1958 (see 1958, song 65), and more hits followed during the next couple of years, nearly all covers of American hits. The hits dried up in the early 1960s, but he continued to perform on the oldies and nostalgia circuits into the 21st century. # This song was written by Ritchie Valens, who had died in the plane crash that killed Buddy Holly. Valens' recorded version was the hit in the USA, reaching number 2. It also made the UK charts in March 1959, peaking at number 29. 36 Writer(s): Eddie Cochran & Jerry Capehart Entered chart 13 Mar 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 13. Eddie Cochran (3 Oct 1938 - 17 Apr 1960) was born in Minnesota, USA, but moved with his family to California in the early 1950s. He began playing music at high school, and writing songs with Jerry Capehart, who became his manager. His first success came when he performed the song "Twenty Flight Rock" in the 1956 film "The Girl Can't Help It", prompting Liberty Records to offer him a recording contract. More hits followed, but his career was cut short when he was killed in a road accident whilst on tour in England. # The song was covered by the Sex Pistols in 1979, reaching number 3 in the UK charts. The original Cochran version was reissued in the UK in 1988 following its use in a Levi 501 jeans advert on TV. The reissue reached number 14 in the UK. 37 Writer(s): Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Entered chart 27 Mar 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 12. The Coasters were formed in October 1955 as a spin-off of the Robins, a Los Angeles-based rhythm and blues group. The Coasters had a string of hits in the late 1950s - often with humourous overtones. Their most memorable songs were written by the songwriting and production team of Leiber and Stoller. The hits dried up in the 1960s, but various configurations of band members toured as The Coasters in the USA for several decades. # The group had issued another Leiber & Stoller song in 1958 called "Sorry But I'm Gonna Have To Pass". That was not a hit in the UK at the time, but it was reissued in April 1994 and finally reached the UK charts, peaking at number 41. 38 Title: By The Light Of The Silvery Moon Artist: Little Richard Writer(s): Gus Edwards & Edward Madden Entered chart 3 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 17; Weeks on chart: 5. By this time, Little Richard was already running out of steam in the charts. He would have no more Top 10 hits in the UK. See song 11 in this list for info about him. # The song was published in 1909 and first performed on stage by Lillian Lorraine. It was recorded in the same year by Billy Murray and Haydn Quartet. Fats Waller recorded the song in 1942. 39 Title: It's Late Artist: Ricky Nelson Writer(s): Dorsey Burnette (Rockabilly singer and brother of Johnny Burnette who would have early 1960s hits) Entered chart 17 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 20. Ricky Nelson (8 May 1940 - 31 Dec 1985) was born in New Jersey, USA. After a one-off recording in 1956, he signed a deal with Imperial Records and the hits started. He also began TV appearances, and with Elvis Presley in the army from 1958 to 1960, Nelson had the opportunity to build a strong fan-base. He died in a plane crash whilst on tour in the USA. # The song was recorded by Shakin' Stevens in 1983, and he peaked at number 11 in the UK charts during April that year. 40 Title: Never Be Anyone Else But You Artist: Ricky Nelson Entered chart 17 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 20. This recording was part of a double A-side with song 39 above. # Cliff Richard released a version on his album "Rock 'n' Roll Silver" in 1983, and again the following year on "The Rock Connection" album. Some record charts of the time listed each side of the record separately, with different dates, highest positions and weeks on the chart. However, as the songs were on each side of one physical disc, it is reasonable to show the data as identical. 41 Writer(s): Ed Marshall and Peter DeAngelis Entered chart 24 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 16; Weeks on chart: 6. Frankie Avalon was born on 18 Sep 1940 in Philadelphia, USA. He was on American television playing trumpet by the time he was 11. Two singles showcasing Avalon's trumpet playing were issued on RCA Victor's "X" label in 1954. It was In 1959 that he became a teenage heart-throb following the release of "Venus". The song was an American number one for 5 weeks. In the USA he had 31 hit singles from 1958 to late 1962. Teamed frequently with Annette Funicello, Avalon starred in a number of popular beach-party comedy films during the mid-1960s. The wholesome and romantic coupling of "Frankie and Annette" in summer movies such as "Beach Party" and "Beach Blanket Bingo" became iconic figures in American films during that era. He still occasionally performs. # The song was released by Dickie Valentine in the UK, reaching number 20 in March 1959. 42 Title: A Fool Such As I Artist: Elvis Presley Writer(s): Bill Trader Entered chart 24 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 15. This was Presley's seventeenth Top 10 single in the UK, and was issued whilst he was still serving in the US Army. It was listed in the UK as a double A-side with "I Need Your Love Tonight". # The song was written in 1952, and was recorded by Hank Snow who took it to number 4 on the American Country Music charts in 1953. A version by Jo Stafford reached number 16 on the USA pop chart in the same year. 43 Title: Come Softly To Me Artist: The Fleetwoods Writer(s): Gretchen Christopher, Barbara Ellis & Gary Troxel (the members of The Fleetwoods) Entered chart 24 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 8. The Fleetwoods were a mixed-gender trio from Washington State, USA. Comprising Gretchen Christopher, Barbara Ellis & Gary Troxel, their first hit was this song, which went to number 1 in the USA. Whilst they remain a one-hit wonder in the UK, they scored a total of eleven hits in America, with three of those making number 1. They continued performing in to the 1970s, but two members retired from the act, leaving just Gretchen Christopher by the end of the 1970s. She went on to form a new Fleetwoods act in the 1980s, but all three have released solo recordings. # The song was originally titled "Come Softly", but it was thought that this might be considered risquï¿½. So the title was changed to "Come Softly to Me", although the title phrase never appears in the song's lyrics. # Frankie Vaughan with The Kaye Sisters recorded a cover version which reached number 9 during April 1959. In December 1972, The New Seekers issued their version which peaked at number 20 in the UK. 44 Writer(s): Neil Sedaka & Howard Greenfield Entered chart 24 Apr 1959; Highest Position: 9; Weeks on chart: 13. Neil Sedaka was born on 13 Mar 1939 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is an American pop singer, pianist, composer and record producer. Since his music career began in 1957, he has sold millions of records as an artist and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself and others, collaborating mostly with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody. When Sedaka was 13, a neighbour heard him playing piano and introduced him to her 16-year-old son, Howard Greenfield, an aspiring poet and lyricist. They became two of the legendary Brill Building's composers in New York City. Sedaka co-wrote several hit songs for Connie Francis as well as others, and began his own singing career in 1958. His first UK hit was this song, which led to a run of Top 20 hits in the early 1960s. After his rock 'n' roll style went out of fashion, he reinvented himself in the early 1970s with a series of ballads which charted between 1972 and 1975. He continues to perform in concert in the USA and overseas in the 21st century. 45 Title: I've Waited So Long Artist: Anthony Newley Writer(s): Jerry Lordan (wrote several hits in the early 1960s, including for himself as a vocalist) Entered chart 1 May 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 15. Anthony Newley (24 Sep 1931 - 14 Apr 1999) was born in east London, England. He started an acting career as a teenager, and made several films during the 1950s. It was in one film, "Idol On Parade", a 1959 comedy, that he sang a few songs that launched him into a singing career, with a number of chart hits during the early 1960s. He teamed up with Leslie Bricusse in the early 1960s and they began writing stage musicals together. The first was "Stop the World - I Want to Get Off" in which Newley also performed, and which was a hit show in London and on Broadway. This was followed by "The Roar of the Greasepaint - the Smell of the Crowd" (1965) and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), based on the children's book by Roald Dahl. He also continued his acting career in film and on television, with some stage work through the 1970s and 1980s. He died in Florida from cancer at age 67. 46 Writer(s): Larry Markes & Dick Charles Entered chart 1 May 1959; Highest Position: 9; Weeks on chart: 16. Joan Regan (19 Jan 1928 - 12 Sep 2013) was born in Romford, Essex, England. Her singing career began in 1953, when she made a demo record, and signed a recording contract with Decca Records, with whom she had six Top 20 hits. The hit "May You Always" was with the HMV label, after which she signed with Pye Records and had a few more minor hits. After her hits dried up she relocated to Florida, USA, and married a doctor there. She had an accident in 1984 which left her paralysed and unable to speak, but she recovered after a year. She returned to the UK in the 1990s and began performing again and recorded a couple of albums. She died in 2013 at the age of 85. # The song was a USA hit for the McGuire Sisters, whose version reached number 15 in the UK. 47 Writer(s): Ian Samwell & Joseph Seener Entered chart 8 May 1959; Highest Position: 10; Weeks on chart: 9. Cliff Richard was born on 14 Oct 1940 in Lucknow, India, whilst his parents were working in that country. He returned to England with his family in 1948. He formed a band in 1957 and a year later he was chosen as a singer for the TV Rock 'n' Roll show "Oh Boy!". His first hit came in 1958, which started a career that continued into the 21st century, with more than 130 hit singles and over 50 original albums, spanning 50 years plus. In the early 1960s he also starred in several musical films, notably "The Young Ones" and "Summer Holiday". He also achieved a number one single in five different decades, and is the most successful British recording artist of all time. # The song was co-composed by Ian Samwell who had written Cliff's two 1958 hits. 48 Writer(s): Arthur Smith Entered chart 15 May 1959; Highest Position: 10; Weeks on chart: 9. Guitarist, Bert Weedon (10 May 1920 - 20 Apr 2012) was born in East Ham, London, England. He began learning classical guitar at the age of twelve, and decided to become a professional musician. In his teens during the 1930s, he led groups such as the Blue Cumberland Rhythm Boys, and Bert Weedon and His Harlem Hotshots, before making his first solo appearance at East Ham town hall in 1939. After the war he worked with a number of bands, but also worked as a session musician, backing several recording stars of the 1950s. In 1957 he published his guitar tutorial guide "Play in a Day", which many subsequent stars have said helped them learn to play the instrument. It sold a million copies. In 1959 he was asked to record for the newly-launched Top Rank label, and this hit was one of eight hits he enjoyed until 1961. # The instrumental was written and recorded by American, Arthur Smith in 1945 with the title "Guitar Boogie". The style of the music was described as "hillbilly boogie", but by the mid 1950s it was being presented with a rock 'n' roll beat, and renamed "Guitar Boogie Shuffle". A number of versions have been recorded over the years, but Bert's recording is the only one to reach the UK charts. 50 Title: Where Were You (On Our Wedding Day) Artist: Lloyd Price Writer(s): Harold Logan, John Patton & Lloyd Price Entered chart 15 May 1959; Highest Position: 15; Weeks on chart: 6. This was Lloyd Price's follow-up to "Stagger Lee". It had a very similar sound, but did not manage to breach the Top 10. Info about Lloyd Price is with song 25 in this list. # The song has been recorded by other artists, notably by Billy Joel, who covered the song for the 1999 movie "Runaway Bride", starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. Price's version is the only one to have reached the UK singles charts. 51 Title: If Only I Could Live My Life Again Artist: Jane Morgan Writer(s): L. Amade, P.Delanoe, Gilbert Bécaud, E. Leighton Entered chart 22 May 1959; Highest Position: 27; Weeks on chart: 1. This was her follow-up to "The Day The Rains Came". Unfortunately it fared badly in comparison to the previous chart-topper. She had one more minor hit in 1960 before disappearing from the UK charts. For info about Jane Morgan, see song number 4 in this list. 52 Writer(s): Benny Davis, Con Conrad & J Russell Robinson Entered chart 22 May 1959; Highest Position: 18; Weeks on chart: 5. Fats Domino was born on 26 Feb 1928 in New Orleans, USA. His father and uncle were musicians and Domino learned to play piano at a young age. He was seen by a band leader who invited Domino to join the band, and a recording contract followed in 1950. Fats Domino (given the nickname Fats after Fats Waller) soon had a number of hits in the US R&B chart. His records started appearing on the US pop chart from about 1956, and success continued into the mid 1960s. This was his tenth hit in the UK charts, although only one had reached the Top 10. # This song was published in 1920 and was named after the five-year-old daughter of singer and songwriter Eddie Cantor. Cantor is credited with popularising the song with his 1921 recording. The song has been featured in three movies, and has been recorded by numerous artists, including Bing Crosby and Duke Ellington. 53 Writer(s): Bobby Darin Entered chart 29 May 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 19. Bobby Darin (14 May 1936 - 20 Dec 1973) was born in New York City, USA. Darin began writing songs in 1955, and wrote a few numbers for Connie Francis. He also began arranging music for artists on Atlantic Records, with whom Darin had been signed. This song was his first major hit, which started a career that lasted through the 1960s, although he would change musical direction a few times. He had had a weak heart for most of his life, and he died following heart surgery at the age of 37. # Darin had written this hit song himself (unusual at the time), and it has been recorded by numerous artists, mostly for albums. Darin's version is the only one to have featured in the UK charts, and it has become a Rock 'n' Roll Love Song classic. Neil Sedaka, who was not then widely known as a solo artist, played piano on this recording. 55 Title: A Teenager In Love Artist: Marty Wilde Writer(s): Doc Pomus & Mort Shuman Entered chart 5 June 1959; Highest Position: 2; Weeks on chart: 17. This was Marty's follow-up to his hit "Donna". It turned out to be his biggest hit, reaching number 2 in the UK charts. He has continued performing into the 21st century, and still sings "A Teenager In Love", even though he turned 70 years of age in 2009! # This song was Wilde's cover of yet another American hit. It was originally recorded by Dion & The Belmonts in March 1959, who reached number 5 on the USA charts, and number 28 in the UK. In the UK, it was also covered by Craig Douglas who peaked at number 13. 56 Writer(s): Harold Logan & Lloyd Price Entered chart 12 June 1959; Highest Position: 9; Weeks on chart: 10. A quick follow-up to his previous release which had only entered the UK charts on 5th May. This was a bigger hit, giving him his second and last Top 10 entry in the UK. # The song, again written by Price with his songwriting partner Harold Logan, was covered by Anthony Newley in the UK, who actually did better with it, reaching number 6 in the summer of 1959. In 1974, it was recorded by child star Lena Zavaroni, who peaked at number 33 with her version. 57 Entered chart 19 June 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 11. This instrumental was Eddy's third UK hit and his first Top 10 entry. # This music was the theme music to an American TV crime drama series, which was never shown in the UK. Although performed by the Henry Mancini Orchestra for the TV series and an album, the original hit single was recorded by the Ray Anthony Orchestra, who reached number 8 in the USA charts in February 1959. Eddy decided to record the theme for an album, but it was released as a single first in Australia, then in the UK, and finally in the USA where it peaked at number 27. # Eddy's 1959 version was the only one to chart in the UK until 1986, when Art of Noise covered it, featuring Duane Eddy in a brand new recording. That single reached number 8 in the UK charts. 58 Title: Battle of New Orleans Artist: Lonnie Donegan Writer(s): Jimmy Driftwood (American folk singer and composer, 1907-1998) Entered chart 26 June 1959; Highest Position: 2; Weeks on chart: 16. This was Donegan's follow-up to "Chewing Gum", and was a cover of the American hit by Johnny Horton who reached number 1 in the USA and number 16 in the UK. # The Battle of New Orleans was fought between 24 Dec 1814 and 8 Jan 1815, and was the final major battle of the British-American War of 1812-1815. American soldiers, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented an invading British Army, commanded by General Edward Pakenham, from seizing the city of New Orleans. The war finished shortly after, with the USA victorious. 59 Title: Lipstick On Your Collar Artist: Connie Francis Writer(s): Edna Lewis & George Goehring Entered chart 3 July 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 16. Her follow-up to "My Happiness" went one chart position better, and was her first up-tempo Top 10 hit since "Stupid Cupid" in August 1958. # The song has been recorded by many acts, including Helen Shapiro (1962) and Mud (1982), but no other versions have entered the UK singles charts. 60 Writer(s): Lionel Bart (became famous for writing the musical "Oliver!") Entered chart 10 July 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 23. This was Cliff's first number 1. He would have 14 number ones by 1999. This release was a mellower song than his previous hard Rock 'n' Roll hits, and would set the trend for most of his singles to follow. # The song was written for Cliff's first film "Serious Charge", in which he had a small part, but he sang this song in the film. The film version, however, is faster than the single release which was given a "country music" rhythm. It sold a million copies and was the top-selling single of 1959. # In 1986 Cliff re-recorded the song, along with the members of the cast of the TV sit-com "The Young Ones". It was recorded for charity and again went to number 1. 61 Writer(s): John D. Loudermilk & Marijohn Wilkin Entered chart 17 July 1959; Highest Position: 24; Weeks on chart: 2. The Country Music singer Stonewall Jackson was born on 6 Nov 1932 in Tabor City, North Carolina, USA, although he grew up in Georgia, USA. Stonewall is not a nickname or stage name; he was actually named after the Confederate General, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. After serving in the US Navy in the early 1950s he moved to Nashville, where he was able to develop a career as a Country singer. He signed a recording contract in 1958, and enjoyed success in the USA Country charts. He continues performing, and has appeared on the Grand Ole Opry during the 21st century. Jackson lives on a farm in Tennessee, USA, and has a son called Stonewall Jackson, Jr. # This single was the most successful of Jackson's career, spending five weeks at number 1 on the USA Country charts, and reaching number 4 on the American pop charts. 63 Title: A Big Hunk o' Love Artist: Elvis Presley Writer(s): Aaron Schroeder & Sid Wyche Entered chart 24 July 1959; Highest Position: 4; Weeks on chart: 9. Another big hit for Elvis who was still in the US Army, and which reached number 1 in the USA. It was recorded on 10 June 1958 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA whilst Presley was on army leave. That was the last time he recorded until he left the army on 5 March 1960. His next hit single in the UK would not come until April 1960. 64 Writer(s): Bill Tennyson Entered chart 7 Aug 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 15. Johnny Mathis was born on 30 Sep 1935 in Texas, USA, but his family moved to San Francisco, where he grew up. His father encouraged him to sing, and he was having voice lessons from the age of 13. He began singing in clubs in 1955, and was soon given a recording contract. His crooning style was very popular with the older generation, and TV appearances increased his popularity. He issued dozens of albums of ballads and standards, as well as having success in the singles market. He has continued performing into the 21st century. # The song was Mathis' second Top 10 hit in the UK, but it only reached number 35 in the USA. 65 Writer(s): Sam Cooke (published under the pseudonym of Barbara Campbell - his second wife's name) Entered chart 7 Aug 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 15. Craig Douglas was born on 12 Aug 1941 on the Isle of Wight, England. He was a milk delivery man (milkman) before he became a professional singer. He had signed with the newly-launched Top Rank record company, and his first release was a cover of "Teenager in Love", but Marty Wilde had the bigger hit with that song. This cover of Sam Cooke's song took him to the top of the charts, and gave him instant stardom. He enjoyed seven Top 10 chart entries from 1959 to 1962, with a tally of 11 hits overall - mostly covers of American originals. He has continued to perform in nostalgia shows and on cruise ships into the 21st century. # The song was also covered at the time by Al Saxon who peaked at 24 in the UK charts, whilst the original Sam Cooke version reached number 23. In 1976, American band Dr. Hook released a version which reached number 6 on the USA charts. However, their overtly sexual rendition was deemed too much by the BBC who banned it. The record failed to enter the UK charts. 66 Writer(s): Mimi Picariello (Freddy Cannon's mother), Bob Crewe & Frank Slay Entered chart 14 Aug 1959; Highest Position: 17; Weeks on chart: 8. Freddy Cannon was born on 4 Dec 1940 in Massachusetts, USA. He is said by some to the be last of the raw Rock 'n' Roll performers. He learned to play guitar at a young age, and cut his first record in 1955 with a group called The Spindrifts. His first solo success came with this song which had been written as a poem by his mother. The record company called in the writing and production team of Bob Crewe and Frank Slay who composed the tune and rewrote some of the lyrics. The single was a success in the USA, reaching number 6 on the charts and selling a million copies. Released in the UK on the fledgling Top Rank label it peaked at number 17. Cannon had a few more hits until 1962, and like many of his contemporaries, he continues to perform on the nostalgia circuits in the 21st century. # The song was covered by Tommy Steele who went one better in the UK charts, reaching number 16. # Tallahassee is the State Capital of Florida. It is in the north of the state, near the Georgia border, and well away from the tourist centres of Orlando and Miami. 67 Writer(s): Ray Evans & Jay Livingston Entered chart 21 Aug 1959; Highest Position: 5; Weeks on chart: 14. This was Twitty's second (and final) Top 10 entry in the UK singles charts. There had been a minor hit between, and two minor hits were to follow, but this was his last major hit in the UK. He went on to forge a highly-successful career in American Country Music. See song 1 in this list for info about him. # The song was written for the 1950 film "Captain Carey", starring Alan Ladd. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song that year. The song is usually associated with the singer Nat 'King' Cole, who was at number 1 in the USA charts for 8 weeks with his rendition in 1950. This was before the UK charts began (in 1952), so he is not credited with having a British hit with the song. Conway Twitty's Rock 'n' Roll-style version is the only one to have entered the UK charts. # The title and lyrics refer, of course, to the renaissance portrait "Mona Lisa" painted by Leonardo da Vinci around 1506, and which has been on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France since 1797. 69 Writer(s): Jerry Keller Entered chart 28 Aug 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 14. Jerry Keller was born on 20 June 1937 at Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA. His family moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA when he was young, and he began singing at school. He moved to New York in 1956, and began a songwriting career. His big hit came in 1959 when his self-penned "Here Comes Summer" reached number 14 in the USA but went all the way to the top in the UK. Keller was reported as saying that he would choose his follow-up with care, as he did not want to become a one-hit-wonder. But that is exactly what happened on both sides of the Atlantic. He continued with his songwriting, and co-wrote "Almost There", a successful single for Andy Williams in 1965. In 1969 he wrote the English lyrics to "A Man and a Woman". He also wrote music for films in the 1960s, and in the 1970s and 1980s he composed and sang jingles for TV adverts. # In 1970, The Dave Clark Five issued their cover of the song which peaked at number 44 in the UK charts. 70 Title: Forty Miles of Bad Road Artist: Duane Eddy Writer(s): Duane Eddy & Al Casey ("session" guitarist) Entered chart 4 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 11; Weeks on chart: 9. This follow-up to "Peter Gunn" only just missed out on a Top 10 placing in the UK, but it reached number 9 in the USA. # The instrumental was co-written with Al Casey who played on many of Duane's early recordings, playing bass, rhythm guitar, and sometimes, piano. He joined Duane's touring band, The Rebels, for only a short time, as he wanted to remain in Phoenix, Arizona for session work. 71 Writer(s): Connie Francis Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 18; Weeks on chart: 6. This release did not do so well for Connie Francis, following two Top 5 hits, but she had written the song herself, so perhaps it did not have the appeal of the previous hits. One further hit was to come in 1959, and that would reach number 11. But she would be back in the Top 10 in 1960. 72 Title: I'm Gonna Get Married Artist: Lloyd Price Writer(s): Harold Logan & Lloyd Price Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 23; Weeks on chart: 5. Another song from Price, again written with Harold Logan. This was his fourth hit in 1959, all written by Price and Logan. However, there was a downward trend in chart position, with this one faring the worst. Price would have one final minor hit on the UK charts in 1960. For info about about Lloyd Price, see song 25 in this list. 73 Title: ('Til) I Kissed You Artist: Everly Brothers Writer(s): Don Everly Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 2; Weeks on chart: 15. Back near the top of the UK charts, after the disappointment of their previous release (song 53 in this list). It was also a break from their normal songwriters, Boudleaux & Felice Bryant, with Don Everly having written this one himself. If anyone had had any doubts about Don's songwriting abilities, this proved them wrong. This was their final hit of 1959, but plenty was to follow in 1960. # The song has been recorded by several artists since, but none has entered the UK charts. 74 Title: Just A Little Too Much Artist: Ricky Nelson Writer(s): Johnny Burnett (He would have Top 10 hits in UK as a singer in 1960/1961) Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 11; Weeks on chart: 8. This was his follow-up to "It's Late" which had been at number 3 earlier in the year. This one just missed out on a Top 10 placing, and it was his last hit of 1959. The following year, 1960, would be rather barren for Nelson - just two minor hits; the higher getting to number 30. But he would be back in the Top 10 in 1961. # The recording was a double A-side with "Sweeter Than You" which was listed separately in the charts, peaking at number 19. 75 Title: Peggy Sue Got Married Artist: Buddy Holly Writer(s): Buddy Holly Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 13; Weeks on chart: 10. Another posthumous hit following Holly's death in a plane crash in February. The song harks back to his 1957 hit "Peggy Sue". Holly had recorded the vocal, accompanying himself on guitar, as a demo, in December 1958, at his New York apartment. Coral, his record company, wanted to issue more Buddy Holly records, so his demo recording was augmented with instruments and backing vocals by studio musicians in June 1959. More Buddy Holly recordings from various sources were issued over the following years, with three Top 10 entries in 1963. # A film called "Peggy Sue Got Married" was released in 1986. It is an American comedy-drama starring Kathleen Turner. The film features this Buddy Holly song, as well as other artist's hit songs from the same era, and original music by John Barry. 76 Writer(s): Hal David & Sherman Edwards Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 7; Weeks on chart: 13. Sarah Vaughan (27 Mar 1924 - 3 Apr 1990) was born in Newark, New Jersey, USA. She was interested in singing from an early age, and by her mid-teens, she was performing (illegally) in some of Newark's night clubs. In 1943 she entered a talent contest in New York, which resulted in her being offered a job as singer with the Earl Hines Big Band. She joined Billy Eckstine's new band in 1944, but she left him in 1945 to pursue a solo career. Her style was more jazz-orientated rather than popular, but she still put hits on the pop charts. From the 1960s she concentrated on recording albums, with plenty of live performances, and this continued for the next two decades. She died from lung cancer in 1990 at the age of 66. 77 Title: Sal's Got A Sugar Lip Artist: Lonnie Donegan Writer(s): Jimmie Driftwood (American folk singer and composer, 1907-1998) Entered chart 11 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 13; Weeks on chart: 4. Donegan's follow-up to "The Battle of New Orleans" was a song by the same songwriter, namely Jimmie Driftwood, and the same American singer, Johnny Horton. This time, Donegan had the charts to himself as neither the original version by Driftwood, nor the cover by Johnny Horton entered the UK charts. Donegan gave the song a faster Skiffle arrangement, as opposed to the folk/country feel of the American versions. 78 Writer(s): Phil Phillips & George Khoury Entered chart 25 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 12. His fourth consecutive Top 10 hit and his fourth cover of an American original. This time it was Phil Phillips' USA number 1 hit that Wilde covered. Sales for Wilde's version were so strong the Phillips' original did not chart at all in the UK. It can be argued, however, that Wilde's cover was a better production with more of a Rock 'n' Roll feel, rather than the Phillips version that was more 'doo-wop' in style. # The song was revived in 1985 by the group The Honeydrippers, who peaked at number 56 in the UK, but climbed as high as number 3 on the USA charts. 79 Writer(s): Kurt Weill & Bertolt Brecht Entered chart 25 Sep 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 18. This was his second successive number 1 hit in the UK. But this was a change of musical direction. He had begun with raw Rock 'n' Roll ("Splish Splash"), moved on to a Rock 'n' Roll love song ("Dream Lover"), and was now performing an older song with a big band backing. Sounding more like a Frank Sinatra recording, this would set the trend for Darin over the next couple of years. The record-buying public were happy with it though, giving him four Top 10 hits in this style over 1960/1961. # The song was written in 1928 (in German) for a musical called "The Threepenny Opera". A successful English translation of the opera was introduced to the USA in 1954. In 1956, a version of this song was recorded by Louis Armstrong, which peaked at number 8 in the UK charts. It was re-released to compete with the Darin version in 1959, reaching number 24. In 1960 Ella Fitzgerald peaked at number 19 in the UK with her rendition. Much later, in 1984, British band King Kurt issued a version, and reached number 55 in the charts with it. 80 Writer(s): Traditional, arranged by: Ira Mack, Tom King & Fred Mendelsohn (the band's management team) Entered chart 9 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 16. They were were an American instrumental Rock 'n' Roll band from Toledo, Ohio, USA. They were led by saxophonist Johnny Paris (1940 - 2006), and included Paul Tesluk on Hammond organ. They signed a recording contract and started live performances in 1959. After a small USA-only hit, they recorded this tune which became a Top 5 hit on both sides of the Atlantic, and sold over a million copies. They had a further three Top 10 hits in the UK with similar-sounding records. Johnny Paris, with different band members, continued performing as Johnny & The Hurricanes at home and abroad until his death. # The song was originally called "Red River Valley", and is a traditional folk song which might have originated in Canada during the latter years of the 19th century. One of the earliest recordings was made in 1926. Singing cowboy, Gene Autry recorded the song for the 1936 film "Red River Valley". Various recordings have been made down the years, mostly by American Folk and Country singers. 81 Writer(s): Sid Tepper & Roy Bennett (American songwriters who composed several Elvis Presley hits) Entered chart 9 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 17. This was Cliff's follow-up to "Living Doll". It was a similar-sounding recording, and it too went all the way to number 1 in the UK. The B-side was called "Dynamite", which was an old-style Rock 'n' Roll song that was listed separately in the charts, peaking at number 16. # Both tracks were backed by the newly-named Shadows. Previously they were called The Drifters, but that name was already in use by an American vocal group, and they changed the band's name to avoid confusion. 82 Writer(s): Floyd Robinson Entered chart 16 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 9; Weeks on chart: 9. Floyd Robinson (10 Aug 1932 - 28 May 2016) was born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, and was an American Country Music singer, who had this one-off hit on both sides of the Atlantic. He was interested in music from a young age, and whilst still in high school, he had a regular radio show on a Nashville radio station. Along with his band, the Eagle Rangers, he also provided backing music for visiting Country Music singers, such as George Jones, Jim Reeves, and Eddy Arnold. In the 1970s he tried his hand at religious music for children. In the 1990s Robinson self-published two books, the instruction manual "Guitar Playing Made Easy" (1992), and the novel "The Guitar" (1994). He remained active in the music industry until his death. # In the USA, "Makin' Love" was considered by some to have suggestive sexual content, and many radio stations pulled it from the airwaves after only a few weeks. Nevertheless, it still managed to reach number 20 in the American charts. 83 Writer(s): Santo Farina, Johnny Farina & Ann Farina (sister) Entered chart 16 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 22; Weeks on chart: 4. Brothers Santo & Johnny were born in Brooklyn, New York; USA (Santo in 1937 and Johnny in 1941). In the late 1940s their father paid for them to have guitar lessons. Within two years Santo was playing a six-string steel guitar in a local band. When he was 12, Johnny joined his brother, playing a normal electric guitar. They began writing songs and came up with this instrumental in 1958. It went to number 1 in the USA, but only reached the Top 30 in the UK. Further releases were not very successful, but they toured the USA, Europe, and other parts of the world. They made several records in Italy, and charted there into the 1970s. In the 21st century Santo is semi-retired but Johnny tours and records new material with his own band. 84 Writer(s): Sharon Sheeley (his girlfriend) & Bob Cochran (his elder brother) Entered chart 16 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 22; Weeks on chart: 3. Cochran's follow-up to his Top 10 hit "C'mon Everybody" was somewhat disappointing, in not even reaching the Top 20. In the USA it did even worse, peaking at number 58. However, the song is now regarded as one of his classics. More hits would follow in 1960 including a posthumous number 1. For info about Cochran, see song 36 in this list. # In 1979, a cover by the Sex Pistols with vocals by Sid Vicious reached number 3 in the UK charts. # Sharon Sheeley also wrote the Ricky Nelson hit "Poor Little Fool". See 1958, song number 77. 85 Title: One More Sunrise (Morgen) Artist: Dickie Valentine Writer(s): Peter Moesser with English lyrics by Noel Sherman Entered chart 23 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 14; Weeks on chart: 8. Dickie Valentine (4 Nov 1929 - 6 May 1971) was born in London, England. He was a major British singing star during the 1950s. Indeed all his hit records were in that decade, with this hit being his final singles chart entry. His tally of hits was 14, including six Top 10s and two number ones. He had begun singing in the late 1940s, and was signed up as a singer with the Ted Heath Orchestra in 1949. He enjoyed his early hits with that band, but he went solo in 1954 and had more hits - mostly covers of American originals. Although the hits finished at the end of the 1950s, he remained a popular performer and had his own TV show in the 1960s. Valentine was killed in the car he was driving in Wales; the crash also taking the lives of his pianist and drummer. He was 41. # The song was a German hit first, but after the English lyrics were written, several artists recorded the song. Valentine's version was the only one to chart in the UK. In the USA it was actress and singer Leslie Uggams who had a small hit with the song sung in English, but it was the original German-language version, sung by Ivo Robić, that won out, reaching number 13 in the American charts. 86 Title: Put Your Head On My Shoulder Artist: Paul Anka Writer(s): Paul Anka Entered chart 30 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 7; Weeks on chart: 12. This was Anka's third and final hit of 1959 - all three having reached the Top 10. 1959 was also to be his final year as a major chart performer in the UK. He would have three smallish hits in 1960 (highest reaching number 28), and no hits at all in 1961. 1962 would see him with a Top 20 entry, but it would be 1974 before he returned to the Top 10. For more info about Paul Anka, see song 21 in this list. # The song has subsequently been recorded by several artists, but Anka's original is the only one to have entered the UK singles charts. 87 Writer(s): DeWayne Blackwell Entered chart 30 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 12; Weeks on chart: 8. Mike Preston was born on 14 May 1938 in east London, England. His first career was as a boxer before he took up singing. He appeared on TV shows in the late 1950s, and this song became his first hit record. He had three further hits, but none rose higher than number 14 in the UK charts. Subsequently he emigrated to Australia where he initially worked as a nightclub singer. He then became a regular host on the TV show "Melbourne Tonight" in 1968. He then moved into acting on Australian TV, appearing in drama series and soaps into the 1980s. He has also appeared in films, including a role in "Mad Max 2" in 1981. # The song was a number 1 hit in the USA for the Fleetwoods, who had previously topped the American charts with "Come Softly To Me" (song 43 in this list). In the UK, the song was also covered by David MacBeth, who peaked at number 18 with his version. 88 Title: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For? Artist: Emile Ford & The Checkmates Writer(s): Joseph McCarthy, Howard Johnson & James V. Monaco Entered chart 30 Oct 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 26. Emile Ford (16 Oct 1937 - 11 Apr 2016) was born the island of St Lucia in the West Indies. His mother and grandfather were musicians in St Lucia. In the mid-1950s, Emile and his family relocated to the UK, and he attended a London technical college, where he learned to play a number of musical instruments. He began singing in 1958, and made a few TV appearances. He formed his backing band, The Checkmates, and together they won the Soho Fair talent contest in London during July 1959, which resulted in a deal with Pye Records. This was his debut single which reached number 1, where it stayed for six weeks into 1960. It remained on the singles chart for six months! His hits continued until 1962. In 1969, he set up a recording studio in Barbados, West Indies, with the help of his father, before moving to live in Sweden, where he developed a new open-air playback system for stage shows. # The song was written in 1916, and the first recording was made by Ada Jones and Billy Murray in 1917. # In 1987, the song was recorded by Shakin' Stevens. His version entered the charts on 28 Nov 1987, and peaked at number five on the UK charts. 89 Writer(s): Neil Sedaka & Howard Greenfield Entered chart 13 Nov 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 17. Sedaka's second Top 10 hit of the year, has become one of his classic recordings. Number 3 in the UK charts was as high as he ever got, and this track only made number 9 in the USA. However, he did get two American chart toppers in later years. # It is a well-known story that the song is about songwriter Carole King, who Sedaka had dated when still at high school. Gerry Goffin, King's husband and songwriting partner, wrote the playful response "Oh! Neil", which Carole King recorded and released, although it was not a hit. 90 Title: Seven Little Girls Sitting In The Back Seat Artist: The Avons Writer(s): Bob Hilliard & Lee Pockriss (Americans who wrote many popular songs of the 1950s and 1960s) Entered chart 13 Nov 1959; Highest Position: 3; Weeks on chart: 13. The Avons were a British pop vocal group, composing Valerie Murtagh, born 1936, Willesden, London, England, and Elaine Murtagh, born 1940, County Cork, Ireland. They were sisters-in-law, and began as The Avon Sisters. When Ray Adams, born 1938, Jersey, Channel Islands, joined the girls, they changed their name to The Avons. They had three minor hits following this, but were never able to achieve the same success as their first record. # The three members went into songwriting, and composed "Dance On!", a number one instrumental hit for The Shadows in 1963, and a number 11 vocal hit for Kathy Kirby in the same year. They also wrote "In Summer", a number five hit for Billy Fury in 1963 as well. # In the USA, it was Paul Evans with The Curls who had the original hit, reaching number 9 there, and peaking at 25 in the UK. 91 Writer(s): Russ Conway (under his real name of Trevor Stanford) Entered chart 13 Nov 1959; Highest Position: 7; Weeks on chart: 9. This was his fourth Top 10 hit of 1959, his most successful year in the UK charts by far. He also hit the Top 10 later in November with another of his sing-along party medleys ("More and More Party Pops"). He enjoyed five hits during 1960, although none got higher than number 14. He had a final Top 10 hit in 1961, and two minor hits in 1962. He remained very popular in live performance and continued for three more decades. For info about Russ Conway, see song 28 in this list. 92 Writer(s): Ned Washington & Dimitri Tiomkin Entered chart 13 Nov 1959; Highest Position: 6; Weeks on chart: 20. Frankie Laine (30 Mar 1913 - 6 Feb 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 to his final performance of the song "That's My Desire" in 2005. He was born in Chicago, USA to Italian immigrants. He began singing professionally in the early 1930s, but success was slow to come, and it was not until 1944 that he made his first record. He joined Mercury records in the late 1940s and began having some hits, but it was when he joined Columbia Records (CBS) in 1951 that his career really took off. In the UK from 1952 to 1959 he had 26 hit records, with 14 making the Top 10, and four going to number one. He continued performing for several decades, and made more albums right into the 21st century. He died from heart failure in 2007 at the age of 93. # The song was the theme to the Western TV series "Rawhide" starring Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood, which ran from 1959 to 1966. 93 Title: What Do You Want Artist: Adam Faith Writer(s): Johnny Worth (under pseudonym of Les Vandyke) Entered chart 20 Nov 1959; Highest Position: 1; Weeks on chart: 19. Adam Faith (23 Jun 1940 - 8 Mar 2003) was born in west London, England. After various jobs behind the scenes in the film and TV industries, he cut his first record in 1958, but it made no impact on the charts. Despite this he made a number of TV appearances, and in late 1959 he was given the chance to record the song "What Do You Want?", written by Les Vandyke, arranged by John Barry and produced by John Burgess. This kicked off a career that saw him rise to be one of the top British musical stars of the early 1960s. His first two hits went to number 1, and he had a further nine Top 10 hits by 1963, with a tally of 21 hits in all from 1959 to 1966. After the hits dried up he moved into acting an became a popular actor in TV drama series ("Budgie" 1971-1972; "Love Hurts" 1992-1994), in several films, and stage plays from the late 1960s to his death. He died in Stoke-on-Trent, England, whilst on tour with a stage play. # The orchestration was arranged by John Barry who provided a distinctive pizzicato string backing which became a feature of Faith's first few hits. 94 Writer(s): Edgar Leslie & Lawrence Wright Entered chart 4 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 11; Weeks on chart: 10. This was Connie's fifth and final appearance in the charts of 1959. Once more, it was an old song that she revived. It just missed out on a Top 10 placing in the UK, but she got as high as number 7 in the USA with the record. Another four hits were to follow in 1960. For info about Connie Francis, see song 24 in this list. # The song was written in 1927, and Paul Whiteman & His Orchestra had a USA hit with it in 1928. 95 Title: I'll Never Fall In Love Again Artist: Johnnie Ray Writer(s): Johnnie Ray Entered chart 4 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 26; Weeks on chart: 6. Johnnie Ray (10 Jan 1927 - 25 Feb 1990) was born in Dallas, Oregon, USA. He was a heart-throb idol for screaming teenage girls long before the Rock 'n' Roll stars came along. He had started singing on local radio at the age of 15, and he made his first record in 1951, but it was in 1952 that he recorded "Cry", with "The Little White Cloud That Cried" (which he wrote himself) on the B-side. This recording went to number 1 in the USA and sold over two million copies. This hit pre-dated the singles chart in the UK (November 1952), so is not shown as one of his hits in music listings. From 1953, however, his singles were were climbing the UK charts, and by 1957 he had scored three number ones, and a further seven Top 10 entries. He played to packed theatres when he toured the UK, even when his popularity was declining in America. He continued performing until 1989, and died from liver failure the following year. This recording was his final UK hit. 96 Writer(s): Marty Wilde Entered chart 11 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 7; Weeks on chart: 8. After four Top 10 entries which were covers of American hits, Wilde finally recorded an original song, and it was one that he wrote himself. This gave him a fifth consecutive Top 10 hit. Things did not go so well in 1960, however, when he had three hits, but only one reached the Top 20. 1961 saw him back in the Top 10, but with another American cover. His daughter, Kim Wilde, had a strong chart career in the 1980s, and Marty wrote or co-write several of her hits. For info about Marty Wilde see song 35 in this list. 97 Writer(s): Fats Domino, John Marascalco & Tommy Boyce Entered chart 18 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 11; Weeks on chart: 13. This was Domino's second best-performing record. "Blueberry Hill" had reached number 6 in 1956, but no others got higher than this single. His final UK chart appearance was to come in 1963. He continued performing and recording until the early 1980s, when he chose to retire to New Orleans. His house was badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 when he was 77, since when he has performed at a few benefit concerts to raise money for rebuilding the parts of New Orleans that were devastated by the hurricane. See also song 52 in this list. 98 Writer(s): Duane Eddy & Lee Hazlewood Producer: Lee Hazlewood (Hazlewood became Nancy Sinatra's producer and co-writer in the 1960s) Entered chart 18 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 12; Weeks on chart: 5. This was his fourth instrumental hit of 1959, this time, written along with his original partner, Lee Hazlewood. More hits were to follow over the next few years. 1959 also saw him have two albums in the album chart. First was "Have Twangy Guitar Will Travel" which reached number 6 in the UK, in summer '59, then "Specially For You" also peaked at number 6 in the British album chart during the autumn of that year. See song 10 for info about Duane Eddy. 99 Writer(s): Bernie Lowe & Kal Mann Entered chart 18 Dec 1959; Highest Position: 26; Weeks on chart: 4. This was Alma's last hit of the 1950s, and pretty much the end of her chart career. She had a further three minor hits over 1960-61, but this was nothing like the success at the peak of her career in the mid-1950s. Over her chart career from 1954 to 1961 she had 21 hits, although only four reached the Top 10. She continued performing on stage and TV until her untimely death, from cancer, in 1966 at the age of 34. See also song 17 in this list. # The song was a cover of the original American hit by Bobby Rydell, who peaked at number 6 with it in the USA. Rydell had a few hits in the UK during the early 1960s. 100	i don't know
Which Rugby League club play their home games at the Hive Stadium?	London Broncos: Super League side agree Barnet groundshare - BBC Sport BBC Sport London Broncos: Super League side agree Barnet groundshare 13 Dec 2013 From the section Rugby League Share this page Read more about sharing. London Broncos have announced they will fulfil their Super League fixtures for the forthcoming 2014 season after agreeing a groundshare with Barnet FC. The beleaguered side were in danger of going into administration after being without a home since leaving The Stoop at the end of last season. Barnet chairman Tony Kleanthous said: "We are delighted to welcome the London Broncos into our family at The Hive." London Broncos 1994: Australian side Brisbane Broncos buy struggling London Crusaders, prompting a name change. 1996: With the advent of Super League, London Broncos move to The Valley, home of Charlton Athletic Football Club. 1997: The team finish second in the Super League. 1999: Broncos reach the final of the last Challenge Cup final to be played at Wembley before its redevelopment, losing 52-16 to Leeds. 2005: The club partners with Harlequins rugby union side and changes name to Harlequins Rugby League, basing itself at The Stoop. 2013: The Broncos finish 13th, last but one, in Super League and suffer the loss of captain Tony Clubb, Luke Dorn and Dan Sarginson before the start of the 2014 season. The agreement between the two clubs will also cover the 2015 campaign. It will see Broncos play their home fixtures at the non-league football club's 5,176-capacity The Hive stadium, as well as training at their former ground, Underhill. Their future had been in question since the end of last season when, as well as their agreement to play at The Stoop coming to an end, a number of players and backroom staff had left the club, including captain Tony Clubb, experienced utility back Luke Dorn and head of youth performance Phil Jones. The Broncos announced their intention to appoint administrators on 20 November, leaving them with a deadline of 17:00 GMT on 3 December to secure their future. But this date was extended by 10 days so they could continue negotiations. "Our focus has always been to ensure we made the right decision going forward," said Broncos chairman David Hughes. "Over the last 10 days we have worked closely with the Rugby Football League and Barnet chairman Tony Kleanthous to avoid administration and secure the future of the Broncos. "I believe this is the right decision, not only for the club, but also for the future of rugby league in London." The announcement is the culmination of six months of talks designed to safeguard Broncos' future. Share this page	London Broncos
The tui and the weka are birds native to which country?	Barnet FC: The Hive Stadium Guide \| English Grounds \| Football-Stadiums.co.uk By Hammersfan (Own work) [ CC BY-SA 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons From 1907 until 2013 Barnet called Underhill Stadium their home. They had a dispute about the lease with Barnet Council, however, so it was decided that they would move to a new ground after the conclusion of the 2011-2012 season. In the end delays on the building of the ground, despite breaking ground in 2003, meant they couldn’t move until after the end of 2012-2013 season. The ground is not just used for Barnet games, with the London Bees Women’s Super League also calling it home. The London Broncos Rugby League Club also used the stadium for a year from 2014-2015. The ground’s record attendance is, strangely, larger than its official capacity by 57. This is because the capacity restriction applied to the terraced section was relaxed for Barnet’s home game against Gateshead on April the 25th 2015. Stats By Own work (Katie Chan) [ CC BY-SA 4.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons The North Stand is a terraced section of the stadium and it’s also where the away supporters are housed. The East Stand, meanwhile, is actually quite a small seated area despite that fact it looks larger. The South Stand is another terraced section that sits opposite The North Stand, weirdly. The West Stand is the nicest part of the new ground and is a single-tier stand that is fully covered by the roof, unlike elsewhere in the stadium. Barnet Ticket Prices The amount of money you’ll pay to watch Barnet play football depends on where in the ground you’d like to go. The West Stand and The East Stand are the most expensive, with the latter classed as ‘Platinum’ seating. The South Terrace is, predictably, the cheapest part of the stadi-um. Adults will pay between £17 and £23 for tickets, Concessions will pay £12 wherever they want to go and Under-14s will pay £5 for anywhere in the stadium. Family tickets are available for £39 and that allows two adults and two Under-14s to go into the Family Stand. How To Get Barnet Tickets Tickets are available online, over the phone or in person from the ticket office. Getting To The Hive Stadium End Get Directions Harrow is a suburb of Greater London, so if you can get to the nation’s capital then you can get to the home of The Bees easily enough. Train - Canons Park Underground is five minutes away and on the Jubilee Line, Queensbury Underground is ten minutes and on the same line, whilst Edgware Road is on the Northern Line and is around a mile away. Bus - The 340, 186, 79, 288, 688 and 114 all stop near the stadium. Car - From the North, take the A1 to the A5109 then follow the signs. From the West take the M40 then the A40 then the A406 before getting onto the A5 and following the signs. From the South take the A5 and carry on to Stanmore before following the signs. By Air - London City is the closest airport to Barnet, technically, but Luton is probably easier to get to and from. Taxi - A taxi from Euston to The Hive will take about 40 minutes and cost around £50. Get the Underground. Parking Near The Hive Stadium There are parking facilities for up to 300 cars on site. Pubs & Bars Near The Hive Stadium London isn’t exactly short of a boozer or two. Here are some of our favourites: The Hive The Hive Stadium, Barnet, HA8 6AG (020 8381 3800) Located within the ground is a brand new bar for home supporters. It serves good drinks selections, standard pub snacks and has TVs dotted around for any live sport that might be taking place. Moranos 12 Station Road, Edgware, HA8 6SR (0208 951 5353) Right next to Canons Park Underground is this Irish bar that does all the things you’d expect and Irish bar to do. It’s small, but the craic’s good and you’ll be welcomed with a Guinness. If you pay for it, obviously. Change Of Hart 29-45 High Street, Edgware, HA8 7EE (0208 952 0039) Between Edgware Underground Station and The Hive Stadium is this John Barras pub that offers good quality food, a nice drinks selection and plenty of large screen TVs for live sport. Facilities As one of the newest stadiums in the Football League its fair to say that The Hive’s facilities are up to scratch. Unless you want a roof over your head, in which case make sure you’re sat in The West Stand. Prices The Directors Studio is the chief hospitality option at Barnet. You’ll get seats next to the Directors Box, access to an unlimited buffet before the game, a complimentary glass of champagne and pre and post-match house drinks for free. Private Hire The Amber Bar can cater for up to 500 people, The Hive Bar and Lounge is a bit smaller and more personal and Grazioli’s bar is smaller again. Take your pick from the three spaces for the type of event you are hoping to host. Stadium Tours & Museum You can’t do tours of The Hive Stadium, unfortunately, but to be honest it’s not that big. Get to the ground early enough and you can probably have a quick wander round on your own. There’s also no museum at the ground so it might be worth wandering around the club shop and having a look at really old stock instead. About Barnet Barnet's previous home, Underhill Stadium, from 1909-2013 - By Kezyma [ CC BY 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons Barnet Football Club has a rich history, from its formation in 1888 through to the modern day. There was a club called Woodville FC that played games in Barnet from 1882-1885 before disband-ing, and another called New Barnet FC that played from 1885-1888 before becoming the Barnet we know today. The club has played non-league football numerous times during its existence, con-stantly bouncing up from and back down to the Conference. Barnet fans have enjoyed watching some well-known players over the years, with the club be-ing the sort of place that young players learn their craft and older pros see theirs off at. Premier Leagues names like Linvoy Primus, Jason Puncheon and Yannick Bolasie have all played for The Bees at one point or another, whilst established played such as Jimmy Greaves, Mark Lawrenson and even Edgar Davids have also appeared in orange and black before now. The Hive Stadium History The Hive Prior to Barnet Moving In 2013 - By Hgreally (Own work) [ CC BY 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons When you talk of Barnet’s history and their association with a stadium there’s little point mentioning The Hive. The ground only opened in 2013 so its barely had a chance to built up a decent history. It’s Underhill Stadium that holds all of the secrets of Barnet’s seasons gone by, given that The Bees played there from 1907 until 2013. Sadly the club is no longer associated with the old ground, so clubs such as the London Broncos and Arsenal reserves are forming their own history there. Barnet chairman Anthony Kleanthous had wanted to move away from Underhill Stadium from as early as the 1990s, believing that the facilities were not good enough for the supporters. Construction of The Hive Stadium actually began in 2003 as a new home for Wealdstone FC, but their investors went into liquidation and building work was halted. It went up for tender in 2006 and Barnet won the right to occupy the sight, which they did from the start of the 2013-2014 season. Future Developments By Own work (Katie Chan) [ CC BY-SA 4.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons Barnet would ideally like to move back to Barnet at some point, but a long standing feud with the council is restricting their ability to find a new stadium within the boundaries of their home area any time soon.	i don't know
What was the name of the TV comedy that ran from 1975 to 1978 about National Service in the RAF?	Get Some In! (TV Series 1975–1978) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error 1955 called up into R.A.F. a group of young men find it hard to cope,especially with a corporal who is unhappy and takes it out on them. Stars: a list of 42 titles created 27 Jun 2013 a list of 17 titles created 02 Oct 2013 a list of 162 titles created 22 Apr 2014 a list of 2127 titles created 15 May 2014 a list of 65 titles created 5 months ago Title: Get Some In! (1975–1978) 7.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Wolfie Smith is an unemployed dreamer from Tooting London, a self proclaimed Urban Guerilla who aspires to be like his hero Che Guevara. Leading a small group called the Tooting Popular ... See full summary » Stars: Robert Lindsay, Mike Grady, Hilda Braid Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ? Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye Mr Gary Sparrow is an ordinary bloke with an extraordinary life. By day, a very bored and uninspired TV repairman but by night, an accidental time traveler. Stars: Nicholas Lyndhurst, Victor McGuire, Christopher Ettridge Mildred decides that she and George will celebrate their anniversary at a posh London hotel - whatever the cost. However, a shady businessman mistakes George for a hit man. Director: Peter Frazer-Jones The trials and tribulations of the staff at Hatley railway station, who are all wondering if Dr Beeching will close them down. Stars: Paul Shane, Su Pollard, Jeffrey Holland "Doctor in the House" follows the misadventures of medical students Michael Upton, Duncan Waring, Paul Collier and Dick Stuart-Clark. The lads basically mean well, but their habits of ... See full summary » Stars: Barry Evans, Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies Edit Storyline 1955 called up into R.A.F. a group of young men find it hard to cope,especially with a corporal who is unhappy and takes it out on them. 16 October 1975 (UK) See more » Company Credits (Liverpool, England) – See all my reviews This is probably one of the more under-rated comedies of the seventies. Whilst a number of it's contempories have gone on to cult status, this seems to have been forgotten. I don't know whether it has dated, but they should try showing it again as it would make a refreshing change from the endless repeats of Dad's Army! 6 of 7 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Get Some In!
Who wrote the 1980 Booker Prize winner Rites of Passage!	About: Get Some In! About: Get Some In! An Entity of Type : television show , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Get Some In! is a British sitcom about life in Royal Air Force National Service broadcast between 1975 and 1978 by Thames Television. Scripts were by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, the team behind the BBC TV sitcom The Good Life.The series has never been repeated in full on terrestrial TV in the UK, although the UKTV Gold cable channel has aired the episodes uncut. It screened in Australia in the early 1980s. Property abstract Get Some In! is a British sitcom about life in Royal Air Force National Service broadcast between 1975 and 1978 by Thames Television. Scripts were by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, the team behind the BBC TV sitcom The Good Life. The programme drew its inspiration from late 1950s/early 1960s National Service situation-comedy The Army Game, and from nostalgic BBC TV sitcom Dad's Army, but the RAF setting gave it enough originality not to seem formulaic. Thirty-four (commercial) half-hour episodes were made. The title is a contraction of "Get some service in!", which was a piece of World War Two-era military slang sometimes shouted by conscripted soldiers at civilians of conscription age whom the conscripts may have believed were avoiding call-up. The series has never been repeated in full on terrestrial TV in the UK, although the UKTV Gold cable channel has aired the episodes uncut. It screened in Australia in the early 1980s. (en)	i don't know
Who wrote the 1990 Booker Prize winner Possession?	Possession book review - 1990 Booker Prize Reviews: Good: I won't be so churlish as to give away the end, but a plenitude of surprises awaits the reader of this gorgeously written novel. A. S. Byatt is a writer in mid-career whose time has certainly come, because ''Possession'' is a tour de force that opens every narrative device of English fiction to inspection without, for a moment, ceasing to delight. The New York Times, Jay Parini 21st October 1990 for full review click here Not so good: These wordy Victorian outpourings are (of course) reflected back, in a modern narrative that is every bit as baggy and rich as those that the best Victorians used to trot out. Byatt luxuriates in long digressions and ornate descriptions. This is a book where it's impossible for a character to simply photocopy something. He first has to let the machine warm up, and then: "in the dim and hum of the extractor fan he took out the two letters and read them again. Then he spread them face down, to be scryed on the black glass …" and so on for half a page more. Occasionally such excesses can be frustrating. They seem to get in the way of the story. But even this obstruction, after a while, takes on a purpose. One of Byatt's other big themes relates to "narrative greed" – the desire to rush to a conclusion and find out "the secret". This habit of pulling us on with one hand while doing everything she can to divert and distract with the other naturally feeds into that. She also tantalises with the possibility that these apparent obstacles will contain vital clues and hints … The Guardian Book Club , Sam Jordison 19th June 2009 for full review click here About the author A. S. Byatt was born in Yorkshire in 1936. She attended a Quaker school in York, and went on to study at Cambridge. In 1972 she became a full-time lecturer. She taught at the Central School of Art & Design, and was Senior Lecturer in English at University College, London, before becoming a full-time writer in 1983. A S Byatt was appointed CBE in 1990 and DBE in 1999. 1969 - Something To Answer For 2016 Pulitzer Prize Winner It's a massive day in arts and journalism because the 100th annual Pulitzer Prize winners were just announced, and there's a big surprise. 2015's best artistic and nonfiction writing across 21 categories were recognized during a ceremony Monday afternoon at Columbia University in New York City. The first Pulitzer Prize was awarded to Hebert Bayward Swope, a reporter for The New York World, in 1916. (And if you're as big a fan of Newsies as I am, that paper should ring a bell, but try to think of it more positively.) The major prize for book nerds, the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction went to The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (Grove Press), a legitimate surprise, if you've been paying attention to the book nerd and industry buzz. The feeling around the prize in the last few months would have you putting all your hard-earned cash down on A Little Life by Hanya Yanagihara to take home the award, but that's why you should never gamble. Viet Thanh Nguyen is no less deserving, and moreover, it's his debut novel, which makes it such a wonderful win. Extract from New York Times to view full article...	A. S. Byatt
In the TV comedy that ran from 1977 to 1980 Wolfie Smith is the self- proclaimed leader of the TPF. Which district of London is the T in the title of the group?	Possession: A S Byatt, As Byatt: Trade Paperback: 9780679735908: Powell's Books National Bestseller Winner of England’s Booker Prize and the literary sensation of the year, Possession is an exhilarating novel of wit and romance, at once an intellectual mystery and triumphant love story. It is the tale of a pair of young scholars researching the lives of two Victorian poets. As they uncover their letters, journals, and poems, and track their movements from London to Yorkshire—from spiritualist séances to the fairy-haunted far west of Brittany—what emerges is an extraordinary counterpoint of passions and ideas. An exhilarating novel of wit and romance, an intellectual mystery, and a triumphant love story. This tale of a pair of young scholars researching the lives of two Victorian poets became a huge bookseller favorite, and then on to national bestellerdom. Review "Gorgeously written ... dazzling ... a tour de force." The New York Times Book Review Review "What a book! This is a novel for every taste.... An altogether magical performance." The Washington Post Book World Review "A masterpiece of wordplay and adventure, a novel that compares with Stendhal and Joyce." Los Angeles Times Book Review Review "A genuine winner ... original and unforgettable." Time Review "The most dazzling novel of the year." USA Today Synopsis Winner of England's Booker Prize and the literary sensation of the year, Possession is an exhilarating novel of wit and romance, at once an intellectual mystery and triumphant love story. It is the tale of a pair of young scholars researching the lives of two Victorian poets. As they uncover their letters, journals, and poems, and track their movements from London to Yorkshire -- from spiritualist seances to the fairy-haunted far west of Brittany -- what emerges is an extraordinary counterpoint of passions and ideas. An exhilarating novel of wit and romance, an intellectual mystery, and a triumphant love story. This tale of a pair of young scholars researching the lives of two Victorian poets became a huge bookseller favorite, and then on to national bestellerdom. About the Author A.S. Byatt is the author of the novels Possession (winner of the Booker Prize in 1990), The Game, and the sequence The Virgin in the Garden, Still Life, and Babel Tower. She has also written two novellas, published together as Angels and Insects, and four collections of shorter works, including The Matisse Stories and The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye. Educated at Cambridge, she was a senior lecturer in English at University College, London, before becoming a full-time writer in 1983. A distinguished critic as well as a novelist, she lives in London. Reading Group Guide 1. What is the significance of the novel's title? Do you think it has more than one meaning? What does the concept of "possession" mean to the novel's various characters, both modern and Victorian? How can possession be seen as the theme of the book? 2. Ash is nicknamed "the Great Ventriloquist" but this sobriquet could as easily be applied to Byatt herself. Why does Byatt use poetry to give away so many clues to the story? Are the poems a necessary and integral part of the novel or would it have worked just as well without them? Do you find that the poems in the novel succeed in their own right as poetry? 3. All the characters' names are carefully chosen and layered with meaning. What is the significance behind the following names: Roland Michell, Beatrice Nest, Sir George Bailey, Randolph Ash, Maud Bailey, Christabel LaMotte, Fergus Wolff? (Clues to the last three may be found in the poetry by Tennyson, Yeats, and Coleridge cited below.) Do any other names in the novel seem to you to have special meanings? How do the names help define, or confuse, the relationships between the characters? 4. The scholars in the novel see R. H. Ash as a specifically masculine, Christabel LaMotte as a specifically feminine, type of poet, just as Robert Browning and Christina Rossetti, the poets on whose work Ash's and LaMotte's are loosely based, were considered to be extreme examples of the masculine and feminine in literature. Do you feel that such a classification is valid? What is there about Ash's and LaMotte's diction and subject matter that fulfills our ideas of "masculine" and "feminine"? Do the poets themselves consciously enact masculine and feminine roles? Do you find that Christabel's poetry is presented as being secondary to Ash's? Or that the work of the two poets is complementary? 5. Ellen Ash wrote her journal as a "defence against, and a bait for, the gathering of ghouls and vultures" [p. 501]. Mortimer Cropper is literally presented as a ghoul, robbing the poet's grave. Beatrice Nest, on the other hand, wishes to preserve Christabel's final letter to Randolph unread. What is the fine line, if any, between a ghoulish intrusion upon the privacy of the dead, and the legitimate claims of scholarship and history? As much as the scholars have discovered, one secret is kept from them at the end and revealed only to the reader. What is that secret and what difference does it make to Roland's future? 6. Freedom and autonomy are highly valued both by Christabel and Maud. What does autonomy mean to each of these characters? In Christabel's day, it was difficult for women to attain such autonomy; is it still difficult, in Maud's? What does autonomy mean to Roland? Why does mutual solitude and even celibacy assume a special importance in his relationship with Maud? 7. The moment of crisis in the poets' lives, 1859, was a significant year, as it saw the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species. The theory of natural selection delivered a terrible blow to the Victorians' religious faith and created a climate of uncertainty: "Doubt," says Christabel, "doubt is endemic to our life in this world at this time" [p. 182]. How does Byatt compare this spiritual crisis with that which has befallen Roland and Maud's generation, who are taught to believe that the "self" is illusory [p. 459]? 8. The fluffy Beatrice Nest is scorned by the feminist scholars who crave access to Ellen Ash's journal. Yet in her way Beatrice is as much a victim of "patriarchy" as any of the Victorian women they study. What is the double standard at work among these politically minded young people? Can Beatrice be seen as a "superfluous woman," like Blanche and Val? What, if anything, do these three women have in common? 9. Ash writes "Swammerdam" with a particular reader, Christabel LaMotte, in mind. Is Christabel's influence on Ash evident in the poem, and if so, how and where? How, in the poem, does Ash address his society's preoccupation with science and religion? How does he address his and Christabel's conflicting religious ideas? How does Christabel herself present these ideas in Mélusine? 10. Why is Christabel so affected by Gode's tale of the miller's daughter? What are its parallels with her own life? 11. The fairy Mélusine has, as Christabel points out, "two aspects--an Unnatural Monster--and a most proud and loving and handy woman" [p. 191]. How does Christabel make Mélusine's situation a metaphor for that of the woman poet? Does Christabel herself successfully defy society's strictures against women artists, or does her awareness of the problem cripple her, either professionally or emotionally? At the end of her life she wonders whether she might have been a great poet, as she believes Ash was, if she had kept to her "closed castle" [p. 545]. What do you think? 12. Roland and Maud believe they are taking part in a quest. This is a classic element of medieval and nineteenth-century Romance, of which they are well aware. Aside from the quest, what other elements of Romance can be found in Maud and Roland's story? In Christabel and Randolph's? What other genres are exploited in the novel? 13. When he returns to his flat at the end of the novel, Roland decides there is "no reason why he should not go out into the garden" [p. 514]. What is the emotional significance of his finally entering the garden? Poems that will enrich your understanding of Possession Robert Browning, "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came," "My Last Duchess," "Porphyria's Lover," "Caliban Upon Setebos," "Bishop Blougram's Apology," "Mr. Sludge, the 'Medium'," "Andrea del Sarto," and "Fra Lippo Lippi"; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "Christabel"; Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress," "The Garden"; Petrarch, Rime Sparse; Christina Rossetti, Poetical Works; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Merlin and Vivien" from Idylls of the King, In Memoriam, "Maud," "Mariana," "The Lady of Shallott"; W.B. Yeats, The Rose. The questions, discussion topics, author biography, and suggested reading that follow are designed to enhance your group's reading of A. S. Byatt's Possession, a richly layered story of passion, mystery, and scholarship. 4.3 7	i don't know
In which islands are the only penguins that live North of the equator in the wild?	Where do penguins live? \| MNN - Mother Nature Network MNN.com > Earth Matters > Animals Where do penguins live? If you want to see these fashionable birds in the wild, you'll have to head south. Way south. (Or you could check out an aquarium to see a captive population.) 14 Yes his is somewhat of a trick question. You may be thinking that these adorable, eternally au courant flightless birds belonging to the Spheniscidae family may reside around the North and South Poles. Because, you know, both are snowy and super cold and stuff. Well, think again, my penguin-loving friend, because this is an all-too-common misconception. Penguins live only in the Southern Hemisphere with heavy populations on the fringes of Antarctica (but not at the South Pole itself). So think again before you embark on an Arctic adventure in search of some flippered friends because you won’t find any. You’ll have better luck spotting them in more temperate locales like Argentina or Australia. And to answer another age-old question: No, penguins don’t appear on polar bears’ list of favorite comestibles because the latter live only way up north in the Arctic Circle (nope, they aren’t “bi-polar”) where they dine on seals. But back to the birds: As a zoological rule of thumb , the farther south (i.e., the closer to Antarctica) you go, the bigger the species of penguins you’ll find. Antarctica is home to perhaps the most famous — and the largest — aquatic birds of them all: the emperor penguin, the caravanning species that got a star-turn in both the 2005 French documentary “ March of the Penguins ” and in 2006’s “Happy Feet,” where the waddling seafood lovers were bestowed with anthropomorphic skills such as tap dancing and speaking in the voice of Frodo Baggins. Almost as famous as their plus-sized cousins are king penguins, a species that breeds primarily on islands north of the Antarctic continent including the Falkland Islands, South Georgia Island and Tierra del Fuego. The coasts of Australia and New Zealand are where you’ll find the most petite of the 17 species of penguins. Little penguins, or fairy penguins as they’re known in Australia, measure roughly a foot tall (adult emperor penguins measure around 4 feet tall and can weigh more than 50 pounds while king penguins reach about 3 feet tall and can weigh up to 35 pounds) and are without that iconic tuxedo plumage: They’re actually colored a lovely slate blue. And remember how I said penguins live only in the Southern Hemisphere? Well, that’s not 100 percent true. The third smallest species of penguin, the Galapagos penguin, lives directly on top of or just slightly north of the equator on the biologically rich archipelago that they’re named after. Although the Galapagos Islands are known for decidedly balmy, un-penguin-like weather, the cool waters of the Humboldt Current help the endemic seabirds survive. And you’re probably wondering why, since they enjoy chilly water so much, penguins haven’t migrated north to the Arctic. In case you’ve forgotten, penguins aren’t exactly capable of becoming airborne, meaning that they’d have to swim (or swim, walk, waddle) north of the equator through waters that are simply too warm for them to survive. And even then there’s the issue of polar bears and other land predators that penguins simply aren’t used to in their natural habitats. If you’re smitten with the creatures (and it’s hard not to be) but your travel plans don’t include venturing south of the equator or to the Galapagos Islands, adaptable and photogenic penguins of different species have long been a staple at zoos and aquariums well north of the equator. A few penguin pools of note can be found at the Scott Aquarium at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, the St. Louis Zoo, an award-winning Humboldt penguin exhibit at Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo and New York’s Central Park Zoo, home to Roy and Silo, a lovingly devoted pair of chinstrap penguins who gained international fame — and sparked international debate — for partnering as a same-sex couple for over six years. In that time, the two hatched and raised a chick named Tango and managed to inspire a children’s book until, in 2005, a trollop named Scrappy arrived from San Diego’s Sea World and caught Silo’s eye. As noted by The New York Times, post-break-up, Roy was frequently found “alone, in a corner, staring at a wall.” Poor guy. On a more upbeat note, Scotland’s Edinburgh Zoo (another zoo where same-sex penguin romance has been observed in the past) three species of penguins (king, gentoo and rockhopper) partake daily, at 2:15 p.m. sharp, in a world-famous parade around their enclosure. Perhaps heartbroken Roy should have been relocated to Edinburgh for a little cheering up. Now that we’ve established where penguins do live, head on over to the New England Aquarium’s penguin conservation page to learn more about how you can help this seabird continue to exist happily, adorably and free of threats like oil spills, commercial fishing and climate change. Photo: Jupiterimages	Galápagos Islands
Rugby Union club London Wasps play their home games at Adams Park in which town?	Home By Rose Harvest Penguin Facts 1. They only live in the Southern Hemiphere, especially in Antarctica, apart from the Galapagos penguin which lives in the Galapogos Islands. It is the only penguin that lives north of the equator in the wild. 2. They are black and white so that they are camiflarged from on top of the water and below. Whales and seals looking up would only see white tummies against the bright sky. 3. There are seventeen spcies of penguin including: Little (or Blue) Penguin, King Penguin and the Macaroni Penguin. Three of my penguin cartoon drawings. Add Your Title Here Penguins are a type of bird but they do not fly. They use their wings like flipers to swim in the sea. They are very good swimers and their favourite food is fish. The Emperor Penguin is the bigest and heaviest penguin. They grow as tall as me. I have a toy Emperor Penguin, I painted a picture of her.	i don't know
What is the name of the oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico subjected to an explosion in April this year?	Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 \| oil spill, Gulf of Mexico \| Britannica.com Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 oil spill, Gulf of Mexico Written By: Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill of 2010, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig—located in the Gulf of Mexico , approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisiana —and its subsequent sinking on April 22. Debris and oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig after it sank on April 22, 2010. U.S. Coast Guard The explosion The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP , was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. On the night of April 20 a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed by contractor Halliburton in order to seal the well for later use. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. Fireboat response crews battling the blazing remnants of the offshore oil rig Deepwater Horizon in … Video courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rig’s riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. Without any opposing force, oil began to discharge into the gulf. The volume of oil escaping the damaged well—originally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per day—was thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day. Leaking oil Triangle shirtwaist factory fire Although BP attempted to activate the rig’s blowout preventer (BOP), a fail-safe mechanism designed to close the channel through which oil was drawn, the device malfunctioned. Forensic analysis of the BOP completed the following year determined that a set of massive blades known as blind shear rams—designed to slice through the pipe carrying oil—had malfunctioned because the pipe had bent under the pressure of the rising gas and oil. (A 2014 report by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board claimed that the blind shear rams had activated sooner than previously thought and may have actually punctured the pipe.) Map depicting the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, caused by the explosion of an oil rig … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydrates —gas molecules in an ice matrix—formed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. When an attempt to employ a “ top kill,” whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. With the damaged riser shorn from the LMRP—the top segment of the BOP—the cap was lowered into place. Though fitted loosely over the BOP and allowing some oil to escape, the cap enabled BP to siphon approximately 15,000 barrels of oil per day to a tanker. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent In early July the LMRP cap was removed for several days so that a more permanent seal could be installed; this capping stack was in place by July 12. Though the leak had slowed, it was estimated by a government-commissioned panel of scientists that 4,900,000 barrels of oil had already leaked into the gulf. Only about 800,000 barrels had been captured. On August 3 BP conducted a “ static kill,” a procedure in which drilling mud was pumped into the well through the BOP. Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP. Disasters of Historic Proportion The success of these procedures cleared the way for a “ bottom kill,” considered to be the most likely means of permanently sealing the leak. This entailed pumping cement through a channel—known as a relief well—that paralleled and eventually intersected the original well. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. On September 17 the bottom kill maneuver was successfully executed through the first relief well. The second had been intended to serve as a backup and was not completed. Two days later, following a series of pressure tests, it was announced that the well was completely sealed. Claims by several research groups that subsurface plumes of dispersed hydrocarbons had been detected in May were initially dismissed by BP and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). However, it was verified in June that the plumes were in fact from the Deepwater spill. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. Bacteria that had adapted to consuming naturally occurring gas and oil seeping from the seabed were thought to have consumed a portion of it. Cleanup efforts The petroleum that had leaked from the well before it was sealed formed a slick extending over thousands of square miles of the Gulf of Mexico. To clean oil from the open water, 1.8 million gallons of dispersants —substances that emulsified the oil, thus allowing for easier metabolism by bacteria—were pumped directly into the leak and applied aerially to the slick. Booms to corral portions of the slick were deployed, and the contained oil was then siphoned off or burned. As oil began to contaminate Louisiana beaches in May, it was manually removed; more difficult to clean were the state’s marshes and estuaries , where the topography was knit together by delicate plant life. By June, oil and tar balls had made landfall on the beaches of Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . In all, an estimated 1,100 miles (1,770 km) of shoreline were polluted. Controlled burn of oil spilled in the Deepwater Horizon disaster, Gulf of Mexico, May 6, 2010. The … EPA Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The various cleanup efforts were coordinated by the National Response Team, a group of government agencies headed by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). BP, Transocean, and several other companies were held liable for the billions of dollars in costs accrued. Coast Guard cleanup patrols ultimately drew to a close in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi in June 2013 and in Louisiana in April 2014. Aftermath and impact Economic prospects in the Gulf Coast states were dire, as the spill affected many of the industries upon which residents depended. More than a third of federal waters in the gulf were closed to fishing at the peak of the spill, due to fears of contamination . A moratorium on offshore drilling, enacted by U.S. Pres. Barack Obama ’s administration despite a district court reversal, left an estimated 8,000–12,000 temporarily unemployed. Few travelers were willing to face the prospect of petroleum-sullied beaches, leaving those dependent on tourism struggling to supplement their incomes. Following demands by Obama, BP created a $20 billion compensation fund for those affected by the spill. A year later nearly a third of the fund had been paid out, though lack of oversight allowed government entities to submit wildly inflated claims, some unrelated to the spill. By 2013 the fund was largely depleted. Workers contracted by BP cleaning up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon, La., May 23, 2010. PO3 Patrick Kelley/U.S. Department of Defense Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Recovery was incremental. As oil dispersed, portions of the gulf began reopening to fishing in July, and by October the majority of the closed areas were judged safe. State governments struggled to draw attention to unsoiled or newly scrubbed beaches with advertising campaigns, often drawing on funds from BP. Oil continued to wash ashore in many areas, and much of it could not be removed, either because of logistical reasons—mats of submerged oil and organic matter collected in tidal zones that were difficult to reach—or because cleaning it up would inflict greater harm on the ecosystem. The drilling moratorium, initially set to expire in November 2010, was lifted in mid-October, though new drilling permits were not issued until February of the subsequent year following mounting government and industry pressure to increase domestic oil production. The emergence of BP chief executive Tony Hayward as the public face of the oil giant further inflamed public sentiment against the embattled company. The Englishman—who at one point remarked, “I’d like my life back”—was derided for his alternately flippant and obfuscating responses in media interviews and while testifying before the U.S. Congress . He was replaced in October. By the next year, the company had lost almost a quarter of its market value and had hemorrhaged over $40 billion in costs associated with cleanup and recovery. The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, formed by Obama in May 2010, faulted the Obama administration’s response to the spill in a report issued in October. The commission’s final report, issued in January 2011, attributed the spill to a lack of regulatory oversight by the government and negligence and time-saving measures on the part of BP and its partners. A report released in September by the Joint Investigation Team of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) and the U.S. Coast Guard emphasized BP’s ultimate responsibility for the disaster. (BOEMRE had supplanted the Minerals Management Agency, which had regulated drilling before the spill, in June 2010.) The report noted that, although the defective concrete cap had been installed by Halliburton, decisions about the installation process made by BP had been the cause of the failure. The investigation further found that BP and Transocean employees aboard the rig had—while engaged in testing procedures—ignored early indications of a problem and thus missed opportunities to prevent a full-scale blowout. Though representatives of BP conceded that the company was responsible for some of the factors contributing to the spill, they stressed that their partner companies were also to blame. Halliburton and Transocean similarly pointed to failures on the part of the other parties involved. Legal action Eyjafjallajökull volcano Charges, settlements, and penalties A formal civil and criminal investigation into the spill was initiated in June 2010 by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). In August 2010 Louisiana district court judge Carl Barbier was appointed to oversee the consolidated proceedings relating to the spill, which had prompted numerous lawsuits and precipitated a morass of complex legal entanglements, private and public. The DOJ sued BP, Transocean, and Anadarko, a minority owner of the well, in New Orleans civil court in December 2010 for violating the Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act. In early March 2012 BP agreed to settle claims made by the plaintiffs’ steering committee, the consolidated representative body for many of the individual victims of the spill, for at least $7.8 billion. (The move followed the postponement of a trial scheduled in late February in Louisiana district court.) The monies were to be drawn from the compensation fund mandated by the Obama administration. Previously managed by lawyer Kenneth Feinberg—who had also overseen the compensation fund for victims of the September 11 attacks —the fund was transferred to court control as part of the accord. In addition to covering economic losses sustained in the wake of the spill, the settlement mandated the payment of medical claims (which had previously been denied by the fund) and provided for 21 years of further medical monitoring and care, allowing for the delayed onset of symptoms and illnesses. BP remained liable for substantial additional claims by local and state entities as well as by the federal government. An effort by the company to appeal the agreement, which received final approval in December 2012, was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2014. In November 2012 BP reached an agreement with the DOJ to plead guilty to 14 criminal charges, among them 11 counts of felony manslaughter, and violations of the Clean Water and Migratory Bird Treaty acts. The agreement carried penalties and fines amounting to more than $4.5 billion, of which nearly $1.26 billion would go to a discretionary fund overseen by the DOJ, some $2.4 billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), and $350 million to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). BP also agreed to pay more than half a billion dollars to the Securities and Exchange Commission for misleading its shareholders about the magnitude of the oil spill. The deal was approved in January 2013. Later in November 2012, the EPA suspended BP from entering into any new federal contracts. That suspension, initially thought to be temporary, was reinforced in January 2013. In February the EPA also issued a separate suspension to the BP subsidiary that had operated the well, the Dallas-based BP Exploration & Production Inc., citing a violation of the Clean Water Act. In August 2013 the company filed suit against the EPA in Texas federal court, asking that the ban be lifted. It was not lifted until March 2014; the company successfully bid on 24 federal contracts later that month. In January 2013 Transocean agreed to a $1 billion civil penalty under the Clean Water Act. Approximately $800 million of that amount was earmarked for restoration projects in the gulf, and the remainder was paid to the federal government. The company also pled guilty to criminal violations of the Clean Water Act, resulting in a $400 million criminal penalty. Of that money, $300 million was evenly divided between restoration projects administered by the NFWF and an offshore oil safety research endowment administered by the NAS. The remainder funded a liability trust to be drawn upon in the event of later spills. In May 2015 Transocean resolved claims made by the plaintiffs’ steering committee for some $211.7 million. In July 2013 Halliburton agreed to pay a $200,000 penalty after pleading guilty to criminal charges that its employees had destroyed evidence related to the spill. It settled claims with the plaintiffs’ steering committee for some $1.1 billion in September 2014. In November 2015 Anadarko was judged liable for some $159.5 million in civil penalties for its role in the disaster. Charges against individuals In April 2012 the first criminal charges to come out of the disaster were filed against a former senior drilling engineer for BP. Kurt Mix, who had worked for BP until January 2012, was charged in federal court with obstructing justice for deleting hundreds of text messages concerning the flow rate of oil despite having received legal notification to preserve the correspondence. Some of the messages were forensically recovered; one contained a flow rate estimate three times higher than what BP had publicly attested to at the time. He was convicted in December 2013. In November 2012 two senior officers on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, Robert Kaluza and Donald Vidrine, were charged with manslaughter. David Rainey, the former vice president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress and making false statements to law enforcement concerning the rate at which oil was leaking from the rig. The Supreme Court refused to hear a 2015 appeal by the latter official to dismiss the obstruction charge. To the dismay of many observers, none of the individuals who were charged with criminal offenses related to the spill ultimately received prison sentences. Rainey was acquitted in June 2015. Mix was granted a retrial owing to juror misconduct and instead pled guilty to misdemeanor computer fraud charges. He was sentenced to probation and community service in November 2015. The manslaughter charges against Kaluza and Vidrine were dropped in December 2015 at the request of the prosecution. Vidrine pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of pollution under the Clean Water Act and in April 2016 was sentenced to probation, community service, and the payment of a fine. Kaluza pled not guilty to the same charge and was cleared in February 2016. The civil trial The civil trial of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean began in late February 2013 in New Orleans. The federal government, as well as individual states and entities, was among the plaintiffs. The trial was intended to determine liability under the Clean Water Act and Natural Resource Damage Assessments under the Oil Pollution Act, addressing charges not covered by previous settlement agreements. The proceedings were arranged in three phases. The first, which ended in April, was to assess the degrees to which the three companies were culpable. Of particular import was the distinction between “gross negligence” and “negligence”; the former designation would result in fines approximately four times higher than those assessed for the latter. The second phase of the trial, which began in late September, was intended to establish the volume of oil released by the spill and whether the preparedness and damage-control efforts of the involved parties were adequate. It ended in late October. The third phase, in which damages would be determined, finished in February 2015. The ruling on the first phase, announced in September 2014, found BP to be 67 percent culpable for the spill and thus grossly negligent. Transocean was held 30 percent liable and Halliburton 3 percent liable; both companies were deemed negligent. The ruling on the second phase, announced in January 2015, set the legal amount of oil for which the involved parties would be liable at 3.19 million barrels. BP had claimed that approximately 2.45 million barrels had leaked, while the U.S. government contended that 4.19 million barrels had spewed into the gulf. In July 2015, in the wake of a rejected Supreme Court appeal regarding the maximum fines for the disaster, a tentative settlement was reached between BP, the federal government, and the five states affected by the spill, with BP estimating that it would cost the company $18.7 billion. A finalized settlement of $20.8 billion was announced in October 2015, bringing the third phase to a close. It was the largest financial penalty ever leveled by the U.S. government against a single company. However, some observers noted that a substantial portion of the settlement could be written off on the company’s taxes as a business expense and consequently questioned the severity of the punishment. The settlement was formally approved in April 2016. Environmental costs Thousands of birds , mammals , and sea turtles were plastered with leaked oil. There was speculation that a spike in cetacean strandings and deaths that was recorded by NOAA beginning in February 2010 was further exacerbated by the spill. Typical causes of such widespread fatalities, including morbillivirus and toxins from red tides , were ruled out, and there was an unusual incidence of Brucella infection in stranded dolphins, leading researchers to suspect that contaminants from the spill had made cetaceans more vulnerable to other environmental dangers. A December 2013 study of living dolphins in Barataria Bay , Louisiana, found that roughly half were extremely sick; many suffered from lung and adrenal disorders known to be linked to oil exposure. Some 1,400 whales and dolphins had been found stranded by the end of 2015, a figure representing only a tiny percentage of the animals affected. Though the number of dead animals had begun to taper off, substantial decreases in dolphin fertility persisted. It was thought that the strandings represented the largest mortality event to occur in the Gulf of Mexico. A dead bird covered in oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, East Grand … Charlie Riedel/AP Birds were particularly vulnerable to the oil’s effects, and many perished—from ingesting oil as they tried to clean themselves or because the substance interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. The brown pelican , recently delisted as an endangered species, was among the species most affected. A 2014 study projected that perhaps 12 percent of the brown pelicans and more than 30 percent of the laughing gulls in the area hit by the spill had been wiped out. According to another 2014 study, up to 800,000 birds were thought to have died. Even individuals not directly contaminated by oil were affected. A 2012 study determined that white pelicans that had migrated from the gulf to Minnesota to breed were producing eggs that contained discernible amounts of compounds that were traceable to the BP spill. Eggs containing traces of contaminants were found in Iowa and Illinois as well. Animals that were found alive in the wake of the spill were transported to rehabilitation centres and, after being cleaned and medically evaluated, were released into oil-free areas. Concerns about the offspring of sea turtles that nested on the gulf coasts of Alabama and Florida led wildlife officials to dig up thousands of eggs and hatch them in a warehouse for later release on the Atlantic coast. By late 2012 some 1,700 turtles had been found dead. A long-term satellite tracking study released in May 2013 showed that the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was likely severely affected, as its preferred foraging territory was within the area damaged by the spill. It was estimated that up to 65,000 imperiled turtles had died during 2010 alone, mostly as a result of oil contamination. It was also estimated that some 300,000 turtles, some of which were originally from breeding populations in other parts of the world, were in the region of the spill when it occurred, leading scientists to point out the global impacts of the disaster. The impacts on smaller species were more difficult to determine. Numerous species of fish and invertebrates spawned in the gulf, and it was thought likely that some would succumb to the toxic effects of the oil. A 2014 study showed that the larvae of commercially important fish species, including tuna, likely developed heart defects after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the oil. Areas of the seabed that had been coated by by-products of bacteria were essentially dead zones; many sedentary organisms had suffocated or been sickened by the material, and most mobile organisms had fled. Reefs outside a 12-mile (19-km) radius from the Deepwater well appeared largely unaffected, but those within were heavily stressed. Laboratory studies suggested that oil and dispersants made coral reproduction more difficult. Coral larvae, which are initially mobile, attached to mature corals at much-reduced rates following exposure to the substances. Tests also determined that oil and dispersants were fatal to rotifers, microorganisms crucial to the gulf food web. A modeling study released in February 2016 suggested that the activity of oil-eating microbes was negatively affected by blooms of other species of microbes that preferred to feed on the dispersants. An April 2014 mission conducted by the research group Ecosystem Impacts of Oil and Gas Inputs to the Gulf (ECOGIG) aboard the submersible Alvin —which had famously been involved in investigating the wreckage of the Titanic —noted some ecological recovery of oiled areas of the seafloor, though detectable oil levels in sediment cores remained the same as they had been four years earlier. It was hoped that extensive revisions to offshore-drilling regulations, prompted by the spill and issued in April 2016, would mitigate the likelihood of future disasters. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in pictures Images of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 Fireboat response crews attempting to extinguish the blaze aboard the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, set off the previous day by an eruption of natural gas. The U.S. Coast Guard collecting oil with a skimming boom off the coast of Mobile, Ala. Sand covered with oil on Pensacola Beach, Fla. Heavily oiled brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) captured at Grand Isle, La., waiting to be cleaned. U.S. Pres. Barack Obama inspecting a tar ball from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the beach in Port Fourchon, La.	Deepwater Horizon
What nationality is the singer Shakira?	Deepwater Horizon accident and response \| Gulf commitment \| BP U.S. Deepwater Horizon accident and response Deepwater Horizon accident and response Deepwater Horizon accident and response The Discoverer Enterprise arrives to install the capping equipment - July 2010 On the evening of 20 April 2010, a gas release and subsequent explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig working on the Macondo exploration well for BP in the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven people died as a result of the accident and others were injured. We deeply regret this loss of life and recognize the tremendous loss suffered by the families, friends and co-workers of those who died. The fire burned for 36 hours before the rig sank, and hydrocarbons leaked into the Gulf of Mexico before the well was closed and sealed. The accident involved a well integrity failure, followed by a loss of hydrostatic control of the well. This was followed by a failure to control the flow from the well with the blowout preventer (BOP) equipment, which allowed the release and subsequent ignition of hydrocarbons. Ultimately, the BOP emergency functions failed to seal the well after the initial explosions. We regret the impacts on the environment and livelihoods of those in the communities affected. We have, and continue to, put in place measures to help ensure it does not happen again. How we responded We acted to take responsibility for the clean-up, working under the direction of the federal government to respond swiftly to compensate people affected by the impact of the accident, to look after the health, safety and welfare of the large number of residents and people who helped respond to the spill, and to support the economic recovery of the Gulf Coast’s tourism and seafood industries impacted by the spill. We have conducted studies with federal and state natural resource trustees to identify and define the injury to natural resources in the Gulf of Mexico. Extensive oil spill response BP, government agencies and others worked together to control the spill and minimize its impact on the environment and human health by containing, removing and dispersing the oil offshore, and by implementing strategies to protect the shoreline and clean up oil that came ashore. At its peak in 2010, the response effort involved the mobilization of approximately 48,000 people, the coordination of approximately 6,500 vessels and the deployment of approximately 2,500 miles (13.5 million feet) of boom to contain or absorb the oil. As at the end of December 2014, BP has spent more than $14 billion and workers have devoted more than 70 million personnel hours on response and clean-up activities. The U.S. Coast Guard ended the remaining active clean-up operations in the Deepwater Horizon area of response in April 2014. If residual oil from the Deepwater Horizon incident is later identified and requires removal, BP will take action at the direction of the Coast Guard. In addition, we have committed long-term funding for independent research to improve our knowledge of the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem and better understand and mitigate the potential impacts of oil spills in the region and elsewhere. Attestation The information on this page forms part of the information reviewed and reported on by Ernst & Young as part of BP's 2014 sustainability reporting. View the full assurance statement .	i don't know
'Bingo Little', 'Gussie Fink-Nottle' and 'Catsmeat Potter- Pirbright' are friends of which fictional character?	catsmeat potter pirbright : definition of catsmeat potter pirbright and synonyms of catsmeat potter pirbright (English) 6 External links Overview Catsmeat Potter-Pirbright and Bertie Wooster went together to preparatory school , secondary school at Eton , then to the University of Oxford . He is the brother of Cora Pirbright, and engaged to Gertrude Winkworth, the daughter of Dame Daphne Winkworth . His main role is in the 1949 Jeeves novel The Mating Season , during which Bertie Wooster and Gussie Fink-Nottle swap their identities, while Catsmeat pretends to be the faux-Gussie's valet Meadowes and Jeeves pretends to be the faux-Bertie's valet, before complications ensue. Otherwise, he is usually the bit player who moves the action forward or tilts the story at the right moment. Catsmeat is described as being "Brilliant, but unsound" by Bertie. This section requires expansion. Stories Catsmeat is featured in: The Mating Season (1949) – Jeeves novel "The Shadow Passes" (1950) – Drone Bingo Little short story, published in Nothing Serious (1950) "Stylish Stouts" (1965) – Drone Bingo Little short story, collected in Plum Pie (1966) "Jeeves and the Greasy Bird" (1965) – Jeeves short story, collected in Plum Pie (1966) Catsmeat is mentioned in:	Bertie Wooster
In which century did the plague known as 'The Black Death' occur?	Character profile for Bertram Wilberforce Wooster from My Man Jeeves (Jeeves, #1) (page 1) Bertie Wooster; Ephraim Gadsby [close] Bertie Wooster; Ephraim Gadsby Bertram Wilberforce "Bertie" Wooster is a recurring fictional character in the Jeeves novels of British author P. G. Wodehouse. An English gentleman, one of the "idle rich" and a member of the Drones Club, he appears alongside his valet, Jeeves, whose genius manages to extricate Bertie or one of his friends from numerous awkward situations. As the first-person narrator of ten novels and over 30 short stories, Bertie ranks as one of the most vivid comic creations in popular literature. Bertie’s middle name, “Wilberforce”, is the doing of his father, who won money on a horse named Wilberforce in the Grand National the day before Bertie was born and insisted on Bertie carrying that name (mentioned in Much Obliged, Jeeves). Family Bertie's family relationships provide recurring motifs in the stories and novels in which he appears, particularly the relationships with his aunts. Due to the volume of stories and time span over which Wodehouse wrote them, there are a number of inconsistencies an …more [close] Bertram Wilberforce "Bertie" Wooster is a recurring fictional character in the Jeeves novels of British author P. G. Wodehouse. An English gentleman, one of the "idle rich" and a member of the Drones Club, he appears alongside his valet, Jeeves, whose genius manages to extricate Bertie or one of his friends from numerous awkward situations. As the first-person narrator of ten novels and over 30 short stories, Bertie ranks as one of the most vivid comic creations in popular literature. Bertie’s middle name, “Wilberforce”, is the doing of his father, who won money on a horse named Wilberforce in the Grand National the day before Bertie was born and insisted on Bertie carrying that name (mentioned in Much Obliged, Jeeves). Family Bertie's family relationships provide recurring motifs in the stories and novels in which he appears, particularly the relationships with his aunts. Due to the volume of stories and time span over which Wodehouse wrote them, there are a number of inconsistencies and contradictions in the information given about his relatives. "Bertie" and several of his relations appear in the early Wodehouse story "Extricating Young Gussie". In that story the family name is Mannering-Phipps, not Wooster, and the story has never been included in collections of Jeeves and Wooster materials, however the incidents described in "Extricating Young Gussie" are referred to in later stories. Bertie's immediate family: It is established throughout the series that Bertie is an orphan. In the story "Bertie Changes His Mind" he mentions a sister who has three daughters, referred to by Jeeves as Mrs Scholfield. No other siblings are mentioned. Bertie's aunts and uncles: Bertie's father is said to have had many siblings. In "Extricating Young Gussie" Bertie's Uncle Cuthbert is described as the "late head of the family". Bertie's Uncle George carries the title of Lord Yaxley. Other uncles who come into the stories are Henry Wooster, a "looney", whom the family find a considerable embarrassment; and Willoughby Wooster, upon whom Bertie is initially dependent for financial support, but who apparently passes away during the course of the stories, allowing Bertie to inherit a vast fortune. Two sisters of Bertie's father play major roles in most of the stories and novels. They are Aunt Dahlia and Aunt Agatha. Bertie's description of the two aunts makes them appear exact opposites, although both criticize him heavily for his aimless life. Aunt Agatha is demeaning and demanding towards Bertie, leaving him quite unhappy about her involvement in his life. Aunt Dahlia is more good natured, but can also be a little demanding. Despite any disagreement he might have towards the plans his aunts have, Bertie feels obligated to follow their whims, often getting in trouble for doing so. An aunt by marriage, Aunt Julia, the widow of Uncle Cuthbert, appears only in Extricating Young Gussie but is mentioned by Bertie occasionally. Another aunt by marriage, Aunt Emily, Claude and Eustace's mother, is mentioned in The Inimitable Jeeves. Bertie has three uncles-by-marriage throughout the series: Tom Travers, Aunt Dahlia's husband; Spenser Gregson, Aunt Agatha's first husband; and Percy Craye, Earl of Worplesdon, her second. Bertie's Cousins: Henry's twin sons, Claude and Eustace, play significant roles in several stories, as do Aunt Dahlia's children, Angela and Bonzo Travers, and Aunt Agatha's young son, Thomas Gregson, nicknamed "Thos". The title character of "Extricating Young Gussie" is Bertie's cousin Gussie, son of Aunt Julia and Uncle Cuthbert. The family title: Bertie's Uncle George is Lord Yaxley, suggesting that he is the eldest living uncle and that Bertie's paternal grandfather likely held the title as well. However, the relative ages of Bertie's father and remaining uncles are unclear, so it is unknown whether Bertie or one of his male cousins would be in line to inherit the title. In "Extricating Young Gussie" Uncle Cuthbert is described as the "late head of the family" however it is explicitly stated that his son Gussie "has no title." Education Bertie's early education took place at the semi-fictional Malvern House Preparatory School. Wodehouse himself attended a school by that name, located in Kearsney, Kent; however, the Malvern House which appears in the stories is located in the fictional town of Bramley-on-Sea. He was further educated at the non-fictional Eton and at Magdalen College, Oxford. Most of Bertie's friends and fellow Drones Club members depicted in the stories attended one or more of these institutions with him. Also, Bertie's former schoolmaster at Malvern House, Aubrey Upjohn, appears or is mentioned several times. One detail of Bertie's school life which comes into several stories is his winning of the prize for Scripture Knowledge while at Malvern House. Bertie speaks with pride of this achievement on several occasions; however, in Right Ho, Jeeves, the character of Gussie Fink-Nottle, while intoxicated, publicly accuses Bertie of having achieved the award through cheating. (Bertie stoutly denies this charge, however, and on the same occasion Gussie makes other completely groundless accusations against other characters.) Romance Bertie never marries, but does become engaged in nearly every story and novel. In the early years he is rather given to sudden and short-lived infatuations, under the influence of which he proposes to Florence Craye (in Jeeves Takes Charge, the second story in terms of publication and the first in the internal timeline of the books), Pauline Stoker, and Bobbie Wickham. In all of these cases, he rethinks the charms of the holy state and a "lovely profile" upon a closer understanding of the personalities of the girls in question. However, having already received a proposal from him, each assumes in her own way that she has an open invitation to marry Bertie whenever she has a spat with her current fiancé. Madeline Bassett and Honoria Glossop are similarly deluded, though in their cases Bertie was attempting to plead the case of a friend (Gussie Fink-Nottle and Bingo Little respectively) but was misinterpreted as confessing his own love. In all of these cases, Bertie feels himself honour-bound (also known as the Code of the Woosters) to agree to the marriage. He often cites his determination to act as a preux chevalier, and observes that "one is either preux or one isn't". In the later stories and novels, Bertie regards engagement solely as a dire situation from which Jeeves must extricate him. Aunt Agatha is of the opinion that Bertie, whom she believes to be a burden to society in his present state, must marry and carry on the Wooster name; furthermore, he must marry a girl capable of moulding his personality and compensating for his many defects. (Interestingly, though, in the short story Jeeves Takes Charge, Lady Florence Craye tells Bertie that his Aunt Agatha "called you a spineless invertebrate and advised me strongly not to marry you". Aunt Agatha later marries Florence's father Lord Worplesdon, and Florence begins to call Agatha "mother", to Bertie's bemusement, so evidently the two terrifyingly imperious females feel some sort of spiritual kinship.) This prospect mortifies Bertie, not least because it would mean he and Jeeves would have to part ways. He also shares an obvious platonic affection with his cousin Angela (Aunt Dahlia's daughter), whom he feels protective of during her choppy engagement to Tuppy Glossop. Jeeves When Bertie catches his valet Meadowes stealing his silk socks, he fires him and sends for another from the agency. Jeeves, arriving in Jeeves Takes Charge, mixes Bertie a hangover cure. This comprises an egg yolk, Worcestershire sauce, and red pepper (although Bertie sometimes speculates that there must be more to it). The cure is remarkably effective, and Bertie hires Jeeves immediately. According to the text, Bertie is twenty-four when he hires Jeeves. Thereafter, Bertie cedes much of the control of his life to Jeeves, clashing occasionally on matters of dress and appearance. When Jeeves expresses disapproval of a particular article of Bertie's clothing or grooming, be it a brightly-coloured cummerbund, a check suit, purple socks, white mess jacket, various hats or even a moustache, it is certain that it will be disposed of by the end of the story, sometimes after a period of coolness between the two. In one particular instance, he goes to the extent of breaking a vase he disliked which had been purchased by Bertie. Jeeves frequently displays apparent mastery over a vast range of subjects from philosophy (his favourite philosopher is Spinoza) to an encyclopedic knowledge of poetry, science, history, psychology, geography, politics and literature. He is also a 'bit of a whiz' in all matters pertaining to gambling, car maintenance, etiquette and women. However, his most impressive feats are a flawless knowledge of the British aristocracy and making antidotes (esp. for hangovers). His mental prowess is attributed to eating fish, according to Bertie, and the latter often offers the dish to Jeeves. Among Bertie's many reasons for not wanting to marry are his dislike of children and that all of his fiancées seem to have an aversion to Jeeves, insisting that Bertie dismiss him after their wedding. More importantly Jeeves is disagreeable to the prospect of his master's matrimonial alliance, as any prospective wife would likely dethrone him as the "true master" of the Wooster household. Because of this, he manages to steer Bertie out of every close relationship, sometimes against Bertie's will. Aunt Agatha also disapproves strongly of Jeeves's influence on Bertie, seeing his position as Bertie's "keeper" as further proof of self-insufficiency and unwillingness to take responsibility. Bertie's Aunt Dahlia, on the other hand, is extremely impressed by Jeeves's intelligence and is often party to his clever schemes. Acquaintances Bertie has several friends who keep popping into his life, mostly for Jeeves' help. A list of those who play major roles are: Hildebrand "Tuppy" Glossop, who once challenged Bertie to swing across the pool in the Drones club and "looped back the last ring, thus rendering it necessary for me [Bertie] to drop into the deep end in formal evening costume".[3] He is the cousin of Bertie's sometime fiancée, Honoria Glossop, and is usually engaged to Bertie's cousin Angela. Augustus "Gussie" Fink-Nottle, who keeps newts and has a face like a fish. Oofy Prosser, the Drones Club Millionaire with a pimply face. His wealth apparently exceeds Bertie's, though it can't be by much. Richard "Bingo" Little, who had the penchant of falling in love with every girl he met before finally marrying Rosie M. Banks. Rev. Harold P. "Stinker" Pinker, Curate of Totleigh-in-the-Wold. Pinker is consistently clumsy except when playing rugby as a prop forward. Freddie Widgeon	i don't know
Who was the French Prime Minister at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 which led to the Treaty of Versailles?	Paris Peace Conference, 1919 \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Share "The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.) Map of the world with the participants in World War I . The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. The " Big Four " were the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson ; the Prime Minister of Great Britain, David Lloyd George ; the Prime Minister of France, Georges Clemenceau ; and the Prime Minister of Italy, Vittorio Orlando . They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. [1] The major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies, most notable the Treaty of Versailles with Germany; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates," chiefly to Britain and France; reparations imposed on Germany, and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect the forces of nationalism. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles , with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies." This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931). Germany and Communist Russia were not invited to attend, but numerous other nations did send delegations, each with a different agenda. Kings, prime ministers and foreign ministers with their crowds of advisers rubbed shoulders with journalists and lobbyists for a hundred causes, ranging from independence for the countries of the South Caucasus to Japan's demand for racial equality . For six months Paris was effectively the center of a world government, as the peacemakers wound up bankrupt empires and created new countries. The most contentious results included the Treaty of Versailles, which weakened Germany's military, and required her to pay reparations. The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States. As a result the U.S. did not sign any of the peace treaties and never joined the League. (It made separate peace treaties.) Contents Edit Detail from William Orpen 's painting The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, showing the signing of the peace treaty by the German Minister of Transport Dr Johannes Bell , opposite to the representatives of the winning powers. The conference opened on 18 January 1919. Delegates from 27 nations were assigned to 52 commissions, which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports, with the help of many experts, on topics ranging from prisoners of war to undersea cables to international aviation, to responsibility for the war. Key recommendations were folded into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses, as well as treaties for the other defeated nations. The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, the U.S. and Japan) controlled the Conference. In practice Japan played a small role and the " Big Four " leaders the other four were the dominant figures at the conference. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. [1] The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920 with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations. [2] [3] Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (with, in parentheses, the affected countries): the Treaty of Sèvres , 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the Treaty of Lausanne , 24 July 1923, ( Ottoman Empire /Republic of Turkey). The major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates," chiefly to Britain, France, Japan; the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect the forces of nationalism; and the requirement that new nations ratify treaties that protected minorities. American approach Edit Prior to Wilson's arrival in Europe, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. [4] Wilson's Fourteen Points , of a year earlier, had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended; these included Americans and Europeans generally, as well as Germany, its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically. Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles. Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged". [5] He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French ( Georges Clemenceau ) and British ( Lloyd George ) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Wilson's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed, after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles. In Europe, several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers. The United States did not encourage nor believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted. [6] It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria and Hungary. In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims, claims, and the new mandate system. The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world, as stated in the Fourteen Points, where democracy, sovereignty, liberty and self-determination would be respected.[ citation needed ] France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires, wielded power over their subjects around the world, and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers. In light of the previously secret Sykes-Picot Agreement , and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab province of the former Ottoman lands, the conference heard statements from competing Zionist and Arab claimants. President Woodrow Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. The Commission idea, first accepted by Great Britain and France, was later rejected. Eventually it became the purely American King-Crane Commission , which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919, taking statements and sampling opinion. [5] Its report, presented to President Wilson, was kept secret from the public until The New York Times broke the story in December 1922. [7] A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by Congress in September 1922. [8] France and Britain tried to appease the American President by consenting to the establishment of his League of Nations. However, because isolationist sentiment was strong and some of the articles in the League's charter conflicted with the United States Constitution, the United States never did ratify the Treaty of Versailles nor join the League of Nations, [9] which President Wilson had helped create, to further peace through diplomacy rather than war and conditions which can breed it. Under President Warren Harding the United States signed separate treaties with Germany, [10] Austria, [11] and Hungary [12] in 1921. British approach Edit The British Air Section at the Conference Maintenance of the British Empire's unity, holdings and interests were an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference, but it entered the conference with the more specific goals of: Ensuring the security of France Supporting the Wilsonian League of Nations with that order of priority. The Racial Equality Proposal put forth by the Japanese did not directly conflict with any of these core British interests. However, as the conference progressed the full implications of the Racial Equality Proposal, regarding immigration to the British Dominions (with Australia taking particular exception), would become a major point of contention within the delegation. Ultimately, Britain did not see the Racial Equality proposal as being one of the fundamental aims of the conference. The delegation was therefore willing to sacrifice this proposal in order to placate the Australian delegation and thus help satisfy its overarching aim of preserving the unity of the British Empire. [13] Although Britain reluctantly consented to the attendance of separate Dominion delegations, the British did manage to rebuff attempts by the envoys of the newly proclaimed Irish Republic to put its case to the Conference for self-determination, diplomatic recognition and membership of the proposed League of Nations. The Irish envoys' final "Demand for Recognition" in a letter to Clemenceau, the Chairman, was not replied to. [14] Britain had planned to legislate for two Irish Home Rule states (without Dominion status), and did so in 1920 . In 1919 Irish nationalists were unpopular with the Allies because of the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . David Lloyd George commented that he did "not do badly" at the peace conference, "considering I was seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon." This was a reference to the very idealistic views of Wilson on the one hand and the stark realism of Clemenceau, who was determined to see Germany punished. [15] Dominion representation Edit The Dominion governments were not originally given separate invitations to the conference, but rather were expected to send representatives as part of the British delegation. [16] Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe, its Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden , demanded that it have a separate seat at the conference. This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw a dominion delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men, a far larger proportion of its men compared to the 50,000 American losses, at least had the right to the representation of a "minor" power. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George , eventually relented, and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada, India, Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa. They also received their own seats in the League of Nations. [17] Canada, although it too had sacrificed nearly 60,000 men in the war, asked for neither reparations nor mandates. [18] The Australian delegation. The center is Billy Hughes, Australian Prime Minister The Australian delegation, led by the Australian Prime Minister, Billy Hughes , fought hard for its demands: reparations, annexation of German New Guinea and rejection of the Japanese racial equality proposal. Hughes said that he had no objection to the equality proposal provided it was stated in unambiguous terms that it did not confer any right to enter Australia. Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan. Within months of the declaration of the War in 1914; Japan, Australia and New Zealand seized all German possessions in the Far East and Pacific. Though Japan occupied German possessions with the blessings of the British, Hughes was alarmed by this policy. [19] Mandates Edit A central issue of the Conference was the disposition of the overseas colonies of Germany. (Austria did not have colonies and the Ottoman Empire presented a separate issue.) [20] [21] The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice. Australia wanted New Guinea, New Zealand wanted Samoa, and South Africa wanted South West Africa (modern Namibia). Wilson wanted the League of Nations to administer all the German colonies until such time as they were ready for independence. Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions, and he proposed a compromise that there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category; they would be divided up between Britain and France. The second category, comprising New Guinea, Samoa, and South West Africa, were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, the African colonies would need the careful supervision as "Class B" mandates that could only be provided by experienced colonial powers Britain, France, and Belgium; Italy and Portugal received small bits of territory. Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution. [22] The dominions received " Class C Mandates " to the colonies they wanted. Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the equator. [23] [24] [25] Wilson was especially offended by Australian demands. He and Hughes had some memorable clashes, with the most famous being: Wilson: "But after all, you speak for only five million people." Hughes: "I represent sixty thousand dead." (The much larger United States had suffered 50,000 deaths.) [26] French approach Edit The French Prime Minister, George Clemenceau , controlled his delegation and his chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically and economically. [27] [28] Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last forty years, he was adamant that Germany should not be permitted to attack France again. In particular, Clemenceau sought an American and British guarantee of French security in the event of another German attack. Clemenceau also expressed skepticism and frustration with Wilson's Fourteen Points : "Mr. Wilson bores me with his fourteen points", complained Clemenceau. "Why, God Almighty has only ten!" Wilson won a few points by signing a mutual defense treaty with France, but back in Washington he did not present it to the Senate for ratification and it never took effect. [29] Another alternative French policy was to seek a rapprochement with Germany. In May 1919 the diplomat René Massigli was sent on several secret missions to Berlin. During his visits Massigli offered on behalf of his government to revise the territorial and economic clauses of the upcoming peace treaty. [30] Massigli spoke of the desirability of “practical, verbal discussions” between French and German officials that would lead to a “collaboration Franco-allemande”. [30] Furthermore, Massagli told the Germans that the French thought of the "Anglo-Saxon powers", namely the United States and British Empire, to be the major threat to France in the post-war world. He argued that both France and Germany had a joint interest in opposing "Anglo-Saxon domination" of the world and warned that the "deepening of opposition" between the French and the Germans "would lead to the ruin of both countries, to the advantage of the Anglo-Saxon powers". [31] The Germans rejected the French offers because they considered the French overtures to be a trap to trick them into accepting the Versailles treaty "as is" and because the German foreign minister, Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau thought that the United States was more likely to reduce the severity of the peace terms than France. [31] In the final event it proved to be Lloyd George who pushed for more favourable terms for Germany. Italian approach Edit In 1914 Italy remained neutral despite its alliance with Germany and Austria. In 1915 it joined the Allies. It was motivated by gaining Austrian territory as promised by the Allies in the secret Treaty of London . Italy could not resist the offer of the Trentino and the Tyrol as far as Brenner , Trieste and Istria, all the Dalmatian coast except Fiume, full ownership of Albanian Valona and a protectorate over Albania , Antalya in Turkey and a share of the Turkish and German Empires in Africa. The Italian army performed poorly and had to be rescued by the Allies, but it demanded its rewards. The Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando , therefore had a single-minded goal at Paris. He had popular support, for the loss of 700,000 soldiers and a budget deficit of 12,000,000,000 Lire during the war made the Italian government and people feel entitled to these territories. There was an especially strong opinion for control of Fiume, which they believed was rightly Italian due to the Italian population. [32] In the meetings of the "Big Four", in which Orlando's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English the other were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara, the Island of Lagosta and a couple of small German colonies. All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy's imperial ambitions. Even though Italy did get most of its demands, Orlando was refused Fiume and he left the conference in a rage. [33] Japanese approach Edit Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference 1919. The Japan sent a large delegation headed by Marquess Saionji Kinmochi (former Prime Minister). It was originally one of the "big five" but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs. Instead it focused on two demands: the inclusion of their racial equality proposal in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow ) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines ). Makino was de facto chief while Saionji's role was symbolic and limited by his ill health. The Japanese delegation became unhappy after receiving only one-half of the rights of Germany, and walked out of the conference. [34] Racial equality proposal Baron Makino Nobuaki Japan proposed the inclusion of a "racial equality clause" in the Covenant of the League of Nations on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21. [35] It read: The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality. Because he knew that Great Britain was critical to the decision, President Wilson, as Conference chairman, ruled that a unanimous vote was required. On 11 April 1919 the commission held a final session and the proposal received a majority of votes, but Great Britain and Australia opposed it. The Australians had lobbied the British to defend Australia's White Australia policy . The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan's turn from cooperation with West toward more nationalistic policies. [36] Territorial claims Edit The Japanese claim to Shantung was disputed by the Chinese. In 1914 at the outset of World War I Japan had seized the territory granted to Germany in 1897. They also seized the German islands in the Pacific north of the equator . In 1917, Japan had made secret agreements with Britain, France and Italy that guaranteed their annexation of these territories. With Britain, there was a mutual agreement, Japan also agreeing to support British annexation of the Pacific islands south of the equator. Despite a generally pro-Chinese view on behalf of the American delegation, Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles transferred German concessions in Jiaozhou , China to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. The leader of the Chinese delegation, Lou Tseng-Tsiang , demanded that a reservation be inserted before he would sign the treaty. The reservation was denied, and the treaty was signed by all the delegations except that of China. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations known as the May Fourth Movement . The Pacific islands north of the equator became a class C mandate administered by Japan. [37] Chinese approach Edit The Chinese delegation was led by Lou Tseng-Tsiang , accompanied by Wellington Koo and Cao Rulin . Before the Western powers, Koo demanded that Germany's concessions on Shandong to be returned to China. He further called for an end to imperialist institutions such as extraterritoriality, legation guards, and foreign lease holds. Despite American support and the ostensible spirit of self-determination, the Western powers refused his claims, transferring the German concessions to Japan instead. This sparked widespread student protests in China on 4 May, later known as the May Fourth Movement , eventually pressuring the government into refusing to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Thus the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only one not to sign the treaty at the signing ceremony. [38] Other issues Edit At the insistence of President Wilson, the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation. Poland signed under protest, and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans, Jews, Ukrainian, and other minorities. Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and later by a Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority rights treaty. [39] The key provisions were to become fundamental laws that overrode any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals...without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion." Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights, and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers. Polish was of the national language, but the treaty provided that minority languages could be freely used privately, in commerce, religion, the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches and social institutions, as well as schools, without interference from the government. The government was required to set up German language public schools in those districts that had been German territory before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language. Article 12 was the enforcement clause; it gave the Council of the League of Nations responsibility for monitoring and enforcing each treaty. [40] [41] Korean Delegation Edit As Japan violently suppressed the March First Movement , there was limited opportunity for a Korean voice. A delegation of overseas Koreans, from Japan, China, and Hawaii, did make it to Paris. Included in this delegation, was a representative from the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai, Kim Kyu-sik (김규식). [42] They were aided by the Chinese, who were eager for the opportunity to embarrass Japan at the international forum. Several top Chinese leaders at the time, including Sun Yat-sen, told U.S. diplomats that the peace conference should take up the question of Korean independence. Beyond that, however, the Chinese, locked in a struggle against the Japanese themselves, could do little for Korea. [43] Apart from China no nation took the Koreans seriously at the Paris conference because of its status of Korea as a Japanese colony. [44] The failure of the Korean nationalists to gain support from the Paris Peace Conference ended the possibility of foreign support. [45] Caucasus The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was represented by Alimardan Topchubashev . Palestine Edit The Zionist Organization submitted their draft resolutions for consideration by the Peace Conference on 3 February 1919. This shortly followed the Conference's decision that the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire should be separated from it and the newly conceived mandate-system applied to them. The statement included five main points: [46] Recognition of the Jewish people's historic title to Palestine and their right to reconstitute their National Home there. The boundaries of Palestine were to be declared as set out in the attached Schedule The sovereign possession of Palestine would be vested in the League of Nations and the Government entrusted to Great Britain as Mandatory of the League. Other provisions to be inserted by the High Contracting Parties relating to the application of any general conditions attached to mandates, which are suitable to the case in Palestine. The mandate shall be subject also to several noted special conditions, including a provision to be inserted relating to the control of the Holy Places. However, despite these attempts to influence the conference, the Zionists were instead constrained by Article 7 of the resulting Palestine Mandate to merely having the right of obtaining Palestinian citizenship: "The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. There shall be included in this law provisions framed so as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine." [47] Ukraine Edit Ukraine had its best opportunity to win recognition and support from foreign powers at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. [48] At a meeting of the Big Five on 16 January, Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura (1874–1926) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold. Sir Eyre Crowe, British undersecretary of state for foreign affairs, spoke against a union of East Galicia and Poland. The British cabinet never decided whether to support a united or dismembered Russia. The United States was sympathetic to a strong, united Russia as a counterpoise to Japan, but Britain feared a threat to India. Petliura appointed Count Tyshkevich his representative to the Vatican, and Pope Benedict XV recognized Ukrainian independence. Ukraine was effectively ignored. [49] Historical assessments Main article: Causes of World War II The remaking of the world map at these conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict-prone international contradictions, which would become one of the causes of World War II. [50] The British Communist historian Eric Hobsbawm claimed that "no equally systematic attempt has been made before or since, in Europe or anywhere else, to redraw the political map on national lines. […] The logical implication of trying create a continent neatly divided into coherent territorial states each inhabited by separate ethnically and linguistically homogeneous population, was the mass expulsion or extermination of minorities. Such was and is the reductio ad absurdum of nationalism in its territorial version, although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s." [51] He also argued that Wilson's Fourteen Points, in particular the principle of national self-determination, were primarily anti-Left measures, designed to tame the revolutionary fever sweeping across Europe in the wake of the October Revolution and the end of the war by playing the nationalist card. [52] Cultural references Edit World's End (1940), the first novel in Upton Sinclair's Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. Much of the second half of this book describes the political machinations and consequences of the Paris Peace Conference, with Sinclair's narrative including many historically accurate characters and events. See also ↑ Hobsbawm 1992 , p. 133. ↑ Hobsbawm 1994 , p. 67: "[T]he first Western reaction to the Bolsheviks' appeal to the peoples to make peace—and their publication of the secret treaties in which the Allies had carved up Europe among themselves—had been President Wilson's Fourteen Points, which played the nationalist card against Lenin's international appeal. A zone of small nation-states was to form a sort of quarantine belt against the Red virus. . . . [T]he establishment of new small nation-states along Wilsonian lines, though far from eliminating national conflicts in the zone of revolutions, . . . diminished the scope for Bolshevik revolution. That, indeed, had been the intention of the Allied peacemakers." This view is hardly original with Hobsbawm, for it has a long history, and can be summarised by Ray Stannard Baker 's famous remark that "Paris cannot be understood without Moscow." See McFadden 1993 , p. 191 .</span> </li></ol> Further reading Nicolson, Harold (2009) [1933]. Peacemaking, 1919 . London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-25604-4 . http://www.faber.co.uk/work/peacemaking-1919/9780571256044/ . Paxton, Robert O., and Julie Hessler. Europe in the Twentieth Century (2011) pp 141–78 excerpt and text search Marks, Sally. The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933 (2nd ed. 2003) Mayer, Arno J., Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (1967), leftist Newton, Douglas. British Policy and the Weimar Republic, 1918–1919 (1997). 484 pgs. Pellegrino, Anthony, Christopher Dean Lee, and Alex d'Erizans. "Historical Thinking through Classroom Simulation: 1919 Paris Peace Conference," The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas (2012) 85#4 pp 146–152. Roberts, Priscilla. "Wilson, Europe's Colonial Empires, and the Issue of Imperialism," in Ross A. Kennedy, ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013) pp: 492–517. Schwabe, Klaus. Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power (1985) online edition Sharp, Alan. The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923 (2nd ed. 2008) Sharp, Alan. "The Enforcement Of The Treaty Of Versailles, 1919–1923," Diplomacy and Statecraft 2005 16(3): 423–438 Naoko Shimazu (1998), Japan, Race and Equality, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-17207-1 Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2007), major scholarly work excerpt and text search Trachtenberg, Marc . "Reparations at the Paris Peace Conference," The Journal of Modern History, (1979) 51#1 pp 24–55 in JSTOR Walworth, Arthur. Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (1986) 618pp online edition Watson, David Robin. George Clemenceau: A Political Biography (1976) 463 pgs. online edition External links	Georges Clemenceau
Which New Zealand city lies on the River Avon?	Aims of the Big Three at Versailles JM Keynes on Clemenceau (contemporary, but very difficult) HAL Fisher on Clemenceau - difficult language, but the opinion of someone writing in 1935. Source A America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even Napoleon himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not. Georges Clemenceau, debating with Wilson and Lloyd George on 27 March 1919. Wilson had pressed Clemenceau for ï¿½moderationï¿½. Clemenceau summed up his attitude: 'There are 20 million Germans too many!' Activity: Imagine you are Georges Clemenceau. What answers would you have given to the following questions about the Versailles Conference: a. What should happen to the German army? b. How much should Germany be asked to pay for the damage done during the war? c. How much land should Germany lose? d. Should the Treaty blame Germany for the war? e. What is the best way to stop a war ever happening again? Source B We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. Woodrow Wilson, speaking to Congress on 8 January 1918, introducing his 'Fourteen Points'. Activity: Imagine you are Woodrow Wilson. What answers would you have given to the following questions about the Versailles Conference: a. What should happen to the German army? b. How much should Germany be asked to pay for the damage done during the war? c. How much land should Germany lose? d. Should the Treaty blame Germany for the war? e. What is the best way to stop a war ever happening again? He was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He said he would ï¿½make Germany payï¿½ ï¿½ because he knew that was what the British people wanted to hear. He wanted ï¿½justiceï¿½, but he did not want revenge. He said that the peace must not be harsh ï¿½ that would just cause another war in a few years time. He tried to get a ï¿½halfway pointï¿½ ï¿½ a compromise between Wilson and Clemenceau. He ALSO wanted to expand the British Empire, maintain British control of the seas, and increase Britain's trade Source C We want a peace which will be just, but not vindictive... Above all, we want to protect the future against a repetition of the horrors of this war. Lloyd George speaking to Parliament (1919) before he went off to the Conference. We propose to demand the whole cost of the war from Germany. From a speech by Lloyd George, made in December 1918, during an election campaign. Source E Lloyd George says that Woodrow Wilson can think and talk of nothing but his League of Nations. Wilson will only take any interest in talks if everything centres on the League. He has started to annoy Lloyd George by talking of matters that have already been settled as though they were still open for discussion. From the diary (March 1919) of Frances Stevenson, Lloyd George''s private secretary. Activity: Imagine you are David Lloyd George. What answers would you have given to the following questions about the Versailles Conference: a. What should happen to the German army? b. How much should Germany be asked to pay for the damage done during the war? c. How much land should Germany lose? d. Should the Treaty blame Germany for the war? e. What is the best way to stop a war ever happening again? 1. Why did Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George have such different attitudes at the Conference? 2. Why did the 'Big Three' disagree so violently at the Versailles Conference?	i don't know
Which sport did Larry Bird, Wilt Chamberlain and 'Magic' Johnson play?	NBA.com: The Great Rivalries: Russell vs. Wilt; Bird vs. Magic The Great Rivalries: Russell vs. Wilt; Bird vs. Magic By Bob Ryan Bill Russell terrorized the NBA for three seasons. No one had ever seen anything quite like him. Then came Wilt Chamberlain. Bigger by at least three inches, stronger, arguably just as quick, and in possession of the greatest offensive skills from the center position the basketball world has yet seen, Chamberlain loomed as a major threat to Russell's supremacy. On the eve of the 1959-60 NBA season, many people automatically assumed that the Russell Era was over, that the next dozen years or so would belong exclusively to Wilt Chamberlain. Carl Braun was not one of those people. The veteran Knicks guard had played against each of the pivot greats during the exhibition season, and he figured he knew what made Bill Russell tick after watching him play from the moment he entered the NBA, fresh from winning an Olympic gold medal, in December 1956. "This challenge by Chamberlain is going to make [Russell] better than ever," Braun forecast. "He's got a lot of pride, and nobody is going to knock him off that All-Star team without a fight." Red Auerbach couldn't have said it better. Nor could Bill Russell, of course. You want to talk about an A-1 prophecy, start with this one: The Bill Russell reign of terror was only beginning. But so was the greatest individual subplot in American team sports history. For Wilt Chamberlain was every bit as gifted as his advocates believed. He would rewrite the NBA record book many times over. He would become the greatest individual force in the sport's history. And he would prod Bill Russell into playing some of his very best basketball. Absent Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell would have been great. But because of Wilt Chamberlain's terrifying presence, Bill Russell became, as the old Army ad said, all that he could be. "People say it was the greatest individual rivalry they've ever seen," Russell says. "I agree with that. I have to laugh today. I'll turn on the TV and see the Knicks play the Lakers, and half the time Patrick [Ewing] isn't even guarding Shaq [O'Neal], and vice-versa. Let me assure you that if either Wilt's or Russ' coach had ever told one of them he couldn't guard the other guy, he would have lost that player forever!" It was the great man-to-man confrontation of the sixties, and, as you will see, unquestionably the greatest individual rivalry in NBA history. But there was one other that certainly qualifies as an easy number two. More than a decade later, we would be treated to the other great meeting of basketball deitiesï¿½Larry Bird and Earvin Johnson. Bird and Magic. Unlike Russell and Chamberlain, their competition began in college. Michigan State's triumph over Bird's 33-0 Indiana State team in 1979 remains the highest-rated NCAA Championship Game of all time. They were rivals caught up in a larger focus: namely, Boston versus L.A., both as teams and as cities. They played at a time when the NBA was firmly established and was gaining popularity, particularly on national television. They had similar skills, with a great love for passing, but Bird was a forward and Magic was a guard, and as such, they seldom guarded each other. Their matchup was more of a one-upsmanship thing, but it was no less passionate than the great Russell and Chamberlain meetings that had enthralled basketball fans in earlier times. "About the only time we ever guarded each other was on a switch," Bird explains. "He'd be on me, and I'd say, "'Hey, I got a little one.'" "Always," Magic confirms. "He'd say, 'Bring it here. I've got this little one on me.'" But by the time Bird and Magic came along, the NBA was a far different place from the days of Russell and Wilt. As much as people want to rhapsodize about the rivalry, because the league had grown in size, the two only played against each other 37 times, with Magic and the Lakers holding a 22-15 edge over Bird and the Celtics. Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain went at each otherï¿½are you ready?ï¿½142 times during the 10 years of their rivalry. Russell's Celtics won 85 while Wilt, who was with the Warriors, 76ers and Lakers during that period, was on the winning side 57 times. And that average of more than 14 meetings a year was only during the regular season and playoffs. They also played in many exhibitions against each other. Now that, friends, is a rivalry. Bird and Magic had their exhibition battles, too, since it was in the best business interests of both teams as well as the league to showcase these players and to promote this rivalry as much as possible. There was never any doubt where the great players themselves stood. None of this "just another game" stuff for either of them. They were acutely aware of each other's movements. Andrew D. Bernstein/NBAE/Getty Images "When the new schedule would come out each year," Magic says, "I'd grab it and circle the Boston games. To me it was The Two and the other 80." "The first thing I would do every morning was look at the box scores to see what Magic did," counters Bird. "I didn't care about anything else." Now that's a rivalry. What made each of these great rivalries take, of course, was that these epic confrontations were generally fought out at the highest level. Russell and Chamberlain (that is to say, Boston and Philadelphia/San Francisco/Los Angeles, due to Wilt's perambulations) played for the Eastern Conference title in 1960, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968, and for the NBA championship in 1964 (San Francisco) and 1969 (Los Angeles). Bird and Magic, each of whom spent his entire career with one team, played for the NBA championship in 1984, 1985 and 1987. If you were to look at the Russell-Chamberlain rivalry strictly in terms of the individual numbers, you'd say, "What's the fuss?" Chamberlain averaged exactly 28.7 points and 28.7 rebounds a game during those 142 games, the point totals brought down a bit by his late-in-career transformation from relentless scoring machine to more well-rounded player. In the early years Wilt scored 50 or more points seven times against Russell, including a high of 62 on January 14, 1962. By the time we could start referring to these men as "aging warriors," the numbers were a bit more back to earth. Wilt's high game in their final year was 35, and three times he scored in single figures. Russell's totals against Wilt were 14.5 points and 23.7 rebounds per game. His highest-scoring game against his arch rival was 37. But Russell had the ultimate trump card. He wound up on the winning side more often than not. In the 10 years in question, Russell won nine championships to Wilt's one. The argument will rage on forever: Did Wilt just not know how to win, or did he lack the supporting cast that Russell enjoyed? Take the night he scored the 62. The Celtics won the game, 145-136. The Celtics led by 31 in the fourth quarter. Wilt scored 42 in the second half, but his team was never in the game. Russell fans say that was an all-too-familiar scenario when these two played, especially in the first five or six years of their duels. Russell would never go there. He had, and has, nothing but the utmost respect for Wilt Chamberlain, who impressed him from the get-go. "After I played him for the first time," Russell says, "I said, 'Let's see. He's four or five inches taller. He's 40 or 50 pounds heavier. His vertical leap is at least as good as mine. He can get up and down the floor as well as I can. And he's smart. The real problem with all this is that I have to show up!" His appreciation grew with each passing year. By 1962, the third year of their rivalry, their teams would meet for the Eastern Conference championship. Wilt was pluperfectly monstrous that season, averaging a record 50.4 points per game. The series went seven games, with Russell and friends able to keep the Big Dipper under some kind of control. (In 12 playoff games that year, Wilt averaged 35 points and 27 rebounds.) A Sam Jones jumper with two seconds remaining won the seventh game by a 109-107 score, and Russell (19 points and 26 rebounds a game) immediately requested to be left alone for awhile. "I haven't had any sleep all week," he said. "Every time I went out on the court, that guy seemed to grow a little taller." The Celtics' championship tally grew as well, with Chamberlain being on the losing side in '64, '65 and '66. There was no doubt his frustration was mounting, but he was always civil in public when the issue was raised. After a 30-point, 39-rebound performance brought down the Celtics in Game 2 of the 1965 Eastern Conference Finals, for example, Russell heaped praise on his rival. "The big fella was great, real great," he observed. "That was the best game he ever played against me." Wilt's response: "I don't want to talk about this being a victory over Russell, but a victory over Boston. There always was a larger context in both the Russell-Wilt and Bird-Magic rivalries. None of the four played in a vacuum. Russell once played on a team with seven future Hall of Famers, not including himself. Wilt, at various times, played with Nate Thurmond, Paul Arizin, Billy Cunningham, Tom Gola, Hal Greer, Jerry West and Elgin Baylor, who are all in the Hall of Fame, not to mention Chet Walker and Guy Rodgers, who could be. Bird played with Kevin McHale, Robert Parish, Dennis Johnson and Bill Walton. Magic played with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, James Worthy, Jamaal Wilkes, Norm Nixon, Byron Scott and Michael Cooper. So very seldom was it all about them as individuals. It usually was about how they fit into the team. That was surely the crux of the Bird-Magic thingï¿½championships. For awhile there was a nice symmetry. Magic won in '80. Bird won in '81. Magic won in '82. Bird won in '84. Magic won in '85. Bird won in '86. But Magic and the Lakers took over, even as Bird's body was starting to break down. The favored Lakers won in 1987, but it took a Herculean effort to win the pivotal Game 4. Did someone say "one-upsmanship?" How about Bird drilling a nerveless corner three-pointer to put the Celtics ahead by one with seconds remaining, only to see Magic out-do him with a running hook over Bird, McHale and Parishï¿½yes, all threeï¿½a shot Magic called his "junior, junior sky-hook." Bird even had the last shot, another corner jumper that was a hair long. "The thing between us was that neither team could ever relax," says Magic. "You never felt the game was over. That night was a great example. Even after Larry misses, we were afraid to move. It was like . . . we won? . . .With individuals like us, and with two cities going crazyï¿½not just two cities, but the world ï¿½ there will never be another rivalry like it again." We'll see. Magic may or may not be right. Shaquille O'Neal or Kevin Garnett vs. Tim Duncan or Alonzo Mourning? Vince Carter vs. Grant Hill? Why not Allen Iverson vs. Stephon Marbury? They're only an hour and a half apart, which helps. So it's possible. But not probable. No one will ever again play each other 142 times, at least not officially, as did Wilt and Russ. Nor are we likely to get another white guy-black guy, country bumpkin-city slicker matchup with such parallel skills and basketball sensibilities, as Bird-Magic. Let's just say, with great conviction, that these are the two greatest rivalries in NBA history, and all future ones will be measured against them. Copyright NBA Media Ventures, LLC \| Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of NBA.com may be duplicated, redistributed or manipulated in any form. By accessing any information beyond this page, you agree to abide by the NBA.com Privacy Policy / Your California Privacy Rights and Terms of Use . \| Ad Choices	Basketball
The logo of Cancer Research UK has a pattern of dots in the shape of a triangle. How many dots are there?	Wilt over Magic in pickup game Wilt over Magic in pickup game If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. Results 1 to 17 of 17 Wilt vs Magic in the early 1980s at the Men's Gym on the UCLA And if this doesn't epitomize the pussiness of the Lakers and their posters. Until his dying day, Wilt was invincible By Chris Sheridan Associated Press Of all his memories of Wilt Chamberlain, the one that stood out for Larry Brown happened long after Chamberlain's professional career was over. On a summer day in the early 1980s at the Men's Gym on the UCLA campus, Chamberlain showed up to take part in one of the high-octane pickup games that the arena constantly attracted. Brown was the coach of the Bruins back then, and Chamberlain often drove to UCLA from his home in Bel Air, Calif. "Magic Johnson used to run the games," Brown recalled Tuesday after hearing that Chamberlain, his friend, had died at the age of 63, "and he called a couple of chintzy fouls and a goaltending on Wilt. "So Wilt said: 'There will be no more layups in this gym,' and he blocked every shot after that. That's the truth, I saw it. He didn't let one (of Johnson's) shots get to the rim." Chamberlain would have been in his mid-40s at the time, a decade removed from one of the greatest careers any basketball player ever produced. But the advancing years meant little to Chamberlain in terms of physical conditioning. Into his 50s and his 60s, Chamberlain remained an incredible specimen -- a mountain of a man who was as coordinated and talented athletically as he was imposing physically. The Cleveland Cavaliers called him in the early '80s and asked him if he'd still be interested in playing. Five or six years later, when Chamberlain was 50, the New Jersey Nets had the same idea. Neither of those potential comebacks ever came to pass, but the very idea of signing a player so old shows just how well Chamberlain kept himself in shape -- and how shocked people were when they heard he had died. "I guy in that kind of shape, you can't live forever, but you don't expect him to clock in early," said Don Chaney, a rookie on the 1968-69 Celtics team that lost to Chamberlain's Lakers in the NBA Finals. Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy recalled that he hadn't seen Chamberlain at this year's U.S. Open tennis tournament, where Chamberlain was a regular. Brown said he was playing golf with Billy Cunningham two weeks ago when he heard that Chamberlain was ill. When word came that Chamberlain had died, Brown passed along the news to his team, the Philadelphia 76ers, and told them a story that tried to put one of Chamberlain's greatest accomplishments -- averaging more than 50 points in a season -- into perspective. "It was a night when someone, Bernard King or Adrian Dantley, scored 50 points," said Brown, who played at Kansas and coached at North Carolina -- the two schools that took part in one of the greatest college games ever, the 1958 NCAA championship game won by the Tar Heels against Chamberlain's Jayhawks. "It was the 257th time a player other than Wilt had scored 50 or more, but all that did was tie the number of times Wilt did it," Brown said. Of all Chamberlain's statistical accomplishments -- the 100-point game, the 55-rebound game (against Bill Russell), the five seasons averaging at least 40 points, the 10 seasons averaging at least 20 rebounds -- the one mark that Chamberlain himself considered the most untouchable was his average of 48.5 minutes per game in 1961-62. Except for a six-minute stretch in one game, he played every single minute of every single game -- including overtimes -- that season. "He came to me in '80-'81 and said Cleveland wanted to sign him and he asked me if I thought he could still play," Brown recalled. "I said 'Yeah,' but I don't know how happy you'd be playing on a limited basis." That mark for most minutes was also remembered Tuesday by Bulls broadcaster and former NBA center Johnny "Red" Kerr, who played part of one season in Philadelphia with Chamberlain and against him for six more. Other marveled at how Chamberlain so dominated the game that he brought about more rules changes than any other player. Years ago, teams could pass the ball over the backboard or take a running start when attempting a foul shot. The former was outlawed because Chamberlain would use the backboard as a screen, cherry-picking passes and converting them into layups; the latter was banned after Chamberlain took a running start, leapt from the foul line and dunked the ball. Yes, Chamberlain dunked foul shots. And that was long before Julius Erving or Brent Barry did it (while stepping on the line in the process) in exhibitions. "I don't think it's fair to compare players in different eras, but he was about as dominant as any one player could be in any sport," Brown said. "I looked at him like he was invincible." "This is a guy whose impact changed the rules of the game ... he changed the interior part of our basketball game," Lakers coach Phil Jackson said. Kerr also brought up a reminiscence shared by many of Chamberlain's contemporaries -- Chamberlain as a nice guy, a friend with even his fiercest competitor, Russell. "We never saw him upset or mean. His demeanor was such," Kerr said. "Some of the guys who play today are nasty. Michael (Jordan) was nasty. He was the most vicious offensive player. Wilt did his stuff, but I never saw him play angry." "He was one of those guys who was a nomad," said Lakers vice president Jerry West, a former teammate of Chamberlain's. "One of the things I admired about him, you see the players of today, they have the entourages, but he was the common man. He had no problem going places, no problem being recognized as Wilt Chamberlain. He handled things very well." Darrall Imhoff remembered the night he had the misfortune of guarding Chamberlain during his 100-point game. Imhoff, a 6-foot-10 rookie center for the Knicks, picked up his third foul quickly, and when he returned to the game Wilt had 89 points. "I spent 12 years in his armpits, and I always carried that 100-point game on my shoulders," said Imhoff, who played only 20 minutes in that game before fouling out. "After I got my third foul, I said to one of the officials, Willy Smith, 'Why don't you just give him 100 points and we'll all go home?' Well, we did." Two nights later, at Madison Square Garden, Chamberlain tried to go for the century mark again. But Imhoff played all 48 minutes and held him to 54 points. The fans gave Imhoff a standing ovation. "He was an amazing, strong man," Imhoff said. "I always said the greatest record he ever held wasn't 100 points, but his 55 rebounds against Bill Russell. Those two players changed the whole game of basketball. The game just took an entire step up to the next level." Originally Posted by JamStone Yeah, not sure how this says anything about Laker fans. Wilt was a Lakers player. Magic was a cocky young NBA players who acted like a bitch. A lot of young pro athletes act like bitches early on in their careers. That has nothing to do with the Laker fans. Most Laker fans who post here prove their own pussiness and bitchiness without having it to do with anything Magic did as a young player 30 years ago. Don't understand that comment about this proving the pussiness of Laker posters... definitely agree .... the Paul Westhead move was pretty gangsta but if you're Doc Buss, who do you choose? Westhead or Earv?	i don't know
The Tom Stoppard play 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead' is based on characters from which play by Shakespeare?	SparkNotes: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Character List Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tom Stoppard Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Rosencrantz - A gentleman and childhood friend of Hamlet. Along with his companion, Guildenstern, Rosencrantz seeks to uncover the cause of Hamlet’s strange behavior but finds himself confused by his role in the action of the play. Rosencrantz has a carefree and artless personality that masks deep dread about his fate. Read an in-depth analysis of Rosencrantz. Guildenstern - A gentleman and childhood friend of Hamlet. Accompanied by Rosencrantz, Guildenstern tries to discover what is plaguing Hamlet as well as his own purpose in the world. Although frequently disconcerted by the world around him, Guildenstern is a meditative man who believes that he can understand his life. Read an in-depth analysis of Guildenstern. The Player - The leader of the traveling actors known as the Tragedians. The Player is an enigmatic figure. His cunning wit and confident air suggest that he knows more than he is letting on. The impoverished state of his acting troupe makes him eager to please others, but only on his own terms. Read an in-depth analysis of The Player. Tragedians - A group of traveling male actors. The Tragedians specialize in melodramatic and sensationalistic performances, and they are willing to engage in sexual entertainments if the price is right. Hamlet - The prince of Denmark and a childhood friend of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet is thrown into a deep personal crisis when his father dies and his uncle takes the throne and marries Hamlet’s mother. Hamlet’s strange behavior confuses the other characters, especially Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Claudius - Hamlet’s uncle and the new king of Denmark. Claudius is a sinister character who tries to exploit the friendship between Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern and Hamlet to learn what Hamlet believes about the king’s marriage to Gertrude. Gertrude - Hamlet’s mother and the queen of Denmark. Although she has disgraced herself by marrying Claudius so soon after her husband’s death, Gertrude does seem to care for Hamlet’s well-being and sincerely hopes that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern can help her son. Polonius - A member of the Danish court and adviser to Claudius. Polonius is a shifty man, willing to interrogate Hamlet and even spy on him to learn what he wants to know. Ophelia - The daughter of Polonius and Hamlet’s former beloved. Ophelia spends the play in a state of shock and anguish as a result of Hamlet’s bizarre conduct. Laertes - The son of Polonius and brother of Ophelia. Laertes does not appear in the action of the play, but his corpse appears in the final scene.	The Hamlet
At which Grammar School is 'Mr. Cleaves' a bizarre teacher, in the first series of 'Little Britain'?	2 Unit Related English: Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead Events must play themselves out to asthetic, moral, and logical conclusion. A comment on plays in general, this also foreshadows the conclusions of "Hamlet". Guil. We drift down time, clutching at straws ... but what good's a brick to a drowning man? IE, hope is vital, but to be told exactly what will happen next is deadly. To know that he has no control over what happens next would be destroy Guil. - which is why he is so desparate to keep the level of spontaneity high. Themes A sense of timelessness throughout the entire play, starting with the "place of no visible character". Enhancing this sense, Ros. and Guil. can't remember their past: "We've only got their word for it". Guil. also mentions strange times and places (for example, "A Chinaman of the T'ang Dynasty"). Guil. keeps trying to come to grips with the situation. "You said something about getting caught up in the action," he says to the Player, hoping at least partially to get some sense of purpose, but he is continually denied this sense. (In this case, the Player interprets this obscenely). This ties in with the "Illusion vs Reality" theme of the play. Some more quotes: Player: It is written. Guil, of course, wants to see the book (ie, too see either this play script or Hamlet), but that would be "Cheating". Player: Uncertainty is the normal state. You're nobody special. There's a logic at work - it's all done for you, don't worry. Enjoy it. Relax. Guil's constant questioning, and the questions games he plays with Ros. also illustrate this point. What's the game? Where are the rules? Like the rest of us, Guil. would like a better idea of how things will turn out in the end. Guil: From now on, reason will prevail. Player: I have lines to learn. Guil: Pass! We see from the start that Ros. and Guil. are aware that they are in a strange, controlled world: the stage directions have the characters explore the boundaries of the stage; chance is warped as a spun coin continually comes up heads. Guil.'s dogged persistence parallels the real-life struggle everybody must eventually face, of trying to come to grips with their environment, and make sense of their situation. In a way Ros. and Guil. and Albert are similar: both are aware that they are in a sordid world over which they have no control, and both are aware that they are under the watchful eye of voyeurs: in Albert's case, the "audience" to the Player's productions, in Ros. and Guil.'s case, the audience watching the play. The play is full of dramatic irony. Ros. He murdered us. Ros. They'll have us hanging about 'till we're dead! While Hamlet can speak of "words, words, words", as Guildenstern says, "They're all we've got to go on". Generally, "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead" is an attempt to "See the chessboard from the pawn's point of view". In Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are killed off in the most perfunctory way for doing what they'd been told. In Hamlet, the audience is left with little sympathy for them - they betrayed their long-time friend! - but in this play, Stoppard investigates what might have happened if things had been a little different. To remember Literary work is the sum of all its interpretations. No single interpretation is ever "correct". "I never wrote plays for discussion" - Tom Stoppard. There are two schools of thought on interpreting literature: the "avocado principle" - dig through the outer layer until you get to the core - and the "onion principle": Keep finding layer upon layer of meaning, but in the end, there is no single truth. Tom Stoppard, among many other authors, claims to have had no single meaning in mind when writing R&G; in this sense, then, the play is undoubtedly an onion. R&G is an example of "Metatheatre", or "Theatre about Theatre". As absurd and existentialist playrights, parallels have been drawn between Stoppard and Beckett. There are many differences, but here are two: While Beckett's characters in Waiting for Godot do their best to make time pass quickly, Ros. and Guil. attempt to do something constructive with their time (even if it is a "short, blunt human pyramid"). Instead of killing time, they attempt to fill time. Inevitably, Vladimir and Estragon (in Beckett's play) fall into silence. But "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead" is held together by the affection Ros. and Guil. have for each other, and instead of falling into silence, Ros. and Guil. take to comforting each other. Ms Fretze's "Yes Good Excellent" Learn-The-Lot Cheat Sheet ... in which my English teacher wrote down anything she could think of which might help us in the exam. Most of this is obvious, and it is not by any means complete, but there might be some things here that you've missed elsewhere. Background: Absurd theatre, existentialism, theatre of criticism, experimental, intellectual, making fun of Hamlet text, Waiting for Godot Setting: "a place without any visible character" Characters: R&G - two aspects of one person? Interchangeable, interdependent but alone. Ros. - Reality? Earthier, confused, reactive, obtuse. Guil. - Illusion? Intellectual, cultured, abstract, poetic, philosophical, insecure, questioning. Both show self-awareness of the way things are in the human condition and they "tragically" realise they cannot alter the way things are. The play consists of R&G's quasi-philosophical speculation about why they are here and what their death will be like. Structure: Three acts, intertextuality of Hamlet, what is the climax? (Guil. "killing" the player?) Boat scene / sea travel a theme that helps the central theme of directionlessness Themes: Self-awareness, death-awareness, fortune / destiny, acting, mirror on art, art vs life, self-identity, existentialist philosophy, uncertainty of man's origin, unpredictability of life, lack of control, fate / chance, inaction / filling in time with words / poor communication / poor connections with people (Beats, pauses, ambiguity), futility of human activity causes characters to abandon hope of any significant action, marking time / passing time, purposelessness, failing memory, conflict of real world and illusion, role-playing in life, man's isolation, life is a mystery, the only certainty is death. Language: Blank verse / prose, simple / complex, confused, ambiguous, frequent references to fate ('wheels' in the "wheels within wheels" quote), rhetorical questions, repetitions, witty banter / repartee (comic routine) short / long passages, word games, biblical references, references to literature, echoes of the Hamlet text, breakdown of language / communication, Act 3 (short and preoccupied with death - the end is near) Player: Contrast in philosophies to R&G, sardonic, unquestioning, accepting, he mirrors the conflict between real world and illusion, real, assertive, self-assured, confident, never unclear about his identity ("Relax ... respond.") Dramatic Techniques: Intertextuality of Hamlet, self-conscious use of stage (actors go down to footlights, bring in audience to identify with R&G's dilemma, Hamlet spitting in the audience (can he change his destiny?)), dumb-show, role-playing, pratfall, body movement, coin tossing, experiments, lighting / blackout, music (drums / flutes - suspense - in the constant Players' tune), sets (unreal), conjuring tricks (players in barrels), silences / pauses / beats, word games, humour, stage directions (references to directions shows awareness of being trapped in a theatrical situation).	i don't know
Who played computer expert 'Professor Simon Peach' in the 1969 film 'The Italian Job'?	The Italian Job Role: Computer expert - for disabling the Turin traffic control centre. Previous Convictions: n/a "Are they big? I like them big....BIG" Real name: Benny Hill (Birth name: Alfred Hawthorn Hill) Born: 21st January 1924 in Southampton, Hampshire, UK Died: 18th April 1992 in Teddington, Middlesex, UK. (heart attack) Other: Was introduced to the theatre and Burlesque Shows by his grandfather when he was young - it was this experience that brought out his effortless comic timing and acting ability. BIOGRAPHY - A Glimpse... Drawn to the lights of London.. Hill's blossoming theatre talents were cut short by the second World War. After serving in the British army he was drawn to the lights of London, UK. He appearing in variety shows and it was there that he adopted the stage name Benny Hill (after one of his favourite comedians, Jack Benny). He went on to form a short double act with Reg Varney and did various radio shows, but it was his talent for impressions and comic timing that were to give him his first big break on TV with the show Hi There in 1949. Instant hit The Benny Hill Show aired in 1955 and Hill had an instant hit on his hands. The shows controversial slapstick comedy, cheeky humour, songs and impressions were to make it a hit for the next 40 years. He also had a hit record with Ernie The Fastest Milkman In The West and was handed film scripts left, right and centre - he played cameo parts in Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines, The Italian Job and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. A much loved star... In 1979 The Benny Hill Show hit the shores of the US for the first time. It was an instant hit with the American audience and he became a much loved star. The show won a Golden Rose Of Montreaux Award and a BAFTA and was aired worldwide in over 100 countries. Hill's long television career came to an end when his show was canned in 1989, but he carried on working in the US until a heart attack got the best of this great man in 1992. Career Information	Benny Hill
Who composed 'The Lark Ascending'?	The Italian Job: Original vs Remake (film essay) - SlamDunk! Studios SlamDunk! Studios The Italian Job: Original vs Remake (film essay) Posted on March 15, 2009 at 9:45 AM Remakes are often a vain endeavour at updating a classic movie, or even worse, a shameless Hollywood attempt to cash in on a successful storyline. Nine times out of ten they are a completely unnecessary reworking of a movie that was just fine the way it was… or simply a waste of money. The problem with this remake is that it’s actually quite impressive. To properly establish which of the two films is superior, it is absolutely imperative that I analyse and consider every last detail. Throughout this report I will investigate their initial plotlines; the similarities and differences between the two; and most importantly the pros and cons of each version. After my examination is complete I should have narrowed my decision down to one absolute verdict.So let us begin the gruelling process of dissecting these two great films. Which one will come out on top? Will the timeless original prevail, or will its new and improved counterpart come out as top dog? It’s he old versus the new; tradition rivals progress. As the British classic locks shoulders with a Hollywood blockbuster, only one thing can be certain – the spaghetti will fly! The Italian Job (1969) The original Italian Job is a British comedy, adventure film, directed by Peter Collinson and written by Troy Kennedy Martin. It was released in 1969 and was very popular in Britain, partly due to the presence of Michael Caine. Subsequent television showings and outings on video have established it as something of a national institution in the UK, with a cult following elsewhere. In 2004 the magazine Total Film named The Italian Job the 27th greatest British film of all time. Shortly after being released from prison, Charlie Croker (Michael Caine) hears about a ‘big job’ in Turin, Italy. The job is to steal 4 million dollars worth of gold arriving in Italy from China. With the help of Mr Bridger (Noel Coward), an incarcerated criminal mastermind who nonetheless runs a gangland empire from within jail, the plans for this high-risk operation are underway. In the first half of the film Charlie assembles his gang – which includes computer expert Professor Peach (Benny Hill), and a very minor character played by Robert Powell – and begins training and planning out the heist. Charlie works out an ingenious strategy to steel the gold, by sabotaging the traffic-control computer and escaping, in spite of the resulting traffic jam, in nippy Mini getaway cars along a carefully planned route. Things go don’t quite as smoothly as they had planned, especially with the mafia breathing down their necks. In the end, however, they somehow manage to pull it off. They steel the gold, jam up the traffic, and zoom off in three high-powered mini coopers. This leads to an excellent car chase sequence through Italian streets, buildings, rivers, sewers, highways and rooftops, which lasts for several minutes. The gang makes their final getaway on a six-wheeled Bedford coach. Successfully on their way to Switzerland along a winding mountain road, the gang celebrates in the back of the bus. A mistake by the driver sends the coach into a skid, with the back end of the bus teetering over the edge of the cliff, the gold slipping towards the rear doors. As Croker attempts to reach the gold, it slips further, and the audience is left not knowing whether the coach, its contents, and its occupants survive – a literal cliffhanger ending. Croker's last line, “Hang on lads, I've got a great idea!” left the film open for a sequel, although none emerged. Apart from the colourful vision of a certain time and place, the film is also notable for its inventive and exciting car chases and stunts, and its soundtrack, which opens with the song "On Days like These", by Matt Monro, and closes with Quincy Jones' "Getta Bloomin' Move-On" (usually referred to as "The Self Preservation Society", after its chorus). Kennedy Martin's screenplay is sharp and witty, with several memorable lines. After an over-exuberant explosives test obliterates an armoured vehicle, Croker's reaction is an exasperated "You're only supposed to blow the bloody doors off!" delivered to perfection by Caine. The Italian Job (2003) The remake of The Italian Job is a Hollywood action, crime flick, directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Donna and Wayne Powers. It was released in 2003, and although it is considered an intelligent and engaging film in its own right, it has never been fully recognized as anything to rival its classic predecessor. After pulling off an amazing gold bullion heist from a heavily guarded palazzo in Venice, Italy, Charlie (Mark Wahlberg) and his gang – computer genius Lyle (Seth Green), wheelman Handsome Rob (Jason Statham), explosives expert Left-Ear (Mos Def) and veteran safecracker John Bridger (Donald Sutherland) – can't believe it when inside man Steve (Edward Norton) double-crosses them and keeps the gold for himself, killing John Bridger in the process. It is now one year later, and Charlie and his team are back for revenge. With the help of John’s daughter, Stella Bridger (Charlize Theron), a beautiful nerves-of-steel safecracker, they follow the backstabber to California, where they plan to re-steal the gold. The plan is simple – when the gold is being transported to the airport the team will intercept the van by tapping into Los Angeles' traffic control system, manipulating the signals and creating one of the biggest traffic jams in LA history. They will then transport the van into the sewers, cut any opening with a train, steel the gold, and make their getaway in three high-powered mini coopers. Things of course do not go as smoothly on the day, especially when they find out Steve has updated his safe to state-of-the-art, or when in a last act of desperation, he pursues them in an assault helicopter. But in the end they prevail. They hijack the van; steal the gold, and Stella gets revenge on her father’s killer. While the gang escapes in a train, Steve is kidnapped by some Ukrainian’s whose relative he killed. So with 28 million dollars worth of gold spread between them, they all get to live out the rest of their days in luxury. Lyle gets his high-tech stereo system; Handsome Rob gets his dream car; Left-Ear gets his mansion; and of course Charlie gets the girl. And they all live happily ever after. Similarities & Differences The similarities between the two films are few and far between, but there are certainly enough connections for the latter title to be considered a remake. Besides the title, both movies share the same protagonist – Charlie Croker, and both are about a group of thieves who have banded together in hope of pulling off the ultimate heist. They also both incorporate many of the same plot features, such as the use of a traffic jam to carry out the heist; the mini coopers; the stylishly choreographed car chases; and the robbery performed in Italy. There are many differences between the remake and the original, which in a way is good if you plan on getting your money’s worth out of a film and gives it a much more lasting appeal. Although I am sure the remake has suffered much criticism from die hard fans, for straying so much from the primary formula. Other than the few similarities I mentioned in the section above, virtually everything has been altered in some way. The setting; the period; the characters (except Charlie); and even the basic plotline have all distinguished themselves from the original. The film is set in the present (as opposed to the 1960’s); and although the initial robbery takes place in Venice, Italy, the majority of the film is played out in L.A. The biggest distinction between the two films is the conversion of plot. The original film was based around the robbery of some four million dollars worth of gold from an Italian shipment from China. While the remake begins with a heist set in Italy, everything afterwards is new territory – someone betrays them and takes the money for himself. A year later they assemble a team to seek revenge on their crooked comrade, and take back what is rightly (although illegally) theirs. Pros & Cons In this final section I will be examining the pro’s and con’s of each film, respectively. I have also implemented a scoring system. Each films starts on a total of zero – one point will be added for every pro, and one point will be subtracted for every con (i.e. Pros – Cons = Total). This will also help me come to a decision for the final verdict. Pros ('69 Original): Is the original Italian Job Is considered a classic; even a cult-film by some Is entirely set in Italy Good mix of action and comedy Very funny at times Has some classic cinema moments (e.g. parking the minis to hide from the police; driving up the ramp of the bus) Has some great and memorable quotes (“You’re only supposed to blow the bloody doors off!” Fun and enjoyable soundtrack (“We’re the Self-preservation Society” Some great stunts and action sequences, considering the time it was set Came up with the concept of creating a traffic jam to make a safe getaway Better minis Has the mafia in it By far, one of the greatest car chases committed to film Closes with a cliffhanger ending (literally) Cons ('69 Original): Doesn’t introduce any of the characters very well (except perhaps Charlie and Lorna) Poor character development Most of the characters were not very likeable or interesting Lacks any real villain Medium to low acting standard (even Michael Caine wasn’t up to his usually high standard) At times, very confusing for the audience Boring and slow-paced at times Unrealistic and often absurd At time a little too Hollywood [18 - 5 = 13] The Final Verdict So we’ve compared the two films – their similarities and differences; their good points and bad. We’ve analysed every aspect of the two films and now it is time to decide which is the best. A comparison of the two storylines proved that, despite their differences, the defining element of The Italian Job plot is shared between the two. The significance of the original lies in key scenes and memorable quotes, and although none of the quotes can be redone, the traffic jam, the mini coopers, the car chase, and the heist have all been successfully translated into the remake, along with a much better plotline to boot. Other than these ingredients, and of course the presence of Michael Caine, the original really wasn’t that good at all. Furthermore, when the two movies were contrasted against each other in the Pro’s & Con’s section, we established that not only did the remake have more good aspects and less bad aspects, it also finished with a much higher score. Finally, I have come to a decision on the basis of my own opinion, in the interest of the mainstream audience; the quality of each film; and most importantly out of respect of the better portrayal of the story itself. So--as you may have already guessed--my decision has to be… the 2003 remake. Not only is it simply a better movie, but it also has better and more definitive characters; improved directing, acting and editing; superior technologically; and incorporates a much more satisfying ending. Plus it appeals to a much wider, mainstream audience, and in addition it includes all of the key scenes and elements that made the original so popular in the first place.	i don't know
Located between the A580 and the Bridgewater Canal, at which former colliery now a museum, is the only surviving pit headgear and engine house in the Lancashire coalfield?	° Guide: Astley in United Kingdom (England) \| Tripmondo The picture Old Tools was uploaded and shared by user Tony Oldfield on panoramio.com by: Tony Oldfield Astley Green Colliery The picture Astley Green Colliery & Mining Museum was uploaded and shared by user toadz on panoramio.com by: toadz The picture Coal Mine Museum was uploaded and shared by user ghiacapri on panoramio.com by: ghiacapri The picture Astley Green Colliery was uploaded and shared by user www.ShutterNutters.co.uk on panoramio.com by: www.ShutterNutters The picture train at astley green was uploaded and shared by user mjtmail on panoramio.com by: mjtmail The picture Off The Rails was uploaded and shared by user Bradley Guy on panoramio.com by: Bradley Guy The picture Pit Track was uploaded and shared by user chris58b on panoramio.com by: chris58b The picture 28/06/11 16.59 was uploaded and shared by user Adventures of Kara on panoramio.com by: Adventures of Kara The picture Canal view was uploaded and shared by user peter.smith 1059 on panoramio.com by: peter.smith 1059 The picture 09/09/12 18.53 was uploaded and shared by user Adventures of Kara on panoramio.com by: Adventures of Kara The picture Canal Boats was uploaded and shared by user [email protected] on panoramio.com by: paul-griffiths@liv Canal Boat 28 January The picture Canal Boat 28 january 2010 was uploaded and shared by user peter.smith 1059 on panoramio.com by: peter.smith 1059 The picture Misty Morning was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones The picture Bridgewater canal was uploaded and shared by user Bob Hague on panoramio.com by: Bob Hague The picture Bridgewater Canal - Astley was uploaded and shared by user www.ShutterNutters.co.uk on panoramio.com by: www.ShutterNutters The picture READY FOR THE OFF was uploaded and shared by user emoh1 on panoramio.com by: emoh1 The picture Frozen Canal was uploaded and shared by user [email protected] on panoramio.com by: paul-griffiths@liv The picture Weird Magical Looking Tree was uploaded and shared by user stumcandrew on panoramio.com by: stumcandrew New Co Op Astley The picture New Co-op Astley (Formerly Alldays) was uploaded and shared by user saronie on panoramio.com by: saronie Astley Green Pithead On The picture Astley Green Pithead on The Bridgewater Canal, Astley, Wigan was uploaded and shared by user Kev Dol on panoramio.com by: Kev Dol The picture On golden pond! was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones The picture canal of reflections was uploaded and shared by user knighty69 on panoramio.com by: knighty69 A Touch Of Red! The picture A touch of red! was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones The picture winter walks was uploaded and shared by user jay dena alfie on panoramio.com by: jay dena alfie The picture Astley Co-op (LFCS) was uploaded and shared by user saronie on panoramio.com by: saronie The picture Unitarian Chapel Astley was uploaded and shared by user saronie on panoramio.com by: saronie The picture fields winter was uploaded and shared by user jay dena alfie on panoramio.com by: jay dena alfie The picture Purple skys was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones The picture Boothstown 002 was uploaded and shared by user ChrisBlood on panoramio.com by: ChrisBlood The picture Goodnight bygone times was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones The picture fields winter was uploaded and shared by user jay dena alfie on panoramio.com by: jay dena alfie The picture Boothstown 001 was uploaded and shared by user ChrisBlood on panoramio.com by: ChrisBlood Sun Goes Down On A Way Of The picture Sun goes down on a way of life! was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones End Of Another Day! The picture End of another day! was uploaded and shared by user Gary Jones on panoramio.com by: Gary Jones Off Licence Chaddock Lane The picture Off Licence chaddock Lane Boothstown 2009 was uploaded and shared by user Fred Walton on panoramio.com by: Fred Walton The picture On Reflection was uploaded and shared by user Bradley Guy on panoramio.com by: Bradley Guy The picture Gin Pit Village was uploaded and shared by user saronie on panoramio.com by: saronie Contrails Over Manchester The picture Contrails over Manchester Airport, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, UK was uploaded and shared by user Pitheadbaths on panoramio.com by: Pitheadbaths The picture Tyldesley, Astley Street was uploaded and shared by user Tildesleiha on panoramio.com by: Tildesleiha	astley green
At which decisive battle in 31 BC did the forces of Octavian defeat the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra?	Events - MIHS MIHS Publications EARLY FORMBY BY Dr Reg Yorke An indignant Formby resident wrote to me a few years ago to say that it was with “amazement and deep disappointment that she read in the Formby Times that Formby Civic Society intends to work with the Sefton Landscape Partnership to make the public more aware of the south end of the dunes”, i.e. Ravenmeols. She went on to say, “to open it up to the public would mean the death knell for that unspoilt area”. Not everyone has felt as strongly as this! And, indeed, as long ago as 1878 Mr. Thomas Hawksley, an eminent engineer, envisaged that Ravenmeols could become a potential rival to Southport! The major problem, of course, was the distance from public transport. To help solve this, in 1918 the Board of Trade “authorised the Lancs. and Yorks. Railway Co. to construct a Light Railway comprising a loopline to connect with the Liverpool-Southport Line between Manor Road and Woodvale”, running just inland of the coast. The route was actually pegged out for at least a portion of its length. To serve the intended new resort of ‘Formby-by-the-Sea’ there was to be a station at or near to Alexandra Road. An attempt to resurrect the idea was made in 1924 by the LMS Railway Company - to complete the railway authorised by powers granted in 1918. The detailed plans for the railway (recently kindly donated to Formby Civic Society for our history archives) included a 36 foot wide bridge over Lifeboat Road and the construction of six Level Crossings at Kirklake Road, Alexandra Road, Albert Road, between Albert Road and Cocklepath Road (the continuation of Range Lane) and on Marsh Farm. At Alexandra Road there was to be a station with a platform, shelter and ‘sanitary conveniences’. The Railway Company were to be given facilities for sewers, water and gas pipes. The most striking feature of this failed but ambitious experiment is the still-existing thousand feet long double-tiered Promenade that was commenced in 1876. It is now completely covered over by sand apart from a single flight of steps which has been exposed at one point. It is interesting to wonder what made the Formby Land Company launch out as they did. It seems that the success of many other new seaside resorts made them hopeful that this could, in fact, be carried out successfully here at Ravenmeols. The Formby family themselves foresaw the possible development of a town and pictured the villas and parades of a ‘bathing place’ at Formby Point. Catherine Jackson, a member of the Formby family, says that they had an “eye for profit”. By 1930 the route of this proposed railway was suggested again for a new Coastal Road. A plan for this was given in an official report on the future development of South West Lancashire published at that time by the South West Lancashire Joint Town Planning Advisory Committee. This, however, was never developed either, probably because of World War II. The development of Formby-by-the-Sea consisted of half-a-dozen scattered houses, most of which have now been demolished, thus preserving this spot as one of the quietest areas of the Sefton Coast. However, profits from the area continued to be made right up until the 1960s through the uncontrolled extraction of huge quantities of sand. Indeed, the extraction of sand was so great that until an artificial barrier was built at Hoggs Hill Path, there was a real danger of ingress by the sea. BIRKENHEAD BREWERY The Birkenhead Brewing Company was one of the oldest established industries in Birkenhead. It was formed in 1865 by the amalgamation of two brewing firms which were in existence since the 1830's. One was a business run by the Cook family in Oxton Road on the site of the building in this picture. Today it is a leading motorcycle repair showroom and garage. The 1865 company was called Birkenhead Amalgamated Brewery Co. but by 1872 it had adopted the more catchy Birkenhead Brewery Company. The company combined and by 1949 was the only brewery in the Wirral. Birkenhead Brewery took over Mackie and Gladstone as well as Moorhouses Mineral Water manufacturers. These combined businesses were suited to the times. The various breweries employed 800 people in brewing, public houses and off licensed premises. The company existed until 1968 when it was taken over by Threlfalls and closed. I can definitely remember looking from the top deck of my number 10 bus going along Cleveland Street and gazing at the giant copper onion shaped tank things (sorry don't know the correct word, is it “mash tin” ?) The other factory was operated by the Aspinall family in Cleveland Street. This site has not fared so well and is just a large flat storage area for vehicles. But around the side the distribution bay still clearly exists and you can see the ghost lettering (q.v.) “Whitbread”, just coming through above the shutter doors. 10th October - Crossing the Menai - Bob Diamond Bob is Chairman and Trustee of the Menai Bridge Community Trust., a Chartered Engineer and former top highway man for the area. He was great and knew everything, in a nice sort of way! We were all familiar with the two bridges, one tubular and one a suspension bridge. Bob explained the various changes, strengthening etc. and told us the hard engineering facts supported by interesting and amusing images. I recall the giant hay stack, “EY” registered (Llangefni!) stuck in the arch in the 1930's. But Bob went back before there were bridges and we covered Edward I and also the Romans. Of course the 1801 Act of Union for Ireland accelerated the need for better communication with Ireland. The rule of Ireland had moved from Dublin to London. Our old friend Rennie cropped up, he's never far from the surface in an MIHS lecture! Rennie worked on the Port of Holyhead from 1801 to 1809. Telford was of course heavily involved. He'd had a survey done and discovered that the coaches going to Holyhead were late 71 days out of 85, and here we were given the statistics which I couldn't get down in time. The lecture went on at a fast pace! Here Bob confessed that Telford was his hero and he side tracked onto saying how prodigious a worker he was with many roads built by him and even a town built in Scotland. Thanks were given by our Chairman to Bob who ended just in time for a few well aimed questions from the floor. MIHS members always ask good questions. “Where did the labour force of 1500 come from?” “What was the size of the steel sheets?” Of course Bob was able to bat the answers straight away MUSEUM OF THE MINE (MUSEE DE LA MINE) PROVENCE Puits Hely d'Oissel, 13850 Greasque. Facebook Musée MineGreasque Located 20kms from Aix en Provence this museum is a must if you are in the area. Guided tours are in French but the Director, when available, will give a tour in English if requested and this was the case when I visited in August. It's all above surface and no hard hats are needed. The Museum is on the site of a pit opened in 1920 and closed in 1960 but has accumulated trucks and locomotives from other local mining locations. Some of the vehicles looked as if they were off the film set of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”! To get there you can travel by bus, from Aix, on route 170, cost 1 fr (He means Euro, Ed). It takes about 30 minutes. It's a walk up the hill from the stop past the miners’ cottages, but you wouldn't recognise them. On arrival we were met by two young charming receptionists, Astri and Anias, I was expecting a grizzled old miner, with a cigarette dangling from his lips! It was not to be! Not being fluent in Francais I entered what we learned was the winding house by mistake, having missed a rather lovely sign that translated as ”No bare chests or swimsuits to be worn in this building”. Our guide, Lucile Decombe was pleased to have a real mine enthusiast! It was very interesting to compare and contrast British and French mining history. They seemed to mirror each other in many ways. The pretty town of Greasque looked like a picture of paradise. It was hard to believe the town was once a mining town, with railways running in different directions and slag heaps, all grown over now and, from what I could see, little remains apart from the museum. We saw the various processes that a miner would take, first of all he entered “Salle des Pendus”, a little bit of French humor translated it has the “Hall of the Hanging”. Nothing too macabre but a place where clothes were swapped for mine clothing. A few other facts, which I thought of note.  The cage that goes down to the coal face had two speeds, the 5 loaded wagons went at about double the speed of the humans. The reason? Any ideas? (Could be a question in the Christmas quiz!) To prevent humans getting what are commonly known as the “bends”. (Yes the same as divers coming up too quickly to the surface).  The French word “Puit” is nearly identical to our word “Pit”. But is more akin to our word “well”  The French Mines were nationalised in 1946.  Pine pit props were preferred to others as they “groaned” and “creaked” prior to collapse, thus giving warning to the miners of impending disaster.  Fire damp was searched for by special “miners” using a long pole with a light on the end. I asked who would want to do that job, and our guide explained that prisoners were allowed to do the job and given shortened sentences if they did so. It was not until 1937 that a proper methane detector was invented.  I noticed that the largest power station in the area was converting to bio mass. Our guide said that it was important for the village that they are aware of their heritage and that the pithead, that survives, is a memorial and reminder to the village of its once importance. There still remain miners’ houses (provided by the mine company). I noticed a piece of industrial lightweight flat bottomed rail being used as a gate post, was going to photograph it but would have difficulty talking my way out of what I was doing. So ended a very interesting visit. TUNING FORK FACTORY IN SHEFFIELD The Pianoforte Tuners’ Association visit to the ‘Uniplex’ Tuning Fork Factory by David Corey On Thursday morning, 14th April, I am one of a group of eight piano tuners visiting the ‘Uniplex’ Tuning Fork factory in Sheffield. Members of the group have travelled from quite a range of different places including Scotland, London, Manchester and Southport. On our arrival we are taken to the Board Room and supplied with refreshments. While we are consuming these we are shown a very unusual set of ten multi coloured tuning forks which the Icelandic pop singer, Bjork, had commissioned for the release of a special limited edition album, a total of 50 sets in all, costing her £500 a set, which she had no problem in selling. Afterwards we are introduced to Adriaan Posthuma, he is half Dutch, half Russian and is the Managing Director of the Company. The company has only been in the hands of ‘Uniplex’ for the last four years, it was previously British owned by ‘Ragg’ Tuning Forks but has not changed very much under its foreign ownership. Adriaan then starts by saying that the factory produces four different types of tuning fork: Medical, Health, Industrial and Musical. He tells us he has not been down to the factory floor yet so doesn’t know which particular type of fork is under manufacture but that the basic concepts are the same for each. When we get down there they are making Medical ones but we see the previous production of all of them, some being soaked in baths of oil to stop corrosion before the final finishing coating is applied. We get a close up view of the manufacturing process and a chance to chat to some of the staff. One gentleman demonstrates an Industrial fork asking us what we think its use might be. We are all puzzled so he tells us that it is used for 3 calibrating the setting of a speed camera. This particular one is for the American market as it would set the camera to 55mph. A little further on, Adriaan asks us if we know what, back in the 70’s, caused the sudden decline in sales of a particular Industrial fork. Again none of us know and he tells us that they were used in the pre-electronic telephone exchanges (both of these facts totally new to me, I had no idea). One of the uses of the Health forks is in conjunction with a type of acupuncture, the pins being stuck into the patient and then the vibration from different forks being sent down the needles as the treatment. All the forks are made from steel or aluminium, the steel we are relieved to hear is British because it’s the best but the aluminium is Russian, again because it’s the best but takes about four months from the initial order to it arriving at the factory. We finish our visit in the Store/Packing Department. On view there are the very familiar and trusted blue coloured ‘John Walker’ Musical tuning forks that I have always used in my piano tuner’s tool kit. A very interesting and informative visit, which we all thoroughly enjoyed. THE LIFE AND WORK OF THOMAS BRASSEY 1805 - 1870, by David Casement This was our final meeting of the season but I think the best attended. This is by no means a carbon copy, of the lecture, merely some of the more interested snippets that I jotted down in the darkness. By no means should the following be used for the basis of a Phd thesis. David gave us a full colour and up to date story of the great Thomas Brassey. We learned of his birth in Cheshire, and his move to “manage” his master's quarry at Storeton. Brassey was a clever and enterprising person, he saw not only the need for Storeton stone to build the new Customs House in Liverpool but also the need for bricks - so he built a brickworks! So we learned that he married a learned lady connected with the Harrison shipping line, and she was a French speaker. This enabled him to enter into contracts with the French and build the first railway in France. David pointed out that white sandstone has better qualities than our more familiar red sandstone, hence the requirement for them on the nascent Liverpool to Manchester railway permanent way. At this time the rails weren't laid on what we know as sleepers as we know them, but the track sat on rectangular stone blocks. We followed the story of the building of his first bridge in 1829, at a cost of £200 (£40,000 in today's terms). It came to light following research at the Institute of Mechanical Engineers that he built the Saughall Massey bridge as the plans were deposited with the I Mech E ! By the time he died he had built one twentieth of all the world's railways (and, as one of the more erudite MIHS members pointed out to me, he was helped by up to 85,000 workers at any one time). He had a reputation for looking after his employees and if one had an accident he did his best to get the best attention and food, the return for him was that the worker would recover quicker and be able to get back to work! Brassey built the Balaclava railway in 60 days, the contract required him to complete it in 90 days! David ended his excellent PowerPoint lecture by saying that Thomas Brassey was his unsung hero! He never accepted a knighthood even though he had built one third of the British railway system. CANALS FROM THE AIR by Tony Conder Tony gave us a very well researched and professional presentation. It covered canal history, the rise and fall of canal use, the effects of war and ended up saying where we were now. The start of “aerial pictures” began after the Great War when there were many ex RFC/RAF pilots who had gained photographic experience. Our talk went in a number of directions, and some interesting statistics were given. The tonnages carried on our canal system during the Great War were amazing, you would think there would be increased tonnages but no, the effect of call up really diminished the traffic. For example, in 1913 31,585,000 tons were carried by canal and in 1918 it was down to 21,599,000 (just for comparison, the railways carried 562,000,000 tons of goods in 1913!). We saw of the growth of Goole as a “Railway Port”, an LMS port at that! Right in the middle of LNER territory! I never knew that! Then we learned of the growth of the trade union movement, during the 1920's, which in the canal industry had a deleterious effect, bargees who had previously “lived on the job” were prevented from working very long hours and this made movement by canal much more expensive. A narrow boat or barge took three men to move fifty tons but three men on the railway could move 500 tons. This is what the canals were up against in the 1930's. 2 In 1900 the Shropshire Union Canals had 600 boats. It relentlessly got fewer and fewer. How they soldiered on until the 1950's was a miracle, but they had gradually moved with the “times”, horse to “oil” and in one case there was an electric barge! Through a tunnel! Amazing! Bringing us up to date (well, by my standards), Tony applauded the nationalisation of the canals by the Labour Government after the Second World War and he feels that the current “Canal and River Trust” is a good organisation! All this history of the canal was richly illustrated with pictures of industries that used canals, and he highlighted in some cases the dereliction that was already visible in the 1930's in these factories. Many of the pictures were duly accredited to “britainfromabove” (Aerofilms). With that Tony concluded his lecture and answered a few questions from the floor. Malcolm gave a vote of thanks. Tony urged us to look at the website britainfromabove.org.uk which is the Aerofilms website. I've had a look. It's great and easy to use JAMES BRINDLEY – Master Canal Engineer 1716 – 1772 by Anna Alexander 2016 is the 300th anniversary of the birth of James Brindley and it is fitting that the life and achievements of one of the outstanding innovators of the industrial revolution are celebrated by the MIHS. Starting his career as a millwright he was a self-taught engineer and an eccentric, who retired to bed to consider engineering problems and made no written calculations or drawings. Brindley built or designed 575 km (360 miles) of canal. His relatively primitive methods included following the contours of the land. James Brindley was born in Derbyshire to yeoman farmers and was educated at home by his mother. At the age of 17 Brindley was apprenticed to a millwright in Macclesfield and after completing his apprenticeship he set himself up as a wheelwright in Leek, Staffordshire. He soon established a reputation for ingenuity and skill at repairing many different kinds of machinery and in 1752 he designed and built an engine for draining a coal mine, the Wet Earth Colliery at Clifton in Lancashire, and in 1755 he built a machine for a silk mill at Congleton. These and other activities brought him to the notice of Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who employed him in 1759 to build a canal to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester. It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester, and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn, and then from Worsley to Leigh. The design included an aqueduct over the River Irwell at Barton. The Sankey Canal, built by engineer Henry Berry, preceded Brindley’s Bridgewater canal by four years. 5 Brindley’s canal has similarities to the Sankey canal and according to Professor T.C. Barker “It seems… highly improbable that James Brindley embarked upon the Worsley to Manchester canal without having first acquainted himself with the chief features of Berry’s masterpiece which was already in operation only twelve mile away.” 1 Brindley believed it would be possible to use canals to link the four great rivers of England: the Mersey, Trent, Severn and Thames (the "Grand Cross" scheme). In 1762 he carried out a survey of Shropshire with the view of building a canal for the potteries and he brought with him a sketch map of the continuation of the Dee southwards past Whitchurch. Since the potteries around Stoke-on-Trent needed something better than pack-horses to carry their fragile wares, there was support for the connection of Staffordshire to the Trent and to the Mersey. The first sod was cut by Brindley’s friend, Josiah Wedgwood, in 1766 and Brindley carried it away in a barrow. From Runcorn, the canal would climb by a series of thirty-five locks, pass through a three thousand yard long tunnel (the Harecastle Tunnel), then descend by a further forty locks to join the Trent at Wilden Ferry, near Shardlow. The Trent and Mersey canal was the first part of this ambitious network, and the later Chester canal, started in 1772, was also a result. However, Brindley did not live to see his great work completed. The Harecastle Tunnel finally opened in 1777 and coal was finally transported from the Midlands to the Thames at Oxford in January 1790, some 18 years after Brindley's death. Development of the network, therefore, had to be left to other engineers, such as Thomas Telford. Brindley died in September 1772 probably from diabetes. His death was noted in the Chester Courant of 1 December 1772 in the form of an epitaph: JAMES BRINDLEY lies amongst these Rocks, He made Canals, Bridges, and Locks, To convey Water; he made Tunnels for Barges, Boats, and Air-Vessels; He erected several Banks, Mills, Pumps, Machines, with Wheels and Cranks; He was famous t'invent Engines, Calculated for working Mines; He knew Water, its Weight and Strength, Turn'd Brooks, made Soughs to a great Length; While he used the Miners' Blast, He stopp'd Currents from running too fast; There ne'er was paid such Attention As he did to Navigation. But while busy with Pit or Well, His Spirits sunk below Level; And, when too late, his Doctor found, Water sent him to the Ground. 1 The Sankey Navigation. Lancashire’s First Canal. T.C. Barker. pp. 41-42. Reprinted by The Sankey Canal Restoration Society, 2002. The original Barton Aqueduct completed in 1761 carrying the Bridgewater Canal across the River Irwell (demolished 1893) THE LUNE VALLEY AQUEDUCT by Peter Keen During a recent visit to Lancaster Museum to research the history of the Kings Own Royal Lancaster Regiment I was unable to make any progress since the man with the necessary knowledge was away on a fact finding expedition in Picardy. It seemed a shame to return home having achieved nothing so I made my way to the river Lune to get my first sight of the massive aqueduct carrying the Lancaster Canal across the river. From a purpose built car park, the path led alongside the canal embankment, through a small area of land devoted to wildflowers with the occasional pond for aquatic wildlife and some sculptures discretely positioned here and there. At the end of the embankment the massive stone work came into view, striding across the river, which at that time was fairly docile, there having been no heavy rain during the preceding weeks. After photographing the structure from the river bank I made my way up the conveniently located staircase to view the canal and aqueduct. On reaching to path level I was surprised to find that the canal had been drained, as I afterwards found out, to allow the sealing of a number of leakages in the embankment. The sealing bunds lay some distance to the south of the river and a short distance north of the end of the aqueduct. This meant of course that the whole length of the aqueduct had been de-watered, revealing the fine stone-lined structure of the channel. During the stoppage, which proved to be nearing its end, the engineers had taken the opportunity to replace a number of coping stones whilst some parts of the balustrade has also been renewed, bringing the structure into such a condition as should last for some years. The engineers had been able to drive small dumpers and excavators along the canal bed without causing any damage to the puddle. However since the aqueduct was stone lined and not puddled (in an attempt to save weight) a seal was revealed across the canal where they met. Despite the fact that there is no major water source north of the Lune, there was still a flow of water along the canal. To cater for this the engineers had installed a by-pass pipe-line along the tow path. Only few days after my visit water was re-admitted to the waterway, removing from view the structure of the aqueduct - until the next time maintenance is required, REPORT ON OUR MEMBERS’ EVENING Andrew Hodgson The meeting saw another good turn-out, with 31 people attending. A veritable cornucopia of information flowed from the six speakers who packed our evening programme to the extent that our Master of Ceremonies (Anna) threatened to curtail any excesses with a time-limiting warning alarm! Your poor scribe struggled in the gloom until brilliantly rescued by Carol’s handy mobile phone light. Two contributors described researches which need some future volunteer help, and it will be valuable for our Society to become more involved in practical field work where this is possible. First to the podium was Dr. Mark Adams from Liverpool Museums, who described the background to the Community Archaeology Project at Stanley Bank, St.Helens. Located at the head of the Sankey Canal, and now part of the Sankey Valley Park, this area was the focus of industrial development from the 1770’s. The slitting mill established here about 1773 has been previously excavated and part-displayed in the 1980’s, but more detailed examinations are now to be pursued funded by the Heritage Lottery. Iron produced nearby at Carr Mill was processed through the water-powered slitting mill to form iron bars. There is also evidence from various sources, including maps, of a copper works in the vicinity, known to have been established by Thomas Pattern in 1772. Copper ore from Parys Mountain was shipped through Warrington, and there are parallels with the development of similar activities in Swansea. Separate funding will allow a start on exposure of this site later this year. Evidence of glass-working nearby may also be unearthed. There is a temporary display about Stanley Bank in Liverpool Museum. Brian Howe, born at Peak Dale in the Peak Forest area of Derbyshire, gave us an insight into the social aspects of industrial development here, much of it based on limestone extraction. He was able to include his personal reminiscences of living conditions for the workers and their households. As might have been anticipated, all was not rosy, particularly in the field of health and safety! The major communications link was the 33 mile High Peak/Cromford Railway, running NW from the eastern side of the Pennine ridge beyond Matlock, undulating by means of seven inclined planes, to the Buxsworth Canal Basin near Whaley Bridge, with its links to the Manchester/Stockport districts. As a child he remembered the many quarries in the area, together with their associated lime-burning. From 1929, ICI began to take many over, consolidating the industry into a few major centres – Tunstall near Buxton being one still operating today. His childhood cottage had the toilet at the bottom of the garden - but this was far better than some developments of long terraces, where the toilets were located at the far end of the row! Life could be hard – his mother became responsible for running her household at age 11. He survived wartime scarlet fever. Times change, and his village facilities have disappeared - even the church has gone - and although the population has grown (commuters?) there are now no retail outlets. Our next speaker took us to sunnier climes, when Graham Gladden described a holiday-find in sunny Italy which bore remarkable resemblances to our Port Sunlight, hence Port Sunlight in the Sun - the industrial village of Crispi D’Adda in Bergamo Province, some 20 miles NE of Milan. (Yep, time to use Google Earth!). The industrial village was inscribed as a world heritage site in 1995. The factory was established in 1878 by one Cristoforo Crespi (1833-1920) and son, Silvio. It was an ultra-modern cotton spinning and weaving complex with finishing processes, and provided work in an agricultural area. At one time, around 3200 employees operated over 1200 looms and related activities, using hydro-electric power. A huge factory and associated village were laid out symmetrically. Here we can see the parallels with Lord Leverhulme and Port Sunlight. Crespi’s vision, too, was to give his employees good living conditions, and the designs of housing (including his own villa), school, church, hospital and a range of facilities often involved elaborate architecture which was applied to the factory and boiler house, too. The village was lit by electricity in 1878. Interestingly, Crespi carried out his predevelopment research in Oldham, from whence much of the factory equipment came. He became president of the cotton producers’ association in Italy, was awarded a variety of honours, and was a well-known collector of paintings, so the similarities of his life-style and industrial outlook with William Lever are easy to understand. The business was sold in 1929 and its successor closed down in 2003, but in 2013 the factory was bought for a new business. Returning, literally, to our shores, Roy Forshaw outlined the Latest Developments in the Surveying Project on Hilbre Island. Early Church ownership in the history of Hilbre brings associations with the activities of monks, but in recent centuries the emphasis has been related to navigation, situated as it is on the sandbanks at the entrance to the Dee, for Chester. Trinity House leased the island in 1828, and subsequent interests have included the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, and additionally the provision of a Lifeboat Station. Early developments included a row of cottages to serve a buoymaster and his staff, and the L-shaped workshops where the local buoys were regularly maintained. These buildings and others remain (although recent external repairs by the Council have not perhaps retained the original appearance of the structures as well as might have been achieved - your scribe). Inside, much is original. Roy’s current work is concentrated on the workshop and its environs. A tramway was constructed to allow buoys to be moved to and from vessels over a greater tidal range. Artifacts associated with this are being examined, and include walls, structures which may relate to a former crane base, and sleeper blocks. The latter have the holes for the chairs, and are believed to be from the original Liverpool to Manchester Railway (see below!). In some locations, channels were cut in the rock to accommodate the tramway, part of which remains hidden in encroaching sand. Volunteers were called for to excavate this material, and a large number of hands were raised in the room offering assistance on a date to be confirmed by Wirral Council later this summer. The next phase of research will involve the remains of the saltworks, evidenced by various rock excavations, some of which are understood to have allowed craft to “berth” for loading purposes. Maurice Handley produced his usual quality nugget when he concisely discussed Stone Sleepers for Iron Rails. Early developments of tramways only involved horse-drawn wagons, and stone blocks were commonly used, using minimum quantities of materials. This concept was retained for the Liverpool - Manchester railway, where some 4,000 blocks per mile were required. Heavier loads and speeds meant this design was inadequate, the blocks breaking and losing their gauge, with obvious consequences. From this experience the conventional sleeper was developed, although longitudinal sleepers have been used in the past, and have re-appeared on some present high-speed lines. As a result, many redundant sleeper blocks became available, and appear frequently in different locations, some with chair holes and incisions at right-angles to the block, some with diagonal incisions. Remains of the Manchester - Liverpool blocks appear on railways at Storeton Quarry, and Hilbre. Others, not necessarily re-used as sleepers, appear at sites on the Sankey Canal, Broad Green station, Appley Bridge, and Rainford. Recycling was taken to even greater lengths at Preston, where the tall steeple of St.Walburg’s Church has incorporated sleeper blocks from the Preston - Longridge Railway! Our final contributor was Malcolm Verity, whose Tandem Travels had taken him by surprise to the small but well-preserved iron-working village of Les Forges des Salles in Brittany. It’s about halfway between Rennes and Brest, and your scribe understands it was served by the Nantes - Brest Canal, built through inland Brittany to avoid the British blockade of the Napoleonic Wars. Appropriately designed dwellings for the proprietor, foremen and workers were built to serve the factory, with ancillary canteen, school and other facilities. In 1823 a blast furnace was built, still fuelled by charcoal from the surrounding forests, with storehouses for the fuel, limestone and ironore. Water shortages now curtailed operations to the season November to the following summer. The furnace bellows were powered by a waterwheel, and the hammer was also water-powered. Production ceased in 1877. Electricity came to the village in 1924 but still generated by the original water sources through turbines. Heritage status for this privately owned site was granted in 1990 by the French Government, but it is off the beaten track and seemed to the speaker to suffer from poor signing. Nevertheless, the setting and the completeness of the domestic and industrial buildings and artifacts, including the blast furnace and its feeder, were well worth the visit. Question time was included after each contribution, and we all appreciated the breadth, variety and detail of the material presented during a most entertaining evening. Congratulations to our speakers. Those on the floor must remember our promises to volunteer our services when called upon! The sinking of RMS Tayleur by Gill Hoffs Some 25 members attended the lecture where we learned that our speaker, Gill, was not only the writer of both fiction and non-fiction but also a “fully trained psychologist”. The story of the sinking was told in graphic and horrific detail. It seemed we learned of the death of every member of the ship's company and the poor passengers. The ship was built in Warrington and fitted out in Liverpool from where she sailed on the doomed voyage. The iron hull had terrible effects on the compasses. It was the largest type in its time. There were survivors including the Captain. To get the ship down the Mersey involved very careful planning as it was so big! Anyway, the major problem was with the iron hull interfering with the compasses on board, resulted in incorrect navigation and the ship foundering on the East Coast of Ireland, which “was nowhere near Australia at that time”. Did you see Gill interviewed on the Rocks and Coast Special TV programme recently? She was easily recognised by her enthusiasm for the subject and her bright red hair! Sadly the wreck site has been dived on and had many artefacts removed over the years but now it is a special site where nothing can be taken away. “McCorquodale - Railway Printers” by Geoff Simm Over 30 people attended this, our first evening lecture of 2015-16. Geoff Simm became interested in McCorquodales while studying old census returns of the Newton-le-Willows district, as so many people in Newton (as locals call it) were employed in the local printing firm of McCorquodales. He was attracted by the names of the jobs within the company, some obvious, some less obvious:- Printer, Compositor, Binder, Sewer, Ruler, Clicker and Waysgooze! He tracked down a number of locals who actually worked there and by chance was given the name and address of the founder's great grandson. The founder was George McCorquodale (1817-1895) and his great grandson is Colin McCorquodale. We were so lucky that Colin came from London just for our lecture and to add a bit of sparkle to the evening. What a privilege to have him present and answer questions about the company! We learned of the family's origins in the Western Isles, thence to Glasgow and Liverpool and then in 1846 a move to Newton and the nascent LNWR, and being granted by them a number of printing contracts. Expansion took place to various railway related places (Cardington Street next to Euston Station, Wolverton, where Sir Richard Moon (for it was he) suggested to “George” that he “give employment to the girls and wives of employees at the carriage works as there was nothing for them to do!”, Leeds (a great place to print the Kelly's directory of Leeds!) and other UK places, They bought paper mills and in the empire was one William Clowes, printer of the ubiquitous Hymns Ancient and Modern in Beccles. McCorquodales were known as the “Railway Printers”, and it is estimated that they printed 80% of all railway materials, they printed Bradshaw and in later years security items, such as currency and the famous “Green Shield Stamps”, the only process at Newton that had a guard on the machine! One famous author was Barbara McCorquodale, not heard of her? Well, she changed her name to Barbara Cartland. I don't think she had any difficulty finding a printer! Geoff had brought along examples of posters, house magazines, books, pamphlets and ledgers for us to see and touch! 1986 saw the demise of the company with hostile approaches from Robert Maxwell and then later capital venturists, the factory is now a housing estate, sadly nothing remains. A South African War memorial at Earlestown commemorates Hugh Stewart McCorquodale’s death by Boer sniper. Thanks to our superb speaker and to Maurice Handley for arranging the evening. Our Chairman gave the vote of thanks to rapturous applause. REMEMBER TODAY, JULY 14TH IS BLACK COUNTRY DAY! Bramley Mine Headgear Dennis Potter's Living Room Do we all remember these delivery bikes!! Forest of Dean workers cottage Cider Mill Cider Press DEAN FOREST HERITAGE CENTRE Whilst running a chess event in South Wales we visited the Dean Forest Heritage Centre. This is housed in a former mill and the site, near Soudley, is well worth a visit. There are over 20000 artefacts (not all on display) but it was set up to preserve the heritage of the Forest and covers many aspects of Forest life. The actual site has had many uses. Camp Mill (where most of the centre is housed) is named after some Norman Earthworks nearby. From 1612 - 1674 there was an iron forge on site (the Forest was the main iron producing area in England then) but in 1674 all forges were ordered to be closed as too many trees were being cut down.From 1823-1876 there was an iron foundry on the site run by one Samuel Hewlett but in 1876 the present building was erected as a corn mill. From 1888 - 1908 it was a leather board factory and from 1922-1925 a sawmill. From 1960 - 1981 it was a scrapyard before being taken over by the Dean Heritage Museum Trust and opened as a museum in 1983. As well as the museum there is also a very good cafe on site. General view of lift Caissons passing Gearing at top of lift ANDERTON BOAT LIFT This is one of the most well known industrial heritage sites in the country. It was built in 1875 by Edwin Clark to lift boats 50 feet from the River Weaver to the Trent and Mersey Canal. It was originally counter balanced but in 1908 it was converted to electricity. However in the latest refurbishment it has reverted to hydraulic power. It was closed in 1983 after serious damage was found in the structure but after a £7mn restoration it was reopened in 2002. In 2013 an operations centre opened with displays, gifts and a coffee shop. You can also take boat trips up and down the lift and, at times, as far as Northwich. Walk Mill Gearing mechanism, Walk Mill New grinding equipment, Walk Mill Audlem Flight looking towards Audlem Narrow boat negotiating Lock Four The Shroppie Fly Crane from now closed Audlem Station Peckforton Water Works Lancashire Boilers; latterly diesel stores Bulkeley Hill Tramway Group at Peckforton Water Works Group at the Bulkeley Hill Tramway On Saturday 27th June a group of 15 members and friends met at Walk Mill for our first field trip of the summer. John and Warren joined us in Audlem. This dates from at least the 17c and was originally a fulling mill. Here people “waulked” the cloth in a trough – hopefully with fullers earth but if not with stale urine. Either will remove grease from the cloth. About 1800 it changed to a flour mill and was demolished in 1960. In 2008 it was rebuilt along with the wheel which is now a Poncelet undershot wheel. It produces flour from local grain and, pleasingly, has a full order book. We then moved on to the Audlem flight, a total of 15 locks on the main line from Nantwich to Autherley Junction. This was nearly built as a railway and was Telford’s last major civil engineering accomplishment. It was completed in 1835. We walked down the flight to the Shroppie Fly where we had an excellent lunch. The pub was built as a warehouse for the opening of the canal and lasted until 1970. It was then changed to a pub and includes a mock narrow boat as a bar. In the afternoon we went to Peckforton Water Works owned by Severn Trent Water Board. We could not get in the main works which are automated but behind we found a bank of former Lancashire Boilers which had been used as a diesel store for the pumps and also the remains, including rails, of a rope hauled tramway which was used in the building of Bulkeley Hill Resevoir. After being pumped up to the reservoir the water goes to Audley down a 27 inch pipe and is used to supply the Potteries. Our final stop was the Gallantry Bank Copper Mine in Bickerton. This has almost certainly been used since Roman times and probably since the Bronze Age. Its first official mention is in a report from 1697. It was mined intermittently until the 1860s and occasionally thereafter but the last copper was won in 1920. Most buildings were ruined by 1906 and all but the engine house chimney (with datestone 1856) were demolished in the 1930s. The weather was kind and we had an excellent day. Our thanks go to Malcolm Verity and John Ryan for all their hard work in planning the day. Hunslet austerity Haulen x Mountain Ash 3 car DMU (for use to Abergwili ??) Ben the miniature railway engine Station buildings at Llwyfan Cerrig (x Felin Fach) inside the TPO Crossing box from Crundale (north of Haverfordwest) Gwili Railway The railway runs over part of the old Carmarthen and Cardigan, later Manchester and Milford, still later Great Western and eventually British Rail line which eventually connected Carmarthen with Aberystwyth passing through the university town of Lampeter where I spent three happy years. I only travelled south once when some of us went to "investigate" Carmarthen but in February of my first year it was closed for passengers and I thus bought a car! Goods traffic finished in 1973 but the Gwili Railway company bought 8 miles of trackbed from Abergwili Junction to Llanpumpsaint and by 1978 were running steam trains over a mile of track. In June 2015 they are on the point (they hope) of opening an extension south from their headquarters at Bronwydd Arms to Abergwili Junction (Carmarthen North) and at present are running north as far as Dan y Coed Halt. I have noticed that far more effort is being put in by some preserved railways to win traffic and at Bronwydd Arms there is a small museum, you can go in the signal box and, of course there are refreshments and a souvenir\book shop. Furthermore the ticket gives you a full days riding. On the return journey you stop for about 30 minutes at Llwyfan Cerrig (both this and Dan y Coed have no road access) but here you can look at the station with restored ticket office (originally from Felin Fach on the Aberaeron Branch), a crossing box from Crundale just north of Haverfordwest, lokk in the carriage maintenance and repair (or rebuild) shop, go for a ride on a miniature railway (yes it did survive me! for any guests on this site I am a very large former second row forward), look inside a former travelling post office (TPO) or just have a picnic by the riverside. You can, of course, say that it goes from nowhere to nowhere slowly but at least they are making a great effort to make the journey interesting and so deserve support' AEC Regal of Pullman Bedford OWB of 1944 running in service Crosville Leyland National Birkenhead Leyland Leopard at Eastham Ferry Wallasey's first Leyland Atlantean Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley & Dukinfield Daimler Bus Running Day. Hooton Park May 24 2015 I attended this event and it brought back many memories. I confess to not being an expert on buses so any mistakes or omissions are down to my lack of knowledge. I do, however, remember many of the types and even, in the case of the first Atlantean going down to Seacombe to see it on its first day. I can also remember travelling to Eastham Ferry on a very similar bus to the one I travelled on today. Memories of Bedford OBs in Wales grinding up some very steep hills - definitely a nostalgia day! Loddiswell Station with canopy Station name Goods yard shed now a summer house A most unusual holiday let!! The sad remains of Kingswear Castle of 1904 The gracious lady Kingswear Castle of 1924 Snippets from Devon I have been spending a few days in South Devon and was on an "Invitation to View" with a difference. Normally we visite stately homes (some large some smaller) which are not normally open to the public. This was a converted station on the Primrose Line (South Brent to Kingsbridge). It had taken a long time to build due to wrangles over route and lack of money and, in fact, never reached the hoped for destination of Salcombe. It opened in 1893, the three intermediate stations only serve small populations (Loddiswell is 2 miles from its village) and Kingsbridge isn't large so it was no surprise that it fell to the Beeching Axe in 1963. For 10 years the station rotted away before a lady with vision rescued it. The current couple have had it a couple of years. The platform and canopy are basically as is (although the canopy roof is new) and the old goods shed is a summer house. However the rebuilt signal box is a holiday let - definitely for the enthusiast. My second day I did the Round Robin, bus to Totnes, steamer to Dartmouth and steam train to Paignton. I have done it a few times before so the only photos I took were the remains of Kingswear Castle of 1904 and the current paddler which dates from 1924. I would, however, thoroughly recommend the trip both for its transport content and its scenery. Teifi Coracle Ironbridge Coracle Coracle Builders Workshop Bull boat North America Vietnamese Coracle Tibetan Corcle Cenarth Mill Cenarth Falls Millstone National Coracle Centre and old mill Cenarth I visited here on a wet Friday. The museum is situated in the outbuildings of the mill and boasts a most comprehensive history of coracles and other skin boats from around the world. Skin boat s have been in use since 8000 BC (rock drawings in Norway). Moses was found in a type of coracle! There are replicas or originals from Tibet, Vietnam, Iraq, North America as well as examples from the rivers Taf, Teifi, Towy, Cleddau and, of course, the Severn. All of these are well labelled and their histories covered, The traditional Irish curragh was also a skin boat and St Brandon (and in 1976\7 Tim Severin) crossed the Atlantic in a curracgh. The Museum opened in June 1990 and has had many distinguished visitors. Cenarth Mill came into the possession of Edward I when he became Lord of the Manor of Cenarth in the late 13th century.Cenarth Mill was included in lands granted by James I to Sir Richard Cobham and John Howe in 1613; by 1630 the mill and weir had passed to the Vaughans of Golden Grove. The present mill structure originates from the 17th century. The mill (and kiln) remained in use until 1939. It was idle until 1954 when JR Williams, Crosshands, took over the tenancy and after substantial repairs milling resumed for a scheme to export oatcakes to the US. During the 1960s the mill and weir fell into disrepair, and it was sold off with other Cawdor estates during the 1970s. The Mill was purchased by Mr Martin Fowler in 1983 and now forms part of the National Coracle Centre. I would say that it does need some TLC before it is again in full working order. February 9th The First Gun Powder Mill in the North West - by Mike Taylor About 36 members listened to a superb PowerPoint presentation on what at first thought might have been a soulless topic, But NO! We are in Jamaica one minute, then in Liscard, the Saxons, salmon fishing on the Mersey, tobacco importing, (“best tobacco for England, brushings for the French!”) it was, to use a horrible modern overused saying, “a rollercoaster ride”. The story hinges around one John Stanton, (b. Ulverston 1716, d. 1791). But first our speaker, Mike, painted-in the topography of the Thelwall area and we were all given 3 maps. Mike went on to make some interesting observations, North of the Mersey in Saxon times was “Northumbria”! and Thelwall can be traced back to 920 AD. The area of Thelwall was (and still is!) prone to flooding and changes in course due to meandering were always a problem on the treacherous River Mersey. And then we learned how John Stanton had the capital to build a gunpowder factory. He was a sea captain involved in the triangular trade. As Mike said, “let's not go there!”. But John Stanton captained a ship called “Molly”. The voyages started in Liverpool, (where amongst other commodities, were wigs for the colonies!, smart manufactured clothing, shoes in “small”, “medium” and “large”), then Molly sailed to Cork (collecting linen), Madeira (for fresh water), then on to Bonny (in what is now Nigeria) for slaves, (on behalf of Cunliffes), then on to Kingston, Jamaica (Note: there is still a Stanton Street in Jamaica!) or America, at which point the boat would then be cleaned and re-stowed with tobacco and sugar for a homeward voyage to Liverpool. Captain Stanton became very rich on this business, latterly he just sailed to and from America. One of the principals that bought from him was to the famous Robert Morris of Oxford, America. Goods were just addressed, “Robert Morris, Oxford, America”. Originally voyages were season dependent, for example they had to arrive at the right time to collect the harvested tobacco. Gradually what we would now call warehouses were built along the quayside to store the goods pending arrival of suitable “tonnage”. This made shipping easier. These warehouses, as we shall see, were then called “Factories”. Morris’s son, also named Robert, was such a big mover and shaker that he was later known as “The Financier of the American Revolution”. Shipping in the triangular trade was very lucrative! On one voyage John Stanton made a profit of over £2,000, which in today's terms is about one and a half million pounds! John Stanton gave up shipping and chose a new career path. He chose gunpowder and decided on Thelwall as his location for the factory. Before he could build the factory there were a few worried people........ Firstly, the Lord of the Manor wrote a letter worrying about the chance of an explosion, and its effects, and then there were the local fishermen, who fished for salmon in the Mersey. They wondered if there would be a detrimental effect. There was also some opposition from the locals in Thelwall who feared explosion. Some of them were quite influential, such as one Mr Pickering. So it wasn't plain sailing building a gunpowder factory in Thelwall. Somehow John pacified the grumblers. He convinced the locals, and the fishermen, that “no animals or fish would be harmed in the making of the gunpowder”. Eventually he set up his powder business in Thelwall on the south bank of the river. He chose this location right next to a weir as there was a “6 foot” drop, which meant ENERGY! Unfortunately, these days, nothing remains of the powder mills apart from, possibly, some river walls, but Mike had some excellent maps for us to examine showing the layout of the mills and warehouses. Water-power was needed to grind the ingredients to the right consistency. Mike explained that Mr Stanton was a superb book keeper, especially for his voyages. It was a case of having to be so, since he carried cargoes for himself, some for others and his principal shipper was Foster, Cunliffe and Sons. He made records of what was being shipped and where to, who it was for, and the values. The ledger survives at the Matlock Record Office and the descendants of John Stanton who live in Derbyshire now, have other possessions from this time. The ledger makes fascinating reading. When his sea faring days were over, he kept the ledger, turned it up-side down and started to keep a ledger of the gunpowder business. (He didn't get rich wasting money on buying new ledgers!) Gunpowder needs three ingredients, saltpeter, a product of South America, sulphur from Italy and charcoal in great quantities, which could be obtained locally.. But they were placated and the mills 4 were built. Mike wasn't sure how John Stanton found out how to make gunpowder. Saltpetre: Mike went into the processing of the ingredients, one process being grinding for up to 8 hours, there being 12 separate mills at Thelwall. We learned that the unit of gunpowder is a “barrel”, which contained 100 pounds. There is belief that gunpowder from Thelwall went to both sides in the War of Independence as Liverpool was the export route for the Colonies. Washington sailed to Bermuda and stole the precious gunpowder from the British! John Stanton knew how to handle shipping companies, having owned one himself. And it appeared that the Mersey flats bringing the ingredients from the Liverpool Docks (the saltpetre and the sulphur) were probably the same boats that took the final product back down the River Mersey for onward sale. One interesting point was that Stanton bought storage at the “Magazines” in New Brighton where he could store many tons of powder. It is believed that the Liscard magazines closed in 1851 by which time Stanton’s trade was probably tapering off. The business lasted for just one hundred years and closed in 1856 following the inevitable explosion, when amazingly only one person died and one was injured. The family retired to manors in Derbyshire where they are to this day. They were munificent benefactors in the Thelwall area and the school building Stanton bequeathed still stands but is no longer a school. He is buried at Grappenhall Parish Church. Well, I hope I've managed to paint in a picture of why and how gunpowder was based at Thelwall. Although It was the first in the North West, the growth of others that followed, probably contributed to the decline of the mills since this brought competition. Some photos by Maurice Handley of the Bank Quay Transporter Bridge. The bridge is one of only three of its type in the country and is the only one specially built to carry rail wagons. Built c1904, its a Scheduled Monument and is listed Grade II* ( the second highest grade). It is in a decaying condition and is on the English Heritage at Risk Register . Oil wells on Formby Moss. During a geological survey of the moss-land area inland to Formby in the late 1930s, a number of surface seepages of petroleum were noted. These had in fact been known about locally for hundreds of years, originally described by Camden in 1637 and again by geologists in 1843. Local people had used the dried peat extracted from the mossland as ‘firelighters’. The seepages rediscovered in 1937 then led to successful drilling by the D’Arcy Exploration Company. The first load of ‘Formby crude’ left by rail from Preston in June 1939. In 1940, D'Arcy began what was then to be the deepest well drilled in Britain. Between then and 1961 the field yielded 9758 tons (about 75,800 barrels). Formby was BP's first British oil discovery. Although the flow was small it was sufficient to maintain the rigs in economic service and the Formby field was one of the few operating in England during World War II. By 1966 operations were abandoned, the wells were sealed, huts removed and the land restored to its agricultural use. Few signs remain of the once important oilfield but many older people still remember seeing the “nodding donkeys” as the wells were called. Interest still exists in the potential for the area and now an Aberdeen based crude petroleum and natural gas extraction company has obtained planning permission for the “drilling and testing for hydrocarbons on the former oilfield area”. It is thought that in view of the considerable quantities which have accumulated by seepage in the past it is very likely that they will get some initial production from shallow depths The reservoir conditions may however have been disturbed by the final actions at the site in 1964 when underground combustion was started to get the remaining thicker oil to flow to the surface. This was written by Reg and Barbara, two well known Formby historians, and comes from one of their recent books. We are very grateful that they have given us permission to us it in our newsletter. 12th January 2015 - HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORDS by Dr Ben Croxford Our speaker was Dr Ben Croxford: Historic Environment Record Officer, (HER), Merseyside Environmental Advisory Service. (MEAS). Now the subject to the passer-by might seem a bit boring but once we overcame a nasty attack of acronyms the substance of Ben's presentation was VERY interesting. Ben works in an office at Sefton Council, and he has a staff of two, including himself and a volunteer. His quest is to unify and “computerise” the archaeological records of the disparate counties making up “Merseyside”; my words not his. He was at pains to point out that Merseyside is no longer a county. But the constituent parts of the area, such as Wirral, have seen the sense in contributing to one person acting for them and bringing the records up to the nationally recognised standard. Some of the existing record date back to the early days of computers, (the ones that printed off on that wide continuous print paper that many of us will remember. At this time it was really a searchable computer system.) The computer systems have kept abreast with the times moving to systems such as Microsoft Access but now uses a specialty software used by all the HER agencies. Of course, as many will know, data is only as good as the quality of the input. Ben wants the system to be accessible to everyone but it will take a further 18 months of hard work to complete the project. Ben is in a permanent post and is not expecting to be de-funded on completion of the current project. I learned this new word “De-funded”, where funding is taken away, and this is what exactly has been happening in various councils when it comes to HERs. Each file that is inputted has to have a “bibliography” (a bit like a good reference book) showing “a chain of evidence” as he put it. GETTING A PLACE RECORDED This is easy. You don't need an MA from Corpus Christi and there are no hoops that have to be jumped through! For example, Ben has made sure that the first place where horse racing took place in this country has been mapped, at Wallasey, even though, currently, there are no tangible topographic remains. CAN WE HELP? Ben has received various filing cabinets from the constituent “Councils” marked “Archology” (Editor's Joke). Before the data can be digitized, it is checked, validated and entered in a standardised way, in a style that is commensurate with the other HERs in the country. MEAS not only covers local archaeology but includes records on natterjack toads, the ecology, Japanese knot weed, asbestos and flooding. HISTORY AND ORIGINS …................... The centre of Liverpool, where the new courts were being built in 1977, needed special investigations as this area was a very historic part of Liverpool, being so close to Old Dock. As a result MAS was founded, and records started to be made. Ben noted that Merseyside was good at keeping records before 1977 before it became a “regulatory” matter; in fact in 1972 Liverpool was the third in the Country to log finds and information on a computer. Of course at this time it was pretty basic. At the end of the presentation there were questions from the floor. It never ceases to amaze me the variety and depth of questions our members ask. Ben was asked what had drawn him to Merseyside, from Kent, where he enacted a similar project. He responded “Merseyside is the last area in the Country to put written records on to a modern computer database”. Another question was, how does one HER officer call anomalous objects? The answer is that there is an HER Thesaurus with definitions to conform with, and the word we were discussing was “nunnery”. Ben added that if all else fails, there's a chat room where all the HER officers fire a questions at each other to agree a definition. 4 The forms that Ben works from are “P Forms and “F” forms. One member recalls using these in the 60's and was pleased to see that the system is still working and robust. So ended a very interesting evening, with the usual round of applause to our enthusiastic speaker; he added that he has a vacancy for a volunteer to work under his supervision and that traveling expenses would be paid! But he wants to get the project on line as soon as possible. In the future he will need help from us to advise him of what is being found and what already exists, and on mentioning this Ben said how useful Google Streetview was in checking initial ideas.(Ben's email address is [email protected]) He said that the “Letterbox Study Group” (no, me neither, it makes me feel good to be British), thought they had found a unique letter box in Formby, but with no slot for post. This later turned out to be an electrical junction box. But it was worth the effort getting this interesting artifact mapped. As Ben said, “It makes the area unique!” Sewer gas pipes have also been of interest as they don't seem to make them anymore. For more information on the HER visit the Merseyside Environmental Advisory Service's website (www.meas.org.uk/wider-role/historic-environment-record.aspx). MIHS 50th BIRTHDAY COMMEMORATIVE LECTURE - SIR NEIL COSSONS Neil’s power point presentation was described as an “anecdotage” (a new word to me!). It was a fascinating travail through Neil's memories of Liverpool, amazingly from as early as 1946. By way of introduction, Neil outlined that his father, a schoolmaster, had decided “what family holidays were for”. They were for “Seeing where the country's wealth comes from”. So Bognor, Butlins, Blackpool, Torquay and Prestatyn were off the list. Instead in the late 40's the Cossons went on holiday to places like Sheffield and Hull. More importantly for us, they also went to Liverpool. Neil let slip that he had a sister, and we were informed that whilst these “interesting” holiday destinations had not irreparably damaged her for life, going to places like Portsmouth and Liverpool (where he saw HMS Vanguard) had a great influence on Neil. He was fascinated by steam engines on the docks, the Overhead Railway, trams, railways, ocean liners and steam road vehicles - then still in frequent use in Liverpool. So in 1958 Neil went to Liverpool University and as a student he said Liverpool seemed “magical”. Once there he joined a varsity “club” called LUPTS (Liverpool University Public Transport Society). (Still going, Ed). Of course in these days there were lots of “affinity” groups and it didn't seem odd to be in one. Today being in such a society might evoke the comment “I didn't know people could be so sad!” He found the choice between a “Sociology” lecture and drifting down to the Pier Head to see fifty or so ships a difficult one to make on a hot summer's day! Whilst at University, Neil bought a one pound share in preserving a former Liverpool tram, the total cost in 1960 being £50. And this is the green Liverpool tram many of you will have seen at the National Tramway Museum, called “869.” Neil regretted that Liverpool had NO preserved ship on the Mersey and showed images of what he called “lost opportunities” such as the IOM boat Manxman (we were shown distressing pictures of her being cut up in the North East), HMS Plymouth (now being scrapped in Turkey), no old ferry boats saved, and more. Liverpool’s World Heritage Site status does not seem to have had great influence on the people of the city. (“A prophet is without honour in his own land” Ed.). Liverpool should laud and applaud this fact (but we don't). Neil listed places in Liverpool that had just “slipped their moorings without so much as a whimper”, the Sailors' Home (“if only it had kept going another two years”), Crown Street (the inexorable march of changes needed by railways), the lovely attractive chimney (pictured) at Smithdown Lane (it would serve no purpose saving it, but as Neil sagely added, “Neither does Stonehenge!” By contrast, the (reluctant) saving of St Pancras in London has created an international railway terminal for this country. The voice of conservation in this day and age is so much weaker than it was in the 1980's and 90's.Neil remarked that councils, these days, will more or less allow any development, irrespective of merit, if it promises to bring jobs to the area. He said the paradox was that the new high rise buildings in the centre of town were very poor in design, meanwhile “older and better buildings were being bulldozed”. Neil opined that Liverpool was bereft of something in the quirky Liverpool environment but some treasures have survived, Oriel Chambers (its architectural design only being exposed thanks to German bombing), St George's, Everton (”The only way I could get in was to go for a service there!”). By contrast Liverpool has the best pre-Second World War Airport surviving, (the only other two contenders being Le Bourget and Templehof) Neil's suggestions to MIHS: 1 Recognise what we've got that needs saving, draw up a plan. 2 Get advocacy at a political level. 3 Make a noise, use the press and radio. 4 Get a popular noisy “champion”. The example given was a chap in Bristol who was very well liked by the people of the city. And when interviewed his every fourth word was “Bristol”. Neil said there was great merit in gathering like-minded groups of preservationists together, to find common ground. He summed up with “Liverpool is a place where peculiar things happen” and here he showed an image of the restaurant at the Pier Head. Now I'd better put a disclaimer in the above if the reported speech was not exactly as Neil said and moreover my notes were written in subdued light as most of you know, I am on some strong medication at present, but I think I got the sentiment of his lecture. As you know the last thing I want to do is upset anyone. SOCIAL EVENING ON LIGHT VESSEL PLANET 22ND juhyjjuSEPTEMBER Twenty to thirty members met at the Planet which is berthed in Canning Dock on the Strand side. Roy Forshaw had arranged the visit and, although the owner was unable to be there Roy was able to give us an introduction to the vessel and a short guided tour of the cabin area which is being refurbished so as to be able to take overnight guests. There were drinks for sale at the vessel's bar and Renie had produced an excellent buffet which was able to cater for even the largest appetites. Plenty of chatting was done as well as some reminiscing. After a good 90 minutes we started to leave after a thoroughly enjoyable evening. VISIT TO RAINFORD - 12th JULY 2014 Malcolm Verity A dozen or so members and friends gathered on a warm and sultry day beside the parish church for this “double-header” visit, led in the morning by Sam Rowe and in the afternoon by Maurice Handley. Sam started with a little history. All-Saints Rainford was built in 1876, its substantial size a reflection of Rainford’s growth in population. Construction entailed the demolition of the existing chapel, dating from about 1530, and of the original Golden Lion, the pub re-opening in a nearby farmhouse, where we find it today. Behind the church were the tennis courts, where the original finds of Rainford ‘tygs’ - narrow multi-handled glazed drinking vessels dating from about 1620, were made by Liverpool University. This was the characteristic Rainford pottery - elegant tableware with a glossy black lead glaze intended to look like the much more costly pewter. Strolling through the village, we stopped opposite Clay Pipe Cottage, in the mid-19th century a pipe making workshop, but now, with modern additions, a desirable residence. Retracing our steps to the corner brought us to the stocks, and a pause for a photo. Then Sam escorted us to the library, where two patches of open ground behind the building had been excavated, first in 2013 with a test trench and again in June this year in the Community Archaeology dig led by Sam. This was the site of another clay pipe making shop, which originated in the 1720s and was expanded in the 1840s by Peter Smith. The recent excavations had located the boundary wall of the site, right where the old records said it would be. Also found were a stone lined tank, and a drain running across the site. Sadly the kiln was not discovered. It is presumed to be under the library. Inside the library we found the display of pottery and clay pipe remains from the dig, including several pipe bowls, one bearing the initials of Peter Smith. The white pipe fragments meant they were made of ball clay from Devon - not a more local variety. Also on display was the ‘tyg’ found 40 years ago in a Rainford garden. Continuing on our way, we passed some intriguing walls between the houses in Church Lane - thick sandstone slabs placed vertically. Then, in Rookery Lane, we came upon a fine barn dating from about 1820, with both walls and roof made from sandstone. Sadly the weight of the roof was causing it to collapse and the owner, who lives next door, was unclear what its future would be. Our return route lay along the Rainford Linear Park - the former track of the St Helens to Ormskirk branch of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, but before starting on it, Maurice pointed out the nearby farmer’s field where, like most others in the area, the surface lay below the level of the road due to the extraction of sand for glass making. Once back at the church we moved to The Junction Inn, near to Rainford Junction station. After a robust lunch we followed Maurice over the footbridge and onto the ballast of what had been the linking curve between the St Helens branch and the 1848 Wigan to Kirkby line. Maurice showed us how, as well as branching to join the line towards Wigan, the line from St Helens once crossed over it on its way to Ormskirk, on an embankment now removed. After crossing a field we found ourselves in scrubby woodland, the ground full of lumps and hollows. This was evidence of coal working in the late 18th century, and to prove the point, Maurice picked up a small slab of sandstone, with a plant fossil clearly visible. We emerged on Red Delph Lane, the name indicating that it once served a quarry for red sandstone. Then, crossing the A370, we entered Sidings Lane. Prominent on the left were four pairs of handsome villas, bearing an 1879 date. These were interpreted by Maurice as housing for colliery managers. A little further on we came to an area that had clearly been landscaped and planted in recent times. A few more yards and we arrived at the capped No1 and No2 shafts of Rainford Colliery, together with an information board. Four shafts were sunk at Rainford by William Harding, starting in 1860 and reaching a depth of 600ft. The colliery was served by rail sidings off the main line (hence the name), and we saw evidence of an elevated section of track. The colliery closed in 1928. This was another enjoyable and instructive visit. Clearly the now rather genteel Rainford, in its rural setting, was in former times the scene of much industrial activity - clay pipe making, pottery, coal mining, and, more recently, sand extraction. Between 1858 and 1951 a steam railway ran through the village. It is very different today. Thanks are due to Sam Rowe and to Maurice Handley for their leadership of the trip, and to Warren Kern, whose collection of clay pipes and associated items provided an interesting lunchtime diversion. CORRIS RAILWAY Train arriving at Corris Station Loco no. 7 Maespoeth Junction Signal Box Inside Maespoeth Carriage Shed Explosives Wagon from Trecwn (Pembrokeshire) Engine Shed at Maespoeth This weekend I was able to pay a 90 minute visit to the Corris Railway. A visit we were unable to do two Long Weelends ago. I did mention this fact but no one really knew what I was talking about. The original tramway opened in 1859 and went to Derwenlas, an old port on the Afon Dyfi where slates were transshipped. However the building of the main line to Aberytwyth rendered the line south of Machynlleth redundant although to this day there are small signs of it in Machynlleth. Derwenlas is now cut off from the river by the railway (at least most of the time). Gravity and horse traction was used until 1879 and it was 1883 until an official passenger service started. The railway also ran horse buses to surrounding villages and even, for a time, promoted a circular with the Tal-y-llyn railway and the GWR. 1906 saw the closure of Braich Goch Quarry and thereafter the railway never showed a profit. In 1930 the GWR took over and at the start of 1931 the passenger service was closed and buses run along the main road. Nationalisation came in 1948 and serious erosion by the Afon Dyfi later that year saw the end of the railway. Within a year the track had been lifted. The Corris Railway Society was founded in 1966 and has a short length of track on which a loco and two carriages run as well as a museum at Corris and an engine shed and a carriage shed at Maespoeth. I visited the railway on 19th July and was impressed. The museum is small but detailed including a good collection of books and magazines as well as simple refreshments. The train ride is about 10 minutes each way with decent scenery. However, what I really liked was the "entertainment" at Maespoeth. All journeys have to be round journeys but at Maespoeth you sit down and are given a potted history and also shown the inside of the engine shed. You then go to the new carriage shed having certain things pointed out en route. You walk through this new shed, again with a good commentary, before rejoining your train. The whole experience (excluding the museum) takes just under an hour. I was with three friends, noe of who were transport enthusiasts but everyone really enjoyed the afternoon. The top three photos are from the weavers' Triangle The bottom three are from Queen Street Mill Model of Burnley Fair Canal worker's living room Weaving and spinning sheds. Trafalgar Mill Creel and Beaming Frame Half of the 305 looms in shed Towelling loom VISIT TO BURNLEY - 28th JUNE 2014 Malcolm Verity During the Industrial Revolution Burnley became one of Lancashire's most prominent mill towns; at its peak it was one of the world's largest producers of cotton cloth, as well as a major centre of engineering. The town’s heritage is still apparent today, with more than a dozen mill chimneys still standing, several of them listed. Cotton manufacture began to replace that of wool in the second half of the 18th century, the earliest known factories standing on the banks of the River Calder and using water power to drive the spinning machines. The arrival of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1796 made possible transportation of goods in bulk, bringing a huge boost to the town's economy. Dozens of new mills were constructed, along with many foundries and ironworks that supplied the mills and coal mines with machinery and cast and wrought iron for construction. The town became renowned for its mill-engines and the Burnley Loom was recognised as one of the best in the world. By 1830 there were 32 steam engines in cotton mills throughout the rapidly expanding town. One example, originally installed at Harle Syke Mill, is now in the Science Museum. The start of the 20th century saw Burnley's textile industry at the height of its prosperity. At its peak in 1911 there were more than 100,000 power looms in the town. However, WW1 heralded the beginning of the collapse of the English textiles industry and the start of a steady decline in the town's population. The Weavers’ Triangle is an area on the banks of the canal that lay at the heart of Burnley's textile industry. Our visit commenced at the Visitor Centre, in the former Wharf Master’s House of 1878. There a series of exhibits set out the principles of weaving cotton and explain the importance of the industry to the town. Then we were off on a stroll along the canal bank, guided by Brian, head of the Weavers’ Triangle Trust. The wharf area contains two warehouses dating from 1801, one converted into a pub, the other restored as offices. As we progressed, the walls of abandoned mills lined both sides of the canal, and Brian explained how the siting of the mills was influenced by the availability of canal water for the engines. With but a single towpath, he outlined how the horse-drawn boats, up to 15ft wide, were supposed to pass each other. Predictably, the rules were not always followed, and fisticuffs were not uncommon, with horses ending up in the canal. Brian recalled the names of the mills along our route, notably Trafalgar, started in the 1840s as a spinning mill, and later also a weaving mill. It was the last to close, in 1990. He explained that, while spinning machinery could be placed in the upper floors of a building, weaving sheds were single storey, due to the intense vibration of the looms. Then we came to Slater’s Terrace, a striking row of eleven worker’s houses, built in the 1840s above a warehouse. The 1851 census showed 70 people living here, but by 1900 it had been abandoned. It is now under refurbishment, but as offices, not dwellings. Next, Brian pointed out Victoria Mill, tastefully converted into Visions Learning College, but with an ugly rust coloured extension. This controversial building occupies the former site of Waterloo Iron Works, home of the Pemberton loom which still equips Queen Street Mill. After an agreeable lunch we drove across town to Queen Street. Here the mill, started in 1894 and closed in 1982, retains many of its original features, with a weaving shed housing over 300 Pemberton looms (there were originally over 1000). Pride of place at Queen Street, however, must go to the magnificent tandem compound mill engine ‘Peace’, installed in 1896 and still in full operating condition, along with its four Lancashire boilers and accompanying ‘lodge’ (see last newsletter). As start-up time approached Derek, the engine-man, barred ‘Peace’ to her starting position using the auxiliary engine. Then, merely opening the main steam valve saw ‘Peace’ swing into action, quickly gathering pace up to the 68rpm operating speed of the direct drive mill shafting. Once the engine had settled down Derek proved full of colourful anecdotes on steam operation, both involving ‘Peace’ and his voluntary activities on the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway. Following a pause in the café it was time to depart for Merseyside, after a most instructive visit. It provided an insight into the vast scale of the Lancashire textile industry, not just in the mills, but also in the supporting iron working and engineering activities. For those who could not make this trip, a visit to Burnley is highly recommended. Thanks are due to Pete Purland, who organised the visit, arranged the loan of the minibus, and drove it with his customary panache. Lydia Perrygrove Railway Underground Railway and Truck Clearwell Caves Replica medieval billy Clearwell Caves Spitter (spade) and other tools Types of drilling equipment Replica Bronze Age turf hut Enchanted Forest I was working down in Monmouth and had a spare day so I visited a couple of sites in the Forest of Dean. I went to the Perrygrove Railway which is just outside Coleford. There was a steam engine, Lydia built fairly locally by Alan Keef. It is 15 inch gauge and runs for three quarters of a mile between four stations. The railway opened in 1996 and, although the railway itself, based on early estate railways, is interesting, the attraction as a whole is very child orientated. They do, however, do a very nice baked potato! I then moved on to Clearwell Caves (Mines ) which I found extremely interesting and pretty well presented. There is a museum on the surface and a long, self guided walk underground. The caves are basically natural and have been producing Ochre since prehistoric times and still do! Iron was mined from Roman times up to about 1945. It is also the area of the freeminers and you are told about them as well. There is a good collection of artefacts and even "deep adventures" for the hardy souls. Public access has been available since the mid 1970s. Opposite is the Enchanted Forest, a woodland walk with some replica bronze age houses. This is pleasant enough on a nice day if you have the time. Halton Castle Halton Miniature Railway Toby No. 7 Halton Miniature Railway Franklin and carriages High Legh Miniature Railway Franklin approaching the entrance to the extension Allostock Junction Allostock Miniature Railway Signal box and old station nameplate Old "tin" station advert. Rio Grande replica Allostock Miniature Railway Lady Joan at Blakemere Craft Centre Sunday 25th May I visited four miniature railways in Cheshire. They are all pretty close, all 7.25 inch guage and three are attached to garden centres. Therefore, in some cases one could kill two birds with one stone. The railways were, in the order I visited them, Halton Miniature Railway; High Legh Railway; Allostock Miniature Railway and Blakemere Miniature Railway. Only High Legh has a roof on the carriage (but no sides) so you need good weather or, at worst, a good waterproof. i suspect they would not run in really bad weather. The Halton Miniature Railway is in Town Park, Runcorn next to the ski slope (which is well signposted) and is run by Halton Miniature Railway Society. It was built in 1979 and operates Sundays throughout the year 1330 - 1630 also Saturdays June - August and Thursdays in August. It is almost a mile long through attractive parkland, woodland and water meadows starting and finishing at Mousetrap Halt by the Ski Slope. They have a decent sized workshop and engine shed (which I was allowed in to) and the two engines ready for use were Toby No. 7 (which pulled me and is an 0-4-0 petrol hydraulic) and Halton Castle a Bo-Bo battery electric formerly at the Conway Valley Railway. High Legh Railway is at the garden centre of the same name but is privately owned by Andy Higgins (Vee Ltd) and was opened in 2009 with the extension opening in 2011. I rode behind Franklin a 4w - 4w battery electric loco built in 2010 but they have a large engine shed and a good stock of locos. The railway is 900 yards long and is a big loop with trains starting and finishing at High Legh. It is open 1000 - 1630, weekends, bank holidays and daily in school summer holidays (at least). Allostock Miniature Railway is at the All-in-one Garden Centre on the A50. It is also privately owned by Derek Moss who has run it since 2009 although it was built originally in 2000 when only 300 yards long. It has now been extended round more of the site. There is a fair amount of Railwayana including station signs and various warning notices as well as some old "tin" adverts. It is now 800 yards long and is the most like an enthusiasts line. It is open 1100 - 1600 or 1630 (Sat) weekends and bank holidays throughout the year. Finally I visited Blakemere Craft Centre where the railway is run by the Mid Cheshire Society of Model Engineers, again not connected with the centre. For 12 years a railway was run at the Pettypool centre but in 2011 the owners gave notice to quit. However in July 2013 a loop was opened at Blakemere and much work is going on to improve what at present is a basic site. The railway tries to run every Sunday but is volunteer dependant. Here, however, I rode my only steam train, Lady Joan. The BMR stands for Brett's (the builder) Miniature Railway and not for the obvious!! The first three railways cost £1 per ride and the last was donations only so I had a really enjoyable day for little more than the cost of petrol. All sites have at least basic refreshments whilst the three garden\craft centres do full meals. For those interested it would make an excellent day out. General view of Snailbeach mine Snailbeach mine and Dressing Floor The old locomotive shed Snailbeach Many years ago I took some of my pupils camping in this general area and on the way home from Cardiff yesterday I decided to call in at The Bog Heritage Centre which is housed in the old school. The village has now been demolished (a week after mains services got to the village in the week before it was evacuated in 1972. Now only the school and pub (a private house) remain. You can get a guided walk round the old mining and village areas. A few miles along the road is Snailbeach which has much more substantial remains Lead mining started here in Roman Times and the remains are some of the best in Britain. Mining ceased in 1955 although locals worked the slag heaps in to the 70s. It is possible to take two types of underground tour (standard or adventurous) and there are also remains of the Snailbeach Light Railway which ran down to Pontesbury. I explored the exchange sidings but now most of the track is farmland. This would be a good site for a field visit. 7812 Erlestoke Manor at Kidderminster 43106 (The Flying Pig I am told!!) at Kidderminster The Spool Axminster Loom at the Museum of Carpets The Jacquard Wilton Loom at the Museum of Carpets South Wales and South West Regional AIA Conference. Malcolm and Renee Verity and Peter Purland met in Kidderminster on Friday 10th April to attend this conference. During our 2012 Long Weekend we had been very well looked after by the group and wanted to support them. After a very pleasant evening of eating, drinking and chatting we headed off to Baxter College, Kidderminster on the Saturday Morning. After a welcoming cup of tea we settled down in the lecture theatre for the first two lectures. Sitting behind us was Peter Reid who some long standing members will remember. Our first talk was by Melvyn Thompson on the Museum of Carpets. He spoke to us in Bromsgrove and gave a similar but even more interesting lecture on the history and development of the industry. Of course the museum has now been open for 18 months so some pictures of that had been added. Our second lecture was by Christopher Taft and covered Postal Operations in WW1. The sheer volume of mail, parcels and newspapers that had to be shipped to Flanders was mind boggling and we also saw some slides of the Post office Rifles and heard the story of their VC - Alfred Knight. We then had a substantial buffet including a delicious plum crumble then settled down to a further two lectures. The first was by David Postle on the Kidderminster Railway Museum and the great work the 6 pioneers did has been greatly appreciated by a whole generation of enthusiasts. The final talk was by Dr Ian West of the AIA on the Introduction of Technology in the Country House. Again we were kept entertained although the heat was starting to take its toll and the ensuing cup of tea was most welcome. We were not finished yet as there were three possible visits - Drakelow Tunnels; Kidderminster Railway Museum or Museum of Carpets. The three of us chose the latter and spent two hours being shown round this comprehensive museum including seeing a Jacquard Wilton Loom in action. Finally it was time to go and Malcolm and Renee headed for home whilst Peter returned to the guest house to prepare for a day on the Severn Valley Railway. It was a members and shareholders' weekend and I went by auto train to Highley and had two other runs up at least part of the line before heading for home. I did manage their Cream Tea Train! STORETON WOODS AND ITS TRAMWAY (David Casement) Mr Casement gave the 35 members present a well-polished and interesting lecture. It was a Powerpoint show and we were all given our own worksheets (sorry maps) to help us navigate. Since 1989 the woods have been owned by The Woodland Trust, but are in the care of The Friends of Storeton Woods. Of course, after a brief introduction about how the sandstone was laid and this was in the time of dinosaurs, Mr Casement amusingly showed how the creatures had hopped along some wet mud and left their footprints, or was it hand prints, we weren't quite sure, to be revealed millions of years later. We saw pictures of stones with the famous prints in. The growth of the quarry was synchronous with the growth of road and railway building in this country. And it was Thomas Brassey (another one of Mr Casement's “heroes”), who had been working on what we now know as the A5, and he had been sent to Storeton to manage the quarry there. We had a “diversion” on Mr Brassey, his self-effacing memorial in Chester Cathedral, and we saw a house that he lived in at Birkenhead Park, still there today. There were two quarries; a north one and a south one. In the time before the tramway was built, from the quarry to the quayside at Bromborough Pool, it took between two to three weeks to move the stone but with the coming of the cunningly designed tramway it took two and a half hours. Hard to believe isn't it. Think what that did to the sale price of the stone! One of the quarries was filled in with stone from the Mersey Road Tunnel and has since subsided by 10 feet.We saw some fascinating pictures of the quarry. I whispered to Dave how neat it all looked, nothing like a slate quarry, where there always seems to be irregular piles and heaps of stone, like a moonscape. Storeton Quarry looked like a giant saw had just cut down into the stone, like cutting a giant layered cake. Then we saw how they did it. They had a special locomotive that had cutters either side of the tanks that were gradually lowered a small amount at a time and then the loco went up and down temporary rails, up and down a short line gradually cutting two parallel grooves, until the cutters could extend no more. Then, presumably, they used wedges and broke a lovely squarish piece of stone and lifted it up with the sheer legs. The loco was lifted up and down to the ledges using the giant sheer legs. In the break, I mentioned to John Horne how interesting the locos looked with the giant cutters on. He remarked that he remembered as a youth going and seeing these derelict locos in the quarry and he thought that they had Cincinnati makers plates on! What a memory!! In the question time after the break, Andrew asked which buildings had been built from Storeton stone and Mr Casement was able to reel them off:- Masonic Hall, Hope Street, Hamilton Square (faced stone), Birkenhead Town Hall, Birkenhead Park walls and posts, plus some buildings, County Court Birkenhead, Oxton Congregational Church, and so it went on. Marks and Spencer (I mean Compton's Hotel), Liverpool, the Philharmonic Dining Rooms, Oriel Chambers, the Empire State Building New York (yes you've read right!). Then it was confession time. Many of us know about bits of Storeton rail that turn up in gardens, we've got some in the Tramway Museum in Taylor Street. Then Gwen Collinson-Stokes had to confess; as a youngster (probably just after the Triassic period) she acquired some rail from Storeton Woods, having confessed, she now promised to return it to their care and ownership, it's been in her garage for at least two ice ages. The rail used on the Storeton tramway was acquired second hand from the nascent Manchester to Liverpool railway (Surely you mean Liverpool to Manchester railway? Ed.), and with the increased loads being carried the fish bellied cast iron rails were breaking under load. So they were removed and sold off for lighter wear. We learned that the relentless import of bricks caused a gradual decline in the sale of the quarried stone and by the 1920's they were struggling. The railway had already closed in 1907. The tramway pre-dated Port Sunlight Village and Lever's factory and ran right between the two, much to the chagrin of Mr Lever. Hence the large grass tract between the famous offices and the Port Sunlight houses. It pre-dated the Chester and Birkenhead Railway, which had to go over it! Mr Casement has given his talk now many times and we learned he was an ex-teacher, so he knew to bring visual aids, (a piece of rail, a light fitting made from Storeton stone, the work sheets that I've described). His talk was a tour de force! Mr Casement was a great speaker and I hope we can have him back to give us “both barrels” on Thomas Brassey next year. THE MEMBERS' EVENING - 10th February David Thornton on Lyons Coal Yard - St Helens David made a fascinating and very professional Powerpoint presentation on an area of St Helens that he became involved with in 1860 (Shurley 1960? Ed). He had to build premises to house Jacquard looms, and then later install the looms that would make hearth rugs, in Eccleston Road, St Helens. The story became very interesting after site clearance, when a small depression in the earth showed itself where water was gathering; a digger subsequently nearly fell into it. It turned out to be a large brick shaft, but I'm saying too much as David has agreed to send me for the next newsletter a brief resume of his experience. You will have to wait to see what happened! David is our probably our longest serving member! In fact his membership number was originally XVIII ! David's story was illustrated with black and white pictures taken by him, and he was doing the “recording and site investigation” (or industrial archaeology as we now know it), at a time when the term “Industrial Archaeology” just had been “invented”. (Note from the Editor: The Term “Industrial Archaeology” was first used in 1955 in “The Amateur Historian” and was probably coined in Manchester. So writes Neil Cossons in the BP Book of Industrial Archaeology David Scott on Vulcan Motors of Southport These are David’s own words, reprinted from “Match Notes”, published for the 2013 Haverfordwest visit……… A little while after moving to a new job in Southport in 1986, I was surprised to find a large red brick factory in Crossens emblazoned with ‘Mullard’, a company which I think was a subsidiary of the Philips electronics giant. Sometime later I was surprised to find that a car manufactory had been established in the back streets of Southport at the turn of C20 and that the Crossens building had been a vehicle factory employing up to 2000 staff for about 30 years from 1906. It all started with two brothers, Thomas and Joseph Hampson from Leigh, deciding to build cars in Southport. They had built an experimental car between 1897 and 1899. They thought that Southport was the place to build them on the basis that the affluent residents would be potential customers and investors and the area would be attractive to workers from the adjacent towns because of the rail network. The new company started in Yellowhouse Lane, just off Eastbank Street, close to the town centre and it expanded and moved to a former drill hall on what is now Vulcan Street off Hawesside Road and now part of Southport College. At this stage the company had 200 employees and produced an annual profit of £7000. By 1906 a new company was formed with £63,000 capital and much of the operation was moved to the new purpose built factory in farmland at Crossens in 1907. Wisely the new building was opposite the railway station affording good access for workers and materials. All did not go well at first and a loss of £4000 was sustained on the increased capital, however the company contained to grow with additional workshops in 1911 and other extensions in 1913. The workshops were fitted with modern electrically and belt operated machinery energized from Vulcan’s own powerhouse. The cars, particularly the fourteen-horsepower model, were popular with motorists and they were considered to be reasonable priced. The company had agents in at least eleven countries and produced a wide range of models. Liverpool Museum in its Large Collections store the only known surviving example of a 1910 Doctor’s Phaeton, a relatively modest sized car which allowed the owner to store extra belongings under the seat. In 1913 Vulcan launched the concept of a “baby car” at the modest price of £100. Unfortunately with the onset of WW1 the concept was stillborn. Though the business had some setbacks the workforce had built up to 700 and many decided to move to Crossens instead of commuting. The War saw the company producing lorries, gun limbers, ambulances and aeroplane parts. Vulcan was the only UK factory other that the established planemakers to produce aircraft. It produced all the parts except the engines. The planes were assembled and then flown from the Hesketh Road aerodrome. The post war period for Vulcan was a difficult one. Thomas Hampson, one of the founders, was found guilty of embezzlement and jailed for 12 months. The company attempted to build on its wartime lorry production success when it was making over 100 trucks a week. But when insufficient sales materialized the workforce of about 2000 was served with a week’s notice. Gradually production was resumed, including car making with a reduced range of models. By 1922 Vulcan worked with Lea Francis of Coventry, pooling dealerships and rationalizing production. By 1924 a night shift had been reintroduced and the workforce expanded to over 1200. In the same year the company produced the first single decker buses for Southport Corporation. However, the company’s problems persisted, the workforce was reduced and by 1928 car production ceased and Vulcan concentrated solely on 20 and 32-seater buses and commercial vehicles. In 1931 the Tilling Stevens group acquired the business.Rob Jones (RJ) meets Michael Portillo (MP) on the Television (Review by Maurice Handley!) RJ gave a lively, entertaining and amusing talk on his role as tram expert and historic consultant for BBC television's 'Great Railway Journeys' presented by MP. The episode, based on Bradshaw's 1840 railway guide, started appropriately with Manchester's Metrolink and ended with a 5 minute session about Birkenhead and its trams. Recording in Birkenhead took two days so most of the best footage ending up on the cutting room floor. We heard that the helicopter shots are taken on a separate day, covering all localities, which is why MP gets on one train and we see an aerial shot of a different train. Prior to shooting RJ was questioned by research interrogators who were keen to mine his encyclopedic knowledge of Merseyside industrial history and its Scottish connections. MP turned up for the second day of recording and immediately impressed RJ with his rapid grasp of the history and technology. Inevitably MP was allowed to drive a tram but the usual drivers operated the brake! Rapid evacuation of the entire team occurred when a local drunk wandered toward the set intent on accosting MP, perhaps about his role as a cabinet minister in you-know-who's government. RJ 's sartorial elegance was matched by MP whose colourful choice of shirts and jackets provoke Twitterish interest amongst the production crew. Questions followed Rob's talk but we still wonder why MP never carries a case and why his Northern Rail trains were clean and free from mobile phone users discussing intimate details of their lifestyle. Perhaps RJ could find out when he next 'hangs out' with MP. (The picture shows the whole film crew, RJ in linen jacket, photo D. Anders) Bradshaw's Guide describes the Cheshire side of the Mersey as a "prosperous suburb of Liverpool, with a softer climate and more attractive scenery. In 1840 Birkenhead is a growing port" which has "a public park ........ one of the finest in England." It mentions "Stourton Quarry, in which ripple marks have been discovered by geologists" and Rock Ferry, Bromborough and Eastham are "charming spots" Renie Verity on sheer legs in China Renie and Malcolm went on a study tour to China last year and came across an interesting temple which was having a large lump of stone erected. It looked the size of the Rosetta Stone but was being handled rather less carefully than we might do in “the West”. Here's a snap showing “work in progress”. There was a big sigh from our audience since just before the final stone was moved into place, (or was it?), Renie and Malcolm had to board their train.John Ryan on a 1970's canal trip from Wigan to central Manchester John had brought along his trusted projector and showed us about 40 slides taken on a “cruiser” canal trip in 1972. It was amazing to see how much industry there was on both sides of the canal, and in many places here were still the occasional piers jutting out into the canal for loading coal from t'pit straight into t'barge. We saw very large working coal mines, such as at Astley Green, Bickershaw, (Note, In 1980, Bickershaw was still using steam to haul the wagons from t'pit to the sidings from whence B.R. took them to the power station. John emphasised the importance in the history of canals that Worsley had taken, then the cruiser continued and by an act of alchemy, the canal crossed the Manchester Ship Canal (John went to great care to say it was a “Navigation” really, but we'll keep that quiet), over the wonderful Barton Swing Bridge. Then they proceeded into Manchester past the mills and silos of Trafford Park, original home of the Ford Motor 5 Co in Britain, British Electric Car Company (tram makers), and Kelloggs. What is so amazing now is that the area has been transformed with mills turned into flats and not a sign of “industry”. All gone in just 40 years. As John so amusingly noted, there were now clubs and pubs on the canal quaysides with “Hula Hula Girls”! John's such a hep cat. Finally his cruiser could go no more and it returned via a slightly different route, and we saw the M60 (nee M62) going over the canal at Barton and there were about 4 cars on the motorway and what looked like a horse and trap. Of course, what a remarkable coincidence, every time that the cruiser was approaching a railway bridge going over the canal there happened to be a train going past just at the same time! John, we know it wasn't a coincidence, how long did you make the others wait? Monday 13th January Mr Alf Plant Price’s Candle Works and Bromborough Pool Village About 30 members were present for the illustrated lecture by Mr Alf Plant, an architect, who has been connected with a number of professional projects in Bromborough Pool Village for over 25 years. Mr Plant was ably assisted by Allison, his wife, working the lap top machine. Mr Plant gave us an interesting talk on both the Bromborough Pool Village and the adjacent factory known by most as “Prices”. THE FACTORY The first Prices Factory was set up in 1812 in London, by one William Wilson. He didn't want to call it “Wilsons” since at this time it was customary for wealthy men not to use their name for acompany, it might indicate that they were “In trade”! So the company adopted the name of a sleeping partner, who happened to be “Price”. So that's where the name came from. William Wilson imported Russian tallow for manufacture of candles. Being a very go-ahead person he bought 1000 acres of a coconut plantation for the supply of palm oil. From this he could make olene, a lubricant used in the fabric industry. The other important chemical was sterene, which was used in candle making and was clean and didn't small as much as tallow candles. (I smelt tallow candles being made at the Ironbridge Museum, the smell was ghastly). So by the 1840's he had expanded and was famous for his “Pure Candles”. The factory relocated from Battersea to a new site close to Liverpool, where he could obtain his precious coconuts easily. The factory prospered well on candles and their by-products. After the First World War candle production began to go into decline but fortunately other useful chemicals were being made in the “fatty acid range”. Glycerine was a particularly useful chemical! In 1937 Lever's acquired Price’s Chemicals, thus guaranteeing the supply of some of the chemicals that they used in the soap industry. The factory closed in 2005 when the movement and use of fats and tallow was stopped following the BSE crisis, the factory processing equipment was moved “lock, stock and barrel” to Germany, leaving the empty barrel vaulted buildings. These barrel roofs of the factory were a prominent feature of the works. A very few remain, but Mr Plant pointed out that their design, over time, had caused splaying of the walls and they were generally in a poor state of repair. THE GATED VILLAGE OF BROMBOROUGH POOL Mr Wilson built 150 houses for his factory workers (pre dating those provided by Lever's not far away). Mr Plant said that they houses were built using cavity walls with cast iron spacers, which was very rare and very “early”. We discussed bricks and “snap headers”. But the problem of an MIHS meeting is that “Someone always knows better than the lecturer”. So examples were given of earlier known cavity walls. Message from Roy, our Chairman, “Next time you know better than a lecturer, keep it to yourself. It was sad to see Mr Plant go off in a huff”. You know what they said in the war “Keep Mum”! ( He didn't, I just said that for a laugh, Mr Plant was far too nice a lecturer to be ruffled by MIHS “Extremists”.) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS We had a lengthy Q and A session, and a discourse about brick works and brick laying. There was an air of regret that another local employer had been relocated to another country but from the remains Mr Plant and his architectural practice hoped that something for many different aspects of life will be placed on the site, some light industrial works, new housing and a riverside walk along the River Dibbin. Monday 11 Nov 2013 - WARRINGTON INDUSTRIES AND CHILD LABOUR 1810 - 1845 Anna Alexander M.A. This specially conceived talk was made for us by Anna and was based on her magnum opus for her recent degree dissertation. Pin making was a huge industry in Warrington at this time, coupled with file cutting. We learned that file cutting required a seven year apprenticeship. At the questions session at the end of the lecture, we had a really good debate based on “Does it really take 7 years to become a file cutter?”. The consensus was that the apprenticeship was a way of shackling the worker to the employer. Another area of pin making excellence was Gloucester and we were fortunate that Anna was able to show pictures of some of the pin making machines in the Gloucester Folk Museum collection. They are remarkable survivors. Contrast this with today's enthusiasm for saving and documenting nearly anything. We also had a debate on children being employed to go up chimneys and the lack of concern that their parents had over this work, which today seems somewhat harsh. Legislation was so slow to be enacted in Victorian times. Anna mirrored the situation we are now in whereby we buy clothes from Primark and Matalan that are effectively made by child labour in places like Vietnam and India. We don't seem that concerned. Anna wrote about the talk for our last newsletter and I don't need to repeat it. It was a very interesting talk ably illustrated and we gave her the usual round of applause at its conclusion. I am grateful to Andrew Hodgson and Malcolm Verity respectively for the following accounts of our first two meetings - Ed. The Shropshire Union Canal - 14th October 2013 Graham Dodd, a Nantwich resident of some 35 years, came to give us his attractively illustrated and fact-packed presentation in October. A biologist by training, his interest in canals derived originally from his time in the Bath area, where he vividly recalled the restored Crofton steam pumping engine working in all its glory, providing a water supply to the Kennet and Avon Canal from the lower level River Avon. Canals are commonly related to rivers, and in the case of the Shropshire Union these were the Mersey, Dee and Severn. However, beyond these basins, Brindley had a greater vision - the eventual linking of the Mersey, Severn, Trent and Thames - "The Grand Cross". The Shropshire Union group of canals was built between 1765 and 1835 - the last trunk narrow canal system to be completed, and also the last major engineering accomplishment of Thomas Telford. The primary element was the linking of Ellesmere Port with Wolverhampton, and junctions connected with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal at Autherley; the Llangollen Canal at Hurleston; and the Trent and Mersey at Middlewich. The various components of the group were described by Graham. The first, to serve the Shropshire coalfield, was built in 1765 in what is now the area around Telford, catering for the coal, limestone and iron-ore trades. At Coalport, it was eventually connected down to the Severn in 1794 by the Hay Incline - a height difference of 207 ft. In 1797 the Shrewsbury Canal connected Coalbrookdale to Shrewsbury, by-passing the Severn, with Thomas Telford incorporating the cast-iron Longdon aqueduct, precursor of iron-framed buildings. The initial elements of the Chester Canal were built from 1772 to Nantwich, but it was not until 1797 that the town was connected to Ellesmere Port by part of the Ellesmere Canal. The valleys of the Dee and Ceiriog were finally crossed by aqueducts between 1795 and 1805 as the Llangollen Canal reached westwards, but the objective of Wrexham was never achieved as funds ran out. The link to Llangollen itself was originally conceived as a water-feeder only, utilising the waters of the Dee at the Horseshoe Falls. Links south to Newtown via the Montgomeryshire Canal were also established - an abandoned canal now at an advanced stage of restoration. The "main- line" of the Shropshire Union, however, comprised the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal (Nantwich to Wolverhampton), built between 1826 and 1835. Both industrial and agricultural goods were carried on the Union canals. In more detail, our speaker described the operation of passenger boats, including the express "fly-boats" and their changes of horses similar to stagecoaches which facilitated speeds of up to 12 mph. Horses were re-shod every 10 weeks or so (your befuddled scribe isn’t sure whether these were just the fly-boat horses, or the ordinary barge-hauling animals plodding away at 2mph!). Cargoes could be transported the 70 or so miles between Birmingham and Ellesmere Port in about 30 hours. Some of the civil engineering features - the major aqueducts at Chirk and Pontcysylite; 60ft. high embankments; 80ft. deep cuttings a mile in length; the flight of 15 locks at Audlem - were illustrated. An interesting matter pondered by Graham was that some aqueducts appeared to be longer than might have been necessary, as engineers opted for more aesthetically pleasing masonry arches, rather than longer embankments. Today, of course, leisure and tourism dominate, and with the demise of British Waterways and its replacement by the Canal and River Trust in 2012, the burden of upkeep and maintenance of the canal system increasingly falls on the voluntary sector. Nevertheless, restoration projects survive. At question time, a very pertinent enquiry elicited the view that the crews of canal boats on newly opened stretches of canal were probably of maritime origin, supplemented by waggoners and hauliers transferring from their declining businesses. The "navigators" - the canal building workforce - were less likely to have taken to the water in Graham's view. Scribe's Note: The canal history of this area is complex, and serious students are advised to interrogate "Google"! Social Evening at Liverpool Central Library - 23rd September 2013 Some 25 members and friends gathered in the foyer of the newly redeveloped Central Library, for a guided behind-the-scenes tour organized once again by our Chairman, through his incredible network of Merseyside contacts. Those arriving early enjoyed a cup of tea or coffee in the pleasant new café (where your scribe can recommend the Danish pastries). For our guide this was a busy day, having earlier attended the official opening of the building by the Earl of Wessex following its £50m, two year reincarnation. As we were swept in through the entrance our eyes were drawn upwards past a network of stairs and elevators to the new glass dome high above. For those who could remember entering the old library, the previous sense of claustrophobia was completely gone. After a short introduction we turned right and stepped down into a new, hugely improved, circular library dedicated to introducing children to the world of books. A short climb then took us to the next level, where directly above the children’s area we found the Picton Reading Room smartened up but otherwise largely as it was, complete with the smell of thousands of rare old books. Back in the main building we moved into the Hornby Library and then the Oak Room, which are now fully open for people to wander into and look at displays of some of the city’s treasures – such as the magnificent ‘Birds of America’ by John Audubon, a first edition of which recently sold for $7.9m. Other delights include a Shakespeare second folio and, more prosaically, a school essay by Paul McCartney on the Queen’s Coronation. Our tour then took us ‘backstage’ to see the new home of tens of thousands of documents, photographs, slides, film footage, sketches and books which make up the extensive Public Record Office collection. Until 2010 these were kept in less-than-ideal conditions, on ordinary metal book shelving in a 1970s building with windows and poor ventilation. Three years on their new home is 17km of electronically-controlled shelving over five individually climate-controlled storeys – different records need to be kept in different temperatures and levels of humidity. A touch of a button and the tightly-packed shelves glide open to the left or right, and after hours the system even has a ‘night park mode’ which automatically creates a small gap between each shelf to make sure the historic artefacts get the right level of air flow. Another area not normally open to the public was the conservation room, flooded with north-facing light, where staff work, surrounded by original equipment like Victorian cast iron book presses and with 21st century fume cupboards, a ‘heated sink’ and a giant, backlit glass wall for repairing maps and documents. The tour finished off with a visit to the roof-top terrace with its extensive views over the city. There we could reflect on what we had seen, with most members mightily impressed, and perhaps sharing the views of the Liverpool wag; “going back to the old library is a bit like visiting your granny – only to discover that she has turned into Beyoncé!” For the “social” aspects of the evening we repaired to the nearby ‘Ship & Mitre’, where three plates of sandwiches disappeared in short order, washed down with an interesting choice of ales. Field Trip 20th July - The Douglas Valley at Haigh, Wigan The high temperatures of earlier in the week having abated, this trip took place in ideal conditions, led most ably by Maurice Handley. After gathering at the very agreeable Orchid Café we crossed the A49 to the magnificent Plantation Gates, guarding the main entrance to Haigh (pronounced ‘Hay’) Hall. This was built between 1827 and 1840 on the site of an ancient manor house, by James Lindsay, 24th Earl of Crawford" the 7th Earl of Balcarres, who designed it and supervised its construction whilst living in a cottage in the grounds. Like the hall the gatehouses are of Parbold sandstone, with cast iron features from the Haigh Foundry. The Lindsay family derived its considerable wealth from coal and iron working at Haigh and elsewhere, plus land holdings in Scotland and Jamaica, where they were slave owners.From the gates we followed the driveway down through a cutting in the coal measures sandstones to the River Douglas. Here Lindsay had constructed an impressive bridge, wide enough for two carriages side by side. Looking down at the river, David Thornton pointed out the profusion of Himalayan Balsam, now common on river banks as a legacy of the time when cotton bales containing its seeds were imported from India for processing in Lancashire mills. With the river’s flow now merely a trickle Maurice explained that it had been reduced by reservoirs built upstream to supply Liverpool. Before that there had been power enough for an iron slitting works, recorded in 1665 at Leyland Mill, as well as Brock Mill, recorded in 1716. There are at least 1700 coal mining shafts known in Wigan, and mining in Haigh dates back to at least the 14th century, when the Manor of Haigh was in the hands of the Bradshaigh family. The area was fortunate in having deposits of ‘cannel’ coal - smokeless, with low sulphur and of a high calorific value. It was highly prized for domestic lighting. In 1652 Sir Roger Bradshaigh was responsible for one of the major engineering works of his day - the Great Sough. This mine drainage tunnel took 18 years to construct using pick, hammer and wedge for a distance of 1 km from its outlet point at Yellow Brook to Park Pit. A large area of flooded old workings and unworked coal was thus drained. The sough was extended to 4 km in the 19th century. Although its outflow is now pumped elsewhere, Cindy Green, a member of the party who grew up in the area, could remember the yellow discharge from the brook. The last Sir Roger Bradshaigh died in 1770, leaving the estate and collieries in a run-down condition. In 1780 they passed by marriage to Alexander Lindsay, 23rd Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. He turned his considerable energy to improving his collieries, forming the Haigh Ironworks and investing in the Lancaster Canal, which opened in 1798 and ran through the estate. Leaving the Yellow Brook we found ourselves on a curving path with a linear depression about 3m wide running alongside it. This was the tub boat canal, dug in the 1790s to supply coal and ironstone to the Haigh Ironworks. It was superseded by a railway in the 19th century. Maurice alerted us to the presence of ‘day eyes’ - small entrances into the coal outcrops used by the miners for their own supply, especially during lay-offs through strikes. We soon became quite adept at spotting these. A little later we came upon a circular depression in the ground. A bell pit was one suggestion, but this seemed an unlikely position for one and there were no others nearby. Maurice’s interpretation was an early 19th century ventilation shaft. A few more yards brought us to Receptacle Delf, the quarry where sandstone was extracted for use on the Haigh estate and surrounds. Just over the brow from the quarry we came to the Receptacle almshouses, handsomely constructed in local stone and originally containing ten dwellings. The inscription reads ‘This receptacle for ---- ---- of the worthy Poor was erected in 1772 at the expense of Dorothy Lady Bradshaigh etc, etc’ in memory of her husband, the last Sir Roger. 200 yards down the drive was Hall Lane, which in turn led us to the iron skew bridge spanning the track of the Lancashire Union Railway. This was built in 1869 by a consortium of mine owners, including Balcarres, to connect Blackburn, Wigan and Chorley and link into the Rainford branch at St Helens to give access to Garston docks. Retracing down Hall Lane we passed several old cottages, noting the metal tie-bars reinforcing them against mining subsidence. Another feature, pointed out by Maurice, were the 'watershot walls' in which the angled face of the individual sandstone blocks gives a form of weatherproofing to the walls. At the junction with Leyland Mill Lane we arrived at the extensive site of what had been Leyland Mill. As we sat on the bridge parapet down on our left was the foundry, with the manager’s house also visible. Haigh Foundry castings had a fine reputation and were used extensively across the world. They included beam engines, paddle shafts for steamers, winding engines for collieries, sugar mills, and the swing bridge which survives at Albert Dock. More than 110 locomotives were produced, including the Lancashire’s first, ‘The Walking Horse’, to Blenkinsop’s patent design. Noting the steepness of the lane leading away from the foundry, Maurice pointed out the difficulty of hauling away its products before the railway branch was installed in 1869. Large teams of horses were needed and tradition has it that the Laxey Wheel was cast here in 1854, and required 100 horses to get it up the hill.We turned right along Wingate Road, with the River Douglas babbling away on our left. The steep bank on the right was pock-marked with day eye adits into the outcrop of the Ince Seven Foot Mine. A few hundred yards brought us to the site of Brock Mill, now, sadly, an estate of up-market houses, although the girders remain from the railway bridge that carried the branch into Leyland Mill. We left the valley along Brock Mill Lane, now merely a footpath, although its cobbled surface testifies to its role in transporting the forgings produced at Brock Mill. After lunch at the Orchid we drove up to Haigh Hall. This was clearly a magnificent residence, although it now shows signs of mining subsidence. We learned that the upper floors are now out of use, due to a leaking roof. Happily the hall is a popular wedding venue, and work is commencing on the roof. This was a most enjoyable field trip on a perfect summer day, highlighting a rich variety of industrial remains little more than a mile from the centre of Wigan. Thanks go to Maurice Handley for his excellent research and organisation. It is a pity the trip was not better supported. Apart from the leader only five MIHS members turned up. Malcolm Verity Saturday 29th June 2013 - The Lancaster Canal: This field trip owed a great deal to St Andrews Church, Wallasey, who loaned us their minibus for the day, and to our driver, Peter Purland, a member of MIHS and the church. The aim was to visit some of the canal’s key features north of the Ribble, and to enjoy a ride on ‘Waterwitch’, the hire boat operated by the Lancaster Canal Trust. In all 16 MIHS members and friends made the trip on a pleasant, if breezy, day. First stop was Glasson Dock, last visited by the society on the 2002 Long Weekend. With ships getting larger it became increasingly difficult for them to negotiate the tortuous River Lune up to Lancaster. So in 1782 the port commissioners opened a pier at Glasson, six miles or so from the city. By 1787 this had evolved into a dock with room for 25 ships. The Lancaster Canal opened in 1797, linking Preston and Lancaster and with the aim of reaching Kendal. A branch to Glasson Dock was clearly desirable, but with six locks needing to be constructed, financial problems delayed its opening until 1826. Nowadays the 1787 dock remains much as it was, and in regular use. The exit from the dock into the canal is notably wide, a reminder that it always catered for sea-going boats up to 14 feet beam. With time pressing we moved on to the Lune Aqueduct, constructed in less than two years to designs by John Rennie and opened in November 1797. This is by far the most impressive structure on the canal and, standing only ½ mile from M6 junction 34, is well worth a visit. More than 660 feet long and wide enough for two boats side by side, it is beautifully built in local stone and notably ornate, with viewing platforms on either side at each end. When construction costs topped £48,000, more than 2½ times the budget, Rennie was heard to remark that it would have been cheaper in brick. One imagines there were those who thought, “But you designed it, mate”.After a pause for lunch at the Cafe Ambio, (J36 Kendal Auction Mart), it was on to Crooklands, to board ‘Waterwitch’, crewed by Alan and Peter from the canal trust and ours for the afternoon for a bargain £50. With 16 in the party and only 12 seats available there was thankfully no shortage of volunteers to walk the two miles up or down the towpath. At bridge 172 (Stainton) the boat could go no further, the canal north of here sadly having been lost to navigation in the 1960s due to road construction, although volunteers have dug out another 400 yards or so up to bridge 173. Plans exist on paper to re-connect the canal most of the way to Kendal, but the cost would be “millions”. How many millions? “Lots”, said Peter. A few hundred yards on foot along the old towpath brought us to Hincaster Tunnel, opened in 1818 to complete the Preston to Kendal waterway link. At 378 yards long, faced with limestone and lined with four million bricks, this was the only tunnel on the canal. Although wide enough for the 14 foot boats there was no towpath inside, the horses being taken around the hill and the crews pulling the 50 ton boats through on chains. Last used commercially in 1947, the tunnel remains in remarkable condition, although not accessible to walkers. Safely back at Crooklands we said goodbye to ‘Waterwitch’ and started our journey southwards, using the A6070 instead of the M6 to arrive at Tewitfield, where the canal is blocked by the road embankment just before the eight lock Tewitfield Flight. Opened in 1819, and raising the canal 75 feet, these are the only locks on the 57 mile stretch from Preston to Kendal. They were last used in the early 1960s and, as with the tunnel we remarked on their remarkable state of preservation. All this highlighted the lack of foresight in laying out the M6 and its approach roads. For the sake of some tens of thousands of pounds all reasonable possibility of getting canal boats back up to Kendal was lost. Restoration is feasible technically, but who would meet the cost? Back on Merseyside we reflected on a very satisfactory day. The organiser was particularly pleased. After many years of trying, at Hincaster Tunnel he had finally found somewhere not previously visited by John Ryan! Finally on behalf of the party he extended his warmest thanks to Peter Purland for his safe and rapid driving. L	i don't know
Which is the northernmost German state, with capital Kiel and bordering Denmark?	Schleswig-Holstein - Profile of the German Federal State Schleswig-Holstein Info ___ Schleswig-Holstein A virtual guide to the German Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. Beside a state profile, this page offers links to sources that provide you with information about this "Bundesland", e.g.: official web sites, local news, culture, history, education, city- and country guides with travel and visitors information, tourist attractions, events and much more. Flag of the German Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein Time zone: Central European Time (CET); Central European Summer Time (CEST) (UTC+1/+2) Other Cities: Bad Segeberg, Eckernförde, Elmshorn, Eutin, Flensburg, Husum, the Hanseatic City of Lübeck, Norderstedt, Westerland. Geography: Location: northernmost state of Germany, bordering Denmark in north. Area : 15 763 sq km Climate: Maritime - continental. Religions: 59.3% Protestants, 4.9% Roman Catholic, 30.9% no religious affiliation. Languages : German, Frisian, Danish Agriculture products: Meat and meat products, cereals, fodder crops, rape. Industries: Mechanical engineering, ship-building, maritime industries, chemical industry, tourism. Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost state of Germany, located mostly on the base of the peninsula of Jutland between the North Sea in west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in east. The state shares an international border with Denmark in north, within Germany it borders the federal states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in south east, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the south. Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites of Schleswig-Holstein	Schleswig-Holstein
How are the bright stars 'Alnitak', 'Alnilam' and 'Mintaka' known collectively?	Schleswig-Holstein Directory > Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the two historical duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck, Flensburg and Neumünster. Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony, Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to the south.	i don't know
In which TV series did cousins 'Bo' and 'Luke' drive a car called the 'General Lee'?	The Dukes of Hazzard (TV Series 1979–1985) - Plot Summary - IMDb - Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]> Series set in the rural community of Hazzard. The Dukes are a family who were once moonshiners but when cousins Bo and Luke were caught; they were given probation on the condition that they give up moon shining, which they did. Now every now and then they learn that J.D. Hogg who is called Boss Hogg is up to something so they do what they can to stop him especially when someone close to them is being threatened by Hogg. So along with their Uncle Jesse, their lovely cousin Daisy, and their good friend and mechanic, Cooter they stop every one of Boss' schemes. They are also fortunate that Hogg's right hand man, Roscoe Coltrane who is also the Sheriff is not very competent, and that his Deputy though loyal to Hogg and Roscoe is not corrupt and has a thing for Daisy, is a tad clumsy. During the 5th season, Tom Wopat and John Schneider who play Luke and Bo had a contract dispute with the show, so they were written off with them at the NASCAR circuit, so cousins, Coy and Vance came to stay with Uncle Jesse and help him and Daisy with their encounters with Hogg. - Written by [email protected] Bo and Luke Duke were handsome and honest hotshots and cousins living with their Uncle Jesse and sexy short-shorts-wearin' cousin Daisy on a farm in Hazzard County located somewhere in the Southern United States. While mostly interested in minding their own business (and driving at very high speeds in their souped-up Dodge Charger [nicknamed the General Lee]), the Duke boys sometimes fell prey to the greedy schemes of corrupt town leader Boss Hogg and his dimwitted flunky Sheriff Roscoe P. Coltrane. Sometimes serving as "Robin Hood" types (replete with bows and flaming arrows), the Dukes attempted to help out their friends and neighbors in distress and avoid being jailed by the unscrupulous Hogg.	The Dukes of Hazzard
Who wrote the children's book 'Heidi'?	The Dukes of Hazzard (TV Series 1979–1985) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The adventures of the fast-drivin', rubber-burnin' Duke boys of Hazzard County. Creator: The Dukes are forced to bond with their sworn enemies -- Boss Hogg and Rosco -- after they are held at gunpoint by a gang of robbers at the Boar's Nest. The lead robber, posing as a law enforcement ... 9.0 Enos is forced by two hardened criminals to take part in the armed robbery of Hazzard Bank. Daisy witnesses the robbery and knows that Enos was an involuntary participant. Knowing that she won't have... 8.8 The Dukes and Cooter recall the origins of the General Lee on the car's eighth birthday. 8.7 a list of 44 titles created 04 Jul 2011 a list of 35 titles created 22 Sep 2011 a list of 34 titles created 16 Nov 2011 a list of 36 titles created 23 Jul 2012 a list of 35 titles created 26 Nov 2013 Title: The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985) 7.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Primetime Emmy. Another 2 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos The adventures of two California Highway Patrol motorcycle officers. Stars: Erik Estrada, Larry Wilcox, Robert Pine Four Vietnam vets, framed for a crime they didn't commit, help the innocent while on the run from the military. Stars: George Peppard, Mr. T, Dwight Schultz After a crippled test pilot is rebuilt with nuclear powered limbs and implants, he serves as a unique intelligence agent. Stars: Lee Majors, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks The adventures of a Hawaii based private investigator. Stars: Tom Selleck, John Hillerman, Roger E. Mosley The adventures of three sexy female private eyes. Stars: Kate Jackson, Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith A lone crimefighter battles the forces of evil with the help of an indestructible and artificially intelligent supercar. Stars: David Hasselhoff, Edward Mulhare, Richard Basehart The adventures of a film stunt performer who moonlights as a bounty hunter when movie work is slow. Stars: Lee Majors, Douglas Barr, Heather Thomas Two streetwise cops bust criminals in their red-and-white Ford Torino, with the help of police snitch, Huggy Bear. Stars: David Soul, Paul Michael Glaser, Antonio Fargas Accounts of visitors to a unique resort island in the Pacific Ocean that can fulfill literally any fantasy requested, but rarely turn out as expected. Stars: Ricardo Montalban, Hervé Villechaize, Christopher Hewett As part of a deal with an intelligence agency to look for his missing brother, a renegade pilot goes on missions with an advanced battle helicopter. Stars: Jan-Michael Vincent, Alex Cord, Ernest Borgnine After fully recovering from her near fatal bout of bionic rejection, Jaime Sommers, the first female cyborg, is assigned to spy missions of her own. Stars: Lindsay Wagner, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks The Good Ole Boys return to try to save Hazzard Swamp and Uncle Jesse's farm from being destroyed by a crooked developer's (Mama Josephine Max) plans to build a theme park. To do so, they ... See full summary » Director: Lewis Teague Edit Storyline Cousins Bo and Luke Duke and their car "General Lee", assisted by Cousin Daisy and Uncle Jesse, have a running battle with the authorities of Hazzard County (Boss Hogg and Sheriff Coltrane), plus a string of ne'er-do-wells often backed by the scheming Hogg. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]> 26 January 1979 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Ein Duke kommt selten allein See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia J.D. Hogg's official government title is County Commissioner. Among his appointed duties is to assess and allocate county funding for whatever Hazzard County needs such as funding the police department, road repair/work, and providing funds for other government run operations/departments. Of course, being crooked, Hogg uses the funds to finance his illegal operations. See more » Goofs In one episode, Roscoe steals the General Lee and is forced to make his first jump over someone's camping trailer, but ends up clipping it with the rear wheels of the General and destroying the trailer. The inside of the trailer is visible in the destruction and is clearly shown to be an empty prop trailer. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits From season two on, an audio stinger of Roscoe's "Coo Coo" was played over the Warner Brothers Television closing logo. In some episodes the audio was of Boss Hogg exclaiming "Them Dukes, them Dukes!" See more » Connections	i don't know
In which newspaper are official notices relating to matters of state, Parliament, planning, transport and public finance, as well as insolvency and bankruptcy published in Scotland ?	Why The Edinburgh Gazette ? [Archive] - British Genealogy & Family History Forums terrysfamily 29-12-2011, 12:32 PM Ive just found a reference in the above paper for Thornton Drayton. Thornton was born, raised and married in Yorkshire. So why would this be in a paper in Edinburgh? :skep: THE EDINBURGH GAZETTE, JULY 17, 1931. Thornton Drayton, now residing at 72 Hampton Road, Scarborough, in the county of York, out of occupation, previously carrying on business at Reliance Garage, Hampton Road, Scarborough aforesaid, as a garage proprietor and haulage contractor.any suggestions? Terry Kerrywood 29-12-2011, 12:38 PM If you go back a page, it's clear that all the listings were reprinted from the London Gazette. Probably just standard sharing of data between publications? Jan1954 29-12-2011, 12:41 PM According to Wikipedia, the Edinburgh Gazette, along with the London Gazette (see Kerrywood's post) and the Belfast Gazette, is an official newspaper of the United Kingdom government and is published by The Stationery Office (TSO), on behalf of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) in Edinburgh. It includes official notices relating to matters of state, Parliament, planning, transport, and public finance, as well as insolvency and bankruptcy notices. It also contains advertisements. For example, local authorities place notices in the Gazette about matters of local interest, such as road closures. terrysfamily 29-12-2011, 12:53 PM Thank you both very much. How I found the artical was by putting his name into google. It gave a .pdf file. It onlly showed one page, I wasn't able to see anything else. So maybe he went out of business. Thanks again Coromandel 29-12-2011, 7:02 PM How I found the artical was by putting his name into google. It gave a .pdf file. It onlly showed one page, I wasn't able to see anything else. If Google takes you to a London/Edinburgh/Belfast Gazette page you should be able to get to the rest of the issue quite easily. If you have Google Toolbar, just click on the "go up a level" icon. Otherwise just delete the end part of the web address, /page.pdf and then press the Enter key or Go. You should now be able to see buttons for navigating around in that issue of the Gazette. Coromandel 29-12-2011, 7:25 PM You should also be able to find the original entry in the London Gazette by searching directly on their website: http://www. london-gazette.co.uk/search Using the 'With the exact phrase' search box near the bottom of the page, search for drayton thornton (since his surname is given before his first name in the announcement). Kerrywood 29-12-2011, 7:33 PM You should also be able to find the original entry in the London Gazette by searching directly on their website: http://www. ... which is how I found it in the first place. :wink5: terrysfamily Thank you both very much, that was really easy to find. I'm gonna have to work out the creditors/Debtors bit now. If I have this correct and that's a big IF, a creditor, you owe money to (someone who gives you credit) and a Debtor is someone who owes you money (someone you've given credit). Therfore it must have been a Creditor who files him as a Debtor. I thought I'd got away from all this debtor's/creditor's lot when I left the office for a better job on the factory floor sigh Thanks again Kerrywood 29-12-2011, 9:13 PM If I have this correct and that's a big IF, a creditor, you owe money to (someone who gives you credit) and a Debtor is someone who owes you money (someone you've given credit). Therfore it must have been a Creditor who files him as a Debtor. According to the Gazette, this was a debtor's petition. As I see it, a debtor's petition is when someone who owes money (in this case Thornton DRAYTON) petitions the court himself to be discharged as a bankrupt. He owes money that he can't pay, and he wants to rid himself of his debts. A creditor's petition is where someone who is owed money petitions the court for the person who owes it to be discharged bankrupt. The creditor may think this is the most likely way for him to recoup at least part of the money that is owed to him, through dividends of any assets that may be uncovered in the registration process. But I might be wrong... terrysfamily 29-12-2011, 9:23 PM I think you are right. I've just found someone I know who declared their self bankrupt. (I know I shouldnï¿½t have looked butï¿½ï¿½ inquisitive minds) And they were filed as a debtor Trying to think of anyone else nowï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ OK, close the site down and walk away Terry I PUT THE BLAME SQUARELY AT BOTH OF YOUR FEET. (thanks by the way :wink5:) Kerrywood (I know I shouldn’t have looked but…… inquisitive minds) Why not? It is public information. :smile5: If we didn't have inquisitive minds we would probably not be pursuing this so-called hobby in the first place. terrysfamily	The Edinburgh Gazette
Theodore Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation leading to the Treaty of Portsmouth that ended which war?	The Edinburgh Gazette - WOW.com The Edinburgh Gazette Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edinburgh_Gazette Updated: 2016-07-28T15:44Z This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) The Edinburgh Gazette, along with The London Gazette and The Belfast Gazette , is an official newspaper of the United Kingdom government . It is published by The Stationery Office (TSO), on behalf of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) in Edinburgh , Scotland . The Edinburgh Gazette was first published in 1699 by James Watson [1] (34 years after the first edition of The London Gazette). It ran for 41 issues, the last being on 17 July 1699, after which the link between the editor, Captain Donaldson, and the printer was broken. [2] It reappeared sporadically, but did not begin an unbroken and continuous publication run until 1793. It is now published twice a week, on Tuesdays and Fridays, and it includes official notices relating to matters of state, Parliament, planning, transport, and public finance, as well as insolvency and bankruptcy notices. It also contains advertisements . For example, local authorities place notices in the Gazette about matters of local interest, such as road closures. ^ Dictionary of National Biography:James Watson (d.1722) ^ Scottish Historical Review: April 1910	i don't know
The city of Kolkata lies on which river?	Calcutta, India - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin Queen Victoria Memorial (1921) Kolkata or Calcutta, city in eastern India and capital of Bangla State, situated on the banks of the Hugli River (Hooghly)(a tributary of the Ganges River). Kolkata lies about 100 km (about 60 mi) north of the Bay of Bengal and about 70 km (about 45 mi) west of Bangladesh. It is the hub of Indiaï¿½s second most populous metropolitan area (after Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay) and is the chief commercial, financial, and manufacturing center of eastern India. statue of Queen Victoria in front of building Kolkata was founded by the English East India Company in the late 1600s and named for Kalikata, a local rice-growing village with a temple of the goddess Kali. It served as the capital of British India from 1773 through 1911. During the British era, administrative offices and a British-style university, the University of Kolkata, were established. Jute mills and other industries along the Hugli River both north and south of the city also contributed to Kolkataï¿½s growth and eventually gave rise to major urban development, creating the Kolkata metropolitan area. transport on the Hugli river Kolkata is located only about 1ï¿½ south of the tropic of Cancer, close to sea level in a formerly swampy area. It lies in a monsoon region, with most of its average annual rainfall of 1625 mm (64 in) falling from June through September. Though winters are mild, with an average January temperature of 19ï¿½ C (67ï¿½ F), the temperature sometimes dips to 10ï¿½ C (50ï¿½ F). From March through September, Kolkata is hot and humid, with an average July temperature of 29ï¿½ C (85ï¿½ F); in the months of May and June the temperature may rise as high as 38ï¿½ C (100ï¿½ F). along the river The city of Kolkata covers an area of 185 sq km (71 sq mi). It lies near the southern third of the metropolitan area, which is known as the Kolkata Metropolitan District (KMD). The CMD covers an area of 1246 sq km (481 sq mi) and is comprised of nearly 500 units of local government, including three municipal corporations and 29 municipalities. Roads and railways make up the main traffic arteries, and a bypass road has been built east of the city to facilitate through traffic. The Hugli River runs through the CMD. As during colonial times, industries are located on both banks of the Hugli and along railroad lines. Financial, administrative, and trade activities are concentrated in the cityï¿½s Central Business District (CBD), which lies just east of the Hugli River, and its immediate surroundings. The center of the CBD covers an area that includes Kolkataï¿½s major landmark, the Maidï¿½n, which is a large park containing many fine drives, a golf course, a racecourse, cricket grounds, several soccer fields, and the historic new Fort William (completed in 1781) of the English East India Company. The residential settlements follow a linear pattern along highlands provided by Hugli River levees and on the intervening levees of old, dried up rivers. Between and beyond the levees to the east and west of the Hugli are the lowlands, which are prone to flooding during the rainy months; parts of the lowlands have been filled or drained for additional settlements. Low-income settlements are located in the lowlands. Such slums are found all over, but with a concentration at the fringes of the urban areas. Slum structures are characterized by flimsy materials, lack of underground sewerage, unsanitary conditions, and tenements of one-room apartments. river transport Architectural monuments in Kolkata date mostly from colonial times. After an attack on the old Fort William (situated east of Dalhousie Square) in 1756 by Siraj-ud-Dawlah, the Muslim ruler of Bengal, a new, sturdier Fort William was built about 1.5 km (about 1 mi) south of the old site near the Hugli River in the Maidï¿½n. At the heart of the CBD lies BBD Bagh or the former Dalhousie Square. On the north side of the square is the Writersï¿½ Building (1880), which houses the state government ministries. To the west of the square is the General Post Office, which features a high reinforced concrete dome. Two blocks southwest of the square is the Gothic-style High Court (1872), with a 55-m (180-ft) high tower that is modeled after the Cloth Hall of Ieper, Belgium. The massive Victoria Memorial, completed in 1921, sits at the southern end of the Maidï¿½n; it is built in a Renaissance design with Indian influences. Dakshineswar Temple, built in the 19th century, is north of the city limits on the Hugli River; its design is influenced by the thatched bamboo huts of southern Bengal. A building of similar design located just north of Kolkata on the river is Belur Math, which houses a monastery and the headquarters of the Ramkrishna Mission. Parasnath Jain Temple (1867), Marble Palace (1835), and Nakhoda Mosque (1926) are other architectural landmarks in the Kolkata area. Sitambara Jain temple Other places of interest in Kolkata are the fashionable Jawaharlal Nehru (formerly Chowringhee) Road, the cityï¿½s main thoroughfare; the Raj Bhavan (1802; formerly called the Government House), the state governorï¿½s residence; the Indian Museum (1875), which contains noted displays on archaeology and natural history; and the Birla Industrial and Technological Museum. The Botanical Gardens (1786) in Hï¿½ora (or Howrah), Kolkataï¿½s twin city, features many tropical plants in addition to a famous banyan tree, the branches of which spread 381 m (1250 ft) in circumference. interior of Jain temple As the capital of British India and home to the fertile agricultural and mineral-rich land of eastern India, Kolkata was one of the first areas of India to develop industrially. The first jute and paper mills of India were started in the Kolkata area in the 1800s. By 1921 nearly 35 percent of Indiaï¿½s industrial workers were located in Kolkata. However, Kolkata began to lose its industrial leadership after India gained its independence in 1947. One cause was the loss of Kolkataï¿½s raw jute supply when Bengal was divided into Bangla and East Bengal, with East Bengal becoming part of Pakistan. Competition in jute manufacturing from East Bengal (later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh) further hurt Kolkataï¿½s jute industry. Competition and slow growth also hit other traditional manufacturing areas, such as heavy engineering, rubber, and paper. founder of the temple gardens Other factors that have hurt metropolitan Kolkataï¿½s industrialization include a 1977 ban imposed by the Indian government on new licenses of large-scale industrial units in the large metropolises; labor troubles since the end of 1960s; pro-union attitude of the state government; severe power shortages; limitations on raw materials; and shortage of capital. Moreover, a slow depletion of water volume in the Hugli River limited the size of ships at Kolkataï¿½s docks, causing Kolkata to lose its status as the premier port city of India. The water supply problem has been resolved to some extent by diverting water from the Ganges River to the Hugli, and by constructing a diversion canal and the Farakka barrage, which increased the depth of the channel, in 1976. A deep port at Haldia, about 65 km (about 40 mi) south of the Kolkata, has also been established. Ships arriving at Kolkata from the Bay of Bengal travel only when the river is in high tide, escorted by specially trained Hugli pilots; additionally, the river channel is constantly dredged. Few new major industries came into the CMD in the 1970s and 1980s, but in the mid-1990s the state attracted some large-scale capital investments both from native and foreign sources because it relaxed its anti-capitalist stance. workers in the crowded quarter devoted to making festival figures Although Kolkataï¿½s poor economic factors have caused it to lose its designation as Indiaï¿½s largest commercial and banking center, it is the headquarters of many native business firms, banks, and international corporations. One of Indiaï¿½s largest companies, Birlas, is headquartered in Kolkata. As the remaining agricultural land has been lost to urban development, the percentage of Kolkataï¿½s workers employed in various fields has changed. As of 1991, 58 percent of workers were employed in services, 40 percent in industry (including 4 percent in construction), and 2 percent in agriculture. The agricultural and industrial sectors experienced the greatest declines. The majority of people employed in the service sector are involved in trade and commerce, in jobs that generally offer little pay or security. Most of this group works in retail or small-scale trading establishments, often without a roof, either in a family business or employed by a small investor. Kolkata still continues to attract surplus labor from surrounding areas, increasing the population over and above the cityï¿½s natural birthrate increase. crafting a figure Public transportation, such as buses, trams, trains, and subways, are the principal means of transport in the Kolkata metropolitan area. Buses operate throughout the area, and trains have north-south lines with a few east-west connections. There are two major train terminals: Sealdah in the east central part of Kolkata and Hï¿½ora across the river from the Central Business District. Electric trams operate in Kolkata proper. The aging buses, trains, and tram cars suffer from overloading, creating uncomfortable rides. Subway construction started in 1972 and became operational with 7 km (4.3 mi) of line in 1984. By 1995 all of the subwayï¿½s 16.4-km (10.2-mi) route from Dum Dum to Tolluguye was completed. The subway carries an estimated 25 percent of Kolkataï¿½s 7 million commuters. Cycle rickshaws are not allowed in the city of Kolkata, but they are common in the metropolitan area. Hand-pulled carts are used for short-distance cargo hauling. Private automobiles, extensively used in Kolkata and Hï¿½ora, are increasing in numbers and are owned by the wealthy. The streets of Kolkata remain congested with taxis, private automobiles, buses, slow-moving trams, and hand-pulled carts. Air pollution caused by automobiles, buses, and industrial emissions is severe. Kolkataï¿½s international airport at Dum Dum provides service for both national and international airlines. delivering earthen working material According to the 1991 census, Kolkata had a population of 4,309,819, with an extremely high population density of 23,720 persons per sq km (61,970 persons per sq mi). The metropolitan area had a population of 11 million and a density of 8761 persons per sq km (22,661 persons per sq mi). The growth rate of the metropolitan area population was 18.7 percent between 1981 and 1991, down from the 1971 to 1981 growth rate of 23.9 percent. The population of the city of Kolkata grew more slowly than the CMD. Since Indiaï¿½s first census in 1872, Kolkata has generally been Indiaï¿½s largest city, although in 1991 it lost that status to Mumbai. Of the total population of Kolkataï¿½s metropolitan area in 1981, more than 30 percent lived in slums; many other Kolkata residents are so-called pavement dwellers (homeless). Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979, founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1950 to help the poorest of the poor in Kolkata and all over the world. shaping a female goddess image with the earth material Kolkata is the home of the University of Kolkata (founded in 1857) and Jadavpur University (1955). Rabindra Bharati University (1962), devoted to fine arts, is housed at the former residence of Bengali poet and Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore. Part of the Tagore residence is now a museum. Another Nobel laureate, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect on light, worked and researched in Kolkata for a long period. Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, a highly regarded Bengali fiction writer of the early 20th century, lived in nearby Hï¿½ora. Ram Mohan Roy, sometimes called the father of modern India, began his social reform for abolition of suttee (burning to death of a wife with her deceased husband) in Kolkata. He also founded Brahmo Samaj, a modern Hindu religious sect, in the city in 1828. More than 70 percent of Kolkataï¿½s population were literate in 1991. The literacy rate is higher for men, who generally receive more education than women; for every three men only two women are literate. Several languages are spoken in Kolkata, including English. Bengali speakers constitute 60 percent of the cityï¿½s population, and there are Hindi (23 percent), Urdu (11 percent), and Oriya (1.3 percent) speakers as well. After British India was partitioned into India and Muslim Pakistan in 1947, a large number of Muslim residents migrated from Kolkata to East Pakistan, while many Hindu refugees arrived in the city from East Pakistan. Today Hindus constitute 83 percent of the cityï¿½s population while Muslims make up 14 percent; the rest of the population is comprised of small groups such as Christians, Jains, and Sikhs. straw figure reinforcement Modern Kolkata was founded in 1690 by British trader Job Charnock as a trading post of the English East India Company. In the mid-17th century the Portuguese had a trading outpost in the area at Sutanuti, followed by the Dutch, who constructed a diversion canal at the bank of the Hugli River, near the present Central Business District. The old Fort William was built to protect the English post in 1696. The city became famous in 1756, in England particularly, when Siraj-ud-Dawlah, a Bengal ruler, captured the fort and, according to British historians, stifled to death 43 British residents in a small guardroom called the Black Hole of Kolkata. The city was recaptured by the British under Robert Clive in 1757. The English initially built an intricate transport network through the Hugli-Ganges water system, but it was the railroads, introduced in the 1850s, that successfully established connections with the hinterland and the rest of India. The city eventually had the largest concentration of trading establishments in India, and a Western-style business district evolved by the end of the 19th century. The colonial city maintained a strict division between the crowded and ill-planned native quarters to the east and north of the Central Business District, and the spacious and well-planned quarters where the Europeans lived in the south and southeastern parts of the old city. After independence, the former European quarters were either turned into residences of the Indian rich or, as in the Park Street area, into commercial areas. completed festival figures With the dominance of leftist political parties in the Bangla state government in the late 1960s, Kolkataï¿½s municipal government also came to be controlled by Communists. Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies caused city services to deteriorate under this government, and today Kolkata is one of the most ill-serviced and chaotic metropolises of the world. Contributed By: Ashok K. Dutt for Microsoft Encarta	Hooghly
Which sport did Ian Taylor, Martyn Grimley and Sean Kerly play?	Nixal - Kolkata Kolkata The City of Joy The largest metropolis in India, Calcutta is a vibrant city on the move, volatile and unpredictable. The Gateway to India, till 1912, and the capital of the Raj in India, it still bears the Victorian imprint on its streets and structures. A city just about ready to burst at the seams, Calcutta is home to more than 10 million people. It is the commercial nerve-centre of the East, with major industrial plants, textile mills and corporate units. Regal edifices, grubby alleys, bustling bazaars, elegant hotels, people from all walks of life- Calcutta has it all. The city is a hub of fervent activity in the realms of music, theatre, arts, and sports. Calcutta has always prided itself on the many luminaries it has sent forth, be it Tagore, Satyajit Ray, or Mrinal Sen. The intense dedication to the arts manifests itself in a plethora of festivals, dance, music performances and other cultural events. The Calcuttans are also famous for their all-consuming passion for sports, especially, football and cricket. Calcutta is a city of baffling paradoxes, a city that leaves its stamp on one's mind... forever. Bengali sweets like Rassogolla, Sandesh and others are a delight and are termed as Jewels in the Crown of Bengali food. References Map Kolkata is a busy metropolitan in eastern India and is the capital of the state of West Bengal. It is the second most populous city in India. Kolkata is situated on the banks of river Hoogly (a tributary of river Ganga) and is about 100km north of Bay Of Bengal. Calcutta is a compact city, concentrated along the fringes of the river. Kolkata is located at a latitude of 22° 32’ North and longitude of 88° 22' East. It lies on the time zone UTC/GMT+5:30 HOURS. Kolkata is at an altitude of 5m / 16 feet above sea level. This is a typical road network of Kolkata! A Satellite view. North is towards right hand side. Places to Visit (References : www.travel-westbengal.com ) Victorial Memorial A splendid architectural structure in white marble, modeled on the Taj Mahal, was built in the early 20th century. In memory of Queen Victoria and was formally inaugurated by the Prince of Wales in 1921 who later became King Edward VIII of England. The stately bronze statue of the queen near the entrance, the brass canons, wrought iron street lamps, manicured lawns, gardens and pathways, the magical lighting effect in the evening and a fairy tale 'Fountain of Joy' facing the memorial building create an atmosphere of unforgettable charm. Saheed Minar This 165 ft. High monument was erected by public subscription in 1828, to honour Sir David Ochter Lony, a one- time resident of Malwa & Rajputana. More recently, it has now been renamed 'Saheed Minar' to honour the martyrs of the freedom struggle. An important landmark in Kolkata, it is located at the Northern end of the Maidan. Science City It is located on Kolkata's Eastern Metropolitan Bypass. This 21st century marvel of science, communication and environment is the first and only institution of its kind in India.The pioneering effort of NCSM, in setting up open air Science Parks has now added a new dimension to science teaching through a process of discovery in the outdoor setting. Set amidst trees and lawns, here one finds science out of doors and alive Vidyasagar Setu Vidyasagar Setu a golden Gate Bridge look alike, 2kms downriver, was completed in 1994. It is a modern day engineering marvel and is the largest cable stayed bridge in Asia. The bridge connects the twin cities of Kolkata and Howrah. It was built at a cost of Rs. 388 crores. Unfortunately it is not making the big difference that was envisaged, as the approaches are too narrow to to handle the amount of traffic that use bridge, and plans for widening the road are slow in implementation. Botanical Gardens The extensive Botanical Gardens, on the west bank of the Hoogly river, stretch forever 1 km along the river and occupy 109 hectares. The gardens were originally founded in 1786 and administered by Colonel Kyd. It was from these gardens that the tea now grown in Assam and Darjeeling was first developed. Trees of the rarest kinds, from Nepal, Brazil, Penang, Java and Sumatra can be found here. There are towering Mahogany trees, an avenue of Cuban Palms and an Orchid House. Mango and Tamarind trees shade the grassy lawns. But the main attraction of the garden is the 200 year old Banyan Tree, claimed to have the second largest canopy in the world. It is the world's largest, having a circumference of 330m. The Palm House in the centre of gardens is also well worth a visit. The gardens are over the Howrah Bridge, 19Km by bus from Chowringhee. The gardens are open from sunrise to sunset, and although they tend to be very crowded on Sunday, on other days they are peaceful and make a pleasant escape from the hassles and crowd of Kolkata. Zoo & Horticultural Gardens South of the Maidan, Kolkata's 16 hectare zoo was opened in 1875. Some of the animals are displayed in near natural environments, others in the pitiful conditions characteristics of Third World zoos. It's open from sunrise to sunset. Just south of the zoo on Alipore Rd are the pleasant and quiet horticultural gardens. They are open from 8 am to 5 pm. Kali Temple Rebuilt in 1809 on the site of a much older temple. Kalighat ( as it is also known ) is the actual temple from which Kalikata takes its name. According to legend, when Siva's wife's corpse was cut up, one of her fingers fell here. Since then it has been an important pilgrimage site. Kali represents the destructive side of Siva's consort and demands daily sacrifices. In the morning goats have their throats slit here to satisfy the goddess' bloodlust. During the day many poor people come here for a free feed. This is an extremely busy temple. Mother Teresa's Hospital for the Dying Destitute right next door to the temple and you are welcome to visit. The temple is about two km directly south of St Paul's Cathedral and is easily accessible by metro. BBD Bagh ( Dalhousie Square ) When Kolkata was the administrative centre for British India, BBD Bagh was the centre of power. On the north side of the square stands the huge Writers' Building, which dates from 1880. The East India Company's writers have now been replaced by modern-day ones employed by the West Bengal state government, and this is where all the quintuplicate forms, carbon copies and red ink come from. Also on BBD Bagh is a rather more useful place, the Kolkata GPO, and on the eastern side of the square is the West Bengal tourist office. Jorasanko Tagore house The rambling old Tagore House is a centre for Indian dance, drama, music and other arts. This is the birthplace of Rabindranath Tagore, India's greatest poet, and his final resting place. It's just off Rabindra Sarani, north of BBD Bagh, and is open Monday to Friday 10 am to 5 pm, Saturday upto 2 pm (closef Sunday).There is a daily Bengali sound-and-light show at 6 and 7 pm. Howrah Bridge It is one of three bridges on the river Hooghly and is the most famous symbol of not only Kolkata but also West Bengal. Until 1943, the Hooghly River was crossed by a pontoon bridge which had to be opened to let river traffic through. There was considerable opposition to construction of a bridge due to fears that it would affect the river currents and cause silting problems. This problem was eventually avoided by building a bridge that crosses the river in a single 450m span - there are no pylons at all within the river. The cantilevered bridge, also known as Rabindra Setu, is similar in size to the Sydney Harbour Bridge but carries a flow of traffic which Sydney could never dream of .It is the busiest bridge in the world. It's intriguing to stand at one end of the bridge at morning rush hour and watch the procession of double-decker buses come across. They heel over like yachts in a heavy wind due to the weight of passengers hanging onto the sides. In between are lumbering bullock carts, hordes of bicycles and even the odd car. The ferries running from below Howrah Station are a more convenient way to cross the river and give you a good view of the bridge. Indian Museum This museum was established in 1878 on Jawaharlal Nehru Road. The museum is built in Italian architectural style and is considered as the largest museum in the country and one of the best in Asia. The largest museum in the country, the museum has six sections: Art, Archaeology, Anthropology, Geology, Zoology and Industry (economic botany). From the Egyptian mummy to the skeleton of the whale and some rare statues; the museum has every thing. One of the rooms has a collection of meteorites. The museum also has a unique fossil collection of prehistoric animals which includes a giant crocodile and a huge tortoise. The art collection has many fine pieces from Orissa and other temples and superb example of Buddhist Gandharan art. Eden Gardens In the North-West corner of the Maidan are small & pleasantly laid out Eden Gardens. The gardens were created in 1840 and named after the sister of Lord Auckland, the former governor general. The idea was to make a Biblical - style garden of Eden in India. The expanse dotted with beautiful trees and shrubs is intersected by winding paths, and there is a large artificial lake. Alongside the gardens, is the world famous Eden Gardens cricket stadium. The stadium is supposed to be the largest in Asia with a seating capacity of more than a lakh spectators. The Kolkata cricket ground, where International test & one day matches are held, is also with in the gardens. Near the gardens you can take a pleasant walk along the bank of hoogly river. ( References: www.calonline.com ) "Baro mashe, tero parbon" -12 months, 13 festivals. The Bengali Saying in fact, underestimates the number of festivals, civil and religious, celebrated in Calcutta, where communities belonging to all religions and from all over the subcontinent have brought along their own local cults which even within the Hindu religion vary from area to area. If there is an activity which can be said to be typical of Calcutta, it is Puja. Basically puja is an offering to the presiding deity, performed by an individual, a family, a community, a group of people or a locality. The offering may be of flowers, incense, fire, or, in some cases, animal sacrifices. The community puja is one of the most spectacular events in Calcutta. It starts with the ordering of the murthi, a clay image of the deity at Kumartuli in North Calcutta or Patuapara at Kalighat. The murthi is fashioned from a straw armature coated with clay and modelled to the image of the deity, then mounted on a structure embellished with sola pith or tinsel, and installed in the Puja Pandal, a dias made of bamboo and pleated cloth, decorated with Chandeliers and neon lights. Musical and cultural shows, exhibitions and fairs are held around the pandal. A festival lasts several days, 10 in case of Durga Puja. On the occasion of Durga and Kali Pujas, special drummers, the Dhakis, using huge powerful drums made of a hollow mango tree branch and goat skin, arrive from all over Bengal to play during the festival. Besides Hindi and pop music lasting all night from loudspeakers, the rumble of their drums can be constantly heard all over the city on these occasions. On the last day, the murthi is carried by cheering devotees in festive processions, someetimes preceded by bagpipes or bandparties, to the river Hooghly where it is immersed. The main Hindu festivals in Calcutta are Durga Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Kali Puja and Saraswati Puja. Durga Puja : The start of winter coincides with Durga Puja in October, the most impotant festival in Bengal. According to Hindu mythology, all gods and goddesses of thee Hindu pantheon endowed Durga with a portion of their own energy to give her strength, or shakti, to destroy the evil forces. Some 2,000 pandals are erected throughout the city. The image of Durga shows her slaying the most powerful demon, Mahisasur. This is the season of gifts. New clothes are purchased. Shops oveflow with the latest goods. People take to the streets to visit the thousands of puja pandals which spring virtually at every street corner. A majical atmosphere prevails and the city remains bright with lightings and pandle hoppers through all night. The puja climaxes on Mahadashami, the 10th day when the image is carried in decorated carts or trucks in festive processions to be immersed in river Hooghly. Northern Indian communities celebrated the festival of Dussehra on that day commemorating Rama's victory over the devil Ravana, symbolising the triumph of good over evil. At sunset, huge effigies of Ravana, his son and his brother are burned on the maidan. Saraswati Puja : Late in January or early February, Saraswati Puja, the festival of Goddess of Learning, is celebrated by students, artists and professors. Dol Purnima : In March, the festivals of Dol Purnima, or Holi, as it is called by Northern Hindus, heralds the short spring season. People from all walks of life celebrate the coming of spring by smearing each other with powdered colours - "abir", red especially, spraying coloured water at passers-by and drinking bhang, a mildmilk beverage laced with marijuana, by. Social barriers are broken. It is a time when poor and rich, lower-cast touch upper-cast enjoy with each other. Nabobarsho : Noboborsho, on mid of April, marks the begining of Bengali New Year and also the begining of summer. Businessman carry their new halkhata account books, statuees of Ganesh and Lakshmi to the Kali Temple for blessings. In the evening, customers make token payment to their favourite shops while owwners offer them sweets. Shops are decorated with garlands, auspicious mango leaves, sola pith ornaments and young banana. On Charak Puja, the eve of the Bengali New Year, devotees at Chatu Babu Bazar attach themselves to giant rotating swings symbolising the cycles of life. A few days after noboborsho, on Mahabir Jayanti, the birth anniversary of last and geatest Jain prophets, there are processions of the Svetamber Sect from Harrison Road to Kalakar Street, and of the Digambar Sect from Belgachaia to Baisakh Lane. Laxmi Puja : In the month of October, five days after Mahadashami, on full moon, is the festivals of the Goddess of properity Laxmi who is worshipped daily in most Hindu household for the family's wellbeeing. Public Pujas are performed in the same permises as for Durga Puja. Kali Puja : Two weeks later, is another popular feestival, Kai Puja. Kali is the Goddess of destruction. The image of Kali usually shows her foot on Lord Shiva's chest, a severed head in one hand, her sword in the other, and wearing a garland of skulls. Kali is worshipped as the Mother Goddess who protects from evil. She also epitomises strength or shakti and the darker side of life. The actual puja takes place at midnight on the day of the new moon. Kali Puja coincides with Diwali, the North Indian New Year, the festivals of lights. House-holds clean their houses and light up candles all over their houses. Children and adults set off firecrackers all night. No one sleeps on that night. Two days after that is Brother's Day, Bhai Phonta or Bhatri Dvitiya. Elder sisters dip their little fingers into kajol, a mixture of ghee, rice-paste and almond paste, and put a mark on their brothers' forehead. Christmas : Christmas is widely celebrated in Calcutta, not only by the Christian community. Streets are illuminated. There are parties in clubs and hotels. The best masses are at St. Paul's Cathedral, candle lit on this occasion, at St. Andrew's Kirk and at the Murgihatta Catholic Cathedral. A pandal with a Nativity erected on Dharamtala Street (Lenin Sarani) in front of the St. Thomas Church. The Muslim Festivals : Muslim festivals are celebrated with intensity in Calcutta. During Bakriid, celebration of the hajis, the pilgrims to the Holy Mecca and Idulfitr, marking the end of Ramazan, the northern part of the Maidan becomes the prayer grounds for Muslims who gather around the Saheed Minar while the muezzin leads the sessions from the top the monument. The Shiite processions on Ashoura along Chitpore Road and, in Metiaburuz, Kidderpore, Razabazar, Narkeldanga, Beliaghata and Manicktola, are an impressive spectacle. They are led by a white horse, Hussain's mount, followed by tazias, preciously handicrafted replicas of Hussain's grave, and flagellants who alternatively pound their chests singing "hay Hassan, hay Hussain" and flagellate themselves with razor blades attached to thee end of a multi-tailed whip. Top Climate of Kolkata Kolkata is located on the great gangetic delta. Its climate is very much influenced by the sea. Kolkata has a very tropical savanna type of climate. Kolkata is dominated by 3 seasons – summer, monsoon,winter. The summer is hot and humid and continues from April to June. Summer is dominated by strong south-westerly monsoon winds. Monsoon arrives in mid June and stays upto September. Winter is the most pleasant time in Kolkata. Winter lasts for 3 months-December,January,February. Early morning mists are common in winter. The annual mean temperature is 26.8'C.The maximum temperature often exceed 40’C.The temperature does not fall below 10’C. Maximum rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August (306 mm) and the average annual total is 1,582 mm (WMO, 1971). Total duration of sunshine is 2,528 hours per annum with maximum rainfall occurring in March. Top Transport Virtually all the different modes of transport that clog the streets of Calcutta - trams, buses, rickshaws, metered taxis, and minibuses - add to the problem of congestion. However, the Metro , India's first and Calcutta's pride and joy, provides a fast, clean and efficient way to get around. It's also very easy to use, as it consists of just the one line running on a north-south axis. The river is also used for transport, with the ghats near Eden Gardens at the hub of a ferry system. The most pleasant way to beat the traffic is to take one of the very regular ferries from Chandpal Ghat to Howrah Station; other sailings head downriver from Armenian, Chandpal or Babu ghats to the Botanical Gardens, although the running of this route is erratic. Of more use to commuters than tourists, a circular railway loops south from Sealdah before moving upriver along the Strand and Princep Ghat, past Howrah Bridge and eventually to Dum Dum. While using public transport, be wary of pickpockets , especially on crowded buses. The Metro Despite a couple of small fires in recent years, Calcutta's Russian-designed Metro , inaugurated in 1984, is every bit as good as its inhabitants proudly claim, a spotless contrast to the streets above, with trains operating punctually Buses and minibuses Calcutta supports a vast and complicated bus network, in operation each day between roughly 5am and 11pm, and subject to overcrowding and attendant pickpocketing problems. The profusion of bus routes, many privately run, is best explained Taxis Taxis in Calcutta prove to be extremely good value, especially on long journeys such as to and from the airport (around Rs130 for a twenty-kilometre ride), but a few drivers can be unwilling to go anywhere for less than Rs50, Trams Calcutta's cumbersome trams , barely changed since they started operating in 1873, are on their way out; their inability to deviate from fixed rails to cope with the city's crazy traffic makes them more of a nuisance Rickshaws, auto-rickshaws and cycle rickshaws Calcutta is the only city in India to have human-drawn rickshaws , which are only available in the central areas of the city, especially around New Market. There are cycle ricksaws and auto-rickshaws available in the city. Though slow, cycle-rickshaws provide a polution free journey. Top Industries The industrial environment in West Bengal is highly conducive for fresh investment. The infrastructural facilities in the State are good. The ideal locations for setting up of an Industrial unit a number of Growth Centres have been developed by the State, wherein all industrial infrastructure like power, water, sheds, land, etc. are available. The Growth Centres are planned in such a manner that availability of skilled as well as unskilled labour is assured from the neighbouring towns. Also, these Growth Centres have easy access to the socio-economic infrastructure offered by these towns. As the number of Growth Centres have already been established and some more such centres are comming up. Three Mega Growth Centres -one each in the Districts of Birbhum, Jalpaiguri and Malda - will be set up in addition to these Growth Centres. An Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is already operational at Falta in the district of 24-Parganas (South). Situated on the left bank of the river Hoogly in a pollution free environment, the EPZ at Falta provides excellent infrastructure for Export Oriented Units(EOUs). With a view to identifying infrastructural and other related requirements to faclititate further industrial development, the State Government has constituted a high powered Committee on infrastructural development under the Chairmanship of Minister of State in charge of Commerce & Industries Department. The Government of West Bengal attaches special emphasis on the growth and development of electronic industies. An electronic complex has been set up in a very convenient location, close to the city of Calcutta and also the Calcutta Airport. The complex provides developed land and facilities like power, water, road network and communication facilities. The Electronics complex also includes a Standard Design Factory (SDF) building. The State Government also offers attactive incentives to encourage growth of industrial activities in West Bengal. The Government has inctroduced a New Incentive Scheme with effect from 1.4.1993. This Scheme provides special encouragement towards setting up of industries in the backward areas. Apart from incentives like state Capital Investment Subsidy, Waiver of Electricity Duty, Sales Tax Deferment/Remission etc. the new incentive scheme has providisions for treating deffered Sales Tax as deemed loan, allotment of land in Growth Centres on soft terms of payments, subsidy for conversion to piped coal gas as input and spcial incentives for multiplier industries with fixed capital investment exceeding Rs100 crores and minimum employment of 100 persons. There is a spcial NRI cell to provide information and guidance and also assitance to NRIs and foreign investors wishing to invest in the State. The Cell functions under a high powered NRI investment Guidance and Monitoring Committee(NRIGMC) under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Commerce & Industries Department. Eminent Personalities of Kolkata Rabindranath Tagore : Rabindranath Tgore, the great poet, patriot and social reformer was the first Asian to receive Nobel Prize for literature in 1913 . Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose : He was a fierce and popular freedom fighter in pre-independent India. He was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939.Netaji founded a nationalist force called the Indian National Army. He started a mass movement using Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it had no sense to further bleed the poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British immediately imprisoned him. He went for a hunger strike. His health detoriorated and on the 11th day of fasting he was freed and placed under house arrest. But he disappeared from his house in early 1941.In November 1941 ,his broadcast from german radio sent shock waves to the british and electrified the Indians who realized their leader was working in a master plan to free their motherland. Bose allied with Germany and Japan to fight against The British. In the beginning of 1943, a most hazardous journey was undertaken by him. He traversed under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dingy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name "Azad Hind Government" was declared on the 21st of October 1943.INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning.Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed by Indians only. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their 'free' motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Let's march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course of action. Unfortunately, there was no trace of him from that point. He was just 48 and his death or disappearance is still a mystery. The Indian people were so much enamored of Bose's leadership qualities, fearlessness and mysterious adventures, that he had become a legend. Sri Aurobindo : Sri Aurobindo, the great patriot participated immensely in freedom struggle. He became a leader of the Nationalist Party and his editorials in the Bande Mataram at once made him an all-India figure. In 1810, Sri Aurobindo withdrew from the political field and sailed for Pondicherry, to devote himself entirely to his evolving spiritual mission. Khudiram Bose : Khudiram Bose, a true martyr of India was involved with a secret extremist group called Yugantar along with Aurobindo Ghosh, Barin Ghosh, Raja Subodh Mallik. Yugantar planned Kingsford's (the notorious Chief Presidency Magistrate ) death and Khudiram Prafulla Chaki were chosen for the job. He was hanged to death on 11th aug, 1908. Satyendra Nath Bose : S.N.Bose, an Indian mathematician and theoretical physicist, is known for his contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics particularly in regard to photons. He wrote a paper on the statistics of photons now named as 'Bose Statistics'. Fundamental particles that obeyed his statistical rules were later named 'bosons' One of his important publication is “Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta". Jagadish Chandra Bose : Jagdish Chandra Bose had put India on the scientific world map with his ingenuity and scientific flair. He conducted bold experiments in Physics, Botany and Physiology. JC Bose demonstrated the existence and propaganda of wireless waves in 1885. His work on devices for receiving the polarization of electric waves was later exploited by Marconi who designed a long distance radio signalling device. He was able to show the similarity in response of the living and non-living to various types of stress and strains. Having discovered this similarity to electric response in animal tissue and inorganic substances Bose now started exploring the response in plants to external stimuli. He was able to establish this similarity in plants too .One of Bose's amazing achievements was his invention of the 'crescograph'. The crescograph was an electrical instrument that could measure the growth of a plant accurately. Raja Ram Mohan Roy : Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the maker of modern India fought to abolish SATI(the horrible c ustom of burning the living wife with the dead husband) and put an end to it. William Bentinck administration passed a law in 1829 banning the practice of Sati .Roy first realised that an understanding of "modern" subjects like physics,chemistry,biology,mathematics,English would give Indians a better standing in the world.He also founded the Bramho Samaj. Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar : He was a great Sanskrit pundit, educator, reformer, writer, philanthropist. He fought against polygamy and child marriage. He took initiative to legalize widow re-marriage and encouraged it a lot. He also helped the distressed people. Vidyasagar was the founder of several schools, many of which were for girls. Swami Vivekananda : Swami Vivekananda was the leading disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. His lectures and books provide the best explanation of the Upanishads in modern literature. The Upanishads are the original source of Vedanta.Swami Vivekananda visited the West at the end of the 19th century, and his influence is felt to this day. His message of uncompromising strength, devotion to the truth, unity of all creeds, and dedication to the higher pursuits of life, re-invigorated the spiritual landscape of America and Europe. His work in India provided a genuine alternative to the sweeping materialism that resulted from the scientific achievements of his century. Nobel laureates All Nobel laureates of India have been associated with Calcutta at some point of time. The city has produced five Nobel Prize laureates so far . They are (as chronologically awarded): Sir Ronald Ross (1902 Medicine), Rabindranath Tagore (1913 Literature), Sir C.V. Raman (1930 Physics), Mother Teresa (1977 Peace) and lastly Amartya Sen (1998 Economics) Scientists Scientific greats of Calcutta include, in approximately chronogical order, the multifaceted geniuses W.B. O'Slaughnessy, Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray, the physicists Meghnad Saha, Satyendra Nath Bose, statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, and genetic scientist Ananda Mohan Chakraborty. The first in-vitro fertilization (to produce test tube baby "Durga") in India (and second in the world) was performed by city doctor Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay on October 3, 1978. Top A Consise History In 1690 Job Charnok, an agent of East India Company setteled in Kolkata. In 1698 East India Co bought three villages Gobindapur, Sutanuti, Kolkata from local landlord Sabarna Chowdhury. In 1699 East India Company started developing Calcutta as a Presidency city. In1715 British people completed building the Old Fort. In 1717 The Mughal emperor Farrukh-siyar granted the East India Company freedom of trade in return for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees. In 1727 As per the order of King George I , a civil court was set up. The city corporation was established and Hallwell became the first mayor of the city. In 1756 Siraj-ud-daulla attacks Calcutta and conquered. He changed the name of the city to Alinagar. Again in 1757 23rd June, British people ( under the leadership of Clive) defeated Siraj-id-daulla at Plassey (in Nadia district). In 1757 British first printed currency bill in Calcutta mint. In year 1772 Calcutta became the capital of British India when the first governor-general, Warren Hastings, transferred all important offices to the city from Murshidabad . In 1780 James Hicky established a printed press and published first news paper, "The Bengal Gazzette". The first official news paper , "The Calcutta Gazzette", was published in 1784.In 1784 Sir William Jones took initiative and established The Asiatic Society. The Governor House ( presently Raj Bhawan ) was built in 1804. In 1818 First Bengali Magazine, "Digdarshan", was published from Sreerampur, with the help of David Hare. In 1817 The Hindu College ( presently Presidency College ) was established with efforts from Rammohan Roy, David Hare and Radhakanta Dev. Initially the college started with 20 students. Rammohan Roy was successful in making 'satidaho' (a Hindu rule) banned by British General Bentinck in year 1829. In 1854 First Railways in India was established ( from Calcutta to Hooghly ). In 1857 The University of Calcutta was established. First Tram car ( horse drawn )was drawn in Calcutta in 1873. In 1875 "The Statesman", leading English Daily newspaper, started. The Indian Museum was built in 1875. In 1883 Surendra Nath Banerjee called for a National convention ( which led to the forming of Indian National Congress in 1885 at Bombay ). In 1886 Second convention of Indian National Congress at Calcutta. Indian Football Association established in 1888. In 1896 First motor car appeared on city's street. In 1902 First Electric tram car was driven from Esplanade to Kidderepore. In 1905 Lord Curzon, viceroy of India, tried to partition Bengal. There was a strong protest. And finally he failed to do so. In 1911 British moved the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi In 1911 A local football team, Mohanbagan, defeated British in IFA shield final and created national sensation. Rabindranath Tagore, the great philosopher, poet and writer received Nobel Prize in literature in 1913. In 1921 King Edward VIII inaugurated the Victoria Memorial building. In 1924 Chittaranjan Das, was elected as the first Indian mayor of the city of Calcutta. Agnes Goinxha Bejaxhiu (Mother Teresa), came to Calcutta to join Bengal Loreto missionin in 1929. In 1939 The World War II hit Calcutta. Tagore died in 1941 . In 1941 Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from house arrest by British. In 1947 India gained independence. Bengal was divided , Calcutta became the capital city of the state of West Bengal in India. Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh became the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, followed by Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. Calcutta and surrounding places were flooded with people from East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) as a result of the partition. The Naxalite Movement hit the city resulting arrests of hundreds of youths and creating enormous tension among city dwellers in 1970-71. In 1975 First TV transmission started in the city from August 9th. Mother Teresa, a permanent resident of Calcutta was awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. In 1984 Metro, the first underground railway in India, started from Tollygunge to Esplanade and First color TV transmission started from TV centre ( DoorDarshan ). In 1989 France's highest civilian award, Legion d'Honour was conferred upon Satyajit Ray by President F. Mitterrand in Calcutta. In 1992 Satyajit Roy, film director, received prestigious "Life Time Achievement" Oscar award and "Bharat Ratna". He died in the same year. First cellular phone service starts in the city in 1995. In 1997 Mother Teresa died in Calcutta. 2001 Calcutta was officially renamed as 'Kolkata' from 1st Januray, Founder and date of foundation The city High Court recently gave a ruling that Job Charnock is not the founder of the city and Calcutta has no birthday. According to the Court, the city owes its genesis in the Maurya and Gupta period and it was an established trading post long before the Slave Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, the Portuguese, the French or the British established a modern township there. References to the existence of an ancient riverine port exist in the travel journals of Chinese scholars and Persian merchants dating from the time preceding the birth of Christ. The Hindu epic Mahabharata, lists the King of “Vanga”, as having fought alongside the Kauravas in the great Mahabharata Airline Offices Here are some of the Aitline Offices in Kolkata. All the informations may not be upto date.	i don't know
One of the logos of which former Building Society was an arrangement of bowler hats?	The Local Leader Edition 12 by James Slater - issuu issuu LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford .................................................................................................................................................................................. LONG-AWAITED CITY CENTRE BREWERY OPENS FREE! THE STORY OF CITY’S C&A Please take one DEMOLITION DAY FOR BINGLEY ICON >> PAGE 14 >> PAGE 18 The Red Room Coffee House • • • • • 01274 735557 Fresh home-cooked food with a fantastic service All-day breakfast available on Saturdays Delivery available within walking distance in the City Centre Outside catering a speciality - all occasions catered for Open Mon-Fri 8.45am-3.30pm, Sat 9.30am-3.30pm Manor Row, Bradford, BD1 4NL (Above lift entrance to Forster Sq. Station) BRADFORD’S GOLD HEALTHY FOOD AWARD-WINNING INDEPENDENT COFFEE HOUSE! 58 Manningham Lane, Bradford, BD1 3EB [email protected] Find us on Facebook 01274 727222 SERVING THE VERY BEST COFFEE We serve a large range of specialist coffees in the shop in addition to a wide variety of teas. We are pleased to have a leading specialist barista working for us who has been trained in Italyâ€™s largest coffee house training academy. From a mocha to an americano, you can be assured of the finest quality coffee! THE PERFECT VENUE FOR ANY EVENT Here at Coffee & CrĂ¨me, we have a large seating area for 45 people and can organise for a wide range of parties such as birthdays, graduations etc for up to 30 people. Networking events and business gatherings are also a speciality. With a fresh newspaper in every day and fantastic refreshments, we are the perfect venue for any event. Give us a call to book or for more information. BREAKFAST IS SERVED ALL DAY! Sausages, tomatoes, hash browns, mushrooms, scrambled eggs, baked beans, two slices of toast and a hot drink! TRY OUR £3 DAILY MEAL DEALS! Sandwich Deal Any sandwich + hot/cold drink Cake Deal Slice of cake + hot/cold drink £3 Ice Cream Deal 3 scoops of ice cream + hot/cold drink OR TRY OUR HOT FOOD MENU! From £4.50 Meat Seekh, Chicken Wings and Masala Fish From £5.00 Shawarma wraps, fathayar and falafel wraps From £4.50 Roast Chickens, Chicken Tikka and Chicken Wings EDITOR’S LETTER Welcome to Edition 12! What a couple of months it has been! From the fantastic displays we have seen by our very own Bradford City FC to the continuing growth of Bradford’s independent quarter and the further development of Shipley, we have seen it all! I mentioned in my last column that people were calling 2015 “Bradford’s year” and already we are seeing evidence of this. The long-awaited Bradford Brewery opened its doors, as well as the Beerhouse on North Parade as a whole new part of the town emerges. You can see more about that in Phil’s Photography Walkabouts, kindly sponsored in this edition by the Bradford Brewery and Brewfactory Pub. There is plenty more in this edition, which is filled with some fantastic articles. Our features editor, Lisa Firth, has been reflecting on the mood in Bingley as the old Bradford and Bingley building comes down, I’ve been looking at the history of Broadway’s C&A and other features include the launch of the Oi card, Bob Ford’s Zambian Odyssey and our regular community updates. However, it’s not all been good news for the magazine recently. Megan Carson, our deputy editor, left the publication last month due to ill health. It has been a sad time for us all and the magazine has had to make some tough decisions. As many of you will know, Megan was with us from the very beginning as one of our founders. Her commitment and passion have helped shape the publication into what it has now become. Her role will now be filled by Jordan Carroll, who joined the team just a fortnight or so ago. You’ll be hearing more about Jordan in future editions. I’m therefore proud to dedicate this edition to Megan and I hope you will join me in wishing her a very speedy recovery. James Slater 04 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 THE THE LOCAL LEADER MAGAZINE 28 COMMERCIAL STREET SHIPLEY BRADFORD BD18 3SP ................................................................ EDITOR JAMES SLATER 07760 975061 [email protected] ................................................................ DEPUTY EDITOR MEGAN CARSON (outgoing) JORDAN CARROLL (incoming) [email protected] ................................................................ FEATURES EDITOR LISA FIRTH HISTORY EDITOR PHIL ROBINSON ................................................................ Thank you to all of our regular community contributors who make the magazine what it is! ................................................................ www.thelocalleader.co.uk CONTENTS 06 - CITY’S FA CUP REVIEW 12 - OI CARD LAUNCH 14 - B&B HQ DEMOLITION 18 - STORY OF CITY’S C&A 36 - PHIL’S WALKABOUTS 54 - ZAMBIAN ODYSSEY 60 - ALLERTON CAT RESCUE THE LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford We’re taking a break… but we’ll be back! As advertisers and readers who have supported us for a while now will know, both members of The Local Leader team are 16 years old and this summer sit crucial exams. Since taking over the Bingley Rural magazine last April we have published the mag bimonthly (instead of quarterly as previously), something that we cannot commit to in June with the added pressure of examinations. So in order to give these exams our best shot we have decided to cancel our June edition - however, we’d like to announce that we will be back better than ever in August! Your support so far has been fantastic and you really have shown us you LOVE The Local Leader! We’ll see you in August! BRADFORD CITY CUP RUN COMES TO A CLOSE ........................................................................................................................................... Jake Verity reports on how Bradford City hit the media spotlight to create some of the biggest shocks in the history of the FA Cup and the extreme journey they faced before bowing out. When it all began, we had simply no idea of the journey we were going to embark on. The unpredictable nature of England's finest domestic competition captured the country's attention. With two conference ties kicking off the first and second round, what should have been plain sailing wasn't, with Halifax giving the Bantams a stern test. Stead and Morais rescued us from defeat to our local conference rivals, as both players later did again against Chelsea. Dartford was an exciting score line in a relatively enjoyable tie. The Dartford fans seemingly enjoyed their day out, despite their 4-1 loss, and our fans certainly had plenty to cheer about. Stead and Morais were yet again to feature on the scoresheet as we sailed comfortably through to the third round with a dream draw in our minds. Millwall away wasn't the huge money tie we all wanted but in terms of the entertainment value it was priceless. Billy Knottâ€™s star performance saw the midfielder grab two goals in a 3-3 draw at the Den. A late goal from Ricardo Fuller set up a replay at home where the victor would have the honour of an away tie at Chelsea. #bethedifference was more a case of #bethewinner as we managed a delightful 4-0 victory over Championship strugglers Millwall in the reverse fixture. Goals from Hanson, Stead, Halliday and Knott set us up for that mouth-watering tie in Kensington. The easiest tie of them all saw us waltz to a 4-2 victory over Chelsea... 2-0 down after 37 minutes to the team at the top of the English leagues is not an easy position from which to mount an unlikely comeback. The true desire, passion and high intensity with which 06 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Bradford were to fight in the following 57 or so minutes were phenomenal. Stead yet again scored in the FA Cup after 40 minutes to pull the game back before Morais levelled later on to set up a nervy finish for the West Yorkshire faithful. When Halliday curled in a sumptuous strike, the dream was in full flow and as Yeates curled the ball home in extra time, the dream became reality. Sunderland were next and an out-of-sorts Valley Parade pitch was used to Bradford's advantage. John O'Shea's own goal off Billy Clarke's effort gave the bantams an early lead before Jon Stead kept up his record of a goal in every round when he scored in the second half. The FA Cup Quarter-Finals were on their way and fully deserved by the men in BD8. Part 1 of the end saw Bradford manage a 0-0 stalemate in front of the BT cameras at Valley Parade. A closely packed game of few chances saw Liddle hit the post as well as Reading's Pogrebnyak. A replay was on the way but Bradford City had their name in the hat for the Semi-Finals. An astonishing achievement. It was all over at the Madejski, 3-0 losers on the day to a strong Reading side. It simply wasn't to be and we had to accept it, although it was tough to take. Regardless of the result though, we looked on with pride at our heroes. The beginning of the end. Thank you, Bradford City, for the memories. Pictures courtesy of Thomas Gadd. From top to bottom; City scoreboard after beating Millwall, celebrating after thrashing Chelsea, fans in the Kop before the Sunderland match holding up claret and amber posters, the scarf parade to welcome players onto the pitch before Reading at home. CALL US TODAY FOR A VALUATION Hamilton Bower Estate Agents, Lettings and Management hamiltonbower.tv 01274 588 158 33 Otley Road • Shipley • BD17 7DE WILDLIFE HEAVEN AT LOCAL NATURE RESERVE ........................................................................................................................................... Carol Barrett, from the Airedale and Bradford Branch of the RSPB, tells us more about the club’s visit to the Denso Marston Nature Reserve in Baildon in March. The Warden, Steve Warrillow, greeted 26 eager walkers and birdwatchers at 10am on a cold, rather dull morning. The seven-acre reserve is situated between the River Aire and the Denso Marston factory in Shipley, West Yorkshire. As its website says, “created in 1990 on Denso Marston washland for the benefit of wildlife, community enjoyment and education, it is an urban haven of woodland, meadows and pools with varied wildlife”. Steve told us a little about the history of the site and explained that there is free access to the reserve at all times. Since its creation, over 6000 trees have been planted; log piles and hedges have created different habitats for wildlife. Signs of spring were evident, with primroses and daffodils in full bloom as well as mounds of frog spawn in the pond. Woodland birds could be heard and seen in the canopy, herring gulls and mallards constantly flew over and four cormorants seemed to have taken advantage of a tall pylon where they could “hang out their wings” alongside the River Aire. For most of the group, there was a first sighting of a mink along the river bank and swimming in the river. Whereas an otter swims with its head visible above the water, a mink's body can also be seen as it swims along. A pale mound spotted high up in a tree over the river was identified as a squirrel’s drey, with a cosy covering of wool! We had been advised to look out for deer and further along, several of us were fortunate enough to glimpse a roe deer on the horizon. 08 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Luckily, with the trees not yet in full leaf, we were able to get good sightings of treecreepers and goldcrests flitting about, and the call of chiff chaffs was a welcome sound heralding the forthcoming warmth of spring. Beneath carefully laid pieces of wood, there was evidence of short-tailed field voles and wood mice nesting, with the remains of tooth-marked cherry seeds. Leopard slugs and a newt were still hibernating too. We concluded the walk by visiting the “hut” next to the bird-feeding station, from where various wildlife courses are run, including a children's Spider Club, Verse on the Reserve and many other wildlife activities. For anyone interested in wildlife, this reserve is a hidden gem. Birds seen: crow, grey heron, wood pigeon, magpie, blue tit, mallard, moorhen, great tit, robin, chaffinch, herring gull, pheasant, coal tit, cormorant, long-tailed tit, goldcrest, tree creeper, goosander, bullfinch, jay, grey wagtail, chiff chaff, goldfinch, wren, dabchick (little grebe), dunnock, blackbird. NEXT RSPB BRADFORD MEETING: Fri 17th April - AGM 7pm followed at 7.30pm by ‘Farming and Wildlife’, an illustrated talk by Nicholas Watts - held at Shipley Library. Watts is a Lincolnshire-based farmer, and winner of the 2013 RSPB / Daily Telegraph Nature of Farming Award. Price: £3.00 (members & nonmembers), children free Telephone: 01274 582078 E-mail: [email protected] Sat 18th April - Free Guided Walk, Otley Wetlands, 10 am. Contact details as above for more information. ALTERATIONS & MENDING SERVICE • Based in Shipley • Very experienced • Repairing all types of clothing • Redesigning to suit • Changing the look • Curtain Alterations • Bride/Bridesmaid Dresses • Suits & Outer Garments • Making the most of Your wardrobe Phone: 01274 532952 Mobile: 07979 990958 TRADING FOR 40 YEARS We deliver flowers 6 days a week Birthdays - Weddings - Funerals Bouquets, baskets, aqua hand tieds, planted bowls and baskets and flowers for every occasion Mon, Tues 8.30am - 5pm, Wed-Fri 8.30am - 5.30pm, Sat 9am - 3pm 13-15 Clayton Rd, Bradford, BD7 2LT 01274 576097 / 0800 328 6953 www.framesforflowers.co.uk Established in 1980 Retailers of: Hand Knitting Wool Patterns Knitting Accessories Find us in Shipley Indoor Market Hall or call us on (01274) 596911 RSPCA BRADFORD SELECT “PETS OF THE MONTH” In our regular column, we feature the RSPCA Bradford’s pets of the month - for both March, with two rabbits, and April with a female cat. Pet of the Month March 2015 Darwin is an adult Netherland Dwarf neutered male who was brought into us as a stray in January 2014. Darwin can be a bit grumpy but he is handleable. Holly is an adult spayed female rabbit who came into us as a stray. She has been with us since June 2014. Holly is a friendly rabbit who can be handleable. Both rabbits need to be rehomed to an experience rabbit owner and they will not be suitable to live with young children. Holly has been paired up with Darwin since December 2014. Pet of the Month - April 2015 Lippy is an adult spayed female cat who was brought into us in September 2014 after being abandoned while pregnant by her previous owner. She is a playful cat who loves catnip and her toys. Lippy is an affectionate girl who loves cuddles and likes to have your attention. She will be suitable to live in a family household with children of any age. Lippy seems to get on well with other cats so she will be ok to live with another cat in the household, but not dogs. If you would like more information about our work and the pets we have available, please contact us on 01274 723063. You can find out more at www.rspca-bradford.org.uk or look for Bradford RSPCA on Facebook & Twitter. 10 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 NEW LOYALTY CARD PROMOTES LOCAL BUSINESS A new venture aimed at promoting independent businesses in Bradford is gathering pace, and is looking for recommendations from Bradfordians. ........................................................................................................................................... Local enterprises across the Bradford District sign up to a new loyalty card that rewards people for shopping in some of Bradford’s best loved independent businesses! The Oi Card is a new way to explore Bradford, and to have a more rewarding day doing so, because it’s a loyalty card that rewards cardholders when they visit some of Bradford’s best-loved independent businesses. up to 20% off at Bradford Brewery, and even preferential rates from service providers such as web designers, mortgage advisors and technical support. The people behind The Oi Card also run the Twitter account Hidden Bradford, and are now reaching out to locals to tell them what businesses they feel best represent Bradford’s best independent offerings. Michael Mason from Oi said: “What we’re trying to do is to create this network that really shows off what makes Bradford different. When people buy an annual card for £10 they can save that back almost straight away with some of the rewards that businesses are offering, and while they do Among the first businesses who have that they’ll uncover the kinds of places and signed up to the card include historic independents like Rimmington’s Pharmacy, services that will completely transform their experience of living, working and established businesses such as The Red playing in Bradford. Room Coffee House, and brand new ones such as Bradford Brewery and The Record “To do what we want to do really Cafe. effectively, we need the knowledge and recommendations of Bradfordians. So we’re Businesses join for free, and cardholders who buy one of the annual cards can expect asking people to get in touch with us via our to be rewarded whenever they visit any of website to tell us if they know of an independent business that they think the participating businesses. deserves to be shouted about. As we grow, these recommendations will reach more and Rewards currently include anything from more people, and we hope that our network ‘buy one get one free’ at Zaara’s Indian of independents will soon become one of the restaurant in Shipley, to discounts such as things that Bradford is best known for.” ‘Oi’ stands for ‘Only Independents’, and is a growing network of some of the best independents of all kinds that Bradford has to offer. The cards promoting the best of Bradford’s Independent businesses 12 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 If you would like to recommend a business to Oi, or to buy a card, visit www.theoicard.com. Businesses who would like to apply to be part of the network can do so for free on the Oi website. THE END OF AN ERA, MR BINGLEY? Love it or hate it, the concrete monster that until recently loomed over Bingley is enmeshed with the town’s history and identity. Dominating the skyline for miles around, when first opened in 1975 it was Bingley’s all-too-visible stake in the pulsing world of modern banking, sheltering countless employees of the now defunct Bradford and Bingley Building Society. ........................................................................................................................................... As Bingley finally frees itself, both literally and figuratively, from the shadow cast by the old Bradford and Bingley building, Lisa Firth reflects on the site’s past - and its future. society?” was the first thing strangers would say when I told them where I was from. Local resident Kath Gabbitas agrees. “I'm really sorry to see the old building being demolished,” she tells me. “Yes, it's an ugly building but very much part of Bingley's history. When I was at Harrogate College of Art in 1982, I had an assignment on architecture and this was one of the buildings I really enjoyed photographing: the shape, the After the drawn-out saga of the building’s lines and the patterns. It's a sad day when it demolition – delayed once due to concerns disappears completely.” The five-storey about asbestos and again after hibernating building's unusual tiered design was bats were found inside – it’s with mixed apparently meant to reflect the structure of feelings that townsfolk have finally witnessed its demise. A friend told me he had local landmark Five Rise Locks. seen a number of older people – former employees perhaps – gathering morosely one Sarah Whistlecraft, who grew up in Harden, afternoon to watch it fall. “In bowler hats?” I also has mixed feelings as the building comes down. “I've been watching it every week; my joked, referencing the classic TV ads of the 1970s onwards – their characters, City gents children have been drawing pictures of the big cranes,” she says. “It was an ugly building Mr Bradford and Mr Bingley, as enduringly memorable to people of a certain age as mash but it will leave a gap in the skyline that I've grown up with.” However, potato-eating robots, ultimately she feels that the Accrington Stanley Football demolition is a positive move for Club or the glitzy the town: “Bingley is evolving so ambassador’s reception. much, I think it's a good thing.” Not everyone shares the And therein lies the root of ambivalence, though. Barry the ambivalence many of us now feel at seeing the mounds of rubble, the former offices wall-less and exposed, or a wrecking machine clawing through the building's ugly yet iconic plastic clocks. The fact is that everyone does remember those adverts. As the headquarters of one of the largest financial organisations in the The iconic building, opened in 1975, was once the all-too-visible country, the Bradford and reminder of Bingley’s influence in the world of modern banking Bingley put our town on the map. “Oh, like the building 14 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 ............................................................................................................................................................ Traish of Saltaire will be delighted to see the back of Bingley's “monstrous carbuncle”. “I really hope that the planners insist on something beautiful being built there instead – a bit of elan to put Bingley on the map,” he says. And Shipley constituency MP Philip Davies, the man who made it his mission to push for the site's redevelopment, describes the demolition as “wonderful”. “It is such an important site in the town centre which needs to be brought into use to benefit the other shops in Bingley,” he tells me. “It was a horrendously ugly building and I spent an awful lot of time pressing Sainsbury's to demolish it and sell it on ASAP!” Bingley Leisure Centre) have been almost entirely eclipsed by the newer structure. The Bradford and Bingley HQ closed its doors in 2009, when the building society, bought out by Spanish firm Santander, moved its employees to newer premises in Crossflatts. Since then it has remained empty. Sainsbury's bought the building in 2010, intending to redevelop it as a supermarket, but after encountering various problems the company instead decided to build a smaller convenience store across the road and demolish the building before selling the site on. After five years, that demolition is finally nearing completion. “However, it is tinged with sadness as it is a stark reminder of the demise of Bradford and Bingley, a business which commanded much local pride for 150 years,” he adds. “I just hope that the site is sold off quickly – and it brings much-needed footfall into the town.” As for the future of the site, once valued at £6 million, Sainsbury's have stated that they are considering two offers: one residential, one joint retail and residential. The local rumour mill has suggested the former could be retirement home developer McCarthy and Stone, while the retail scheme could be Netto While the building is undeniably a part of – possibly adding yet another supermarket to Bingley's history, its construction cost the a town that will soon boast a Co-op, a town some of its history too. A lost pub, the Old King's Head, once stood on the site of the Sainsbury's Local and an Aldi. Sainsbury's themselves are staying tight-lipped, however, Bradford and Bingley. In the 19th century this old coaching inn was the venue for some so once again residents are being left to wait and see. sensational inquests and magistrates’ hearings, and in later years was known for its successful jazz nights. The town's historic So will I be sorry to see the old Bradford and courthouse was also among the buildings on Bingley building go? Well, no: I come to bury, not to mourn. There’s no denying that as a Myrtle Place sacrificed to make way for the piece of architecture it represented building society headquarters, while the everything grey, dismal and ugly in 1970s entrance to Myrtle Park and the 20s-era design. Abandoned, derelict, decaying, it was Princess Hall dance hall and baths (now a relic of the town’s past that needed to go and make way for what we hope will be a vibrant and thriving future. But it’s hard not to feel a little bereft at the loss of something that had come to symbolise not only the recessionstruck building society but the town itself, something which had been a fixture on my horizon from childhood. To put it another way: looking out over Bingley now, there’s a rather overwhelming feeling – too much sky... Cranes at work tearing down the once-dominant town centre HQ Photography courtesy of Geoff Tynan THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 15 JUNIOR CHAMBER BRADFORD IS FLYING - LITERALLY! ........................................................................................................................................... The Junior Chamber International (Bradford Branch) update us on their latest news including skydives, suppers, fundraising and projects… and even easter eggs! JCI Bradford (Junior Chamber International) provides a platform for young people to learn new skills, grow their networks, give back to the community and get great experience on their CV. After an incredibly successful 2014 – 200% growth in membership, double the number of community projects and better exposure in the city – JCI Bradford is aiming for dizzying heights in 2015. 2015 is off to a flying start, with eight new members, projects and training sessions booked in the diary until June, and some great successes from our members. March also saw Philip Cockayne, President, attend the Past Presidents’ Dinner at the Bradford Club, wining and dining with the past presidents of JCI Bradford (formally Bradford Junior Chamber) and notifying them of the organisation’s progress. They were incredibly pleased to hear of the chamber’s new successes, having witnessed a decline in recent years. March will also see our president take part in a charity skydive for the Bradford-based One in a Million Charity, which provides support and opportunities to young disadvantaged children in Bradford via sports, the arts and enterprise challenges. We now have a brand new leadership team JCI Bradford also hosted the annual JCI Yorkshire Big Supper – an event that sees comprising: - Philip Cockayne - President members from across Yorkshire congregate - Michelle Pemberton - Community Director on one night for training, great speakers, - Brogan Hirst - Marketing Director networking and, of course, socialising. This - Kirsty Haley - Finance Director year’s speaker was George Madine from - Caroline Towers - Business Director Bradford University, talking about - Danielle Johnson - Events & Social Director leadership and how to engage employees to maximise their potential. JCI Bradford’s Easter Egg Our event was in support of Appeal is in full swing and the MS Trust and the we’ve already achieved Worthington 500k – a our target and are set to challenge being undertaken raise over 1,500 eggs for by two JCI members (Debbie the most disadvantaged and Joe Worthington) to run children in Bradford, with 500 miles throughout 2015 Michelle leading. It’s great to raise funds for Multiple to see what young people Sclerosis (from which Debbie in Bradford can do with suffers). nothing but ambition, enthusiasm and an Internet connection, using only their spare time to do some good. 16 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 JCI Bradford President Philip Cockayne If anyone is interested in finding out more about JCI and what it can do for you, please drop an email to [email protected] Edwina’s Cake and Card Craft Materials “Crafting•at•affordable•prices” A huge selection of craft, die cutting & cake decorating products. The Time Zone FREE FITTING SERVICE on our wide range of straps and batteries. Stockist of ZIPPO lighters and other smoking accessories, sunglasses and reading glasses, fashion watches and clocks. Come in and have a look around! Unit 22 - Shipley Indoor Market Hall 35 WESTGATE SHIPLEY BD18 3QX Hot and cold sandwiches All day breakfasts Omelettes and salads Baked potatoes Lunchtime specials Cakes and desserts Selection of beverages Open Mon-Fri 8am2pm, Sat 8am-1pm New stock arriving weekly! Opening Times: Mon, Tue, Thu, Fri–-–9.30am-4pm Wednesday––––––––-9.30am-1pm Saturday––––––––––9.00am-4pm 21 North Parade, Bradford, BD1 3JL 07428 665 181 OPEN FRIDAY TEA TIMES! Nine @ Westgate open 7 days Serving until 8pm on Friday nights Fully licensed cafe and bar SATURDAY BISTRO NIGHTS *NOW TAKING BOOKINGS* Established in 1987 High quality prints from: 6x4 - 10p 7x5 - 15p 8x6 - 30p 10x8 - 55p 17 Northgate Bradford West Yorkshire BD1 3JR 01274 723622 18TH APRIL, 23RD MAY & 20TH JUNE NO MORE SUITS & SLACKS FOR THE MAN AT C&A James Slater looks at how Bradford’s C&A store was the last man standing when the clothing company finally closed its doors in the UK. And C&A were genuinely happy to be joining the city centre traders. Francis Drake, from C&A’s head office, said, “In the opening of this store, we have the privilege of becoming citizens of Bradford.” .......................................................................................................................................... At 11.30am on Thursday 31 May 2001, the UK’s last C&A transaction took place in Bradford. One of the best-known names on the British high street was to disappear forever. C&A had blamed fierce competition in the clothing market for its financial downturn and this resulted in the closure of over 100 stores. C&A was founded in 1841 as a textile company by brothers Clemens and August Brenninkmeijer. Following success in Germany and Holland, C&A started trading in Britain in 1922, opening its first store on London’s Oxford Street. Stores followed in Birmingham and Liverpool before the end of the decade. The store in Bradford was opened on 12 March 1959 by the then Lord Mayor, Alderman NW Durrant. In his speech, he declared, “It is not merely the opening of a store – it is to my mind the laying of the foundation stone for the new Bradford. This ancient city which has grown up around the great textile industry has many difficult contours from a building point of view and has expanded more or less naturally with very little planning. After many years of frustration in regard to redevelopment, there is now visible proof of our intention to rebuild the centre of the city.” The store at its peak in mid-1980s Courtesy of Martin O’Connell Using over half a million bricks in construction, with 36,000sq ft of glass and over 30,000sq ft of floorspace, the opening of the store was described by many as one of the most notable events in Bradford. The T&A report of the day was “Thousands of people went to see the opening of the new C&A store in Bradford today. When the doors were opened at noon great crowds surged inside from Broadway. Five minutes later, there was still a queue round to the back of the building.” In fact, the Lady Mayoress, who had suffered a heavy cold that week which had forced her to miss her first engagements in ten months of office, was caught joining the shoppers. The clothing stores became a household C&A on the left - late 60s name in the UK and were a common Courtesy of Martin O’Connell presence on high streets all over the country. C&A became synonymous with the 18 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 “If it was raining and you were meeting someone in Bradford, you would always wait under the canopy at C&A.” ............................................................................................................................................................ nylon slacks worn by TV’s Alan Partridge and the slogan “Man at C&A”, derived from a song by The Specials, which later came to define the store. majority of C&A stores were to close by the end of 2000. Most stores closed in January 2001 and the small handful that remained after that were only open because the new tenants weren’t ready to move in to the sites. C&A’s last trading day in the UK was on Thursday 31 May 2001 when its two final stores, in Hounslow and Bradford, closed down. Staff in these two stores had intended to open them for only three hours, shutting doors for the final time at noon. But by 11am, staff at the Hounslow branch had sold out and just half an hour later, a shopper in Bradford became the firm’s last ever UK customer. In its last week, C&A had sold more than 100,000 items of discounted clothing. C&A during Bradford Festival, 1989 Primark bought 11 of the C&A stores soon Courtesy of Mark Bukumunhe after their closure. C&A now appears to be having similar problems in mainland Europe and they are attempting to reinvent However, its downfall began in 1995 when themselves by improving the quality and the company’s UK operation began to lose hence the cost, and to rid themselves of the money. A new wave of competition from low-budget image they have picked up. The Next and New Look, as well as the Bradford Broadway store was demolished in expansion of the Marks & Spencer chain, the mid-noughties and the site it once knocked the steam out of C&A’s sales. The occupied will become part of the new dominant influence of Germany on C&A’s Broadway shopping centre – now due to be clothing fashions proved disastrous in the completed before Christmas. UK. In 1998, C&A announced a £200 million investment programme which included Many people will have childhood memories upgrading well-performing stores and of C&A school blouses and “sensible shoes”. closing down the poorest performing. But the store, once synonymous with economy, became obsolete, and this But the investment programme failed and inevitably cost C&A its position on the C&A’s losses grew bigger. In early 2000, the British high street. nationwide company suddenly announced its intention to exit the UK market entirely, blaming competition that had cost the company “£1m a week in the past five years.” The news that they were to be made redundant was broken to staff on 15 June 2000. C&A was to close all of its UK stores, with the loss of 4,800 jobs across its 113 UK outlets, its Dublin store and its three C&A in 2005, left empty after four years distribution centres. Staff were told that the Courtesy of Gareth Nolan THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 19 UPDATES FROM THE BRADFORD CAMERA CLUB ........................................................................................................................................... Tony Caunt updates us on the latest developments from Bradford’s very own Camera Club. The club is moving towards Easter, and hopefully better weather and certainly longer days. To take good photographs one needs sunlight, and it was once said by a past member “no sun, no picture!” but this is not entirely correct as one can make excellent pictures from rain/mist, dramatic The club will convene in April after Easter skies or when thunder is about. on the 9th with digital images from the Yorkshire Photographic Union, then on the Modern digital cameras can allow pictures 16th Chris Buckley will share his experiences in very poor lighting with some great of the Millennium Way. On the 23rd there effects, as in this wild sea picture. Why not will be the fourth round of the Mitchell & bring your wild pictures to the camera club Metcalfe competition, with an evening out at Carleton House, 46 Little Horton Lane, th where members meet every Thursday from in Saltaire on the 30 . 7.30pm? You will be guaranteed a friendly welcome in our own clubroom upstairs, and For more information call 01535 273709 or if the main building is open there is a visit us on licensed bar. sites.google.com/site/bradfordcameraclub 20 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 The tale of MCS begins when the price of a pint of milk was 3p and you could buy a house for £600. It began in 1938 when Thomas Smith founded the Shipley Paint Company. He combined value for money with brilliant product quality. Still in the family, Thomas’s principles are proudly maintained by the third generation with over 75 years on the clock! Manor Coating Systems are proud to support For professional advice and quality products, visit us at; TRADER SHIPLEY 40 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP GENERAL DEALER 01274 582642 • Find us on Facebook WE BUY AND SELL ALMOST ANYTHING •GIVE US A CALL TO FIND OUT Televisions •Aerials • DVD Players • Sky on production boxes • Printers • CD players • Fridges • of this mag Washers • Vacuums • Cookers • Computers • Software • Mowers • CDs/ DVDs• Power tools • Fishing rods and reels • Live Bait • Treadmills • Weights • Golf clubs • Bicycles • Bowls• Hand tools • Gardening gear • Disco accessories • Gold & silver jewellery • Licensed airguns • Hi-Fis & music players • Guitars • Amps and microphones •Musical instruments BIKES REPAIRED & SERVICED • ALL UNDER GUARANTEE REPAIRS & SERVICING AVAILABLE ON ALL WASHERS, MOWERS & STRIMMERS BUSINESSWOMAN UNVEILS ONLINE “SWAPSHOP” ............................................................................................................. Yorkshire’s Adele Guillen launches Myswango, an innovative new online business providing a “swapshop” for businesses and individuals looking to trade their skills, goods and services. The website www.myswango.com matches members “seeks” with “offers” to help users find what they’re looking for. Created in Yorkshire, Myswango is now attracting members from across the UK. Founder Adele Guillen unveiled the concept to the Bradford Ladies 4 Networking group at The Hop in Saltaire. She said: “Before money was invented, people traded with each other through the system of bartering. “Recent economic constraints have changed the way people think and everyone is on the lookout for new ways to save money. The sharing economy is coming back to the fore in today’s businesses as well as in daily lives. Everyone has something to offer, whether they have a business or not. It could be anything from accountancy to decorating, gardening to dog-walking or childminding. You might have goods to exchange or even be willing to lend out equipment - that’s all it takes to become part of the myswango community.” Adele entering in some of the jewellery which she’s going to swap on the site unique but quite expensive treatment that she couldn’t justifiably afford. They agreed a skill-swap and that was when the “lightbulb moment” occurred, says Adele. It is free to register for a basic account with Myswango. Members can enter the goods and services they are offering and/or seeking into a profile and a directory. Either a direct match is made or, alternatively, members can contact each other to agree a transaction. Goods or services are paid for using a virtual currency called swangos and the online account is credited or debited. Even if a member doesn’t find a direct swap with anyone, they can use their swangos later to pay for something that they want. Adele, a training consultant from York, came up with the idea while working in Australia. She was on her way to an appointment with a beautician who was just starting up her business. The beautician needed business advice which Adele could To join the Myswango bartering community offer – while Adele was keen to try out a visit www.myswango.com WEB SPECIALIST RELEASES TIP E-BOOK! Local social media and Wordpress specialist, Damion Elson, has launched an e-book to help people with a wide range of online tasks. If you have a WordPress website or blog and need help with creating more leads, choosing a theme that works for you or online marketing strategies. To get your FREE copy of the WordPress tips e-book, subscribe to his website at www.damionelson.com. 22 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Yorkshire College of Beauty Graduate 2013 Please like my Facebook Page for more offers, photos and recent updates â€“ www.facebook.com/nailsandbeautybydebbiex BLOWING THEIR OWN TRUMPET! ........................................................................................................................................... Since forming nearly 40 years ago, NoteAbility Concert Band has gone from strength to strength and are now looking for more people to join them! We rehearse Friday evenings in Eccleshill, Bradford, and play a variety of music including marches, musicals, film music, popular music, rock and roll, ballads and many more. The band plays at many different locations, from Bradford Youth Concert Band, formerly bandstands and fairs to churches and sheltered housing. known as the Bradford Metropolitan Youth Band, was formed in October Future concerts include: 1977 by Robert (Bob) Hardy. Mr Hardy Sun 14th June – Valley Gardens, was asked to form the band to incorporate the more capable members Harrogate, 2-4pm from the junior section of the Bradford Sun 21st June – Ilkley Bandstand, 2-4pm Metropolitan Concert Band. Mr Hardy Sun 12th July – Pudsey Park Bandstand, 2.30-4.30pm retired after 12 years of service in November 1989, when he handed over Sun 13th Sept – Lotherton Hall Estate, 2-4pm his baton to other conductors, and he Sun 20th Sept – Ilkley Bandstand, 2-4pm was made Life President of the band until his death in July 2002 at the age of 81. Our current Musical Director, NoteAbility needs you! Jonathan Pickles, took up the baton in Currently we are in need of new wood2001. wind, brass and percussion players. The Over the years the band has performed band takes players at various levels of ability, whether they have just taken up over 1000 concerts and has won a new instrument, picked up an instrunumerous trophies and awards, ment that hasn’t been played for a including the Robertshaw Music while, or play regularly but would like Festival on seven occasions and the to join a friendly and relaxed band for Wharfedale Festival on five. enjoyment. As many of our players have grown up, More information can be found on our it has become a band of all ages. As of Facebook page or at www.bycb.co.uk. 2014 the band decided to change the You can also contact name and the image to best represent [email protected] or phone the band as it is now, becoming the 01274 620025. NoteAbility Concert Band. NoteAbility Concert Band is for woodwind and brass players of all ages and abilities. The band is based in Bradford and play to audiences in and around the Bradford area. 24 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 WE WOULD LOVE TO PAY YOU SOME COMMISSION DO YOU HAVE A WORKPLACE CANTEEN OR RESTAURANT? If so, we’d like to hear of who at your company we should contact to offer to operate your catering service. We are part of a well established catering group and we’re always on the look out for new business anywhere in the country. Just phone Rachel on 01535 273292 or email [email protected] and we’ll do the rest. You could earn £150 if the information you provide results in a new contract for us! 01535 273292 [email protected] www.caterleisure.co.uk 197/199 Main Street, Wilsden, Bradford, BD15 0HR SALEM RFC RECEIVE GRANT FOR SOCIAL SPACES! ........................................................................................................................................... Bradford Salem RFC has been chosen by the Rugby Football Union to receive a grant in order to transform their social facilities for the local community. Rugby Union in West Yorkshire received a major boost when Bradford Salem RFC was chosen by the Rugby Football Union to be a recipient of one of their Transforming Social Spaces grants for the 2015 Rugby World Cup which is being staged in England and Wales. The new bar and main staging area Bradford Salem has been chosen as a recipient of a Lead Up & Legacy Transforming Social Spaces grant, strengthening the partnership between the RFU and Club to be Fit for 15. The grant will enhance the club’s social facilities and provide a resource to be used by the local more players, volunteers and spectators community. to share the special values that Hosting the World Cup provides an distinguish the sport.” opportunity to deliver a huge participation John Dobson, the club chairman, said: legacy for rugby union, and the RFU has “We are delighted that our project has committed a £10m investment which will been chosen as a recipient for a create a network of over 500 Lead Up & Transforming Social Spaces Grant. We Legacy Centres aimed at providing a will now have some of the best facilities platform on which club rugby participation in the area that local people from throughout England can be built. Heaton, Frizinghall, Shipley and Bingley “The new social space will improve the can use. The 2015 Rugby World Cup quality of the rugby experience for will inspire a new wave of people of all everyone using the site and provide ages to become involved in rugby and more playing opportunities, especially this RFU investment will help our club for local people in the 14–24 age group,” to be even better equipped to welcome says Alex Bowden, RFU Area Facilities newcomers.” Manager. “This investment will also Brent Fitzpatrick MBE said: “This support the club’s financial investment by the RFU is excellent sustainability leading into the Rugby news. Bradford Salem has an World Cup and will create a focus for enthusiastic group of hard-working England 2015 and a lasting rugby union volunteers and this funding will enable legacy for rugby in the community. them to do even more for young people The planned improvements will help in the community in the future.” the club raise its profile and encourage 26 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 38 Northgate, Bradford, BD1 3SN Open Mon-Sat 9.30am-2pm (closed Wed & Sun) MONDAY MADNESS All lunches - £3.95 TUESDAY TRIPLE Lunch, sweet & drink All for just £4.95 Bringing you Breaking News, sport, travel and events from across the Bradford & Keighley District to your Twitter feed Follow us on Twitter! @BradfordZone LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford Keep in touch! Find us on Facebook 29-29a Westgate, Shipley, BD18 3QX www.russells-florist.co.uk 01274 583194 DELIVERIES AROUND THE CORNER OR AROUND THE WORLD Founded by Elsie and Norman Russell in 1954, this family-run business has been serving Shipley for 60 years. From floral wedding arrangements to a bouquet for that special moment, we have it covered! Follow us on Twitter Check out our website at www.thelocalleader.co.uk ! COTTINGLEY TOWN HALL & THE GREAT WAR! In March this year, Cottingley Town Hall celebrated its 150th anniversary with a special thanksgiving service. ........................................................................................................................................... Clive Harrison writes for us about the importance of Cottingley village in the Great War and the role it played - from the choral society to the Women’s Guild of Christian Service! The town hall was very much at the centre of social activities during the Great War, with many local organisations holding social events and fundraising activities there. Cottingley had a thriving choral society and the activities of Cottingley Choral Society continued throughout the war years. The concerts tended to be divided into two parts, with the first being a short choral work of merit and the second comprising items of a miscellaneous nature. The concerts also tended to be held twiceyearly. The programme for the choral society’s production of 11 November 1916 is very revealing. It lists the president as Henry J Mason with vice-presidents Henry Ayrton, George Birbeck, Thomas Butterfield, Thomas Dean, Walter R Kay, John Pollard and Harry Sowden. The main performance was of Verdi’s “Il trovatore”. Conductor was Frederic James, accompanist was Mr W Robertshaw and the soloists were Miss Muriel Weatherhead, Miss Elsie Suddaby, Miss Edith C Woodhead, Mr George W Riley, Mr William Busby, Mr Charlesworth George and Mr James Wood. The band comprised 35 musicians while the chorus comprised 65 singers. The price of admission was “First Seats, 2/6; Second Seats, 1/2; Third Seats 7d”. Other productions during the war years included “The Last Judgement”, “The Forsaken Merman”, “Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast” and “The May Queen”. On 9th December 1916, the schoolroom of the town hall was the setting for the annual 28 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 treat for the elderly people of Cottingley. All villagers over 60 years of age had been invited and about 80 attended, with a further 12 teas being sent out to those who were prevented from attending by sickness. Entertainment was also provided and before leaving each lady was presented with a quarter-pound of tea and each gentleman with one ounce of tobacco. In March 1915 members of The Snowdrop Band presented a concert in the town hall. The objects of The Snowdrop Band were to keep girls between the ages of 12 and 16 years interested in good literature and under good influences. In the same month the town hall staged a service in support of the Wesleyan Home Mission. Not everyone considered the German army to be the greatest danger to the nation. At a meeting in the town hall on 5 May 1915, the Wesleyan Circuit Minister, Mr Edward Gearey, urged the audience “to do all in their power to aid in strangling the greatest of England’s enemies – drink”. The object of the meeting was obviously to bring home to the audience the ill effects of the “demon drink” and one of the speakers was able to prove, with many examples, that intoxicating liquors were detrimental to both mental and physical fitness. Cottingley Women’s Guild of Christian Service was a regular user of the town hall facilities and, in July 1915, hosted a meeting of the Bradford branches at which special mention was made of the Wapping Settlement, which was doing much to uplift the unfortunate slum dwellers in Bradford. After the meeting some ladies visited Cottingley Gardens while others “rambled through the woods”. SEVEN DECADES OF BRADFORD CACTUS SOCIETY In 1945, four Bradford men with a keen interest in cactus growing started to meet informally to share information and experiences on their hobby and soon realised that there must be others in the area with similar interests who would benefit from a more structured organisation. Fortunately they had the skills, knowhow and finances to establish an organisation which developed into the British Cactus and Succulent Society, with branches throughout the country. The branch in Bradford can reasonably claim to be the first and will be celebrating its 70 years of existence with an anniversary event at Wilsden Village Hall on Saturday 25th April, commencing at 9.45. There will be presentations by three speakers of national standing, plants for sale, a raffle and buffet lunch at a cost of £15. Places may be booked by speaking to Brian Thornton on 01535 274755. ........................................................................................................................................... Brian Thornton informs us of the celebrations taking place at the Bradford Branch of the British Cactus and Succulent Society to celebrate 70 years of the group, on 25th April. can offer to try to rehouse plants or collections rather than just see them thrown out. Good homes can usually be found. Work has been done with a number of schools and youth organisations to introduce children to cactus growing as an interesting variation on the usual horticultural activities, and cacti have been used as the subject matter for various curriculum activities, e.g. artwork, painting, model-making and needlework, and the finished products have been displayed at the branch annual show in June. The children respond with enthusiasm to handling spineless cacti and are usually able to take plants home to be cared for after they have been repotted. The branch is very keen to introduce people to cacti-growing and was delighted last year to be given a number of seedlings from a grower near Barnsley, which turned out to have a complicated botanical name but which were known colloquially as Pony Tail The normal life of the branch consists of monthly meetings at Shipley Library on the Palms. They finished up being presented to Riding Centres for the Disabled, whose second Wednesday of each month, with visiting speakers reporting on trips to places members are now caring for the plants as they grow. throughout the world where cacti and succulents are endemic, or on specific plant Cacti have a quiet season in the cold of species. The meetings also offer winter, which reflects sometimes on cactus opportunities to purchase plants from specialist growers at very reasonable prices growers, but the Bradford branch is now looking for opportunities in 2015 to engage and there is always help and advice in outreach activities similar to the above available on any aspect or problem associated with growing cacti. The meetings and would appreciate any approaches from organisations which feel that their members are always informal and cost £1, which would enjoy learning about cacti-growing as includes refreshments. an interesting hobby. Contact number as above, or contact the branch secretary on The branch is mindful that on occasion cacti growers have changed circumstances, 01274 585332. You can also visit our website: www.bradford.bcss.org.uk which mean maintaining a collection becomes difficult for personal reasons, and 30 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 PREDATORS 42 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP www.predatorsexoticpets.co.uk ¦ 01274 714344 Open Mon 10-2, Thu & Fri 10-6, Sat 10-5, Sun 11-3 REPTILES AND PET FOOD STORE IN THE HEART OF SHIPLEY! For over 12 years, Predators have been offering reptiles to the people of the north, stocking an extensive range of reptiles, food and dry goods as well as offering expert help and advice. With a constantly changing array of exotic pets for sale including tortoises, lizards, snakes and much more, you should call in store to talk to Matthew and the team to buy your new pet today! 33A WESTGATE, SHIPLEY, BD18 3QX Contact Doris or Joanne on 01274 770588 Pet Engraving Animal Foods, Treats & Toys Fish Tanks Bird & Animal Cages • Rabbits • Guinea Pigs • Hamsters • Mice • Gerbils • Finches NOW STOCKIN G FASCINATO RS TIARAS & DIAMANTE BROOCHES! All at very reasonable prices! 13 Kirkgate, Shipley, Bradford, BD18 3QW NEW BOOK LAUNCHED ON UNDERCLIFFE CEMETERY ........................................................................................................................................... Local well-known author and photographer Mark Davis releases a new book all about the haunting but beautiful Victorian Undercliffe Cemetery. Out now is this fantastic new title from Mark Davis, Necropolis: City of the Dead, which explores one of the greatest achievements in Victorian funerary design and accomplishment, and some of the lives that until now have remained lost in the wilderness of time. Featuring stunning and evocative photographs throughout, this book consecrated the western side of the is both haunting and beautiful. cemetery for the Anglicans. The In Victorian Bradford, when death eastern side remained available for came, there was only one real place the burial of Nonconformists. In life, as in death, status was observed, and to be buried. For the rich and poor alike, the newly laid out Undercliffe the ability to pay determined the Cemetery, designed by William Gay, location of a grave. was the fashionable place to be seen in death. The cemetery, which was In 2015, the cemetery remains as a testament to the lives of the people conceived by the Bradford that forged this city. It is a place Cemetery Co., was provisionally registered in 1849 as a consequence where history is quite literally written in granite and stone. The of the intense overcrowding at St grand mausoleums and tombs are fit Peterâ€™s parish graveyard, where for kings and queens. Some of these human bones were seen to be monuments are now of special protruding from the graves. The first burial at Undercliffe took place architectural and historic interest, in March 1854, although the official and Undercliffe has been placed on the National Register of Historic opening did not occur until five Parks and Gardens alongside other months later in August. The grand opening ceremony was officiated by famous cemeteries such as Highgate. the Bishop of Ripon, who 34 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Subject of the book, Undercliffe Cemetery Courtesy of Mark Davis PHIL’S PHOTOGRAPHY WALKABOUTS Bradford Brewery Opens! ........................................................................................................................................... In our popular column, Phil writes about where he’s been with his camera recently and tells the story of his travels across the BD postcode! Last month saw the opening of the longawaited Bradford Brewery. I was invited down to the independent quarter in Bradford’s city centre for a pre-open night to sample the first Bradford brew for six decades – in fact, since Hammond’s Brewery closed in 1955. In attendance was the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Bradford, who together pulled the first pint. Some of Bradford’s councillors and press were also there. The brew itself was quite a pleasant surprise. It had a distinctive fruity taste; quite unique. It reminded me of beers in Eastern Europe. I could imagine it would have gone down very well with the wool merchants and factory workers of Victorian Bradford. The brewery was also serving award-winning Pieminister Pies, a well-known brand at music festivals. These were served in a trendy box with mushy peas and gravy. The brewing business is quite scientific. It takes great skill to produce something like this brew, soon to be seen in pubs all over Bradford and beyond. Hats off to Steve Crump, the brewmaster. The Brewfactory Bar will be showcasing beers from other UK breweries as well. 36 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Later the Lord Mayor gave an uplifting speech and welcomed the new enterprises now opening in the area. Matthew Halliday spoke of his dream of bringing the micro-brewing industry to Bradford after seeing its success in London and other towns around the UK. The building itself was once the home of Shaw’s Moisture Meters. This company manufactured a very important invention in the wool trade that could detect the amount of water in wool bales. Next to the brewery is the Brewfactory pub. The pub decor has a very simple, rustic look about it and has cleverly integrated plywood and existing brickwork. Lantern-type lights hang from the ceiling and there are a number of neon lights around the place, one saying “Made of Bradford”. PR consultant Gerry Crookes of Crux Communications, who’s been marketing the brewery, said that the design team had wanted to give it the feel of the old factory, blended with a more contemporary urban style. The Shaw’s were keen to preserve the history and look of the building. And that sums up the place: the old with the new. A forward-looking enterprise remembering Bradford’s rich past. I had a great night and met many Facebook and Twitter friends. If you are paying a visit it’s just off Westgate, BD1 3SQ on the map. Lots more info on the Facebook page. .................................................................................................................. Opening of The Beerhouse Most of my walkabouts this edition have been in the rapidly rising independent quarter. Recently I was invited to the longawaited opening of The Beerhouse on North Parade. Housed within a Grade II-listed building, it was once the home of the Liverpool and Victoria Insurance and, more recently, a furniture shop. The new venture was designed by David Craig, who also designed the nearby Record Café. If you’re about the town, call in for The Beerhouse experience – a perfect venue to meet up after work or go for a night out with a group of friends. It has a bright, friendly and modern atmosphere with a very homely feeling. It also boasts a great-looking menu, from snacks and nibbles to traditional pub food; from the humble jacket potato to a whole chicken from the tandoor oven. The menu also has an impressive list of wines from all over the world. I had the Beerhouse mixed grill and a pint of Timothy Taylor’s “Landlord”, which I would highly recommend. It felt like a place you could relax after work or shopping, or just sit with a drink by the window and watch the world go by in the new Independent Quarter! The bar area runs the full length of the back wall, backed up by knowledgeable and helpful bar staff. The Beerhouse is just what the area needed – right place, right time, I’d say. It's leading the way and opening the gates for more enterprise, making North Parade the place to be in Bradford. 38 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 The Bradford Police Museum is a new museum dedicated to showcasing the history of policing in Bradford. .......................................................................................................................................................... Under the town hall clock For many years I have wanted a look in the cells “under the town hall clock” – for historical interest, not as a lodger! The cells had been used as a storeroom for thousands of council documents. At last there was a big clear-out. The museum opened late last year for a trial run and it was quite clear that it was going to be a popular attraction. So at the end of February I went to the reopening of the Bradford Police Museum. were actually part of Lockwood and Mawson’s plans when designing the new The entrance is at the front of City Hall in town hall. It has changed very little since. Centenary Square. You will see the board outside. On the tour you will get a feel for what a dreadful place it would have been, not only The museum is not Bradford Council-run in Victorian times but right up to when it and is in fact a charity, so there is a small closed. You are shown through the big doors charge for a tour of the Victorian cells. On entering there is a large room filled with at the back of City Hall, where the guide will glass cabinets containing lots of interesting explain what would happen to the arrested person. They would be taken up to the historical photos that you can browse through before you are taken by one of the charge desk. Their pockets would then be emptied and they would be booked in; they guides around the Victorian cells for a would then be taken a short distance to the fascinating look into a world not many of us would have seen. Built in 1873, the cells cells. The first cell you visit has an interesting story connected with it about a famous man from the past who made his escape when he visited Bradford in 1905. Not wanting to give too much away about the tour of the cells, I think it’s well worth a visit: a mustsee Bradford attraction both for locals and visitors to the city. For more info there is a Facebook page, or visit the following website: www.bradfordpolicemuseum.com THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 39 As in many modern towns, the North Parade area of Bradford is today just starting to bounce back from a deep depression that had a negative effect on high-street shops all over the country. With help from a Bradford Council scheme, many new businesses are emerging: shops, pubs, restaurants and cosy cafés. The area has now been dubbed “the independent quarter”. Businesspeople are now gaining the confidence to invest in the area, and feedback from places like The Bradford Brewery, The Beerhouse and many more has been amazing. It’s hard to believe that in 1815 the area around North Parade was a tranquil, semi-rural spot with a few buildings and a manor house (occupied by the Rawson family). Twice a year they had the Bradford Pleasure Fair, a glorious medley of wild beast shows, waxwork exhibitions and wandering thespians, not forgetting the wonderful market with an endless variety of goods from all over the world. The fair stretched along North Parade on both sides of the street, then carried on down Darley Street right to the Bowling Green Hotel on Bridge Street. The Local Leader will be following the rise of North Parade in my photo walkabouts in the next few editions. 40 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 .......................................................................................................................................................... North Parade - bit of history The Five Rise Locks Staircase locks are two or more locks joined together so that the bottom gates of one lock are the top of gates of the next. On the Leeds–Liverpool canal near Bingley we have a fantastic example: a staircase of five locks that lifts boats up 60 feet. And have been doing it for over 200 years. Built in 1774 and designed by John Longman of Halifax, the locks won a heritage award in 1975. Today it looks as just as good as it did when built, but in fact it’s a bit like Trigger’s brush in the classic episode of Only Fools and Horses – the lock gates have to be completely replaced every 25 years. They are specially made at a firm near Castleford. You can get to the canal from Bingley town centre via a bridge that passes over the new bypass. That will bring you out at the smaller Three Rise Locks. Turn left and just a short walk later you will come upon the majesty of the Five Rise Locks. If you felt like a bit more walking it’s just 111 miles to Liverpool, or in the other direction, 16 miles to Leeds! Or if you are a bit like me, a few yards up the path there is a great café that does some amazing cakes and pots of tea. UPDATES FROM THE BRADFORD WEST ROTARY CLUB As I said in the last edition of The Local Leader the members are never without a challenge and are always looking for ways to help other people in our community. The Rotary club of Keighley is organising a Rotary Young Photographer competition, contact Judy Hazelhurst on 01535 603184 or go to competitions@keighleyrotar y.org This is for young people ages 7 to 10, 11 to 13 and 14 to 17 and the theme is “Light up the community” – entries have to be in by Saturday 4th April . ........................................................................................................................................... Tony Caunt updates us on the latest developments from the Bradford West Rotary Club and the upcoming programme for the group. By the time you read this we will have carried out another “Stroke awareness and BP testing day” at Keelham Farm Shop on Friday 27th of February and I am sure we will have identified some people with high blood pressure and given them appropriate advice via the nurses and Doctors on duty. Locally there will be other Stroke Awareness BP testing on the 18th April by other clubs The members also like to enjoy themselves with evening fellowship as in a Wine Tasting to be held at St. Matthews’ Church in Wilsden on Friday 13th March from 7.30 pm tickets £11 to include tasting 42 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 of 10 wines with cheese, pate’ and biscuits refreshments. Wine provided by The Ring O’ Bells. There is also a full week end coach trip to Northumberland with JAK travel 24th to 26th April to the glorious coast around Bamburgh castle , Seahouses , Holy Island and The Farne Islands, places are still available. (Picture is of Bamburgh Castle). The programme for all of April will be on the 2nd Astrid Hansen will speak on Horton Hall, on the 9th Gordon Bennett will give a talk about “Comedians” and on the 16th it will be a business meeting followed by Stella Carpenter giving a talk about “Aspects of Wibsey” and finally on the 30th Professor Lawrence Patterson from Bradford University will bring us up to date on the Bradford Crocus Cancer Appeal. To learn more about Rotary call President Robert Morphet on 07970 815205 or visit our web site www.bradfordwestrotary.org 14 Victoria Road Saltaire BD18 3LQ LICENSED CAFE & GALLERY We serve beautifully prepared fresh food, sandwiches, paninis, homemade soups, gorgeous home-baked cakes and a range of superb coffees TO RESERVE A TABLE FOR LUNCH Providing a friendly and reliable service since 1986 Quality at affordable prices City & Guilds qualified Tel: 01274 580129 Winner of the TripAdvisor 2014 Certificate of Excellence Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am to 5pm Free, no-obligation quotation, call 07852 799852 For all your beer, wine-making and cake-decorating equipment FIRESIDE BREWS We are a family-run business which has been trading for over 30 years. We pride ourselves on sourcing and providing equipment and products for the latest trends - Wide range of beer- & wine-making kits and styles. Come in to the - Extensive choice of brewing equipment shop and view our extensive - Huge selection of cake decorations, icing, ranges. If you canâ€™t find what marzipan, sugarcraft, cake boards & boxes - Range of cupcake cases, boxes & packaging you need, ask and we can - Cake stands & tins to buy and for rental find it for you! Open Mon-Fri 10am-4:30pm, Sat 9.30am-4:30pm 22 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP â€˘ 01274 447556 THE BANTAMS, THE EXPECTATION & THE REALITY Jake Verity looks more in-depth at Bradford City’s season so far and what there is left to do in order to gain an all-important play-off finish. before this season comes to its conclusion. It's a simple fact that the best teams are resilient until the final whistle, stubborn and courageous until the 90 minutes or more are up. We have the courage. We have the ability and we have the belief. All we need is the self-assurance and we won't go far wrong. .......................................................................................................................................... Play-off finish. That's what we desired before this season and that is still the aim. You couldn't, however, be blamed for predicting a low-league finish given that we were without a goalkeeper dangerously close to the beginning of the campaign. And not only that: the fact that we've operated on a low budget has been well documented. The FA Cup was also a welcome distraction A threadbare squad but one possessing real but as us Yorkshire people love to articulate, quality and talent. Players who had made "League’s bread and butter". Well, it is. history for our club became history. ParWhen I think about it, OK, we are out of the kinson’s philosophy of a high-intensity, sharp, attack-minded side set in the forma- FA Cup. Yes, it did happen in the most harrowing of circumstances. Down to ten men tion of the diamond midfield. It sounded and 3-0 down on the BBC? You bet it hapquite extravagant and we liked it! pened. When it comes to Bradford City, we don't really need over-exuberance in our style of But let’s not forget the golden moments. Chelsea, Sunderland and Millwall all fell play. We don't need intricate passing. We certainly don't need any real complexity in victim to us. We broke records that some of the world's finest had tried for and failed, our playing style. A large part of our supposed downfall, with September and Octo- against the Premier League leaders. We're currently just adrift of the play-offs with ber proving difficult, was blamed on our stubbornness in sticking with the diamond games in hand. We made history, yet again. League One Bradford City making the semimidfield formation. final draw of the FA Cup, who on earth Our campaign has been largely character- would imagine that? King Parkinson reigns ised by extremes: the season started fantas- on his throne still, and deservedly so: we tically with a plethora of goals and owe him everything. We've beaten Leeds in memories to match. We then struggled a fierce Yorkshire derby live on Sky. throughout most of October, which turned out to be a difficult period for both fans and Yes, we are rueing missed chances now players alike. Since bringing in Stead, since we've exited the FA Cup. Kudos to you, Reading. Go all the way and fly the flag for that game against Halifax, out fortunes the Football League. We don't need to be changed and so did our outlook towards bitter because Bradford City has its soul the rest of the season ahead. Late goals shipped in games which we have dominat- back and that was all we needed. There's so much to be proud of in our club, and in eveed have been a regular feature and that is an issue that we all know needs addressing 44 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Nine to go, sixth place and above needed. Ten teams in with a realistic chance of occupying these spots. If I told you that third and fourth place look effectively sealed, you wouldn’t need a maths degree from Cambridge to know how many will miss out. ............................................................................................................................................................ ry contributor in what has been a simply wonderful season. We've got serious talent and potential. We have no reason not to be up there. If we can reckon with the sides in the upper echelons of the footballing pyramid, let's give our fans what we desired, let's have that playoff push. It is hard to summarise eight months in a thousand-odd words. Honestly it is. Games from August feel like games from many years ago, and this season has felt like a marathon. All we need to do now is cross the finish line and make sure we are doing so in sixth place. That is what we want, need and will get if we ensure we have the correct attitude and work rate. I'm sure of it. However, a tough run-in in the penultimate month of the season, April, will be a stern test. Results may have been confirmed, as may our fate, by the time this is being read but I simply cannot see Bristol, Barnsley, Sheffield United and Preston all being easy conflicts. Given the fact that all these teams could be tipped for promotion, our character will be tested. Can we do it? Yes. We've proven ourselves against some of these sides in the previous months of this season. Sheffield and Barnsley: we have a score to settle with them. Revenge for our suffering at their hands in front of a television audience would be sweet. Will we do it? Only our points tally come 3rd May will be an indicator of the answer. When it comes to the end of the year, I don't think I could possibly sit there pondering the 2014/15 season knowing that it has been and gone and we've got nothing out of it. We've been strong and exciting, performed with some magical displays. We've not only excelled ourselves as a football club – fans and players combined – but we've demonstrated our character as a city. We've challenged the elite and top-class with every goal and pass. I keep saying "We've" because I'm immensely proud of how far we have come as a club, as fans and as a city in these last two years. I feel there has been remarkable change; something we have desperately needed for years. I'll say it once and I will say it again and again: Phil Parkinson has changed Bradford City in ways the world’s best couldn't. Not only has he introduced a philosophy built upon passion and dedication and the quality of the player. His other theory was to base his side around personality and character. An interesting theory, yet one that has appeared to be successful. It's not the end if we don't make it. It's the end of the beginning. As fans of our wonderful club though, I'd rather not take a pessimistic approach towards the coming games. I'd rather take a more passionate, optimistic attitude towards them. I'm sure that wherever we finish, we can safely look back and raise a smile at what has been an incredible journey; a journey bringing both wonderful and woeful memories. Who'd have it any other way? I'll see you back here in August. Whether we will have Championship or League One status by then is still in doubt. This season has been the gift that keeps on giving: let's just hope it isn't in a rush to stop. THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 45 DEVELOPMENT AT BINGLEY CONGS CRICKET CLUB! ........................................................................................................................................... David Allen from the Bingley Congs Cricket Club updates us on the latest from the club including new exciting development plans as well as how they performed on the field last year! With the 2015 cricket season rapidly approaching, the club committee are pleased to announce exciting development plans for the forthcoming season. Top of our list of priorities is a tearoom extension to our existing pavilion, followed by internal reorganisation of the dressing rooms and existing tearoom area to incorporate updated dressing rooms with showers and toilets. Plans have been drawn up and submitted for planning approval, with work to be started once approval is given. On the field, in 2015 both first and second teams will have new captains – Mick Brooksbank of the first team and Jonny Teale of the second team. Senior team members have been holding indoor net sessions at Bradford and Bingley’s indoor nets since early February, with outdoor nets starting down at Beckfoot Lane on Tuesday nights in the two weeks before the season starts on 18th April. The first day of the season sees the first team away at Embsay whilst the second team will be at home to Airedale. In the Cup competitions, the first team will be at home to Chatburn on Sunday 10th May with the second team away to Sutton one week later. The second exciting development concerns an increase in the junior 46 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 teams the Congs will be running in 2015. In 2014 the Congs ran teams at under-17 level and a new team in the under-13 age group. For 2015, teams have been entered in the Upper Airedale Junior Cricket Association again at under 17 – Monday night matches – and under 13 – Sunday morning matches – with new teams at under 15 – Wednesday night games – and under nine, with game times still to be decided. The latter team will be formed from eager new players who have participated in the “Chance to Shine” school cricket coaching scheme, which the club became involved with for the first time earlier this year. These sessions are to be organised at Myrtle Park and Priestthorpe Primary Schools from late April onwards. The Club welcomes all returning or new players for senior and particularly junior teams. Any interested player or junior parent who would like further information on the opportunities available should contact Mick Brooksbank on 01274 510512 or 07904 680687, Chris Hemsley on 07887 891969 or David Allen on 07970 542850, or check the club’s websites at www.bingleycongregationals.playcricket.com or www.pitchero.com/clubs/bingleycongs cc Geoff Tynan Photography Full day small group Photo Tuition 2 people for price of 1 Landscape & Documentary Photography Photographer for “Shipley Shopping” Facebook page Saltaire Photo Walks - £10pp for 3 hours For print sales & workshops, Call Geoff on 01274 532020 / 07866 843664 www.geofftynanphotography.tumblr.com TULIPTOPPERS CRAFT SHOP Shipley’s leading independent craft store EXCITING CHANGES COMING! We are a craft shop like no other anyway, so when we announce that we are making changes to the shop you’ll be pleasantly surprised. Over the next few weeks, we are reorganising the shop to be featuring cards and prints of local scenes by local artists in addition to a good selection of bespoke handmade greetings cards and mini books! Come in and visit us today and we guarantee you’ll like the new Tuliptoppers - Ace of Craft! 28 Commercial Street. Shipley, Bradford, BD18 3SP www.tuliptoppers.co.uk ¦ 01274 591522 ¦ Find us on Facebook SHIPLEY SHOPPING The new community info page for Shipley! FIND US ON FACEBOOK! Shipley Shopping is a Facebook page which is updated several times daily to promote businesses in Shipley and surrounding areas! With a blend of news, views, gossip, business chat and much much more, give us a like to be a part of something special! READING CHARITY IN CALL FOR MORE VOLUNTEERS ........................................................................................................................................... Local charity, Reading Matters, are urgently on the lookout for volunteers to work in schools across Bradford and Shipley in order to support struggling readers. Reading Matters, a local literacy charity, urgently needs more adult volunteers to support children in Bradford schools who are reluctant and struggling readers. Reading Matters have been placing mentors in schools all over Yorkshire since 1997 and successful applicants will A reading mentor provides a young be given full training before being person with vital one-to-one literacy placed in a school. support and can make a big difference to their reading ability, confidence and self-esteem. If you are able to give up two hours of your time each week, enjoy engaging with children and love reading, then On average a child’s reading age will please contact Christine at Reading improve by 15 months after working with a reading mentor over a 10-week Matters on 01274 692219/07841 504374 period (one hour per week), and in some or email [email protected] cases by as much as four years! One reading mentor currently working in a Bradford school said: “It has been wonderful to see my reading partners improve and develop. They are now happy to read aloud in class and I know they are reading for pleasure at home.” 48 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 55 Bingley Road, Saltaire, BD18 4SB 01274 592280 [email protected] www.kmmaxfield.com Actively selling and letting in your area! Karen Maxfield has 20 years experience in selling houses locally in your area. She was the NAEA Young Estate Agent of the Year in 2005 in association with TTC training, and the First Lady President of Bradford & District Auctioneers & Estate Agents in 2010. Those that already know us are aware of our outstanding customer service. Whether you are thinking of selling or letting, Karen Maxfield, owner of KM Maxfield call us for a free valuation! Denture Problems? NEW DENTURES direct to the public REPAIRS, ADDITIONS & COMFORT BASES to existing dentures Dentistâ€™s Referrals WELCOME 1 HOUR REPAIR SERVICE AVAILABLE Fully Insured Registered with The General Dental Council A fast, friendly, high-quality service! Robert Morton Dental Technicians 4a Fair Road, Wibsey, Bradford, BD6 1QN 01274 674877 Due to popular demand, we’ve extended our opening times. High quality Icelandic haddock cooked freshly to order Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat - 4.00 - 8.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - Open all day - 7.00 11.30 - 1.30 - 599a Killinghall Road, Undercliffe, Bradford, BD2 4SJ The tramway was first opened to the public on 18th May 1895 and has remained one of Bradford’s most popular attractions. Step back in time and recapture bygone days. NOW OPEN SUNDAY AFTERNOONS 12-4pm COSTS JUST £1 PER RIDE (50p CONCESSIONS) CELEBRATING 150 YEARS OF PRINCE OF WALES PARK ........................................................................................................................................... Eldwick resident, Kate Hustler, who is also the Publicity Officer for the Friends of Prince of Wales Park, tells us about the fantastic history of the park which is now coming up to 150 years old! As an Eldwick resident I have always enjoyed walking through the Prince of Wales Park, particularly early in the morning during the summer months with my daughter. We would happily amble through the woodland gardens accompanied by our Jack Russell, swapping pleasantries with other dog walkers on our way to school. As I, like many others, have watched this public park become wilder, more neglected and increasingly vandalized over recent years, I was delighted when the Friends of the Prince of Wales Park Voluntary Group was established and addressed these problems, with overwhelming support from local residents and a fantastic fundraising network. Supporters set about tidying up this forgotten piece of land, showing a community spirit and sense of responsibility you could be forgiven for thinking had died out in recent times. In recent months, a steering group has emerged and Bingley is on course to get a new town council. According to the many signatures obtained in just three months (over the 10% of the electorate in the area stipulated), it seems that many residents want Bingley to move forward and want to get involved and have a say in what they need for their town. Protecting and enhancing public areas and historic buildings are two of a variety of important objectives that the residents have identified. The council’s voice hopes to allow people to try and regain some control of their town and amenities. This is evident in the growing numbers of voluntary groups such as the Friends of POWP. These energetic residents want to make Bingley stronger and more proactive in order to provide a richer place to live, in every way, to everyone. I have been lucky enough to speak to one of Bingley’s oldest living residents, Jack Bailey, who recounted his early recollections of the POW Park. He spoke about his father taking him there for nature walks on Sunday afternoons, as they were very poor and entertainment was limited. They walked up around the pathways that traversed and encircled the park, discussing what they saw. They would stop at an ornate stone water fountain and take a drink from metal cups that hung around it, which he said “were always there, never stolen or vandalised!” They always headed to the top of the park, where a plateau had been created from old quarrying operations. This was an area covered with sand, where they would play on two 52 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 large guns that had been put there after the war. He remembers also the re-erected Market House, Stone Cross and stocks. He recollects seeing the park as we do today: a wooded garden, a “natural place”, kept tidy by the park keeper and volunteers. Literature tells us that the early development of the Park had widespread support, with subscriptions mainly coming from working people, who also provided voluntary labour. The first turf was cut out on the 10th March 1863, the wedding day of the Prince of Wales, and the park was named after him. It officially opened on 6th June 1865. Fifteen thousand trees had been planted, 50 of those having been sent by the prince from Sandringham. Like Jack Bailey, many Bingley people have cherished memories of the park and the Friends group has received some fascinating archive material and photographs. Using this and other sources, Chairman Allan Mirfield has been able to put together a full and detailed history of the park over its 150-year history, which will be published later this year. It is a story of community effort and imagination that is truly inspiring for us in Bingley today. I am very happy to see the revival and improvement of our beloved Victorian park and the changes that are afoot to benefit everyone. Bingley Gilbert and Sullivan Society have been invited to sing The Mikado in an open-air concert to mark the Prince of Wales Park’s 150th anniversary, along with other exciting events on the 6th June 2015. I hope that this day will be remembered as the day the Prince Of Wales Park is acknowledged again as being one of Bingley’s most cherished assets and will continue to be enjoyed and preserved by generations to come. The Bingley Gilbert and Sullivan Society will be first performing their annual production of The Mikado at Bingley Arts Centre from the 20th–25th April 2015. Tickets are priced at £7– £14 and are on sale at Bingley Arts Centre Box Office on 01274 567983 or at www.ticketsource.co.uk/bingleyartscentre MPIKA RELIEF: A ZAMBIAN ODYSSEY ........................................................................................................................................... In a special one-off feature, local resident Bob Ford writes for us on the subject of his trip to Zambia to look first hand at the work of Keighley-based charity Mpika Relief. For new readers, another version of this appeared some seven years ago in a different publication to this one, so a brief introduction here might be advisable. Zambia was once called Northern Rhodesia, and it was Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) that Oldies like myself were referring to when we said “Rhodesia”. It seems the northern part was valued by colonial Britain for little more than its copper. The country’s anonymity continues to the present day: Zambia recently elected a new president, the last one having died on a health visit to England. Most news outlets here didn’t give it coverage. I would guess that a typical Englishman has barely heard of the country. So, why should I be trying to share my passion for Zambia with you? I do a bit here and there for a local charity called the Mpika Relief Fund, which celebrates its tenth anniversary in November last year. Money is raised by a group of volunteers to pay for an orphanage in Mpika, a town/village in the rural north of Zambia. The children, around 30 at present ranging from young babies to older teenagers, aren’t all literally orphans. They tend rather to be acutely disadvantaged by having lost part of the family, finding 54 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 themselves either with inadequate carers or in a highly dysfunctional situation where they are at risk. The orphanage was set up by Jennifer Musakanya, who trained as a midwife in Leeds, while the financial support is managed by June Martin from two shops in Denholme and Keighley. Those are the bare bones of the matter. I decided to see the orphanage for myself in 2007, and was duly amazed by how much can be done with so little money. I returned in 2012 to be stunned by the improvements so much in evidence. Buildings had been added to, with a dining and general purposes hall and offices, and the primary school extended. The whole enterprise to me seemed to have succeeded in combining loving, caring social purpose with ............................................................................................................................................................ business-like practicality. What we take for granted in Europe as a right, funded by taxation, in Zambia – and indeed much of Africa – is a precious commodity. There it can only be created by honest endeavour – sheer will power, if you like – and a Christian sense of children’s rights. It might not be exaggerating to assert that in some vital ways much of Zambia is where England was in, say, the 1880s. helping them in the process to become responsible citizens and part of the country’s future. Now to the Odyssey itself. On the day of my arrival in March 2012 I saw evidence of significant growth in prosperity since my earlier visit. A crowded shopping centre in the suburbs of the capital Lusaka was filled with new, or new-ish, parked cars. There was an air of prosperity I’d not previously seen. Later, when I got to Mpika, the essential features of the town centre – with its improvised, somewhat dilapidated market stalls and shop fronts – hadn’t changed much but there were new brick-built food stores, small but designed along “supermarket” lines, and most of the old cars, with doors barely hanging on, had gone, replaced by newer, better equipped ones. These were all significant external improvements, matching the internal ones within the orphanage. This is by no means the fault of the Zambian people. The country is, after all, a developing one, both status-wise and in actuality. The UK’s own input, outside of charity, is less than remarkable, given that we were not so long ago, as colonials, “owners”. Darker still is the fact that certain large UK businesses part-based or operative in Zambia owe billions of pounds in unpaid taxes. Sounds familiar, right? Maybe, but those billions could wipe out present poverty at a stroke. For the moment, however, it’s the charities that have to keep the children’s lives going, In reflective periods during my stay, I pondered on these and other similar THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 55 .............................................................................. observations. Did they, I wondered, indicate some turning of a corner in the direction of a near-future western-style consumerist paradise? Should charities in the UK, such as ours, soon stop raising money through donated old sofas and worn copies of bestsellers, and its volunteers lead normal lives instead? The answer, I decided after some brain-wrestling, had to be “no” – or at least, “not yet”. Zambia has long-term problems barely masked by the growth in personal wealth of some of its more affluent citizens. Birth rate is one of them. Government attempts to regulate the tide of early pregnancy will take years 56 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 to have a significant effect. Unemployment is another, with the consequent lack of state income from personal taxation – becoming apparent, now, in Britain – a chronic setback to infrastructural development. And let’s not forget the mega-scale tax evasion by foreign companies. This brings home the matter of poverty and neglect. Zambians, in common with Africans of other nations, are cheerful people while sometimes having little to be cheerful about. They tend to smile more readily than we English do. Far from being placid, they experience greater extremes of laughter and sadness. And they go at their own pace, or in “African time” as I have heard it called, which is somewhat slower than that demanded by the more ............................................................................................................................................................ Two experiences in 2013 served to illustrate for me the great extremes of the spectrum of Zambian rural life. First, I was privileged to visit a small farm connected with the orphanage, run by a family of about four adults with three or so children. They grew their own vegetables, kept pigs for meat, had no visible running water and cooked over a mechanised lifestyles of the West. More than all, they are friendly and welcoming. On both my visits, I’ve felt myself to be completely at home in the Mpika community. It goes without saying that the children are charming, whether or not their individual lives are blighted by Malaria, their parents’ HIV, or the simple lack of affordable schooling. It is they who are the main focus of English aid drives. At the Village of Hope Orphanage a primary school was established early on, but this prompted a future need for secondary education, which unlike in Europe doesn’t come free. Attempts to raise the money to build one last year stalled, but will no doubt be revived. The plans exist on paper, the land is there in Mpika for the asking; only the funds are now needed for a basic secondary education for all, especially those without means. A teenager not in school is one potentially at risk. fire. Their lives, integrated with the land, were remote from what might be termed mainstream society. Second, and by contrast, I had the opportunity to spend some hours in a boys’ secondary school back in Mpika town. Classes seemed to be on the large side (though so are many in England) but the Department of English Teaching had its own office and conducted itself along similar lines to its English equivalent. The school was laid out as one might expect, there was CCF training going on and, when I had a precious hour to teach a small group, they were wonderfully THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 57 ............................................................................................................................................................ receptive; keen to learn and progress in life. Both the farm and the school were for me highly educative experiences. I look forward to engaging even more with the young people, in the orphanage and at school, on my next visit. Let me conclude with a little anecdote. I took part, mainly as a spectator, in an evening get-together of orphanage and boarders, consisting of ritualised dancing to a single drum. It was highly enjoyable. More recently I marked an exam answer paper in English, set from this country, describing exactly what I’d witnessed at the orphanage, only set in a school classroom, and making other references 58 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 to the Zambezi River, stampeding elephants and “African Queens”, which taken altogether had “Zambia” stamped all over it. Reading and assessing that written answer was a moving moment. I was back where I sometimes feel I belong. Any readers who would like to learn more about the Mpika Relief Fund, or how to get involved, can contact June Martin on [email protected] or go to www.mpika.org. They’ll be made most welcome. LATEST NEWS FROM ALLERTON CAT RESCUE! Spring is in the air at last, folks, and we all want to be out in our gardens – including our cats. With the sights and smells of spring, they will delight you with mad bursts of play and spend longer periods outdoors being active. ........................................................................................................................................... Helen & Julia Sharp from Allerton Cat Rescue give us the latest on what is going on at the rescue and how people can help in their mission to rehome some of their longest residents. then become unwanted strays and end up in rescues. The other “joy” of spring for cats is the arrival of fleas, which can spread quickly and lodge themselves nicely in your soft furnishings if you leave your cats untreated. Take action now by Along with this they will shed their applying regular veterinarycoat more heavily. Daily brushing recommended flea control to avoid that really can make a difference, and not only to the pet hair that gets left behind scratching! in your house: they will also swallow Garden pesticides and fertilisers can also less hair while washing and are be poisonous to cats, as can these plants: therefore less likely to leave you that lilies, tulips, daffodils, azaleas and surprise hairball gift on your carpet! cyclamen, to name just a few. So if your cat is unwell and has been in the garden The days getting longer will stimulate please remember this. cats’ hormones and females will come into heat: they can get pregnant as Back to the rescue now: we have had a early as five or six months of age. A female can also become pregnant again FANTASTIC start to 2015 and rehomed 55 cats in the Jan/Feb period, including, while caring for her first litter! we are delighted to say, some of our longest residents. We cannot emphasise enough the importance of SPAYING/NEUTERING to prevent overpopulation of cats that 60 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 ............................................................................................................................................................ A BIG THANK YOU to each and every one of you that has helped us rehome this amazing amount of puddies so far this year. However, more cats have come into the rescue and we have an ever-increasing vets bill, now over ÂŁ5000. We need your help to enable us to carry on caring for and rehoming cats in the Bradford area. We are making an URGENT appeal for donations, however big or small. Whether itâ€™s money or other items, we will transform it to help our puddy cats. Donations can be sent by cheque to the rescue, or via Paypal: allertoncatrescuefundraising@hotmail. co.uk Or you could buy from our Amazon Wishlist: search for Allerton Cat Rescue. We also have our own shop inside Premier Furniture, Old Mill, Victoria Road, Eccleshill, Bradford BD2 2BH. There are some real bargains to be had here. If you are having a clear-out please consider donating to us. Find us on Facebook: facebook.com/allertoncatrescue Website: http://allertoncatrescue.co.uk THANK YOU from all the Allerton puddies Tessie and Timmy are both looking for homes and have been at the rescue over two years now - can you help? Tessie, female, 3 years old Tessie is rather a cutie. She's much more socialised than she used to be and gets along fine with other cats. She takes a little time to trust humans but once she does she's adorable. Tessie would just love for someone to take her home. Timmy, male, 4 years old Timmy came to us as a stray and now rather likes hanging out with the other cats on top of the cages. He can be a little timid, hence his name, but does have human contact. He needs someone who can nurture and love him: could that be you? THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 61 UPDATE FROM THE SCOPE DISABILITY CHARITY ........................................................................................................................................... Kathryn Sutcliffe from the Bradford Scope charity tells us more about how people can get involved with the charity locally and a bit about what they do for local disabled people. Scope in Bradford has worked in partnership with people with cerebral palsy and related disabilities within the Bradford area for over 50 years. We aim to enable our members to claim their rights, lead fulfilling and rewarding lives, and play a full part in society. We are also able to offer service, as raising funds is a real support to families and other carers challenge in the present economic conditions. We collect and maintain of disabled people. our boxes regularly and if anyone We support our membership with a could help us by allowing us to place a box on their premises we would be home visiting service within the Bradford area, or visits to the office very grateful. are welcome with prior arrangement. A regular newsletter Anyone who would like further is sent to all and we hold an annual information about joining our dinner and disco for older members. membership or who could offer to have a collecting box can contact us Under the terms of our grant-giving at the below address. The office is open Monday to Friday, 9.30am to criteria, we are able to offer small 2pm, or please leave a message on grants in certain circumstances. Scope in Bradford is managed by an our answerphone. Executive Committee which includes representatives of disabled people, parents and carers and nonContact Address: disabled people. 471 Great Horton Rd, Bradford, One of our main sources of income is to place collecting boxes in shops and other public places. We are always looking to increase this 62 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 BD7 3DL Telephone: (01274) 576034 Find us at Unit 58 Kirkgate Market, Bradford, BD1 1TE 07590 549629 [email protected] www.thejokeshopltd.co.uk STORE OPEN: Mon-Sat 9am-5pm We have everything you need for a great party or event! Get all your costumes and accessories from The Joke Shop! FR E E PACKE FUN SNT OF Just m AP S entio 1 pa n Local L . ck per p We also sellâ€Ś Adultsâ€™ and Children's Fancy Dress and Costumes Wigs & Hats Stag & Hen Parties Greeting Cards & gifts Themed days (e.g. School Plays) Coloured Contact Lenses Masquerade Masks ead erson er.	Bradford & Bingley
In which 2010 film are the main characters played by Liam Neeson, Bradley Cooper, Quinton Jackson and Sharlto Copley?	The Local Leader Edition 12 by James Slater - issuu issuu LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford .................................................................................................................................................................................. LONG-AWAITED CITY CENTRE BREWERY OPENS FREE! THE STORY OF CITY’S C&A Please take one DEMOLITION DAY FOR BINGLEY ICON >> PAGE 14 >> PAGE 18 The Red Room Coffee House • • • • • 01274 735557 Fresh home-cooked food with a fantastic service All-day breakfast available on Saturdays Delivery available within walking distance in the City Centre Outside catering a speciality - all occasions catered for Open Mon-Fri 8.45am-3.30pm, Sat 9.30am-3.30pm Manor Row, Bradford, BD1 4NL (Above lift entrance to Forster Sq. Station) BRADFORD’S GOLD HEALTHY FOOD AWARD-WINNING INDEPENDENT COFFEE HOUSE! 58 Manningham Lane, Bradford, BD1 3EB [email protected] Find us on Facebook 01274 727222 SERVING THE VERY BEST COFFEE We serve a large range of specialist coffees in the shop in addition to a wide variety of teas. We are pleased to have a leading specialist barista working for us who has been trained in Italyâ€™s largest coffee house training academy. From a mocha to an americano, you can be assured of the finest quality coffee! THE PERFECT VENUE FOR ANY EVENT Here at Coffee & CrĂ¨me, we have a large seating area for 45 people and can organise for a wide range of parties such as birthdays, graduations etc for up to 30 people. Networking events and business gatherings are also a speciality. With a fresh newspaper in every day and fantastic refreshments, we are the perfect venue for any event. Give us a call to book or for more information. BREAKFAST IS SERVED ALL DAY! Sausages, tomatoes, hash browns, mushrooms, scrambled eggs, baked beans, two slices of toast and a hot drink! TRY OUR £3 DAILY MEAL DEALS! Sandwich Deal Any sandwich + hot/cold drink Cake Deal Slice of cake + hot/cold drink £3 Ice Cream Deal 3 scoops of ice cream + hot/cold drink OR TRY OUR HOT FOOD MENU! From £4.50 Meat Seekh, Chicken Wings and Masala Fish From £5.00 Shawarma wraps, fathayar and falafel wraps From £4.50 Roast Chickens, Chicken Tikka and Chicken Wings EDITOR’S LETTER Welcome to Edition 12! What a couple of months it has been! From the fantastic displays we have seen by our very own Bradford City FC to the continuing growth of Bradford’s independent quarter and the further development of Shipley, we have seen it all! I mentioned in my last column that people were calling 2015 “Bradford’s year” and already we are seeing evidence of this. The long-awaited Bradford Brewery opened its doors, as well as the Beerhouse on North Parade as a whole new part of the town emerges. You can see more about that in Phil’s Photography Walkabouts, kindly sponsored in this edition by the Bradford Brewery and Brewfactory Pub. There is plenty more in this edition, which is filled with some fantastic articles. Our features editor, Lisa Firth, has been reflecting on the mood in Bingley as the old Bradford and Bingley building comes down, I’ve been looking at the history of Broadway’s C&A and other features include the launch of the Oi card, Bob Ford’s Zambian Odyssey and our regular community updates. However, it’s not all been good news for the magazine recently. Megan Carson, our deputy editor, left the publication last month due to ill health. It has been a sad time for us all and the magazine has had to make some tough decisions. As many of you will know, Megan was with us from the very beginning as one of our founders. Her commitment and passion have helped shape the publication into what it has now become. Her role will now be filled by Jordan Carroll, who joined the team just a fortnight or so ago. You’ll be hearing more about Jordan in future editions. I’m therefore proud to dedicate this edition to Megan and I hope you will join me in wishing her a very speedy recovery. James Slater 04 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 THE THE LOCAL LEADER MAGAZINE 28 COMMERCIAL STREET SHIPLEY BRADFORD BD18 3SP ................................................................ EDITOR JAMES SLATER 07760 975061 [email protected] ................................................................ DEPUTY EDITOR MEGAN CARSON (outgoing) JORDAN CARROLL (incoming) [email protected] ................................................................ FEATURES EDITOR LISA FIRTH HISTORY EDITOR PHIL ROBINSON ................................................................ Thank you to all of our regular community contributors who make the magazine what it is! ................................................................ www.thelocalleader.co.uk CONTENTS 06 - CITY’S FA CUP REVIEW 12 - OI CARD LAUNCH 14 - B&B HQ DEMOLITION 18 - STORY OF CITY’S C&A 36 - PHIL’S WALKABOUTS 54 - ZAMBIAN ODYSSEY 60 - ALLERTON CAT RESCUE THE LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford We’re taking a break… but we’ll be back! As advertisers and readers who have supported us for a while now will know, both members of The Local Leader team are 16 years old and this summer sit crucial exams. Since taking over the Bingley Rural magazine last April we have published the mag bimonthly (instead of quarterly as previously), something that we cannot commit to in June with the added pressure of examinations. So in order to give these exams our best shot we have decided to cancel our June edition - however, we’d like to announce that we will be back better than ever in August! Your support so far has been fantastic and you really have shown us you LOVE The Local Leader! We’ll see you in August! BRADFORD CITY CUP RUN COMES TO A CLOSE ........................................................................................................................................... Jake Verity reports on how Bradford City hit the media spotlight to create some of the biggest shocks in the history of the FA Cup and the extreme journey they faced before bowing out. When it all began, we had simply no idea of the journey we were going to embark on. The unpredictable nature of England's finest domestic competition captured the country's attention. With two conference ties kicking off the first and second round, what should have been plain sailing wasn't, with Halifax giving the Bantams a stern test. Stead and Morais rescued us from defeat to our local conference rivals, as both players later did again against Chelsea. Dartford was an exciting score line in a relatively enjoyable tie. The Dartford fans seemingly enjoyed their day out, despite their 4-1 loss, and our fans certainly had plenty to cheer about. Stead and Morais were yet again to feature on the scoresheet as we sailed comfortably through to the third round with a dream draw in our minds. Millwall away wasn't the huge money tie we all wanted but in terms of the entertainment value it was priceless. Billy Knottâ€™s star performance saw the midfielder grab two goals in a 3-3 draw at the Den. A late goal from Ricardo Fuller set up a replay at home where the victor would have the honour of an away tie at Chelsea. #bethedifference was more a case of #bethewinner as we managed a delightful 4-0 victory over Championship strugglers Millwall in the reverse fixture. Goals from Hanson, Stead, Halliday and Knott set us up for that mouth-watering tie in Kensington. The easiest tie of them all saw us waltz to a 4-2 victory over Chelsea... 2-0 down after 37 minutes to the team at the top of the English leagues is not an easy position from which to mount an unlikely comeback. The true desire, passion and high intensity with which 06 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Bradford were to fight in the following 57 or so minutes were phenomenal. Stead yet again scored in the FA Cup after 40 minutes to pull the game back before Morais levelled later on to set up a nervy finish for the West Yorkshire faithful. When Halliday curled in a sumptuous strike, the dream was in full flow and as Yeates curled the ball home in extra time, the dream became reality. Sunderland were next and an out-of-sorts Valley Parade pitch was used to Bradford's advantage. John O'Shea's own goal off Billy Clarke's effort gave the bantams an early lead before Jon Stead kept up his record of a goal in every round when he scored in the second half. The FA Cup Quarter-Finals were on their way and fully deserved by the men in BD8. Part 1 of the end saw Bradford manage a 0-0 stalemate in front of the BT cameras at Valley Parade. A closely packed game of few chances saw Liddle hit the post as well as Reading's Pogrebnyak. A replay was on the way but Bradford City had their name in the hat for the Semi-Finals. An astonishing achievement. It was all over at the Madejski, 3-0 losers on the day to a strong Reading side. It simply wasn't to be and we had to accept it, although it was tough to take. Regardless of the result though, we looked on with pride at our heroes. The beginning of the end. Thank you, Bradford City, for the memories. Pictures courtesy of Thomas Gadd. From top to bottom; City scoreboard after beating Millwall, celebrating after thrashing Chelsea, fans in the Kop before the Sunderland match holding up claret and amber posters, the scarf parade to welcome players onto the pitch before Reading at home. CALL US TODAY FOR A VALUATION Hamilton Bower Estate Agents, Lettings and Management hamiltonbower.tv 01274 588 158 33 Otley Road • Shipley • BD17 7DE WILDLIFE HEAVEN AT LOCAL NATURE RESERVE ........................................................................................................................................... Carol Barrett, from the Airedale and Bradford Branch of the RSPB, tells us more about the club’s visit to the Denso Marston Nature Reserve in Baildon in March. The Warden, Steve Warrillow, greeted 26 eager walkers and birdwatchers at 10am on a cold, rather dull morning. The seven-acre reserve is situated between the River Aire and the Denso Marston factory in Shipley, West Yorkshire. As its website says, “created in 1990 on Denso Marston washland for the benefit of wildlife, community enjoyment and education, it is an urban haven of woodland, meadows and pools with varied wildlife”. Steve told us a little about the history of the site and explained that there is free access to the reserve at all times. Since its creation, over 6000 trees have been planted; log piles and hedges have created different habitats for wildlife. Signs of spring were evident, with primroses and daffodils in full bloom as well as mounds of frog spawn in the pond. Woodland birds could be heard and seen in the canopy, herring gulls and mallards constantly flew over and four cormorants seemed to have taken advantage of a tall pylon where they could “hang out their wings” alongside the River Aire. For most of the group, there was a first sighting of a mink along the river bank and swimming in the river. Whereas an otter swims with its head visible above the water, a mink's body can also be seen as it swims along. A pale mound spotted high up in a tree over the river was identified as a squirrel’s drey, with a cosy covering of wool! We had been advised to look out for deer and further along, several of us were fortunate enough to glimpse a roe deer on the horizon. 08 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Luckily, with the trees not yet in full leaf, we were able to get good sightings of treecreepers and goldcrests flitting about, and the call of chiff chaffs was a welcome sound heralding the forthcoming warmth of spring. Beneath carefully laid pieces of wood, there was evidence of short-tailed field voles and wood mice nesting, with the remains of tooth-marked cherry seeds. Leopard slugs and a newt were still hibernating too. We concluded the walk by visiting the “hut” next to the bird-feeding station, from where various wildlife courses are run, including a children's Spider Club, Verse on the Reserve and many other wildlife activities. For anyone interested in wildlife, this reserve is a hidden gem. Birds seen: crow, grey heron, wood pigeon, magpie, blue tit, mallard, moorhen, great tit, robin, chaffinch, herring gull, pheasant, coal tit, cormorant, long-tailed tit, goldcrest, tree creeper, goosander, bullfinch, jay, grey wagtail, chiff chaff, goldfinch, wren, dabchick (little grebe), dunnock, blackbird. NEXT RSPB BRADFORD MEETING: Fri 17th April - AGM 7pm followed at 7.30pm by ‘Farming and Wildlife’, an illustrated talk by Nicholas Watts - held at Shipley Library. Watts is a Lincolnshire-based farmer, and winner of the 2013 RSPB / Daily Telegraph Nature of Farming Award. Price: £3.00 (members & nonmembers), children free Telephone: 01274 582078 E-mail: [email protected] Sat 18th April - Free Guided Walk, Otley Wetlands, 10 am. Contact details as above for more information. ALTERATIONS & MENDING SERVICE • Based in Shipley • Very experienced • Repairing all types of clothing • Redesigning to suit • Changing the look • Curtain Alterations • Bride/Bridesmaid Dresses • Suits & Outer Garments • Making the most of Your wardrobe Phone: 01274 532952 Mobile: 07979 990958 TRADING FOR 40 YEARS We deliver flowers 6 days a week Birthdays - Weddings - Funerals Bouquets, baskets, aqua hand tieds, planted bowls and baskets and flowers for every occasion Mon, Tues 8.30am - 5pm, Wed-Fri 8.30am - 5.30pm, Sat 9am - 3pm 13-15 Clayton Rd, Bradford, BD7 2LT 01274 576097 / 0800 328 6953 www.framesforflowers.co.uk Established in 1980 Retailers of: Hand Knitting Wool Patterns Knitting Accessories Find us in Shipley Indoor Market Hall or call us on (01274) 596911 RSPCA BRADFORD SELECT “PETS OF THE MONTH” In our regular column, we feature the RSPCA Bradford’s pets of the month - for both March, with two rabbits, and April with a female cat. Pet of the Month March 2015 Darwin is an adult Netherland Dwarf neutered male who was brought into us as a stray in January 2014. Darwin can be a bit grumpy but he is handleable. Holly is an adult spayed female rabbit who came into us as a stray. She has been with us since June 2014. Holly is a friendly rabbit who can be handleable. Both rabbits need to be rehomed to an experience rabbit owner and they will not be suitable to live with young children. Holly has been paired up with Darwin since December 2014. Pet of the Month - April 2015 Lippy is an adult spayed female cat who was brought into us in September 2014 after being abandoned while pregnant by her previous owner. She is a playful cat who loves catnip and her toys. Lippy is an affectionate girl who loves cuddles and likes to have your attention. She will be suitable to live in a family household with children of any age. Lippy seems to get on well with other cats so she will be ok to live with another cat in the household, but not dogs. If you would like more information about our work and the pets we have available, please contact us on 01274 723063. You can find out more at www.rspca-bradford.org.uk or look for Bradford RSPCA on Facebook & Twitter. 10 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 NEW LOYALTY CARD PROMOTES LOCAL BUSINESS A new venture aimed at promoting independent businesses in Bradford is gathering pace, and is looking for recommendations from Bradfordians. ........................................................................................................................................... Local enterprises across the Bradford District sign up to a new loyalty card that rewards people for shopping in some of Bradford’s best loved independent businesses! The Oi Card is a new way to explore Bradford, and to have a more rewarding day doing so, because it’s a loyalty card that rewards cardholders when they visit some of Bradford’s best-loved independent businesses. up to 20% off at Bradford Brewery, and even preferential rates from service providers such as web designers, mortgage advisors and technical support. The people behind The Oi Card also run the Twitter account Hidden Bradford, and are now reaching out to locals to tell them what businesses they feel best represent Bradford’s best independent offerings. Michael Mason from Oi said: “What we’re trying to do is to create this network that really shows off what makes Bradford different. When people buy an annual card for £10 they can save that back almost straight away with some of the rewards that businesses are offering, and while they do Among the first businesses who have that they’ll uncover the kinds of places and signed up to the card include historic independents like Rimmington’s Pharmacy, services that will completely transform their experience of living, working and established businesses such as The Red playing in Bradford. Room Coffee House, and brand new ones such as Bradford Brewery and The Record “To do what we want to do really Cafe. effectively, we need the knowledge and recommendations of Bradfordians. So we’re Businesses join for free, and cardholders who buy one of the annual cards can expect asking people to get in touch with us via our to be rewarded whenever they visit any of website to tell us if they know of an independent business that they think the participating businesses. deserves to be shouted about. As we grow, these recommendations will reach more and Rewards currently include anything from more people, and we hope that our network ‘buy one get one free’ at Zaara’s Indian of independents will soon become one of the restaurant in Shipley, to discounts such as things that Bradford is best known for.” ‘Oi’ stands for ‘Only Independents’, and is a growing network of some of the best independents of all kinds that Bradford has to offer. The cards promoting the best of Bradford’s Independent businesses 12 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 If you would like to recommend a business to Oi, or to buy a card, visit www.theoicard.com. Businesses who would like to apply to be part of the network can do so for free on the Oi website. THE END OF AN ERA, MR BINGLEY? Love it or hate it, the concrete monster that until recently loomed over Bingley is enmeshed with the town’s history and identity. Dominating the skyline for miles around, when first opened in 1975 it was Bingley’s all-too-visible stake in the pulsing world of modern banking, sheltering countless employees of the now defunct Bradford and Bingley Building Society. ........................................................................................................................................... As Bingley finally frees itself, both literally and figuratively, from the shadow cast by the old Bradford and Bingley building, Lisa Firth reflects on the site’s past - and its future. society?” was the first thing strangers would say when I told them where I was from. Local resident Kath Gabbitas agrees. “I'm really sorry to see the old building being demolished,” she tells me. “Yes, it's an ugly building but very much part of Bingley's history. When I was at Harrogate College of Art in 1982, I had an assignment on architecture and this was one of the buildings I really enjoyed photographing: the shape, the After the drawn-out saga of the building’s lines and the patterns. It's a sad day when it demolition – delayed once due to concerns disappears completely.” The five-storey about asbestos and again after hibernating building's unusual tiered design was bats were found inside – it’s with mixed apparently meant to reflect the structure of feelings that townsfolk have finally witnessed its demise. A friend told me he had local landmark Five Rise Locks. seen a number of older people – former employees perhaps – gathering morosely one Sarah Whistlecraft, who grew up in Harden, afternoon to watch it fall. “In bowler hats?” I also has mixed feelings as the building comes down. “I've been watching it every week; my joked, referencing the classic TV ads of the 1970s onwards – their characters, City gents children have been drawing pictures of the big cranes,” she says. “It was an ugly building Mr Bradford and Mr Bingley, as enduringly memorable to people of a certain age as mash but it will leave a gap in the skyline that I've grown up with.” However, potato-eating robots, ultimately she feels that the Accrington Stanley Football demolition is a positive move for Club or the glitzy the town: “Bingley is evolving so ambassador’s reception. much, I think it's a good thing.” Not everyone shares the And therein lies the root of ambivalence, though. Barry the ambivalence many of us now feel at seeing the mounds of rubble, the former offices wall-less and exposed, or a wrecking machine clawing through the building's ugly yet iconic plastic clocks. The fact is that everyone does remember those adverts. As the headquarters of one of the largest financial organisations in the The iconic building, opened in 1975, was once the all-too-visible country, the Bradford and reminder of Bingley’s influence in the world of modern banking Bingley put our town on the map. “Oh, like the building 14 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 ............................................................................................................................................................ Traish of Saltaire will be delighted to see the back of Bingley's “monstrous carbuncle”. “I really hope that the planners insist on something beautiful being built there instead – a bit of elan to put Bingley on the map,” he says. And Shipley constituency MP Philip Davies, the man who made it his mission to push for the site's redevelopment, describes the demolition as “wonderful”. “It is such an important site in the town centre which needs to be brought into use to benefit the other shops in Bingley,” he tells me. “It was a horrendously ugly building and I spent an awful lot of time pressing Sainsbury's to demolish it and sell it on ASAP!” Bingley Leisure Centre) have been almost entirely eclipsed by the newer structure. The Bradford and Bingley HQ closed its doors in 2009, when the building society, bought out by Spanish firm Santander, moved its employees to newer premises in Crossflatts. Since then it has remained empty. Sainsbury's bought the building in 2010, intending to redevelop it as a supermarket, but after encountering various problems the company instead decided to build a smaller convenience store across the road and demolish the building before selling the site on. After five years, that demolition is finally nearing completion. “However, it is tinged with sadness as it is a stark reminder of the demise of Bradford and Bingley, a business which commanded much local pride for 150 years,” he adds. “I just hope that the site is sold off quickly – and it brings much-needed footfall into the town.” As for the future of the site, once valued at £6 million, Sainsbury's have stated that they are considering two offers: one residential, one joint retail and residential. The local rumour mill has suggested the former could be retirement home developer McCarthy and Stone, while the retail scheme could be Netto While the building is undeniably a part of – possibly adding yet another supermarket to Bingley's history, its construction cost the a town that will soon boast a Co-op, a town some of its history too. A lost pub, the Old King's Head, once stood on the site of the Sainsbury's Local and an Aldi. Sainsbury's themselves are staying tight-lipped, however, Bradford and Bingley. In the 19th century this old coaching inn was the venue for some so once again residents are being left to wait and see. sensational inquests and magistrates’ hearings, and in later years was known for its successful jazz nights. The town's historic So will I be sorry to see the old Bradford and courthouse was also among the buildings on Bingley building go? Well, no: I come to bury, not to mourn. There’s no denying that as a Myrtle Place sacrificed to make way for the piece of architecture it represented building society headquarters, while the everything grey, dismal and ugly in 1970s entrance to Myrtle Park and the 20s-era design. Abandoned, derelict, decaying, it was Princess Hall dance hall and baths (now a relic of the town’s past that needed to go and make way for what we hope will be a vibrant and thriving future. But it’s hard not to feel a little bereft at the loss of something that had come to symbolise not only the recessionstruck building society but the town itself, something which had been a fixture on my horizon from childhood. To put it another way: looking out over Bingley now, there’s a rather overwhelming feeling – too much sky... Cranes at work tearing down the once-dominant town centre HQ Photography courtesy of Geoff Tynan THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 15 JUNIOR CHAMBER BRADFORD IS FLYING - LITERALLY! ........................................................................................................................................... The Junior Chamber International (Bradford Branch) update us on their latest news including skydives, suppers, fundraising and projects… and even easter eggs! JCI Bradford (Junior Chamber International) provides a platform for young people to learn new skills, grow their networks, give back to the community and get great experience on their CV. After an incredibly successful 2014 – 200% growth in membership, double the number of community projects and better exposure in the city – JCI Bradford is aiming for dizzying heights in 2015. 2015 is off to a flying start, with eight new members, projects and training sessions booked in the diary until June, and some great successes from our members. March also saw Philip Cockayne, President, attend the Past Presidents’ Dinner at the Bradford Club, wining and dining with the past presidents of JCI Bradford (formally Bradford Junior Chamber) and notifying them of the organisation’s progress. They were incredibly pleased to hear of the chamber’s new successes, having witnessed a decline in recent years. March will also see our president take part in a charity skydive for the Bradford-based One in a Million Charity, which provides support and opportunities to young disadvantaged children in Bradford via sports, the arts and enterprise challenges. We now have a brand new leadership team JCI Bradford also hosted the annual JCI Yorkshire Big Supper – an event that sees comprising: - Philip Cockayne - President members from across Yorkshire congregate - Michelle Pemberton - Community Director on one night for training, great speakers, - Brogan Hirst - Marketing Director networking and, of course, socialising. This - Kirsty Haley - Finance Director year’s speaker was George Madine from - Caroline Towers - Business Director Bradford University, talking about - Danielle Johnson - Events & Social Director leadership and how to engage employees to maximise their potential. JCI Bradford’s Easter Egg Our event was in support of Appeal is in full swing and the MS Trust and the we’ve already achieved Worthington 500k – a our target and are set to challenge being undertaken raise over 1,500 eggs for by two JCI members (Debbie the most disadvantaged and Joe Worthington) to run children in Bradford, with 500 miles throughout 2015 Michelle leading. It’s great to raise funds for Multiple to see what young people Sclerosis (from which Debbie in Bradford can do with suffers). nothing but ambition, enthusiasm and an Internet connection, using only their spare time to do some good. 16 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 JCI Bradford President Philip Cockayne If anyone is interested in finding out more about JCI and what it can do for you, please drop an email to [email protected] Edwina’s Cake and Card Craft Materials “Crafting•at•affordable•prices” A huge selection of craft, die cutting & cake decorating products. The Time Zone FREE FITTING SERVICE on our wide range of straps and batteries. Stockist of ZIPPO lighters and other smoking accessories, sunglasses and reading glasses, fashion watches and clocks. Come in and have a look around! Unit 22 - Shipley Indoor Market Hall 35 WESTGATE SHIPLEY BD18 3QX Hot and cold sandwiches All day breakfasts Omelettes and salads Baked potatoes Lunchtime specials Cakes and desserts Selection of beverages Open Mon-Fri 8am2pm, Sat 8am-1pm New stock arriving weekly! Opening Times: Mon, Tue, Thu, Fri–-–9.30am-4pm Wednesday––––––––-9.30am-1pm Saturday––––––––––9.00am-4pm 21 North Parade, Bradford, BD1 3JL 07428 665 181 OPEN FRIDAY TEA TIMES! Nine @ Westgate open 7 days Serving until 8pm on Friday nights Fully licensed cafe and bar SATURDAY BISTRO NIGHTS *NOW TAKING BOOKINGS* Established in 1987 High quality prints from: 6x4 - 10p 7x5 - 15p 8x6 - 30p 10x8 - 55p 17 Northgate Bradford West Yorkshire BD1 3JR 01274 723622 18TH APRIL, 23RD MAY & 20TH JUNE NO MORE SUITS & SLACKS FOR THE MAN AT C&A James Slater looks at how Bradford’s C&A store was the last man standing when the clothing company finally closed its doors in the UK. And C&A were genuinely happy to be joining the city centre traders. Francis Drake, from C&A’s head office, said, “In the opening of this store, we have the privilege of becoming citizens of Bradford.” .......................................................................................................................................... At 11.30am on Thursday 31 May 2001, the UK’s last C&A transaction took place in Bradford. One of the best-known names on the British high street was to disappear forever. C&A had blamed fierce competition in the clothing market for its financial downturn and this resulted in the closure of over 100 stores. C&A was founded in 1841 as a textile company by brothers Clemens and August Brenninkmeijer. Following success in Germany and Holland, C&A started trading in Britain in 1922, opening its first store on London’s Oxford Street. Stores followed in Birmingham and Liverpool before the end of the decade. The store in Bradford was opened on 12 March 1959 by the then Lord Mayor, Alderman NW Durrant. In his speech, he declared, “It is not merely the opening of a store – it is to my mind the laying of the foundation stone for the new Bradford. This ancient city which has grown up around the great textile industry has many difficult contours from a building point of view and has expanded more or less naturally with very little planning. After many years of frustration in regard to redevelopment, there is now visible proof of our intention to rebuild the centre of the city.” The store at its peak in mid-1980s Courtesy of Martin O’Connell Using over half a million bricks in construction, with 36,000sq ft of glass and over 30,000sq ft of floorspace, the opening of the store was described by many as one of the most notable events in Bradford. The T&A report of the day was “Thousands of people went to see the opening of the new C&A store in Bradford today. When the doors were opened at noon great crowds surged inside from Broadway. Five minutes later, there was still a queue round to the back of the building.” In fact, the Lady Mayoress, who had suffered a heavy cold that week which had forced her to miss her first engagements in ten months of office, was caught joining the shoppers. The clothing stores became a household C&A on the left - late 60s name in the UK and were a common Courtesy of Martin O’Connell presence on high streets all over the country. C&A became synonymous with the 18 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 “If it was raining and you were meeting someone in Bradford, you would always wait under the canopy at C&A.” ............................................................................................................................................................ nylon slacks worn by TV’s Alan Partridge and the slogan “Man at C&A”, derived from a song by The Specials, which later came to define the store. majority of C&A stores were to close by the end of 2000. Most stores closed in January 2001 and the small handful that remained after that were only open because the new tenants weren’t ready to move in to the sites. C&A’s last trading day in the UK was on Thursday 31 May 2001 when its two final stores, in Hounslow and Bradford, closed down. Staff in these two stores had intended to open them for only three hours, shutting doors for the final time at noon. But by 11am, staff at the Hounslow branch had sold out and just half an hour later, a shopper in Bradford became the firm’s last ever UK customer. In its last week, C&A had sold more than 100,000 items of discounted clothing. C&A during Bradford Festival, 1989 Primark bought 11 of the C&A stores soon Courtesy of Mark Bukumunhe after their closure. C&A now appears to be having similar problems in mainland Europe and they are attempting to reinvent However, its downfall began in 1995 when themselves by improving the quality and the company’s UK operation began to lose hence the cost, and to rid themselves of the money. A new wave of competition from low-budget image they have picked up. The Next and New Look, as well as the Bradford Broadway store was demolished in expansion of the Marks & Spencer chain, the mid-noughties and the site it once knocked the steam out of C&A’s sales. The occupied will become part of the new dominant influence of Germany on C&A’s Broadway shopping centre – now due to be clothing fashions proved disastrous in the completed before Christmas. UK. In 1998, C&A announced a £200 million investment programme which included Many people will have childhood memories upgrading well-performing stores and of C&A school blouses and “sensible shoes”. closing down the poorest performing. But the store, once synonymous with economy, became obsolete, and this But the investment programme failed and inevitably cost C&A its position on the C&A’s losses grew bigger. In early 2000, the British high street. nationwide company suddenly announced its intention to exit the UK market entirely, blaming competition that had cost the company “£1m a week in the past five years.” The news that they were to be made redundant was broken to staff on 15 June 2000. C&A was to close all of its UK stores, with the loss of 4,800 jobs across its 113 UK outlets, its Dublin store and its three C&A in 2005, left empty after four years distribution centres. Staff were told that the Courtesy of Gareth Nolan THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 19 UPDATES FROM THE BRADFORD CAMERA CLUB ........................................................................................................................................... Tony Caunt updates us on the latest developments from Bradford’s very own Camera Club. The club is moving towards Easter, and hopefully better weather and certainly longer days. To take good photographs one needs sunlight, and it was once said by a past member “no sun, no picture!” but this is not entirely correct as one can make excellent pictures from rain/mist, dramatic The club will convene in April after Easter skies or when thunder is about. on the 9th with digital images from the Yorkshire Photographic Union, then on the Modern digital cameras can allow pictures 16th Chris Buckley will share his experiences in very poor lighting with some great of the Millennium Way. On the 23rd there effects, as in this wild sea picture. Why not will be the fourth round of the Mitchell & bring your wild pictures to the camera club Metcalfe competition, with an evening out at Carleton House, 46 Little Horton Lane, th where members meet every Thursday from in Saltaire on the 30 . 7.30pm? You will be guaranteed a friendly welcome in our own clubroom upstairs, and For more information call 01535 273709 or if the main building is open there is a visit us on licensed bar. sites.google.com/site/bradfordcameraclub 20 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 The tale of MCS begins when the price of a pint of milk was 3p and you could buy a house for £600. It began in 1938 when Thomas Smith founded the Shipley Paint Company. He combined value for money with brilliant product quality. Still in the family, Thomas’s principles are proudly maintained by the third generation with over 75 years on the clock! Manor Coating Systems are proud to support For professional advice and quality products, visit us at; TRADER SHIPLEY 40 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP GENERAL DEALER 01274 582642 • Find us on Facebook WE BUY AND SELL ALMOST ANYTHING •GIVE US A CALL TO FIND OUT Televisions •Aerials • DVD Players • Sky on production boxes • Printers • CD players • Fridges • of this mag Washers • Vacuums • Cookers • Computers • Software • Mowers • CDs/ DVDs• Power tools • Fishing rods and reels • Live Bait • Treadmills • Weights • Golf clubs • Bicycles • Bowls• Hand tools • Gardening gear • Disco accessories • Gold & silver jewellery • Licensed airguns • Hi-Fis & music players • Guitars • Amps and microphones •Musical instruments BIKES REPAIRED & SERVICED • ALL UNDER GUARANTEE REPAIRS & SERVICING AVAILABLE ON ALL WASHERS, MOWERS & STRIMMERS BUSINESSWOMAN UNVEILS ONLINE “SWAPSHOP” ............................................................................................................. Yorkshire’s Adele Guillen launches Myswango, an innovative new online business providing a “swapshop” for businesses and individuals looking to trade their skills, goods and services. The website www.myswango.com matches members “seeks” with “offers” to help users find what they’re looking for. Created in Yorkshire, Myswango is now attracting members from across the UK. Founder Adele Guillen unveiled the concept to the Bradford Ladies 4 Networking group at The Hop in Saltaire. She said: “Before money was invented, people traded with each other through the system of bartering. “Recent economic constraints have changed the way people think and everyone is on the lookout for new ways to save money. The sharing economy is coming back to the fore in today’s businesses as well as in daily lives. Everyone has something to offer, whether they have a business or not. It could be anything from accountancy to decorating, gardening to dog-walking or childminding. You might have goods to exchange or even be willing to lend out equipment - that’s all it takes to become part of the myswango community.” Adele entering in some of the jewellery which she’s going to swap on the site unique but quite expensive treatment that she couldn’t justifiably afford. They agreed a skill-swap and that was when the “lightbulb moment” occurred, says Adele. It is free to register for a basic account with Myswango. Members can enter the goods and services they are offering and/or seeking into a profile and a directory. Either a direct match is made or, alternatively, members can contact each other to agree a transaction. Goods or services are paid for using a virtual currency called swangos and the online account is credited or debited. Even if a member doesn’t find a direct swap with anyone, they can use their swangos later to pay for something that they want. Adele, a training consultant from York, came up with the idea while working in Australia. She was on her way to an appointment with a beautician who was just starting up her business. The beautician needed business advice which Adele could To join the Myswango bartering community offer – while Adele was keen to try out a visit www.myswango.com WEB SPECIALIST RELEASES TIP E-BOOK! Local social media and Wordpress specialist, Damion Elson, has launched an e-book to help people with a wide range of online tasks. If you have a WordPress website or blog and need help with creating more leads, choosing a theme that works for you or online marketing strategies. To get your FREE copy of the WordPress tips e-book, subscribe to his website at www.damionelson.com. 22 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Yorkshire College of Beauty Graduate 2013 Please like my Facebook Page for more offers, photos and recent updates â€“ www.facebook.com/nailsandbeautybydebbiex BLOWING THEIR OWN TRUMPET! ........................................................................................................................................... Since forming nearly 40 years ago, NoteAbility Concert Band has gone from strength to strength and are now looking for more people to join them! We rehearse Friday evenings in Eccleshill, Bradford, and play a variety of music including marches, musicals, film music, popular music, rock and roll, ballads and many more. The band plays at many different locations, from Bradford Youth Concert Band, formerly bandstands and fairs to churches and sheltered housing. known as the Bradford Metropolitan Youth Band, was formed in October Future concerts include: 1977 by Robert (Bob) Hardy. Mr Hardy Sun 14th June – Valley Gardens, was asked to form the band to incorporate the more capable members Harrogate, 2-4pm from the junior section of the Bradford Sun 21st June – Ilkley Bandstand, 2-4pm Metropolitan Concert Band. Mr Hardy Sun 12th July – Pudsey Park Bandstand, 2.30-4.30pm retired after 12 years of service in November 1989, when he handed over Sun 13th Sept – Lotherton Hall Estate, 2-4pm his baton to other conductors, and he Sun 20th Sept – Ilkley Bandstand, 2-4pm was made Life President of the band until his death in July 2002 at the age of 81. Our current Musical Director, NoteAbility needs you! Jonathan Pickles, took up the baton in Currently we are in need of new wood2001. wind, brass and percussion players. The Over the years the band has performed band takes players at various levels of ability, whether they have just taken up over 1000 concerts and has won a new instrument, picked up an instrunumerous trophies and awards, ment that hasn’t been played for a including the Robertshaw Music while, or play regularly but would like Festival on seven occasions and the to join a friendly and relaxed band for Wharfedale Festival on five. enjoyment. As many of our players have grown up, More information can be found on our it has become a band of all ages. As of Facebook page or at www.bycb.co.uk. 2014 the band decided to change the You can also contact name and the image to best represent [email protected] or phone the band as it is now, becoming the 01274 620025. NoteAbility Concert Band. NoteAbility Concert Band is for woodwind and brass players of all ages and abilities. The band is based in Bradford and play to audiences in and around the Bradford area. 24 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 WE WOULD LOVE TO PAY YOU SOME COMMISSION DO YOU HAVE A WORKPLACE CANTEEN OR RESTAURANT? If so, we’d like to hear of who at your company we should contact to offer to operate your catering service. We are part of a well established catering group and we’re always on the look out for new business anywhere in the country. Just phone Rachel on 01535 273292 or email [email protected] and we’ll do the rest. You could earn £150 if the information you provide results in a new contract for us! 01535 273292 [email protected] www.caterleisure.co.uk 197/199 Main Street, Wilsden, Bradford, BD15 0HR SALEM RFC RECEIVE GRANT FOR SOCIAL SPACES! ........................................................................................................................................... Bradford Salem RFC has been chosen by the Rugby Football Union to receive a grant in order to transform their social facilities for the local community. Rugby Union in West Yorkshire received a major boost when Bradford Salem RFC was chosen by the Rugby Football Union to be a recipient of one of their Transforming Social Spaces grants for the 2015 Rugby World Cup which is being staged in England and Wales. The new bar and main staging area Bradford Salem has been chosen as a recipient of a Lead Up & Legacy Transforming Social Spaces grant, strengthening the partnership between the RFU and Club to be Fit for 15. The grant will enhance the club’s social facilities and provide a resource to be used by the local more players, volunteers and spectators community. to share the special values that Hosting the World Cup provides an distinguish the sport.” opportunity to deliver a huge participation John Dobson, the club chairman, said: legacy for rugby union, and the RFU has “We are delighted that our project has committed a £10m investment which will been chosen as a recipient for a create a network of over 500 Lead Up & Transforming Social Spaces Grant. We Legacy Centres aimed at providing a will now have some of the best facilities platform on which club rugby participation in the area that local people from throughout England can be built. Heaton, Frizinghall, Shipley and Bingley “The new social space will improve the can use. The 2015 Rugby World Cup quality of the rugby experience for will inspire a new wave of people of all everyone using the site and provide ages to become involved in rugby and more playing opportunities, especially this RFU investment will help our club for local people in the 14–24 age group,” to be even better equipped to welcome says Alex Bowden, RFU Area Facilities newcomers.” Manager. “This investment will also Brent Fitzpatrick MBE said: “This support the club’s financial investment by the RFU is excellent sustainability leading into the Rugby news. Bradford Salem has an World Cup and will create a focus for enthusiastic group of hard-working England 2015 and a lasting rugby union volunteers and this funding will enable legacy for rugby in the community. them to do even more for young people The planned improvements will help in the community in the future.” the club raise its profile and encourage 26 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 38 Northgate, Bradford, BD1 3SN Open Mon-Sat 9.30am-2pm (closed Wed & Sun) MONDAY MADNESS All lunches - £3.95 TUESDAY TRIPLE Lunch, sweet & drink All for just £4.95 Bringing you Breaking News, sport, travel and events from across the Bradford & Keighley District to your Twitter feed Follow us on Twitter! @BradfordZone LOCAL LEADER your favourite community magazine in Bradford Keep in touch! Find us on Facebook 29-29a Westgate, Shipley, BD18 3QX www.russells-florist.co.uk 01274 583194 DELIVERIES AROUND THE CORNER OR AROUND THE WORLD Founded by Elsie and Norman Russell in 1954, this family-run business has been serving Shipley for 60 years. From floral wedding arrangements to a bouquet for that special moment, we have it covered! Follow us on Twitter Check out our website at www.thelocalleader.co.uk ! COTTINGLEY TOWN HALL & THE GREAT WAR! In March this year, Cottingley Town Hall celebrated its 150th anniversary with a special thanksgiving service. ........................................................................................................................................... Clive Harrison writes for us about the importance of Cottingley village in the Great War and the role it played - from the choral society to the Women’s Guild of Christian Service! The town hall was very much at the centre of social activities during the Great War, with many local organisations holding social events and fundraising activities there. Cottingley had a thriving choral society and the activities of Cottingley Choral Society continued throughout the war years. The concerts tended to be divided into two parts, with the first being a short choral work of merit and the second comprising items of a miscellaneous nature. The concerts also tended to be held twiceyearly. The programme for the choral society’s production of 11 November 1916 is very revealing. It lists the president as Henry J Mason with vice-presidents Henry Ayrton, George Birbeck, Thomas Butterfield, Thomas Dean, Walter R Kay, John Pollard and Harry Sowden. The main performance was of Verdi’s “Il trovatore”. Conductor was Frederic James, accompanist was Mr W Robertshaw and the soloists were Miss Muriel Weatherhead, Miss Elsie Suddaby, Miss Edith C Woodhead, Mr George W Riley, Mr William Busby, Mr Charlesworth George and Mr James Wood. The band comprised 35 musicians while the chorus comprised 65 singers. The price of admission was “First Seats, 2/6; Second Seats, 1/2; Third Seats 7d”. Other productions during the war years included “The Last Judgement”, “The Forsaken Merman”, “Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast” and “The May Queen”. On 9th December 1916, the schoolroom of the town hall was the setting for the annual 28 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 treat for the elderly people of Cottingley. All villagers over 60 years of age had been invited and about 80 attended, with a further 12 teas being sent out to those who were prevented from attending by sickness. Entertainment was also provided and before leaving each lady was presented with a quarter-pound of tea and each gentleman with one ounce of tobacco. In March 1915 members of The Snowdrop Band presented a concert in the town hall. The objects of The Snowdrop Band were to keep girls between the ages of 12 and 16 years interested in good literature and under good influences. In the same month the town hall staged a service in support of the Wesleyan Home Mission. Not everyone considered the German army to be the greatest danger to the nation. At a meeting in the town hall on 5 May 1915, the Wesleyan Circuit Minister, Mr Edward Gearey, urged the audience “to do all in their power to aid in strangling the greatest of England’s enemies – drink”. The object of the meeting was obviously to bring home to the audience the ill effects of the “demon drink” and one of the speakers was able to prove, with many examples, that intoxicating liquors were detrimental to both mental and physical fitness. Cottingley Women’s Guild of Christian Service was a regular user of the town hall facilities and, in July 1915, hosted a meeting of the Bradford branches at which special mention was made of the Wapping Settlement, which was doing much to uplift the unfortunate slum dwellers in Bradford. After the meeting some ladies visited Cottingley Gardens while others “rambled through the woods”. SEVEN DECADES OF BRADFORD CACTUS SOCIETY In 1945, four Bradford men with a keen interest in cactus growing started to meet informally to share information and experiences on their hobby and soon realised that there must be others in the area with similar interests who would benefit from a more structured organisation. Fortunately they had the skills, knowhow and finances to establish an organisation which developed into the British Cactus and Succulent Society, with branches throughout the country. The branch in Bradford can reasonably claim to be the first and will be celebrating its 70 years of existence with an anniversary event at Wilsden Village Hall on Saturday 25th April, commencing at 9.45. There will be presentations by three speakers of national standing, plants for sale, a raffle and buffet lunch at a cost of £15. Places may be booked by speaking to Brian Thornton on 01535 274755. ........................................................................................................................................... Brian Thornton informs us of the celebrations taking place at the Bradford Branch of the British Cactus and Succulent Society to celebrate 70 years of the group, on 25th April. can offer to try to rehouse plants or collections rather than just see them thrown out. Good homes can usually be found. Work has been done with a number of schools and youth organisations to introduce children to cactus growing as an interesting variation on the usual horticultural activities, and cacti have been used as the subject matter for various curriculum activities, e.g. artwork, painting, model-making and needlework, and the finished products have been displayed at the branch annual show in June. The children respond with enthusiasm to handling spineless cacti and are usually able to take plants home to be cared for after they have been repotted. The branch is very keen to introduce people to cacti-growing and was delighted last year to be given a number of seedlings from a grower near Barnsley, which turned out to have a complicated botanical name but which were known colloquially as Pony Tail The normal life of the branch consists of monthly meetings at Shipley Library on the Palms. They finished up being presented to Riding Centres for the Disabled, whose second Wednesday of each month, with visiting speakers reporting on trips to places members are now caring for the plants as they grow. throughout the world where cacti and succulents are endemic, or on specific plant Cacti have a quiet season in the cold of species. The meetings also offer winter, which reflects sometimes on cactus opportunities to purchase plants from specialist growers at very reasonable prices growers, but the Bradford branch is now looking for opportunities in 2015 to engage and there is always help and advice in outreach activities similar to the above available on any aspect or problem associated with growing cacti. The meetings and would appreciate any approaches from organisations which feel that their members are always informal and cost £1, which would enjoy learning about cacti-growing as includes refreshments. an interesting hobby. Contact number as above, or contact the branch secretary on The branch is mindful that on occasion cacti growers have changed circumstances, 01274 585332. You can also visit our website: www.bradford.bcss.org.uk which mean maintaining a collection becomes difficult for personal reasons, and 30 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 PREDATORS 42 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP www.predatorsexoticpets.co.uk ¦ 01274 714344 Open Mon 10-2, Thu & Fri 10-6, Sat 10-5, Sun 11-3 REPTILES AND PET FOOD STORE IN THE HEART OF SHIPLEY! For over 12 years, Predators have been offering reptiles to the people of the north, stocking an extensive range of reptiles, food and dry goods as well as offering expert help and advice. With a constantly changing array of exotic pets for sale including tortoises, lizards, snakes and much more, you should call in store to talk to Matthew and the team to buy your new pet today! 33A WESTGATE, SHIPLEY, BD18 3QX Contact Doris or Joanne on 01274 770588 Pet Engraving Animal Foods, Treats & Toys Fish Tanks Bird & Animal Cages • Rabbits • Guinea Pigs • Hamsters • Mice • Gerbils • Finches NOW STOCKIN G FASCINATO RS TIARAS & DIAMANTE BROOCHES! All at very reasonable prices! 13 Kirkgate, Shipley, Bradford, BD18 3QW NEW BOOK LAUNCHED ON UNDERCLIFFE CEMETERY ........................................................................................................................................... Local well-known author and photographer Mark Davis releases a new book all about the haunting but beautiful Victorian Undercliffe Cemetery. Out now is this fantastic new title from Mark Davis, Necropolis: City of the Dead, which explores one of the greatest achievements in Victorian funerary design and accomplishment, and some of the lives that until now have remained lost in the wilderness of time. Featuring stunning and evocative photographs throughout, this book consecrated the western side of the is both haunting and beautiful. cemetery for the Anglicans. The In Victorian Bradford, when death eastern side remained available for came, there was only one real place the burial of Nonconformists. In life, as in death, status was observed, and to be buried. For the rich and poor alike, the newly laid out Undercliffe the ability to pay determined the Cemetery, designed by William Gay, location of a grave. was the fashionable place to be seen in death. The cemetery, which was In 2015, the cemetery remains as a testament to the lives of the people conceived by the Bradford that forged this city. It is a place Cemetery Co., was provisionally registered in 1849 as a consequence where history is quite literally written in granite and stone. The of the intense overcrowding at St grand mausoleums and tombs are fit Peterâ€™s parish graveyard, where for kings and queens. Some of these human bones were seen to be monuments are now of special protruding from the graves. The first burial at Undercliffe took place architectural and historic interest, in March 1854, although the official and Undercliffe has been placed on the National Register of Historic opening did not occur until five Parks and Gardens alongside other months later in August. The grand opening ceremony was officiated by famous cemeteries such as Highgate. the Bishop of Ripon, who 34 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Subject of the book, Undercliffe Cemetery Courtesy of Mark Davis PHIL’S PHOTOGRAPHY WALKABOUTS Bradford Brewery Opens! ........................................................................................................................................... In our popular column, Phil writes about where he’s been with his camera recently and tells the story of his travels across the BD postcode! Last month saw the opening of the longawaited Bradford Brewery. I was invited down to the independent quarter in Bradford’s city centre for a pre-open night to sample the first Bradford brew for six decades – in fact, since Hammond’s Brewery closed in 1955. In attendance was the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Bradford, who together pulled the first pint. Some of Bradford’s councillors and press were also there. The brew itself was quite a pleasant surprise. It had a distinctive fruity taste; quite unique. It reminded me of beers in Eastern Europe. I could imagine it would have gone down very well with the wool merchants and factory workers of Victorian Bradford. The brewery was also serving award-winning Pieminister Pies, a well-known brand at music festivals. These were served in a trendy box with mushy peas and gravy. The brewing business is quite scientific. It takes great skill to produce something like this brew, soon to be seen in pubs all over Bradford and beyond. Hats off to Steve Crump, the brewmaster. The Brewfactory Bar will be showcasing beers from other UK breweries as well. 36 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Later the Lord Mayor gave an uplifting speech and welcomed the new enterprises now opening in the area. Matthew Halliday spoke of his dream of bringing the micro-brewing industry to Bradford after seeing its success in London and other towns around the UK. The building itself was once the home of Shaw’s Moisture Meters. This company manufactured a very important invention in the wool trade that could detect the amount of water in wool bales. Next to the brewery is the Brewfactory pub. The pub decor has a very simple, rustic look about it and has cleverly integrated plywood and existing brickwork. Lantern-type lights hang from the ceiling and there are a number of neon lights around the place, one saying “Made of Bradford”. PR consultant Gerry Crookes of Crux Communications, who’s been marketing the brewery, said that the design team had wanted to give it the feel of the old factory, blended with a more contemporary urban style. The Shaw’s were keen to preserve the history and look of the building. And that sums up the place: the old with the new. A forward-looking enterprise remembering Bradford’s rich past. I had a great night and met many Facebook and Twitter friends. If you are paying a visit it’s just off Westgate, BD1 3SQ on the map. Lots more info on the Facebook page. .................................................................................................................. Opening of The Beerhouse Most of my walkabouts this edition have been in the rapidly rising independent quarter. Recently I was invited to the longawaited opening of The Beerhouse on North Parade. Housed within a Grade II-listed building, it was once the home of the Liverpool and Victoria Insurance and, more recently, a furniture shop. The new venture was designed by David Craig, who also designed the nearby Record Café. If you’re about the town, call in for The Beerhouse experience – a perfect venue to meet up after work or go for a night out with a group of friends. It has a bright, friendly and modern atmosphere with a very homely feeling. It also boasts a great-looking menu, from snacks and nibbles to traditional pub food; from the humble jacket potato to a whole chicken from the tandoor oven. The menu also has an impressive list of wines from all over the world. I had the Beerhouse mixed grill and a pint of Timothy Taylor’s “Landlord”, which I would highly recommend. It felt like a place you could relax after work or shopping, or just sit with a drink by the window and watch the world go by in the new Independent Quarter! The bar area runs the full length of the back wall, backed up by knowledgeable and helpful bar staff. The Beerhouse is just what the area needed – right place, right time, I’d say. It's leading the way and opening the gates for more enterprise, making North Parade the place to be in Bradford. 38 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 The Bradford Police Museum is a new museum dedicated to showcasing the history of policing in Bradford. .......................................................................................................................................................... Under the town hall clock For many years I have wanted a look in the cells “under the town hall clock” – for historical interest, not as a lodger! The cells had been used as a storeroom for thousands of council documents. At last there was a big clear-out. The museum opened late last year for a trial run and it was quite clear that it was going to be a popular attraction. So at the end of February I went to the reopening of the Bradford Police Museum. were actually part of Lockwood and Mawson’s plans when designing the new The entrance is at the front of City Hall in town hall. It has changed very little since. Centenary Square. You will see the board outside. On the tour you will get a feel for what a dreadful place it would have been, not only The museum is not Bradford Council-run in Victorian times but right up to when it and is in fact a charity, so there is a small closed. You are shown through the big doors charge for a tour of the Victorian cells. On entering there is a large room filled with at the back of City Hall, where the guide will glass cabinets containing lots of interesting explain what would happen to the arrested person. They would be taken up to the historical photos that you can browse through before you are taken by one of the charge desk. Their pockets would then be emptied and they would be booked in; they guides around the Victorian cells for a would then be taken a short distance to the fascinating look into a world not many of us would have seen. Built in 1873, the cells cells. The first cell you visit has an interesting story connected with it about a famous man from the past who made his escape when he visited Bradford in 1905. Not wanting to give too much away about the tour of the cells, I think it’s well worth a visit: a mustsee Bradford attraction both for locals and visitors to the city. For more info there is a Facebook page, or visit the following website: www.bradfordpolicemuseum.com THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 39 As in many modern towns, the North Parade area of Bradford is today just starting to bounce back from a deep depression that had a negative effect on high-street shops all over the country. With help from a Bradford Council scheme, many new businesses are emerging: shops, pubs, restaurants and cosy cafés. The area has now been dubbed “the independent quarter”. Businesspeople are now gaining the confidence to invest in the area, and feedback from places like The Bradford Brewery, The Beerhouse and many more has been amazing. It’s hard to believe that in 1815 the area around North Parade was a tranquil, semi-rural spot with a few buildings and a manor house (occupied by the Rawson family). Twice a year they had the Bradford Pleasure Fair, a glorious medley of wild beast shows, waxwork exhibitions and wandering thespians, not forgetting the wonderful market with an endless variety of goods from all over the world. The fair stretched along North Parade on both sides of the street, then carried on down Darley Street right to the Bowling Green Hotel on Bridge Street. The Local Leader will be following the rise of North Parade in my photo walkabouts in the next few editions. 40 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 .......................................................................................................................................................... North Parade - bit of history The Five Rise Locks Staircase locks are two or more locks joined together so that the bottom gates of one lock are the top of gates of the next. On the Leeds–Liverpool canal near Bingley we have a fantastic example: a staircase of five locks that lifts boats up 60 feet. And have been doing it for over 200 years. Built in 1774 and designed by John Longman of Halifax, the locks won a heritage award in 1975. Today it looks as just as good as it did when built, but in fact it’s a bit like Trigger’s brush in the classic episode of Only Fools and Horses – the lock gates have to be completely replaced every 25 years. They are specially made at a firm near Castleford. You can get to the canal from Bingley town centre via a bridge that passes over the new bypass. That will bring you out at the smaller Three Rise Locks. Turn left and just a short walk later you will come upon the majesty of the Five Rise Locks. If you felt like a bit more walking it’s just 111 miles to Liverpool, or in the other direction, 16 miles to Leeds! Or if you are a bit like me, a few yards up the path there is a great café that does some amazing cakes and pots of tea. UPDATES FROM THE BRADFORD WEST ROTARY CLUB As I said in the last edition of The Local Leader the members are never without a challenge and are always looking for ways to help other people in our community. The Rotary club of Keighley is organising a Rotary Young Photographer competition, contact Judy Hazelhurst on 01535 603184 or go to competitions@keighleyrotar y.org This is for young people ages 7 to 10, 11 to 13 and 14 to 17 and the theme is “Light up the community” – entries have to be in by Saturday 4th April . ........................................................................................................................................... Tony Caunt updates us on the latest developments from the Bradford West Rotary Club and the upcoming programme for the group. By the time you read this we will have carried out another “Stroke awareness and BP testing day” at Keelham Farm Shop on Friday 27th of February and I am sure we will have identified some people with high blood pressure and given them appropriate advice via the nurses and Doctors on duty. Locally there will be other Stroke Awareness BP testing on the 18th April by other clubs The members also like to enjoy themselves with evening fellowship as in a Wine Tasting to be held at St. Matthews’ Church in Wilsden on Friday 13th March from 7.30 pm tickets £11 to include tasting 42 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 of 10 wines with cheese, pate’ and biscuits refreshments. Wine provided by The Ring O’ Bells. There is also a full week end coach trip to Northumberland with JAK travel 24th to 26th April to the glorious coast around Bamburgh castle , Seahouses , Holy Island and The Farne Islands, places are still available. (Picture is of Bamburgh Castle). The programme for all of April will be on the 2nd Astrid Hansen will speak on Horton Hall, on the 9th Gordon Bennett will give a talk about “Comedians” and on the 16th it will be a business meeting followed by Stella Carpenter giving a talk about “Aspects of Wibsey” and finally on the 30th Professor Lawrence Patterson from Bradford University will bring us up to date on the Bradford Crocus Cancer Appeal. To learn more about Rotary call President Robert Morphet on 07970 815205 or visit our web site www.bradfordwestrotary.org 14 Victoria Road Saltaire BD18 3LQ LICENSED CAFE & GALLERY We serve beautifully prepared fresh food, sandwiches, paninis, homemade soups, gorgeous home-baked cakes and a range of superb coffees TO RESERVE A TABLE FOR LUNCH Providing a friendly and reliable service since 1986 Quality at affordable prices City & Guilds qualified Tel: 01274 580129 Winner of the TripAdvisor 2014 Certificate of Excellence Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am to 5pm Free, no-obligation quotation, call 07852 799852 For all your beer, wine-making and cake-decorating equipment FIRESIDE BREWS We are a family-run business which has been trading for over 30 years. We pride ourselves on sourcing and providing equipment and products for the latest trends - Wide range of beer- & wine-making kits and styles. Come in to the - Extensive choice of brewing equipment shop and view our extensive - Huge selection of cake decorations, icing, ranges. If you canâ€™t find what marzipan, sugarcraft, cake boards & boxes - Range of cupcake cases, boxes & packaging you need, ask and we can - Cake stands & tins to buy and for rental find it for you! Open Mon-Fri 10am-4:30pm, Sat 9.30am-4:30pm 22 Commercial Street, Shipley, BD18 3SP â€˘ 01274 447556 THE BANTAMS, THE EXPECTATION & THE REALITY Jake Verity looks more in-depth at Bradford City’s season so far and what there is left to do in order to gain an all-important play-off finish. before this season comes to its conclusion. It's a simple fact that the best teams are resilient until the final whistle, stubborn and courageous until the 90 minutes or more are up. We have the courage. We have the ability and we have the belief. All we need is the self-assurance and we won't go far wrong. .......................................................................................................................................... Play-off finish. That's what we desired before this season and that is still the aim. You couldn't, however, be blamed for predicting a low-league finish given that we were without a goalkeeper dangerously close to the beginning of the campaign. And not only that: the fact that we've operated on a low budget has been well documented. The FA Cup was also a welcome distraction A threadbare squad but one possessing real but as us Yorkshire people love to articulate, quality and talent. Players who had made "League’s bread and butter". Well, it is. history for our club became history. ParWhen I think about it, OK, we are out of the kinson’s philosophy of a high-intensity, sharp, attack-minded side set in the forma- FA Cup. Yes, it did happen in the most harrowing of circumstances. Down to ten men tion of the diamond midfield. It sounded and 3-0 down on the BBC? You bet it hapquite extravagant and we liked it! pened. When it comes to Bradford City, we don't really need over-exuberance in our style of But let’s not forget the golden moments. Chelsea, Sunderland and Millwall all fell play. We don't need intricate passing. We certainly don't need any real complexity in victim to us. We broke records that some of the world's finest had tried for and failed, our playing style. A large part of our supposed downfall, with September and Octo- against the Premier League leaders. We're currently just adrift of the play-offs with ber proving difficult, was blamed on our stubbornness in sticking with the diamond games in hand. We made history, yet again. League One Bradford City making the semimidfield formation. final draw of the FA Cup, who on earth Our campaign has been largely character- would imagine that? King Parkinson reigns ised by extremes: the season started fantas- on his throne still, and deservedly so: we tically with a plethora of goals and owe him everything. We've beaten Leeds in memories to match. We then struggled a fierce Yorkshire derby live on Sky. throughout most of October, which turned out to be a difficult period for both fans and Yes, we are rueing missed chances now players alike. Since bringing in Stead, since we've exited the FA Cup. Kudos to you, Reading. Go all the way and fly the flag for that game against Halifax, out fortunes the Football League. We don't need to be changed and so did our outlook towards bitter because Bradford City has its soul the rest of the season ahead. Late goals shipped in games which we have dominat- back and that was all we needed. There's so much to be proud of in our club, and in eveed have been a regular feature and that is an issue that we all know needs addressing 44 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 Nine to go, sixth place and above needed. Ten teams in with a realistic chance of occupying these spots. If I told you that third and fourth place look effectively sealed, you wouldn’t need a maths degree from Cambridge to know how many will miss out. ............................................................................................................................................................ ry contributor in what has been a simply wonderful season. We've got serious talent and potential. We have no reason not to be up there. If we can reckon with the sides in the upper echelons of the footballing pyramid, let's give our fans what we desired, let's have that playoff push. It is hard to summarise eight months in a thousand-odd words. Honestly it is. Games from August feel like games from many years ago, and this season has felt like a marathon. All we need to do now is cross the finish line and make sure we are doing so in sixth place. That is what we want, need and will get if we ensure we have the correct attitude and work rate. I'm sure of it. However, a tough run-in in the penultimate month of the season, April, will be a stern test. Results may have been confirmed, as may our fate, by the time this is being read but I simply cannot see Bristol, Barnsley, Sheffield United and Preston all being easy conflicts. Given the fact that all these teams could be tipped for promotion, our character will be tested. Can we do it? Yes. We've proven ourselves against some of these sides in the previous months of this season. Sheffield and Barnsley: we have a score to settle with them. Revenge for our suffering at their hands in front of a television audience would be sweet. Will we do it? Only our points tally come 3rd May will be an indicator of the answer. When it comes to the end of the year, I don't think I could possibly sit there pondering the 2014/15 season knowing that it has been and gone and we've got nothing out of it. We've been strong and exciting, performed with some magical displays. We've not only excelled ourselves as a football club – fans and players combined – but we've demonstrated our character as a city. We've challenged the elite and top-class with every goal and pass. I keep saying "We've" because I'm immensely proud of how far we have come as a club, as fans and as a city in these last two years. I feel there has been remarkable change; something we have desperately needed for years. I'll say it once and I will say it again and again: Phil Parkinson has changed Bradford City in ways the world’s best couldn't. Not only has he introduced a philosophy built upon passion and dedication and the quality of the player. His other theory was to base his side around personality and character. An interesting theory, yet one that has appeared to be successful. It's not the end if we don't make it. It's the end of the beginning. As fans of our wonderful club though, I'd rather not take a pessimistic approach towards the coming games. I'd rather take a more passionate, optimistic attitude towards them. I'm sure that wherever we finish, we can safely look back and raise a smile at what has been an incredible journey; a journey bringing both wonderful and woeful memories. Who'd have it any other way? I'll see you back here in August. Whether we will have Championship or League One status by then is still in doubt. This season has been the gift that keeps on giving: let's just hope it isn't in a rush to stop. THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 45 DEVELOPMENT AT BINGLEY CONGS CRICKET CLUB! ........................................................................................................................................... David Allen from the Bingley Congs Cricket Club updates us on the latest from the club including new exciting development plans as well as how they performed on the field last year! With the 2015 cricket season rapidly approaching, the club committee are pleased to announce exciting development plans for the forthcoming season. Top of our list of priorities is a tearoom extension to our existing pavilion, followed by internal reorganisation of the dressing rooms and existing tearoom area to incorporate updated dressing rooms with showers and toilets. Plans have been drawn up and submitted for planning approval, with work to be started once approval is given. On the field, in 2015 both first and second teams will have new captains – Mick Brooksbank of the first team and Jonny Teale of the second team. Senior team members have been holding indoor net sessions at Bradford and Bingley’s indoor nets since early February, with outdoor nets starting down at Beckfoot Lane on Tuesday nights in the two weeks before the season starts on 18th April. The first day of the season sees the first team away at Embsay whilst the second team will be at home to Airedale. In the Cup competitions, the first team will be at home to Chatburn on Sunday 10th May with the second team away to Sutton one week later. The second exciting development concerns an increase in the junior 46 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 teams the Congs will be running in 2015. In 2014 the Congs ran teams at under-17 level and a new team in the under-13 age group. For 2015, teams have been entered in the Upper Airedale Junior Cricket Association again at under 17 – Monday night matches – and under 13 – Sunday morning matches – with new teams at under 15 – Wednesday night games – and under nine, with game times still to be decided. The latter team will be formed from eager new players who have participated in the “Chance to Shine” school cricket coaching scheme, which the club became involved with for the first time earlier this year. These sessions are to be organised at Myrtle Park and Priestthorpe Primary Schools from late April onwards. The Club welcomes all returning or new players for senior and particularly junior teams. Any interested player or junior parent who would like further information on the opportunities available should contact Mick Brooksbank on 01274 510512 or 07904 680687, Chris Hemsley on 07887 891969 or David Allen on 07970 542850, or check the club’s websites at www.bingleycongregationals.playcricket.com or www.pitchero.com/clubs/bingleycongs cc Geoff Tynan Photography Full day small group Photo Tuition 2 people for price of 1 Landscape & Documentary Photography Photographer for “Shipley Shopping” Facebook page Saltaire Photo Walks - £10pp for 3 hours For print sales & workshops, Call Geoff on 01274 532020 / 07866 843664 www.geofftynanphotography.tumblr.com TULIPTOPPERS CRAFT SHOP Shipley’s leading independent craft store EXCITING CHANGES COMING! We are a craft shop like no other anyway, so when we announce that we are making changes to the shop you’ll be pleasantly surprised. Over the next few weeks, we are reorganising the shop to be featuring cards and prints of local scenes by local artists in addition to a good selection of bespoke handmade greetings cards and mini books! Come in and visit us today and we guarantee you’ll like the new Tuliptoppers - Ace of Craft! 28 Commercial Street. Shipley, Bradford, BD18 3SP www.tuliptoppers.co.uk ¦ 01274 591522 ¦ Find us on Facebook SHIPLEY SHOPPING The new community info page for Shipley! FIND US ON FACEBOOK! Shipley Shopping is a Facebook page which is updated several times daily to promote businesses in Shipley and surrounding areas! With a blend of news, views, gossip, business chat and much much more, give us a like to be a part of something special! READING CHARITY IN CALL FOR MORE VOLUNTEERS ........................................................................................................................................... Local charity, Reading Matters, are urgently on the lookout for volunteers to work in schools across Bradford and Shipley in order to support struggling readers. Reading Matters, a local literacy charity, urgently needs more adult volunteers to support children in Bradford schools who are reluctant and struggling readers. Reading Matters have been placing mentors in schools all over Yorkshire since 1997 and successful applicants will A reading mentor provides a young be given full training before being person with vital one-to-one literacy placed in a school. support and can make a big difference to their reading ability, confidence and self-esteem. If you are able to give up two hours of your time each week, enjoy engaging with children and love reading, then On average a child’s reading age will please contact Christine at Reading improve by 15 months after working with a reading mentor over a 10-week Matters on 01274 692219/07841 504374 period (one hour per week), and in some or email [email protected] cases by as much as four years! One reading mentor currently working in a Bradford school said: “It has been wonderful to see my reading partners improve and develop. They are now happy to read aloud in class and I know they are reading for pleasure at home.” 48 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 55 Bingley Road, Saltaire, BD18 4SB 01274 592280 [email protected] www.kmmaxfield.com Actively selling and letting in your area! Karen Maxfield has 20 years experience in selling houses locally in your area. She was the NAEA Young Estate Agent of the Year in 2005 in association with TTC training, and the First Lady President of Bradford & District Auctioneers & Estate Agents in 2010. Those that already know us are aware of our outstanding customer service. Whether you are thinking of selling or letting, Karen Maxfield, owner of KM Maxfield call us for a free valuation! Denture Problems? NEW DENTURES direct to the public REPAIRS, ADDITIONS & COMFORT BASES to existing dentures Dentistâ€™s Referrals WELCOME 1 HOUR REPAIR SERVICE AVAILABLE Fully Insured Registered with The General Dental Council A fast, friendly, high-quality service! Robert Morton Dental Technicians 4a Fair Road, Wibsey, Bradford, BD6 1QN 01274 674877 Due to popular demand, we’ve extended our opening times. High quality Icelandic haddock cooked freshly to order Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat - 4.00 - 8.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - 2.00 & 4.30 - 7.00 11.30 - Open all day - 7.00 11.30 - 1.30 - 599a Killinghall Road, Undercliffe, Bradford, BD2 4SJ The tramway was first opened to the public on 18th May 1895 and has remained one of Bradford’s most popular attractions. Step back in time and recapture bygone days. NOW OPEN SUNDAY AFTERNOONS 12-4pm COSTS JUST £1 PER RIDE (50p CONCESSIONS) CELEBRATING 150 YEARS OF PRINCE OF WALES PARK ........................................................................................................................................... Eldwick resident, Kate Hustler, who is also the Publicity Officer for the Friends of Prince of Wales Park, tells us about the fantastic history of the park which is now coming up to 150 years old! As an Eldwick resident I have always enjoyed walking through the Prince of Wales Park, particularly early in the morning during the summer months with my daughter. We would happily amble through the woodland gardens accompanied by our Jack Russell, swapping pleasantries with other dog walkers on our way to school. As I, like many others, have watched this public park become wilder, more neglected and increasingly vandalized over recent years, I was delighted when the Friends of the Prince of Wales Park Voluntary Group was established and addressed these problems, with overwhelming support from local residents and a fantastic fundraising network. Supporters set about tidying up this forgotten piece of land, showing a community spirit and sense of responsibility you could be forgiven for thinking had died out in recent times. In recent months, a steering group has emerged and Bingley is on course to get a new town council. According to the many signatures obtained in just three months (over the 10% of the electorate in the area stipulated), it seems that many residents want Bingley to move forward and want to get involved and have a say in what they need for their town. Protecting and enhancing public areas and historic buildings are two of a variety of important objectives that the residents have identified. The council’s voice hopes to allow people to try and regain some control of their town and amenities. This is evident in the growing numbers of voluntary groups such as the Friends of POWP. These energetic residents want to make Bingley stronger and more proactive in order to provide a richer place to live, in every way, to everyone. I have been lucky enough to speak to one of Bingley’s oldest living residents, Jack Bailey, who recounted his early recollections of the POW Park. He spoke about his father taking him there for nature walks on Sunday afternoons, as they were very poor and entertainment was limited. They walked up around the pathways that traversed and encircled the park, discussing what they saw. They would stop at an ornate stone water fountain and take a drink from metal cups that hung around it, which he said “were always there, never stolen or vandalised!” They always headed to the top of the park, where a plateau had been created from old quarrying operations. This was an area covered with sand, where they would play on two 52 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 large guns that had been put there after the war. He remembers also the re-erected Market House, Stone Cross and stocks. He recollects seeing the park as we do today: a wooded garden, a “natural place”, kept tidy by the park keeper and volunteers. Literature tells us that the early development of the Park had widespread support, with subscriptions mainly coming from working people, who also provided voluntary labour. The first turf was cut out on the 10th March 1863, the wedding day of the Prince of Wales, and the park was named after him. It officially opened on 6th June 1865. Fifteen thousand trees had been planted, 50 of those having been sent by the prince from Sandringham. Like Jack Bailey, many Bingley people have cherished memories of the park and the Friends group has received some fascinating archive material and photographs. Using this and other sources, Chairman Allan Mirfield has been able to put together a full and detailed history of the park over its 150-year history, which will be published later this year. It is a story of community effort and imagination that is truly inspiring for us in Bingley today. I am very happy to see the revival and improvement of our beloved Victorian park and the changes that are afoot to benefit everyone. Bingley Gilbert and Sullivan Society have been invited to sing The Mikado in an open-air concert to mark the Prince of Wales Park’s 150th anniversary, along with other exciting events on the 6th June 2015. I hope that this day will be remembered as the day the Prince Of Wales Park is acknowledged again as being one of Bingley’s most cherished assets and will continue to be enjoyed and preserved by generations to come. The Bingley Gilbert and Sullivan Society will be first performing their annual production of The Mikado at Bingley Arts Centre from the 20th–25th April 2015. Tickets are priced at £7– £14 and are on sale at Bingley Arts Centre Box Office on 01274 567983 or at www.ticketsource.co.uk/bingleyartscentre MPIKA RELIEF: A ZAMBIAN ODYSSEY ........................................................................................................................................... In a special one-off feature, local resident Bob Ford writes for us on the subject of his trip to Zambia to look first hand at the work of Keighley-based charity Mpika Relief. For new readers, another version of this appeared some seven years ago in a different publication to this one, so a brief introduction here might be advisable. Zambia was once called Northern Rhodesia, and it was Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) that Oldies like myself were referring to when we said “Rhodesia”. It seems the northern part was valued by colonial Britain for little more than its copper. The country’s anonymity continues to the present day: Zambia recently elected a new president, the last one having died on a health visit to England. Most news outlets here didn’t give it coverage. I would guess that a typical Englishman has barely heard of the country. So, why should I be trying to share my passion for Zambia with you? I do a bit here and there for a local charity called the Mpika Relief Fund, which celebrates its tenth anniversary in November last year. Money is raised by a group of volunteers to pay for an orphanage in Mpika, a town/village in the rural north of Zambia. The children, around 30 at present ranging from young babies to older teenagers, aren’t all literally orphans. They tend rather to be acutely disadvantaged by having lost part of the family, finding 54 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 themselves either with inadequate carers or in a highly dysfunctional situation where they are at risk. The orphanage was set up by Jennifer Musakanya, who trained as a midwife in Leeds, while the financial support is managed by June Martin from two shops in Denholme and Keighley. Those are the bare bones of the matter. I decided to see the orphanage for myself in 2007, and was duly amazed by how much can be done with so little money. I returned in 2012 to be stunned by the improvements so much in evidence. Buildings had been added to, with a dining and general purposes hall and offices, and the primary school extended. The whole enterprise to me seemed to have succeeded in combining loving, caring social purpose with ............................................................................................................................................................ business-like practicality. What we take for granted in Europe as a right, funded by taxation, in Zambia – and indeed much of Africa – is a precious commodity. There it can only be created by honest endeavour – sheer will power, if you like – and a Christian sense of children’s rights. It might not be exaggerating to assert that in some vital ways much of Zambia is where England was in, say, the 1880s. helping them in the process to become responsible citizens and part of the country’s future. Now to the Odyssey itself. On the day of my arrival in March 2012 I saw evidence of significant growth in prosperity since my earlier visit. A crowded shopping centre in the suburbs of the capital Lusaka was filled with new, or new-ish, parked cars. There was an air of prosperity I’d not previously seen. Later, when I got to Mpika, the essential features of the town centre – with its improvised, somewhat dilapidated market stalls and shop fronts – hadn’t changed much but there were new brick-built food stores, small but designed along “supermarket” lines, and most of the old cars, with doors barely hanging on, had gone, replaced by newer, better equipped ones. These were all significant external improvements, matching the internal ones within the orphanage. This is by no means the fault of the Zambian people. The country is, after all, a developing one, both status-wise and in actuality. The UK’s own input, outside of charity, is less than remarkable, given that we were not so long ago, as colonials, “owners”. Darker still is the fact that certain large UK businesses part-based or operative in Zambia owe billions of pounds in unpaid taxes. Sounds familiar, right? Maybe, but those billions could wipe out present poverty at a stroke. For the moment, however, it’s the charities that have to keep the children’s lives going, In reflective periods during my stay, I pondered on these and other similar THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 55 .............................................................................. observations. Did they, I wondered, indicate some turning of a corner in the direction of a near-future western-style consumerist paradise? Should charities in the UK, such as ours, soon stop raising money through donated old sofas and worn copies of bestsellers, and its volunteers lead normal lives instead? The answer, I decided after some brain-wrestling, had to be “no” – or at least, “not yet”. Zambia has long-term problems barely masked by the growth in personal wealth of some of its more affluent citizens. Birth rate is one of them. Government attempts to regulate the tide of early pregnancy will take years 56 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 to have a significant effect. Unemployment is another, with the consequent lack of state income from personal taxation – becoming apparent, now, in Britain – a chronic setback to infrastructural development. And let’s not forget the mega-scale tax evasion by foreign companies. This brings home the matter of poverty and neglect. Zambians, in common with Africans of other nations, are cheerful people while sometimes having little to be cheerful about. They tend to smile more readily than we English do. Far from being placid, they experience greater extremes of laughter and sadness. And they go at their own pace, or in “African time” as I have heard it called, which is somewhat slower than that demanded by the more ............................................................................................................................................................ Two experiences in 2013 served to illustrate for me the great extremes of the spectrum of Zambian rural life. First, I was privileged to visit a small farm connected with the orphanage, run by a family of about four adults with three or so children. They grew their own vegetables, kept pigs for meat, had no visible running water and cooked over a mechanised lifestyles of the West. More than all, they are friendly and welcoming. On both my visits, I’ve felt myself to be completely at home in the Mpika community. It goes without saying that the children are charming, whether or not their individual lives are blighted by Malaria, their parents’ HIV, or the simple lack of affordable schooling. It is they who are the main focus of English aid drives. At the Village of Hope Orphanage a primary school was established early on, but this prompted a future need for secondary education, which unlike in Europe doesn’t come free. Attempts to raise the money to build one last year stalled, but will no doubt be revived. The plans exist on paper, the land is there in Mpika for the asking; only the funds are now needed for a basic secondary education for all, especially those without means. A teenager not in school is one potentially at risk. fire. Their lives, integrated with the land, were remote from what might be termed mainstream society. Second, and by contrast, I had the opportunity to spend some hours in a boys’ secondary school back in Mpika town. Classes seemed to be on the large side (though so are many in England) but the Department of English Teaching had its own office and conducted itself along similar lines to its English equivalent. The school was laid out as one might expect, there was CCF training going on and, when I had a precious hour to teach a small group, they were wonderfully THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 57 ............................................................................................................................................................ receptive; keen to learn and progress in life. Both the farm and the school were for me highly educative experiences. I look forward to engaging even more with the young people, in the orphanage and at school, on my next visit. Let me conclude with a little anecdote. I took part, mainly as a spectator, in an evening get-together of orphanage and boarders, consisting of ritualised dancing to a single drum. It was highly enjoyable. More recently I marked an exam answer paper in English, set from this country, describing exactly what I’d witnessed at the orphanage, only set in a school classroom, and making other references 58 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 to the Zambezi River, stampeding elephants and “African Queens”, which taken altogether had “Zambia” stamped all over it. Reading and assessing that written answer was a moving moment. I was back where I sometimes feel I belong. Any readers who would like to learn more about the Mpika Relief Fund, or how to get involved, can contact June Martin on [email protected] or go to www.mpika.org. They’ll be made most welcome. LATEST NEWS FROM ALLERTON CAT RESCUE! Spring is in the air at last, folks, and we all want to be out in our gardens – including our cats. With the sights and smells of spring, they will delight you with mad bursts of play and spend longer periods outdoors being active. ........................................................................................................................................... Helen & Julia Sharp from Allerton Cat Rescue give us the latest on what is going on at the rescue and how people can help in their mission to rehome some of their longest residents. then become unwanted strays and end up in rescues. The other “joy” of spring for cats is the arrival of fleas, which can spread quickly and lodge themselves nicely in your soft furnishings if you leave your cats untreated. Take action now by Along with this they will shed their applying regular veterinarycoat more heavily. Daily brushing recommended flea control to avoid that really can make a difference, and not only to the pet hair that gets left behind scratching! in your house: they will also swallow Garden pesticides and fertilisers can also less hair while washing and are be poisonous to cats, as can these plants: therefore less likely to leave you that lilies, tulips, daffodils, azaleas and surprise hairball gift on your carpet! cyclamen, to name just a few. So if your cat is unwell and has been in the garden The days getting longer will stimulate please remember this. cats’ hormones and females will come into heat: they can get pregnant as Back to the rescue now: we have had a early as five or six months of age. A female can also become pregnant again FANTASTIC start to 2015 and rehomed 55 cats in the Jan/Feb period, including, while caring for her first litter! we are delighted to say, some of our longest residents. We cannot emphasise enough the importance of SPAYING/NEUTERING to prevent overpopulation of cats that 60 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 ............................................................................................................................................................ A BIG THANK YOU to each and every one of you that has helped us rehome this amazing amount of puddies so far this year. However, more cats have come into the rescue and we have an ever-increasing vets bill, now over ÂŁ5000. We need your help to enable us to carry on caring for and rehoming cats in the Bradford area. We are making an URGENT appeal for donations, however big or small. Whether itâ€™s money or other items, we will transform it to help our puddy cats. Donations can be sent by cheque to the rescue, or via Paypal: allertoncatrescuefundraising@hotmail. co.uk Or you could buy from our Amazon Wishlist: search for Allerton Cat Rescue. We also have our own shop inside Premier Furniture, Old Mill, Victoria Road, Eccleshill, Bradford BD2 2BH. There are some real bargains to be had here. If you are having a clear-out please consider donating to us. Find us on Facebook: facebook.com/allertoncatrescue Website: http://allertoncatrescue.co.uk THANK YOU from all the Allerton puddies Tessie and Timmy are both looking for homes and have been at the rescue over two years now - can you help? Tessie, female, 3 years old Tessie is rather a cutie. She's much more socialised than she used to be and gets along fine with other cats. She takes a little time to trust humans but once she does she's adorable. Tessie would just love for someone to take her home. Timmy, male, 4 years old Timmy came to us as a stray and now rather likes hanging out with the other cats on top of the cages. He can be a little timid, hence his name, but does have human contact. He needs someone who can nurture and love him: could that be you? THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 61 UPDATE FROM THE SCOPE DISABILITY CHARITY ........................................................................................................................................... Kathryn Sutcliffe from the Bradford Scope charity tells us more about how people can get involved with the charity locally and a bit about what they do for local disabled people. Scope in Bradford has worked in partnership with people with cerebral palsy and related disabilities within the Bradford area for over 50 years. We aim to enable our members to claim their rights, lead fulfilling and rewarding lives, and play a full part in society. We are also able to offer service, as raising funds is a real support to families and other carers challenge in the present economic conditions. We collect and maintain of disabled people. our boxes regularly and if anyone We support our membership with a could help us by allowing us to place a box on their premises we would be home visiting service within the Bradford area, or visits to the office very grateful. are welcome with prior arrangement. A regular newsletter Anyone who would like further is sent to all and we hold an annual information about joining our dinner and disco for older members. membership or who could offer to have a collecting box can contact us Under the terms of our grant-giving at the below address. The office is open Monday to Friday, 9.30am to criteria, we are able to offer small 2pm, or please leave a message on grants in certain circumstances. Scope in Bradford is managed by an our answerphone. Executive Committee which includes representatives of disabled people, parents and carers and nonContact Address: disabled people. 471 Great Horton Rd, Bradford, One of our main sources of income is to place collecting boxes in shops and other public places. We are always looking to increase this 62 THE LOCAL LEADER SPRING 2015 BD7 3DL Telephone: (01274) 576034 Find us at Unit 58 Kirkgate Market, Bradford, BD1 1TE 07590 549629 [email protected] www.thejokeshopltd.co.uk STORE OPEN: Mon-Sat 9am-5pm We have everything you need for a great party or event! Get all your costumes and accessories from The Joke Shop! FR E E PACKE FUN SNT OF Just m AP S entio 1 pa n Local L . ck per p We also sellâ€Ś Adultsâ€™ and Children's Fancy Dress and Costumes Wigs & Hats Stag & Hen Parties Greeting Cards & gifts Themed days (e.g. School Plays) Coloured Contact Lenses Masquerade Masks ead erson er.	i don't know
'Beatrice et Benedict' is an opera by Berlioz, based on which play by Shakespeare?	Hector Berlioz - Béatrice & Bénédict (1862) - "Nuit paisible" (Sylvia McNair & Catherine Robbin) - YouTube Hector Berlioz - Béatrice & Bénédict (1862) - "Nuit paisible" (Sylvia McNair & Catherine Robbin) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 1, 2009 "A caprice written with the point of a needle" - Berlioz on "Beatrice et Benedict". The comic opera "Beatrice et Benedict", based on a simplified version of the plot of Shakespeare's "Much ado about nothing" and composed between 1860 and 1862, was Berlioz's last major work and, though warmly received at the premiere at Baden-Baden, it never gained a place in the standard repertory. The plot, as it is usually with Shakespeare, is clearly drawn: Beatrice (mezzo-soprano, niece of the governor of Messina, Leonato) scorns the soldier Benedict (tenor) who returns her favors. Under the direction of Benedict's brothers-in-arms, Don Pedro (bass) and Claudio (baritone), the whole cast begins to float a rumor that the pair are actually madly in love with each other which leads both to question the nature of their dislike for each other. The plot culminates during Claudio's (baritone) and Hero's (soprano, daughter of Leonato) wedding where a second blank contract is produced and promptly and willingly signed by both the title heroes to the joy of all assembled. It would be all too difficult to describe my joy as I finally began listening to the opera which I have been eagerly awaiting to hear for quite some time. In some ways, the experience was well worth the long wait. Overall, I enjoyed it much more than, for example, "Cellini": refusing the brutality and extremes of the latter, "Beatrice" adopts a more elegant musical idiom, somewhat similar, in my opinion, to the wit of Rossini and the grace of Paisiello and Mozart, and, in fact, a more conservative musical language, thus, most numbers feature the familiar andante-allegro structure further aided by the inner energy of Berlioz's music. There is little altogether lacking in musical inspiration: even the pointless addition by Berlioz of the character of the music master, Somarone (bass), gives way to some of the most enchanting babble. One can note several obvious examples of Berlioz's generous music making, such as the suitably fresh entrance duet for the title heroes. If there is a problem with the work, it has to be the treatment of the main conflict itself: the plot to bring together the "lovers" of the title is thinly developed, thus, the final denouement is somewhat unsatisfying, as we have not been able to see the growth of felling between the ill-fated enemies (come to think of it, neither is Shakespeare's variant better). An additional hour of confusion for the heroes would have helped to make their final marriage more believable. Moreover, such a situation leads to a felling of constant omissions: for example, there is no logical duet between the lovers, as they confront each other and their feelings for each other near the end of the work. This underrepresentation does not, though, detract from the extreme charm of the piece and its great musical richness, quite the contrary: the overall effect is that of a work left unfinished by its creator but still offering much joy and thrill, almost demanding the question "How it could have been, if the composer were to continue?" The recording is an excellent one, featuring some truly outstanding female singing: John Nelson - Conductor, Don Pedro - Vincent Le Texier. Hope you'll enjoy :). P.S. I'm going to post some additional music tomorrow :). Category	Much Ado About Nothing
In 'The Beverley Hillbillies', what did 'Granny' call the swimming pool?	\| Brigham Young University May 15, 2011 \| Cecelia Fielding Share: Comment The Brigham Young University School of Music will present the two-act opera “Béatrice et Bénédict” by Hector Berlioz, based on William Shakespeare’s “Much Ado About Nothing,” Wednesday through Saturday, June 8-11, at 7:30 p.m. in the de Jong Concert Hall. Tickets are $6 on Wednesday and $10 on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, and can be purchased at byuarts.com/tickets or by calling the Fine Arts Ticket Office at (801) 422-4322. The opera tells the story of two quarrelling acquaintances who are tricked by their friends into falling in love with each other. The dialogue will be in English with songs being performed in French with English subtitles. According to director Arden Hopkin, the comic opera is set in Messina, Italy, where the town awaits the return of the Sicilian army from the Moorish wars. The governor’s daughter, Hero, is especially awaiting her betrothed, Claudio. Béatrice, her cousin, is staying with them. Bénédict, a lieutenant in the army, also returns in the company. “No sooner is the marriage [of Hero and Claudio] arranged than Béatrice and Bénédict begin to spar with each other in their ongoing battle of the sexes,” Hopkin said. “Amidst preparations for the wedding, the other characters hatch a plot to trick Béatrice and Bénédict into falling in love with each other.” The show is double-cast, and includes Annalise Belnap and Jennifer McKay as Béatrice, Jubal Joslyn and Justin Call as Bénédict, Shannon Fry and Laura Snow as Hero, Jordan Reynolds and Corey Bennett as Claudio, Jade Howard and Valerie Perkins as Ursule, Kevin Smith and David Petrucci as Don Pedro, and Brandtley Henderson and Ross Coughanour as characters Somarone and Leonato. Others on the production team include Auriela Joslyn, conductor; Lisa Elzey, production stage manager; Melissa DeGuire and Maria Schulte Gardner, costume designers; Marie Steck Johnson, makeup and hair designer; and Mike Handley, lighting designer. For more information, contact Arden Hopkin at (801) 422-3157 or email [email protected] . Writer: Mel Gardner	i don't know
What is the name of the daily broadsheet newspaper published in Leeds?	History of Newspapers by the NMA William Caxton sets up the first English printing press in Westminster. 1549 First known English newsletter: Requests of the Devonshyre and Cornyshe Rebelles. 1621 First titled newspaper, Corante, published in London. 1649 Cromwell suppressed all newsbooks on the eve of Charles I's execution. 1690 Worcester Postman launched. (In 1709 it starts regular publication as Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered to be the oldest surviving English newspaper). 1702 Launch of the first regular daily newspaper: The Daily Courant. 1709 First Copyright Act; Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered the oldest surviving English newspaper, started regular publication. 1712 First Stamp Act; advertisement, paper and stamp duties condemned as taxes on knowledge. Stamford Mercury believed to have been launched. 1717 The Kentish Post and Canterbury Newsletter launched. It took on its current name, Kentish Gazette, in 1768. 1718 Leeds Mercury started (later merged into Yorkshire Post). 1737 Belfast News Letter founded (world's oldest surviving daily newspaper). 1748 Aberdeen Journal began (Scotland's oldest newspaper - now the Press & Journal). 1772 Hampshire Chronicle launched, Hampshire's oldest paper. 1788 Daily Universal Register (est. 1785) became The Times. 1791 Harmsworth (then Northcliffe) bought The Observer. 1906 Newspaper Proprietors Association founded for national dailies. 1907 National Union of Journalists founded as a wage-earners union. 1915 Rothermere launched Sunday Pictorial (later Sunday Mirror). 1922 Death of Northcliffe. Control of Associated Newspapers passed to Rothermere. 1928 Northcliffe Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of Associated Newspapers. Provincial Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of United Newspapers. 1931 Audit Bureau of Circulations formed. 1936 Britain's first colour advertisement appears (in Glasgow's Daily Record). 1944 Iliffe took over BPM Holdings (including Birmingham Post). 1946 Guild of British Newspaper Editors formed (now the Society of Editors). 1953 General Council of the Press established. 1955 Month-long national press strike. Daily Record acquired by Mirror Group. 1959 Manchester Guardian becomes The Guardian. Six-week regional press printing strike. 1960 Photocomposition and web-offset printing progressively introduced. 1964 The Sun launched, replacing Daily Herald. Death of Beaverbrook. General Council of the Press reformed as the Press Council. 1969 Murdoch's News International acquired The Sun and News of the World. 1976 Nottingham Evening Post is Britain's first newspaper to start direct input by journalists. 1978 The Times and The Sunday Times ceased publication for 11 months. 1980 Association of Free Newspaper founded (folded 1991). Regional Newspaper Advertising Bureau formed. 1981 News International acquired The Times and the Sunday Times. 1983 Industrial dispute at Eddie Shah's Messenger group plant at Warrington. 1984 Mirror Group sold by Reed to Maxwell (Pergamon). First free daily newspaper, the (Birmingham) Daily News, launched by husband & wife team Chris & Pat Bullivant. 1986 News International moved titles to a new plant at Wapping. Eddie Shah launchedToday, first colour national daily launched. The Independent launched. 1987 News International took over Today. 1988 RNAB folded. Newspaper Society launched PressAd as its commercial arm. Thomson launched Scotland on Sunday and Sunday Life. 1989 Last Fleet Streetpaper produced by Sunday Express. 1990 First Calcutt report on Privacy and Related Matters. Launch of The European (by Maxwell) and Independent on Sunday. 1991 Press Complaints Commission replaced the Press Council. AFN folded. Death of Robert Maxwell (November). Management buy-out of Birmingham Post and sister titles. Midland Independent Newspapers established. 1992 Management buy-out by Caledonian Newspapers of Lonrho's Glasgow titles, The Herald and Evening Times. 1993 Guardian Media Group bought The Observer. UK News set up by Northcliffe and Westminster Press as rival news agency to the Press Association. Second Calcutt report into self-regulation of the press. 1994 Northcliffe Newspapers bought Nottingham Evening Post for £93m. News International price-cutting sparked off new national cover-price war. 1995 Lord Wakeham succeeded Lord McGregor as chairman of the PCC. Privacy white paper rejected statutory press controls. Most of Thomson's regional titles sold to Trinity. Newsquest formed out of a Reed MBO. Murdoch closes Today(November). 1996 A year of buyouts, mergers and restructuring in the regional press. Regionals win the battle over cross-media ownership (Broadcasting Act). Newspaper Society launches NS Marketing, replacing PressAd. 1997 Midland Independent Newspapers is bought by Mirror Group for £297 million. Human Rights and Data Protection bills are introduced. 1998 Fourth largest regional press publisher, United Provincial Newspapers, is sold in two deals: UPN Yorkshire and Lancashire newspapers sold to Regional Independent Media for £360m and United Southern Publications sold to Southnews for £47.5m. Southern Newspapers changes its name to Newscom, following acquisitions in Wales and the West (including UPN Wales in 1996). Death of Lord Rothermere. Chairmanship of Associated Newspapers passes to his son Jonathan Harmsworth. Death of David English, editor-in-chief of Daily Mailand chairman of the editors' code committee. 1999 Trinity merges with Mirror Group Newspapers in a deal worth £1.3 billion. Newsquest is bought by US publisher Gannett for £904 million. Portsmouth & Sunderland Newspapers is bought by Johnston Press for £266m. Major regional press groups launch electronic media alliances (eg, This is Britain, Fish4 sites.) Freedom of Information bill introduced. Associated launches London's free commuter daily, Metro. 2000 Newscom is sold to Newsquest Media Group for £444m, Adscene titles are sold to Southnews (£52m)and Northcliffe Newspapers, Belfast Telegraph Newspapers are sold by Trinity Mirror to Independent News & Media for £300m, Bristol United Press is sold to Northcliffe Newspapers Group, and Southnews is sold to Trinity Mirror for £285m. Daily Express and Daily Star are sold by Lord Hollick's United News & Media to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell. Launch of Scottish business daily Business a.m. and more Metro daily frees. Newspaper Society launches internet artwork delivery system AdFast. Communications white paper published. 2001 RIM buys six Galloway and Stornaway Gazette titles, Newsquest buys Dimbleby Newspaper Group and Johnston Press buys four titles from Morton Media Group. UK Publishing Media formed. Sunday Business changes name to The Businessand publishes on Sunday and Monday. 2002 Johnston Press acquires Regional Independent Media's 53 regional newspaper titles in a £560 million deal. Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd acquires Hill Bros (Leek) Ltd. Queen attends Newspaper Society annual lunch. New PCC chairman, Christopher Meyer, announced. Draft Communications Bill published. The Sunand Mirror engage in a price war. 2003 Conrad Black resigns as chief executive of Hollinger International, owner of Telegraph group. Claverly Company, owner of Midland News Association, buys Guiton Group, publisher of regional titles in the Channel Islands. Archant buys 12 London weekly titles from Independent News & Media (December) and the remaining 15 the following month (January 04). Independent begins the shift to smaller format national newspapers when it launched its compact edition. Sir Christopher Meyer becomes chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. DCMS select committee chaired by Gerald Kaufman into privacy and the press. Government rejects calls for a privacy law. 2004 Phillis Report on Government Communications published (January). Barclay Brothers buy Telegraph group and poach Murdoch Maclennan from Associated to run it. Kevin Beatty moves from Northcliffe Newspapers to run Associated Newspapers. Trinity Mirror sells Century Newspapers and Derry Journal in Northern Ireland to 3i. Tindle Newspapers sells Sunday Independent in Plymouth to Newsquest. The Times goes compact (November). 2005 Johnston Press buys Score Press from EMAP for £155m. Launch of free Liteeditions for London Evening Standard and Manchester Evening News. The Timesputs up cover price to 60p, marking the end of the nationals’ price war. The Guardian moves to Berliner format after £80m investment in new presses. DMGT puts Northcliffe Newspapers up for sale; bids expected to open at £1.2 billion. Johnston Press buys Scotsman Publications from Barclay Brothers for £160m. 2006 DMGT sale of Northcliffe group aborted but DC Thomson acquires Aberdeen Press & Journal. Trinity Mirror strategic review: Midlands and South East titles put up for sale. Growth of regional press digital platforms. Manchester Evening Newscity edition goes free. Government threat to limit Freedom of Information requests. Associated and News International both launch free evening papers in London during the autumn. 2007 Archant Scotland acquired by Johnston Press. Northcliffe Media buys three regional newspaper businesses from Trinity Mirror; Kent Regional Newspapers, East Surrey and Sussex Newspapers and Blackmore Vale Publishing. Dunfermline Press Group acquires Berkshire Regional Newspapers from Trinity Mirror. Tindle Newspapers buys 27 local weekly newspapers from Trinity Mirror which retains its Midlands titles. The government abandons plans to tighten Freedom of Information laws and limit media access to coroners’ courts. Former Hollinger International chief executive Conrad Black is sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for fraud. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation buys Dow Jones, owner of the Wall Street Journal, appointing News International boss Les Hinton as chief executive. 2008 The global economic downturn hit advertising revenues and shares of media companies fell sharply during the year. John Fry was announced as Tim Bowdler’s successor at Johnston Press in September. The Independentannounced a plan to move to DMGT’s Kensington building to cut costs in November. The BBC Trust rejected plans for local video that would have a negative impact on regional titles in the same month following a sustained campaign by the NS. 2009 Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev acquires the London Evening Standardfrom Daily Mail & General Trust and the title is subsequently relaunched as a free newspaper. Baroness Peta Buscombe is appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. 2010 Britain officially emerges from the longest and deepest recession since the war. Lebedev acquires the Independent and Independent on Sunday from Independent News & Media for a nominal fee of £1. Trinity Mirror acquires GMG Regional Media, publisher of 32 titles, from Guardian Media Group for £44.8 million. News International erects paywalls around its online content for The Times and The Sunday Times. Eleven regional print titles are launched by seven publishers in the first six months of the year. Newly-elected coalition government announces it will look at the case for relaxing cross-media ownership rules and stop unfair competition from council newspapers. The Independent launches i, a digest newspaper to complement their main title, and the first daily paper to be launched in the UK in almost 25 years. 2011 In April, following campaigning by the NS and the industry, a revised Local Authority Publicity Code came into effect to crack down on council newspapers. In July, The News of The World was closed after 168 years of publication. The Prime Minister announced an inquiry led by Lord Justice Leveson into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. In October, Lord Hunt of Wirral was appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. Five regional daily titles switched to weekly during the year. Local cross media ownership rules were abolished. Kent Messenger Group’s proposed acquisition of seven Northcliffeweekly titles was referred to the Competition Commission by the OFT forcing the deal to be abandoned. Northcliffe Media announced the subsequent closure of Medway News and the East Kent Gazette. 2012 The London 2012 Olympics and Diamond Jubilee saw national and local press titles produce a host of supplements, special editions and other initiatives in digital and print to help their readers celebrate the events. In November, the press industry came together to progress plans for a new, tougher, independent system of self regulation following publication of Lord Justice Leveson's report into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. MailOnline became the world's biggest newspaper website with 45.348 million unique users. The creation of a new local media business Local World was announced. Led by former chief executive of publishers Mecom and Mirror Group David Montgomery, Local World is created from the newspapers and websites of Northcliffe Media and Iliffe News & Media. 2013 Significant progress was made by the newspaper and magazine industry in setting up the Independent Press Standards Organisation - the new regulator for the press called for by Lord Justice Leveson. More than 90 per cent of the national press, the vast majority of the regional press, along with major magazine publishers, signed contracts to establish IPSO. Led by Sir Hayden Phillips, the independent appointments procedures were well underway, with the regulator due to launch on 1 May 2014. Politicians, publishers and press freedom organisations from across the globe railed against the Government's Royal Charter for press regulation which Culture Secretary Maria Miller admitted could become redundant if IPSO was successful. The Guardian prompted heated debate over the issue of mass surveillance after publishing a series of stories based on information leaked by the US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden. The local press was widely praised for its coverage of floods which blighted communities with Prime Minister David Cameron singling out the Eastern Daily Press in particular. Local papers created thousands of jobs distributing Regional Growth Fund cash to small businesses. 2014 A new voice for the £6 billion national, regional and local UK news media sector was launched in the form of the News Media Association, formed by the merger of the Newspaper Society and the Newspaper Publishers’ Association. In a climate of grave threats to press freedom, the importance of newspaper journalism was highlighted through stories such as The Times’ exposure of the Rotherham abuse scandal and The Yorkshire Post’s Loneliness campaign. The Independent Press Standards Organisation, the new press regulator, launched in September with the vast majority of local and national publishers signed up to it. 2015 In October 2015, Trinity Mirror announced the acquisition of Local World for £220 million, demonstrating the publisher’s firm belief in the future of local news media. Newspapers grew their UK monthly print and online reach to more than 47 million people, more than Google’s 45 million, with newsbrands driving nearly a billion social media interactions over the course of the year. The importance of news media in holding power to account was emphasised through agenda agenda-setting campaigns such as The Sunday Times’ exposure of corruption within football world governing body Fifa and Sunday Life’s hard hitting campaign to expose and abolish the cruel practice of illegal puppy farming.	The Yorkshire Post
Who composed 'On Hearing The First Cuckoo In Spring'?	History of Newspapers by the NMA William Caxton sets up the first English printing press in Westminster. 1549 First known English newsletter: Requests of the Devonshyre and Cornyshe Rebelles. 1621 First titled newspaper, Corante, published in London. 1649 Cromwell suppressed all newsbooks on the eve of Charles I's execution. 1690 Worcester Postman launched. (In 1709 it starts regular publication as Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered to be the oldest surviving English newspaper). 1702 Launch of the first regular daily newspaper: The Daily Courant. 1709 First Copyright Act; Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered the oldest surviving English newspaper, started regular publication. 1712 First Stamp Act; advertisement, paper and stamp duties condemned as taxes on knowledge. Stamford Mercury believed to have been launched. 1717 The Kentish Post and Canterbury Newsletter launched. It took on its current name, Kentish Gazette, in 1768. 1718 Leeds Mercury started (later merged into Yorkshire Post). 1737 Belfast News Letter founded (world's oldest surviving daily newspaper). 1748 Aberdeen Journal began (Scotland's oldest newspaper - now the Press & Journal). 1772 Hampshire Chronicle launched, Hampshire's oldest paper. 1788 Daily Universal Register (est. 1785) became The Times. 1791 Harmsworth (then Northcliffe) bought The Observer. 1906 Newspaper Proprietors Association founded for national dailies. 1907 National Union of Journalists founded as a wage-earners union. 1915 Rothermere launched Sunday Pictorial (later Sunday Mirror). 1922 Death of Northcliffe. Control of Associated Newspapers passed to Rothermere. 1928 Northcliffe Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of Associated Newspapers. Provincial Newspapers set up as a subsidiary of United Newspapers. 1931 Audit Bureau of Circulations formed. 1936 Britain's first colour advertisement appears (in Glasgow's Daily Record). 1944 Iliffe took over BPM Holdings (including Birmingham Post). 1946 Guild of British Newspaper Editors formed (now the Society of Editors). 1953 General Council of the Press established. 1955 Month-long national press strike. Daily Record acquired by Mirror Group. 1959 Manchester Guardian becomes The Guardian. Six-week regional press printing strike. 1960 Photocomposition and web-offset printing progressively introduced. 1964 The Sun launched, replacing Daily Herald. Death of Beaverbrook. General Council of the Press reformed as the Press Council. 1969 Murdoch's News International acquired The Sun and News of the World. 1976 Nottingham Evening Post is Britain's first newspaper to start direct input by journalists. 1978 The Times and The Sunday Times ceased publication for 11 months. 1980 Association of Free Newspaper founded (folded 1991). Regional Newspaper Advertising Bureau formed. 1981 News International acquired The Times and the Sunday Times. 1983 Industrial dispute at Eddie Shah's Messenger group plant at Warrington. 1984 Mirror Group sold by Reed to Maxwell (Pergamon). First free daily newspaper, the (Birmingham) Daily News, launched by husband & wife team Chris & Pat Bullivant. 1986 News International moved titles to a new plant at Wapping. Eddie Shah launchedToday, first colour national daily launched. The Independent launched. 1987 News International took over Today. 1988 RNAB folded. Newspaper Society launched PressAd as its commercial arm. Thomson launched Scotland on Sunday and Sunday Life. 1989 Last Fleet Streetpaper produced by Sunday Express. 1990 First Calcutt report on Privacy and Related Matters. Launch of The European (by Maxwell) and Independent on Sunday. 1991 Press Complaints Commission replaced the Press Council. AFN folded. Death of Robert Maxwell (November). Management buy-out of Birmingham Post and sister titles. Midland Independent Newspapers established. 1992 Management buy-out by Caledonian Newspapers of Lonrho's Glasgow titles, The Herald and Evening Times. 1993 Guardian Media Group bought The Observer. UK News set up by Northcliffe and Westminster Press as rival news agency to the Press Association. Second Calcutt report into self-regulation of the press. 1994 Northcliffe Newspapers bought Nottingham Evening Post for £93m. News International price-cutting sparked off new national cover-price war. 1995 Lord Wakeham succeeded Lord McGregor as chairman of the PCC. Privacy white paper rejected statutory press controls. Most of Thomson's regional titles sold to Trinity. Newsquest formed out of a Reed MBO. Murdoch closes Today(November). 1996 A year of buyouts, mergers and restructuring in the regional press. Regionals win the battle over cross-media ownership (Broadcasting Act). Newspaper Society launches NS Marketing, replacing PressAd. 1997 Midland Independent Newspapers is bought by Mirror Group for £297 million. Human Rights and Data Protection bills are introduced. 1998 Fourth largest regional press publisher, United Provincial Newspapers, is sold in two deals: UPN Yorkshire and Lancashire newspapers sold to Regional Independent Media for £360m and United Southern Publications sold to Southnews for £47.5m. Southern Newspapers changes its name to Newscom, following acquisitions in Wales and the West (including UPN Wales in 1996). Death of Lord Rothermere. Chairmanship of Associated Newspapers passes to his son Jonathan Harmsworth. Death of David English, editor-in-chief of Daily Mailand chairman of the editors' code committee. 1999 Trinity merges with Mirror Group Newspapers in a deal worth £1.3 billion. Newsquest is bought by US publisher Gannett for £904 million. Portsmouth & Sunderland Newspapers is bought by Johnston Press for £266m. Major regional press groups launch electronic media alliances (eg, This is Britain, Fish4 sites.) Freedom of Information bill introduced. Associated launches London's free commuter daily, Metro. 2000 Newscom is sold to Newsquest Media Group for £444m, Adscene titles are sold to Southnews (£52m)and Northcliffe Newspapers, Belfast Telegraph Newspapers are sold by Trinity Mirror to Independent News & Media for £300m, Bristol United Press is sold to Northcliffe Newspapers Group, and Southnews is sold to Trinity Mirror for £285m. Daily Express and Daily Star are sold by Lord Hollick's United News & Media to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell. Launch of Scottish business daily Business a.m. and more Metro daily frees. Newspaper Society launches internet artwork delivery system AdFast. Communications white paper published. 2001 RIM buys six Galloway and Stornaway Gazette titles, Newsquest buys Dimbleby Newspaper Group and Johnston Press buys four titles from Morton Media Group. UK Publishing Media formed. Sunday Business changes name to The Businessand publishes on Sunday and Monday. 2002 Johnston Press acquires Regional Independent Media's 53 regional newspaper titles in a £560 million deal. Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd acquires Hill Bros (Leek) Ltd. Queen attends Newspaper Society annual lunch. New PCC chairman, Christopher Meyer, announced. Draft Communications Bill published. The Sunand Mirror engage in a price war. 2003 Conrad Black resigns as chief executive of Hollinger International, owner of Telegraph group. Claverly Company, owner of Midland News Association, buys Guiton Group, publisher of regional titles in the Channel Islands. Archant buys 12 London weekly titles from Independent News & Media (December) and the remaining 15 the following month (January 04). Independent begins the shift to smaller format national newspapers when it launched its compact edition. Sir Christopher Meyer becomes chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. DCMS select committee chaired by Gerald Kaufman into privacy and the press. Government rejects calls for a privacy law. 2004 Phillis Report on Government Communications published (January). Barclay Brothers buy Telegraph group and poach Murdoch Maclennan from Associated to run it. Kevin Beatty moves from Northcliffe Newspapers to run Associated Newspapers. Trinity Mirror sells Century Newspapers and Derry Journal in Northern Ireland to 3i. Tindle Newspapers sells Sunday Independent in Plymouth to Newsquest. The Times goes compact (November). 2005 Johnston Press buys Score Press from EMAP for £155m. Launch of free Liteeditions for London Evening Standard and Manchester Evening News. The Timesputs up cover price to 60p, marking the end of the nationals’ price war. The Guardian moves to Berliner format after £80m investment in new presses. DMGT puts Northcliffe Newspapers up for sale; bids expected to open at £1.2 billion. Johnston Press buys Scotsman Publications from Barclay Brothers for £160m. 2006 DMGT sale of Northcliffe group aborted but DC Thomson acquires Aberdeen Press & Journal. Trinity Mirror strategic review: Midlands and South East titles put up for sale. Growth of regional press digital platforms. Manchester Evening Newscity edition goes free. Government threat to limit Freedom of Information requests. Associated and News International both launch free evening papers in London during the autumn. 2007 Archant Scotland acquired by Johnston Press. Northcliffe Media buys three regional newspaper businesses from Trinity Mirror; Kent Regional Newspapers, East Surrey and Sussex Newspapers and Blackmore Vale Publishing. Dunfermline Press Group acquires Berkshire Regional Newspapers from Trinity Mirror. Tindle Newspapers buys 27 local weekly newspapers from Trinity Mirror which retains its Midlands titles. The government abandons plans to tighten Freedom of Information laws and limit media access to coroners’ courts. Former Hollinger International chief executive Conrad Black is sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for fraud. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation buys Dow Jones, owner of the Wall Street Journal, appointing News International boss Les Hinton as chief executive. 2008 The global economic downturn hit advertising revenues and shares of media companies fell sharply during the year. John Fry was announced as Tim Bowdler’s successor at Johnston Press in September. The Independentannounced a plan to move to DMGT’s Kensington building to cut costs in November. The BBC Trust rejected plans for local video that would have a negative impact on regional titles in the same month following a sustained campaign by the NS. 2009 Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev acquires the London Evening Standardfrom Daily Mail & General Trust and the title is subsequently relaunched as a free newspaper. Baroness Peta Buscombe is appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. 2010 Britain officially emerges from the longest and deepest recession since the war. Lebedev acquires the Independent and Independent on Sunday from Independent News & Media for a nominal fee of £1. Trinity Mirror acquires GMG Regional Media, publisher of 32 titles, from Guardian Media Group for £44.8 million. News International erects paywalls around its online content for The Times and The Sunday Times. Eleven regional print titles are launched by seven publishers in the first six months of the year. Newly-elected coalition government announces it will look at the case for relaxing cross-media ownership rules and stop unfair competition from council newspapers. The Independent launches i, a digest newspaper to complement their main title, and the first daily paper to be launched in the UK in almost 25 years. 2011 In April, following campaigning by the NS and the industry, a revised Local Authority Publicity Code came into effect to crack down on council newspapers. In July, The News of The World was closed after 168 years of publication. The Prime Minister announced an inquiry led by Lord Justice Leveson into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. In October, Lord Hunt of Wirral was appointed chairman of the Press Complaints Commission. Five regional daily titles switched to weekly during the year. Local cross media ownership rules were abolished. Kent Messenger Group’s proposed acquisition of seven Northcliffeweekly titles was referred to the Competition Commission by the OFT forcing the deal to be abandoned. Northcliffe Media announced the subsequent closure of Medway News and the East Kent Gazette. 2012 The London 2012 Olympics and Diamond Jubilee saw national and local press titles produce a host of supplements, special editions and other initiatives in digital and print to help their readers celebrate the events. In November, the press industry came together to progress plans for a new, tougher, independent system of self regulation following publication of Lord Justice Leveson's report into the role of the press and police in the phone-hacking scandal. MailOnline became the world's biggest newspaper website with 45.348 million unique users. The creation of a new local media business Local World was announced. Led by former chief executive of publishers Mecom and Mirror Group David Montgomery, Local World is created from the newspapers and websites of Northcliffe Media and Iliffe News & Media. 2013 Significant progress was made by the newspaper and magazine industry in setting up the Independent Press Standards Organisation - the new regulator for the press called for by Lord Justice Leveson. More than 90 per cent of the national press, the vast majority of the regional press, along with major magazine publishers, signed contracts to establish IPSO. Led by Sir Hayden Phillips, the independent appointments procedures were well underway, with the regulator due to launch on 1 May 2014. Politicians, publishers and press freedom organisations from across the globe railed against the Government's Royal Charter for press regulation which Culture Secretary Maria Miller admitted could become redundant if IPSO was successful. The Guardian prompted heated debate over the issue of mass surveillance after publishing a series of stories based on information leaked by the US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden. The local press was widely praised for its coverage of floods which blighted communities with Prime Minister David Cameron singling out the Eastern Daily Press in particular. Local papers created thousands of jobs distributing Regional Growth Fund cash to small businesses. 2014 A new voice for the £6 billion national, regional and local UK news media sector was launched in the form of the News Media Association, formed by the merger of the Newspaper Society and the Newspaper Publishers’ Association. In a climate of grave threats to press freedom, the importance of newspaper journalism was highlighted through stories such as The Times’ exposure of the Rotherham abuse scandal and The Yorkshire Post’s Loneliness campaign. The Independent Press Standards Organisation, the new press regulator, launched in September with the vast majority of local and national publishers signed up to it. 2015 In October 2015, Trinity Mirror announced the acquisition of Local World for £220 million, demonstrating the publisher’s firm belief in the future of local news media. Newspapers grew their UK monthly print and online reach to more than 47 million people, more than Google’s 45 million, with newsbrands driving nearly a billion social media interactions over the course of the year. The importance of news media in holding power to account was emphasised through agenda agenda-setting campaigns such as The Sunday Times’ exposure of corruption within football world governing body Fifa and Sunday Life’s hard hitting campaign to expose and abolish the cruel practice of illegal puppy farming.	i don't know
On which island is the country of Brunei?	Brunei Map / Geography of Brunei / Map of Brunei - Worldatlas.com Print this map The small country of Brunei Darussalam is situated on the northwestern edge of the island of Borneo, an island that is also a part of Indonesia and Malaysia . In fact, it once controlled much of Borneo, as well as the southern Philippines , and its regional influence peaked by the end of the 17th Century. The country entered a period of decline caused by internal fighting over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and local piracy, and in 1578 was overrun by Spanish forces. By the 19th century much of Brunei's territory was lost to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, and the signing of the Treaty of Protection enabled Britain control of the country's external affairs. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, following a dispute over who the rightful Sultan was, and remained as such for nearly a hundred years. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Brunei, completely demolishing the country's economy, and sparking fires on the oil wells of Seria. Following the war a new government was formed under the British , and a new constitution was written in 1959. The people of Brunei began to grow restless with their new government, and in 1962 formed an uprising against the British forces. Quickly subdued by the United Kingdom , it wasn't until 1984 that Brunei gained complete independence from British ruling. The following decades saw significant economic growth, and Brunei has been remodeled into an industrialized nation. The country benefits from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, and this tax-free haven's citizens enjoy one of the highest (per capita) GDPs in the world. Politically, the same family has ruled the country of Brunei for over six centuries, and its legal system is based on English common law, with Islamic shariah law overruling in certain instances. Tourists to Brunei speak endlessly of the grand mosques, quiet river journeys and the virgin rainforests that cover over 70% of the nation's land, all of which cannot be missed if you choose to travel to this unique country. See Also	Borneo
Who is the only Scot to be elected European Footballer of the Year?	Brunei Darussalam country brief - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Brunei Darussalam country brief Brunei Darussalam country brief Overview The Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam is situated on the northwest coast of the island of Borneo. The capital, Bandar Seri Begawan, lies inland on the Brunei River. Brunei occupies 5,765 square kilometres and is divided into two parts, both of which are surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Relatively little of Brunei's landmass is cultivated and around 60 per cent is covered by primary forest. Brunei's coastline stretches for 161 kilometres along the South China Sea. Brunei's tropical climate is hot, humid and rainy. The average annual temperature is 27.1°C and the country receives an average of almost 2.9 metres of rain annually. The population of Brunei is estimated at 406,000 (Brunei Economic Development Board), about 67 per cent of whom are ethnic Malay. A further 15 per cent are ethnic Chinese and about three per cent are Indigenous. The relatively large population of foreign contract workers is drawn from Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, as well as from South Asia. Bruneian Malay is the official language, although a sizeable minority speak Chinese dialects and English is widely used in commerce, education and government. The local variety of Malay (Kedayan or Bukit Malay) is different from standard Malay. Islam is the official religion of Brunei Darussalam and the Islamic faith permeates the social and cultural fabric of the country. There are minority groups of Buddhists, Christians, Hindus and a small number of people who practise indigenous religions. Political overview Brunei's National Day is 23 February, a date which traditionally marks Brunei’s achievement of full independence from Britain. Its political structures are informed by the national philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), or Malay Islamic Monarchy. System of Government Brunei is constitutionally an absolute monarchy. It is ruled by the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, who is both the Head of State and the Prime Minister. He is also the Head of the Islamic faith in Brunei. His Majesty is the 29th Sultan in one of the oldest continuous hereditary royal lines in the world. The Sultan's eldest son, His Royal Highness Prince Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, was proclaimed Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam and heir to the throne of Brunei on 10 August 1998. Political history Brunei achieved internal self-government in 1959 following a period of British rule when Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (the father of the present Sultan) assumed executive authority. However, under Brunei's first Constitution written in 1959, the country's foreign relations remained under Britain's control. On 4 October 1967, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III abdicated in favour of his 21 year-old eldest son, the present Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III passed away on 7 September 1986. In the District Council elections in July-August 1962, the Brunei People's Party (PRB) won 54 of the 55 seats. Then, in a September 1962 poll dominated by the PRB's campaign against Brunei's proposed absorption into the planned Malaysian Federation, the PRB won all the elected seats in the Legislative Council. The Sultan delayed convening the Legislative Council and affirmed his intention to take Brunei into Malaysia. In December the military wing of the PRB revolted. The revolt was rapidly quelled with the assistance of British troops, its leaders forced into exile and the PRB banned. The elective provisions of the Constitution were suspended and no elections have been held since. Brunei ultimately declined to join the Malayan Federation due to disagreements over financial arrangements and difficulties in determining the rank of the Sultan among the Malay rulers. Under a November 1971 agreement, Brunei obtained full internal autonomy and ceased to be a protected state. Britain continued, however, to retain responsibility for Brunei's foreign relations and accepted a potential role in Brunei's defence. The two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1979, terminating the 1971 agreement. They also committed to realising full independence for Brunei in 1984. His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei declared Brunei's political independence from Britain on 1 January 1984, with independence achieved on 23 February 1984. In 1984, Brunei's Government was restructured into a formal ministerial system with the Sultan as Prime Minister. The Sultan also serves as Minister of Defence and Minister of Finance. He is advised by, and presides over, four policy councils: the Council of Cabinet Ministers, the Legislative Council, the Privy Council and the Religious Council. The Sultan appoints the members of each of these Councils. After a 20 year hiatus, the Sultan reconvened the Brunei Legislative Council on 25 September 2004, appointing 21 members. His Majesty then appointed a new Council with 29 members in September 2005. A 24 member Legislative Council was appointed for a five year term on 1 June 2011. The Crown Prince, His Royal Highness Prince Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, holds the position of Senior Minister of the Prime Minister's Office. The Sultan's brother, His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, is the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The thirteen other Cabinet Ministers are not members of the royal family. Brunei has one legal political party, the Parti Pembangunan Bangsa (National Development Party or NDP), which is small and has limited activity. Brunei's judicial system reflects the strong influence of British common law. The Supreme Court comprises the High Court and the Court of Appeals, while the Subordinate Court consists of the Magistrates' Courts. The Chief Justice and Judges of Brunei's Supreme Court are sworn in by the monarch for three-year terms. In civil cases only, there is an avenue of appeal from the Court of Appeal of Brunei to the Sultan. By arrangement with the Queen of England, these appeals are heard by the UK’s Privy Council on behalf of the Sultan. Until 2014, the jurisdiction of the Islamic Courts, which coexist with the Supreme Court, was limited to family law and property matters for Muslims such as inheritance. In October 2013, the Sultan announced that a Syariah Penal Code would be phased in from April 2014. Under the Code, the jurisdiction of the Islamic Courts will expand to deal with offences and penalties prescribed in the Code. These offences include, but are not limited to, apostasy (abandonment of Islam), robbery, rape and murder. Penalties include, but are not limited to, death and corporal punishment. The Code will mainly apply to Muslims, however non-Muslims may also be charged under the Code for certain offences including, but not limited to, drinking alcohol in public and adultery committed with a Muslim. The royal family retains a venerated position within the country and adverse comment regarding royal family matters is forbidden in Brunei. Foreign policy Brunei's foreign policy aims to promote national policies through bilateral and multilateral forums, by encouraging cooperation in all fields. The goal is to contribute towards peace, security, stability and prosperity in the region, particularly by fostering deeper understanding among countries. To this end, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) remains the cornerstone of Brunei's foreign policy. Brunei became a member of ASEAN in 1984. Brunei chaired ASEAN and the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2013. The guiding principles of Brunei's foreign policy include: mutual respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty, independence and national identity of all nations; recognition of the equality of all nations large and small; non-interference in internal affairs; peaceful settlement of disputes and cooperation for mutual benefit. Brunei is active in a range of regional and multilateral forums, including Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting Plus (ADMM+), the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), the Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC), and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and joined the United Nations (UN) when it became independent in 1984. Brunei is a party to the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4), which entered into force in 2006, and also involves Chile, New Zealand and Singapore. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement negotiations, which also include Australia, the United States, Peru, Vietnam, Malaysia, Canada, Mexico and Japan in addition to the P4 members, seek to build on this Agreement. Australia and ASEAN will celebrate their 40th Anniversary of relations in 2014. Bilateral relations Australia and Brunei enjoy a warm relationship dating back to well before 1959, when Brunei achieved internal self-government. The relationship has strengthened in recent years, with growing links across a range of areas including defence and security, education and trade. Brunei is an important partner for Australia in the Commonwealth, APEC, the EAS, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement negotiations, and multilateral organisations such as the UN and WTO. Brunei was the ASEAN Coordinator in negotiations for the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA), which was signed in Thailand on 27 February 2009 and entered into force on 1 January 2010. In June 2005, Brunei's Foreign Minister, His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, agreed to an Australian proposal to erect a permanent memorial to mark the 1945 landings in Brunei of the Australian force, which ended Japanese occupation and commenced reconstruction. A delegation of Australian veterans, led by then Minister for Veterans Affairs, the Hon Alan Griffin , travelled to Brunei to attend the inauguration ceremony for the memorial in December 2008. People to people links Australia is developing a strong education and training relationship with Brunei. It is keen to facilitate linkages between Australian and Bruneian education institutions, including increasing the number of Bruneian students undertaking Australian tertiary courses. Defence and security links Australia has a solid Defence relationship with Brunei, with avenues of engagement including strategic dialogue, bilateral military exercises and technical assistance. Military exercises conducted with the Royal Brunei Armed Forces include reciprocal army and navy exercises. Australia also provides some training and military expertise. On 15 February 2005, Australia and Brunei signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism during the visit to Australia by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei. The MOU provides for cooperation on customs, finance, immigration, intelligence, law enforcement, security and transport. During the former Australian Federal Police Commissioner Mick Keelty's visit to Brunei in May 2008, the two countries signed an MOU on combating Transnational Crime and Developing Police Cooperation. Economic overview Brunei's small, high-income, open economy is underpinned by revenue from the oil and gas sector, with per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over US$40,800 in 2013. In 2012, oil and gas accounted for around 67 per cent of Brunei's GDP. Brunei's extensive foreign investments form a large, yet unreported contribution to the national budget. Small scale manufacturers and primary production (including agriculture, fisheries and forestry) make up the rest of Brunei's economy. Brunei imports nearly all of its major manufactured products and about 80 per cent of its total food requirements. Despite Brunei's high dependence on oil and gas, this sector employs only three per cent of the workforce. The public sector is by far the largest employer of Brunei's population, providing employment for over half the workforce. Brunei has a low tariff regime and no capital gains or personal income tax, although private businesses pay company tax. Company tax for oil and gas exploration and production companies is 55 per cent. For all other companies it is 22 per cent. Brunei's monetary policy and banking regulation is administered by the Brunei Monetary Authority (AMBD), created in 2011, and the Brunei Dollar (BND) is pegged to the Singapore Dollar. Both currencies are legal tender in Brunei and Singapore. The Brunei Government is working towards diversifying the economy away from heavy dependence on oil and gas, by promoting private non-energy sector development and attracting more non-oil and gas related investment. The Brunei Economic Development Board (BEDB) was formed in November 2001 to stimulate the growth, expansion and development of the economy by promoting Brunei as an investment destination and facilitating diversification projects. In January 2008, the Brunei Government released its Vision 2035 (Wawasan 2035), which sets out the overarching goal of delivering economic diversification by 2035 and the broad development strategies that Brunei will pursue over this period. Five year National Development Plans (RKNs) then set out detailed project and budgets for delivering Vision 2035. The RKN for the period 2012 to 2017 was announced in April 2012 and it continued to target an annual growth rate of 6 percent over the life of the Plan. Recent economic performance Following GDP contraction during the global financial crisis, Brunei has now experienced four consecutive years of GDP growth, including 1.4 per cent in 2013 and 0.9 per cent in 2012. This growth is due in part to more favourable external conditions and also to the large fiscal and current account surpluses built up in previous years. Economic outlook Brunei's heavy dependence on the oil and gas sector means that its economy is highly vulnerable to fluctuations in oil and gas prices. This dependence looks set to continue in the medium term. Brunei's existing oil and gas reserves are expected to last for at least the next two decades. A phase of extensive new exploration and investment in enhanced recovery has commenced, which includes the development of two major new offshore deep-water blocks. While it is still too early to determine precisely the size of any new reserves, the Brunei Government has publicly stated its ambitious target of doubling Brunei's daily oil and gas production by 2035. Trade and investmentTrade and investment is an important focus of Australia's bilateral relationship with Brunei. Brunei was ranked as Australia's 39th largest merchandise trading partner in 2012-13, though this ranking likely understates the level of transhipped trade between Australia and Brunei via Singapore. Total direct bilateral trade with Brunei in 2012-13 amounted to $1.026 billion, with Australia's imports of crude petroleum from Brunei comprising $978 million. Australia's merchandise exports to Brunei in 2012-13 totalled $46 million, consisting mainly of food and food products including meat (excluding beef) ($6 million), live animals ($6 million), beef ($7 million) and measuring and analysing instruments ($3 million). In the services sector, a number of Australian teachers and other professionals work in Brunei. In 2012-13, Australia's service exports to Brunei (mainly education-related travel and transport) were worth $53 million. Australia is now the second preferred destination for Bruneian students, with approximately 400 students currently studying in Australia. Australia’s New Colombo Plan was launched in December 2013 and will roll out gradually over the next few years to countries in the Indo-Pacific. The Plan aims to encourage Australian students to undertake study and internships in the region in order to lift Australia’s knowledge of the region and strengthen people-to-people links. A Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) was signed between Brunei and Australia in August 2013. The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement On 27 February 2009 the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) was signed in Thailand. As lead ASEAN Coordinator in the negotiations, Brunei played an important role in securing this Agreement. Good trade and investment opportunities exist in Brunei including in the oil and gas, education, food and agriculture, financial and service sectors. Austrade has identified potential opportunities for Australian suppliers of goods and services in a number of sectors. Austrade's Brunei country page has general information on doing business and on specific export opportunities. Austrade Brunei can also provide advice on accessing opportunities in Brunei.	i don't know
The sculpture 'Dream' by Jaume Plensa, which overlooks the M62, is sited at which former colliery?	Public Art Online News - Plensa's Dream in situ at former Colliery Plensa's Dream in situ at former Colliery ixia has taken over the ownership and management of Public Art Online from Arts Council England. The design and content of the website are currently being reviewed. Plensa's Dream in situ at former Colliery Date uploaded: March 18, 2009 Update 13th September 2009 Dream is the spectacular, internationally significant, landmark sculpture sited on the former Sutton Manor Colliery in St.Helens, close to Junction 7 of the busy M62, midway between Manchester and Liverpool, where it is passed by over 35 million vehicles a year. The 20 metre-high artwork takes the form of a young girl’s head with her eyes closed in a seemingly dream-like state. The piece has a white, almost luminescent finish in marked contrast to the black of the coal that still lies below. Its contours and reflectivity change according to the time of day and the weather. Dream was conceived and designed by the world-renowned, award-winning, Spanish artist Jaume Plensa. His other works include The Crown Fountain (2000) in the centre of Chicago and Breathing, the illuminated glass dome of BBC Broadcasting House in London. Commissioned by ex-miners and St.Helens Council, the sculpture reflects the aspirations of the local community, who, far from wanting a mining monument, sought instead a forward-looking piece that would provide a beautiful, inspiring, contemplative space for generations to come. Over and above honouring the human heritage of the site, the artwork is also intended to symbolise the area’s positive post-industrial transformation, become an iconic new regional landmark, generate significant economic benefits, and enhance local pride. Dream was the undisputed star of the prime time Channel 4 Big Art TV series that chronicled its 3-year development, and has received significant popular and critical acclaim since being launched on 31 May 2009, as well as being nominated for a number of awards. Please note that due to the gradient of the path, the summit of Sutton Manor has never been easily accessible to wheelchair users. Options to improve disabled access to the site are currently being considered by the Council and the Forestry Commission. Update 23rd April 2009 Dream has been officially unvieled on Mersyside Follow this link to read more on the BBC website -------------------- Construction work is getting under way on a landmark piece of public art on Merseyside. The 20m (66ft) high Dream sculpture is being constructed near junction 7 of the M62 on the site of the former Sutton Manor Colliery, St Helens. It takes the form of a girl's head with her eyes closed, seemingly in a dream-like state, and was chosen by a group of local ex-miners.	Sutton Manor
At which major battle in 216 BC did the army of Carthage under Hannibal defeat the Romans under the command of consuls Varro and Paullus?	The Dream, Bold Forest Park Map & satellite The Dream, Bold Forest Park Dream is the spectacular, internationally significant, landmark sculpture sited on the former Sutton Manor Colliery in St.Helens, just over the border into Merseyside. The 20 metre-high artwork takes the form of a young girlï¿½s head with her eyes closed in a seemingly dream-like state. The piece has a white, almost luminescent finish its contours and reflectivity change according to the time of day and the weather. Dream was conceived and designed by the world-renowned, award-winning, Spanish artist Jaume Plensa. His other works include The Crown Fountain (2000) in the centre of Chicago and Breathing, the illuminated glass dome of BBC Broadcasting House in London. Commissioned by ex-miners and St.Helens Council, the sculpture reflects the aspirations of the local community, who, far from wanting a mining monument, sought instead a forward-looking piece that would provide a beautiful, inspiring, contemplative space for generations to come. Costing approximately ï¿½1.8m the funds were secured through The Big Art Project in coordination with the Arts Council England, The Art Fund and Channel 4. the sculpture's working title was "Ex Terra Lucem" ("From the earth, light"), a reference to St Helens' motto. Bold Forest Park The Dream is situated in the Bold Forest Park, which straddles the M62 between Junctions 7 and 8. At its heart are areas of community woodland planted at the former colliery sites of Colliers Moss, Clock Face and Sutton Manor. The park boundary also takes in woodland at Wheatacre, Maypole and Griffin Wood and a wider area of urban fringe farmland. Over the last 15 years, this area of south St Helens has been transformed from an unsightly collection of brownfield land surrounding a failing coal mine into a budding Forest Park. Already the sites, which straddle the M62, form an attractive gateway to Merseyside and a valuable natural resource. Trees at Griffin Wood, Maypole, Sutton Manor and Wheatacre can be dedicated to loved ones through the Dedicate a Tree scheme. From the highpoints there are excellent distant views which on a clear day encompass Manchester, Kinder Scout in the Peak District National Park and Winter Hill on the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire. The area now boasts a rich variety of diverse flora and fauna with areas of deciduous woodland containing native species such as ash, oak, wild cherry and silver birch. Swathes of native wild flowers are to be found in the meadow areas and woodland rides including purple loostrife, early marsh/ spotted orchid, ox eye daisy and ragged robin adding splashes of colour in season. Birds of prey provide regular sightings, with kestrels often being spotted hovering over the grassland in pursuit of small mammals and the much larger buzzard soaring high overhead, preying on the area's large population of wild rabbits. The elevated boundaries at the south of the site look out over adjacent agricultural land and provide sightings of both foxes and hares. Autumn colours at Bold Forest Park Please note that due to the gradient of the path, the summit of Sutton Manor has never been easily accessible to wheelchair users.	i don't know
Which ship suffered an oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989?	EXXON VALDEZ, Alaska, United States, 1989 - ITOPF EXXON VALDEZ, Alaska, United States, 1989 24 Mar 1989 Incident EXXON VALDEZ grounded on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on 24th March 1989. About 37,000 tonnes of Alaska North Slope crude escaped into the Sound and spread widely. There was some limited dispersant spraying and an experimental in-situ burn trial during the early stages of the spill, but at-sea response concentrated on containment and recovery. Despite the utilisation of a massive number of vessels, booms and skimmers, less than 10% of the original spill volume was recovered from the sea surface. The oil subsequently affected a variety of shores, mainly rock and cobble, to varying degrees over an estimated 1,800km in Prince William Sound and along Alaska's south coast as far west as Kodiak Island. This spill attracted an enormous amount of media attention because it was the largest spill up to that date in US waters (although well down the scale in world terms). Moreover, it happened in a splendidly scenic wilderness area with important fisheries and attractive wildlife such as sea otters and bald eagles. Consequently the response was one of the most expensive to a spill of oil from a ship, with over 10,000 workers being employed at the height of the cleanup operations, many of them in shoreline cleanup, often in remote areas. The clean-up cost for the first year alone was over US$2 billion. Exxon Mobil has reportedly paid $4.3 billion as a consequence of the spill, including cleanup costs and various legal settlements, court verdicts and criminal fines. Shoreline cleanup techniques included high pressure, hot water washing, which was carried out on a scale never attempted previously or subsequently. This caused substantial impact in intertidal communities and may have delayed their recovery in some areas, although recovery on over 70% of oiled shorelines was progressing well one year after the spill. There were also some relatively large scale bioremediation trials that gave mixed results. About 1,000 sea otters are known to have died, and over 35,000 dead birds were retrieved. There were particular efforts to protect fisheries, for example with booming of salmon hatcheries. Oil residues remain trapped in intertidal sediments at a few locations and scientists dispute the evidence of long-term damage to wildlife and fish populations. Indeed, assessment of damage and recovery has been controversial because of the segregation of scientists into different camps, as a result of US litigation practices. Selected Bibliography Rice, S.D., Spies, R.B., Wolfe, D.A. and Wright, B.A. (editors) (1996). Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Wells, P.G., Butler, J.N. and Hughes, J.S. (editors) (1995). Exxon Valdez oil spill - fate and effects in Alaskan waters. ASTM (STP 1219), Philadelphia, USA Galt, J.A., Lehr, W.J. and Payton, D.L. (1991). Fate and transport of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental Science & Technology 25 (2) 202-209 Alaska Sea Grant College Program (1995). Prevention, response and oversight five years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Proceedings of an international conference, 23-25 March 1994, Anchorage, Alaska. Report no. 95-02. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA Loughlin, T.R. (editor) (1994). Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, USA Links	Exxon Valdez
Which river flows over High Force Waterfall, one of the highest in England?	Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Teachers Resources Spill Prevention and Response One of the major lessons of the Exxon Valdez oil spill was that the spill prevention and response capability in Prince William Sound was fundamentally inadequate. In March 1989, nearly 11 million gallons of oil spread slowly over open water during three days of flat calm seas. Despite the opportunity to skim the oil before it hit the shorelines, almost none was scooped up. A response barge maintained by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company was out of service and unavailable for use. Even if it had responded, there were not enough skimmers and boom available to do an effective job. Dispersants were applied, but were determined to be ineffective because of prevailing conditions. Even if dispersants had been effective, however, there was not enough dispersant on hand to make a dent in the spreading oil slick. Since that time, several significant improvements have been made in oil spill prevention and response planning. The U.S. Coast Guard now monitors fully laden tankers via satellite as they pass through Valdez Narrows, cruise by Bligh Island, and exit Prince William Sound at Hinchinbrook Entrance. In 1989, the Coast Guard watched the tankers only through Valdez Narrows and Valdez Arm. Two escort vessels accompany each tanker while passing through the entire sound. They not only watch over the tankers, but are capable of assisting them in the event of an emergency, such as a loss of power or loss of rudder control. Ten years ago, there was only one escort vessel through Valdez Narrows. (link to SERVS web site) Specially trained marine pilots, with considerable experience in Prince William Sound, board tankers from their new pilot station at Bligh Reef and are aboard the ship for 25 miles out of the 70-mile transit through the Sound. Weather criteria for safe navigation are firmly established. Congress enacted legislation requiring that all tankers in Prince William Sound be double-hulled by the year 2015. It is estimated that if the Exxon Valdez had had a double-hull structure, the amount of the spill would have been reduced by more than half. There are presently three double-hulled and twelve double-bottomed tankers moving oil through Prince William Sound. Phillips Alaska Inc. is constructing two new double-hulled tankers the first of which, the Polar Endeavor, began service in July 2001. Contingency planning for oil spills in Prince William Sound must now include a scenario for a spill of 12.6 million gallons. Drills are held in the sound each year. The combined ability of skimming systems to remove oil from the water is now 10 times greater than it was in 1989, with equipment in place capable of recovering over 300,000 barrels of oil in 72 hours. Even if oil could have been skimmed up in 1989, there was no place to put the oil-water mix. Today, seven barges are available with a capacity to hold 818,000 barrels of recovered oil. There are now 40 miles of containment boom in Prince William Sound, seven times the amount available at the time of the Exxon Valdez spill. Dispersants are now stockpiled for use and systems are in place to apply them from helicopters, airplanes, and boats. The debate continues to rage over whether a spill the size of the Exxon Valdez disaster can be contained and removed once it's on the water. But there is little doubt that today the ability of industry and government to respond is considerably strengthened from what it was at the time of the spill. Complacency is still considered one of the greatest threats to oil spill prevention and response. To help combat that threat the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) conducts both scheduled and unannounced drills and participates in regular training exercises in Prince William Sound each year. Community training programs have been established and local fishing fleets have been trained to respond to spill emergencies. In addition, the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council , established by an act of Congress, serves as a citizen watchdog over the Alyeska Terminal, the shipping of oil through the sound, and the government agencies that regulate the industry. A similar citizen's organization watches over oil issues in Cook Inlet ( Cook Inlet Regional Citizens' Advisory Council ). Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council \| [email protected] \| Postal Address: 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508-4626 \| Physical Address: Grace Hall, 4230 University Drive, Ste. 220 \| Anchorage, AK 99508-4650 \| Phone: (907) 278-8012 \| Fax: (907) 276-7178 \| Toll-Free: (800) 478-7745 \| Office Hours: Mon through Fri, 8am-4:30pm ARLIS \| Alaska Resources Library & Information Services \| [email protected] \| UAA Library Building \| Phone: (907) 272-7547 Restoring the resources injured by the Exxon Valdez oil spill and understanding environmental change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska.	i don't know
Which actor rowed for Cambridge in the 1980 Boat Race?	The men who found fame after the Boat Race - Telegraph The men who found fame after the Boat Race 9:22PM GMT 21 Mar 2002 Tim Foster Part of the 1997 Oxford crew, went on to win gold in the fours at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney "I've rowed in one Boat Race - for Oxford in 1997 - and I lost. I think the event does a fantastic job for rowing. People with no connection to Oxford or Cambridge or rowing come down to the river to watch, or put a bet on, or sit and watch it on TV.' Lord Moynihan Cox for Oxford in 1977, went on to win a silver medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, before later becoming Conservative Minister for Sport "From the cox's seat it is, in many respects, the ultimate challenge. At the Olympics, all the coaching, tactics and motivational work are important, but the tidal conditions on the Thames are such that a huge degree of preparation is needed. There is a stream of about six to 10ft that runs much faster than the rest. I was certainly lucky to be part of a great crew in 1977." Matthew Pinsent Rowed for Oxford in 1990, 1991 and 1993, twice winning, and has since won three Olympic golds "It's absolutely tremendous to be involved in the Boat Race - I've rowed in three and my best memory is probably winning in 1991, both because it's the last one I won and because I got on so well with the other guys in the boat. We had a 10-year reunion last year and we went out for a crew paddle on the Sunday morning after the race. The race has huge tradition, it is all-or-nothing out there for the crews and the elements play such a large part." Lord Snowdon Coxed the 1950 Cambridge crew to victory, subsequently became a celebrated photographer for Vogue and Vanity Fair and later married Princess Margaret "I have many happy memories. In my day as a cox, in order to keep our weight down we used to shovel malt in a brewery in a steamy atmosphere, wearing several sweaters. You could lose a stone in a hour, though the only problem was that you usually put it straight back on when re-hydrated. The boats were different then - we had to use our own voices as there were no microphones or megaphones and it was all to do with timing to get the crew moving and accelerating together. Thankfully we won the 1950 Boat Race, because for a cox there is nothing worse than losing, as you will inevitably be blamed.' Sir Steve Redgrave The five-times Olympic gold medallist, who didn't qualify to row in the Boat Race..... "I think the Boat Race is extremely important. It's one of the oldest traditional races we have. It's iconic within the sport and has tremendous support - everyone turns on their TV to watch. It's a very special, magical race over the Championship Course." Other famous names who have rowed in the Boat Race W B, John and James Close, who founded Close Brothers, the financial institution, were all former Blues. W B was part of the Cambridge crew adjudged to have finished in a dead heat with Oxford in 1877. Sandy Irvine rowed for Oxford in 1922 and 1923 and, a year later, embarked on the fateful British attempt to climb Mount Everest. Both he and another mountaineer died near the summit, but it is not known whether this was on the ascent or the descent. Hugh Laurie, who rowed for the 1980 Cambridge crew that narrowly lost by a canvas to Oxford, is more famous as a comic, actor and playwright, in particular with Blackadder, Fry and Laurie and Jeeves and Wooster. Sir Robert Walmsley, KCB, was cox of the 1962 Cambridge crew. He joined the Navy in 1958 and earned the rank of Rear-Admiral in 1990. He was appointed Chief of Defence procurement in 1996. Lord Bruce of Melbourne, who rowed for Cambridge in 1907, embarked on a career in politics, becoming Prime Minister of Australia between 1923 and 1929. He was descibed as "the most English of Australians". Charles Wordsworth, who was co-founder of the Boat Race and rowed for Oxford in the first race in 1829, was nephew of the poet William Wordsworth and later became Bishop of St Andrews. Rupert Obholzer is perhaps best known for his controversial decision, as umpire, to re-start last year's race, but he also created a stir when he made gestures to the opposing crew after stroking the 1991 Oxford crew to victory. He is a top London-based surgeon.	Hugh Laurie
In 2002 'Miss Hissy' a snake, 'Tiffo' a dog, 'Bilbo' a sailor, and 'Orbie' a yellow-and-blue ball joined the original three characters in which children's TV series originally made in the 1950's?	Character bio Actor bio Dr. Gregory House is devoid of bedside manner and wouldn't even talk to his patients if he could get away with it. Dealing with his own constant physical pain, he uses a cane that seems to punctuate his acerbic, brutally honest demeanor. While his behavior can border on antisocial, House is a maverick physician whose unconventional thinking and flawless instincts have afforded him a great deal of respect. An infectious disease specialist, he's a brilliant diagnostician who loves the challenges of the medical puzzles he must solve in order to save lives. House's roster of medical cases comprises the inexplicable ones other doctors can't solve, and he has assembled an elite team of young medical experts to help him in his effort to solve these diagnostic mysteries. Known for possessing a keen eye for the complex characters he creates as an actor and a writer, Hugh Laurie brings that talent to his work on the critically acclaimed series HOUSE. His performance on the series has garnered him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Laurie previously starred in a number of groundbreaking British television comedy series, including four seasons of "A Bit of Fry and Laurie," which he co-wrote for the BBC with Stephen Fry; three seasons of "Blackadder," written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton; and three seasons of "Saturday Live." In addition, four seasons of "Jeeves and Wooster," based on the novels of P.G. Wodehouse, aired on PBS's "Masterpiece Theatre" from 1990-1995. On the big screen, Laurie was in the 20th Century Fox release "Flight of the Phoenix" opposite Dennis Quaid. Other film credits include "Peter's Friends," directed and co-starring Kenneth Branagh; "Sense and Sensibility" with Emma Thompson and Kate Winslet; "Cousin Bette" with Jessica Lange; "The Man in the Iron Mask"; "101 Dalmatians"; "Stuart Little": and "Stuart Little 2" with Geena Davis. On American television, Laurie portrayed Vincente Minnelli opposite Judy Davis in the network telefilm "Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows." He also appeared in "Tracey Takes On ..." and "Friends." In addition to acting, Laurie has directed television programs and commercials, composed and recorded numerous original songs and written articles for London's The Daily Telegraph. Four volumes of "A Bit of Fry and Laurie" scripts have been published by Mandarin, and his first novel, "The Gun Seller," was published in both the UK and the U.S. to critical acclaim and has been adapted into a screenplay for MGM. Laurie was educated at Eton and Cambridge University, where he took a degree in Anthropology. He also rowed in the University Boat Race of 1980. He was elected president of the venerable Footlights Revue, where he produced "The Cellar Tapes" along with Stephen Fry and Emma Thompson. The show won the Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Festival of 1981.	i don't know
In which Russian city was actor Yul Bryner born?	Yul Brynner - Biography - IMDb Yul Brynner Biography Showing all 67 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (4) \| Trade Mark (3) \| Trivia (45) \| Personal Quotes (7) \| Salary (3) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Exotic leading man of American films, famed as much for his completely bald head as for his performances, Yul Brynner masked much of his life in mystery and outright lies designed to tease people he considered gullible. It was not until the publication of the books "Yul: The Man Who Would Be King" and "Empire and Odyssey" by his son, Yul "Rock" Brynner, that many of the details of Brynner's early life became clear. Yul sometimes claimed to be a half-Swiss, half-Japanese named Taidje Khan, born on the island of Sakhalin; in reality, he was the son of Marousia Dimitrievna (Blagovidova), the Russian daughter of a doctor, and Boris Yuliyevich Bryner, an engineer and inventor of Swiss-German and Russian descent. He was born in their home town of Vladivostok on 11 July 1920 and named Yuli after his grandfather, Jules Bryner. When Yuli's father abandoned the family, his mother took him and his sister Vera to Harbin, Manchuria, where they attended a YMCA school. In 1934 Yuli's mother took her children to Paris. Her son was sent to the exclusive Lycée Moncelle, but his attendance was spotty. He dropped out and became a musician, playing guitar in the nightclubs among the Russian gypsies who gave him his first real sense of family. He met luminaries such as Jean Cocteau and became an apprentice at the Theatre des Mathurins. He worked as a trapeze artist with the famed Cirque d'Hiver company. He traveled to the U.S. in 1941 to study with acting teacher Michael Chekhov and toured the country with Chekhov's theatrical troupe. That same year, he debuted in New York as Fabian in "Twelfth Night" (billed as Youl Bryner). After working in a very early TV series, Mr. Jones and His Neighbors (1944), he played on Broadway in "Lute Song" with Mary Martin , winning awards and mild acclaim. He and his wife, actress Virginia Gilmore , starred in the first TV talk show, Mr. and Mrs. (1948). Brynner then joined CBS as a television director. He made his film debut in Port of New York (1949). Two years later Mary Martin recommended him for the part he would forever be known for: the King in Richard Rodgers ' and Oscar Hammerstein II 's musical "The King and I". Brynner became an immediate sensation in the role, repeating it for film ( The King and I (1956)) and winning the Oscar for Best Actor. For the next two decades, he maintained a starring film career despite the exotic nature of his persona, performing in a wide range of roles from Egyptian pharaohs to Western gunfighters, almost all with the same shaved head and indefinable accent. In the 1970s he returned to the role that had made him a star, and spent most of the rest of his life touring the world in "The King and I". When he developed lung cancer in the mid 1980s, he left a powerful public service announcement denouncing smoking as the cause, for broadcast after his death. The cancer and its complications, after a long illness, ended his life. Brynner was cremated and his ashes buried in a remote part of France, on the grounds of the Abbey of Saint-Michel de Bois Aubry, a short distance outside the village of Luzé. He remains one of the most fascinating, unusual and beloved stars of his time. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jim Beaver < [email protected]> Spouse (4) Deep authoritative voice Trivia (45) In 1950, before he achieved fame, he was the director of a children's puppet show on CBS, Life with Snarky Parker (1950), which lasted barely eight months on the air before cancellation. Had one son with his first wife, actress Virginia Gilmore : Yul "Rock" Brynner II (born December 23, 1946). Daughter Lark Brynner (born 1958) was born out of wedlock. She was raised by her mother, German actress Frances Martin . Had one daughter with his second wife, Doris Kleiner : Victoria Brynner (born November 1962 in Switzerland). Had two daughters with his third wife, Jacqueline de Croisset: Mia Brynner (adopted 1974, born in Vietnam) and Melody Brynner (adopted 1974, born in Vietnam). Despite numerous resources stating that Brynner was interred at the non-existent "Saint Robert Churchyard at the Monastery of Saint Michael", Brynner actually was buried in the Orthodox cemetery Saint-Michel-du-Bois-Aubry of Luzé, a village 55km from Tours in Touraine, France. Yul's paternal grandfather, Julius Bryner, was of Swiss-German origin (Julius was the son of Johannes Bruner and Marie Huber Von Windisch). Yul's paternal grandmother, Natalya Iosifovna Kurkutova, was Russian, from Irkutsk, and was said to be of part Mongolian/Buryat ancestry. Yul's maternal grandparents, Dmitriy Evgrafovich Blagovidov and Anna Timofeevna Kireeva, were also Russian, from Penza. Is a recipient of the presitigious Connor Award, given by the brothers of the Phi Alpha Tau fraternity based out of Emerson College in Boston. He died on the same day as his The Battle on the River Neretva (1969) co-star Orson Welles : October 10, 1985. While touring in the play "Odyssey" in the mid-1970s, he attained a reputation for being a holy terror toward hotel staff members. Among other things, all hotel suites where he would stay had to be painted a certain shade of tan and all kitchens in those hotel suites had to be stocked in advance with "one dozen brown eggs, under no circumstances white ones!" (this should be noted, in fairness, that Brynner personally paid the expense of these requests). The play itself, later retitled "Home, Sweet Homer", had a successful pre-Broadway tour of over a year, but lasted exactly one performance when it opened on Broadway in 1976. He was an accomplished photographer. He took many photos on the sets of the various projects he worked on over the years. Mentioned in the popular mid-1980s song "One Night in Bangkok", sung by Murray Head , from the soundtrack of the musical "Chess". When he found out he would be playing Pharaoh Rameses II opposite Charlton Heston 's Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956) and that he would be shirtless for most of the film, he began a rigorous weight lifting program because he did not want to be physically overshadowed by Charlton Heston (which explains his buffer than normal physique during The King and I (1956) another film he was set to work on at the time.) A recording of him explaining how being bald helped him is included in a song by Stephen Malkmus (of Pavement) titled "Jo Jo's Jacket". The first verses are about Brynner and include a reference to Westworld (1973) and The King and I (1956). Won Broadway's 1952 Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Musical) for "The King and I", a role he recreated in his Oscar-winning performance in the film of the same name, The King and I (1956). He also won a second, Special Tony Award in 1985 "honoring his 4,525 performances in 'The King and I'". Is one of only eight actors to have won both a Tony and an Oscar for having portrayed the same roles on stage and screen. The others are Joel Grey ( Cabaret (1972)), Shirley Booth ( Come Back, Little Sheba (1952)), Rex Harrison ( My Fair Lady (1964)), Anne Bancroft ( The Miracle Worker (1962)), Paul Scofield ( A Man for All Seasons (1966)), José Ferrer ( Cyrano de Bergerac (1950)) and Jack Albertson ( The Subject Was Roses (1968)). Three of his films were remade in the late 1990s, in rapid succession, as animated films: The King and I (1956) and Anastasia (1956) were remade as animated films of the same name The King and I (1999), Anastasia (1997)) and The Ten Commandments (1956) was remade as The Prince of Egypt (1998). Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 111-114. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. According to his son, Yul "Rock" Brynner, "In his youth, Yul Brynner was Jean Cocteau 's opium supplier." Empire and Odyssey, p. 141. Audrey Hepburn is the godmother of his daughter Victoria. Always prepared breakfast while wearing a silk kimono. He was a great believer in rituals. Was very good friends with Deborah Kerr . He badly wanted to play the title role in Spartacus (1960) and the role of Rasputin in Nicholas and Alexandra (1971). Daughter Victoria Brynner is a successful businesswoman who founded her own company Stardust Visions and Stardust Celebrities in Los Angeles (1992). Was acting in an adaptation of Shakespeare's 'Twelfth Night' (his Broadway debut), when Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese. That night's show was canceled and most of the crew enlisted soon after. The show lasted only 15 performances and Brynner was out of a job until 1943. Stan Lee used his physical likeness (noticeably his bald head and intense stare) as the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of Professor Charles Xavier in the ''X-Men'' comics (created in 1963). Brynner was 43 years old at the point. Had played the role of King Mongkut of Siam on stage, in the movies and on a short-lived television series. When Brynner formed his own company Alciona to produce films in which he would both star in and direct, he commissioned Jean Cocteau to design the logo for the company stationary. After seeing Brynner in the play "Lute Song" with Mary Martin in 1949, Judy Garland wanted to do a film version of it, so she asked him to do a screen test with her. Nothing came of it, but it led to the actor's screen debut that year in Port of New York (1949). When he got the offer to star in "The King and I" on Broadway, Brynner had established himself at CBS directing Danger (1950), Omnibus (1952) and Studio One in Hollywood (1948) as well as training new directors in the fledgling medium. He took a leave of absence to play the King and even after his success jokingly referred to acting as his part time job. He was good friends with Frank Sinatra , and was a frequent guest at Frank's Palm Springs estate. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II initial choice for their Broadway "King and I" musical's featured role King of Siam was Rex Harrison , a role that he had played in Anna and the King of Siam (1946), but Harrison was unavailable due to film work. Mary Martin suggested Yul Brynner to Rodgers and Hammerstein II for the role since he had appeared on Broadway with her in the stage-musical "Lute Song". Rogers and Hammerstein II settled on television director and actor Yul Brynner. In rehearsals, at Yul Brynner's first meeting with costume designer Irene Sharaff, Yul Brynner had only a fringe of curly hair. Yul Brynner asked Sharaff what he was to do about it. When Sharaff told him to shave it, Brynner was horror-struck, refused, convinced he would look terrible. During out of town tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut (February 27, 1951), Sharaff told Rodgers and Hammerstein II and the director John Van Druten, "Brynner should be bald!" Ordered to shave his head, Brynner gave in, shaving off his long curly black hair, putting dark stage make-up on his shaved head. The effect was so well received that it became Brynner's trademark. Brynner came to dominate his role and the musical, starring in a four-year national tour culminating in his last performance, a special Sunday night show, on June 30, 1985, in honor of Yul Brynner and his 4,625th performance of the role. "King of the mountain as well as the show". Brynner died less than four months later, on October 10, 1985. He was the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of the superhero Green Lantern/Abin Sur (created in 1959). Brynner was 39 years old at the time. Sur is well-known like the predecessor of Green Lantern/Hal Jordan, who replaced him after his death when Sur crashed with his ship on planet Earth. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6162 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. He actively sought the role of Grigori Rasputin in Nicholas and Alexandra (1971). However, Tom Baker was cast. Is one of 13 actors who have received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of a real-life king. The others in chronological order are Charles Laughton for The Private Life of Henry VIII. (1933), Robert Morley for Marie Antoinette (1938), Basil Rathbone for If I Were King (1938), Laurence Olivier for Henry V (1944) and Richard III (1955), José Ferrer for Joan of Arc (1948), John Gielgud for Becket (1964), Peter O'Toole for Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968), Robert Shaw for A Man for All Seasons (1966), Richard Burton for Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989), Nigel Hawthorne for The Madness of King George (1994), and Colin Firth for The King's Speech (2010). Since he started his career in France, he fluently spoke an almost perfect french.. In "Taras Bulba" (1962), Yul Brynner wanted the film to capture the essence of Gogol's novel. By the time it reached the screen, it was dismissed as just another routine action picture in Cossack clothing --- the very thing he had hoped to avoid. According to Brynner's son Rock, his father's disappointment was so great that he never again invested much, if any, of himself in his remaining screen work. Personal Quotes (7) People don't know my real self, and they're not about to find out. [to interviewers] Just call me a nice, clean-cut Mongolian boy. Girls have an unfair advantage over boys: If they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb. [Message recorded in January 1985, after he was diagnosed with lung cancer] Now that I'm gone, I tell you: Don't smoke, whatever you do, just don't smoke. If I could take back that smoking, we wouldn't be talking about any cancer. I'm convinced of that. I'm not of the can-kicking, shovel-carrying, ear-scratching, torn T-shirt school of acting. There are very few real men in the movies these days. Yet being a real man is the most important quality an actor can offer on the screen. [on his character Chris Adams from The Magnificent Seven (1960) and Return of the Magnificent Seven (1966)] Well... He's just a dirty bum. There are only two things clean about him: His gun and his soul. [His Academy Award for Best Actor acceptance speech, 1957] I hope this is not a mistake, because I won't give it back for anything in the world. Thank you very much. Salary (3)	Vladivostok
Who wrote the 1897 poem 'Drake's Drum'?	Yul Brynner Statue - Rock Brynner in the Russian Far East Rock Brynner in the Russian Far East Moscow Yul Brynner Park was opened on September 28th, 2012, when his statue was inaugurated in front of the house where he was born at 15 Aleutskaya St. in Vladivostok, Russia, in the garden where he played as a child. This project took six years of planning and preparation before the granite for the ten-foot statue was transported to Vladivostok from a quarry in China a thousand miles away; appropriate, since Yul spent much of his childhood in China after his family fled Soviet Russia. Sculptor Alexei Bokiy, with whom I had begun discussing the monument in 2006, understood well the enormous challenge confronting him in carving such a very famous face and figure out of a single block of stone. The City of Vladivostok that now owns the land in front of "Dom Bryner" contributed the grounds for the park, and financed the landscaping and architectural design. At night, along with the glow of the 1920s street lights, the statue is illuminated by spotlights as Yul Brynner himself was throughout his long career. VLADIVOSTOK AND MOSCOW, 2016 The Russian edition of my book "Empire and Odyssey: The Brynners in Far East Russia" was published in 2016. Setting out on the book tour. Book signing at the Far East Federal University. My book tour in May began in Vladivostok, Sidimi, and Dalnegorsk in Primorye. . . . . . with a formal event at the historic Vladivostok train station, last stop of the Trans-Siberian Express. The Patriarch honored and blessed the event with an Orthodox choir. The Vladivostok International Film Festival "Pacific Meridian," 12-19 September 2015 This perspective of Vladivostok helps explain its unusual topography, from the large Amur Bay to the right and the inlet called the Golden Horn on the left, around which sits the heart of the city. The unique topography of the city is easier to understand from the view in Google Earth. I had the pleasure of meeting the U.S. Ambassador to Russia, John Tefft, who was visiting Vladivostok while I was there. He especially wanted to see the statue of my father in front of the Bryner residence, where Yul was born in 1920. Anbassador Tefft was determined to photograph me with the statue for his wife, a longtime fan. I'm the only person from outside Russia who has attended every Vladivostok film festival since the first in 2003. By now I lope up the blue carpet. Apparently, my dance moves were newsworthy. With actress Thuy Anh, from Hanoi, and film-maker Vanessa Danielson, who was presenting a brilliant short film, "Guests," directed by her husband. My job, as the official talisman for the Film Festival, includes welcoming the guests. It's hard work, but somebody has to do it. This year the luminous British actress Julia Ormond attended our Festival. The admirable and delightful Julia Ormond has made many films in Russia but never visited Vladivostok before. At the Gala night of the Festival I took a selfie from the stage of the Vladivostok Opera House. Julia Ormond is in the front row left. Amur Bay from my hotel window. The boardwalk in Vladivostok on a warm, autumn Sunday afternoon. I was guest of honor at a conference at the Far Eastern Federal University, at the very conference table where Russian President Putin and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton at the Asian-Pacific Economic Conference in 2012. The Far East Federal University, with 20,000 students, is the only academic institution I know with its own bottled water. An officer of the Russian merchant navy. Local artist Roman Goloseev painted this beautiful canvass for me, with many of my favorite images of Vladivostok. Standing on the Sidimi peninsula across Amur Bay from Vladivostok, where the Bryner country estate was. In the background is one of the lighthouses that Jules Bryner built in the 1890s. With my "Russian brother" Sasha Doluda, who first invited me to Vladivostok in 2003. The date "1915" over our heads is on a structure at the estate where my father Yul first went swimming, a decade later. MOSCOW, 21-27 SEPTEMBER 2015 Thanks to my friend Zhenya Diamantidi, the Swiss Ambassador to Russia, Pierre Helg, offered me the guest house in the courtyard at the Ambassador's official residence in Maliy Kislovskiy Pereulok during my week in Moscow. This was the family home of Turgenev, where the novelist spent his childhood. My Swiss chalet in the center of Moscow, three hundred meters from the Arbat. It's a beautiful two-bedroom house with a pleasant office space and full kitchen. As well, the Ambassador gave a dinner party on my behalf at his official residence. Ambassador Helg is a highly cultured gentleman from Geneva, where I grew up. My date for the dinner was my dear friend Liza Arzamasova, of course. Also at the ambassador's dinner party was James Land, the Cultural Attache at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, the Swiss Cultural Attache, my dear friend from Vladivostok Zhenya Diamantidi, my friend and translator (two books so far) Max Nemtsov, and his wife, poet and book store entrpreneur Shashi Martynova. Nastya Smetanina joined us after I saw Liza's performance in the German play "Kamen." Nastya and Alexei invited me to their dacha for a few days, 90 km. northeast of Moscow. My dacha family. . . . Sunset with Nastya at the dacha. Victory Day in Dalnegorsk, 9 May 2015 The city of Dalnegorsk Dalnegorsk (pop. 42,000) was founded with the Bryner Mines in 1896 by my Swiss-born great-grandfather Jules Bryner. Jules was one of a half-dozen Europeans who built the city of Vladivostok (pop. 500,000), but he built Dalnegorsk with his own capital and that of his mine's investors. Today, a towering, 12-foot-high statue of him stands in the city center. I was invited by the city and the company that now owns the mines, Dalpolymetall, to come celebrate the 70th anniversary of Victory Day. Indeed, at least one out of eight Russian bullets fired at nazi troops came from these mines. And so I found myself as the honored guest, in a proud spot on the review stand where the town's 37 surviving W.W.II veterans and scores of war widows sat to witness the parade in their honor, and to receive the flowers that the children of the city brought to them. I watched the Victory Day parade from the review stand with the Mayor, Gleb Zuev and the W.W.II veterans. Beneath the statue of Lenin, and behind the veterans and widows. Aleksander Doluda, his wife Natasha, and their daughters Dina and Sasha - my "Russian family." This was planned as a family trip, and so it was. We flew on this small plane to Kavalierovo, an hour's drive from Dalnegorsk. We stayed with wood artist Oleg Batukhtin and his wife in Kavalierovo, in the beautiful house that he built himself. Laying flowers at my great-grandfather's monument. The statue is an extraordinary tribute to Jules Bryner. The plaque upon the pedestal reads "Jules Ivanovich Bryner (1849-1920), founder of Dalnegorsk and of the Joint Stock Mining Company 'Tetukhe.'" The city's historian, Victor Tatarnikov, preesented me with a beautiful miniature of the statue, made of the same stone and bronze by the sculptor, my friend Alexey Bokiy, and made possible by Gleb Zuev. My visit to the Jules Bryner monument was as significant to the city as it was to me. I paid tribute to Russia's war heroes with Mayor Igor Sakhuta and with a veteran of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Mayor and I left flowers at the statue to the heroes of World War II. The parade began with a long wreath carried by youthful escorts. Almost everyone in Dalnegorsk marched, in a variety of World War II uniforms. Hundreds of dove balloons were freed along the parade route. I spent time with a number of the World War II widows of Dalnegorsk. Victory Day ended with fireworks over Town Hall. Gleb Zuev and I beside Lake Bryner, beneath the lighthouse. Sasha Doluda, my Russian "brother" who made this and all my visits possible, beneath Cape Bryner. Off the coast from the lighthouse that my great-grandfather built there more than a century ago. Here, on Gleb'a speed boat I found myself between Cape Bryner and the Twin Rocks. Cape Bryner and the Twin Rocks were on the 1,000-Ruble notes that were printed in 1991, when the Soviet Union ended and Russia was born anew. Before leaving Vladivostok for Moscow, I lay flowers at my father's statue. A neighbor photographed me and my friends from his apartment. As always, I visited Gorky (Kultura) Park. . . . . . and this time with my young old friend Liza Arzamasova. . . . and had lunch beside the badminton courts. We strolled through the art-filled paths . . . . . . and walked along the Moskva River. Liza brought me to Mikhail Bulgakov's home and museum on his 124th birthday. I had seen Sergey Aldonin's production of Master and Margarita there two years ago. in the beautiful little basement theatre just below when Bulgakov wrote it decades ago. Thanks to Liza, I feel very much part of the devoted family that keep the great author's memory alive. Liza and I were greeted by the headless author. The headless author at work. Bulgakov's typewriter. Time to leave Russia . . . until September. Yul Brynner Tribute at The Solzhenitsyn House of Russians Abroad, Moscow, November 7-8, 2014 Yul Brynner, The Russian King of Hollywood Exhibit at the Solzhenitsyn Center. I was proud to be able to help the Solzhenitsyn Center celebrate Yul's achievements, and to accept the Michael Chekhov Medal on his behalf. Dr. Viktor Moskvin, the Director of the Solzhentsyn Center, presented the Medal and Certificate . . . . . . along with Sergey Zaitsev, renowned documentary film-maker and the head of the Film Festival, and the members of the Chekhov Committee. The Magnificent Seven will forever remain Yul's best loved film in Russia. Alexander Solzhenitsyn created the Center to honor the work of Russians who, like himself, were forced to leave their homeland during the Soviet era. This year they honored my father - three times. The "Russians Abroad Film Festival" honored Yul with the Michael Chekhov Award -- especially fitting, since it was with Chekhov that he studied for three years and emigrated to the United States. And the Solzhenitsyn Center honored him with a documentary, beautifully filmed by Rita Kuklina, entitled "Yul - Gypsy Soul," which was shown both nights, and will soon be broadcast on the national channel, Kultura. Finally, a two-room exhibit of Yul Brynner and our family's memorabilia was opened, from the collection of Elena Sergeyeva. It will remain at the Center until the end of November. Nataliya Klevalina, in charge of International Projects at the Center, whose year's work and preparation made the event possible. I appeared on Kultura kanal . . . . . . to announce the publication in Russian of my book Empire and Odyssey: The Brynners in Far East Russia and Beyond in 2016, as well as Rita Kuklina's documentary, Yul - Gypsy Soul. Filmmaker Rita Kuklina and I answering questions about her documentary. Part of the extensive collection of documents, photos, and memoribilia. . . . . .including Chekhov's 1954 book for which he asked Yul to write the Preface. I had time to visit the Arbat with my beloved friend Liza Arzamasova. . . . . . and to drive past the Kremlin in the frosty climate of November 2014. Inauguration of Jules Bryner Statue in Dalnegorsk, Russia September 27th, 2014. The whole city turned out in tribute to Jules Bryner, warmly remembered as the single-handed founder of Dalnegorsk. The cast bronze sculpture is by Alexei Bokiy, who also carved the granite statue of Yul in Vladivostok, 400 miles to the southwest. Jules Bryner, my great-grandfather, established the Bryner Mines in the wilderness in 1897, and with them the town of Tetukhe, known today as Dalnegorsk. I had hoped to attend, but my brief visit to Vladivostok did not make that possible . . . . . . but I have accepted the invitation of Dalpolymetall, the company that now owns my family's mines, to visit next spring, and I look forward to it with great anticipation. (My thanks to Alexander Borisenko and Sergey Kiryanov for use of all the photos.) This year the Festival was held at the new Vladivostok Opera House, which opened just three months ago. Arriving on the "blue carpet" . . . . . . with my friend Michael Madsen, best known for his roles in Tarantino films. Michael attended the Festival last year as a guest and enjoyed it so much he returned this year as a competition juror. This year Adrien Brody also came to Vladivostok, where he is best known for his Oscar-winning role in The Pianist, and this year in Wes Anderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel. He chose to present his earlier Anderson film, The Darjeeling Express. Adrien and Michael have known each other for years. Stephen Baldwin was also a guest at the Festival, best remembered in Vladivostok for The Usual Suspects. The St. Petersburg stage actress Anna Astrakhantseva attended, representing her new film Two Women, adapted from Turgeniev's A Month in the Country. Anna co-stars in the film with Ralph Fiennes, whose performance in effortless, impeccable Russian is one of the film's many pleasures. On the final night of the Festival I presented - as I do every year - the Yul Brynner Award for the Most Promising Young Actor or Actress, in the city where he was born. Of course, this being 2014, the occasion called for the first onstage selfie at the Opera. For this year's Yul Brynner Award, I chose Anna Levonova, who co-stars with Anna Astrakhantseva and Ralph Fiennes in Two Women, opening worldwide later this year. Hockey legend Slava Fetisov is a beloved and admired national figure whom I've known for three years. A true gentleman, Slava played for his Moscow team for more than a decade, as well as on the national Soviet Union team. Then he became the first former Soviet player to join the NHL, and played for the New Jersey Devils before winning back-to-back Stanley Cups with the Detroit Red Wings. Today Slava serves in the Duma (Parliament) representing Vladivostok and the region of Primorye. Lecture at the Far East Federal University, Sept. 16th, 2014 The Far Eastern Federal University is on Russky Island, where a few years ago only goats roamed. President Putin ordered the construction of the university to serve as the site for the Asian-Pacific Economic Conference, hosted by Russia for the first time in 2012. Today the university can serve 50,000 students from across Russia and Asia, since it absorbed the three main universities in the city. Far Eastern Federal University with Vladivostok in the background. The lecture was "The Role of Jules Bryner in the Birth of Vladivostok and the History of Imperial Russia." Again, in 2014, it seemed a selfie was mandatory. At night, the university is impossibly beautiful. 2013 - The XIth Vladivostok International Film Festival The designated talisman of the event. Opening the Film Festival The transcendent Isabelle Huppert attended . . . Her brilliant new film, Tip Top, directed by Serge Bozon (La France), had its Asian and Russian premiere at our Festival. Isabelle left early the next morning for the Paris premiere. I was introduced to her by my "Russian brother," Sasha Doluda, who first invited me to Vladivostok in 2003. It would be impossible to spend enough time with this great artist. . . . as did Michael Madsen . . . His career on the screen goes back thirty years. Most recently he has appeared in a number of films by Quentin Tarantino. But it was especially wonderful to have with us the inestimable Pierre Richard. . . At the final Gala . . . . . . who told me that he only imagined becoming an actor after seeing a Danny Kaye film: an interesting comedic inspiration. He also explained that he saw Yul's posthumous anti-smoking declaration in 1986 and stopped smoking the next day -- for which he credits his good health and long life. With my friend Governor Miklushevsky of the Primorye region, of which Vladivostok is the capital. Presenting the XIth Yul Brynner Award Each year it falls to me to choose the winner and present the "Special Prize in the name of Yul Brynner" to the Most Promising Young Actor or Actress. Yul's boots from The Magnificent Seven My sister Victoria gave me these after she bought them at auction in Hollywood, and I wore them to the Gala. After Yul left Vladivostok for China at the age of seven, he had never again walked the streets of the city where he was born. . . . . . but now, as I noted onstage, at least his boots had! This year the Yul Brynner Award went to. . . . . . Anfisa Chernich, for her role in the Russian film, The Geographer Who Drank The Whole Globe A young actress from Moscow, Anfisa gives a heartfelt performance that was passionately embraced by Festival audiences. The Festival's unpaid volunteers Year after year, it is only thanks to scores of these devoted, sleep-deprived university students that the Festival is able to exist at all. Across Aleutsakaya St. from Yul's statue My Master Class on Michael Chekhov and Constantin Stanislavsky at Gorky Library A peripheral event of the Festival, my lecture covered the important distinction betweeen Stanislavsky's "System" or "Method" based upon the recall of personal memories, and Chekhov's injunction that the actor must find the character and the emotions through the practiced use of imagination. I further emphasized that, until recently, Stanislavsky's greater renown owed primarily to his willingness to capitulate to any demands Stalin made upon him. By contrast, Michael Chekhov would not collaborate with Stalin's inhumanity, and had to flee his homeland in the 1930s. In 1940, at the age of twenty, Yul first came to the United States to live and study with him. Michael Madsen chatting with Consul General Holm-Olsen and myself. YUL BRYNNER DAY IN VLADIVOSTOK, JULY 2013 The Brynner commemorative silver coin On July 11th, 2013, Yul Brynner's signature role in The King and I came to life in Yul Brynner Park, beside his granite statue . . . . . . in front of the Art Nouveau home where he was born ninety-three years ago. Each year on his birthday one of his films will be presented in Yul Brynner Park. This new tradition is sponsored by the city of Vladivostok and the Arsenyev State Museum. The King and I is not well known in Russia, where Yul is most revered for The Magnificent Seven, the most popular foreign film of all time. Rockenteur in the Arbat The House of Actors in the Arbat Moscow's friendliest street, the Arbat, is a five-hundred-year-old passage, closed to traffic, where Pushkin and generations of independent artists have thrived. It is also where Russian theatre and film actors have gathered at the Actor's House for the past eighty years. is where I was invited to perform Rockenteur: A Comedy of Cultural History filmed before a live audience . . . . . . including Anastasia Smetanina and Liza Arzamasova, past winners of the Yul Brynner Award at the Vladivostok International Film Festival. May Day parade at the Kremlin, 2013 Vladivostok Spring Lecture Series, 2013 Far East Federal University My thanks to Governor Miklushevsky, Professor Kusnetzov, Rector Ivanets, and interpreter Ivan Pisarev, who made this lecture tour possible. A bouillabaisse of topics: "Mikhail Chekhov, Konstantin Stanislavsky, and the Worldwide Revolution in the Art of Acting, 1900-1960." "Global Problems Demand Global Solutions: Terrorism, Climate Change, World Hunger, and Sustainability." "The Social and Political Impact of Rock 'n' Roll in the U.S. and Soviet Russia, 1960-1990." "The Development of the American Language from Britain's English and the Birth of the American Character." "Strengths and Weaknesses of the U.S. Constitution." "Jules Bryner's Yalu River Timber Contract and The Russo-Japanese War." "Global Problems Demand Global Solutions" Political Science Students -- International Relations "The Birth of The American Language" Yul Brynner Statue and Park in Vladivostok, Russia Yul Brynner Park and Statue Yul, age 3, playing with his nanny (in wolf mask) and cousin Irena beside the Bryner house, 1923. Yul Brynner was born on July 11th, 1920 in the terraced room above the statue. People from across the city came for the Inaugural Ceremony in a festive atmosphere with a brass band, balloons, children playing in the park, dignitaries of Vladivostok and Primorye, and the very gracious United States Consul General Sylvia Curran. The statue is a perfect likeness from every angle. Dom Bryner (red arrow) on Tiger Hill presides over the heart of Vladivostok. The inauguration of the statue was a day for flowers . . . . . . families and children. The sculptor Alexei Bokiy, who carved the granite statue From across Aleutskaya Street This view of the statue will greet every visitor arriving from Moscow on the Trans-Siberian -- the longest railroad in the world -- on their way to the city center. The house built by my great-grandfather is just a block from the railway station where Jules Bryner helped Tsar Nicholas II lay the corner-stone in 1891. The wall above the street is currently being re-faced in granite. The announcement of the Inauguration featured a photo from The Magnificent Seven, which is still today the all-time most popular foreign film in Russia. But though The King and I has been seen by far fewer Russians, everyone who helped create this monument knew that Yul spent an unequalled fourteen years of his life in the theatre performing this role, for which he also won the Oscar. The Mayor and I removed the Inaugural Ribbon . . . Vladivostok Mayor Igor Pushkariov gave indispensable help to make the park and the statue possible. . . . revealing the Russian inscription in gold: "Yul Brynner - King of Theatre and Film" Thanking the hundreds of people who worked on this tribute. The Yul Brynner Park grew out of the love and pride that this city of 600,000 feels toward its most renowned son. Even today, Yul Brynner remains the only Russian-born actor to win the Academy Award, for the title role in "The King and I," which he also played on stage for fourteen years of his life. His last performance on Broadway as the King came thirty-four years after his first. He continued playing eight shows a week until four months before his death from lung cancer in 1985. THOSE WHO MADE THIS STATUE AND PARK POSSIBLE Left to right: Sergei Stepanchenko, Moscow actor and head of the Vladivostok International Film Festival; Alexei Bokii, sculptor of the statue; Alexander Doluda, Rock's "Russian brother," who worked for years to bring Yul Brynner Park into existence; Igor Pushkarev, mayor of Vladivostok; Rock Brynner; Sergei Bogdan, Chairman of Primorye Bank; U.S. Consul General Sylvia Curran, who has done everything possible to support the Brynner legacy; and Anatolii Melnik, Chief Architect of the city of Vladivostok. Liza Minnelli and Rock in Vladivostok, 2011 Liza May arrives in the Russian Far East. . . . . . after we flew from New York to Seoul and (skirting North Korea) landed in Vladivostok, the last stop on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, six thousand miles from Moscow. Liza Arzamasova, Rock Brynner, Liza Minnelli arrriving at. . . . . .the Opening of the Ninth Vladivostok International Film Festival. Our young friend Liza Arzamasova is currently starring in Romeo and Juliette at the Stanislavsky State Theatre in Moscow. Liza May waving to the crowd. . . "Priviet, Vladivostok!" . . ."Maybe This Time" and "New York, New York," all written for her by Kander and Ebb. She earned a full-throated, Russian ovation. I gave her a kiss onstage. . . . . .as my father Yul had kissed her mother Judy exactly sixty years earlier, when they both won Tony Awards on Broadway. With that, Liza began a long evening of shirt-signing, first for Sergei Stepanchenko. . . . . . as our host, Governor Darkin, watched in amusement. For more on the Brynners in Russia, copies of Empire and Odyssey can be ordered at Amazon.com. Publishers Weekly - Starred Review: A four-generation family saga�featuring one of the world�s sexiest movie stars�would usually signal a fluffy beach read, but the story of the Brynner patriarchs is too historically complex and fascinating to fall into that genre. Great-grandson Rock Brynner opens by introducing Swiss-born Jules, who started in the import-export business out of Shanghai and then Yokohama, before establishing himself in Vladivostok in the 1870s. Jules took advantage of the city�s Wild West character and the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad to expand from shipping into mining and forestry, and created an extraordinary commercial empire. It was Jules�s son Boris who had to negotiate the socialization of the family businesses in the newly created Soviet Union. Boris�s �migr� son Yul learned show business in France before turning his much-touted Genghis Khan genes�and his Russian method acting�into American box office gold. Yul�s American son Rock concludes the volume with his own adventures in the counterculture before becoming an academic. The odyssey comes full circle in 2003 when the city of Vladivostok invites Rock to come and celebrate as a native son. An enthralling family chronicle, the Brynner perspective on Far East Russian history should be important for Pacific Rim historians as well. 165 Photos. Library Journal: Brynner can truly be described as a Renaissance man accomplished in many fields, from street clown and actor to band manager, pilot, historian, professor, and writer. In this personal yet meticulous work, he chronicles the lives of four generations of his own family, beginning with his great-grandfather, Jules Bryner, a Swiss who eventually settled in Vladivostok, where he was greatly responsible for establishing its importance in the Russian Far East. Next, he covers Jules�s son Boris, a major industrialist, and then Boris�s son, the author�s father, actor Yul Brynner. He concludes, full circle, with his own odyssey to Vladivostok in 2003. Brynner expertly paints each era in the context of the family history, showing how each man made his own mark upon his generation, whether through direct involvement in the Russo-Japanese War or as an exemplar of Hollywood glamour. Brynner refers to many well-known celebrities, and he isn�t shy about revealing previously unknown stories involving Sammy Davis Jr., Marlene Dietrich, and Sam Giancana. Illustrated with over 150 photographs, this book can stand by itself as a fascinating tale of a fascinating family. "The enthralling story, across four generations, of a singular dynasty of fathers and sons, all of them gifted, dynamic, complicated and driven, all of them firmly embedded in the history of their times. . . . They include the restless, brilliant, and ambitious Yul Brynner, whose odyssey from the Russian Far East to Paris, New York and Hollywood is chronicled with the flair of a born raconteur, the professional historian�s command of facts, and the memoirist�s firsthand knowledge of intimate family lore. His son, Rock Brynner, brings this dazzling saga full circle with his adoption by the people of Vladivostok." � Elizabeth Frank, novelist and Pulitzer-prize winning biographer "Empire and Odyssey is the Forsyte Saga of the Russian diaspora, an absorbing story of an extraordinary family adapting to changing times, of ambition, talent, egotism, loyalty, estrangement, and betrayal, set against a tumultuous background of imperial expansion, war, revolution, exile, and homecoming. It captures the characters Jules, Boris, and Yul with candor, humor, and poignancy. Rock Brynner�s curiosity and sensibilities, cultivated no doubt over the course of personal triumphs and travails, have attuned him to lyrical, tragic, ironic, and comic melodies, so that he can feel � and convey � the burden of Russia�s past, of Russia�s tragedies." � Prof. John J. Stephan, author, The Russian Far East: A History "Yul Brynner was among the most powerful actors of all time. Rock Brynner is one of the most exhilarating story-tellers I have ever read." � James Earl Jones "Dr. Rock Brynner is a gentleman and a scholar, and during my championship years he was always a true friend and reliable bodyguard." � Muhammad Ali "Matoushka" by Aliosha Dimitrievitch (1.1MB) Vladivostok Station Last stop on the Trans-Siberian Railway In 1891, Jules joined the last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, in laying the cornerstone for this station. The broad streets of the old city Built on a narrow peninsula, Vladivostok is surrounded by two bays. Vladivostok became home to 750,000 residents. The Bryner Residence The curved, Art Nouveau peak of the Bryner Residence was very daring when Jules had the house designed in 1910, and still looks modern today. Jules built it, Boris lived in it, and in 1920 Yul was born there. Eighty years after my family was forced to flee Stalin,I was welcomed there warmly. Now it is a city landmark. The Bryner Residence (red arrow) overlooks the main square and port of Vladivostok. Some years after leaving Vladivostok, Yul joined the circus in Paris as a trapeze acrobat. Broadway, 1951 How Yul made it by the age of thirty from his childhood in Vladivostok to stardom in The King and I is only one part of the family epic, Empire and Odyssey . . . 1957 Yul is the only Russian-born actor to have won the Academy Award. With Queen Elizabeth II in 1979 Yul's last performance as King came 34 years after his first. Even authentic royalty was happy to welcome him in their ranks. 1984 This was at the opening of the New York Hard Rock Cafe in 1984, the year before my father died. Cape Bryner, four hundred miles from Vladivostok, where Jules built his first lighthouse above the port of the Bryner Mines . . . . . . and the Twin Rocks beneath Cape Bryner. . . . . . appeared on Russia's national currency - the thousand-ruble note - as soon as the Soviet era ended. Yul on a tiger hunt in North Korea in 1937 In the 1930s, my father Yul, then 17, often hunted in North Korea with his father, Boris, and with Valery's father, Yuri Yankovsky, known since the late 1800s as "the greatest tiger hunter in the world." To see the Bryner Mines and country estate, Sidemy, click on the links at the top of this page, all about Russia: Bryner Mines, Sidemy, Bryners, Friends, Moscow. Our group. As guest of honor on Victory Day, I was given a special spot on the review stand behind the city's 37 surviving veterans, all in their 90s, and the scores of widows, beside the Mayor and Gleb Zuev, the Director of the (formerly) Bryner Mines, today Dalpolymetall. At the Victory Day parade, I was invited to the review stand with the Mayor, Gleb Zuev, and Dalnegorsk's 37 surviving veterans of W.W. II.	i don't know
Which Nobel Prize did Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams win in 1976?	The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 Betty Williams Prize share: 1/2 The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 was awarded jointly to Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan received their Nobel Prize one year later, in 1977. During the selection process in 1976, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan therefore received their Nobel Prize for 1976 one year later, in 1977. Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1976". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 19 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1976/>	Peace (rapper)
Which TV Game Show has been presented by Bob Monkhouse, Max Bygraves and Les Dennis?	Peace People march against violence in Northern Ireland, 1976 \| Global Nonviolent Action Database Peace People march against violence in Northern Ireland, 1976 Ireland Location City/State/Province: Belfast, Antrim, Newry, Ballymena, Birmingham, Downpatrick, Dungannon, Glasgow, Leeds, Cardiff, Craigavon, Dublin, Enniskillen, Manchester, New Castle, Bristol, Edinburgh, Omagh, Boyne, London Location Description: View Location on Map Goals: In general, the Peace People's goals were the dissolution of the IRA and an end to violence in Northern Ireland. The implicit goals of the Peace People rallies were delegitimization of violence, increasing solidarity, and gaining momentum for peace. 038. Marches ›10,000 person march 038. Marches ›50 person march, women with baby carriages Methods in 2nd segment: 038. Marches ›Location: Leeds, Ireland Methods in 4th segment: 038. Marches ›Location: New Castle, Ireland Methods in 5th segment: 038. Marches ›Location: Omagh, Ireland Methods in 6th segment: Mairead Corrigan Maguire, Betty Williams, and Ciaran Mckeown Partners: Glencree Centre of Reconciliation (Dublin) Involvement of social elites: Joining/exiting order of social groups Groups in 1st Segment: Additional notes on joining/exiting order: Joining order not known Opponent, Opponent Responses, and Violence Opponents: Irish Republican Army(IRA), IRA supporters, Sinn Fein supporters Nonviolent responses of opponent: IRA supporters threw bottles and stones at protesters during the marches. Success Outcome Success in achieving specific demands/goals: 5 points out of 6 points Survival: 1 point out of 1 points Growth: 3 points out of 3 points Total points: 9 out of 10 points Notes on outcomes: Although the violence did not fully subside until 1998, Ireland saw in 1976 one of its most dramatic decreases in violence. In the 1960s, Northern Ireland began a period of ethno-political conflict called the Troubles. Through a series of social and political injustices, Northern Ireland had become a religiously divided society between historically mainland Protestants and Irish Catholics. Furthermore, the Irish people had become a fragmented body over a range of issues, identities, circumstances and loyalties. The conflict between Protestants and Catholics spilled over into violence, marked by riots and targeted killings between the groups beginning in 1968. In addition, paramilitary groups, including the prominent Irish Republican Army (IRA), launched terrorist attacks to advance their political agendas. The violence continued to escalate. On 10 August 1976, Anne Maguire and her children were walking along Finaghy Road North in Belfast. Suddenly, a Ford Cortina slammed into them. The car was being driven by Danny Lennon, who moments before had been shot dead by pursuing soldiers. The mother was the only survivor. The collision killed three of her four children, Joanne (8 years), John (2 years), and Andrew (6 months). Joanne and Andrew died instantly; John was injured critically. The next day, immediately following John’s death, fifty women from the Republican neighborhoods of Andersontown and Stewartstown protested Republican violence by marching with baby carriages. That evening, Mairead Corrigan, Anne Maguire’s sister, appeared on television pleading for an end to the violence. She became the first leader of the Peace People to speak publicly. However, she was not the only one to initiate action. As soon as she heard Mairead speak on the television, Betty Williams began petitioning door-to-door for an end to sectarian violence. She garnered 6,000 signatures of support within a few days. This support led directly into the first unofficial action of the Peace People. On 14 August, only four days after the incident, 10,000 women, both Protestant and Catholic, marched with banners along Finaghy Road North, the place of the children's death, to Milltown cemetery, their burial site. This march mostly included women along with a few public figures and men. The marchers proceeded in almost utter silence, only broken by short bouts of singing from the nuns in the crowd and verbal and physical attacks by Republican opposition. The following day, the three who became leaders of the Peace People – Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams, and journalist Ciaran McKeown – came together for their first official meeting. During these initial meetings they established the ideological basis of nonviolence and goals for the campaign. The essential goals for the movement were the dissolution of the IRA and an end to the violence in Northern Ireland. The goals of the campaign implicit in their declaration were awareness, solidarity, and momentum. Peace People’s declaration: "We have a simple message to the world from this movement for Peace. We want to live and love and build a just and peaceful society. We want for our children, as we want for ourselves, our lives at home, at work, and at play to be lives of joy and Peace. We recognise that to build such a society demands dedication, hard work, and courage. We recognise that there are many problems in our society which are a source of conflict and violence. We recognise that every bullet fired and every exploding bomb make that work more difficult. We reject the use of the bomb and the bullet and all the techniques of violence. We dedicate ourselves to working with our neighbours, near and far, day in and day out, to build that peaceful society in which the tragedies we have known are a bad memory and a continuing warning." During the four-month campaign, Peace People and partners organized and participated in 26 marches in Northern Ireland, Britain, and the Republic of Ireland. In order to organize these marches effectively they established their main headquarters in Belfast. After the initial Finaghy Road March, the Peace People, both Protestants and Catholics, rallied in Ormeau Park on 21 August. The official Declaration of the Peace People was first read at this rally, the largest rally of the entire campaign. The group numbered over 50,000. The rally even included some activists from Southern Ireland, most notably Judy Hayes from the Glencree Centre of Reconciliation near Dublin. After the rally, she and her colleagues returned to the south to organize solidarity demonstrations. In the few days before the next march, the organization “Women Together” requested Peace People to call off the march, disapproving of Catholics and Protestants participating in a joint march. The Peace People were not dissuaded. The next Saturday, 27,000 people marched along Shankill Road, the loyalist/Protestant neighborhood. In the next three months, Peace People organized and participated in a rally every Saturday; some weeks even had two. Some of the most notable marches include the Derry/Londonderry double-march, the Falls march, the London march, and the Boyne march. The Saturday following the Shankill march marked the Derry/Londonderry double-march. At this march, Catholics marched on one side of the river Foyle and Protestants on the other. The groups met on the Craigavon Bridge. Simultaneously, 50,000 people marched in solidarity in Dublin. On 23 October, marchers met in the Falls, Belfast, in the pouring rain on the same Northumberland street corner where the Shankill March had started. The Falls Road rally was memorable for the fear and violence that ensued. During this rally Sinn Fein supporters threw stones and bottles at the marchers. The attackers escalated the violence as the marchers neared Falls Park. The marchers were informed by others that more attackers awaited them at the entrance to the park, inciting fear within the body of the rally. The leaders decided that this was an important moment of conflict in the rally and that they must push on. They continued verbally encouraging the marchers through the cloud of bottles, bricks, and stones. The leaders planned to escalate the campaign momentum for the last two major symbolic rallies in London and Boyne, Drogheda. A week before the rallies, on 20-21 November, they planned a membership drive. Over 105,000 people signed within two days. The symbolic week of the culminating rallies began on 27 November at the glamorous London Rally. They began to march at Hyde Park, cut through Westminster Abbey, and ended at Trafalgar Square. Some groups sang “Troops Out” and others resounded with civil rights songs. On 5 December, Peace People held its final march of the campaign, along the River Boyne. The Northern and Southern Ireland contingents met at the Peace Bridge. This was an important point in the legacy of the Peace People movement. Now that the enthusiastic rallies were over, the people were responsible for the tedious local work and continuing the momentum and solidarity that the rallies had inspired. The shape of the Peace People was changing. After the planned marches were over, the rally portion of the campaign faded and the Peace People took a new shape. Corrigan, Williams, and McKeown stopped planning marches, but continued to be involved in action that took the form of conferences and traveling overseas. However, the leaders began doing more separated work. Ciaran McKeown increased his focus on radical political restructuring. In 1977, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan received the Nobel Peace Prize. Issues regarding the use of the monetary award impacted the two leaders' relationships in an irreconcilable manner. Due to the fact that many people, unlike McKeown, were less interested in the political side of the equation, the People continued actions along the lines of rallies and social work. Actions continued through the People’s initiative in the form of Peace Committees that each did separate work in local areas. The Peace People made a substantial impact. They helped to de-legitimize violence, increase solidarity across sectarian lines, and develop momentum for peace. Although the violence did not fully subside until 1998 with the negotiation of political change, Ireland saw in 1976 one of its most dramatic decreases in political violence, accompanying the Peace People’s marches and rallies. The campaign dramatized how tired the people were of bloodshed, their desperate desire for peace, and the clear possibility of alternatives. Research Notes	i don't know
Which TV Game Show has been presented by Leslie Crowther, Bruce Forsyth and Joe Pasquale?	The Price is Right - UKGameshows The Price is Right Bobby Bragg (1989: early shows) Allan Sherwin (Sky version from late 1989) Peter Dickson (1995-2001, 2005, 2006-7) Mike Hurley (2006-7) Suzie Marlowe (Sky version from 1989) Tracie Williams (Sky version from 1989) Katrina Maltby (Sky version from 1989) Julie Broster (Sky version from 1989) Peitra Caston (Sky version from 1989) Kimberley Cowell (1995-2001) Natalie Pike (2006-7, Beauty and the Geek contestant) Male models: Ray Tizzard (as Raynard) (2006-7) Broadcast Central in association with Mark Goodson Productions and Talbot Television for ITV, 24 March 1984 to 8 April 1988 (100 episodes in 5 series) The New Price is Right: Talbot Telegame and Mark Goodson Productions for Sky One, 4 September 1989 to 1994? Bruce's Price is Right: Yorkshire Television and Talbot Television in association with Mark Goodson Productions for ITV, 4 September 1995 to 1 January 1996 and 27 December 1996 (17 episodes in 1 series) Yorkshire Television and Fremantle (UK) Productions for ITV, 2 September 1996 to 15 January 1999 (51 episodes in 3 series) Yorkshire Television and Grundy for ITV, 10 September 1999 to 16 December 2001 (48 episodes in 3 series + 3 unaired) Granada and Thames for ITV1, 17 September 2005 ( Gameshow Marathon one-off) TalkbackThames for ITV1, 8 May 2006 to 12 January 2007 (124 episodes in 1 series) ITV Productions and TalkbackThames for ITV1, 7 April 2007 ( Gameshow Marathon one-off) Synopsis It's often stated as Britain's Biggest Game Show. In what way it was the biggest is unclear. Is it the one with the biggest prizes? No. Biggest audience? No. Biggest set? No. But for sheer cheek and pluck, you'd have to argue that this American classic does have a lot of heart and a big-hearted "anyone can play" attitude. Contestants Row Contestants are plucked (seemingly) at random from the audience and take their places in Contestants Row, where they're each invited to guess the price of an object. The one who guesses the nearest goes on to play a pricing game - different every time, but each involves guessing the prices of various objects in some way (actually and rather curiously, there were games in the Crowther run that didn't involve having to know prices at all, such as the luck and memory game Matchmaker). Win or lose, the contestant who played goes onto the next round. Another contestant comes down from the audience to fill the gap and they guess another price, with the nearest going through again. And so on six times (in the original version) or three times (on the revived 30-minute versions). Contestants who made it to Contestants Row in the Crowther years automatically won "an Olympic-style gold medal" and later, a cuddly teddy bear named William. Contestants Row as seen in 1995 In the original Crowther version, the final six players went to the Supermarket and had to pick items adding up to a particular total, and spin a numbered wheel in the hope of getting 100, with the two nearest going through to the final. If someone managed to get 100 exactly they'd win a bonus prize, such as £1000 in the Forsyth version (although in Warman's episodes they'd need to repeat the feat). The wheel was later removed from the Crowther episodes after the IBA complained about the lack of skill. Instead, all six took part in a quiz on how much things cost in the past (called Check the Difference), with those furthest away eliminated each time. Spinning the wheel The two surviving contestants each got the Showcase - basically, Big Stack O'Prizes - which they had to calculate the value of, and the one who was nearest won it all. In the nineties version, the wheel was back and only one contestant went through, where they would have to estimate the value of the showcase, and if they got within a specified range they'd win it. In the modern Brucie version, the player got to randomly pick a value between £1000 to £5000 by pressing a button to stop a flashing light on the Range Finder. If they could get their guess to be within that amount of the actual amount, without going over, then they won the whole showcase which was usually between £15-25,000. In these cash-strapped times, Pasquale's version has ranges from £500 to £4000 and the prizes are a step down from the primetime Bruce era. Veteran game show contestant the Reverend David Smith gives Bruce his showcase price Prize time So, what of the prizes? There were Innovations-style gadgets or horrible carriage clocks given away in the first round to whoever got the price right (those who bid about fifty quid in this round clearly didn't want to win them), then in each of the games there'd be loads of household appliances and sometimes even cars and holidays - in some you won a selection of them, in some you won everything on display. Then the showcase at the end would have loads more prizes, normally either the entire contents of a room or a car, holiday and loads of audio-visual stuff. At a time when other quizzes were still giving away sets of luggage, this was a massive deal. Of course, contestants were simply plucked out of the audience and invited to Come on Down, so you sometimes got a right dozy selection of people there. The producers would bus in whole factories, offices, universities or social clubs en masse, the idea being that the contestants would all have hundreds of supporters behind them, hollering the answers at the top of their voices. In the original version, the contestants got a Price Is Right medal to wear throughout the show, just to congratulate them on successfully negotiating the stairs. The fact the contestants never knew they were going to be on meant that occasionally you'd get people who were completely shocked and hardly said a word throughout the programme. At least it meant the interviews weren't very long. Glitzy "Oooh, it's all American isn't it?" With these words, my parents welcomed The Price is Right to Britain. It may seem tame now, but when the show started, nobody had seen anything like it before, such was its brashness and razzle-dazzle. Indeed, they even had to tone it down halfway through the run because it was so incredibly vulgar and over-the-top. Most of this is undoubtedly thanks to original producer William G Stewart, who used to bound through the audience at the start of a show, wearing a pink jumpsuit and playing Land Of Hope And Glory at full blast, just to get the audience wound up. The fact he gave them all party hats and, best of all, Central flags to wave throughout meant that they were excited, even if the viewers weren't. There was also a truly mental vaudeville-esque theme tune which ratcheted up the excitement another notch. The other bit you watched The Price Is Right for was the games, of which there were a massive amount. If some of them were a bit dull - "do you want to swap these prices over or not?" was a low point - others were fantastic. The game that scared us most when we were younger was Cliffhanger, where for every pound the contestant was out in their guess, a little man would climb a mountain, yodelling all the way, until falling to his death off the top after 25 steps - one step for each £1 you were out on three different pricing items. Games from the original Crowther version The most fun ones were the ones that involved a little bit more than just pricing, such as Hole in One where to win the big prize the player had to putt a golf ball into the hole but for every item he/she priced correctly the player could putt from closer. Every week this came up there was always a bet with one of the scantily dressed assistants that ol' Brucie wouldn't be able to putt it in, which he never usually did. Also hilariously, the giant cardboard sign had a handle that changed to 'Hole in Two' so that if the player lost they could have another shot. Hole in One in progress And then there was Plinko where players dropped discs into holes in the hope that they'd fall into a cash pocket, with more discs going to people who'd guessed prices correctly. There is a gamble at the end where you can choose to risk your prize money (sadly, typically only a few hundred quid) for a 50/50 shot at a larger prize (this was later changed to include the additional chance to double your money). It was also a piece of proverbial to join in with the games at home, and indeed in our attic there are still toys with price labels on from when we played our own versions of Supermarket. Hosts with the most Both of the first two hosts worked well - Les had some cracking old-school mannerisms, and at the end of each round he'd tell the contestant to "Go and have a chat with Cindy/Lyndsey/Debbie/etc". Every single time. Brucie, of course, was Brucie and so was always great with the dozy contestants and handling the prop-based games like Plinko. Our favourite thing ever about the show, though, is the way Look-In announced that there would be two more hostesses in one series, to wit "Busy Les will now be assisted by six hostesses rather than four". We just love that "Busy Les". You're working him to the bone, Bill! All the ladies loved Les But they loved Brucie more. Sometimes, if you weren't in the mood for it, The Price Is Right could come across as, well, irritating. This certainly wasn't a show to watch if you had a headache, such was the constant shouting and screaming. It also wasn't the most cerebral of quizzes, with some contestants walking away with stacks of prizes purely through sheer luck. At the time, critics complained about the air of money-grabbing about the show, with losing contestants just slinking off or being forced to stand there like lemons, and the public coming a very poor second to the games and the prizes. All that really mattered was that they did the games and there were some prizes, and tough tit if the prizes were hugely inappropriate. You sort of felt that if there was only one contestant playing all the games, they wouldn't really notice. Conversely, though, when they dropped Supermarket, the replacement game - "A Mini Mayfair costs £4000, how much did it cost in 1966?" - was actually pretty dull and sedate. Note also the hopeless attempts at making the set look glitzy in the Les version - ie, bunging a few palm trees around the place. The Brucie version was a bit disappointing because you always felt Brucie could do better than shepherding this sort of thing. For some reason, the members of the audience were always convinced they knew exactly what the price of everything was, so they'd be shouting and making hand signals throughout - even when the options were something like £2501 and £2502, they'd still be hollering at the contestants and groaning when they chose the 'wrong' one. You sort of felt that if they weren't careful, some of the audience would storm the stage and do the games themselves as they didn't think the contestants could be trusted. Sometimes they were right to think that, though - note all the instances in Contestants Row where one wouldn't be listening and so would bid a quid below what someone else had (you can't go over, of course, so they had no chance) or bid insultingly low - where Brucie would always go "Fifty quid!?!" in response. On the Les incarnation, one curious bit was that they'd take the value of the prizes won by the most successful contestant before the final, and then give that amount in cash to 'our nominated charity' - clearly a William G idea to stop people complaining it was soulless. Channel hopping The series began on Saturday nights in 1984 and, much to the critics' chagrin, was an enormous hit, instantly making it to number one in the charts with some sixteen million viewers a week. It stayed on Saturday nights for a number of years, and viewing figures were steady throughout, as was the criticism levelled at it, with everyone pointing out that this was the most vulgar, most inane show ever produced and the obvious step towards mass dumbing down. This was never the case, of course, and after a move to Fridays for a bit (the "Busy Les" period), ITV decided to axe it in 1988, presumably figuring that the public could only watch it for so long before becoming thoroughly sick of the whole thing. That said, Les later said that he only knew it had been axed when he read it in the paper, as ITV had neglected to tell him. In 1989, Talbot Telegame produced a new version of the show, for the embryonic Sky One, using the facilities and services of Central TV. However this was hardly noticed as a) it was on Sky One, and b) Central News' Bob Warman was not really a very inspiring figure as host. The prizes, however, were more expensive than those during the Les period, due to the more relaxed regulation of satellite channels. Bob Warman with contestant in the Talbot Telegame production for Sky One. Brucie convinced Yorkshire to pick up the rights in 1995, and it was back on ITV, though originally opposite EastEnders and, if anything, even more vulgar and gaudy than the original version (unsurprisingly, it had the same producers as Supermarket Sweep). It did well enough for ITV for the next few years, but often it would turn up in all sorts of weird slots, with odd ones showing up months, or even years, after the series they were actually part of. Eventually endless Emmerdale meant there was no room for quizzes on the channel anymore, so they bunged it out on Saturday teatimes in the middle of summer, much to Brucie's disappointment. They kept it going for a bit, but Brucie's falling out with ITV meant it abruptly finished. Brucie and his prize touching crew. By turns, the Joe Pasquale version is both refreshingly different and slightly annoying. Joe himself is a master at interacting with the contestants, and his grip of the games is better than the cue card-assisted Brucie in the first series. However, he garbles a little too much over the rules for our liking. For every positive there is a negative. For each new game (of which there are many), the sound effects just don't sound right. For each new bit of comedy business with stooges, the new models wave their hands around the prizes just a bit too much. For each new clever game set, there's direction problems with late shots and the vision mixer's love of Joe's back rather than his face. Yes, it's The Price is Right but many of the minor details are a bit rough and ready. The Pasquale version was axed in January 2007 due to ratings averaging 800,000 viewers. Summing up Sometimes, you want to switch your brain off and enjoy a bit of inanity, and that's when The Price Is Right really came into its own. Yeah, so it was vulgar, and noisy, and soulless, but on a Saturday night you couldn't really ask for more. They'd clearly pumped loads of money into it, and at a time when many other game shows were giving away rubbish, here was a series that gave away decent prizes, and loads of them. It only really worked in small doses, though, and five years was probably about right first time round. It's certainly not our favourite of Brucie's shows, if only because the presenter couldn't really put a lot of their personality into it, and the prizes and audience tended to overshadow anything that actually happened on the show. It wasn't, as some suggested, the end of television, but neither was The Price Is Right a particular high point in the medium's history. Catchphrases (Brucie): "We have a space in Contestants' Row - who's it going to be, Peter?" "Take a look... at this..." "The actual retail price is..." "Go and have a chat with [Cindy]" (During the Supermarket game): "Fifteen seconds - not a long time". (During the Showcase Showdown): "...And whichever contestant is furthest away from the actual price, either above or below, sits down and is eliminated. In the event of tied losing answers, both contestants are eliminated - and in the event of this happening when there are only three of you left, we will play a tie-breaker. At all events, the two contestants who remain standing at the end of the game will go into the Showcase Final". "It's Saturday Night! So come on down! The Price is Right" "And here he is - Leslie Crowther!" "The Time is Right. The Place is Right. So come on down. The Price is Right!" (Crowther): "Ladies and gentlemen - I hope you'll be able to join us next week, when once again I shall be saying 'Come on down - The Price Is Right'!" "Here we go. It's Britain's biggest game show! Bruce's Price is Right!" Brucie, just before the break: "We'll see you later on for the Showcase Showdown - and (to the viewers) that goes for you too!" "...And I hope you're going to play along at home!" "Flash the cash!" "As ever, over is out..." "Remember - you can be up to (however much) under, but not one penny over..." "What is the price of your showcase?" "Remember, no matter what happens, Bruce's price is always right - good night!" Audience: "Plin-ko! Plin-ko! Plin-ko!" "....And all this could be yours tonight, if the price is right!" "There'd be no show without Joe... Joe Pasquale!" Inventor Based on the classic US format of the same name. Trivia The original producer was William G. Stewart , now best known as the presenter of Fifteen-to-One . Apparently, he used to get the crowd excited by marching in to the tune of Land of Hope and Glory at full volume, and leapt around the audience wearing his trademark lurid pink tracksuit. We've seen the footage of this, and it's scary. Producer William G. Stewart (left) and presenter Leslie Crowther (second from right) with contestants Michael Crawford and Matthew Kelly were considered as hosts. Central TV wanted a fresher face such as Joe Brown, who Stewart agreed to make a pilot with on the condition that he could also make one with Leslie Crowther. On the very first TPiR, a woman called Mary Brown was invited to "come on down" but she refused. Producer William G. Stewart wanted to start the new series with a rhyme "Mary Brown, Come on Down!" but clearly it didn't go to plan! In the Crowther era, the winner actually got their name in the end credits. Which was nice. Following Leslie Crowther 's death in 1996, William G. Stewart revealed that Crowther had initially been reluctant to shout 'Come on down!' on the show and had said that he'd need to speak to his wife, Jean, first, in case she didn't approve. Somewhat nonplussed, William G said, "But I'm your producer - she's only your wife", to which Crowther immediately responded, "No - she's my wife - you're only my producer!" Fortunately, Jean did eventually approve and Crowther soon made the catchphrase his own. When Crowther died in 1996, the next Bruce's Price is Right broadcast was preceded with an announcer saying "Bruce Forsyth would like tonight's programme to be dedicated to the memory of Leslie Crowther". After seeing the first few episodes, the IBA stepped in to block the Giant Wheel eliminator because they believed it was a pure gamble with no skill involved. This action coincided with an electricians' strike at Central's studios, which took the programme off the air for a month. During the hiatus, and after much head scratching, the producers came up with a game where they had to name the price of an expensive item. The contestant with the answer furthest away from the correct price was eliminated, until two were left for the final. In rehearsals, however, one of the extras pointed out that the final contestant in the row only has to name a price between two he's already heard and he'll always make the final. Therefore, they changed it so that the contestants wrote down the figures first. During at least two of the Crowther-shows, contestants won inappropriate prizes. One lady won a lawnmower and a set of garden furniture, among other things - and she didn't even have a garden! Crowther's response was, "Well, we'll have to fix you up with one". (Quite how they'd have done that is unclear). On another occasion, a contestant won a car as part of her showcase and then announced that she couldn't drive. Fortunately, just as Crowther was starting to suggest that they might arrange some driving lessons for her, she added, "But my husband can" - no doubt much to the relief of both Crowther and the crew! On another memorable occasion, a contestant named Maggie made it past Contestants' Row and Crowther soon started calling her 'Giggly Maggie' (his words, not ours - but it's true that she did giggle a fair bit). Her game was 'Secret X', in which she had to price up to three items in order to win a maximum of two X's to place on the board to make a line of three. She managed to price the two items correctly and gain her requisite two X's as well as win the items concerned, but then she demanded to know why she wasn't playing for the third small prize - a swan-design teapot. Crowther explained that she didn't have to play for said teapot, because she'd already priced enough items correctly, but Maggie was having none of it, as she was obviously very taken with the teapot. Crowther exclaimed in mock-despair, "I don't know - she's got all these lovely prizes and now she's on about 'the lickle teapot'" (again, his turn of phrase, not ours). Guess what? They eventually let her keep the teapot. Bruce once confided to one of the prize researchers that he hadn't heard of one of the Supermarket Game ingredients - creme fraiche - and worried whether the contestants would have done either. In terms of studios, the show moved around quite a bit. After a year or two, the Crowther version moved over from Central's Birmingham HQ to their Nottingham complex. It was moved back to Brum for the Warman era. Naturally, Brucie's YTV version came to you from Leeds but the Pasquale revival was recorded at Granada's Manchester site, also known as 3SixtyMedia. As a rather sad coda to the Pasquale era, studio director Phil Chilvers died mid-way through the production of the series. He was found dead in his hotel room, and the crew and audience of 400 waiting in the studio were sent home. Merchandise A board game of the Leslie Crowther version was made. A Bruce's Price is Right board game was made. Web links	The Price Is Right
Which Rugby Union team plays home games at the Liberty Stadium in Swansea?	Blockbusters and the other 80s TV shows making a timely comeback - Mirror Online Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email IF you switch on the telly these days, you could be forgiven for thinking your couch has turned into Doctor Who's Tardis and whisked you back to the 80s. It was a more innocent time, when the mullet-wearing TV host reigned, shell suits were all the rage and pop stars had bad teeth. Today marks the relaunch of the king of the 1980s quiz shows - Blockbusters - after 11 years away. Radio 2's Simon Mayo is set to replace question master Bob Holness, who died in January. The mundane top prize of a sweatshirt and dictionaries will be replaced by e-readers, plasma TVs and holidays. And the contest will be open to everyone, not just students. But Blockbusters is not the only 80s favourite making a timely comeback... Say what you see: Roy Walker was in charge of picture-led game show CATCHPHRASE THE picture-led game show presented by Roy Walker ran on Saturday evenings on ITV between 1986 and 2002. Contestants tried to decrypt pictures to form a catchphrase and later hosts included Nick Weir and Mark Curry. Production firm DRG recently secured rights for the show from its US owners and it is in talks with UK broadcasters for a new format, which is due to be launched early next year. Higher or lower: Brucie was in charge of the cards on Play Your Cards Right (Photo: ITV) PLAY YOUR CARDS RIGHT IT was one of Sir Bruce Forsyth's finest moments - couples were invited to guess whether a card's value would be higher or lower than the original. Forsyth was livid when the show was axed in 2003, after more than 15 years. It looked certain to make a comeback last October until regulators raised fears that it could be seen as endorsing gambling. The Gambling Commission looks set to deliver its verdict soon. Bully's special prize: Jim Bowen's stint as presenter earned his legendary status BULLSEYE DARTS game show Bullseye and its legendary presenter Jim Bowen, 74, deserve their place in the retro hall of fame. Known for its catchphrase "You can't beat a bit of Bully", show creator Andrew Wood was thought to be in talks with Five to resurrect it, with Justin Lee Collins favourite to host. But he should be careful not to step on Jim's toes. The veteran host has said: "If asked to come back, I'd consider it." Knightmare's not over: 3D childrens fantasy could be making a comeback KNIGHTMARE KNIGHTMARE ran from 1987 until the early 90s and had an audience of five million, mainly children. It saw a team of youngsters aged 11 to 16 guide another child through the 3D Knightmare Castle - with the main contestants unable to see obstacles and dangers. The show had stunning visuals for its time and was so hard that only eight teams ever finished it. Original series producer Tim Child has promised fans "something to talk about" very soon. Our survey said: Talks are underway for an eighth series BOB Monkhouse was the first host of Family Fortunes, which ran from 1980 until 2002. Its catchphrase was "Our survey said", but it was known for its wrong answer sound. It was hosted by Les Dennis until it was revamped as the celebrity-based All Star Family Fortunes, with Vernon Kay presenting. The finale of the seventh series is on at the same times as Blockbusters, but talks are under way for another. Friends reunited: Cilla got families back together for 13 years SURPRISE, SURPRISE CILLA Black reunited families on Surprise, Surprise for 13 years - from 1984 right through to 1997. This Morning host Holly Willoughby has been lined up to present a special episode later this year, while plans are under way for a relaunch in 2013. Should it return to our screens, the show will retain the same format - and Cilla is expected to make a cameo appearance. Cheap and cheerful: £5k was up for grabs on Brucie's spin of the wheel THE PRICE IS RIGHT A CHEAP and cheerful quiz hosted by 80s greats including Leslie Crowther, Sir Bruce Forsyth and, er, Joe Pasquale. It had contestants vying to play on the big wheel for up to £5,000 - big money back then. Vernon Kay hosted a version of the show in 2007 and ITV producers have been in talks with production companies about a revamp - but nothing is on the horizon just yet. Who lives in a house like this: Plans are afoot to rescreen the programme THROUGH THE KEYHOLE THE show had David Frost and Loyd Grossman take contestants on a video tour of a famous guest or celebrity's property. A spoof saw comedian Peter Cook impersonating Loyd and looking around the host's home. Now Fremantle, the same firm behind the revival of Blockbusters, has bought the rights to rescreen the programme. And its plans to bring it back for good are still very much in the pipeline. Pop favourite: Even music from the likes of Rick Astley is back in vogue again (Photo: Mirrorpix) LIKE it or loathe it, music from the 1980s is back with a bang. Jason Donovan, Bananarama, Pepsi & Shirlie, and Sinitta performed at a Pete Waterman gig this year. The Rewind Festival, in Henley-on-Thames, Oxon, has also sold out with The Bangles, T'Pau and Rick Astley all on the bill. It's not just music, it's sweets, too. The Wham bar, of which 30 million were sold a year, returns this summer, courtesy of the same firm that brought back Refreshers, Sherbet Dip Dabs and Sherbet Fountains. Clothes shows have also been crammed with 80s fashion - Milan Fashion Week featured metal studs, leather leggings, sequins, power shoulders and flashes of neon. It's on TV, too, with the Dulux dog and Milkybar kid tapping into our nostalgia. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	i don't know
In London, trains cross Hungerford Bridge in to which station north of the River Thames?	Hungerford Bridge \| London Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Opening Date 1864 The Hungerford Bridge crosses the River Thames in London , and lies between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge . It is a steel truss railway bridge — sometimes known as the Charing Cross Bridge — flanked by two cable-stayed pedestrian bridges that share the railway bridge's foundation piers, and which are properly named the Golden Jubilee Bridges. The south end of the bridge is near Waterloo Station , County Hall , the Royal Festival Hall , and the London Eye . The north end is near Embankment Station , Charing Cross Station , Embankment Pier and the Victoria Embankment . The bridges have step and lift access. History Edit Hungerford Bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1845 as a suspension footbridge. In 1859 it was bought by the railway company, to extend the South Eastern Railway into the newly opened Charing Cross railway station. The railway company replaced the suspension bridge with a structure designed by Sir John Hawkshaw, comprising nine spans made of wrought iron lattice girders, which opened in 1864. The chains from the old bridge were re-used in Bristol's Clifton Suspension Bridge. The original brick pile buttresses of Brunel's footbridge are still in use, though the one on the Charing Cross side is now much closer to the river bank than it was originally, due to the building of the Victoria Embankment, completed in 1870. The buttress on the South Bank side still has the entrances and steps from the original steamer pier Brunel built on to the footbridge. Walkways were added on each side, with the upstream one later being removed when the railway was widened. In 1951 another walkway was temporarily added when an Army Bailey bridge was constructed for the Festival of Britain. In 1980 a temporary walkway was erected on the upstream side whilst the downstream railway bridge and walkway were refurbished. It is only one of three bridges in London to combine pedestrian and rail use; the others being the Fulham Railway Bridge and Barnes Railway Bridge. The footbridge gained a reputation for being narrow, dilapidated and dangerous. In the mid-1990s a decision was made to replace the footbridge with new structures on either side of the existing railway bridge, and a competition was held in 1996 for a new design. The concept design was won by architects Lifschutz Davidson and engineers WSP Group. Detailed design of the two bridges was carried out by consulting engineers Gifford (company). The two new 4-metre wide footbridges were completed in 2002. They were named the Golden Jubilee Bridges, in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession, although in practice they are still referred to as the "Hungerford Footbridges". Further justification for new footbridge structures both upstream and downstream of the railway bridge was that the railway bridge's brittle wrought iron support pillars were vulnerable to impact from riverboats. Especially following the Marchioness disaster it was felt these should be clad in concrete at water level but the bridge's owners, Railtrack, could not afford the work. The Golden Jubilee Bridges achieved this protection at no cost to Railtrack. The new footbridges Edit The new footbridges posed an engineering challenge. Their construction was complicated by the need to keep the railway bridge operating without interruptions. There was also the problem of the Bakerloo Line tunnels passing only a few feet under the river bed as well as the potential danger of unexploded bombs in the Thames mud. Despite extensive surveys of the riverbed, London Underground was unwilling to accept these risks and preliminary works were stopped in 2000. The design was modified so that the support structure on the north side, which would have been within 15 metres of the tube lines, was moved out of the river bed and onto Victoria Embankment. Excavation near the tube lines was carried out when the tube was closed and foundations were hand-dug for additional security. It is estimated that the footbridges took one million hours of labour to create. The 300 m-long decks were raised using an innovative method called incremental launching, in which each 50 m-long section was pulled across the river using a 250 m-long steel truss weighing 300 tonnes. This process was repeated five times until each deck spanned the river, supported by six temporary piers made of steel and concrete. The seven 25-tonne pylons were then raised over the subsequent two weeks. Once the pylons had been installed, the decks were jacked up to enable their connection with the cable stays suspended from the pylons. The concrete deck was then lowered into its final position and the temporary piers and supports were dismantled. The design of the bridges is complex. Each of the two decks is supported by inclined outward-leaning pylons. The decks are suspended from fans of slender steel rods called deck stays — there are 180 on each deck, made up of over 4 km of cable — and are held in position by other rods called back stays. Because the pylons lean, the back stays are under tension. The deck is secured in place by steel collars fitted around (although not supported by) the pillars of the railway bridge; the collars are themselves attached to the bridge's foundations by tie-down rods. The entire structure is thus held in place by exploiting the tensions between the pylons and the various stay rods and struts. The new bridges won the Specialist category in the Royal Fine Art Commission Building of the Year Award in 2003. It gained a Structural Achievement Award commendation in the 2004 Institution of Structural Engineers awards, and has won awards from the Civic Trust and for its lighting design.	Charing Cross
Which US bank filed for bankruptcy on September 15th 2008?	Hungerford Bridge \| BBC Sherlock \| Sherlockology Hungerford Bridge Directions Hungerford Bridge is a railway bridge that supports trains out of Charing Cross station, originally built in 1864. On either side are two 'new' pedestrian bridges allowing access to either side of the river Thames. On the river, it is located between Westminster Bridge and Waterloo Bridge, close to the London Eye. If you are heading across to the South Bank Skate Park in pursuit of mysterious ciphers like Sherlock, John and Raz, make sure to turn to admire Charing Cross behind you. Making the trip at dusk or even night time is highly recommended. Episodes Hungerford Bridge has appeared in	i don't know
Which US stockbroker was arrested in December 2008 charged with securities fraud and later jailed for 150 years?	Madoff Ponzi Scheme Category Archives — Stockbroker Fraud Blog Published by Houston, Securities Fraud Lawyers — Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Citco Group Ltd. has agreed to pay $125 million to resolve a lawsuit related to the Bernard Madoff Ponzi Scheme . The plaintiffs in the case are investors of Fairfield Greenwich Ltd. Investors in Fairfield’s funds sued Citco Group and others after Madoff was arrested in 2008 for running a multibillion-dollar Ponzi scam. Citco was a defendant because it was retained by Fairfield to monitor assets, as well as Madoff’s trading activities. The plaintiffs argued that Citco owed them a duty of care. By settling, Citco is not denying or admitting to wrongdoing. It said that it consented to resolve the case to avoid further litigation. The $125 million investor settlement is one of the largest with an administrator or custodian of a Madoff feeder fund. Fairfield placed about $7 billion with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP According to Richard Breeden, the special master of the Madoff Victim Fund, about 11,000 more investors who sustained losses in the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scam could recover some of their funds. He also said that the number could possibly double as the U.S. government assesses more of the claims. Breeden said that as of the middle of this month his office had looked at over 34,000 of the more than 63,700 claims it had received from investors who were claiming $77.3 billion of losses. They are from 135 countries. The Madoff Victim Fund is holding $4.05 billion in investor compensation and is separate from the compensation being distributed by Irving Picard, who is the trustee of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. While Picard has been compensating investors who directly placed their funds with Madoff, Breeden is working to compensate investors who had accounts at feeder funds and other entities that then sent their money to Madoff for investment. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Investors who were bilked in Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi scam will be getting back another $93 million. Madoff Trustee Irving Picard said that Defender Limited and related entities have consented to give back that amount, which they received from investing with the Ponzi mastermind. As part of the agreement, the $93 million will be withheld from the over $422 million that Defender is waiting to get back for its own losses in the scam. To date, Picard has gotten back over $10.6 million of investors’ $17.3 billion in principal. This is the latest deal reached between the trustee and a so-called feeder fund. These funds pooled investor money and then sent the cash Madoff’s way. Bogus returns were issued to the funds, which gave the money to their individual investors. Picard contended that the parties behind the Defender fund were aware, or if not then they should have been, that Madoff’s company was a fraud. The $93 million is representative of all the money that Defender withdrew from its fund from its formation in 2007 until the end of 2008 when Madoff liquidation proceedings began. As part of the agreement, parties involved with Defender will cooperate with Picard to get back the $550 million. Picard has also reached deals with feeder funds Premo Fund, Herald Fund SPC, and Senator Fund SPC. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP A Securities and Exchange Commission administrative law judge says that investment advisers Larry Grossman and Gregory Adams must pay over $6.3M in restitution and fines for misleading clients who invested in hedge funds tied to Ponzi fraud mastermind Bernie Madoff . Administrative law judge Brenda Murray issued her ruling last month. The two investment advisers are Sovereign International Asset Management founder Larry Grossman and Gregory Adams, who agreed to buy Sovereign from Grossman in 2008. The firm filed for bankruptcy four years later. Per the SEC administrative complaint, Grossman did not know that the two hedge funds that he primarily recommended to clients were linked to Madoff. The Commission contends that Grossman violated his fiduciary duties to his clients when he neglected to conduct due diligence on the funds, which were run by a man named Nickolai Battoo. Grossman also purportedly did not notify clients that he was getting paid $3.4 million in consulting fees and referral money for recommending certain funds. After Grossman sold Sovereign to Adams, the former owner continued working in several capacities at the firm and never actually told clients that the sale even happened. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP In a new round of payments by Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC trustee Irving Picard, victims of the $17 billion Madoff Ponzi Scam are slated to receive around $349 million. The US Bankruptcy Court in New York must still approve the distribution, which would bring total payouts to $6 billion-34% of the principal lost. A hearing for the distributions is scheduled in April. Payouts by Picard include up to $500,000 in advances each to victims that were made by the Securities Investor Protection Corp. Picard said that he hope to give victims full reimbursements. One way he is doing this is by pursuing claims of approximately $3.5 billion from HSBC Holdings PlC (HSBA), UBS AG (UBS) and UniCredit SpA (UCG), which allegedly benefited from the multibillion-dollar Ponzi scam. In January, JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) arrived at $325 million accord with Picard over allegations that the bank was negligent in not identifying the fraud and made money money from Madoff’s scam. Picard was able to recover $10 billion-59% of the principals lost by thousands of Madoff customers. The financial firm also consented to pay another $218 million to settle two related class actions filed with the help of Picard. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP A group of investors that were victimized in the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scam has won the right to appeal directly to a federal court about a bankruptcy ruling that prevents them from factoring in the amount of time they invested with the financial fraudster as interest that they want back. According to the US Court of Appeals in New York, the plaintiffs met the criteria for a “direct appeal” so that they won’t have to go through the district court first. U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Burton R. Lifland had said that “time-based” calculations might not be fair to creditors who are last in line for payments and that this could give a windfall to claims by traders even though they weren’t victims of Madoff’s scam. Lifland recently passed way. Madoff’s victims want bankruptcy trustee Irving Picard to put aside about $1.4 billion to pay back interest they say they are owed. They believe that factoring in time when equating damages allows for inflation to be considered. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP FINRA Issues Sweep Letters About Alternative Trading Systems The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has put out a new round of sweeps letters asking for more information about its review of alternative trading systems. The SRO’s Trading Examinations Unit is reviewing the off-exchange trading venues. FINRA wants firms to provide information about how subscriber order flow is identified within the ATS, whether they are tracking the different kinds of order types in use, and where the ATSs orders are routed. Sweep letters let the regulator determine how to better focus its exams and discover what new issues may have arisen. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP A district court has confirmed an arbitration panel’s $750,000 award to the Kay Family Revocable Trust in its securities case against Stone & Youngberg LLP. The trust sustained financial losses when its money was invested in the FutureSelect Prime Advisor II, which had most of its capital invested with Ponzi scam mastermind Bernard Madoff. In its arbitration claim, Kay Family Revocable Trust claimed that S & Y failed to perform its requisite due diligence before recommending that the trust invest in the fund. S & Y rejoined with the argument that the trust had not succeeded in proving a causal link between the Madoff scheme and any alleged lack of due diligence. S & Y also argued it shouldn’t have to be responsible for the harm that the Trust suffered as a result of Madoff’s financial fraud . The brokerage firm even pointed to a federal district court ruling of a professional malpractice claim that concluded that “a simple ‘but for’ relationship between the claimed negligence and the injury” will not back up a finding of legal causation. S & Y also cited a decision by a federal appeals court that said it was up to a securities fraud plaintiff to prove that the loss it sustained was a foreseeable outcome of the alleged misrepresentation. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, however, concluded that the panel’s decision to confirm the award in favor of the investor and against S & Y was not manifest disregard of the law, but rather the application of the law to the facts the way it found them. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Financial Industry Regulatory Authority says that Morgan Keegan & Co, Inc. must pay over $250,000 in punitive and compensatory damages to Jeffrey and Marisel Lieberman. The couple suffered financial losses after investing in Greenwich Sentry LLP, a hedge fund whose assets were funneled to Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities. FINRA contends that the brokerage firm failed to due enough due diligence on the Madoff feeder fund, and was “grossly negligent.” The Lieberman, who are accusing the Regions Financial unit of fraudulent misrepresentation, negligence breach of fiduciary duty, and violations of Florida and Tennessee statutes, claim that Morgan Keegan and Julio Almeyda, one of its registered representatives, invested $200,000 of their money with Greenwich Sentry. The fund ended up filing for bankruptcy last November. Per Morgan Keegan’s internal compliance rules, investors should only be allowed to place money in hedge funds if “speculation” is one among their main objectives when opening an account. “Speculation” was the last objective on the couple’s list. FINRA says that not only must the broker-dealer repay the couple’s entire loss of $200,000, but also they must also give them 6% annual interest from when the investment was made, $50,000 in punitive damages, and $14,000 in expert witness fees. Meantime, the FINRA panel cleared Almeyda of wrongdoing, finding that he did not know that Morgan Keegan had not provided sufficient due diligence nor was he aware that he had given the Lieberman’s false and misleading information about their investments’ risks. Over the last year, Morgan Keegan has found itself dealing with hundreds of arbitration cases nvolving mutual fund investors alleging securities fraud related to the significant losses they sustained during the subprime mortgage crisis. Related Web Resources: by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Texas Congressman Jeb Hensarling is one of four Republican members of the House Financial Services Committee wanting to know more about Securities and Exchange Commission Chairwoman Mary Schapiro’s role in managing the conflict of interest presented by appointing David M. Becker as the SEC’s general counsel. Becker, who is no longer in this post, is with someone with a financial interest in a Bernard Madoff investment account. As a senior policy director for the SEC involved in dealing with Madoff Ponzi scam , he played a role determining how victims would be compensated. Becker’s ties with Madoff didn’t come to light until trustee Irving H. Picard sued him and his two brothers to get back more than $1million of the $2 million they had inherited from their late mother’s Madoff investment. The former SEC general counsel claims that he told Schapiro and the chief ethics officer of his Madoff-related financial interest. Now, however, SEC inspector general H. David Kotz says he wants to probe possible conflicts of interest related to Becker’s role with the SEC as someone who stood to benefit from decisions involving Madoff Ponzi scam victims. According to the New York Times, two unnamed sources say while the SEC agreed to return to investors only the funds they had placed in their Madoff accounts, Becker had pushed for allowing the victims to keep some of their investment gains. Lawmakers say they want details of Schapiro’s talks with Becker about his Madoff ties. They also want to know whether she followed all the steps delineated in government ethics rules. Also getting into the mix is Texas Representative and Republican Randy Neugebauer, who is quoted in the New York Times as stating that he believes the SEC should be held to the same high standard of “transparency and disclosure” as it holds other companies.	Bernard Madoff
In which English city was the Spinnaker Tower opened in 2005?	Bernard Madoff Wiki, Bio, Married, Wife, Divorce, Net Worth Home » Businessman » Bernard Madoff Wiki, Bio, Married, Wife, Divorce, Net Worth Bernard Madoff Wiki, Bio, Married, Wife, Divorce, Net Worth Date: 13 Jun, 2016 Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff known as Bernard Madoff is the former non- executive chairman of NASDAQ stock market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in U.S. history. He is well renowned for investment advisor and financier. He worked as chairman in Bernard L. Madoff investment securities LLC from 1960 to December 11, 2008. He was born on April 29, 1938, in Queens, New York, U.S. He is the son of a plumber, stockbroker, Ralph Madoff and Sylvia Muntner. He attended Far Rockaway High School and graduated from there in 1956. He also studied at the University of Alabama for one year. He transferred to Hofstra University and graduated with Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1960. He also attended Brooklyn Law School. Moving towards his personal life, Madoff tied the knot with his high school girlfriend Ruth Alpern on November 28, 1959. He met his wife while he was attending Far Rockaway High School. After some time, the couple started dating each other. They are blessed with two sons named Mark and Andrew. Their sons worked in the training section. Their married life is going smooth and they have been supporting each other despite so many ups and downs. There are no gossips about their divorce and extra affairs. He became famous because of several reasons on December 11, 2008. He was arrested and charged with securities fraud. He admitted that he lost $50 billion of investor's money and later it was proved that he was involved in so many cases like securities fraud, mail fraud, false statements, theft from an employee benefit plan etc. The judge of U.S District Court Denny Chin sentenced him to 150 years prison life. Saddest incident happened in his life while he was imprisoned. He got to know that his son Mark committed suicide and Andrew was diagnosed with cancer. Madoff had suffered a heart attack before 2014. Talking about his net worth, Bernie net worth is amounted to be billions of dollars but now he is $17 billion debt due to the involvement in criminal activities. The U.S Marshals Service auctioned his three houses in September 2009. He used to spend a huge amount of money in the big restaurant. He was sentenced to a lifetime in prison that's why he could not spend and enjoy life with his family. His biography and more information on him can be found in wiki sites. You May Like	i don't know
Which Spanish naval base was subjected to a siege by the French from February 1810 to August 1812?	Siege of Cádiz \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Main article: Peninsular War In the early 19th century, war was brewing between Napoleon I and the Russian Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon saw the shared interests of Britain and Russia in defeating him as a threat. Napoleon's advisor, the Duke of Cadore, recommended that the ports of Europe be closed to the British, stating that "Once in Cadiz, Sire, you will be in a position either to break or strengthen the bonds with Russia". [12] Soult and his French army invaded Portugal in 1809, but were beaten by Wellesley at Oporto on May 12. The British and Spanish armies advanced into mainland Spain, however a lack of faith in the Spanish army forced Arthur Wellesley to retreat back into Portugal after Spanish defeats in the Battle of Ocana and Battle of Alba de Tormes . By 1810, the war had reached a stalemate . Portuguese and Spanish positions were strengthened by Wellesley with the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras , and the remainder of the Spanish forces was forced back to defend the Spanish government at Cádiz against Soult's Army of Andalusia. Nicolas Soult , Duke of Dalmatia . Portrait of General Manuel La Peña , commander of the Allied forces that attempted to relieve the siege. The port of Cádiz was surrounded on land by the armies of Soult and Victor, in three entrenched positions at Chiclana, Puerto Real and Santa Maria, positioned in a semicircle around the city. [13] In the case of the former position, only an area of marshland separated the forces. [14] The French initially sent an envoy with a demand for surrender, however this was refused. [8] The resulting bombardment of the Spanish coastal city involved some of the largest artillery pieces in existence at the time, including Grand Mortars, which were so large they had to be abandoned when the French eventually retreated, and fired projectiles to distances previously thought impossible, some up to 3 miles in range. [5] (The Grand Mortar was placed in St. James's Park in London as a gift to the British in honour of the Duke of Wellington. [15] ) The French continued to bombard Cadiz through to the end of 1810, however the extreme distance lessened their effect. [16] Portrait of Thomas Graham . The terrain surrounding the strong fortifications of Cádiz proved difficult for the French to attack, and the French also suffered from a lack of supplies, particularly ammunition, and from continuous guerrilla raiding parties attacking the rear of their siege lines and their internal communications with Andalusia. [13] On many occasions, the French were forced to send escorts of 150–200 men to guard couriers and supply convoys in the hinterland. So great were the difficulties that one historian judges that; The French siege of Cadiz was largely illusory. There was no real hope that they would ever take the place. Far more real was the siege of the French army in Andalusia. Spanish forces from the mountains of Murcia constantly harried the eastern part of the province. They were frequently defeated but always reformed. A ragged army under General Ballesteros usually operated within Andalusia itself. Soult repeatedly sent columns against it. It always escaped ... French dominion was secure only in the plains of the Guadalquivir and in Seville. [17] French reinforcements continued to arrive through to April 20, and the capture of an outer Spanish fort guarding the road through to the Puerto Real helped to facilitate the arrival of these forces. This captured fort also provided the French which a vantage point to shell ships coming in and out of the besieged Spanish port. [13] During 1811, Victor's force was continually diminished because of requests for reinforcement from Soult to aid his siege of Badajoz . [18] This reduction in men, which brought the French numbers down to between 20,000–15,000, encouraged the defenders of Cádiz to attempt a breakout. [19] A sortie of 4,000 Spanish troops, under the command of General José de Zayas , was arranged in conjunction with the arrival of an Anglo-Spanish relief army of around 16,000 troops that landed 50 miles to the south in Tarifa . This Anglo-Spanish force was under the overall command of Spanish General Manuel La Peña , with the British contingent being led by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham . On February 21, 1811 the force set sail for Tarifa, and eventually landed at Algeciras on February 23. [19] Eventually marching towards Cádiz on February 28, the force met a French detachment of two French divisions under Victor at Barrosa . While the battle was a tactical victory for the Allied force, with a French regimental eagle captured, it was strategically indecisive. [19] Smaller sorties of 2,000–3,000 men continued to operate out of Cadiz from April to August 1811. [20] On October 26, British naval gunboats from Gibraltar also destroyed French positions at St. Mary's [21] killing French artillery commander Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont . An attempt by Victor to crush the small Anglo-Spanish garrison at Tarifa over the winter of 1811–1812 was frustrated by torrential rains and an obstinate defence, marking an end to French operations against the city's outer works. On July 22, 1812, Wellesley won a tactical victory over Auguste Marmont at Salamanca . The Spanish, British and Portuguese then entered Madrid on August 6 and advanced towards Burgos. Realising that his army was in danger of being cut off, Soult ordered a retreat from Cádiz set for August 24. After a long artillery barrage, the French placed together the muzzles of over 600 cannons, to destroy them. While these guns were rendered unusable to the Spanish and British, the Allied forces did capture 30 gunboats and a large quantity of stores. [5] In literature The siege of Cádiz features prominently in Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe's Fury , in which Richard Sharpe is forced to help defend the city from the French before going on to take part in the Battle of Barrosa . [22] Arturo Pérez-Reverte 's El asedio is a murder mystery set in Cádiz during the siege. Notes	Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)
Under what name did English actor James Stewart, born 1913, become famous?	2717. Robert Southey to John Murray, 18 February 1816 \| Romantic Circles * Endorsement: 1816 Feby 18/ Southey R Esq MS: National Library of Scotland, MS 42551. ALS; 2p. Unpublished. BACK [1] ‘Parliamentary Reform’, Quarterly Review, 16 (October 1816), 224–278. Southey was also planning to write a book on the ‘State of the Nation’. BACK [2] In Quarterly Review, 18 (October 1817), 1–46, Southey reviewed Lord Holland, Some Account of the Lives and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio, and Guillen de Castro (1817). He had reviewed the first edition of 1806 in the Annual Review for 1806, 5 (1807), 397–411. He had also been waiting to receive the travel narrative of the Spaniard Domingo Badia y Leblich (1766–1818), Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, Between the Years 1803 and 1807 (1816) and reviewed this in Quarterly Review, 15 (July 1816), 299–345. BACK [3] Benjamin Sydenham (1777–1828), a soldier in India and friend of Marquess Wellesley . He was Commissioner of the Board of Excise 1809–1819. He had offered Southey the papers of his brother, Thomas Sydenham (1780–1816), a soldier who served in India and then Spain 1811–1812, before ending his career as Minister Plenipotentiary at Lisbon 1814–1816. He also was a close friend of Marquess Wellesley, with whom he served in India. The papers were to assist with Southey’s History of the Peninsular War (1823–1832). BACK [4] The father was Robert Charles Dallas (1754–1824; DNB), author of the novels Percival, or, Nature Vindicated (1801) and Aubrey (1804). The son was Alexander Robert Charles Dallas, an officer in the British army in Spain and Portugal, whose manuscript was published as Felix Alvarez, Or, Manners in Spain; Containing Descriptive Accounts of Some of the Prominent Events of the Late Peninsular War (1818). BACK [5] The town and naval base of Cadiz, seat of Spanish resistance to Napoleonic rule, was besieged by French forces from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812. BACK [6] Miguel José de Azanza, Duke of Santa Fe (1746–1826) Minister for War 1793–1796, Viceroy of New Spain 1798–1800. He accepted French rule in Spain in 1808 and defended his actions in Memoria de D. Miguel José de Azanza y D. Gonzalo O-Fárill, sobre los hechos que Justifican su Conducta Politica (1815). BACK [7] History of the Peninsular War, 3 vols (London, 1823–1832), I, pp. 3–62. BACK [8] Southey described the occupation of Lisbon by the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot, 1st Duke of Abrantès (1771–1813) in 1807–1808 in History of the Peninsular War, 3 vols (London, 1823–1832), I, pp. 92–148. His correspondent was possibly Timoteo Lecussan Verdier (1754–1831), a Portuguese scholar and factory owner of French parentage, who Southey had met in Portugal in March 1801 and whom he attempted to contact on his visit to Paris in May 1817. Another possibility was Jean-Victoire de Novion (1747–1825), a French émigré, who was commander of the police force in Lisbon in 1801–1807. He had returned to France in 1814 and held minor office under the royalist regime. BACK [9] Southey’s History of Brazil (1810–1819). BACK [10] Quarterly Review, 14 (October 1815), published 12 March 1816. This issue did not contain an article by Southey. BACK	i don't know
Stephen Fry played the title role in the television series 'Kingdom', in which English county was the series set?	Literary Norfolk Literary Norfolk Stephen Fry as Peter Kingdom Cast and Characters Phyllida Law - Aunt Auriel Kingdom is set in the fictional town of Market Shipborough and features country solicitor Peter Kingdom. Each week he attempts to deal with an assortment of eccentric clients aided and abetted by his assistant Lyle - played by Karl Davies. Peter Kingdom's life is also complicated by his disreputable, missing brother (Simon) and by his needy, pregnant sister (Beatrice). It is Stephen Fry's first ITV drama since Jeeves and Wooster in 1993. Holkham Beach from Wells The series was shot almost entirely on location in Norfolk and Stephen Fry describes the appeal of the show as follows: 'Kingdom does promise viewers a glimpse of the locations I love, and an hour in front of the television that will wash them in colours, textures, landscapes and characters that delight.' The show was created by Simon Wheeler and written by Jeff Povey and Alan Whiting. The centre of Swaffham features extensively in most episodes - namely the market place, the 18th century Butter Cross (which Kingdom usually drives past in his Alvis TE 21) and Oakleigh House which is transformed into his office. The Swaffham town sign - which depicts the famous pedlar John Chapman - is also transformed to become the Market Shipborough sign. The Greyhound pub becomes The Startled Duck and in one episode a Break Charity Shop even became Tiger Lily's Sex Shop. The Ecotech wind turbine is also visible is most episodes. Swaffham actually lies about 20 miles from the coast - but a sound track featuring sea gulls gives the impression that it is by the sea. The shots of the harbour and quayside are filmed at Wells-next-the-Sea in North Norfolk. The spectacular beach scenes are shot at Holkham . Swaffham has benefited from the 'Kingdom effect' due to increased tourism and also from money pumped into the local economy by the filmmakers. The series has also used other Norfolk locations including: Happisburgh Lighthouse, Little Snoring Airfield, Hunstanton , RAF Marham, Scroby Sands wind farm, Dereham , the Norfolk Broads , Cockley Cley Hall (Aunt Auriel's house) Bintree Mill, Great Massingham and Thetford . In many ways Kingdom is classic Sunday evening entertainment - portraying likeable characters in a picturesque setting - in the tradition of shows such as Last of the Summer Wine, Heartbeat or All Creatures Great and Small. Screen East assisted the filmmakers of Kingdom with locations, crew and facilities and Kerry Ixer (Head of Locations) said: ' This is a fantastic film industry showcase for Norfolk combining the county's great beauty, local skilled workforce and film-friendliness.'	Norfolk
Which airport serves the Leeds/Bradford area?	Stephen Fry - Biography - IMDb Stephen Fry Biography Showing all 116 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (52) \| Personal Quotes (55) Overview (3) 6' 4½" (1.94 m) Mini Bio (1) Writer, actor, comedian, doer of good works, excellent good friend to the famous and not, Fry lives in his London SW1 flat and his Norfolk house when not traveling. Famous for his public declaration of celibacy in the "Tatler" back in the 1980s, Emma Thompson has characterised her friend as "90 percent gay, 10 percent other." Stephen Fry was born in Hampstead, London, to Marianne Eve (Newman) and Alan Fry, a physicist and inventor. His maternal grandparents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants, while his father's family was of English background. He grew up in Norfolk and attended Uppingham School and Stout's Hill. After his notorious three months in Pucklechurch prison for credit card fraud, he attended Queens College, Cambridge in 1979, finishing with a 2:1 in English in 1981/2. While at Cambridge, he was a member of the Cherubs drinking club, and Footlights with Thompson, Tony Slattery , Martin Bergman , and Hugh Laurie (to whom he was introduced by E.T.). His prolific writing partnership with Laurie began in 1981 with resulting Footlights revues for (among others) Mayweek, Edinburgh Festival, and a three month tour of Australia. In 1984, Fry was engaged to do the rewrite of the Noel Gay musical "Me and My Girl," which made him a millionaire before the age of 30. It also earned him a nomination for a Tony award in 1987. (Sidenote: It was upon SF's suggestion that Emma Thompson landed a leading role in the London cast of this show.) Throughout the 1980s, Fry did a huge amount of television and radio work, as well as writing for newspapers (e.g. a weekly column in the "Daily Telegraph") and magazines (e.g. articles for "Arena"). He is probably best known for his television roles in Black-Adder II (1986) and Jeeves and Wooster (1990). His support of the Terence Higgins Trust through events such as the first "Hysteria" benefit, as well as numerous other charity efforts, are probably those works of which he is most proud. Fry's acting career has not been limited to films and television. He had successful runs in Alan Bennett 's "Forty Years On," Simon Gray 's "The Common Pursuit" with John Sessions , Rik Mayall , John Gordon Sinclair , and others. Michael Frayn 's "Look Look" and Gray's "Cell Mates" were less successful for both Fry and their playwrights, the latter not helped by his walking out of the play after only a couple of weeks. Fry has published four novels as well as a collection of his radio and journalistic miscellanea. He has recorded audiotapes of his novels (an unabridged version of "The Liar" was released in 1995), as well as many other works for both adults and children. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Spouse (1) Often works with Hugh Laurie Crooked nose His sonorous voice and received pronunciation Trivia (52) Son of Marianne Fry and physicist/inventor Alan Fry. Older brother, Roger, and 7-year younger sister, Jo Foster (his agent). Macintosh fanatic, Usenet lurker, Internet/WWW enthusiast. Cricket fan, Sherlockian, charter member Groucho Club (Soho). Rector of Dundee University and hon. doctorate from that institution (July 1995). Flies his own classic biplane. Claims the UK record for saying 'fuck' on television most times in one live broadcast. He's regarded in the UK as 'Britain's Favourite Teddy Bear' and is a keen teddy bear collector himself. He hosted the 2001 and 2002 British Academy Awards (BAFTAS), which have been their 2 most successful years. A regular guest on the BBC quiz Have I Got News for You (1990) for many years, he now allegedly refuses to appear on the show as a protest against the sacking of former host, Angus Deayton . Narrates the audiobook versions (British releases) of the wildly popular Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Was nominated for Broadway's 1987 Tony Award as one of several writers, including the deceased L. Arthur Rose and Douglas Furber as well as collaborator Mike Ockrent , as Best Book (Musical) for "Me and My Girl." He was one of the guests at 'Prince Charles'' and Camilla Parker-Bowles ' wedding. Smoked a pipe. With Nick Green , co-founded the Bear Rescue Foundation, a charitable trust to rescue and nurture distressed bears. Godfather of Hugh Laurie and Jo Green's three children. A book has recently been published in the U.K. entitled 'Tish and Pish: How to Be of a Speakingness Like Stephen Fry' (author: Stewart Ferris). It's a humorous tribute to Stephen's wonderful use of the English language. Is a fan of Jethro Tull . Took part in a special celebrity edition of Blankety Blank on The Prince's Trust 30th Birthday: Live. He won against contestant Chantelle Houghton . In the Independent on Sunday 2006 Pink List -- a list of the most influential gay men and women -- he came no. 23, down from 21. He was a member of the Cambridge Footlights and in 1981, along with Hugh Laurie , Tony Slattery , Emma Thompson , Penny Dwyer , and Paul Shearer , became the first winner of The Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh fringe festival. He was a good friend of author Douglas Adams and John Mills . Suffers from bipolar disorder. Is a big fan of the iconic 60s British comedy rock band, the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, and participated in their 40th anniversary reunion show at the Astoria in London on January 28, 2006 along with 'Adrian Edmondson', Paul Merton and Phill Jupitus . He has a very wide taste in music, with particular favorites being Richard Wagner , Led Zeppelin and ABBA . Very fond of vintage British TV themes. In the 1980s he shared a house in London with Hugh Laurie. They needed some plastering doing. The plasterers turned out to be Paul Whitehouse and Charlie Higson who were inspired by Fry and Laurie to have a go at comedy. Won the 1998 Sidewise Award for Alternate History for his novel Making History. He has been described as "deeply dippy for all things digital", claims to have owned the second Apple Macintosh sold in the UK (after friend Douglas Adams ) and to have never encountered a smartphone that he has not bought. When in London, Fry drives his own black cab for ease of transportation. Ranked #44 in the 2008 Telegraph's list "the 100 most powerful people in British culture". Is related to English sportsman, politician and polymath C. B. Fry. Blacks out his website as part of Internet Blackout Week NZ from Feb 16 to 23 to protest against the controversial New Zealand 'Section 92A' law which has ISPs disconnect users accused of copyright infringement. Mentioned on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross (on a night when Tom Cruise was another guest) that he was offered a role in Valkyrie. Speaks German. His maternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Surany, now in Slovakia. His father's family is English. His very recognisable crooked nose is a result of breaking it when he fell over in the school playground at the age of six. Recorded an 'outro' for popular You-Tube vlogger, Charlie Mcdonnell. (aka. Charlieissocoollike). Served as best man at friend Hugh Laurie and Jo Green's wedding (1989). As good friend of Douglas Adams , he claims to know why Adams chose the number '42' as the Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything in his novel 'The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy'. However, he refuses at length to disclose the reason, or will act as if the microphone magically malfunctions, as if the Universe itself is stopping him from making the revelation. Is good friends with Carrie Fisher . Fry fervently supports the return of the Elgin Marbles to Greece. Supports Norwich City Football Club, regularly attending games (as his schedule allows) and is on the board of directors. Has openly discussed his struggles with depression and attempted suicide. Still continues to do a lot of acting and make regular TV appearances. [January 2002] Began providing Stephen Fry's Podgrams: free podcasts about his adventures, available via his official website. [February 2008] On an episode of QI, a panelist, with reference to the topic at hand, questioned Jo Brand about her previous work as a psychiatric nurse, asking "If someone had said to you they were God, what would you have done?" Jo Brand laughed and said "I probably would have punched him to the floor!" At which point Stephen Fry quipped "What a loss to the profession you were!". He earned £100,000 for a TV commercial for Marks & Spencer. [2009] Despite his fame and charitable efforts, Stephen Fry has been very open and honest about the details of his less than respectable past which includes a brief stint in jail for credit card fraud and 15 years addicted to 'snorting coke' (cocaine). In his recent autobiography he provides a list of places whose owners he offers his deepest apologies to for indulging in his illegal drug habit on the premises, a few of the places on this list were: Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, The Houses of Parliament, BBC HQ, ITV HQ and several military bases and headquarters. Is a snooker fan. Attends the final in Crucible Theatre in Sheffield every year. Personal Quotes (55) The e-mail of the species is more deadly than the mail. How can one not be fond of something that the "Daily Mail" despises? It is quite difficult to feel that I am placed somewhere between Alan Bennett and the Queen Mother, a sort of public kitten. On being gay: "My first words, as I was being born... I looked up at my mother and said, 'that's the last time I'm going up one of those.'" It only takes a room of Americans for the English and Australians to realise how much we have in common. "Comedy always goes up and down but this year's been great. Comedy is immensely strong right now, with the Green Wing (2004) and Nighty Night (2004)." (Speaking in 2005) "Complete loose-stool-water. Arse-gravy of the very worst kind." (Speaking about Dan Brown 's novel, "The Da Vinci Code.") My father was all brain and little heart. As someone who worked hard for a Labour victory in the Nineties, do I regret it? Not really. It was bound to happen. And it'll happen with the next government, and the one after it. Because all governments serve us. They serve the filth. I sometimes wonder if you Americans aren't often fooled by our accent into detecting a brilliance that may not really be there. When American TV and movies call for a twist of limey in their cocktail, it's usually a character they're after - supervillain, emotionally constipated academic, effete eccentric, that kind of thing. Generally, we admire the thing we are not. On the set of Bones (2005) I have been amazed and impressed by the naturalness of the cast, and berate myself for sounding as if I'm speechifying instead of talking. I've always believed Americans have one huge, ready-made gift when it comes to acting in front of a camera - the ability to relax. Take the supreme relaxed authenticity of a James Stewart or a George Clooney compared with the brittle contrivances of a Laurence Olivier or a Kenneth Branagh , marvelous as they are. Of course, it would be unfair for me to comment. Douglas ( Douglas Adams ) told me in the strictest confidence exactly why 42. The answer is fascinating, extraordinary and, when you think hard about it, completely obvious. Nonetheless amazing for that. Remarkable really. But sadly I cannot share it with anyone and the secret must go with me to the grave. Pity, because it explains so much beyond the books. It really does explain the secret of life, the universe, and everything. (On the meaning of 42 in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)) Digital devices rock my world. It is true that I have a great admiration, sometimes only just short of reverence, for the elegances and brilliances that have emerged from my favourite address in the world: 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, the home of Apple Computers. The BBC enriches the country in ways we will only discover when it has gone and it is too late to build it back up again. We actually can afford the BBC, because we can't afford not to. I genuinely cannot see that the nation would benefit from a diminution of any part of the BBC's great whole. It should be as closely scrutinized as possible of course, value for money, due humility and all that, but to reduce its economies of scale, its artistic social and national reach for misbegotten reasons of ideology or thrift would be a tragedy. The week before we moved house, the BBC started a new drama, starring William Hartnell . An old man had a police phone box of the kind we saw in the street all the time. It turned out to be a magical and unimaginably wonderful time machine. I had never been so excited in all my life. (On Doctor Who (1963)) Although, of course, anybody can talk about snouts in troughs, and go on about it, for journalists to do so is almost beyond belief, beyond belief. I know lots of journalists; I know more journalists than I know politicians. And I've never met a more venal and disgusting crowd of people when it comes to expenses and allowances. John Cleese said to me years ago that "you will never be happy unless you stop being so polite. I have spent much of my life trying to please people, trying to be what they wanted me to be rather than what I actually wanted to be. Just as I was leaving prison, starting simultaneously my period on probation and at University, the way you do, the wind changed and Margaret Thatcher , the new Mary Poppins, descended into Downing Street, with new medicines for us to take, but very few spoonfuls of sugar to help them go down. I am not going to blame her or make political points. The wind had changed and she blew in with it and would one day be blown away by another change. But here she was and fundamental questions were asked, genuinely radical unthinkable thoughts were thought in an age of privatisation and anti-dirigiste, anti-statist conservatism. I grew up in what seems now to me and to most cultural and broadcast historians to have been a golden age in television. Thatcherism had seen the first concerted political opposition, ideological opposition to the way the BBC in particular was seen to run itself and to behave. The administration was perhaps getting its revenge on the BBC for its perceived participation in, and promulgation of, the poisonous ethos of the 1960s. Liberalism, permissive media encroachments on decency, disrespectful satire, outright socialistic dramas and documentaries were all cited as proof of the BBC's undemocratic doctrinaire partiality. The trick was conceived in which the BBC could be blamed for being at one and the same time old-fashioned, stuck in the mud, reactionary, elitist, hidebound, de haut en bas, patriarchal, top/down, patronising and simultaneously left-wing, trendy, bien pensant and unpatriotic, because radical now meant right-wing. Modern and progressive meant consumer-led and market-oriented. The Tebbits and the Thatchers of this world were not about to allow intellectuals, artists, liberals and Oxbridge nomenclatura of decadent self-appointed cultural apparatchiks to decide what was good for the public. The nanny state was bad enough in their eyes but the schoolmaster state, the don state was even worse. Television as the nation's fireplace, the hearth and the heart of the country, the focus of our communal cultural identity, that television is surely dead. It seems unlikely ever to return. Instead of being the nation's fireplace, TV is closer to being the nation's central heating. It's conveniently on in every room, it's less discernible, less of a focus, more of an ambient atmosphere. I love television in this country. I love the range and richness of the programming. I love its ambition, its scope, its innovation. I love the tradition, the technological innovation, the gossip, the corporate drama on the inside, the reach and influence on the outside. I admire the talent and the commitment of so many working in the field. I love everything about what television has been, what it still is and what it might yet be. If I criticise anything about it, I hope you will be able to see that I do so as with nationhood, from the point of view of love not enmity. To be human and to be adult means constantly to be in the grip of opposing emotions, to have daily to reconcile apparently conflicting tensions. I want this, but need that. I cherish this, but I adore its opposite too. I'm maddened by this institution yet I prize it above all others. There is as far as I know no profession in this country that likes to talk about itself more than broadcasting. I love Britain, like most Britons I get desperately upset at her failings: when it goes wrong, when it gets it totally totally wrong, when it's shoddy, when it's inefficient, incompetent, rude, vulgar, embarrassing, when it slips into national torpor or boils into bouts of embarrassing national fever. I can moan about health and safety gone mad and leaves on the line, rail networks and crap service and crap weather and crap sporting achievements and crap politicians and crap newspapers and crap attitude. I can do all that. In fact it's the defining signature quality of my Britishness to talk like that, to complain and to self-castigate but does it mean that I don't love this damned country? Does it mean that I don't get weepy when I think of its history, its people, its countryside, its richness, its plurality, the cultural and artistic energy, the good humour, tolerance, the ability to evolve for good, achingly slow as that ability might be? Does it mean that I don't as it were stand to attention when I think of the sacrifice of our military, the selfless good of so many working in hospitals and schools and rescue services and the million acts of unremembered kindness, decency and good fellowship practised every day by unsung heroes and heroines in every walk of life? Of course it doesn't mean that I don't love and respect that. One carps and one criticises because one loves. The only drama the BBC will boast about are Merlin (2008) and Doctor Who (2005), which are fine, but they're children's programmes. They're not for adults. And they're very good children's programmes, don't get me wrong, they're wonderfully written ... but they are not for adults. They are like a chicken nugget. Every now and again we all like it. Every now and again. If you are an adult you want something surprising, savoury, sharp, unusual, cosmopolitan, alien, challenging, complex, ambiguous, possibly even slightly disturbing and wrong. You want to try those things, because that's what being adult means. I don't pretend to be a businessman. Spreadsheets and Powerpoint presentations make me want to scream, gouge out my eyes and stab my ears. I have never been able to read a profit and loss account or a balance sheet, and I go swimmy and feel sick if I have to read a legal document because on the whole I'd rather watch television. Happiness is no respecter of persons. It is a cliché that most clichés are true, but then, like most clichés, that cliché is untrue. I feel sorry for straight men. The only reason women will have sex with them is that sex is the price they are willing to pay for a relationship with a man, which is what they want. Of course, a lot of women will deny this and say, "Oh no, but I love sex, I love it!" But do they go around having it the way that gay men do? To repatriate a power takes treaties, rows, enmities, alliances and betrayals. To repatriate a collection of stolen marbles take good will, moral courage and a decisive belief that right can be done. How can we British be proud until we sit down with Greek politicians and arrange for the return of their treasure? It's time we lost our marbles. Inevitable George Entwistle would fall on his sword. Damned for stopping a Newsnight (1980), damned for allowing one. A kind, wise man. Heigh ho. [re his mental problems] If unmedicated, there are times when I am so exuberant, so hyper, that I can go three or four nights without sleeping and I'm writing and I'm doing stuff and I'm so grandiose and so full of self-belief that it's almost impossible to deal with me. I can't stop speaking, I'm incredible, I go on shopping sprees...Fortunately one of the common signs of mania, or hyper-mania as it is known, is sexual exhibitionism. I don't have that as one of my brands, but others do. ...There are times when I'm going 'ha ha, yeah yeah' and inside I'm going 'I want to f*ing die. I...want...to...f*ing...die. The fact that I am lucky enough not to have it [mental illness] so seriously doesn't mean that I won't one day kill myself, I may well. [re disclosure in June 2013 that he had tried to commit suicide in 2012] I am the victim of my own moods, more than most people are perhaps, in as much as I have a condition which requires me to take medication so that I don't get either too hyper or too depressed to the point of suicide. I would go as far as to tell you that I attempted it last year, so I'm not always happy - this is the first time I've said this in public, but I might as well. I'm president of Mind, and the whole point in my role, as I see it, is not to be shy and forthcoming about the morbidity and genuine nature of the likelihood of death amongst people with certain mood disorders. It was a close run thing. I took a huge number of pills and a huge [amount] of vodka and the mixture of them made my body convulse so much that I broke four ribs, but I was still unconscious. And, fortunately, the producer I was filming with at the time came into the hotel room and I was found in a sort of unconscious state and taken back to England and looked after. There is no 'why', it's not the right question. There's no reason. If there were a reason for it, you could reason someone out of it, and you could tell them why they shouldn't take their own life. [in support of a proposed ban of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics because of anti-gay legislation in Russia] I am gay. I'm a Jew. My mother lost over a dozen of her family to Hitler's anti-semitism. Every time in Russia - and it is constantly - a gay teenager is forced into suicide, a lesbian 'correctively' raped, gay men and women beaten to death by neo-Nazi thugs while the Russian police stand idly by, the world is diminished and I, for one, weep anew at seeing history repeat itself. Will we never learn? Who knows? Religion. Shit it. Most sodomy, most anal intercourse takes place between men and women. [to a Ugandan homophobe] Why are you obsessed with anuses? I'm not interested in anuses. I'm interested in men I fall in love with and not with anuses. Can't you understand? It's about love. You are so base and materialistic. I'm not interested in sodomy and buggery, I am not interested, so forget about it, you're so perverted, all you care about is penises and vaginas and anuses. It's so sick. Your obsession with sodomy, it says something very peculiar about you if I may say so. It's quite extraordinary, it's a most peculiar thing. It's not up to you to tell me how to use my penis, my penis was there to give me pleasure. Under the cloak of caring, you have designated homosexuality to be a vicious, perverted disease. We're human beings like everybody else and we believe first and foremost in love. At least 260 species of animal have been noted exhibiting homosexual behaviour but only one species of animal ever, so far as we know, has exhibited homophobic behaviour - and that's the human being. So ask which is really natural. There are other faiths like Quakers and Congregationalists and Unitarians and the Liberal Reform part of the Jewish faith who are actually extremely keen. They feel their communion won't be complete unless it includes gay marriage because they believe in social justice and equality too. It's wrong, in a country like ours, which has an established Church, just because their more extreme end is screeching with outrage at the idea of this, that we are not allowed to be married. It's unfair on plenty of other religious people and it is misrepresenting what we require, which is only the same as anybody else, and that's to express our love in the fullest possible way of commitment. [on the death of Peter O'Toole ] Oh what terrible news. Farewell Peter O'Toole. I had the honour of directing him in a scene. Monster, scholar, lover of life, genius. [to Russian homophobe Vitaly Milonov ] You really ought to stop because you're making a great fool of yourself on camera. This is going to be shown around the world and if people hear you speaking like this, they're going to think so little of Russia. They're going to think: "Is this man actually allowed to use the street and the telephone, let alone be a politician?" Homophobia is still a world problem. Homosexuality isn't and never has been. Homosexuals are not interested in making other people homosexual. Homophobics are interested in making other people homophobic. I have a great interest in zoology. There are 480 species of animal that exhibit homosexual behaviour but only one species of animal on earth that exhibits homophobic behaviour. So which is normal? What is the point of the Catholic Church if it says, "We didn't know better because nobody else did?" Then what are you for? I was really, really knocked for six by the death of Robin Williams . Far more talented [than me] but a similar track of cocaine and alcohol use and then he stopped and then very recently, very recently, as we know, he could take it no more. A man who gave such extraordinary pleasure and even the films people criticised him for, the slightly sentimental ones, were because that's how he was, he was such a soft, sweet, kind man. I've seen him in rooms being more funny than all collective comedians put together in history have been. It's not that he was funny, he "was" funny. Whatever funniness is, he was it. Gosh. Elliott G Spencer and I go into a room as two people, sign a book and leave as one. Amazing. [on homosexual marriage] It really makes a difference to know that one is conjoined in a legal way. My poor husband has to put up with the fact that BAFTA comes first. It has a new meaning when it's the 'we' in 'wed'. The day life has so little to offer that I read the next Shirley MacLaine book, disembowel me. Self-pity will fulfill all the prophecies it makes and leaves only itself. It's now very common to hear people say, 'I'm rather offended by that.' As if that gives them certain rights. It's actually nothing more... than a whine. 'I find that offensive.' It has no meaning; it has no purpose; it has no reason to be respected as a phrase. 'I am offended by that.' Well, so fucking what. See also	i don't know
Which Cricket county's Twenty20 team are known as the 'Royals'?	County ins & outs - signings, departures and rumours - BBC Sport County ins & outs - signings, departures and rumours From the section Counties Read more about sharing. Stay up-to-date with the latest player releases, signings and speculation from all the counties. Counties are allowed to field two overseas players in Twenty20 games, with up to four registered for that competition - although only two can be registered at any one time, and registrations must be for a minimum of 10 days. Only one overseas player is permitted in the County Championship and One-Day Cup competitions. Guide to abbreviations Also shows, where relevant, players' previous counties KPK: Kolpak contract EUP: European Union passport UKP: Recently-obtained UK passport Kolpak contracts are signed by foreign players, using a loophole in European Union law to avoid counting against the quota of one overseas player per club. Players who moved counties during the 2013 season are included on the 2013 list. Have we missed anyone? Please let us know. DERBYSHIRE Overseas player: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies, until late July); Marcus North (Australia, primarily for Twenty20 and for other competitions when Chanderpaul is away), Cheteshwar Pujara (India, for final three County Championship games) Ins: Stephen Moore (Lancashire), Gareth Cross (Lancashire), Scott Elstone (ex-Nottinghamshire, released in 2012), Greg Cork (YTH), Ben Cotton (YTH), Tom Taylor (YTH), Harvey Hosein (YTH), Wayne White (Lancashire, loan from 25 August until end of season) Outs: Alasdair Evans (REL), Dan Redfern (Leicestershire), Chris Durham (REL), Tim Groenewald (Somerset, loan from 20 June until the end of the season, then permanent move), Stephen Moore (RET on 28 June), Peter Burgoyne (REL on 28 June), Richard Johnson (REL on 28 June), Paul Borrington (REL on 6 August), Mark Turner (Northants, month's loan from 8 August) Other news: Head coach Karl Krikken and batting coach David Houghton (who has joined Somerset) have left the club. Warwickshire bowling coach Graeme Welch replaces Krikken, taking the title of elite cricket performance director, with John Sadler, Simon Guy, Cookie Patel, Nick Kesingland and Ant Botha all joining the coaching staff, while AJ Harris and Stephen Stubbings will head up the academy. DURHAM Overseas player: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka, for two County Championship games in May); John Hastings (Australia, after Indian Premier League finishes until early September); Varun Aaron (India, for final two Championship games) Ins: Stuart Poynter (Ireland, ex-Warwickshire), Graham Clark (MCC Young Cricketers), Calum MacLeod (Scotland), Gavin Main (YTH), Peter Chase (Ireland) Outs: Mitchell Claydon (Kent), Will Smith (Hampshire), Callum Thorp (REL), Steve Harmison (RET), Dale Benkenstein (RET, has joined Hampshire as first-team coach) Other news: Jon Lewis has become first-team coach, with director of cricket Geoff Cook taking on a youth remit, while Mark Stoneman has become limited-overs captain. The club have dropped their "Dynamos" limited-overs nickname and will be known simply as Durham in 50-over cricket, while they will assume the name of "Durham Jets" in the Twenty20 competition. ESSEX Overseas player: Jesse Ryder (New Zealand) Ins: Monty Panesar (Sussex), Oliver Newby (Lancashire, loan from 2-24 May), Tanveer Sikander (Hertfordshire), Matt Salisbury (YTH), Thomas Moore (YTH), James Porter (YTH) Outs: Owais Shah (Hampshire), Maurice Chambers (Northants) Other news: Strength and conditioning coach Ian Fisher has joined Yorkshire and assistant coach Matt Walker has rejoined Kent. GLAMORGAN Overseas player: Jacques Rudolph (South Africa); Darren Sammy (West Indies, for Twenty20 until end of June) Ins: Tom Helm (Middlesex, loan from 2 May-4 June), Tom Lancefield (ex-Surrey), James Harris (Middlesex, month's loan from 16 July), Kieran Bull (YTH), Aneurin Donald (YTH), Jeremy Lawlor (YTH), Jack Murphy (YTH), Dewi Penrhyn Jones (YTH) Outs: Nick James (REL), Alex Jones (REL), Simon Jones (REL), Huw Waters (RET on 11 August), John Glover (RET on 27 August), Other news: Hugh Morris has become chief executive and managing director, with Toby Radford replacing Matthew Mott as head coach. Mark Wallace will captain the Championship and 50-over sides, while Allenby will lead the Twenty20 team. GLOUCESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Michael Klinger (Australia); Mark Craig (New Zealand, as injury cover for Klinger in August) Ins: Tom Smith (Middlesex), Will Tavare (YTH), Geraint Jones (Kent, loan from 22 May-20 June), Patrick Grieshaber (YTH), Adam Rouse (ex-Hampshire, month's trial from 24 June), Robbie Montgomery (YTH) Outs: Richard Coughtrie (REL), Paul Muchall (REL), Ed Young (REL), Ian Saxelby (RET on 3 June) Other news: Mark Thorburn has been appointed bowling coach and will combine the role with his existing position as high performance analyst. Coach Richard Dawson has left to take charge of Yorkshire's second team. HAMPSHIRE Overseas player: Kyle Abbott (South Africa); Glenn Maxwell (Australia, primarily for Twenty20 until quarter-finals); Nathan Rimmington (Australia, as T20 cover while Abbott is with SA), Imran Tahir (South Africa, for last two Championship games) Ins: Matt Coles (Kent), Will Smith (Durham), Joe Gatting (Sussex), Lewis McManus (YTH), Tom Barber (YTH), Tom Alsop (YTH), Owais Shah (Essex, match-by-match contract for T20), Basil Akram (ex-Loughborough UCCE) Outs: Dimitri Mascarenhas (RET), Neil McKenzie (REL), David Griffiths (Kent), Hamza Riazuddin (RET), Adam Rouse (REL, subsequently joined Gloucestershire), Jack Sheppard (REL), Michael Roberts (REL), Jake George (REL) Other news: The county have dropped their "Royals" limited-overs nickname for 2014 and will just be known as Hampshire. Former Durham batsman Dale Benkenstein has joined as first-team coach. KENT Overseas player: Doug Bollinger (Australia) Ins: Mitchell Claydon (Durham), David Griffiths (Hampshire), Charlie Hartley (YTH), Matt Hunn (YTH), Robbie Joseph (ex-Kent & Leicestershire), Imran Qayyum (YTH) Outs: Mike Powell (RET), Matt Coles (Hampshire), Charlie Shreck (Leicestershire), Benedict Kemp (REL), Ashley Shaw (REL), Geraint Jones (Gloucestershire, loan from 22 May-20 June), James Tredwell (Sussex, loan for County Championship matches from 15 June), Mark Davies (RET on 12 September) Other news: James Tredwell has resigned as captain, with Rob Key returning for a second spell as skipper, and Sam Northeast becoming vice-captain. Former batsman Matt Walker has rejoined as assistant coach. LANCASHIRE Overseas player: Junaid Khan (Pakistan, for one-day matches and final County Championship game); Usman Khawaja (Australia, mid-June until end of season) Ins: Jos Buttler (Somerset), Liam Livingstone (YTH), Andrew Flintoff (for Twenty20, had retired in 2010) Outs: Stephen Moore (Derbyshire), Gareth Cross (Derbyshire), Oliver Newby (Essex, loan from 2-24 May), Wayne White (Derbyshire, loan from 25 August until end of season), Kyle Hogg (RET on 5 September) Other news: Captain Glenn Chapple will take over as head coach for the remainder of the season, after Peter Moores left to lead England, and he has added retired ex-skipper Mark Chilton to the coaching staff. LEICESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Ramnaresh Sarwan (West Indies, until late July); Scott Styris (New Zealand, for Twenty20, then replacing Sarwan from late July) Ins: Charlie Shreck (Kent), Dan Redfern (Derbyshire), Atif Sheikh (played for Derbyshire in 2010), Rob Sayer (YTH), Richard Jones (Warwickshire, month's loan from 13 June) Outs: Claude Henderson (RET), Matthew Hoggard (RET), Robbie Williams (REL) Other news: Chief executive Mike Siddall will leave at the end of the season. MIDDLESEX Overseas player: Chris Rogers (Australia), Dan Christian (Australia, for Twenty20) Ins: Harry Podmore (YTH), Stephen Eskinazi (YTH) Outs: Corey Collymore (REL), Tom Smith (Gloucestershire), Josh Davey (Somerset), Adam London (REL), Tom Helm (Glamorgan, loan from 2 May-4 June), Adam Rossington (Northants, loan from 3 July until end of the season), James Harris (Glamorgan, month's loan from 16 July) Other news: Eoin Morgan has lost his England central contract but been named as Middlesex's limited-overs captain. NORTHANTS Overseas player: Richard Levi (South Africa, primarily for T20 and One-Day Cup), Ian Butler (New Zealand, for Championship and T20 until mid-July), Neil Wagner (New Zealand, for final five Championship matches) Ins: Maurice Chambers (Essex), Graeme White (Nottinghamshire), Adam Rossington (Middlesex, loan from 3 July until end of the season), Michael Leask (trial), Mark Turner (Derbyshire, month's loan from 8 August) Outs: Lee Daggett (RET), Luke Evans (REL), Christian Davis (REL), Sam Sweeney (REL), Con de Lange (REL), Jonathan Batty (REL, had been short-term emergency cover) Other news: Kyle Coetzer will captain the T20 side in 2014 as Alex Wakely has been ruled out for the season with injury. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Overseas player: Peter Siddle (Australia; all games except Twenty20 until mid-July); James Franklin (New Zealand, from mid-June) Ins: Phil Jaques (Yorkshire, UKP), Gary Keedy (Surrey, as player/coach/physio), Jake Libby (Cardiff MCCU), Luke Wood (YTH) Outs: Ben Phillips (REL), Graeme White (Northants), Graeme Swann (RET), Alex Hales (Worcestershire, loan from 2-11 May) Other news: Chris Read has relinquished the limited-overs captaincy to James Taylor (who will be Championship vice-captain). Coach Paul Johnson has left the club, while former seamer Andy Pick has rejoined Notts as bowling coach, all-rounder Paul Franks has been named second XI captain, and Chris Adams has joined as a consultant batting coach. SOMERSET Overseas player: Alviro Petersen (South Africa), Dirk Nannes (Australia, for Twenty20); Colin Ingram (South Africa, while Petersen is on international duty in July) Ins: Johann Myburgh (ex-Durham), Josh Davey (Middlesex), Tim Groenewald (Derbyshire, loan from 20 June until end of season, then three-year contract) Outs: Jos Buttler (Lancashire), Gemaal Hussain (REL), Yasir Arafat (Sussex), Steve Kirby (RET on 22 July) Other news: In a revamped coaching set-up, ex-Derbyshire coach David Houghton becomes batting coach, 2nd XI coach Jason Kerr becomes bowling coach, and former head coach Andy Hurry becomes director of high performance. SURREY Overseas player: Graeme Smith (South Africa, April to May), Robin Peterson (South Africa, for Twenty20), Hashim Amla (South Africa, late May until late June), Tillakaratne Dilshan (Sri Lanka, late June until mid-August) Ins: Kevin O'Brien (Ireland, for Twenty20), Aneesh Kapil (Worcestershire) Outs: Jon Lewis (Sussex), Zander de Bruyn (REL), Gary Keedy (Nottinghamshire) Other news: Graham Ford has become head coach, with Alec Stewart taking on the new title of director of cricket. Gary Wilson will captain the side in the absence of Smith, who was ruled out for the rest of the season with a knee injury and will now not be returning in 2015. SUSSEX Overseas player: Steve Magoffin (Australia); Yasir Arafat (Pakistan, for Twenty20) Ins: Steffan Piolet (Warwickshire), Jon Lewis (Surrey), Yasir Arafat (Somerset), James Tredwell (Kent, loan for County Championship matches from 15 June), Craig Cachopa (EUP), Fynn Hudson-Prentice (YTH) Outs: Monty Panesar (Essex), Joe Gatting (Hampshire), Andrew Miller (REL), Amjad Khan (REL), Michael Rippon (REL) WARWICKSHIRE Overseas player: Jeetan Patel (New Zealand); Shoaib Malik (Pakistan, for Twenty20 from 19 June-8 July) Ins: Richard Jones (Worcestershire), Tom Lewis (YTH), Jon Webb (YTH), Josh Poysden (ex-Unicorns, trial), Aaron Thomason (YTH) Outs: Darren Maddy (RET), Chris Metters (REL), Tom Allin (REL), Stuart Poynter (Durham), Steffan Piolet (Sussex), Richard Jones (Leicestershire, month's loan from 13 June), Jim Troughton (RET on 19 August) Other news: Bowling coach Graeme Welch has left to become elite cricket performance director at Derbyshire, with Worcestershire bowler Alan Richardson joining as his replacement. The county will be known as "Birmingham Bears" in Twenty20 cricket from 2014. Varun Chopra has replaced the retired Troughton as captain. WORCESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Saeed Ajmal (Pakistan, mid-April until mid-July); Colin Munro (New Zealand, for Twenty20); Mitchell McClenaghan (New Zealand, to cover for Ajmal in July and August) Ins: Ed Barnard (YTH), Joe Clarke (YTH), Alex Hales (Nottinghamshire, loan from 2-11 May), Richard Oliver (Shropshire) Outs: Richard Jones (Warwickshire), Neil Pinner (REL), Steve Leach (REL), Michael Johnson (REL), Aneesh Kapil (Surrey), David Lucas (RET), Alan Richardson (RET, has joined Warwickshire as bowling coach) Other news: Kevin Sharp has been confirmed as batting and second XI coach following the death of Damien D'Oliveira, while bowling coach Matt Mason will also serve as Rhodes' assistant. The county have dropped their "Royals" limited-overs nickname, but will be known as the "Rapids" only in Twenty20 cricket. YORKSHIRE Overseas player: Kane Williamson (New Zealand); Aaron Finch (Australia, after Indian Premier League finishes, primarily for Twenty20 - though may play other games if Williamson is unavailable) Ins: Will Rhodes (YTH), Oliver Robinson (YTH), Jonathan Tattersall (YTH), Ben Coad (YTH), Karl Carver (YTH), Matthew Waite (YTH), Eliot Callis (YTH) Outs: Phil Jaques (Nottinghamshire), Joe Sayers (RET), Iain Wardlaw (REL), Callum Geldart (REL), Gurman Randhawa (Shropshire), Oliver Robinson (REL on 30 July) Other news: Joe Root is now centrally contracted by England but he has also extended his Yorkshire contract. Second XI coach Paul Farbrace has left to take charge of Sri Lanka, he is replaced by Richard Dawson, who joins from Gloucestershire, while former fellow former player Ian Fisher has returned to Headingley as strength and conditioning coach, a role he held at Essex. Share this page	Worcestershire
What is the state capital of Michigan, USA?	County ins & outs - signings, departures and rumours - BBC Sport County ins & outs - signings, departures and rumours From the section Counties Read more about sharing. Stay up-to-date with the latest player releases, signings and speculation from all the counties. Counties are allowed to field two overseas players in Twenty20 games, with up to four registered for that competition - although only two can be registered at any one time, and registrations must be for a minimum of 10 days. Only one overseas player is permitted in the County Championship and One-Day Cup competitions. Guide to abbreviations Also shows, where relevant, players' previous counties KPK: Kolpak contract EUP: European Union passport UKP: Recently-obtained UK passport Kolpak contracts are signed by foreign players, using a loophole in European Union law to avoid counting against the quota of one overseas player per club. Players who moved counties during the 2013 season are included on the 2013 list. Have we missed anyone? Please let us know. DERBYSHIRE Overseas player: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies, until late July); Marcus North (Australia, primarily for Twenty20 and for other competitions when Chanderpaul is away), Cheteshwar Pujara (India, for final three County Championship games) Ins: Stephen Moore (Lancashire), Gareth Cross (Lancashire), Scott Elstone (ex-Nottinghamshire, released in 2012), Greg Cork (YTH), Ben Cotton (YTH), Tom Taylor (YTH), Harvey Hosein (YTH), Wayne White (Lancashire, loan from 25 August until end of season) Outs: Alasdair Evans (REL), Dan Redfern (Leicestershire), Chris Durham (REL), Tim Groenewald (Somerset, loan from 20 June until the end of the season, then permanent move), Stephen Moore (RET on 28 June), Peter Burgoyne (REL on 28 June), Richard Johnson (REL on 28 June), Paul Borrington (REL on 6 August), Mark Turner (Northants, month's loan from 8 August) Other news: Head coach Karl Krikken and batting coach David Houghton (who has joined Somerset) have left the club. Warwickshire bowling coach Graeme Welch replaces Krikken, taking the title of elite cricket performance director, with John Sadler, Simon Guy, Cookie Patel, Nick Kesingland and Ant Botha all joining the coaching staff, while AJ Harris and Stephen Stubbings will head up the academy. DURHAM Overseas player: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka, for two County Championship games in May); John Hastings (Australia, after Indian Premier League finishes until early September); Varun Aaron (India, for final two Championship games) Ins: Stuart Poynter (Ireland, ex-Warwickshire), Graham Clark (MCC Young Cricketers), Calum MacLeod (Scotland), Gavin Main (YTH), Peter Chase (Ireland) Outs: Mitchell Claydon (Kent), Will Smith (Hampshire), Callum Thorp (REL), Steve Harmison (RET), Dale Benkenstein (RET, has joined Hampshire as first-team coach) Other news: Jon Lewis has become first-team coach, with director of cricket Geoff Cook taking on a youth remit, while Mark Stoneman has become limited-overs captain. The club have dropped their "Dynamos" limited-overs nickname and will be known simply as Durham in 50-over cricket, while they will assume the name of "Durham Jets" in the Twenty20 competition. ESSEX Overseas player: Jesse Ryder (New Zealand) Ins: Monty Panesar (Sussex), Oliver Newby (Lancashire, loan from 2-24 May), Tanveer Sikander (Hertfordshire), Matt Salisbury (YTH), Thomas Moore (YTH), James Porter (YTH) Outs: Owais Shah (Hampshire), Maurice Chambers (Northants) Other news: Strength and conditioning coach Ian Fisher has joined Yorkshire and assistant coach Matt Walker has rejoined Kent. GLAMORGAN Overseas player: Jacques Rudolph (South Africa); Darren Sammy (West Indies, for Twenty20 until end of June) Ins: Tom Helm (Middlesex, loan from 2 May-4 June), Tom Lancefield (ex-Surrey), James Harris (Middlesex, month's loan from 16 July), Kieran Bull (YTH), Aneurin Donald (YTH), Jeremy Lawlor (YTH), Jack Murphy (YTH), Dewi Penrhyn Jones (YTH) Outs: Nick James (REL), Alex Jones (REL), Simon Jones (REL), Huw Waters (RET on 11 August), John Glover (RET on 27 August), Other news: Hugh Morris has become chief executive and managing director, with Toby Radford replacing Matthew Mott as head coach. Mark Wallace will captain the Championship and 50-over sides, while Allenby will lead the Twenty20 team. GLOUCESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Michael Klinger (Australia); Mark Craig (New Zealand, as injury cover for Klinger in August) Ins: Tom Smith (Middlesex), Will Tavare (YTH), Geraint Jones (Kent, loan from 22 May-20 June), Patrick Grieshaber (YTH), Adam Rouse (ex-Hampshire, month's trial from 24 June), Robbie Montgomery (YTH) Outs: Richard Coughtrie (REL), Paul Muchall (REL), Ed Young (REL), Ian Saxelby (RET on 3 June) Other news: Mark Thorburn has been appointed bowling coach and will combine the role with his existing position as high performance analyst. Coach Richard Dawson has left to take charge of Yorkshire's second team. HAMPSHIRE Overseas player: Kyle Abbott (South Africa); Glenn Maxwell (Australia, primarily for Twenty20 until quarter-finals); Nathan Rimmington (Australia, as T20 cover while Abbott is with SA), Imran Tahir (South Africa, for last two Championship games) Ins: Matt Coles (Kent), Will Smith (Durham), Joe Gatting (Sussex), Lewis McManus (YTH), Tom Barber (YTH), Tom Alsop (YTH), Owais Shah (Essex, match-by-match contract for T20), Basil Akram (ex-Loughborough UCCE) Outs: Dimitri Mascarenhas (RET), Neil McKenzie (REL), David Griffiths (Kent), Hamza Riazuddin (RET), Adam Rouse (REL, subsequently joined Gloucestershire), Jack Sheppard (REL), Michael Roberts (REL), Jake George (REL) Other news: The county have dropped their "Royals" limited-overs nickname for 2014 and will just be known as Hampshire. Former Durham batsman Dale Benkenstein has joined as first-team coach. KENT Overseas player: Doug Bollinger (Australia) Ins: Mitchell Claydon (Durham), David Griffiths (Hampshire), Charlie Hartley (YTH), Matt Hunn (YTH), Robbie Joseph (ex-Kent & Leicestershire), Imran Qayyum (YTH) Outs: Mike Powell (RET), Matt Coles (Hampshire), Charlie Shreck (Leicestershire), Benedict Kemp (REL), Ashley Shaw (REL), Geraint Jones (Gloucestershire, loan from 22 May-20 June), James Tredwell (Sussex, loan for County Championship matches from 15 June), Mark Davies (RET on 12 September) Other news: James Tredwell has resigned as captain, with Rob Key returning for a second spell as skipper, and Sam Northeast becoming vice-captain. Former batsman Matt Walker has rejoined as assistant coach. LANCASHIRE Overseas player: Junaid Khan (Pakistan, for one-day matches and final County Championship game); Usman Khawaja (Australia, mid-June until end of season) Ins: Jos Buttler (Somerset), Liam Livingstone (YTH), Andrew Flintoff (for Twenty20, had retired in 2010) Outs: Stephen Moore (Derbyshire), Gareth Cross (Derbyshire), Oliver Newby (Essex, loan from 2-24 May), Wayne White (Derbyshire, loan from 25 August until end of season), Kyle Hogg (RET on 5 September) Other news: Captain Glenn Chapple will take over as head coach for the remainder of the season, after Peter Moores left to lead England, and he has added retired ex-skipper Mark Chilton to the coaching staff. LEICESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Ramnaresh Sarwan (West Indies, until late July); Scott Styris (New Zealand, for Twenty20, then replacing Sarwan from late July) Ins: Charlie Shreck (Kent), Dan Redfern (Derbyshire), Atif Sheikh (played for Derbyshire in 2010), Rob Sayer (YTH), Richard Jones (Warwickshire, month's loan from 13 June) Outs: Claude Henderson (RET), Matthew Hoggard (RET), Robbie Williams (REL) Other news: Chief executive Mike Siddall will leave at the end of the season. MIDDLESEX Overseas player: Chris Rogers (Australia), Dan Christian (Australia, for Twenty20) Ins: Harry Podmore (YTH), Stephen Eskinazi (YTH) Outs: Corey Collymore (REL), Tom Smith (Gloucestershire), Josh Davey (Somerset), Adam London (REL), Tom Helm (Glamorgan, loan from 2 May-4 June), Adam Rossington (Northants, loan from 3 July until end of the season), James Harris (Glamorgan, month's loan from 16 July) Other news: Eoin Morgan has lost his England central contract but been named as Middlesex's limited-overs captain. NORTHANTS Overseas player: Richard Levi (South Africa, primarily for T20 and One-Day Cup), Ian Butler (New Zealand, for Championship and T20 until mid-July), Neil Wagner (New Zealand, for final five Championship matches) Ins: Maurice Chambers (Essex), Graeme White (Nottinghamshire), Adam Rossington (Middlesex, loan from 3 July until end of the season), Michael Leask (trial), Mark Turner (Derbyshire, month's loan from 8 August) Outs: Lee Daggett (RET), Luke Evans (REL), Christian Davis (REL), Sam Sweeney (REL), Con de Lange (REL), Jonathan Batty (REL, had been short-term emergency cover) Other news: Kyle Coetzer will captain the T20 side in 2014 as Alex Wakely has been ruled out for the season with injury. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Overseas player: Peter Siddle (Australia; all games except Twenty20 until mid-July); James Franklin (New Zealand, from mid-June) Ins: Phil Jaques (Yorkshire, UKP), Gary Keedy (Surrey, as player/coach/physio), Jake Libby (Cardiff MCCU), Luke Wood (YTH) Outs: Ben Phillips (REL), Graeme White (Northants), Graeme Swann (RET), Alex Hales (Worcestershire, loan from 2-11 May) Other news: Chris Read has relinquished the limited-overs captaincy to James Taylor (who will be Championship vice-captain). Coach Paul Johnson has left the club, while former seamer Andy Pick has rejoined Notts as bowling coach, all-rounder Paul Franks has been named second XI captain, and Chris Adams has joined as a consultant batting coach. SOMERSET Overseas player: Alviro Petersen (South Africa), Dirk Nannes (Australia, for Twenty20); Colin Ingram (South Africa, while Petersen is on international duty in July) Ins: Johann Myburgh (ex-Durham), Josh Davey (Middlesex), Tim Groenewald (Derbyshire, loan from 20 June until end of season, then three-year contract) Outs: Jos Buttler (Lancashire), Gemaal Hussain (REL), Yasir Arafat (Sussex), Steve Kirby (RET on 22 July) Other news: In a revamped coaching set-up, ex-Derbyshire coach David Houghton becomes batting coach, 2nd XI coach Jason Kerr becomes bowling coach, and former head coach Andy Hurry becomes director of high performance. SURREY Overseas player: Graeme Smith (South Africa, April to May), Robin Peterson (South Africa, for Twenty20), Hashim Amla (South Africa, late May until late June), Tillakaratne Dilshan (Sri Lanka, late June until mid-August) Ins: Kevin O'Brien (Ireland, for Twenty20), Aneesh Kapil (Worcestershire) Outs: Jon Lewis (Sussex), Zander de Bruyn (REL), Gary Keedy (Nottinghamshire) Other news: Graham Ford has become head coach, with Alec Stewart taking on the new title of director of cricket. Gary Wilson will captain the side in the absence of Smith, who was ruled out for the rest of the season with a knee injury and will now not be returning in 2015. SUSSEX Overseas player: Steve Magoffin (Australia); Yasir Arafat (Pakistan, for Twenty20) Ins: Steffan Piolet (Warwickshire), Jon Lewis (Surrey), Yasir Arafat (Somerset), James Tredwell (Kent, loan for County Championship matches from 15 June), Craig Cachopa (EUP), Fynn Hudson-Prentice (YTH) Outs: Monty Panesar (Essex), Joe Gatting (Hampshire), Andrew Miller (REL), Amjad Khan (REL), Michael Rippon (REL) WARWICKSHIRE Overseas player: Jeetan Patel (New Zealand); Shoaib Malik (Pakistan, for Twenty20 from 19 June-8 July) Ins: Richard Jones (Worcestershire), Tom Lewis (YTH), Jon Webb (YTH), Josh Poysden (ex-Unicorns, trial), Aaron Thomason (YTH) Outs: Darren Maddy (RET), Chris Metters (REL), Tom Allin (REL), Stuart Poynter (Durham), Steffan Piolet (Sussex), Richard Jones (Leicestershire, month's loan from 13 June), Jim Troughton (RET on 19 August) Other news: Bowling coach Graeme Welch has left to become elite cricket performance director at Derbyshire, with Worcestershire bowler Alan Richardson joining as his replacement. The county will be known as "Birmingham Bears" in Twenty20 cricket from 2014. Varun Chopra has replaced the retired Troughton as captain. WORCESTERSHIRE Overseas player: Saeed Ajmal (Pakistan, mid-April until mid-July); Colin Munro (New Zealand, for Twenty20); Mitchell McClenaghan (New Zealand, to cover for Ajmal in July and August) Ins: Ed Barnard (YTH), Joe Clarke (YTH), Alex Hales (Nottinghamshire, loan from 2-11 May), Richard Oliver (Shropshire) Outs: Richard Jones (Warwickshire), Neil Pinner (REL), Steve Leach (REL), Michael Johnson (REL), Aneesh Kapil (Surrey), David Lucas (RET), Alan Richardson (RET, has joined Warwickshire as bowling coach) Other news: Kevin Sharp has been confirmed as batting and second XI coach following the death of Damien D'Oliveira, while bowling coach Matt Mason will also serve as Rhodes' assistant. The county have dropped their "Royals" limited-overs nickname, but will be known as the "Rapids" only in Twenty20 cricket. YORKSHIRE Overseas player: Kane Williamson (New Zealand); Aaron Finch (Australia, after Indian Premier League finishes, primarily for Twenty20 - though may play other games if Williamson is unavailable) Ins: Will Rhodes (YTH), Oliver Robinson (YTH), Jonathan Tattersall (YTH), Ben Coad (YTH), Karl Carver (YTH), Matthew Waite (YTH), Eliot Callis (YTH) Outs: Phil Jaques (Nottinghamshire), Joe Sayers (RET), Iain Wardlaw (REL), Callum Geldart (REL), Gurman Randhawa (Shropshire), Oliver Robinson (REL on 30 July) Other news: Joe Root is now centrally contracted by England but he has also extended his Yorkshire contract. Second XI coach Paul Farbrace has left to take charge of Sri Lanka, he is replaced by Richard Dawson, who joins from Gloucestershire, while former fellow former player Ian Fisher has returned to Headingley as strength and conditioning coach, a role he held at Essex. Share this page	i don't know
Which vegetable has the following varieties: 'Boltardy', 'Cylindra' and 'Forono'?	It is time to plant your beets \| Oregon State University Extension Service \| Gardening It is time to plant your beets This article has been updated. Please check our website for the most recent story. Last Updated: July 12, 2006 CORVALLIS - Beets are best planted as early as you can get into your garden, starting in March or April, about two to four weeks before the last killing frost in your area. Plant beets successively at three to four-week intervals into July and you will have a continuous supply of fresh, tender beets until autumn. Beet seeds are best planted an inch or two apart, in rows 12 to 18 inches apart. Each seed is actually a dried fruit or seed ball, containing several tiny true seeds. Heat, drought or soil crusting may interfere with beet seed germination and emergence. So keep the soil surface moist to alleviate such problems. Do not overwater. Needing a cool soil to grow and good spacing for sunlight, beets are not harmed by spring and fall frosts. But their roots may become tough during hot weather. Start thinning beets to three to four inches apart when the leaves are about six inches tall. Use these young beets for greens. Begin harvesting beet roots when they reach the size of your little finger. This thinning will provide more room for the remaining plants. Most beets mature in about eight to nine weeks from planting. Harvest the remainder before they become woody or freeze in the fall. A 10- to 15-foot row of beets will feed a family of four during the growing season. The root depth averages up to six inches, so water deeply. According to the University of California at Berkeley Wellness Encyclopedia of Foods and Nutrition, beets have the highest sugar content of any vegetable, but are low in calories. Beet roots contain vitamin C and folacin, key nutrients for good heath. And beet greens, eaten like spinach, are excellent sources of vitamin A, calcium and iron. Beets can be prepared as a hot side dish, in soups such as borscht, in salads and can be pickled. They can be boiled, steamed, microwaved or wrapped in foil and baked. The Oregon State University Extension Service recommends the following varieties of beets as performing well in Oregon: Ruby Queen, Red Ace, Warrior, Scarlet Early, Kestrel, Solo; (cylindrical) Cylindra, Forono	Beetroot
Who directed the 1978 film 'Halloween'?	Beetroot Mix - Green Vegetable Seeds - Grow Your Own Vegetables Chard, perpetual spinach, sugar beet and annual spinach. Botanical classification: Beta is the Latin term for beetroot; or from the Celtic bett, meaning red. Vulgaris means common. Introduction: Beetroot are delicious and very easily grown vegetables. From just two sowings you can get 8 months supply of roots. They do not suffer from any pests and diseases. The secret is to avoid any growth check otherwise the plants may bolt or become woody. If you haven’t eaten home-grown beetroot yet you will be in for a treat. History: Beetroot originates from Northern Africa and Western Asia and was used as a food plant for at least 2000 years. The Romans introduced the beetroot into Northern Europe. The Celts grew a white beetroot (Beta rapa). Red Beetroot was first mentioned in the 13th century in northern Italy. It was only in the 17th century that the red beetroot became the main type in Europe. The wild beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima is a common seaside plant in south and west Europe. Types: The most popular beetroot is the red and round (known as globe) type, but there are also yellow and white types available. A very interesting variety to grow is ‘Barbietola di Chioggia’ which has alternating red and white rings. Some years they were absolutely delicious and then the following year they were tough and woody. There are also long cylindrical beetroot. These are ideal for pickling as all the slices are the same size. They also tend to be higher yielding. Soil and site: Beetroot prefers light, well-drained soil. Fresh manure application before sowing should be avoided, a dressing of old compost incorporated in early spring is very beneficial. Beetroot is one of the easiest vegetables to grow so even on heavy soil you can grow excellent beetroot, provided you have raised beds (to improve drainage). Sowing: It is very important to remember that most beetroot seeds are clusters of more than one seed. This means if you sow one seed, you will have three to five seedlings germinating. These have to be thinned to one seedling soon after germination otherwise the beetroot will remain very small. Many modern varieties have single seeds. If you want to buy these you have to look out for ‘monogerm’ varieties in seed catalogues. Early varieties for summer use can be sown directly outside in a well prepared seed bed in shallow drills (1.5cm). I never had much success with the early sowings in March. The earliest I would start is in late April, but you get a much better crop in May. For the early sowing in April make sure you use a bolt resistant variety such as ‘Boltardy’. Some gardeners prefer to raise the seedlings in large modular trays. If you try this method make sure that you plant the seedlings out when they are still quite small. I always found beetroot very easy to sow directly outside as the seeds are large enough and easy to handle and I do not want to clutter up valuable propagation space. Maincrop varieties are best sown directly outside like the early crop in the last two weeks in May or even into June if you missed these times. During that time they germinate very quickly (7-10 days) and grow very fast. The reason for getting woody, tough beetroot is often slow growth. Spacing: Final spacing: 20cm between the rows and 10cm between rows. Main crop: Final spacing: 25cm between the rows and 10cm between rows. I initially sow the seeds about 2.5cm apart and then thin them in two stages. The first thinning is done a couple of weeks after germination. I remove all unwanted seedlings from the clusters (not for monogerm varieties) and leave one seedling every 5cm. The thinnings rarely do well when transplanted. If you have gaps in the rows you are better off sowing a few new seeds. When they reach the baby beetroot stage you can harvest every second plant. These are delicious and you can also cook the leaves like spinach. This allows the remaining plants to fully develop. Rotation: Beetroot and other members of the goosefoot family are not prone to any specific pests and diseases so you do not have to be too fussy about rotation. You could use them as ‘flexi-crops’ or gap fillers. Plant care: Apart from keeping the crop weed free and properly thinned to the required spacing, there is no other maintenance required. Harvesting: Early beetroot can be harvested throughout the summer at whatever size you prefer them or whenever you want some beetroot. It is best to twist off the leaves to avoid damage and bleeding of the roots. Maincrop beetroot for storage should be left until October. Of course, if you want to eat some before then there is no problem, but if you grow some for storing you should let them mature until October. Storing: Beetroot is an excellent winter vegetable and stores extremely well in boxes of damp sand (see page ). One year I had beetroot until May of the following year and they were still as good as freshly harvested roots. Potential problems: Beetroot is one of the easiest vegetables to grow. There is no specific pest or disease that affects beetroot. Slugs may eat young seedlings especially if sown too early or if the garden is a bit wild, but generally they would go for the other vegetables first. Boron deficiency: Beetroot is very sensitive to a deficiency of boron in the soil. The symptoms are brown sunken patches on the roots and black areas inside the root. How much to grow? You may eat 3 reasonable sized beetroot per week. Beetroot will store safely in boxes of sand in a shed from October until the end of April which is 28 weeks. 28 weeks multiplied by 3 beetroot per week makes a total of 84 beetroot. If your spacing is 10cm in the row you get 4 rows in a bed (bed width: 1.2m) you will get 40 beetroot per meter of your bed. In only 2 meters of your bed you can grow enough beetroot to give you a few roots for 28 weeks! Varieties: My favourite variety of beetroot is ‘Pablo F1’. I have grown them for the last few years and I have given up experimenting with other varieties because this one is just perfect. In case you cannot get ‘Pablo’ you can try: Detroit Globe	i don't know
Which sea lies between Korea and Shanghai?	South China Sea \| sea, Pacific Ocean \| Britannica.com South China Sea Alternative Titles: Nan Hai, South Sea Related Topics P’eng-hu Islands South China Sea, Chinese Nan Hai, arm of the western Pacific Ocean that borders the Southeast Asian mainland. It is bounded on the northeast by the Taiwan Strait (by which it is connected to the East China Sea ); on the east by Taiwan and the Philippines ; on the southeast and south by Borneo , the southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand , and the east coast of the Malay Peninsula ; and on the west and north by the Asian mainland. The South China Sea and the East China Sea together form the China Sea . The southern boundary of the South China Sea is a rise in the seabed between Sumatra and Borneo, and the northern boundary stretches from the northernmost point of Taiwan to the coast of Fujian province, China , in the Taiwan Strait. It embraces an area of about 1,423,000 square miles (3,685,000 square km), with a mean depth of 3,976 feet (1,212 metres). The East China, South China, and Yellow seas. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Physical features Physiography The sea’s major feature is a deep rhombus-shaped basin in the eastern part, with reef-studded shoals rising up steeply within the basin to the south (Reed and Tizard banks and the Nanshan Island area) and northwest ( Paracel Islands and Macclesfield banks). The deep portion, called the China Sea Basin, has a maximum depth of 16,457 feet (5,016 metres) and an abyssal plain with a mean depth of some 14,100 feet (4,300 metres). Houseboats in the Gulf of Tonkin at Ha Long Bay, northern Vietnam, a UNESCO World Heritage site. © A. Mihich—Tips Images/DeA Picture Library Along the eastern side of the basin, the continental shelf falls off sharply near the Philippine islands of Luzon and Palawan and forms the Palawan Trough near the latter island . Along the northwest side of the basin toward the mainland is a broad, shallow shelf as wide as 150 miles (240 km). This shelf includes the Gulf of Tonkin and the Taiwan Strait and the large islands of Hainan and Taiwan. Similar Topics Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The major rivers draining into the South China Sea are the tributaries of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta south of Guangzhou (Canton), China, including the Xi River ; the Red River at Haiphong , Viet.; and the Mekong River, near Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Viet. The wet summer season causes the Mekong to triple its annual average flow, and it causes an even greater relative change in the flow of the Red River. Economic aspects The South China Sea is rich in marine life. Contributing to this abundance are the extensive runoff of nutrient-laden waters from land and the upwellings of water in certain areas of the sea. The sea is heavily fished, however, and is the main source of animal protein for the densely populated Southeast Asian area. Most abundant are the various species of tuna , mackerel , croaker, anchovy , shrimp , and shellfish . Nearly the entire catch is consumed locally, either fresh or preserved. Large reserves of oil and natural gas have been discovered under the floor of the South China Sea. The main locations for hydrocarbon production are located north of Borneo, east of the Malay Peninsula, and northwest of Palawan. The South China Sea contains some of the world’s most important shipping lanes. The main route to and from Pacific and Indian ocean ports is through the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Generally, oil and minerals move north, and food and manufactured goods move south. Some areas in the central South China Sea are not well sounded, and nautical charts bear the notation “dangerous ground.” More recently, a “dangerous” designation has also arisen from international territorial disputes, especially over the Spratly Islands , which lie in the oil-rich zone between Malaysia , Brunei , the Philippines, and Vietnam; those four countries, plus China and Taiwan, have laid some claim to the group. Study and exploration The South China Sea has long been known and traveled, and the sea has been studied fairly thoroughly. For centuries, however, pirates prowling its waters have made passage through the sea hazardous. Many internationally cooperative programs have been launched since the mid-20th century to investigate marine life, water structures, circulation, and other aspects of the South China Sea. Satellite photography has been particularly useful; one such study of currents showed that Taiwan acts as a ship’s prow, deflecting the north-moving currents around the island. Further research revealed those points of deflection to be upwell areas, a discovery that catalyzed the establishment of commercial fishing in the area.	Yellow Sea
Which vegetable has varieties 'Streamline' and 'Enorma'?	South China Sea \| sea, Pacific Ocean \| Britannica.com South China Sea Alternative Titles: Nan Hai, South Sea Related Topics P’eng-hu Islands South China Sea, Chinese Nan Hai, arm of the western Pacific Ocean that borders the Southeast Asian mainland. It is bounded on the northeast by the Taiwan Strait (by which it is connected to the East China Sea ); on the east by Taiwan and the Philippines ; on the southeast and south by Borneo , the southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand , and the east coast of the Malay Peninsula ; and on the west and north by the Asian mainland. The South China Sea and the East China Sea together form the China Sea . The southern boundary of the South China Sea is a rise in the seabed between Sumatra and Borneo, and the northern boundary stretches from the northernmost point of Taiwan to the coast of Fujian province, China , in the Taiwan Strait. It embraces an area of about 1,423,000 square miles (3,685,000 square km), with a mean depth of 3,976 feet (1,212 metres). The East China, South China, and Yellow seas. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Physical features Physiography The sea’s major feature is a deep rhombus-shaped basin in the eastern part, with reef-studded shoals rising up steeply within the basin to the south (Reed and Tizard banks and the Nanshan Island area) and northwest ( Paracel Islands and Macclesfield banks). The deep portion, called the China Sea Basin, has a maximum depth of 16,457 feet (5,016 metres) and an abyssal plain with a mean depth of some 14,100 feet (4,300 metres). Houseboats in the Gulf of Tonkin at Ha Long Bay, northern Vietnam, a UNESCO World Heritage site. © A. Mihich—Tips Images/DeA Picture Library Along the eastern side of the basin, the continental shelf falls off sharply near the Philippine islands of Luzon and Palawan and forms the Palawan Trough near the latter island . Along the northwest side of the basin toward the mainland is a broad, shallow shelf as wide as 150 miles (240 km). This shelf includes the Gulf of Tonkin and the Taiwan Strait and the large islands of Hainan and Taiwan. Similar Topics Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The major rivers draining into the South China Sea are the tributaries of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta south of Guangzhou (Canton), China, including the Xi River ; the Red River at Haiphong , Viet.; and the Mekong River, near Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Viet. The wet summer season causes the Mekong to triple its annual average flow, and it causes an even greater relative change in the flow of the Red River. Economic aspects The South China Sea is rich in marine life. Contributing to this abundance are the extensive runoff of nutrient-laden waters from land and the upwellings of water in certain areas of the sea. The sea is heavily fished, however, and is the main source of animal protein for the densely populated Southeast Asian area. Most abundant are the various species of tuna , mackerel , croaker, anchovy , shrimp , and shellfish . Nearly the entire catch is consumed locally, either fresh or preserved. Large reserves of oil and natural gas have been discovered under the floor of the South China Sea. The main locations for hydrocarbon production are located north of Borneo, east of the Malay Peninsula, and northwest of Palawan. The South China Sea contains some of the world’s most important shipping lanes. The main route to and from Pacific and Indian ocean ports is through the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Generally, oil and minerals move north, and food and manufactured goods move south. Some areas in the central South China Sea are not well sounded, and nautical charts bear the notation “dangerous ground.” More recently, a “dangerous” designation has also arisen from international territorial disputes, especially over the Spratly Islands , which lie in the oil-rich zone between Malaysia , Brunei , the Philippines, and Vietnam; those four countries, plus China and Taiwan, have laid some claim to the group. Study and exploration The South China Sea has long been known and traveled, and the sea has been studied fairly thoroughly. For centuries, however, pirates prowling its waters have made passage through the sea hazardous. Many internationally cooperative programs have been launched since the mid-20th century to investigate marine life, water structures, circulation, and other aspects of the South China Sea. Satellite photography has been particularly useful; one such study of currents showed that Taiwan acts as a ship’s prow, deflecting the north-moving currents around the island. Further research revealed those points of deflection to be upwell areas, a discovery that catalyzed the establishment of commercial fishing in the area.	i don't know
What is the US term for an area of land 160 acres (half a mile) square?	How Many Acres in a Square Mile Units of Measure / How Many Acres in a Square Mile How Many Acres in a Square Mile Sep 29, 2011 The question about how many acres are in one square mile can be difficult for persons who have nothing to do with farming or some other fields of activity where one has to measure areas. Of course, you can easily guess that a square mile1 is a patch of land which is one mile by one mile. But do you know how many acres2 are in it? We will help you to find the right answer: One square mile contains 640 acres In many farming communities such a plot is usually called a “section”. They divide it into four even parts named “quarter sections”. Each of them has 160 acres. As a rule, farmland is measured and sold in quarter sections. This table will give you necessary information for converting square miles and acre into other units of area. 1 We hope than now you understand how many acres are in a square mile. The square mile (abbr. sq mi, or mi2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area. It means the area equal to a square of a statue mile. Do not confuse it with the term “miles square”, which denotes the quantity of miles on every side squared. The acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also commonly used in some other measurement systems. The international acre is the most widely-spread variant. It is equal to about 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare.	Quarter section
"Of whom did Bette Midler say, ""She is a woman who has pulled herself up by her bra straps""?"	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Area Unit Conversions Equals Additional Info Many of the items you will find on a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) come in both English (U.S. Customary System) and metric (International System or SI or cgs) units. The metric system has been adopted by almost every country except the United States. Even in the U.S., scientists and technical people use the metric system because of its ease of use. Be sure to see the conversion table for distance/length units if you are not familiar with both systems: Unit Square Inch (sq in, in2) The area of a square measuring one inch on a side. There are 144 square inches in a square foot . 1 sq in = 6.45 sq centimeters. Square Foot (sq ft, ft2) The area of a square measuring one foot on a side. One sq foot = 144 sq inches = 929 sq centimeters. Square Yard (sq yd, yd2) The area of a square measuring one yard on a side. One sq yard = 9 sq feet = 0.836 sq meters. Square Rod (sq rd, rd2) The area of a square measuring one rod (16.5 feet) on a side. One sq rod = 272.5 sq feet = 25.29 sq meters. Uncommon unit. Acre (acre) The area of a square measuring approximately 209 feet on a side. 1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4047 sq meters = 0.4047 hectares. Quarter Section (??) The area of a square measuring 0.5 mile (2,640 feet) on a side. Four quarter sections make up one section, which is equivalent to one square mile. One quarter section = 160 acres = 0.648 sq kilometers = 6.9 million sq feet. Square Mile (sq mi, mi2) The area of a square measuring one mile (5,280 feet) on a side. Also called a section. One sq mile = 640 acres = 2.59 sq kilometers = 27 million sq feet = 4 quarter sections. Square Millimeter (sq mm, mm2) The area of a square measuring one millimeter (0.001 meters) on a side. One sq mm = 0.01 sq centimeters = 0.00155 sq inches. Square Centimeter (sq cm, cm2) The area of a square measuring one centimeter (0.01 meters) on a side. One sq cm = 100 sq millimeters = 0.155 sq inches. Square Meter (sq m, m2) The area of a square measuring one meter on a side. One sq m = 10.764 sq feet = 1.196 sq yards = 0.0001 ares. Are (a) The area of a square measuring ten meters on a side. One are = 1076 sq feet = 100 sq meters = 0.01 hectares = 0.0247105 acres. Hectare (ha) The area of a square measuring 100 meters on a side. One hectare = 2.47 acres = 10,000 sq meters = 0.01 sq kilometers. Square Kilometers (sq km, km2) The area of a square measuring one kilometer on a side. One sq km = 247 acres = 100 hectares = 10,763,910 sq feet = 0.386 sq miles. SDS Relevance Be very careful to note the units when reading numbers on an SDS. If you ever perform a calculation of any sort, always remember to write the units next to each number in your calculation and make sure that they cancel properly. NASA once lost a $125 million space probe because of a units error! Further Reading See also: distance units , energy units , mass units , mole , pressure units , temperature units , volume units . Additional definitions for metric system from Google and OneLook . Entry last updated: Sunday, August 7, 2016. This page is copyright 2000-2017 by ILPI . Unauthorized duplication or posting on other web sites is expressly prohibited. Send suggestions, comments, and new entry desires (include the URL if applicable) to us by email . Disclaimer: The information contained herein is believed to be true and accurate, however ILPI makes no guarantees concerning the veracity of any statement. Use of any information on this page is at the reader's own risk. ILPI strongly encourages the reader to consult the appropriate local, state and federal agencies concerning the matters discussed herein.	i don't know
Which Cricket county's Twenty20 team are known as the 'Bears'?	Warwickshire to become Birmingham Bears in T20 Blast - BBC Sport BBC Sport Warwickshire to become Birmingham Bears in T20 Blast 26 Nov 2013 Warwickshire have confirmed that they will be known as the Birmingham Bears in next summer's T20 Blast tournament. The county will still be known by their traditional name in both the four-day and 50-over formats. "We've got to get more people through the gates and attract a new audience," Bears chief executive Colin Povey told BBC Coventry & Warwickshire. "T20 is the best vehicle we have to do that. It's not about trying to alienate our traditional fan-base," he added. Analysis BBC Coventry & Warwickshire's Clive Eakin: Warwickshire have carried the county's name since being formed in a Leamington hotel in 1882. You don't have to be a 'traditionalist' to question this change after 131 years, even for one competition. A look at the second XI fixtures, with matches in Coventry, Kenilworth, Stratford and Rugby underlines that the team represent a wide catchment area and the number of people who approach me when I'm working in Coventry & Warwickshire to ask about the Bears shows how widespread that interest is. But it's not just supporters from these areas who'll be upset by the decision to call the team the Birmingham Bears in T20. And it seems surprising that such a break from history is being done without consulting members, many of whom were angry enough when the 'City End' became the 'Birmingham End.' The club have risked alienating loyal supporters in making what amounts to a marketing decision. It'll be interesting to see if the 'Birmingham Bears' moniker survives longer than the 'Welsh Dragons' who are now back to being Glamorgan. "It's about trying to get the best of both worlds. It's still all about the Bears. The Bears tag is something that we can all still relate to." Warwickshire are the first county to respond to the latest marketing drive initiated by the England and Wales Cricket Board to increase attendances for the 12th season of Twenty20 cricket in England. Close to 70 per cent of this summer's Twenty20 matches will be on Friday nights throughout the country - and that is certainly reflected at Edgbaston, who will host five of their seven home fixtures under the lights at Edgbaston on a Friday night. "The ECB is repositioning the whole tournament, to give it facelift, and are very keen to drive attendances in the big cities," said Povey. "This is a feature that we can build around on Friday nights. We're very proud of our history and heritage, but we've seen an opportunity to put some energy behind that T20 relaunch. "People in the shires will still be very welcome on a Friday night. But there are a million fans in the centre of Birmingham and we want to bring that young, multicultural atmosphere into Edgbaston. "We can target local schools, local clubs, Birmingham businessman and women and more of the Asian community around the ground who spent a lot of time here during the ICC competition this year. Councillor Ian Ward, deputy leader of Birmingham City Council, added: "The Birmingham Bears is an incredibly exciting proposition that can unite sports fans across the city on Friday evenings next summer. "The club and the redeveloped stadium provide so many great opportunities for the local communities to play and watch world-class cricket here in Birmingham."	Warwickshire
In which was the Battle of Tewkesbury fought?	Twenty20 Cricket, 2020 Cricket, Twenty20, Twenty20 Cup, Twenty20 International, Twenty20 Worldwide TWENTY20 Twenty20 Twenty20 is a type of cricket, initially established in England for specialized inter-county contest by the England and Wales Cricket Board in 2003.A Twenty20 match engages two teams, each one has a distinct innings, batting for utmost of 20 over�s. Twenty20 cricket is also identified as T20 cricket. It has been played at club level for days, habitually in evenings when dawn was a problem. A Twenty20 game is fulfilled in about three and half hours, with both innings lasting around 75 minutes, thus carrying the game closer to the time period of other trendy team sports. It was pioneered to craft a lively form of the game which would be dazzling to audiences at the ground and spectators on television and as such it has been very victorious. It was commercially successful and has been adopted internationally. The ECB did not mean that Twenty20 would change other forms of cricket and these have sustained alongside it. Since its initiation the game has reached around the cricket world. On most worldwide tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test-playing nations have a home cup contest. The opening International Cricket Council World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India succeeded by five runs against Pakistan in the final. 2009's Twenty20 World competition was phased in England and won by Pakistan. England won the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 defeated Australia in the event by 7 wickets. History - Origins The idea of a reduced format of the game at a skilled level was conferred by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 1998 and 2001. The Benson & Hedges Cup was a one-day cricket contest for first rate counties in England and Wales that was held from 1972 to 2002, one of cricket's longest finance deals. When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB looked-for a different one day competition to fill its place. The cricketing authorities were looking to boost up the game's fame with the younger age band in response to deteriorating crowds and compact sponsorship. It was anticipated to convey fast paced, exciting cricket reachable to thousands of fans who were defer by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, planned a 20 over per innings match to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11-7 in errand of adopting the new format. A media group was invited to enlarge a name for the new amusement and Twenty20 was the selected title. Twenty20 cricket is also known as T20 cricket. Twenty20 cricket was officially initiated in 2003 when the ECB launched the Twenty20 Cup and was promoted with the slogan �I don�t like cricket, I love it�, captured from the 10cc song "Dreadlock Holiday". The first authorized Twenty20 games were played on 13 June 2003 among the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup. The first spell of Twenty20 in England was a qualified achievement, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the Twenty20 Cup. On 15 July 2004 Middlesex vs. Surrey (the foremost Twenty20 game to be held at Lord's) paying attention a crowd of 26,500, the prime crowd for any county cricket fixture other than a one-day final since 1953. Twenty20Worldwide On 10 January 2005 Australia's former Twenty20 competition was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers. It drew a surrendered crowd of 20,700. Opening 11 July 2006 19 West Indies local teams battled in what was named the Stanford 20/20 tournament. The event has been economically backed by billionaire Allen Stanford, who gave at least US$28,000,000 granting money. West Indies celebrities also supported the programme, and some "looked after" the side during their stay in and around the reason built ground in Antigua. Guyana won the inaugural affair, defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets. Scheduled 1 February 2008's Twenty20 contest between Australia and India, 84,041people focused the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground concerning the Twenty20 World Champions besides the ODI World Champions. Twenty20 magnetized many admirers to the game through the Indian Premier League. The first Indian Premier League which was junctured in India in 2008 revolutionized the face of the game. The league implicated over hundreds of players bonded and over billion dollars speculation. It was won by Rajasthan Royals with the Chennai Super Kings concluding as runners-up. The second version was staged in South Africa which was won by Deccan Chargers striking the Royal Challengers in the last. The third edition was played in India regardless of the many disputes and arguments occurred. The union was won by the Chennai Super Kings with Mumbai Indians lasting as the runners-up. Twenty20 Internationals On 17 February 2005 Australia beated New Zealand in the first men's complete international Twenty20 match, played at Eden Park in Auckland. The competition was played in a light-hearted manner. The initial Twenty20 international in England was played amid England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on 13 June 2005, which England won by a margin of 100 runs. On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the opening international Twenty20 fixture in Australia. At first, each player's pet name emerged on the back of his uniform, relatively than his surname. The international game drew a crowd of 38,894 people at The Gabba. Australia credibly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs. On 16 February 2006 New Zealand conquered West Indies in a tie-breaking bowl-out 3-0; 126 runs were scored respectively in the game accurately. The competition was the last international match played by Chris Cairns - tendered out actual size cardboard cover of his face to benefactor as they entered the ground. Impact on the game Twenty20 cricket is alleged to have effected in a more agile and "explosive" form of cricket. Indian fitness coach Ramji Srinivasan affirmed in an discussion with the Indian fitness website Takath.com, that Twenty20 had "raised the bar" in terms of fitness stage for all players, insisting higher levels of strength, speed, agility and reaction moment from all players irrespective of function in the team. Not each person pacts with this inspection, however, quoting for instance the fact that a retired player like Shane Warne has been victorious in such game as the IPL. Ramesh Powar is one better example of a "flabby" player who has thrived in the IPL. Shane Warne has by no means known for physical fitness. On the other hand, victorious retired players such as Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden have. In fact, Hayden acclaimed retirement from International cricket with assisting his performance in common and fitness in particular in the IPL. Match format and rules Format Twenty20 match design is akin to limited overs cricket in that it entails two teams, each with a single innings, the key variation being each squad bats for a maximum of 20 overs. In conditions of image system, the batting team associate do not arrive from and leave to habitual dressing rooms, but come and go from a "bench" (in general a row of chairs) noticeable in the playing dome. General Rules The rules of cricket concern to Twenty20, with some exceptions: Every bowler may bowl a maximum of just one-fifth of the total overs per innings. For a complete, endless match, this is 4 overs. Must a bowler deliver a no ball by exceeding the popping crease, it costs 1 run and his next release is designated a "free-hit". In this event the batsman can only be fired through a run out, hitting the ball twice, hindering the field or handling the ball. The following fielding restrictions apply: No further than five fielders can be on the leg side at any time. At some point in the first six overs, a limit of two fielders can be outside the 30-yard circle (This is sometimes known as the powerplay). Once the first six overs, a bound of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle. If the fielding squad does not begin to bowl their 20th over within 75 minutes, the batting side is certified an extra six runs for every full over bowled after the 75 minute spot, the umpire may include more time to this if they think the batting team is wasting time. Tie fixes Presently, if the game ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner, the tie is busted with a one over per side "Eliminator" or "Super Over": Each side proposes three batsmen and one bowler to play a one-over per side "mini-match", occasionally referred to as a "One1".In circle, each side bats one over bowled by the one chosen conflict bowler, with their innings over if they drop two wickets prior to the over is completed. The team with the higher gain from their Super Over wins. Tied Twenty20 games were formerly decided by a "Bowl-out". Champions Twenty20 League The Champions League Twenty20 frequently called CLT20 is a twenty20-based cricket contest aspects side from India, South Africa, England, Australia, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Pakistan and the West Indies. The game on the other hand does not mark equal number of teams from each country. The Winners and the runners-up of the home club from Pakistan, India, and South Africa, England and Australia and the winners of the other 4 countries are also traited in the tournament. 2008 Season The foremost edition was believed to have featured in India with 8 teams. Although there were rumours that only teams from India, South Africa, Australia and England would be permitted to take part, Sialkot Stallions of Pakistan was also allowed entry. The contest was however deferred and later terminated due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. 2009 Season After the abolition of the opening edition, the tournament observed few changes to boost fan support. The association was to trait 2 teams from India, South Africa, Australia and England and 1 each from West Indies, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The design of the game was also changed in comparison to the Twenty20 World Cup. Conversely Sialkot Stallions from Pakistan were denied admission due to the political tensions amid India and Pakistan. Delhi Daredevils the group topper of the IPL were preferred to surrogate them. 2010 Season The 2010 Champions League Twenty20 was apprehended in the month of September in South Africa. There were only 10 squads instead of 12 as the top 2 English counties could not play a part. The 10 squads were positioned in two groups. Chennai Super Kings stroked the Chevrolet Warriors of South Africa in the final.	i don't know
Which Cricket county's Twenty20 team are known as the 'Eagles'?	Milne joins the Eagles for NatWest T20 Blast Milne joins the Eagles for NatWest T20 Blast Posted on Thursday 28 January 2016 Essex CCC is delighted to announce the signing of New Zealand fast bowler Adam Milne for the second half of the Eagles’ NatWest T20 Blast Group Stage campaign. Milne will join the team at the end of June, and feature in seven T20 Blast clashes, subject to a final Visa approval. Milne’s main attribute is his express pace, which has seen him pick up 58 wickets in all Twenty20 cricket at an average of 24.00. The 23 year old made his Twenty20 debut for his country in 2010, and has gone on to play 14 T20Is. A key figure in Limited Overs cricket for the Black Caps, Milne has a Twenty20 International bowling average of 20.83. His best Twenty20 figures, of 4/37, were achieved against Pakistan on January 15 this year. He also took an impressive 3/8 against the same opponents last week. Head Coach Chris Silverwood is excited at the prospect of Milne joining the side. Adam is a young bowler with plenty of international experience already. He is exactly what we were looking for from an overseas player, with his real pace offering something different to our attack. “We believe Adam can help us push on at the end of the Group Stage as we look to secure our place in the latter stages of the competition.” Milne is looking forward to his spell with the Eagles. “I’m extremely excited to have the opportunity to join Essex and help contribute to a successful Natwest T20 Blast. Essex is a club with such a fantastic history and I look forward to wearing the Eagles logo with pride and making an impact to help bring the T20 Blast silverware to Chelmsford” Essex’s Overseas signings are in partnership with Seven Investment Management, the Eagles’ NatWest T20 Blast official sponsor. NatWest T20 Blast tickets are now on sale for Essex CCC 2016 Members. ‘Over & Out! E-News subscribers will have a two week online priority booking period from Monday 8 February. The tickets will go on general sale from Monday 22 February.	Essex
Which former Beirut hostage wrote 'An Evil Cradeling'?	Glamorgan Cricket Glamorgan v Essex: T20 Head-to-Head Dominic Booth 31 May 2016 07:45 AM Cricket News After their emphatic victory last Thursday night over Surrey at The Kia Oval, Glamorgan continue their campaign in the NatWest T20 Blast by meeting the Essex Eagles at The SSE SWALEC on Wednesday, June 1st with the contest scheduled to start at 6.30pm (Gates open at 5pm.) Glamorgan have made as near a perfect start as possible to the Twenty20 competition for the past two years at The Kia Oval. In 2015 it was their batsmen who prospered in a contest which saw over 400 runs being scored, with Glamorgan posting their highest-ever total in the competition. This year’s opening contest saw the bowlers prosper as Surrey were routed for just 93 as Timm van der Gugten posted the third-best bowling figures in the competition for the Welsh county. But it was not a one-man effort as all of the Glamorgan attack, including Dean Cosker, chipped in with the evergreen spinner coming even closer to becoming the first Glamorgan bowler to claim 100 wickets in the competition. In contrast, Essex lost their opening game of the competition as they were beaten by Surrey at Chelmsford a fortnight ago. Despite a four-wicket haul by Matt Quinn, the seam bowler from New Zealand, Surrey were able to post what proved to be a match-winning total of 170/8 before Azhar Mahmood claimed four wickets himself for the visitors as the Eagles lost by eight runs. Ravi Bopara grabbed the headlines last summer when the Eagles visited Cardiff for their Twenty20 match against the Welsh county, with the England international making an unbeaten 81 from 53 balls as he guided his side to a comfortable five wicket victory. Shaun Tait – who last year played for the Eagles - also took 3/28 as the home side were restricted to 144/8 in their 20 overs. In fact, the Eagles are unbeaten in Twenty20 cricket on Welsh soil, having also been victorious in 2014, when half-centuries from Jacques Rudolph and Murray Goodwin could not prevent the Essex side from winning by seven wickets. It had been a similar story on the Eagles’ previous two visits to Cardiff in 2010 and 2011 when they won by nine and six wickets respectively. Glamorgan’s sole victory over the Eagles in the Twenty20 competition came in their first-ever meeting at Chelmsford on June 11th, 2010 where a pair of feisty innings by Mark Cosgrove and Tom Maynard laid the foundations for a seven wicket victory. Since then Essex have won the last seven encounters between the two teams, so Jacques Rudolph and his team will be looking to end this losing sequence.	i don't know
Which author wrote a series of books about the private investigator 'V.I. Warshawsky'?	V.I. Warshawski series by Sara Paretsky by Sara Paretsky (Goodreads Author) really liked it 4.00 avg rating — 7,450 ratings — published 1988 — 32 editions book 5 Want to Read saving…	Sara Paretsky
Which US state was originally going to be called the 'Territory of Columbia'?	Sara Paretsky's Novels \| Author Sara Paretsky Breakdown Carmilla, Queen of the Night, is a shape-shifting raven whose fictional exploits thrill girls all over the world. When tweens in Chicago's Carmilla Club hold an initiation ritual in an abandoned cemetery, they stumble on an actual corpse, a man stabbed through the heart in a vampire-style slaying. Body Work, by Sara Paretsky “Doctors take days off—why not P I’s?” V I Warshawski demands. But when America’s hardest-working private eye goes clubbing, a stranger is shot, and dies in V I’s arms. V I has been visiting Club Gouge, Chicago’s edgiest night spot, where a woman known as the Body Artist turns her naked body into a canvas for the audience to paint on. The show attracts all kinds of people, from a menacing off-duty cop, to Ukrainian mobsters, Iraqi war vets—and V I’s impetuous cousin Petra. A tormented young painter shows up, too, and the intricate designs she creates on the Body Artist drives one of the vets into a violent rage. Hardball, by Sara Paretsky When V. I. Warshawski is asked to find a man who’s been missing for four decades, a search that she figured would be futile becomes lethal. Old skeletons from the city’s racially charged history, as well as haunting family secrets—her own and those of the elderly sisters who hired her—rise up to brush her back from the plate with a vengeance. more » Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas centers on the Grelliers and the Schapens, two families who have been farming in the Kaw River Valley for over a 150 years, and how their lives are affected by war and by the changing sexual and religious mores of the day. more » Fire Sale V I Warshawski may have left her old South Chicago neighborhood, but she learns that she cannot escape it. When V I takes over coaching duties of the girls' basketball team at her former high school, she faces an ill-equipped, ragtag group of gangbangers, fundamentalists, and teenage moms, who inevitably draw the detective into their family woes. more » Black List Eager for physical action in the spirit-numbing wake of 9/11, VI Warshawski is glad to take on a routine stake-out for her most important client, Darraugh Graham. His ninety-one year-old mother has sold the family estate, but Geraldine Graham keeps a fretful eye on it from her retirement apartment across the road. When Geraldine sees lights there in the middle of the night, Darraugh sends V I out to investigate—and the detective finds a dead journalist in the ornamental pond. more » Total Recall When a man claiming to be a survivor of the Nazi death camps seeks out his family among Lotty Herschel’s circle of friends, he forces her to confront a memory from the war she has long refused to think about. As a frightened V I watches her longtime friend and mentor unravel, she comes to Lotty’s help in the only way she know how—by investigating the survivor’s past. more » Hard Time Among the first, and perhaps the most compelling, female private investigators of contemporary fiction, Sara Paretsky's incomparable character V I Warshawski at last returns to the page in her first full-length appearance since 1994's Tunnel Vision. Hard Time is the work of a master--a riveting novel of suspense that is indisputably Paretsky's best V I Warshawski novel yet. more » Ghost Country The gritty adventures of V I Warshawski have made the Chicago PI a marquee name among today's sleuths and turned her creator, Sara Paretsky, into one of the mystery world's most popular authors. So it's rather surprising that Paretsky risks her commercial success with a new book that veers sharply from the sure-bet Warshawski series. But Paretsky's latest may be her best book yet; it shows amazing depth and emotion, offers richly complex characters and a stunningly original plot, and provides subtle but caustic commentary on today's social problems. more » Tunnel Vision Her office building is falling down, the unpaid bills are mounting up. V I Warshawski needs a lucrative case and needs it fast. Instead, her most important client demands that she find a community service job to keep his computer-hacking son out of jail. more » Guardian Angel Racine Avenue is going upscale—bad news for hand-to-mouth residents like V I Warshawski. As tax bills skyrocket, newcomers pressure old inhabitants into fixing up their homes or moving out. To the yuppies on the block the worst eyesore belongs to old Hattie Frizell, whose yard is “returning to native prairie, complete with hubcaps.” Their block club wants her and her five dogs gone. more » Burn Marks “Victoria, sweetie, you look terrific!” With those words—and the sour yeasty smell of stale beer—Elena, V I Warshawski’s derelict aunt, re-enters her niece’s life at three in the morning. Burned out of her SRO hotel, Elena has turned to V I for a place to stay. V I vows that it will be a short visit and uses some old political contacts to find Elena a room. more » Blood Shot In her fifth V I novel, Sara Paretsky brings the private investigator back to her old neighborhood and to the past she cannot escape. Blood Shot begins innocently enough when V I attends the reunion of her championship basketball team and Caroline, a childhood friend who organized the event, asks V I a professional favor: “Find my father for me.” more » Bitter Medicine Bitter Medicine, V I’s fourth case, starts when a young friend goes into premature labor. V I and Consuelo are far from home. By the time Consuelo's doctor, young Malcolm Tregiere, arrives, both she and her baby are dead at the local for profit hospital. V I assumes this is a tragic but unavoidable outcome. However, when Dr. Tregiere is brutally murdered and V I begins to investigate, her work unleashes a trail of violence that leads her back to the hospital where Consuelo died. more » Killing Orders Killing Orders, V I Warshawski’s third adventure, starts when her great-aunt Rosa summons the detective to her cold suburban home. Rosa made V I’s childhood miserable and the detective resents the command to help her aunt prove she didn't embezzle five million dollars from a local Dominican priory. more » Deadlock Deadlock, V I Warshawski’s second case, involves the huge Great Lakes shipping industry. Once again the subject is murder—this time the "accidental death" of Boom-Boom Warshawski, an ex-hockey star and V I’s beloved cousin, who fell—or was pushed—off a rain-slicked pier on Chicago’s busy waterfront. more »	i don't know
Which cleaning product, later made by Reckitt & Coleman, was invented and named by Harry Pickup?	PROJECT-MARKETING - Documents Marketing Share PROJECT-MARKETING Embed <iframe src="http://documents.mx/embed/project-marketing.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://documents.mx/documents/project-marketing.html" title="PROJECT-MARKETING" target="_blank">PROJECT-MARKETING</a></div> size(px) Description Text ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Acknowledgement is not only formality but also an expression of deep sense of gratitude. This project report is the product of inspiration and perspirations, no doubt, some transpiration as well. At this juncture, my heart is filled with the feeling to them whose effort has made this task a reality. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all the VEL RS CMS-faculty members for conducting the training project. I am extremely grateful to respected Mr. A.K.SUBRAMANI Sir under the guidance of whom I have executed the project. I also extend my heartiest gratitude to all of respondents and all those who directly or indirectly helped me in this project without whom the project would not have been otherwise. R.NAVEENDRAN (MBA-1STYEAR) CONTENTS CHAPTE R NO 1 TITLE Introduction of the study Industry profile Company profile Objectives Scope of the study Limitations Review of Literature Research methodology Data analysis & Interpretation a) PAGE NO 2 3 4 5 6 Findings Suggestions conclusion 7 Bibliography Annexure PREFACE Research is the feedback, which any organization sought for the purpose of effective policy making. It is the systematic problem Analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of important decision -making and control in the marketing of goods and services. Practical aspect gives more knowledge and experience than the theory and no learning can be completed without practical aspect. This is a project on “CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS HARPIC-TOILET CLEANER” in the region of CHENNAI. INTRODUCTION FMCG Company has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy in both rural and urban sector. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged foodstuff, household accessories and extends to certain electronic goods. These items are meant for daily of frequent consumption and have a high return. A major portion of the monthly budget of each household is reserved for FMCG products. The volume of money circulated in the economy against FMCG products is very high, as the number of products the consumer use is very high. Competition in the FMCG sector is very high resulting in high pressure on margins. -1- INDUSTRY PROFILE Cleaning the closet in the bathroom/washroom could be a demanding task. Thanks to some sophisticated products, it is no longer a cumbersome task. Some actually find it intriguing enough to indulge in it. Our focus today is on one such product which makes cleaning toilets very easy. We would have seen some advertisements on the television about this from time to time, but here we are covering some different aspects of this wonder cleaning liquid – HARPIC. For starters, Harpic is a brand owned by a British company called Reckitt Benckiser who is a strong player in the Indian Market along with many other interesting products. We will cover them one after another in the coming days. Interestingly enough, Reckitt Benckiser was previously known as Reckitt & Colman India. Harpic was originally invented by Mr. Harry Pickup (hence the name!). Launched in England in the 1920s, Harpic toilet bowl cleaner has been successfully extended to 47 countries on a platform of powerful cleaning. Harpic provides a full range of liquid toilet bowl cleaners, tablets, wipes, toilet bowl blocks, cistern blocks and brush systems. (taken from Reckitt Benckiser’s website) One of the features on the product is that it has a “child-proof” cap which has to be pressed and opened, making it safe against kids at home.The primary claims of the product enhanced by its ”Opti-Thick” formula are: 1. Kills germs post 60 minutes of contact with undiluted product. 2. Removes tough stains and keeps your closet sparkling clean. 3. Removes bad odour from the closets and keeps your bathrooms fresh. The product is available in 500 ml, 200 ml and 35 ml quantities. The first two are bottles whereas the last one is a sachet. The competing products for Harpic are primarily “Sanifresh” and other local players such as phenyl and powder based cleaning agents. COMPANY PROFILE Company Overview Reckitt Benckiser is a global force in household, health and personal care, delivering ever better solution of consumers. The company has the sales of over 6 billion pounds consistently going ahead of the industry due to its leading brands, its operation in over 60 countries and sales in 180, and its highly motivated multinational management. Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc. (Reckitt Benckiser) is principally engaged in the manufacturing and marketing of household, cleaning, health and personal care products. The company manufactures products related to several categories which include dishwashing, fabric care, surface care, health, home care and personal care products and food. The company operates through 60 operating companies across 180 countries. The company has 13 directly held subsidiaries which include Propack, Reckitt Benckiser (Australia) Pty Limited, Reckitt Benckiser (Brazil) Limited, Reckitt Benckiser (Canada) Inc. Reckitt Benckiser Deutschland GmbH, Reckitt Benckiser Health care (UK) Limited, Reckitt Benckiser Inc., Reckitt Benckiser (India) Limited,Reckitt Benckiser Italia and Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Limited. The company is headquartered in the UK.The company reported revenues of (British Pounds) GBP 6,563.00 million during the fiscal year ended 2008, an increase of 24.56% over 2007. The operating profit of the company was GBP 1,505.00 million during the fiscal year 2008, an increase of 22.06% over 2007. The net profit of the company was GBP 1,120.00 million during the fiscal year 2008, an increase of 19.40% over 2007. In 2008, the BBC broadcast an investigaton into the methods Reckitt Benckiser used to maintain the market share of the Gaviscon powerbrand. The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 in the Business. History RECKITT COLMAN Colman's was founded in 1814 when Jeremiah Colman began milling flour and mustard in Norwich, England. Reckitt & Sons started in 1840 when Isaac Reckitt rented a starch mill in Hull, England. He diversified into other household products and in due course passed on his business to his four sons. Reckitt & Sons was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1888. In 1938 Reckitt & Sons merged with J&J Colman to become Reckitt & Colman Ltd. Reckitt & Colman sold the Colman's food business in 1995 but still has some food brands. Benckiser Johann A. Benckiser founded a business in Germany in 1823. Its main products were industrial chemicals. Benckiser went public in 1997. Merger and subsequent developments The company was formed by a merger between Britain's Reckitt & Colman and the Dutch company Benckiser NV in December of 1999. Bart Becht became CEO of this new company and has been credited for its transformation, focusing on core brands and improving efficiency in the supply chain. The new management team’s strategy of “innovation marketing”. A combination of increased marketing spend and product innovation, focusing on consumer needs – has been linked to the company’s ongoing success. For example, in 2008, the company’s “rapid succession of well publicised new product variants” were credited for helping them “to capture shoppers' imagination” Business Week has also noted that “40% of Reckitt Benckiser's $10.5 billion in 2007 revenues came from products launched within the previous three years.” In October 2005, Reckitt Benckiser agreed to purchase the over-the-counter drugs manufacturing business of Boots Group, Boots Healthcare International, for £1.926 billion. The three main brands acquired were Nurofen in analgesics; Strepsils sore throat lozenges; and Clearasil antiacne treatments. In January 2008, the Company acquired Adams Respiratory Therapeutics Inc., a pharmaceutical company, for $2.3bn: one of the major brands acquired with this purchase was Mucinex. Brief Profile of the Business Reckitt & Benckiser Plc, UK, promote Reckitt & Benckiser of India Ltd (Reckitt & Benckiser).The company has business interests in household products, personal care and pharmaceuticals.Key brands include Dettol, Cherry Blossom, Harpic, Robin liquid blue and Mortein. Around 40% of the company´s sales come from its flagship product Dettol. Dettol`s market share hovers around 85% and its product portfolio comprises toilet soaps, anti germ liquids and talcum powder. The remaining divisions, namely fabric care, shoe care and floor care contribute approximately 15% to the total turnover. Within the household products and the personal care segments, Reckitt & Benckiser is mainly into insecticides, lavatory care, surface care, shoe care and air fresheners. Insecticides contribute over 50% to Reckitt & Benckiser’s household business and 26% to its total sales. The company has a strong brand Mortein in the insect repellent market with a total market share of 45% (coil 12% and mats 33%). In the relatively small lavatory care market (Rs320m), Reckitt & Benckiser’s Harpic enjoys a 79.6% market share. Its brand Cherry enjoys a 79% market share in the Indian shoe care industry. The Indian air freshener market is estimated at Rs120m with Balsara Hygiene’s Odonil leading the market with an 80% share. Reckitt & Benckiser has positioned its Haze brand at the premium end of the market. Regarding the wash-segment, Reckitt & Benckiser is currently present only in the post-wash segment with its flagship brand Robin Blue, which is in existence since 1984. Robin Blue powder market share is around 20%. The company has entered into a joint venture, operational from March 1998, with pharmaceutical major Nicholas Piramal; a company having a strong distribution reach with chemists. The UK parent and Nicholas Piramal hold 40% stake each while the balance is with Reckitt & Benckiser. The joint venture, Reckitt Piramal, is the largest over the counter (OTC) pharmaceutical company in the country. The JV, besides improving sales of its flagship product Dettol, which currently contributes to over 80% of the JV´s sales, would also help in pushing other products like Dispirin and Gelora. Recent Development Reckitt Benckiser Plc and Lancaster Square Holdings SL, have made a voluntary offer to the equity shareholders of Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd to acquire 41,91,339 equity shares of Rs 10each, representing 12.73 per cent of the paid up equity share capital of Reckitt Benckiser India,at Rs 250 per share, payable in cash. The specified date is August 16, 2002. The date of the opening of the offer is September 2, 2002. The date of the closing of the offer is October 1, 2002. In aggregate, Reckitt Benckiser Plc and Lancaster Square at present hold 28,721,849 fully paid up equity shares of Rs 10 each, representing 87.27 per cent of the paid up equity share capital of Reckitt Benckiser India. After the open offer the company plans to delist its shares. Reckitt Benckiser Plc has received approval from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) for infusion of funds of Rs 403.19 crore for the open offer of its subsidiary, Reckitt Benckiser (India) Ltd. The parent has made an open offer to acquire the public shareholding of Reckitt Benckiser (India) at Rs 250 per share. The company is making serious efforts to improve penetration of the specialised toilet cleaner and to upgrade the habits of Indian consumer. For this purpose, Reckitt & Benckiser has recently tied up with sanitaryware major EID Parry’s premium brand Parryware for a co-branding initiative in Delhi. The company has recently relaunched Cherry Blossom Shine in a handy and compact case. The company also launched the Mortein Xtra Power range of mosquito coils and mats. It extended the range of offerings of the Dettol brand further by recently introducing Dettol Extra Care soap and Dettol talcum powder. As part of its strategy, Reckitt & Benckiser has decided to pull out of its food products business. Its factory at Chetla, which manufactures the Robinson brand of barley, is proposed to be sold as a going concern. Negotiations in this regard are currently underway. The merged overseas parent, christened Reckitt Benckiser Plc, which holds 51 per cent of the company`s equity stake, was firming up its strategy to garner a higher share of the market for dish wash, home care, fabric care and health care products. Reckitt & Benckiser would draw up its strategy some time later in line with the parent company`s strategy. A decision on change in the name of Reckitt & Benckiser would also be taken after the legal formalities are completed in the UK. The merged parent is also working on a global e-commerce initiative strategy. Initially, however, this strategy will more likely to focus on B2B rather than B2C transactions. Reckitt’s Indian operations would, for the time being, continue to be channeled through the existing distributors` network. Future Plans The company will relaunch several products with new packaging, introducing new delivery systems and offering better value to the customers. The pest control business will come under greater focus as Reckitt & Benckiser sees a lot of potential in this segment in the future. Products are also to be introduced under umbrella brands Mortein, Lizol and Dettol. VISION ‘Reckitt Benckiser is about passionately delivering better solutions in household cleaning and health & personal care to customers and consumers, wherever they may be, for the ultimate purpose of creating shareholder value.’ This vision defines both our purpose and our values as a Company and encompasses our commitment to product quality and safety, customer service, innovation, global reach and corporate social responsibility. VALUES Our core values are a set of guiding principles through which we think, behave and conduct our business in order to deliver on our vision. OBJECTIVES Reckitt Benckiser's objective is to generate above industry average profitable growth by: • • • • • Focusing on building the power brands in high growth categories Geographic expansion of the portfolio Continuous innovation Higher investment in brand building Margin expansion and cash conversion to fund reinvestment in core brands and to grow returns to shareholders. • Selective add-on acquisitions Executive Committee/Board of directors RB’s international management make their mark by pushing boundaries, being progressive and bold thinkers, and being driven to outperform wherever they focus. JA Benckiser circa1823(left), Isaac Reckitt circa 1860s (right)        Bart Becht - Chief Executive Officer Freddy Caspers - Executive Vice President, Developing Markets Colin Day - Chief Financial Officer Amedeo Fasano - Executive Vice President, Supply Gareth Hill - Senior Vice President, Information Services Rakesh Kapoor - Executive Vice President, Category Development Simon Nash - Senior Vice President, Human Resources ACHIEVEMENTS & REWARDS • 2001 a Highly Commended in the Best Factory Awards, run by leading business magazine Management Today in conjunction with Cranfield School of Management. • Derby site director Andre Croatto said: “We are incredibly proud of what we have achieved over the past four years. Improvements in efficiency and cost savings have more than justified the capital investment levels and personal commitment that the Group’s senior management has shown in Derby. It is also a huge credit to the team here at all levels, and has not been without its problems or pain at times - but the results have been outstanding. We are confident, despite fierce competition in all our market sectors, that the future both for Derby and the company as a whole, is very bright.” • Qouting an AC Nielsen study, Reckitt Benkiser Chairman and Managing Director Chander Mohan Sethi said the brand right now is around Rs 900 crore. "We are very close to achieving our target of Rs 1,000 crore brand. It might have already reached also," he said but declined to provide further details on it. According to the industry experts, if the company is able to achieve Rs 1,000-crore sales from Dettol in the current year, it would become the second company after Hindustan Uniliver Ltd (HUL) to achieve the milestone. COMPETITORS  Sanifresh  Others (Domex) MARKET SIZE MARKET SIZE Market Size Value (RS Crore) Market Size volume(Kilometers) 2005 90.1 5719 2006 103.3 6499 2007 120.2 7339 NEED OF THE STUDY The term consumer behavior refers the behavior that consumers display in the searching for purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of product and services that they expect, will satisfy their needs. Consumer is highly complex individuals, subject to a variety of psychological needs and buying behavior. Need and priorities of the different consumers segment differ effectively. This project has been undertaken to understand the consumer behavior towards different toilet cleaners which are of different Brands. There is a wide range of use of toilet cleaners everywhere. How many toilet cleaners are in the market especially in non urban area and up to what limit popular product of toilet cleaners has been able to compete to the local product in terms of QUALITY,QUANTITY…or INSPIRATION FACTOR to accept buying decision. How the Rural People use a particular toilet cleaners and how they show their attitude towards different toilet cleaners and why? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main aim of understanding this study is to accomplish the following objective:  To study the awareness of HARPIC TOILET CLEANER among the locality where I used to reside CHENNAI. consumer in that particular area.  To know about the most favorite TOILET CLEANER brand of the  To know what are the expectations of the buyer’s towards their favorite  Toilet cleaner.  To know how the several factors like price, quality, brand name, availability affects the buying decision.  To know about the market share of these toilet cleaner. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Although every effort is made to make the result accurate but almost all the report suffers from certain limitations. The result which I obtained from this study, also suffers from certain limitations. The limitations of this study are as follows.  This study is done in CHENNAI, hence this study is applicable only in that particular region and not elsewhere.  Time frame of this study was limited.The result could be different if the time frame would have long.  I visited door to door to collect the opinion and perception about Antiseptic liquid and this may vary because they may be biased as the perception regarding their favorite brands.  Sometimes some consumers were not in full mood to give the answers of my questions so some of the answers may not be exact. SCOPE OF THE STUDY  This study helps to find the consumer buying behavior towards HARPIC TOILET CLEANER.  This study helps to analyze the confidence and skill level of the students . REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. A good literature review is characterized by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic According to Serena Jian (senior company analyst), “Reckitt Benckiser is strong at marketing its brands to consumers.” And "Combined with good product innovation, that helps increase brand loyalty and drive up margins." CONSUMER: Everyday purchaser of a good or service in retail.  End user, and not necessarily a purchaser, in the distribution chain of a good or service. See also customer. BEHAVIOUR:- The action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; consumer buying behavior Definition Process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants. Consumer Buying Behaviour What influences consumers to purchase products or services? The consumer buying process is a complex matter as many internal and external factors have an impact on the buying decisions of the consumer. When purchasing a product there several processes, which consumers go through. These will be discussed below. Need to understand: • • • why consumers make the purchases that they make? What factors influence consumer purchases? The changing factors in our society. Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to analyze buying behavior for: • • Buyer’s reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firm’s success. The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy. • Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond to marketing strategies. Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of complexity... The 6 stages are: 1. Problem Recognition (awareness of need)--difference between the desired state and the actual condition. Deficit in assortment of product 2. Information search-o Internal search, memory. o External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources; comparison shopping; public sources etc. A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked set. 3. Evaluation of Alternatives--need to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want 4. If not satisfied with your choice then return to the search phase. Can you think of another product? Marketers try to influence by "framing" alternatives. 5. Purchase decision--Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store, method of purchase etc. 6. Purchase--May differ from decision, time lapse between 4 & 5, product availability. 7. Post-Purchase Evaluation--outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties, after sales communication etc. Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Types of consumer buying behavior are determined by: • • Level of Involvement in purchase decision. Importance and intensity of interest in a product in a particular situation. Buyer’s level of involvement determines why he/she is motivated to seek information about a certain products and brands but virtually ignores others. Types of risk: • • • Personal risk Social risk Economic risk The four type of consumer buying behavior are: • • Routine Response/Programmed Behavior--buying low involvement frequently purchased low cost items; need very little search and decision effort; purchased almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc. Limited Decision Making--buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps. Requires a moderate amount of time for • information gathering. Examples include Clothes--know product class but not the brand. Extensive Decision Making/Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and/or infrequently bought products. High degree of economic/performance/psychological risk. Examples include cars, homes, computers, education. Spend a lot of time seeking information and deciding. Information from the companies MM; friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go through all six stages of the buying process Impulse buying, no conscious planning. The purchase of the same product does not always elicit the same Buying Behavior. Product can shift from one category to the next. Categories that Effect the Consumer Buying Decision Process A consumer, making a purchase decision will be affected by the following three factors: 1. Personal 2. Psychological 3. Social The marketer must be aware of these factors in order to develop appropriate MM for its target market. Personal • Unique to a particular person. Demographic Factors. Sex, Race, Age etc.Who in the family is responsible for the decision making. Young people purchase things for different reasons than older people. Psychological factors Psychological factors include: Motives-A motive is an internal energizing force that orients a person's activities toward satisfying a need or achieving a goal. Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. If marketers can identify motives then they can better develop a marketing mix. MASLOW hierarchy of needs!! o o o o o Physiological Safety Love and Belonging Esteem Self Actualization Need to determine what level of the hierarchy the consumers are at to determine what motivates their purchases. Perception-What do you see?? Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information inputs to produce meaning. IE we chose what info we pay attention to, organize it and interpret it. Information inputs are the sensations received through sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch. Selective Exposure-select inputs to be exposed to our awareness. More likely if it is linked to an event, satisfies current needs, intensity of input changes (sharp price drop). Selective Distortion-Changing/twisting current received information, inconsistent with beliefs. Advertisers that use comparative advertisements (pitching one product against another), have to be very careful that consumers do not distort the facts and perceive that the advertisement was for the competitor. Selective Retention-Remember inputs that support beliefs, forgets those that don't. Interpreting information is based on what is already familiar, on knowledge that is stored in the memory. Ability and Knowledge-Need to understand individual’s capacity to learn. Learning, changes in a person's behavior caused by information and experience. Therefore to change consumers' behavior about your product, need to give them new information re: product...free sample etc. When making buying decisions, buyers must process information. Knowledge is the familiarity with the product and expertise. Inexperience buyers often use prices as an indicator of quality more than those who have knowledge of a product.. Learning is the process through which a relatively permanent change in behavior results from the consequences of past behavior. Attitudes— Knowledge and positive and negative feelings about an object or activity-maybe tangible or intangible, living or non- living.....Drive perceptions Individual learns attitudes through experience and interaction with other people. Consumer attitudes toward a firm and its products greatly influence the success or failure of the firm's marketing strategy. Consumers screen information that conflicts with their attitudes. Distort information to make it consistent and selectively retain information that reinforces our attitudes. IE brand loyalty. There is a difference between attitude and intention to buy (ability to buy). Personality-All the internal traits and behaviors that make a person unique, uniqueness arrives from a person's heredity and personal experience. Examples include: o o o o o o o o o o o o Workaholism Compulsiveness Self confidence Friendliness Adaptability Ambitiousness Dogmatism Authoritarianism Introversion Extroversion Aggressiveness Competitiveness. Traits effect the way people behave. Marketers try to match the store image to the perceived image of their customers. There is a weak association between personality and Buying Behavior, this may be due to unreliable measures.. Lifestyle-Recent US trends in lifestyles are a shift towards personal independence and individualism and a preference for a healthy, natural lifestyle. Lifestyles are the consistent patterns people follow in their lives. Social Factors Consumer wants, learning, motives etc. are influenced by opinion leaders, person's family, reference groups, social class and culture. Opinion leaders-Spokes people etc. Marketers try to attract opinion leaders...they actually use (pay) spokespeople to market their products. Roles and Family Influences-Role...things you should do based on the expectations of you from your position within a group. People have many roles. Husband, father, employer/ee. Individuals role are continuing to change therefore marketers must continue to update information. Family is the most basic group a person belongs to. Marketers must understand: o o that many family decisions are made by the family unit consumer behavior starts in the family unit o o o family roles and preferences are the model for children's future family (can reject/alter/etc) family buying decisions are a mixture of family interactions and individual decision making family acts an interpreter of social and cultural values for the individual. The Family life cycle: families go through stages, each stage creates different consumer demands: o o o o o o o o o o bachelor stage... newly married, young, no children...me full nest I, youngest child under 6 full nest II, youngest child 6 or over full nest III, older married couples with dependant children empty nest I, older married couples with no children living with them, head in labor force empty nest II, older married couples, no children living at home, head retired solitary survivor, in labor force solitary survivor, retired Modernized life cycle includes divorced and no children. Because 2 income families are becoming more common, the decision maker within the family unit is changing...also, family has less time for children, and therefore tends to let them influence purchase decisions in order to alleviate some of the guilt. (Children influence about $130 billion of goods in a year) Children also have more money to spend themselves. Reference Groups-Individual identifies with the group to the extent that he takes on many of the values, attitudes or behaviors of the group members. Families, friends, sororities, civic and professional organizations. Any group that has a positive or negative influence on a persons attitude and behavior. Membership groups (belong to) Affinity marketing is focused on the desires of consumers that belong to reference groups. Marketers get the groups to approve the product and communicate that approval to its members. Credit Cards etc.!! Aspiration groups (want to belong to) Disassociate groups (do not want to belong to) The degree to which a reference group will affect a purchase decision depends on an individuals susceptibility to reference group influence and the strength of his/her involvement with the group. Social Class-An open group of individuals who have similar social rank. US is not a classless society. US criteria; occupation, education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions. Social class influences many aspects of our lives. IE upper middle class Americans prefer luxury cars Mercedes. o o o Upper Americans-upper-upper class, .3%, inherited wealth, aristocratic names. Lower-upper class, 1.2%, newer social elite, from current professionals and corporate elite Upper-middle class, 12.5%, college graduates, managers and professionals o o o o Middle Americans-middle class, 32%, average pay white collar workers and blue collar friends Working class, 38%, average pay blue collar workers Lower Americans-lower class, 9%, working, not on welfare Lower-lower class, 7%, on welfare Social class determines to some extent, the types, quality, quantity of products that a person buys or uses. Lower class people tend to stay close to home when shopping, do not engage in much prepurchase information gathering. Stores project definite class images. Family, reference groups and social classes are all social influences on consumer behavior. All operate within a larger culture. Culture and Sub-culture-Culture refers to the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are accepted by a homogenous group of people and transmitted to the next generation. Culture also determines what is acceptable with product advertising. Culture determines what people wear, eat, reside and travel. Cultural values in the US are good health, education, individualism and freedom. In American culture time scarcity is a growing problem. Big impact on international marketing. Different society, different levels of needs, different cultural values. Culture can be divided into subcultures: o o geographic regions human characteristics such as age and ethnic background. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a very organized and systematic way through which a particular case or problem can be solved efficiently. It is a step-bystep logical process, which involves:  Defining a problem  Laying the objectives of the research  Sources of data  Methods of data collection  Tabulation of data  Data analysis & processing  Conclusions & Recommendations Sources of Data Data refers to a collection of natural phenomena, descriptors, including the results of experience, observation or a set of premises. This may consist of nos., words or images particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. There are two sources of data: • Primary Source • Secondary Source Primary Sources This data is that the researcher collects himself. It is reliable way to collect data as it requires the learner to interact with the source and extract information. It allows the learner to access original & unedited information. Its methods are – • Surveys • Observations • Questionnaire • Experiments I collected data using the primary method. Secondary Sources Data sources are edited primary sources, second hand versions. It represent thinking of someone else. Secondary sources take the role of analysing, explaining & combining the information from the primary source with additional information. • Internet • Magazines • Management books DATA SOURCE Consumers – Residents of chennai No. of sample respondents – 50 Types of sampling – Probability sampling including simple random sampling. Time frame – 4th January-27th january Questionnaire:To a self-administered process whereby the respondent himself reads the questions and answer his questions without the assistance of an interviewer. Structured Questionnaire:A structured questionnaire is one in which every aspect of the questionnaire is determined and there is no scope of any modification or alteration after the final draft is adopted. For example, a question with four alternative possible answers may be given and the respondents has to select the closest answer within the four alternative given. SAMPLE SIZE:- Sample size denotes the number of elements selected for the study. For the present study, 50 respondents were selected at random. SAMPLING METHOD:- A sample is a representative part of the population. In sampling technique, information is collected only from a representative part of the universe and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION To know the response, the researcher used questionnaire method. It has been designed as a primary research instrument. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents and they were asked to answer the questions given in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were used as an instrumentation technique, because it is an important method of data collection. The success of the questionnaire method in collecting the information depends largely on proper drafting. So in the present study questions were arranged and interconnected logically. The structured questionnaire will reduce both interviewers and interpreters bias. Further, coding and analysis was done for each question’s response to reach into finding . QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, I am Doing MBA program “VEL RANGARAJAN SAKUNTHALA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE”,CHENNAI. Where I have been given a project .The title of my research is “To study the consumer buying behavior towards HARPIC TOILET CLEANER. Disclaimer This is to acknowledge that the following survey is purely for educational purposes. The identity of the respondent will be kept confidential. Name - Age a) 18 to 25years b) 25 to 35years c) 35 to 45years d) above 45years Sex a) male b) female Income Level a) Less than 5000 b) 5000 – 10000 c) 10000 – 15000 d) above 15000 Please answer the below-mentioned questions as applicable 1.What type of product do you use for cleaning toilets ? a) Acid b) bleaching powder c)liquid cleaner d) flushmatic e) other 2. Which brand do you use ? a) Harpic b) domex c) sanifresh d) glaze e) teepol 3. How satisfied are you with the product ? a) Highly satisfied b) satisfied c) moderate d) dissatisfied e) highly dissatisfied 4. How do you know about this product ? a) Family members b) friends c) relatives d) media e) others 5. Have you tried out any other product ? a) Yes b) no 6. If yes mention the product ? a) Harpic b) domex c) sanifresh d) glaze e) teepol 7. If yes what were the reason for using the product ? a) Better cleaning b) fragnance c) cheaper price d) availability e) size 8. Are you satisfied with harpic ? a) Highly satisfied b) satisfied c) moderate d) dissatisfied e) highly dissatisfied 9. How long you are using harpic ? a) 0-1yrs b) 1-2yrs c) 2-4yrs d) 4-6yrs e) more than 6 yrs 10. Do you typically read the back and side panel of the product’s package ? a) Yes b) no 11. Over all, how do you rate the quality of the product ? a) Excellent b) good c) moderate d) poor e) very poor 12. Would you recommend harpic to others ? a) Yes b) no 13. How often do you buy Harpic ? a) weekly b) montly c) 2 months once d) quarterly e) annualy 14. Are you satisfied with the price of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 15. Are you satisfied with the packing of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 16. Are you satisfied with the availability of Harpic in market ? a) Yes b) no 17. Are you satisfied with available quantity of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 18. what recommendation would you suggest for improving Harpic ?	Harpic
Liverpool-born Bill Harry was responsible for which '60's pop publication?	PROJECT-MARKETING - Documents Marketing Share PROJECT-MARKETING Embed <iframe src="http://documents.mx/embed/project-marketing.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://documents.mx/documents/project-marketing.html" title="PROJECT-MARKETING" target="_blank">PROJECT-MARKETING</a></div> size(px) Description Text ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Acknowledgement is not only formality but also an expression of deep sense of gratitude. This project report is the product of inspiration and perspirations, no doubt, some transpiration as well. At this juncture, my heart is filled with the feeling to them whose effort has made this task a reality. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all the VEL RS CMS-faculty members for conducting the training project. I am extremely grateful to respected Mr. A.K.SUBRAMANI Sir under the guidance of whom I have executed the project. I also extend my heartiest gratitude to all of respondents and all those who directly or indirectly helped me in this project without whom the project would not have been otherwise. R.NAVEENDRAN (MBA-1STYEAR) CONTENTS CHAPTE R NO 1 TITLE Introduction of the study Industry profile Company profile Objectives Scope of the study Limitations Review of Literature Research methodology Data analysis & Interpretation a) PAGE NO 2 3 4 5 6 Findings Suggestions conclusion 7 Bibliography Annexure PREFACE Research is the feedback, which any organization sought for the purpose of effective policy making. It is the systematic problem Analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of important decision -making and control in the marketing of goods and services. Practical aspect gives more knowledge and experience than the theory and no learning can be completed without practical aspect. This is a project on “CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS HARPIC-TOILET CLEANER” in the region of CHENNAI. INTRODUCTION FMCG Company has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy in both rural and urban sector. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged foodstuff, household accessories and extends to certain electronic goods. These items are meant for daily of frequent consumption and have a high return. A major portion of the monthly budget of each household is reserved for FMCG products. The volume of money circulated in the economy against FMCG products is very high, as the number of products the consumer use is very high. Competition in the FMCG sector is very high resulting in high pressure on margins. -1- INDUSTRY PROFILE Cleaning the closet in the bathroom/washroom could be a demanding task. Thanks to some sophisticated products, it is no longer a cumbersome task. Some actually find it intriguing enough to indulge in it. Our focus today is on one such product which makes cleaning toilets very easy. We would have seen some advertisements on the television about this from time to time, but here we are covering some different aspects of this wonder cleaning liquid – HARPIC. For starters, Harpic is a brand owned by a British company called Reckitt Benckiser who is a strong player in the Indian Market along with many other interesting products. We will cover them one after another in the coming days. Interestingly enough, Reckitt Benckiser was previously known as Reckitt & Colman India. Harpic was originally invented by Mr. Harry Pickup (hence the name!). Launched in England in the 1920s, Harpic toilet bowl cleaner has been successfully extended to 47 countries on a platform of powerful cleaning. Harpic provides a full range of liquid toilet bowl cleaners, tablets, wipes, toilet bowl blocks, cistern blocks and brush systems. (taken from Reckitt Benckiser’s website) One of the features on the product is that it has a “child-proof” cap which has to be pressed and opened, making it safe against kids at home.The primary claims of the product enhanced by its ”Opti-Thick” formula are: 1. Kills germs post 60 minutes of contact with undiluted product. 2. Removes tough stains and keeps your closet sparkling clean. 3. Removes bad odour from the closets and keeps your bathrooms fresh. The product is available in 500 ml, 200 ml and 35 ml quantities. The first two are bottles whereas the last one is a sachet. The competing products for Harpic are primarily “Sanifresh” and other local players such as phenyl and powder based cleaning agents. COMPANY PROFILE Company Overview Reckitt Benckiser is a global force in household, health and personal care, delivering ever better solution of consumers. The company has the sales of over 6 billion pounds consistently going ahead of the industry due to its leading brands, its operation in over 60 countries and sales in 180, and its highly motivated multinational management. Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc. (Reckitt Benckiser) is principally engaged in the manufacturing and marketing of household, cleaning, health and personal care products. The company manufactures products related to several categories which include dishwashing, fabric care, surface care, health, home care and personal care products and food. The company operates through 60 operating companies across 180 countries. The company has 13 directly held subsidiaries which include Propack, Reckitt Benckiser (Australia) Pty Limited, Reckitt Benckiser (Brazil) Limited, Reckitt Benckiser (Canada) Inc. Reckitt Benckiser Deutschland GmbH, Reckitt Benckiser Health care (UK) Limited, Reckitt Benckiser Inc., Reckitt Benckiser (India) Limited,Reckitt Benckiser Italia and Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Limited. The company is headquartered in the UK.The company reported revenues of (British Pounds) GBP 6,563.00 million during the fiscal year ended 2008, an increase of 24.56% over 2007. The operating profit of the company was GBP 1,505.00 million during the fiscal year 2008, an increase of 22.06% over 2007. The net profit of the company was GBP 1,120.00 million during the fiscal year 2008, an increase of 19.40% over 2007. In 2008, the BBC broadcast an investigaton into the methods Reckitt Benckiser used to maintain the market share of the Gaviscon powerbrand. The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 in the Business. History RECKITT COLMAN Colman's was founded in 1814 when Jeremiah Colman began milling flour and mustard in Norwich, England. Reckitt & Sons started in 1840 when Isaac Reckitt rented a starch mill in Hull, England. He diversified into other household products and in due course passed on his business to his four sons. Reckitt & Sons was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1888. In 1938 Reckitt & Sons merged with J&J Colman to become Reckitt & Colman Ltd. Reckitt & Colman sold the Colman's food business in 1995 but still has some food brands. Benckiser Johann A. Benckiser founded a business in Germany in 1823. Its main products were industrial chemicals. Benckiser went public in 1997. Merger and subsequent developments The company was formed by a merger between Britain's Reckitt & Colman and the Dutch company Benckiser NV in December of 1999. Bart Becht became CEO of this new company and has been credited for its transformation, focusing on core brands and improving efficiency in the supply chain. The new management team’s strategy of “innovation marketing”. A combination of increased marketing spend and product innovation, focusing on consumer needs – has been linked to the company’s ongoing success. For example, in 2008, the company’s “rapid succession of well publicised new product variants” were credited for helping them “to capture shoppers' imagination” Business Week has also noted that “40% of Reckitt Benckiser's $10.5 billion in 2007 revenues came from products launched within the previous three years.” In October 2005, Reckitt Benckiser agreed to purchase the over-the-counter drugs manufacturing business of Boots Group, Boots Healthcare International, for £1.926 billion. The three main brands acquired were Nurofen in analgesics; Strepsils sore throat lozenges; and Clearasil antiacne treatments. In January 2008, the Company acquired Adams Respiratory Therapeutics Inc., a pharmaceutical company, for $2.3bn: one of the major brands acquired with this purchase was Mucinex. Brief Profile of the Business Reckitt & Benckiser Plc, UK, promote Reckitt & Benckiser of India Ltd (Reckitt & Benckiser).The company has business interests in household products, personal care and pharmaceuticals.Key brands include Dettol, Cherry Blossom, Harpic, Robin liquid blue and Mortein. Around 40% of the company´s sales come from its flagship product Dettol. Dettol`s market share hovers around 85% and its product portfolio comprises toilet soaps, anti germ liquids and talcum powder. The remaining divisions, namely fabric care, shoe care and floor care contribute approximately 15% to the total turnover. Within the household products and the personal care segments, Reckitt & Benckiser is mainly into insecticides, lavatory care, surface care, shoe care and air fresheners. Insecticides contribute over 50% to Reckitt & Benckiser’s household business and 26% to its total sales. The company has a strong brand Mortein in the insect repellent market with a total market share of 45% (coil 12% and mats 33%). In the relatively small lavatory care market (Rs320m), Reckitt & Benckiser’s Harpic enjoys a 79.6% market share. Its brand Cherry enjoys a 79% market share in the Indian shoe care industry. The Indian air freshener market is estimated at Rs120m with Balsara Hygiene’s Odonil leading the market with an 80% share. Reckitt & Benckiser has positioned its Haze brand at the premium end of the market. Regarding the wash-segment, Reckitt & Benckiser is currently present only in the post-wash segment with its flagship brand Robin Blue, which is in existence since 1984. Robin Blue powder market share is around 20%. The company has entered into a joint venture, operational from March 1998, with pharmaceutical major Nicholas Piramal; a company having a strong distribution reach with chemists. The UK parent and Nicholas Piramal hold 40% stake each while the balance is with Reckitt & Benckiser. The joint venture, Reckitt Piramal, is the largest over the counter (OTC) pharmaceutical company in the country. The JV, besides improving sales of its flagship product Dettol, which currently contributes to over 80% of the JV´s sales, would also help in pushing other products like Dispirin and Gelora. Recent Development Reckitt Benckiser Plc and Lancaster Square Holdings SL, have made a voluntary offer to the equity shareholders of Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd to acquire 41,91,339 equity shares of Rs 10each, representing 12.73 per cent of the paid up equity share capital of Reckitt Benckiser India,at Rs 250 per share, payable in cash. The specified date is August 16, 2002. The date of the opening of the offer is September 2, 2002. The date of the closing of the offer is October 1, 2002. In aggregate, Reckitt Benckiser Plc and Lancaster Square at present hold 28,721,849 fully paid up equity shares of Rs 10 each, representing 87.27 per cent of the paid up equity share capital of Reckitt Benckiser India. After the open offer the company plans to delist its shares. Reckitt Benckiser Plc has received approval from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) for infusion of funds of Rs 403.19 crore for the open offer of its subsidiary, Reckitt Benckiser (India) Ltd. The parent has made an open offer to acquire the public shareholding of Reckitt Benckiser (India) at Rs 250 per share. The company is making serious efforts to improve penetration of the specialised toilet cleaner and to upgrade the habits of Indian consumer. For this purpose, Reckitt & Benckiser has recently tied up with sanitaryware major EID Parry’s premium brand Parryware for a co-branding initiative in Delhi. The company has recently relaunched Cherry Blossom Shine in a handy and compact case. The company also launched the Mortein Xtra Power range of mosquito coils and mats. It extended the range of offerings of the Dettol brand further by recently introducing Dettol Extra Care soap and Dettol talcum powder. As part of its strategy, Reckitt & Benckiser has decided to pull out of its food products business. Its factory at Chetla, which manufactures the Robinson brand of barley, is proposed to be sold as a going concern. Negotiations in this regard are currently underway. The merged overseas parent, christened Reckitt Benckiser Plc, which holds 51 per cent of the company`s equity stake, was firming up its strategy to garner a higher share of the market for dish wash, home care, fabric care and health care products. Reckitt & Benckiser would draw up its strategy some time later in line with the parent company`s strategy. A decision on change in the name of Reckitt & Benckiser would also be taken after the legal formalities are completed in the UK. The merged parent is also working on a global e-commerce initiative strategy. Initially, however, this strategy will more likely to focus on B2B rather than B2C transactions. Reckitt’s Indian operations would, for the time being, continue to be channeled through the existing distributors` network. Future Plans The company will relaunch several products with new packaging, introducing new delivery systems and offering better value to the customers. The pest control business will come under greater focus as Reckitt & Benckiser sees a lot of potential in this segment in the future. Products are also to be introduced under umbrella brands Mortein, Lizol and Dettol. VISION ‘Reckitt Benckiser is about passionately delivering better solutions in household cleaning and health & personal care to customers and consumers, wherever they may be, for the ultimate purpose of creating shareholder value.’ This vision defines both our purpose and our values as a Company and encompasses our commitment to product quality and safety, customer service, innovation, global reach and corporate social responsibility. VALUES Our core values are a set of guiding principles through which we think, behave and conduct our business in order to deliver on our vision. OBJECTIVES Reckitt Benckiser's objective is to generate above industry average profitable growth by: • • • • • Focusing on building the power brands in high growth categories Geographic expansion of the portfolio Continuous innovation Higher investment in brand building Margin expansion and cash conversion to fund reinvestment in core brands and to grow returns to shareholders. • Selective add-on acquisitions Executive Committee/Board of directors RB’s international management make their mark by pushing boundaries, being progressive and bold thinkers, and being driven to outperform wherever they focus. JA Benckiser circa1823(left), Isaac Reckitt circa 1860s (right)        Bart Becht - Chief Executive Officer Freddy Caspers - Executive Vice President, Developing Markets Colin Day - Chief Financial Officer Amedeo Fasano - Executive Vice President, Supply Gareth Hill - Senior Vice President, Information Services Rakesh Kapoor - Executive Vice President, Category Development Simon Nash - Senior Vice President, Human Resources ACHIEVEMENTS & REWARDS • 2001 a Highly Commended in the Best Factory Awards, run by leading business magazine Management Today in conjunction with Cranfield School of Management. • Derby site director Andre Croatto said: “We are incredibly proud of what we have achieved over the past four years. Improvements in efficiency and cost savings have more than justified the capital investment levels and personal commitment that the Group’s senior management has shown in Derby. It is also a huge credit to the team here at all levels, and has not been without its problems or pain at times - but the results have been outstanding. We are confident, despite fierce competition in all our market sectors, that the future both for Derby and the company as a whole, is very bright.” • Qouting an AC Nielsen study, Reckitt Benkiser Chairman and Managing Director Chander Mohan Sethi said the brand right now is around Rs 900 crore. "We are very close to achieving our target of Rs 1,000 crore brand. It might have already reached also," he said but declined to provide further details on it. According to the industry experts, if the company is able to achieve Rs 1,000-crore sales from Dettol in the current year, it would become the second company after Hindustan Uniliver Ltd (HUL) to achieve the milestone. COMPETITORS  Sanifresh  Others (Domex) MARKET SIZE MARKET SIZE Market Size Value (RS Crore) Market Size volume(Kilometers) 2005 90.1 5719 2006 103.3 6499 2007 120.2 7339 NEED OF THE STUDY The term consumer behavior refers the behavior that consumers display in the searching for purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of product and services that they expect, will satisfy their needs. Consumer is highly complex individuals, subject to a variety of psychological needs and buying behavior. Need and priorities of the different consumers segment differ effectively. This project has been undertaken to understand the consumer behavior towards different toilet cleaners which are of different Brands. There is a wide range of use of toilet cleaners everywhere. How many toilet cleaners are in the market especially in non urban area and up to what limit popular product of toilet cleaners has been able to compete to the local product in terms of QUALITY,QUANTITY…or INSPIRATION FACTOR to accept buying decision. How the Rural People use a particular toilet cleaners and how they show their attitude towards different toilet cleaners and why? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main aim of understanding this study is to accomplish the following objective:  To study the awareness of HARPIC TOILET CLEANER among the locality where I used to reside CHENNAI. consumer in that particular area.  To know about the most favorite TOILET CLEANER brand of the  To know what are the expectations of the buyer’s towards their favorite  Toilet cleaner.  To know how the several factors like price, quality, brand name, availability affects the buying decision.  To know about the market share of these toilet cleaner. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Although every effort is made to make the result accurate but almost all the report suffers from certain limitations. The result which I obtained from this study, also suffers from certain limitations. The limitations of this study are as follows.  This study is done in CHENNAI, hence this study is applicable only in that particular region and not elsewhere.  Time frame of this study was limited.The result could be different if the time frame would have long.  I visited door to door to collect the opinion and perception about Antiseptic liquid and this may vary because they may be biased as the perception regarding their favorite brands.  Sometimes some consumers were not in full mood to give the answers of my questions so some of the answers may not be exact. SCOPE OF THE STUDY  This study helps to find the consumer buying behavior towards HARPIC TOILET CLEANER.  This study helps to analyze the confidence and skill level of the students . REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. A good literature review is characterized by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic According to Serena Jian (senior company analyst), “Reckitt Benckiser is strong at marketing its brands to consumers.” And "Combined with good product innovation, that helps increase brand loyalty and drive up margins." CONSUMER: Everyday purchaser of a good or service in retail.  End user, and not necessarily a purchaser, in the distribution chain of a good or service. See also customer. BEHAVIOUR:- The action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; consumer buying behavior Definition Process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants. Consumer Buying Behaviour What influences consumers to purchase products or services? The consumer buying process is a complex matter as many internal and external factors have an impact on the buying decisions of the consumer. When purchasing a product there several processes, which consumers go through. These will be discussed below. Need to understand: • • • why consumers make the purchases that they make? What factors influence consumer purchases? The changing factors in our society. Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to analyze buying behavior for: • • Buyer’s reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firm’s success. The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy. • Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond to marketing strategies. Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of complexity... The 6 stages are: 1. Problem Recognition (awareness of need)--difference between the desired state and the actual condition. Deficit in assortment of product 2. Information search-o Internal search, memory. o External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources; comparison shopping; public sources etc. A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked set. 3. Evaluation of Alternatives--need to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want 4. If not satisfied with your choice then return to the search phase. Can you think of another product? Marketers try to influence by "framing" alternatives. 5. Purchase decision--Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store, method of purchase etc. 6. Purchase--May differ from decision, time lapse between 4 & 5, product availability. 7. Post-Purchase Evaluation--outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties, after sales communication etc. Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Types of consumer buying behavior are determined by: • • Level of Involvement in purchase decision. Importance and intensity of interest in a product in a particular situation. Buyer’s level of involvement determines why he/she is motivated to seek information about a certain products and brands but virtually ignores others. Types of risk: • • • Personal risk Social risk Economic risk The four type of consumer buying behavior are: • • Routine Response/Programmed Behavior--buying low involvement frequently purchased low cost items; need very little search and decision effort; purchased almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc. Limited Decision Making--buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps. Requires a moderate amount of time for • information gathering. Examples include Clothes--know product class but not the brand. Extensive Decision Making/Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and/or infrequently bought products. High degree of economic/performance/psychological risk. Examples include cars, homes, computers, education. Spend a lot of time seeking information and deciding. Information from the companies MM; friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go through all six stages of the buying process Impulse buying, no conscious planning. The purchase of the same product does not always elicit the same Buying Behavior. Product can shift from one category to the next. Categories that Effect the Consumer Buying Decision Process A consumer, making a purchase decision will be affected by the following three factors: 1. Personal 2. Psychological 3. Social The marketer must be aware of these factors in order to develop appropriate MM for its target market. Personal • Unique to a particular person. Demographic Factors. Sex, Race, Age etc.Who in the family is responsible for the decision making. Young people purchase things for different reasons than older people. Psychological factors Psychological factors include: Motives-A motive is an internal energizing force that orients a person's activities toward satisfying a need or achieving a goal. Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. If marketers can identify motives then they can better develop a marketing mix. MASLOW hierarchy of needs!! o o o o o Physiological Safety Love and Belonging Esteem Self Actualization Need to determine what level of the hierarchy the consumers are at to determine what motivates their purchases. Perception-What do you see?? Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information inputs to produce meaning. IE we chose what info we pay attention to, organize it and interpret it. Information inputs are the sensations received through sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch. Selective Exposure-select inputs to be exposed to our awareness. More likely if it is linked to an event, satisfies current needs, intensity of input changes (sharp price drop). Selective Distortion-Changing/twisting current received information, inconsistent with beliefs. Advertisers that use comparative advertisements (pitching one product against another), have to be very careful that consumers do not distort the facts and perceive that the advertisement was for the competitor. Selective Retention-Remember inputs that support beliefs, forgets those that don't. Interpreting information is based on what is already familiar, on knowledge that is stored in the memory. Ability and Knowledge-Need to understand individual’s capacity to learn. Learning, changes in a person's behavior caused by information and experience. Therefore to change consumers' behavior about your product, need to give them new information re: product...free sample etc. When making buying decisions, buyers must process information. Knowledge is the familiarity with the product and expertise. Inexperience buyers often use prices as an indicator of quality more than those who have knowledge of a product.. Learning is the process through which a relatively permanent change in behavior results from the consequences of past behavior. Attitudes— Knowledge and positive and negative feelings about an object or activity-maybe tangible or intangible, living or non- living.....Drive perceptions Individual learns attitudes through experience and interaction with other people. Consumer attitudes toward a firm and its products greatly influence the success or failure of the firm's marketing strategy. Consumers screen information that conflicts with their attitudes. Distort information to make it consistent and selectively retain information that reinforces our attitudes. IE brand loyalty. There is a difference between attitude and intention to buy (ability to buy). Personality-All the internal traits and behaviors that make a person unique, uniqueness arrives from a person's heredity and personal experience. Examples include: o o o o o o o o o o o o Workaholism Compulsiveness Self confidence Friendliness Adaptability Ambitiousness Dogmatism Authoritarianism Introversion Extroversion Aggressiveness Competitiveness. Traits effect the way people behave. Marketers try to match the store image to the perceived image of their customers. There is a weak association between personality and Buying Behavior, this may be due to unreliable measures.. Lifestyle-Recent US trends in lifestyles are a shift towards personal independence and individualism and a preference for a healthy, natural lifestyle. Lifestyles are the consistent patterns people follow in their lives. Social Factors Consumer wants, learning, motives etc. are influenced by opinion leaders, person's family, reference groups, social class and culture. Opinion leaders-Spokes people etc. Marketers try to attract opinion leaders...they actually use (pay) spokespeople to market their products. Roles and Family Influences-Role...things you should do based on the expectations of you from your position within a group. People have many roles. Husband, father, employer/ee. Individuals role are continuing to change therefore marketers must continue to update information. Family is the most basic group a person belongs to. Marketers must understand: o o that many family decisions are made by the family unit consumer behavior starts in the family unit o o o family roles and preferences are the model for children's future family (can reject/alter/etc) family buying decisions are a mixture of family interactions and individual decision making family acts an interpreter of social and cultural values for the individual. The Family life cycle: families go through stages, each stage creates different consumer demands: o o o o o o o o o o bachelor stage... newly married, young, no children...me full nest I, youngest child under 6 full nest II, youngest child 6 or over full nest III, older married couples with dependant children empty nest I, older married couples with no children living with them, head in labor force empty nest II, older married couples, no children living at home, head retired solitary survivor, in labor force solitary survivor, retired Modernized life cycle includes divorced and no children. Because 2 income families are becoming more common, the decision maker within the family unit is changing...also, family has less time for children, and therefore tends to let them influence purchase decisions in order to alleviate some of the guilt. (Children influence about $130 billion of goods in a year) Children also have more money to spend themselves. Reference Groups-Individual identifies with the group to the extent that he takes on many of the values, attitudes or behaviors of the group members. Families, friends, sororities, civic and professional organizations. Any group that has a positive or negative influence on a persons attitude and behavior. Membership groups (belong to) Affinity marketing is focused on the desires of consumers that belong to reference groups. Marketers get the groups to approve the product and communicate that approval to its members. Credit Cards etc.!! Aspiration groups (want to belong to) Disassociate groups (do not want to belong to) The degree to which a reference group will affect a purchase decision depends on an individuals susceptibility to reference group influence and the strength of his/her involvement with the group. Social Class-An open group of individuals who have similar social rank. US is not a classless society. US criteria; occupation, education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions. Social class influences many aspects of our lives. IE upper middle class Americans prefer luxury cars Mercedes. o o o Upper Americans-upper-upper class, .3%, inherited wealth, aristocratic names. Lower-upper class, 1.2%, newer social elite, from current professionals and corporate elite Upper-middle class, 12.5%, college graduates, managers and professionals o o o o Middle Americans-middle class, 32%, average pay white collar workers and blue collar friends Working class, 38%, average pay blue collar workers Lower Americans-lower class, 9%, working, not on welfare Lower-lower class, 7%, on welfare Social class determines to some extent, the types, quality, quantity of products that a person buys or uses. Lower class people tend to stay close to home when shopping, do not engage in much prepurchase information gathering. Stores project definite class images. Family, reference groups and social classes are all social influences on consumer behavior. All operate within a larger culture. Culture and Sub-culture-Culture refers to the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are accepted by a homogenous group of people and transmitted to the next generation. Culture also determines what is acceptable with product advertising. Culture determines what people wear, eat, reside and travel. Cultural values in the US are good health, education, individualism and freedom. In American culture time scarcity is a growing problem. Big impact on international marketing. Different society, different levels of needs, different cultural values. Culture can be divided into subcultures: o o geographic regions human characteristics such as age and ethnic background. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a very organized and systematic way through which a particular case or problem can be solved efficiently. It is a step-bystep logical process, which involves:  Defining a problem  Laying the objectives of the research  Sources of data  Methods of data collection  Tabulation of data  Data analysis & processing  Conclusions & Recommendations Sources of Data Data refers to a collection of natural phenomena, descriptors, including the results of experience, observation or a set of premises. This may consist of nos., words or images particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. There are two sources of data: • Primary Source • Secondary Source Primary Sources This data is that the researcher collects himself. It is reliable way to collect data as it requires the learner to interact with the source and extract information. It allows the learner to access original & unedited information. Its methods are – • Surveys • Observations • Questionnaire • Experiments I collected data using the primary method. Secondary Sources Data sources are edited primary sources, second hand versions. It represent thinking of someone else. Secondary sources take the role of analysing, explaining & combining the information from the primary source with additional information. • Internet • Magazines • Management books DATA SOURCE Consumers – Residents of chennai No. of sample respondents – 50 Types of sampling – Probability sampling including simple random sampling. Time frame – 4th January-27th january Questionnaire:To a self-administered process whereby the respondent himself reads the questions and answer his questions without the assistance of an interviewer. Structured Questionnaire:A structured questionnaire is one in which every aspect of the questionnaire is determined and there is no scope of any modification or alteration after the final draft is adopted. For example, a question with four alternative possible answers may be given and the respondents has to select the closest answer within the four alternative given. SAMPLE SIZE:- Sample size denotes the number of elements selected for the study. For the present study, 50 respondents were selected at random. SAMPLING METHOD:- A sample is a representative part of the population. In sampling technique, information is collected only from a representative part of the universe and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION To know the response, the researcher used questionnaire method. It has been designed as a primary research instrument. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents and they were asked to answer the questions given in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were used as an instrumentation technique, because it is an important method of data collection. The success of the questionnaire method in collecting the information depends largely on proper drafting. So in the present study questions were arranged and interconnected logically. The structured questionnaire will reduce both interviewers and interpreters bias. Further, coding and analysis was done for each question’s response to reach into finding . QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, I am Doing MBA program “VEL RANGARAJAN SAKUNTHALA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE”,CHENNAI. Where I have been given a project .The title of my research is “To study the consumer buying behavior towards HARPIC TOILET CLEANER. Disclaimer This is to acknowledge that the following survey is purely for educational purposes. The identity of the respondent will be kept confidential. Name - Age a) 18 to 25years b) 25 to 35years c) 35 to 45years d) above 45years Sex a) male b) female Income Level a) Less than 5000 b) 5000 – 10000 c) 10000 – 15000 d) above 15000 Please answer the below-mentioned questions as applicable 1.What type of product do you use for cleaning toilets ? a) Acid b) bleaching powder c)liquid cleaner d) flushmatic e) other 2. Which brand do you use ? a) Harpic b) domex c) sanifresh d) glaze e) teepol 3. How satisfied are you with the product ? a) Highly satisfied b) satisfied c) moderate d) dissatisfied e) highly dissatisfied 4. How do you know about this product ? a) Family members b) friends c) relatives d) media e) others 5. Have you tried out any other product ? a) Yes b) no 6. If yes mention the product ? a) Harpic b) domex c) sanifresh d) glaze e) teepol 7. If yes what were the reason for using the product ? a) Better cleaning b) fragnance c) cheaper price d) availability e) size 8. Are you satisfied with harpic ? a) Highly satisfied b) satisfied c) moderate d) dissatisfied e) highly dissatisfied 9. How long you are using harpic ? a) 0-1yrs b) 1-2yrs c) 2-4yrs d) 4-6yrs e) more than 6 yrs 10. Do you typically read the back and side panel of the product’s package ? a) Yes b) no 11. Over all, how do you rate the quality of the product ? a) Excellent b) good c) moderate d) poor e) very poor 12. Would you recommend harpic to others ? a) Yes b) no 13. How often do you buy Harpic ? a) weekly b) montly c) 2 months once d) quarterly e) annualy 14. Are you satisfied with the price of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 15. Are you satisfied with the packing of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 16. Are you satisfied with the availability of Harpic in market ? a) Yes b) no 17. Are you satisfied with available quantity of Harpic ? a) Yes b) no 18. what recommendation would you suggest for improving Harpic ?	i don't know
Who was the Egyptian god of evil, who murdered Osiris?	Ancient Egypt: the Mythology - Osiris Osiris Symbols: crook and flail, djed , White and Atef Crowns, bull, mummified form, throne, Bennu (phoenix) Cult Center: Abydos, Busiris and Heliopolis Myths: " Isis and Osiris " A god of the earth and vegetation, Osiris symbolized in his death the yearly drought and in his miraculous rebirth the periodic flooding of the Nile and the growth of grain. He was a god-king who was believed to have given Egypt civilization. Osiris was the first child of Nut and Geb , and therefore the brother of Seth , Nephthys , and Isis . He was married to his sister, Isis. He was also the father of Horus and Anubis . These traditions state that Nephthys (mother of Anubis) assumed the form of Isis, seduced him (perhaps with wine) and she became pregnant with Anubis. The oldest religious texts refer to Osiris as the great god of the dead, and throughout these texts it is assumed that the reader will understand that he once possessed human form and lived on earth. As the first son of Geb, the original king of Egypt, Osiris inherited the throne when Geb abdicated. At this time the Egyptians were barbarous cannibals and uncivilized. Osiris saw this and was greatly disturbed. Therefore, he went out among the people and taught them what to eat, the art of agriculture, how to worship the gods, and gave them laws. Thoth helped him in many ways by inventing the arts and sciences and giving names to things. Osiris was Egypt's greatest king who ruled through kindness and persuasion. Having civilized Egypt, Osiris traveled to other lands, leaving Isis as his regent, to teach other peoples what he taught the Egyptians. During Osiris' absence, Isis was troubled with Seth's plotting to acquire both her and the throne of Egypt. Shortly after Osiris' return to Egypt, in the twenty-eighth year of his reign, on the seventeenth day of the month of Hathor (late September or November), Seth and 72 conspirators murdered him. They then threw the coffin in which he was murdered into the Nile, with his divine body still inside. Isis, with the help of her sister Nephthys, and Anubis and Thoth , magically located Osiris' body. Upon learning the his brother's body was found, Seth went to it and tore it into fourteen pieces and scattered them throughout Egypt. Isis once again found every part of his body, save his phallus (it had been eaten by the now-cursed Nile fish). She magically re-assembled Osiris and resurrected him long enough to be impregnated by him so that she could give birth to the new king Horus. Seth of course was not willing to surrender the throne of Egypt to the youthful Horus and thus a tribunal of gods met to decide who was the rightful king. The trial lasted eighty years. Eventually through Isis' cunning she won the throne for her son. Osiris meanwhile had become the king of the Afterlife. He was believed to be willing to admit all people to the Duat, the gentle, fertile land in which the righteous dead lived, that had lived a good and correct life upon earth, and had been buried with appropriate ceremonies under the protection of certain amulets, and with the proper recital of certain "divine words" and words of power. His realm was said to lie beneath Nun , in the northern heavens or in the west. It is as the King of the Afterlife that Osiris gained his supreme popularity. He was originally a minor god of Middle Egypt, especially in comparison to the gods of Heliopolis and Hermopolis , etc. Noting his increasing popularity, and sensing that Osiris would one day eclipse the adoration of their own gods, the priests of these cities adopted him into their own cosmogonies. The elements of his story was seen as symbolic of real events that happened in Egypt. With his original association to agriculture, his death and resurrection were seen as symbolic of the annual death and re-growth of the crops and the yearly flooding of the Nile. The sun too with its daily re-birth and death was associated with Osiris. His rivalry with his brother Seth, the god of storms and the desert, was symbolic of the eternal war between the fertile lands of the Nile Valley and the barren desert lands just beyond. The pharaoh of Egypt was called Horus, while his deceased father was the new Osiris. Several festivals during the year were held in Egypt, in celebration of Osiris. One, held in November, celebrated his beauty. Another, called the "Fall of the Nile" was a time of mourning. As the Nile receded, the Egyptians went to the shore to give gifts and show their grief over his death. When the Nile began to flood again, another festival honoring Osiris was held whereby small shrines were cast into the river and the priests poured sweet water in the Nile, declaring that the god was found again. The name "Osiris" is the Greek corruption of the Egyptian name "Asar" (or Usar.) There are several possibilities as to what this name means, "the Strength of the Eye", is one. Another is "He Sees the Throne". The oldest and simplest form of the name is the hieroglyph of the throne over an eye (there are at least 158 versions of the name). At one point the first syllable of the name was pronounced "Aus" or "Us" and may have gained the meaning of the word usr, "strength, might, power". At this time the Egyptians supposed the name to mean something like the "strength of the Eye" (i.e., the strength of the Sun-god Re .) Another possibility raised by an ancient hymn's author is that the name "Unnefer" (another name by which Osiris was known) comes from the roots un ("to open, to appear, to make manifest") and neferu, ("good things"). The author then wrote these lines in his hymn to the god, "Thy beauty maketh itself manifest in thy person to rouse the gods to life in thy name Unnefer". In any case, even to the ancients, the origin of Osiris' Egyptian name is a mystery. Osiris was usually portrayed as a bearded, mummified human with green skin and wearing the atef crown. His hands emerge from the mummy wrappings and hold the flail and crook. Digg This!	Evangelical Theology Student Council
What is the state capital of Montana, USA?	The Abydos Triad, Osiris, Isis and Horus, and Seth Osiris wearing the atef crown Source: Egypt by Irmgard Woldering Osiris, god of the dead and the Duat [ 1 ], was one of the most important deities in ancient Egypt. A fertility god in the Pre-Dynastic Period, he had by about 2400 BCE become also a funerary god and the personification of dead pharaohs. With his sister-consort Isis and their son Horus, he formed the great triad of Abydos (Abdu, about 520 km south of Cairo). He was credited with teaching the skills of agriculture to the Egyptians. The Osiris myth The only complete account of the Osiris myth occurs in Plutarch's Of Isis and Osiris, Egyptian text fragments support much of his version. Osiris was the son of the earth-god Geb and the sky-goddess Nut . Thou art the eldest son of the womb of Nut. Thou wast begotten by Keb (Geb), the Erpat. From the Hymn to Osiris Un-Nefer Translated by E.A.Wallis Budge In the temple of Denderah he is given his full royal titulary and personal details like size and ancestry: Osiris who has appeared as king on the throne of his father. Horus, strong of arm. Hu as general of Upper Egypt, Sia as general of Lower Egypt After Jean Yoyotte, Une notice biographique du roi Osiris, BIFAO 77 (1977), p.145 According to another tradition mentioned by Diodorus Siculus Osiris was the founder of Thebes, rather than just being born there.[ 6 ] When he was twenty-eight Osiris was murdered and dismembered by his brother Seth, according to one tradition because he had had an affair with Seth's wife Nephthys, but Isis recovered the fourteen scattered parts of his body, reassembled them, restored him to life and was impregnated by him. However, Osiris did not return to rule this world, but remained in the underworld as king, the Khentamenti (First of the Westerners, i.e. the dead–originally an epithet of Anubis ), while his posthumous son Horus became king of the living. His sister [Isis] hath protected him, and hath repulsed the fiends, and turned aside calamities (of evil). She uttered the spell with the magical power of her mouth. Her tongue was perfect, and it never halted at a word. Beneficent in command and word was Isis, the woman of magical spells, the advocate of her brother. She sought him untiringly, she wandered round and round about this earth in sorrow, and she alighted not without finding him. She made light with her feathers, she created air with her wings, and she uttered the death wail for her brother. She raised up the inactive members of whose heart was still, she drew from him his essence, she made an heir, she reared the child in loneliness, and the place where he was not known, and he grew in strength and stature, and his hand was mighty in the House of Keb. The Company of the Gods rejoiced, rejoiced, at the coming of Horus, the son of Osiris, whose heart was firm, the triumphant, the son of Isis, the heir of Osiris. From the Book of the Dead Translated by E.A.Wallis Budge Osiris, whose death had been unlawful, was "justified", i.e. was declared free of wrongdoing, and regained life. He came to represent the resurrection into eternal life that Egyptians sought by having their corpses embalmed and swathed like that of their beneficent god. Iconography Osiris is depicted mummified in green stone statues, but in pictures the color of his skin suggests that he was a black god. His body is customarily wrapped in white funeral cloths. In his hands he holds the crook and flail of kings and the scepter of the gods. The Ani Papyrus (ca.1250 BCE; at the British Museum) of the Book of the Dead shows a green Osiris enthroned, sitting in judgment over the dead, who recite before him their 42 negative confessions , asserting that they had lived blameless lives. Grant thou to me glory in heaven, and power upon earth, and truth-speaking in the Divine Underworld, and [the power to] sail down the river to Tetu in the form of a living Ba-soul, and [the power to] sail up the river to Abydos in the form of a Benu bird, and [the power to] pass in through and to pass out from, without obstruction, the doors of the lords of the Tuat. From the Hymn to Osiris Un-Nefer Translated by E.A.Wallis Budge Associations with other divinities Possibly the first god Osiris became identified with was Anedjti , a ruler deity and fertility god from Busiris, whose insignia, the crook and the flail, he adopted. Like other gods, Osiris was at times equated with Re, or, as in the following passage from the Book of the Dead, with his fertilizing phallus: It is Osiris. Others, however, say that his name is Ra, and that the god who dwelleth in Amentet is the phallus of Ra, wherewith he had union with himself. From the Book of the Dead Translated by E.A.Wallis Budge Self-fertilisation, a recurring motif in creation myths based on a single god bringing forth the rest of the creation, is also attributed to Amen . The Greeks identified Osiris with Dionysos, and other gods as well: Osiris is considered at times to be one with Serapis, at times with Dionysos, with Pluto, with Ammon, occasionally with Zeus, often with Pan. Some claim Serapis to be the same as the one called Pluto by the Greeks. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, Vol.1 chapter 25 The black bull god Kemwer (Kemur) of Athribis was variously identified with Osiris and Khenti-kheti .[ 7 ] Osiris came to be considered the father of Anubis taking over that god's role as lord of the underworld. The association of the hare, Egyptian wn, with Osiris-Wennefre, who also carries the epithet of Wen (wn), is based on a misunderstanding of 19th century Egyptologists. There is no apparent ancient Egyptian connection between this animal and the god. Isis Isis was the mother goddess of fertility and nature. Her worship was combined with that of her brother and husband, Osiris, and her son Horus. After the murder of Osiris she rescued his body Isis Source: Jon Bodsworth This is the land ------ the burial of Osiris in the House of Sokar. ------ Isis and Nephthys without delay, for Osiris had drowned in his water. Isis [and Nephthys] looked out, [beheld him and attended to him]. Horus speaks to Isis and Nephthys: "Hurry, grasp him ---." Isis and Nephthys speak to Osiris: "We come, we take you ---." ------ [They heeded in time] and brought him to [land. He entered the hidden portals in the glory of the lords of eternity]. -------. [Thus Osiris came into] the earth at the royal fortress, to the north of [the land to which he had come. And his son Horus arose as king of Upper Egypt, arose as king of Lower Egypt, in the embrace of his father Osiris and of the gods in front of him and behind him.] From the Shabaka Stone [ 3 ] Sometimes she is depicted wearing on her head the horns of a cow, encircling either a lunar or solar disk, which were generally attributes of Hathor . Her worship originated in Egypt, and by Hellenistic times she had assimilated the attributes of the major Greek divinities Demeter and Aphrodite. By the period of the Roman Empire, she had become the most prominent deity of the Mediterranean basin, as her temple at Pompeii attests. Isis Source: Jon Bodsworth Isis who had saved her son Horus from death was the great healer of mankind: The Egyptians report of Isis that she was the inventor of many remedies and very knowledgeable in medicine. Therefore her greatest joy, even now after she had become immortal, was still to make people well, and to those who implored her she explained remedies in their dream, clearly revealing her presence to every petitioner needing help. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, Vol.1 chapter 25 The Isis cult focused on the celebration of the mysteries associated with the death and resurrection of Osiris. In The Golden Ass (ca.155 AD), Lucius Apuleius, an African priest of Isis, left an excellent account of her appearance and mystery cult; in a dream or during initiation, Apuleius saw Queen Isis rise with the moon from the sea. In this text she has many titles, including Queen of Heaven, Earth, and the Underworld, and Mother of Wheat. During the early centuries CE the cult of Isis vied with the newly founded Christian religion for dominance. Despite persecutions of her followers, the Isis cult continued well into the 6th century. Horus Source: Jon Bodsworth In Egyptian mythology Horus was the god of light. He personified the life-giving power of the sun, which was one of his eyes, the other being the moon, the wadjet . Horus was usually represented as a falcon-headed man wearing a sun disk as a crown. Horus was the child of Osiris and Isis and the brother of Seth. He avenged his father's murder by killing Seth or, alternatively, in his struggle against Seth for the succession of Osiris he was judged by the gods to be in the right and was declared ruler of Egypt. In the Shabaka Stone version the two were finally reconciled: Geb's words to the Nine Gods: "I have appointed Horus, the firstborn." Geb's words to the Nine Gods: "Him alone, Horus, the inheritance." Geb's words to the Nine Gods: "To his heir, Horus, my inheritance." Geb's words to the Nine Neteru: "To the son of my son, Horus, the Jackal of Upper Egypt --- Geb's words to the Nine Gods: "The firstborn, Horus, the Opener-of-the-ways." Geb's words to the Nine Gods: "The son who was born --- Horus, on the Birthday of the Opener-of-the-ways." Then Horus stood over the land. He is the uniter of this land, proclaimed in the great name: Ta-tenen, South-of-his-Wall, Lord of Eternity. Then sprouted the two Great Magicians upon his head. He is Horus who arose as king of Upper and Lower Egypt, who united the Two Lands in the Nome of the Wall, the place in which the Two Lands were united. Reed and papyrus were placed on the double door of the House of Ptah. That means Horus and Seth, pacified and united. They fraternized so as to cease quarrelling in whatever place they might be, being united in the House of Ptah, the "Balance of the Two Lands" in which Upper and Lower Egypt had been weighed. From the Shabaka Stone [ 3 ] The reigning kings of Egypt were believed to be incarnations of Horus. In a variant legend Horus was the son of Re (or Amen-Re). He was popular as Harpocrates ( MdC transliteration Hr-pA-Xrd, Horus the child) among the Greeks and the Romans, who worshipped him as the god of silence - represented in this context as a child with his finger held to his lips, and a god of fertility shown bearing a horn of plenty, or riding on a ram. According to Plutarch his birth was celebrated by offerings of lentils: they bring to him as an offering the first-fruits of growing lentils, and the days of his birth they celebrate after the spring equinox. Plutarch, Moralia: Isis and Osiris, chapter 65 Other forms of Horus were Hor-sematawy (translit. Hrw-smA-tAwj, Uniter of the Two Lands, Greek Harsomtus), two gods of the morning sun: Harakhte (translit. Hrw-Axt.j, Horus of the Horizon) and Harmakhis (translit. Hrw-m-Axt, Horus in the Horizon), Horus of Edfu (translit. Hrw bxdt.j ), the tutelary Harendotes (translit. Hr-n-D-jt=f, Protector of his Father) who defeated Seth to become avenger of his father Osiris and heir to his patrimony, Harpare of the triad of Medamud (translit. Hr-pA-ra, Horus the Sun) who was the son of Montu , Harsiese (translit. Hr-aA-Ast, Horus son of Isis ). As Herwer (translit. Hr-wr, Horus the Elder, Greek Haroeris) he either belonged to the generation of Osiris and Isis, was their child or was the son of Hathor by Re. At times he was identified with Shu . As Har-Sopdu he became Lord of the East. The connection of Horus with sight was a close one. There was the seeing Horus, Hormerty (Horus Khenty-irty; i.e. Horus of the two eyes), a warrior god defending the solar barque of Re against Apophis and represented by the ichneumon and Horus Khenty-en-irty who had no eyes, was represented by an eyeless shrew, lived in the Underworld where he tortured the evil dead as punishment. Horus the Elder was said to have a green, with which the Egyptians meant red (cf. Red or Green Crown of Lower Egypt), eye which represented the sun, and a lesser white eye, the moon.[ 8 ] (Set, Setekh, Setesh, Seti, Sutekh, Setech, Sutech) Seth and a pharaoh New Kingdom This statue has been heavily restored and may reflect the notion the restorers had of Seth's looks rather than what the ancient Egyptians thought. Source: Jon Bodsworth The Egyptian god of chaos who embodied the principle of hostility - he was the adversary of the god Osiris - or of outright evil, even if his role was not altogether negative: Only he could withstand the stare of the Serpent of Chaos and only he had the weapons to which its flint scales were vulnerable. He was associated with foreign lands where Maat, the rule of justice, was unknown. During the second dynasty Seth became closely connected with Ash, the original god of the Upper Egyptian city of Ombos, whom he substituted as that city's chief deity. [ 4 ] For a while during the third millennium BCE, Seth replaced Horus as the guardian of the pharaohs. As the story of Seth's murder of Osiris and his eighty year war against Horus gained currency, Horus was restored to his preeminence [ 2 ]. During that war Seth tore out the left eye of his adversary but lost a foreleg and his testicles. ...the combat which took place on the day when Horus fought with Seth, during which Seth threw filth in the face of Horus, and Horus crushed the genitals of Seth .... This storm was the raging of Ra at the thunder-cloud which [Seth] sent forth against the Right Eye of Ra (the Sun). Thoth removed the thunder-cloud from the Eye of Ra, and brought back the Eye living, healthy, sound, and with no defect in it to its owner. From the Papyrus of Ani A council of the gods declared Horus the victor, and made him ruler of the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt. Seth had to give back the eye of Horus and was killed according to one tradition, according to another he joined the sun god Re and became the voice of the thunder, according to a third he was reconciled with Horus Seth was the one of Nubet and his connection to royalty is, according to some interpreters, reflected in the so-called Golden Horus name of the pharaonic titulary , thought to mean rather "Horus over the one of Nubet", i.e. Seth.[ 5 ] The Book of the Dead refers to Seth as the "Lord of the northern sky", responsible for clouds and storms. Seth fighting Apophis Her-Uben B Papyrus, 21st dynasty Source: S. M. elSebaie, The Destiny of the World: A Study on the End of the Universe in the Light of Ancient Egyptian Texts, Toronto 2000, p.58 The souls of ordinary deceased Egyptians where sometimes seized by him, but Seth protected Re against the serpent Apophis on his nightly voyage through the underworld. Later he was - strangely - identified with this enemy of his. Throughout history Seth's reputation grew steadily worse, until he became Seth, the abominable. In the Book of victory over Seth the god is expelled from Egypt. Magic is invoked against him, his effigy is burned, and he is delivered to the Devourer. Even his mother Nut is driven to repudiate her son: "Is there a mother who consumes her child? Is there a woman who draws her knife against him who emerged from her?" I have opened (my) mouth in order to eat, I have drawn (my) knife in order to commit slaughter against that wretched Seth and his following, (against him) who was not mild, who grasped in evil against the eldest of my body, of mild manners, who emerged with the royal serpent on his head from (my) body, who was crowned before he was born, (against him) who created evil against the body cleaver, who was hard hearted against the benefactor, who brought about unequalled crimes. The Book of the Victory over Seth Seth was usually depicted in human form with a head of indeterminate origin, said to resemble that of an aardvark with a curved snout, erect square-tipped ears and a long forked tail. Sometimes he was represented in entirely animal form with a body similar to that of a greyhound. He was said to be the son either of Nut and Geb or of Nut and Ra, and the brother of Isis, Osiris and Nephthys. Nephthys was sometimes given as his consort, although he is more commonly associated with the foreign, Semitic goddesses Astarte and Anat. Despite his reputation, he had an important sanctuary at Ombus in Upper Egypt, his reputed birthplace, and had his cult was also prominent in the north-eastern region of the Nile delta. Animals sacred to Seth were the desert oryx, the crocodile, the boar, and the destructive hippopotamus. The pig was taboo in Seth's cult. The Hyksos introduced Baal into Egypt where he came to be identified with Seth; the Greeks equated Seth with Typhon. [1] Duat: Realm of the Dead, often translated as underworld, should not be confused with the dark Greek underworld where the dead existed as nameless shadows, though as the centuries passed by, this was a view also held in Egypt. The Duat was inhabited by the stars. These were followers of Osiris and contained the dead. [3] The excerpts from the Shabaka Stone text were taken from The Shabaka Stone: Our Guide to the Memphite Theology, at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pds/shabaka.htm [4] George Hart, The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Routledge 2005, p.33 [5] Hart 2005, p.143 [6] Anne Burton, Diodorus Siculus, Brill, 1973, p.8 [7] Manfred Lurker, The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons, Routledge, 2004, p.42 [8] Geraldine Pinch, Handbook of Egyptian mythology, ABC-CLIO, 2002, p.131 <a href="deitieslist.htm" target="_top">List of deities</a> [2] A satirical view of the dispute: The contendings of Horus and Seth A Hymn to Osiris and the Legend of the Origin of Horus The book of the victory over Seth The Abydos stela of Ramses IV The Shabaka Stone	i don't know
Who was the chief architect in the creation of New Delhi by the British, commencing in 1911?	Golden Triangle Tours, Delhi Tours & Travels, Delhi air tickets, Agra tours, Jaipur tours Golden Triangle ( DELHI / AGRA / JAIPUR ) (05 NIGHTS / 06 DAYS) Day 01 : Arrival at Delhi Airport / Railway Station. Transfer & Check in at the hotel. Delhi Indiaï¿½s capital and a major gateway to the country, contemporary Delhi is a bustling metropolis, which successfully combines in its folds - the ancient with the modern. Delhi is a city that bridges two different worlds. Old Delhi, once the capital of Islamic India, is a labyrinth of narrow lanes lined with crumbling havelis and formidable mosques. In contrast, the imperial city of New Delhi created by the British Raj is composed of spacious, tree-lined avenues and imposing government buildings. Delhi has been the seat of power for several rulers and many empires for about a millennium. Many a times the city was built, destroyed and then rebuilt here. Interestingly, a number of Delhi's rulers played a dual role, first as destroyers and then as creators. The city's importance lies not just in its past glory as the seat of empires and magnificent monuments, but also in the rich and diverse cultures. In Delhi, you will discover that the city is sprinkled with dazzling gems: captivating ancient monuments, fascinating museums and art galleries, architectural wonders, a vivacious performing-arts scene, fabulous eating places and bustling markets. Overnight stay at Hotel. Day 02 : Delhi Sightseeing Breakfast at the hotel. After breakfast, you will proceed for city tour of Old Delhi & New Delhi. The tour will begin with a visit to: Raj Ghat: Raj Ghat, a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his cremation on 31 January 1948. It is located on the banks of the river Yamuna in Delhi, India. A stone footpath flanked by lawns leads to the walled enclosure that houses the memorial. Two museums dedicated to Gandhi are located near by. The memorial has the epitaph He Ram, (literally 'O' Ram', but also translated to 'O God'), believed to be the last words uttered by Gandhi. It has become customary for foreign dignitaries visiting India to pay their respects to Gandhi at the Raj Ghat by laying flowers or wreaths on the platform. Jawaharlal Nehru's samadhi is to the north of the Raj Ghat and is known as the Shantivan or Shanti Vana meaning the forest of peace. The area has a beautiful park adorned with trees planted by visiting dignitaries and heads of state. His grandson Sanjay Gandhi's samadhi is adjacent to it. Red Fort: The Red Fort (usually transcribed into English as Lal Qil'ah or Lal Qila) is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi (in present day Delhi, India) that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors. The fort was the palace for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad, the seventh city in the Delhi site. He moved his capital here from Agra in a move designed to bring prestige to his reign, and to provide ample opportunity to apply his ambitious building schemes and interests. It served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government.The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats that surround most of the walls. The construction of the Red Fort began in 1638 and was completed by 1648. The Red Fort has had many developments added on after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan. The significant phases of development were under Aurangzeb and later under later Mughal rulers. It was designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. The earlier Red Fort was built by Tomara king Anangpala, now known as the Qulb Mosque. Jama Masjid: Jama Masjid of Delhi is the largest mosque in India. The Jama Masjid stands across the road in front of the Red Fort. Built between 1644 and 1658, Jama Masjid is one of the last architectural works of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The spacious courtyard of the Jama Masjid holds thousands of faithful. Jama Masjid is located on a mound in the heart of the old city and projects beautifully into the Old-Delhi skyline. Jama Masjid Mosque was built in red sandstone and marble by more than 5000 artisans. Originally called the Masjid-i-Jahan-Numa, or "mosque commanding view of the world", the Jama Masjid stands at the center of the erstwhile capital city of the Mughals, Shahjahanbad. The Jama Masjid was completed under the supervision of Saadullah Khan, the Prime Minister of Shah Jahan. A sum of Rs 10 lakhs was spent on the construction of the Jama Masjid. The Jama Masjid is built on a red sandstone porch. The Jama Masjid is covered with intricate carvings and has verses inscribed from the holy Koran. The grand Red fort (Lal Qila) stands on the eastern side of the Jama Masjid. The main prayer hall of the Jama Masjid is made up of high cusped arches and marble domes. Qutub Minar: Qutub Minar is the pride of Delhi. The tall minaret was constructed in 1192 by Qutab-ud-din Aibak, and later completed by his successor Iltutmish. The soaring conical tower is an exquisite example of Indo-Islamic Afghan architecture. Qutub Minar is a World Heritage Site and has survived the ravages of time impressively. The Minar of Delhi is surrounded by a lush green garden, which is an ideal leisurely place for visitors. Qutab Minar is the favourite destination of tourists. It is India's most visited monument attracting around 3.9 million visitors every year. Each of the 5 storeys and tower of Qutub Minar has unique designs. Qutab Minar is a great masterpiece of Mughal architecture. The base of the Qutub Minar measures 14.32 meters and the top of the structure measures 2.75 meters. The bird eye's view of Delhi city from the top is amazing. The tower is so high that around 379 steps are needed to be climbed to reach the top. This is a tower of victory, a monument that signify the might of Islam, or a tower for keeping a check for defense. Humayunï¿½s Tomb: Humayun died in 1556, and his widow Hamida Banu Begam, also known as Haji Begam, commenced the construction of his tomb in 1569, fourteen years after his death. It is the first distinct example of proper Mughal style, which was inspired by Persian architecture. Mirak Mirza Ghiyath, a Persian, was the architect employed by Haji Begam for this tomb. The tomb proper stands in the centre of a square garden, divided into four main parterres by causeways (charbagh), in the centre of which ran shallow water-channels. The square red sandstone double-storeyed structure of the mausoleum with chamfered corners rises from a 7-m. high square terrace, raised over a series of cells, which are accessible through, arches on each side. The mausoleum is a synthesis of Persian architecture and Indian traditions-the former exemplified by the arched alcoves, corridors and the high double dome, and the latter by the kiosks, which give it a pyramidal outline from distance. Although Sikandar Lodi's tomb was the first garden-tomb to be built in India, it is Humayun's tomb which set up a new vogue, the crowning achievement of which is the Taj at Agra. India Gate: At the centre of New Delhi stands the 42 m high India Gate, an "Arc-de-Triomphe" like archway in the middle of a crossroad. Almost similar to its French counterpart, it commemorates the 70,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting for the British Army during the World War I. The memorial bears the names of more than 13,516 British and Indian soldiers killed in the Northwestern Frontier in the Afghan war of 1919. The foundation stone of India Gate was laid by His Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught in 1921 and it was designed by Edwin Lutyens. The monument was dedicated to the nation 10 years later by the then Viceroy, Lord Irwin. Another memorial, Amar Jawan Jyoti was added much later, after India got its independence. The eternal flame burns day and night under the arch to remind the nation of soldiers who laid down their lives in the Indo-Pakistan War of December 1971. The entire arch stands on a low base of red Bharatpur stone and rises in stages to a huge moulding. The cornice is inscribed with the Imperial suns while both sides of the arch have INDIA, flanked by the dates MCMXIV (1914 left) and MCMXIX (1919 right). The shallow domed bowl at the top was intended to be filled with burning oil on anniversaries but this is rarely done. During nightfall, India Gate is dramatically floodlit while the fountains nearby make a lovely display with coloured lights. India Gate stands at one end of Rajpath, and the area surrounding it is generally referred to as 'India Gate'. Rashtrapati Bhawan (Drive Pass): The splendour of the Rashtrapati Bhavan is multi-dimensional. It is a vast mansion and its architecture is breathtaking. The present day Rashtrapati Bhavan was the erstwhile residence of the British Viceroy. Its architect was Edwin Landseer Lutyens. The decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided in the Delhi Durbar of 1911 that the capital of India would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in the same year. It was constructed to affirm the permanence of British rule in India. This building gave the impression, in the words of a critique, the setting of a perpetual Durbar. The building and its surroundings were supposed to be 'an empire in stone', 'exercising imperial sway' and containing in it, "the abode of a disinterested elite whose rule was imposed from above". That 'empire in stone' and the perpetual Durbar was transformed to be the permanent institution of democracy on 26th January 1950 when Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of India. It was from that day that this building was renamed as Rashtrapati Bhavan - the President's House. The most prominent and distinguishing aspect of Rashtrapati Bhavan is its dome which is superimposed on its structure. It is visible from a distance and the most eye-catching round roof with a circular base in the heart of Delhi. Overnight stay at Hotel Day 03 : Delhi to Agra (230 Kms / 5 ï¿½ Hrs) After breakfast at the Hotel, check out and depart by road for Agra. Upon arrival, Check in at the hotel. Agra: Agra, once upon a time was the capital of Mughal Empire for centuries & become city of architectural wonders. Agra in terms of ambiance is still associated with its Mughal period. The Mughals besides being great rulers were also great builders and they preserved their best architectural wonders for Agra & its neighborhood. It has many wonderful monuments and the Taj Mahal, the greatest of them all, is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture at its best. The massive but elegant Agra Fort, the delicate artistry of Itimad-ud-daulahï¿½s tomb, the magnificent Taj and Akbarï¿½s deserted capital, Fatehpur Sikri, are each unique and outstanding. Their architectural genius can also be seen in the forts, palaces and aesthetically laid out gardens - each one a silent witness to a grand style of a golden era. Proceed for City Tour of Agra visiting: Taj Mahal: Taj Mahal, the pinnacle of Mughal architecture, was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658), grandson of Akbar the great, in the memory of his queen Arjumand Bano Begum, entitled ï¿½Mumtaz Mahalï¿½. The Taj Mahal is the mausoleum of both Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. Mumtaz Mahal died in the year 1630, after giving birth to Shahjahanï¿½s 14th Child. The construction of the monuments started in the years 1631 AD & took almost 22 years to complete. The largest and one of the most spectacular structure of the world was completed in the year 1653 AD. Taj Mahal means ï¿½Crown Palaceï¿½ and is in fact the most beautiful tomb in the world. The marble wonder is the largest and the most extravagant mausoleum built for the sake of love by a person. The grandeur & glory of Taj has reached every corner of the world. This timeless piece of art has been the inspiration for many artists & architects, ever since its creation. Taj, the wonder of the world was the result of hard efforts of 20,000 people who worked day & night, to create this marble beauty. The material was brought in from all over India & central Asia & it took a fleet of 1,000 elephants to transport it to the site. Ustad Ahmad Lahori was the chief architect of the project. The dome in white marble is set against the plain across the river & it is this background that changes the view of the marble structure. The background of water works its magic of colours through their reflection. The colour change at different time of the day & during different seasons. The Taj sparkles like a jewel in moonlight when the semi ï¿½ precious stones infixed into the white marble structure on the main mausoleum catch the glow of the moon. The Taj is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening & golden when the moon shines. The ï¿½Symbol of eternal loveï¿½, Taj Mahal has a life of its own that leaps out of the marble glory (Taj Mahal remain closed on Friday) Agra Fort: Agra Fort is located on the right bank of the river Yamuna in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the most important and robustly built stronghold of the Mughals, embellished with number of richly decorated buildings encompassing the imposing Mughal style of art and architecture. It was constructed by the third Mughal emperor Akbar on the remains of an ancient site known as Badalgarh. Sikandar Lodi (1487-1517) was the first Sultan of Delhi to shift his capital from Delhi to Agra. After Sikandar Lodi who died in 1517, his son Ibrahim Lodi held the fort for 9 years until he was defeated and killed in the battle of Panipat in 1526. Several palaces, wells and a mosque were built in the fort during the Lodi period. Overnight stay at Hotel Day 04 : Agra to Jaipur (235 Kms / 6 Hrs) Breakfast at the hotel and check-out. Drive to Jaipur by surface enroute visit Fatehpur Sikri. Fatehpur Sikri: Fatehpur Sikri, the deserted red sandstone city, built by the great Mughal Emperor Akbar as his capital and palace in the late 16th century. It was abandoned soon after it was built when the local wells went dry and it remains today in much the same condition that it was over 300 years ago. It is complete with palaces and mosques and used to be a town larger than London when it was originally constructed. Now it is an extraordinary place to wander around with its buildings in near perfect condition. Akbar (1556-1605), grandson of Babur, shifted his residence and court from Agra to Sikri, for a period of 13 years, from 1572 to 1585 to honour the Sufi Saint Sheikh Salim Chishti, who resided here (in a cavern on the ridge). Akbar revered him very much as the Saint had blessed him with a son who was named Salim in 1569. He raised lofty buildings for his use, and houses for the public. Thus grew, a great city with charming palaces and institutions. Akbar gave it the name of Fathabad and which in later days came to be known as ï¿½Fathpur Sikriï¿½. Continue drive to Jaipur. Upon arrival in Jaipur check into your hotel. Jaipur: Capital of Rajasthan - the 'Pink City'. Jaipur means "the city of victory" & was founded in 1727 by king Sawai Jai Singh and designed by architect Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in accordance with the principles of town planning set down in "Shilp Shastra" an epochal treatise on the Hindu architecture. This colorful city is enriched with royal tradition & culture, attractive monuments, Forts , Palaces- like the Magnificent City Palace, Hawa Mahal, Jantar Mantar, Amer, Nahargarh and Jaigarh fort which are some of the most exquisite blend of Hindu architecture. Feel at-home, in a foreign city. Barely 262 kilometers from New Delhi, Jaipur is well connected by road, rail and air. Unexpected and spectacular beauty awaits as you will be all excited to discover the rich history, old buildings and breathtaking landscapes of the Pink City. Ride camel trains to desert forts while visiting the "Venice of the East". The city is best explored on foot and the adventurous visitor willing to go into the inner lanes can discover a whole new world. Evening at leisure. Overnight stay at Hotel. Day 05 : Breakfast at the hotel. Later proceed for the excursion to Amber Fort. Amer Fort: The Amer Fort is situated in Amer, which is 11 kilometers from Jaipur. Amer, originally, was the capital of the state before Jaipur. It is an old fort, built in 1592 by Raja Man Singh. This fort is also very popularly known as the Amer Palace. The Amer Fort was built in red sandstone and marble and the Maotha Lake adds a certain charm to the entire Fort. Though the fort is quite old and may even look so from the outside, it is beautiful on the inside and boasts of various buildings of prominence like the 'Diwan-i-Aam', the 'Sheesh Mahal' and even the 'Sukh Mahal'. The Amer Fort has influences of both Hindu and Muslim architecture. This fort also has the 'Shila Devi' Temple and the 'Ganesh Pol' which is a gate that leads to the private palaces of the kings. The Amer Fort has many pavilions and halls of great interest and other popular attractions. Sheesh Mahal: Sheesh Mahal in English means "Palace Of Glass". This place was built by King Man Singh Ji In 16th century & completed In 1727 which was the Foundation Year of Jaipur. This whole wall Is completely carved with beautiful paintings & flowers & that too made with pure glass. The reason why it was made of glass was, the Queen was not allowed to sleep in open air during the ancient times. But she loved to see the stars shining. To this the King ordered his architects to make something which could solve the purpose. To this the architects made a room complete of very small & big glasses. After that they burnt two candles & the reflection converted that small light into thousands of stars in those small & big glasses. This as how the queen became happy. Previously this room was open for all but now entry is restricted as people has spoiled the glasses by breaking them. But still from outside we can see the amazing glass work. Continue your journey: with the city tour of Jaipur visiting: Maharaja's City Palace: Located in the heart of the Pink City Jaipur, the City Palace was where the Maharaja reigned from. This palace also includes the famous 'Chandra Mahal' and 'Mubarak Mahal', and other buildings which form a part of the palace complex. The palace is located towards the northeast side of central Jaipur and has many courtyards and buildings. The palace was built between 1729 and 1732 AD by Sawai Jai Singh II. He ruled in Amer and planned and built the outer walls of the palace and later rulers added to the architecture of this palace. These additions have been known to take place right up to the 20th century. The urban layout of the city of Jaipur was commissioned to Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob. The architectural styles are largely based on a fusion of Rajput, Mughal and European styles. Today, the 'Chandra Mahal' has been turned into a museum which is home to unique handcrafted products, various uniforms of the rulers and many more things pertaining to the royal heritage of the City Palace. Jantar Mantar: Between 1727 and 1734 Maharajah Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five astronomical observatories in west central India. The observatories, or "Jantar Mantars" as they are commonly known, incorporate multiple buildings of unique form, each with a specialized function for astronomical measurement. These structures with their striking combinations of geometric forms at large scale, have captivated the attention of architects, artists, and art historians world wide, yet remain largely unknown to the general public. Jantar Mantar presents the observatories through a variety of media and information sources, making it possible to explore and learn about these historic sites through interactive panoramic "VR" photographs, time lapse sequences, and 3D models as well as articles, drawings, and historic texts. It is a comprehensive resource for exploring the observatories in depth. During the tour you will also have a brief photography stop at Hawa Mahal - the Palace of Winds. Hawa Mahal: The renowned 'Palace Of The Winds', or Hawa Mahal, is one of the prominent tourist attractions in Jaipur city. Located in the heart of Jaipur, this beautiful five-storey palace was constructed in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh who belonged to Kachhwaha Rajput dynasty. The main architect of this palace built of red and pink sandstone, is Lal Chand Ustad and the palace is believed to have been constructed in the form of the crown of Krishna, the Hindu god. Considered as an embodiment of Rajputana architecture, the main highlight of Hawa Mahal is its pyramid shape and its 953 windows or 'Jharokhas' which are decorated with intricate designs. The main intention behind the construction of the Mahal was to facilitate the royal women and provide them a view of everyday life through the windows, as they never appeared in public. Read further to know more about Hawa Mahal, its history, architecture and its visiting hours. Overnight stay at Hotel. Day 6 : Breakfast at the hotel & check out. Transfer to Jaipur Airport / Railway Station for onward journey. Branches Office Address: Mr. Ketan Sheth ( Vice President ) - Corporate Sales HEAD OFFICE MUMBAI Creative Tours & Travels (I) Pvt. Ltd Kapadia Chambers, Office No. 3, Near Metro Cinema, Dhobitalao,	Edwin Lutyens
Which British ship was sunk on the 4th May 1982?	Lutyens' Legacy Lutyens' Legacy comments, called-out If India was the “jewel in the crown” of the vast British Empire, then New Delhi was the crowning achievement of Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, the London architect who was commissioned by King George V in 1912 on the recommendation of the president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Sir Reginald Blomfield, to build a new capital city in the subcontinent. The colonial rulers had decided to move their administrative headquarters from Calcutta in the eastern state of Bengal–where they were based from 1577 to 1911–so that they could be closer to the cool hill station of Simla, which served as India’s capital during nearly eight hot months each year when Calcutta’s humidity and mosquitoes made it a particularly unpleasant place. New Delhi was also to be equidistant between Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta, the empire’s major ports, and therefore an ideal location for a new capital. Moreover, it had great history, having been the seat of power for successive waves of invaders, including the Mughals. Lutyens was already well-established by the time he received the royal commission, having built handsome Edwardian homes for the nouveaux riches, as well as public buildings in England. Of all the hundreds of statues of British monarchs, administrators and military leaders that were removed by independent India’s democratic rulers and reinstalled in Delhi’s obscure Coronation Park after the British Raj ended in 1947, only the bust of Lutyens has been preserved. It resides at the top of the grand staircase of Viceroy’s House, now the presidential palace known as Rashtrapati Bhavan. Because World War I intervened, it took Lutyens 19 years (it was planned to take 4) to build Viceroy’s House, whose occupant, Lord Irwin, moved in on Jan. 23, 1931. Simultaneously, he designed and built the Secretariat Buildings and Parliament House. Lutyens had selected Sir Herbert Baker, another British architect (six years older than he), who built the Union Buildings in Pretoria, South Africa, as his associate. If Lutyens was the master planner of New Delhi, then Baker was his closest collaborator. But Baker was also cantankerous, and ultimately the two men had a huge falling-out over what came to be known as the Battle of the Gradient. Essentially, Lutyens wanted to ensure that from what’s known today as Vijay Chowk–a strategic point on Rajpath, the 2-mile boulevard that extends in a straight line from Viceroy’s House on Raisina Hill to India Gate, a memorial to the fallen soldiers of World War I–one could see the full courtyard of the 350-room palace. That would have meant changing the gradient, which the viceroy of the time, Lord Hardinge, opposed on the grounds of escalating costs. Baker sided with the viceroy, which meant that from Vijay Chowk one could see only the 120-feet-high dome of Viceroy’s House, and not its impressive forecourt. Lutyens called the fracas his “Bakerloo”–a not-so-wry twist on Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo–and thereafter he and Baker ended their friendship. From the Battle of the Gradient until their respective deaths–Lutyens in 1944 and Baker two years later–the two men did not speak to each other. But Lutyens built the largest presidential edifice in the world, and a brand-new capital city that, at one point, employed 27,000 stonemasons and tens of thousands more manual workers from all over India. They built beautiful bungalows for the civil servants, which the democrats of independent India converted into plush housing for high government officials. Architectural critic Philip Davies has noted that Viceroy’s House is “a double magnificence–a perfect synthesis of eastern and western architecture.” Lutyens and Baker worked remarkably well with the locals, even though the British imperial class often viewed Indians as inferior to whites. Lutyens, in fact, set up special ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen. The architects also helped make the project’s chief engineer, Sir Teja Singh Malik, and its four main contractors into extremely wealthy men. One of the contractors, Sir Sobha Singh, was the father of India’s greatest living writer, Khushwant Singh. Sir Sobha Singh was shrewd enough to recognize that with the development of the new capital, commerce would grow around Delhi. He bought up immense tracts of land, and soon became one of the city’s biggest property owners. The price of land at the time? The equivalent of 10 cents a square yard. In time, working on Robert Tor Russell’s design, Sir Sobha Singh built the heart of New Delhi’s commercial district, Connaught Place, and other neighborhoods. Lutyens died a disappointed man, notwithstanding his extraordinary achievements. He felt that he didn’t inspire the next generation of architects. But now his reputation has been revived–partly because of Sunita Kohli’s scholarship and her restorations of Viceroy’s House and Hyderabad House in particular. “Lutyens’ creation, New Delhi, will always be remembered as the greatest achievement of the British in India,” Kohli says. Before Kohli embarked on restoring Lutyens’ mammoth colonnaded Parliament House in 1985 (completed in 1989), she made several private trips to London to study Lutyens’ original drawings, which are archived at the Royal Institute of British Architects. And she met with Mary Lutyens, the architect’s youngest daughter, in London shortly before her death in 1999. Kohli showed her photographs of some of her restoration work of Lutyens’ Viceroy’s House. In particular, Kohli pointed to the reupholstering of the furniture, telling Mary that she used khadi–the homespun, handwoven fabric favored by Mohandas Gandhi (during India’s freedom struggle Gandhi urged Indians to discard English-made clothing in favor of khadi). Lutyens’ daughter told Kohli: “My father had wanted to do exactly that. He was fond of khadi. But he couldn’t use khadi in Viceroy’s House because of its nationalist overtones. He would have been so pleased that you brought his dream into reality.”	i don't know
Which Cricket county's Twenty20 team are known as the 'Hawks'?	Twenty20 \| International Cricket Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia History Origins The idea of a shortened format of the game at a professional level was discussed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 1998 and 2001. When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place. The cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast paced, exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11-7 in favour of adopting the new format. A media group was invited to develop a name for the new game and Twenty20 was the chosen title. Twenty20 cricket is also known as T20 cricket. A mathematician from Perth, Western Australia, Dr George Christos, also claims to have proposed a similar format to the ICC and ECB in 1997. However, the ICC has dismissed his involvement in developing the final concept. Twenty20 cricket was formally introduced in 2003 when the ECB launched the Twenty20 Cup and was marketed with the slogan “I don’t like cricket, I love it”, taken from the 10cc song "Dreadlock Holiday". Twenty20 Cup The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup. The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the Twenty20 Cup. On 15 July 2004 Middlesex vs. Surrey (the first Twenty20 game to be held at Lord's ) attracted a crowd of 26,500, the largest attendance for any county cricket game other than a one-day final since 1953. Twenty20 Worldwide On 12 January 2005 Australia's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers. It drew a sellout crowd of 20,700. Starting 11 July 2006 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20/20 tournament. The event has been financially backed by billionaire Allen Stanford, who gave at least US$28,000,000 funding money. West Indies legends also backed the programme, and several "looked after" the teams during their stay in and around the purpose built ground in Antigua. It is intended that the tournament will be an annual event. Guyana won the inaugural event, defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets. The top prize for the winning team was US$1,000,000, but other prizes were given throughout the tournament, such as play of the match (US$10,000) and man of the match (US$25,000). On 1 November 2008 the Superstars West Indies team (101-0/12.5 overs) beat England (99/all out) by 10 wickets. England slumped to 33-4 and then 65-8 after 15 overs before Samit Patel's 22 took them to 99 in 19.5 overs, still easily their lowest Twenty20 total. Chris Gayle scored an impressive 65 runs not out. On 5 January 2007 Queensland Bulls played the New South Wales Blues at The Gabba, Brisbane. A crowd of 11,000 was expected based on pre-match ticket sales. However, an unexpected 16,000 turned up on the day to buy tickets, causing disruption and confusion for surprised Gabba staff as they were forced to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry. Attendance reached 27,653. For 1 February 2008's Twenty20 match between Australia and India, 84,041 people attended the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground involving the Twenty20 World Champions against the ODI World Champions. Twenty20 Internationals On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men's full international Twenty20 match, played at Eden Park in Auckland. The game was played in a light-hearted manner - both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s, the New Zealand team's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade. Some of the players also sported moustaches/beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look, at the request of the Beige Brigade. Australia won the game comprehensively, and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings, the players and umpires took things less seriously - Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides, and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card (red cards are not normally used in cricket) in response. The first Twenty20 international in England was played between England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on the 13 June 2005, which England won by a record margin of 100 runs. On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the first international Twenty20 game in Australia. In a first, each player's nickname appeared on the back of his uniform, rather than his surname. The international match drew a crowd of 38,894 people at the The Gabba. Australia convincingly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs. On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated West Indies in a tie-breaking bowl-out 3-0; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper. The game was the last international match played by Chris Cairns - NZC handed out life-size cardboard masks of his face to patrons as they entered the ground. Criticism Although the format has been proved successful, it has been argued that since Twenty20 encourages far-from-technical cricket, youngsters wanting to pick up the game will be misguided into believing that cricket is all about trying to hit 6s and 4s no matter how you do it. Impact on the game Twenty20 cricket is claimed to have resulted in a more athletic and "explosive" form of cricket. Indian fitness coach Ramji Srinivasan declared in an interview with the Indian fitness website Takath.com, that Twenty20 had "raised the bar" in terms of fitness levels for all players, demanding higher levels of strength, speed, agility and reaction time from all players irrespective of role in the team. Not everyone accords with this view, however, citing for instance the fact that a retired player like Shane Warne has been successful in such tournaments as the IPL. Shane Warne has never been known for physical fitness. However, other successful retired players such as Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden have. In fact, Hayden credited retirement from International cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the IPL. In June 2009, speaking at the annual Cowdrey Lecture at Lord's , former Australian wicketkeeper Adam Gilchrist pushed for Twenty20 to be made an Olympic sport. "It would," he said, "be difficult to see a better, quicker or cheaper way of spreading the game throughout the world." Match format and rules Format Twenty20 match format is similar to limited overs cricket in that it involves two teams, each with a single innings, the key difference being each team bats for a maximum of 20 overs. In terms of visual format, the batting team members do not arrive from and depart to traditional dressing rooms, but come and go from a "bench" (typically a row of chairs) visible in the playing arena, analogous to Association Football's "Technical area" or a baseball "dugout". General rules The Laws of cricket apply to Twenty20, with some exceptions: Each bowler may bowl a maximum of only one-fifth of the total overs per innings (generally four, for a full, uninterrupted game). i.e., 4 in the 20 overs Should a bowler deliver a no ball by overstepping the popping crease, it costs 1 run and his next delivery is designated a "free-hit", from which the batsman can only be dismissed through a run out, as is the case for the original "no ball". (Strictly speaking, the very rare methods of dismissal from a "no ball" – for hitting the ball twice, obstructing the field or handling the ball – also apply to the "free-hit" delivery.) Umpires may award five penalty-runs at their discretion if they believe either team is wasting time. The following fielding restrictions apply: No more than five fielders can be on the leg side at any time. During the first six overs, a maximum of two fielders can be outside the 30-yard circle. (sometimes referred to as the powerplay) After the first six overs, a maximum of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle. If the fielding team doesn't start to bowl their 20th over within 75 minutes, the batting side is credited an extra six runs for every whole over bowled after the 75 minute mark; the umpire may add more time to this if they believe the batting team is wasting time. Tie deciders Currently, if the match ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner, the tie is broken with a one over per side "Eliminator" Each team nominates three batsmen and one bowler to play a one-over per side "mini-match", sometimes referred to as a "One1". In turn, each side bats one over bowled by the one nominated opposition bowler, with their innings over if they lose two wickets before the over is completed. The side with the higher score from their Super Over wins. Tied Twenty20 matches were previously decided by a "Bowl-out". International Also See - Twenty20 International Twenty20 Internationals have been played since 2005. To date, 17 nations have played the format, including all test playing nations. Australia (17 February 2005)ª (ª Dates after each teams' names indicate their debut Twenty20 International) ICC World Twenty20 tournament Also See - ICC World Twenty20 Every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place. The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final. The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21st of June, 2009. The next ICC World Twenty20 tournament will be held in West Indies in May 2010. Defending Champions Pakistan are grouped with Bangladesh and Australia . Records These statistics are correct as of 30 August 2009 and include all major cricket level Twenty20 matches. Most Twenty20 runs	Hampshire
Which African capital city is named after an American President?	Hampshire Cricket \| County Cricket \| England Internationals · The Ageas Bowl Buy Tickets See Fixtures The Ageas Bowl, the picture-perfect home of Hampshire Cricket, plays host to 41 days of domestic cricket in 2017. The Ageas Bowl also hosts three England Internationals this year, with both South Africa and the West Indies visiting the home of Hampshire Cricket for limited-overs fixtures. 2017 Membership More Info England visit the picture-perfect venue three times this summer, firstly for a Royal London ODI clash against South Africa in May, before facing the same opposition in what's sure to be an action-packed NatWest IT20 in June, and finally contesting a potentially series-deciding Royal London ODI against the West Indies in September. Tickets for these three mouth-watering fixtures are now on general sale after a record-breaking pre-sale period. 2017 Internationals	i don't know
"Which product was advertised on TV with the slogan ""Good to the last drop""?"	The Best Advertising Slogans of All Time According to Digg Users \| Fast Company \| Business + Innovation The Best Advertising Slogans of All Time According to Digg Users People take their favorite ads seriously—witness the huge response to Inc.com’s list last week of the "The 10 Best Slogans of All Time," which popped up Wednesday on Digg.com and promptly touched off a groundswell of impassioned debate. From Tony the Tiger to milk moustaches, many PR campaigns have left a lasting impression on people. Here are some of the best nominations from Digg.com users. Fast Company Staff 09.03.08 5:00 AM Inc.com named Apple’s "Think Different," Wheaties’ "Breakfast of Champions," Maxwell House’s "Good to the Last Drop," and—who could forget?—Wendy’s "Where’s the Beef?" among others. But one Digger wondered, "Where’s I’ve fallen and I can’t get up?" and another called M&Ms claim to "melt in your mouth, not in your hands" a "dirty, rotten lie." Many alternatives to the top 10 were proposed, including Alka Seltzer’s "Plop Plop, Fizz Fizz" and Pepto Bismol’s "Nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea." More than one Digger complained about the omission of "A Diamond is Forever," but there were few omissions on the encyclopedic list of 337 slogans posted by a Digger named slugicide. In honor of slugicide and his ad-obsessed peers, we’ve culled some of the best nominations from Digg.com users . Want to add your own? Just do it. The Hit Parade "A Diamond is Forever." Created by N.W. Ayer & Sons, Inc. for De Beers, this slogan has been in use since 1948, ever since Frances Gerety, a young copywriter, dreamed up the famous line in her sleep. Thanks to the 1971 James Bond flick starring Sean Connery, this slogan remains etched in our minds—probably forever. "They’re G-r-r-r-eat!" Back in the 1950s, Tony the Tiger growled his way into American consciousness with this memorable slogan for Frosted Flakes. Tony’s catchphrase has become one of the longest running and most recognized slogans in TV advertising history. According to AdAge.com, Tony the Tiger’s character has evolved over the years: he stands upright rather than on all fours, has traveled to more than 42 countries, and has a wife and a daughter. "Gimme a Break, Gimme a Break" Since 1957, Kit Kat’s slogan has been "Have a break…Have a Kit Kat." The commercials really took off in the ‘80s when boardrooms and newsrooms were shown breaking into song over a chocolaty wafer bar called Kit Kat. "Rice-A-Roni, the San Francisco Treat" Probably the most famous jingle in American advertising history, the first Rice-A-Roni commercial aired in 1959 and turned a sleepy family business, the Golden Grain Macaroni Company, into a food powerhouse that was bought by Quaker Oats in 1986 for $275 million. "Nothing Sucks like an Electrolux." Beginning in the 1960s, the Swedish vacuum maker used this slogan to market its machines to an international audience. Many Americans believed the off-color slogan to be an error in translation. Rather than an idiomatic blunder, however, Electrolux’s campaign was an edgy pun. "The Best Part of Waking up is Folgers in Your Cup" This line has been featured in every Folgers commercial since the 1960s. Throughout the years, the jingle has been rearranged and performed by many famous musicians, including Randy Travis and Aretha Franklin. "Hey Mikey…He Likes It!" Created by the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency in 1972 to promote Life cereal, this commercial featured three brothers at a breakfast table daring one another to try a bowl of the "healthy" cereal. Little Mikey, who usually "hates everything," dives in and quickly devours it, to his brothers’ amazement. When child actor John Gilchrist Jr. outgrew the role, an urban legend claimed he’d been killed by a lethal dose of Pop Rocks and soda. Hardly. He’s still alive and working in movies—as a grip. "Don’t Leave Home Without It." In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with "Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be." And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with "There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard." Priceless. "Nothing Outlasts the Energizer. It Keeps Going, and Going…" Produced by DDB Chicago Advertising for Energizer since the 1980s, this is the ageless slogan that accompanied the cool bass-drum-beating, shades-wearing pink bunny that has appeared on more TV shows and movies than the Baldwins. "By Mennen!" A remarkably successful slogan considering its blithe simplicity, Mennen’s ‘80s slogan accompanied by that three-note jingle proved to the world how easily we are drawn in by simple sounds, pleasures, and deodorants. Mennen is also known for manufacturing "Teen Spirit" deodorant, immortalized in an upbeat little jingle by Nirvana. "Pardon Me, But Do You Have any Grey Poupon?" Created for Grey Poupon by Lowe & Partners in the 1980s, this ad campaign featured a gentleman eating dinner in the back of his chauffeured car. At a stop sign, another aristocrat pulls alongside the car, rolls down his window, and asks for a spot of the ole Poupon. The strangely effective commercial has been parodied countless times in the real world and in fiction, perhaps most memorably in "Wayne’s World." "I've fallen and I can't get up." Beginning in 1987, Life Alert ran this campaign for senior citizens who experienced medical emergencies while alone. There have been enough allusions to this ad in pop-culture to warrant a list of its own, but Will Ferrell falling off a cliff in Austin Powers only to shout "Help! I’ve fallen down a cliff, and I can’t get up" is a fan favorite. "This is your brain on drugs." Launched in 1987 as a large-scale anti-narcotics campaign by a Partnership for a Drug-Free America, this PSA featured an egg ("This is your brain") and an egg frying in a pan ("This is your brain on drugs.") "Be Like Mike." Created by Bayer Bess Vanderwarker for Gatorade in 1991, this slogan motivated millions of driveway ballers to stick out their tongues and do their best Jordan. Michael Phelps said that this campaign had inspired him to greatness as a youngster. ("Growing up, I always remembered the 'I want to be like Mike' ads with Jordan.") "Beef. It’s what’s for dinner." In 1992, in the face of declining beef consumption, Leo Burnett Worldwide came up with this memorable slogan (apparently recognized by over 88% of Americans) for The National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Accompanied by music from the ballet "Rodeo" by Aaron Copland, this cultured campaign was long the bane of vegetarians everywhere. "Snap into a Slim Jim" 1992 campaign featured wrestlers Macho Man Randy Savage and Ultimate Warrior yelling and ripping things while attempting to convince American kids that it was cool, and maybe even tough, to eat ConAgra’s snack of beef and mechanically separated chicken parts. "Got Milk?" Created by Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board, this campaign kicked off in October 1993 with a commercial about a history buff who receives a call to answer a $10,000 trivia question, "Who shot Alexander Hamilton in that famous duel?" Because of a mouthful of peanut butter, his answer is unintelligible and his chance at fortune is squandered. The ad, directed by Michael Bay ("The Rock," "Transformers"), was named one of the ten best commercials of all time in a USA Today poll. "Do the Dew" In 1993, Mountain Dew carved a niche for itself in the culture of "extreme sports," with commercials that featured daredevil stunts, juxtaposed with a bunch of teenage guys saying "been there, done that." Coupled with its sponsorship of the X Games, Mountain Dew became popular with athletes and slackers alike. "Once You Pop, You Can't Stop." Procter & Gamble spent loads of cash getting this '90s Pringles slogan stuck in our heads. Who could forget these Stomp-esque ads, that convinced us that our chips didn’t have to come in bags to be percussive? "What happens here, stays here." R&R Partners’ 2003 TV campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitor Authority featured various only-in-Sin-City scenarios (a newly minted bride dashing from her quickie wedding to a conference, etc.) and a sexy tag line that rapidly became part of the public lexicon, inspiring innumerable spoofs and even a romantic comedy starring Ashton Kutcher and Cameron Diaz. "Hooray Beer!" Launched in 2006 by BBDO, Red Stripe’s ad campaign was big on the Internet, pointing out life’s little annoyances and letting the Red Stripe Ambassador (a stately Jamaican guy wearing a sash) "BOO" them: "Boo annoying children, Hooray Beer!" Never miss a story. Sign up for the Fast Company newsletter and get the best stories delivered to your inbox daily. Send	Maxwell House
What was the forename of Mr. Bentley, founder of the famous car company?	Top 10 World’s Most Iconic Slogans \| Top Design Magazine - Web Design and Digital Content Top 10 World’s Most Iconic Slogans If you are trying to come up with a slogan, then you must learn from the best. From “Just do it” to “I’m loving it”, here you will see 10 of the world’s most memorable slogans. 1. Maxwell Coffee: “Good to the last drop” The advertisers have used the remark of a former US President. The legend says that Theodore Roosevelt just finished drinking his Maxwell coffe at “Hermitage”, a fine coffee shop, when he declared that this drink is “good to the last drop”. 2. “De Beers” diamonds : “A diamond is forever” This slogan made by “DeBeer”, one of the world’s biggest diamond producer, is also called “the best slogan of the XX century”. Since its creation in 1947, the phrase caught the public and it was used in the movie industry (James Bond series) and also in music (Kanye West – “Diamonds are forever”). 3. Wheaties cereals: “The breakfast of Champions” “Wheaties” has the same slogan since 1927, when they build a advertising post on which it was printed. The only thing that was changed in the following years, is the atlet (Lou Gehrig). 4. Nike: “Just do it” Nike’s slogan is one of the most famous slogan in the history of advertising. It was made during a meeting in 1988, between the advertisers from “Wieden and Kennedy” and a group of employees from Nike. The phrase actually belongs to Dan Wieden, which, talkind with admiration about the Nike team’s proactive attitude, said: You Nike guys, you just do it. 5. Got milk? Got Milk? is an American advertising campaign encouraging the consumption of cow’s milk, which was created by the advertising agency Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board in 1993 and later licensed for use by milk processors and dairy farmers. It has been running since October 24, 1993. The campaign has been credited with greatly increasing milk sales in California though not nationwide. 6. State Farm Insurance Company: “Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there” In 1969, after the huricane Camillie struck the city of Galveston, a journalist wrote an article about how the inssured residents received compensations and how lucky they were. Two years after, the company used this article in order to create “Like a Good Neighbor, State Farm is There”. 7. McDonald’s: “I’m lovin’it” Other recognized slogans are: “The closest thing to home”(1967-1969), “You deserve a break today”(1971-1975), “It’s a good time for the great taste of McDonald’s” (1984-1988), “Did somebody say McDonald’s?”(1997-2000), “We love to see you smile”(2000-2003). After more than 22 slogans (in USA only), in 2003 McDonald’s launched the first global campaign called “I’m lovin’ it”. At the end of the year, Justin Timberlake recorded a song called “I’m Lovin’ It” which was used by the fast food company as the main theme. This contract made Justin $6 million richer. 8. FedEx: “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight”(1978-1983)…”The world on time”(2009 – to present) At the begining the wanted to point out the idea of security and on-time delivery, but, with the globalization of the economy from the ’90s, the company started to focus more on world like “world” and also to focus on the client. 9. Coca-Cola: “Great national temperance beverage”(1906)…“Make it real”(2005) Every few years, Coke seems to change its slogan to keep up with the times. While the company used to focus on the experience of drinking, the latest slogans emphasize something more permanent and indefinite, such as “Always Coca-Cola” and “Make it real.” 10. Pepsi: “Twice as much for a nickel”(1939 -1950)…“Every Pepsi refreshes the world”(2010-to present) Pepsi’s fundamental challenge has always been to distinguish itself from a superior competitor with a product so analogous that a blind taste test can barely establish a difference. The company compensated by aiming young and snagging Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake and the Spice Girls to assist with its messaging. The Cola Wars no longer have the same fizz of the 1980s, now that the top two sodas in the U.S. are Coke and Diet Coke.	i don't know

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