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Of which rock group of the 60's and 70's was Marc Bolan the leader | Glam Rock Music Genre Overview | AllMusic
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Pop/Rock » Hard Rock » Glam Rock
Often confused with '80s hair metal (at least by American listeners), glam rock was an almost entirely British phenomenon that became wildly popular during the first half of the '70s. Glam rock was fairly simple, crunchy guitar rock put across with outrageous theatricality. Most of the music was unabashedly catchy, with melodies drawn from teenage bubblegum pop and hip-shaking rhythms from early rock & roll. But those innocent-sounding influences were belied by the delivery, which was all campy, glitzy showmanship and sexuality. In fact, one of the main reasons glam never caught on in the U.S. was that glam artists intentionally played around with gender conventions, dressing themselves up in outlandish, androgynous costumes and makeup. In general, glam rock fell into two schools. The most prevalent one was the intentionally disposable trashiness of T. Rex; leader Marc Bolan pioneered glam's fashion sense and crafted music that was all sexy, silly fun -- or, to put it another way, music where the surface was the substance. Artists like Gary Glitter, Sweet, and Slade followed the T. Rex aesthetic, in the process creating a substyle known as glitter (which was even more exclusively British). But for a style which relied so heavily on image, glam had a surprisingly arty side too, epitomized by David Bowie and Roxy Music. This school was more grandly dramatic and ambitious, both sonically and lyrically; glam was an opportunity for these artists to manipulate their personas at will, making their senses of style part of the overall artistic statement, and exploring the darkness lurking under the music's stylish, glitzy surface. Apart from them, the lone American glam-rock band was the New York Dolls, whose raw, Stonesy proto-punk sounded different from their British peers, but whose trashy aesthetic and transvestite wardrobe clearly put them in the same camp. Glam effectively began with T. Rex's 1971 hit Electric Warrior, but 1972 was its real breakthrough year: T. Rex consolidated its popularity with The Slider; David Bowie released his classic Ziggy Stardust and produced Mott the Hoople's star-making All the Young Dudes album; Roxy Music issued their groundbreaking debut; and the New York Dolls embarked on their first tour of England. Glam rock's creative peak was over by 1975, as most of its remaining major artists were either moving away from the style or releasing subpar work. However, glam had a definite influence on the kids who grew up to head the British punk movement, and an even bigger impact on the theatrical gloom of post-punk. And, of course, glam rock was extremely important to '80s pop-metal, though apart from Def Leppard, many of those bands were American and had minimal knowledge of the original sources.
| Tyrannosaurus |
Liberty Enlightening The World is the proper name for which monument | Get It On by T. Rex & Marc Bolan on Apple Music
11 Songs
Album Review
Its budget price notwithstanding, there's little here to alert the keen Bolan completist — no hidden gems or unreleased jewels, no hitherto unknown off-microphone splutter. Just one more peculiar rampage through the catalog, drawing at one extreme from the pre-fame Beginning of Doves era, and on the other from the already over-documented 1972-1977 catalog. The result, surprisingly, is not as discordant as one might fear — the inclusion of a handful of acoustic takes and the gorgeous simplicity that hallmarked much of Bolan's output allow the likes of "Eastern Spell" and "Pictures of Purple People" to blend happily in alongside "Mellow Love" and "Over the Flats." Still, it's difficult to recommend this album to any but the most casual of listeners — and what would they want with a bunch of demos in the first place?
Customer Reviews
This rocks! Brings back some good old times and memories. Get it On!
Biography
Formed: 1967 in London, England
Genre: Rock
Years Active: '60s, '70s
The most iconic band of the U.K. glam rock scene of the '70s, T. Rex were the creation of Marc Bolan, who started out as a cheerfully addled acolyte of psychedelia and folk-rock until he turned to swaggering rock & roll with boogie rhythm and a tricked-up fashion sense. For a couple years, T. Rex were the biggest band in England and a potent cult item in the United States. If their stardom didn't last, their influence did, and T. Rex's dirty but playful attitude and Bolan's sense of style and rock...
Top Albums and Songs by T. Rex
1.
| i don't know |
What is used to turn pasta red | How to Make a Red Pasta Sauce (with Pictures) - wikiHow
How to Make a Red Pasta Sauce
Two Methods: Smooth Sauce Chunky Sauce Community Q&A
Pasta needs a good sauce, and tomato is the most basic. Below you will find two easy recipes that can be made quickly and still impresses anyone when they find out it wasn't that red stuff in a jar. Just get started with Step 1 below!
Ingredients
1/2 can of tomato paste
1 can of diced tomatoes
Carrots
Spices as desired or suggested
Chunky Sauce
A large (or two small) can(s) of crushed tomatoes
Couple tbs Olive oil
At least three cloves of garlic (more to taste)
Herbs such as oregano, basil, and thyme (the first two are a must)
Salt and pepper
Cheese to make it creamier, thicken, and enhance taste(optional)
Steps
Pour water into the saucepan. Pour 2 cups of warm water into a saucepan.
2
Add half a can of tomato paste. Mix it well with the water.
3
Add 1 can of diced tomatoes. Do not drain the water from the can, but include it in the sauce.
4
Add in the carrots. Finely grate 2 medium carrots or 1 large carrot and add that to the saucepan.
5
Add in the onions. Dice 1/3 of an onion and add it to the sauce. The type of onion is up to you but red and sweet onions work best.
You can alternatively use 2-3 shallots.
6
Add in the spices. Add in 1-2 cloves of chopped garlic, 1/2 tsp of celery salt, 1 tsp of dried oregano (or fresh equivalent), 1 tbsp of dried basil (or fresh equivalent), and optionally 1 chicken bouillon cube and/or 1 bay leaf.
7
Bring to a boil on medium heat. Mix the ingredients well and then bring the mixture to a boil over medium heat.
8
Simmer. Reduce the heat to low, cover the pot, and simmer for 15-30 minutes. The longer the simmer, the more the flavors will be drawn out. Remove from heat when done.
9
Blend the sauce. Once the sauce is cooked, if you do not like the consistency, you can make it even smoother by using a blender or a blending wand to get it as smooth as possible.
Method
If this is intended for pasta, start boiling the water.
2
Crush and chop the garlic. You can do this however you like, as long as the oils can escape freely.
3
Heat up the olive oil in a saucepan on medium-high heat.
4
Put in the garlic, wait a while (about a minute) and add the herbs and wait a few seconds. If you're using wine, this is when you should add it.
5
Pour the tomatoes in and stir. Turn the stove to high.
6
| Tomato |
Do stalactites hang down or push up | Basil Pesto Recipe : Food Network Kitchen : Food Network
Cranberry Sauce Recipes
4.5 142
I wasn't a huge fan of this recipe. I felt it was lacking the flavor other pestos have and I didn't care for the Pecorino cheese. Danielle M. 2016-12-16T16:32:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Added an extra clove and more olive oil and it was pretty good. Anonymous 2016-12-05T01:29:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Love this recipe and the fact that it makes a small amount (of course you can double, triple it!). I too added a bit of lemon juice to brighten it up, other than that, I followed the recipe exactly. Vera C. 2016-09-10T14:09:28Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious! I added a little bit lemon juice to lessen the oily taste of olive. auradee1990 2016-08-07T10:19:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Simple Easy Delicious I used fresh basil from my garden, parmesan wow. Anonymous 2016-07-16T16:19:21Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
<span>I made this once before and found it to be quite tasty and easy. But I made such a large volume I ended up freezing about 2/3 of it. The fresh portion was excellent, but when I later tried the part I froze, it had changed consistency and was slightly bitter and darker. So this time, planning to make only a half-recipe, I followed the suggestion to blanch the basil first. That reduced the volume of my basil drastically, from 1 cup loosely packed leaves to less than 2 Tablespoons! I adjusted other ingredients down to compensate, but it just didn't turn out well at all. At that volume, I really did need a mortar and pestle, but had none, so I made do with a mallet and plastic wrap. Won't do that again! It's edible, but only got enough for a very small snack. So for those who have blanched their leaves, did you adjust other ingredients to the smaller volume of basil? And how did you mix it? </span><br /> susanr1212 2016-06-24T18:59:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Deliciously easy and basic! And a handsome guy with a great accent walking me thru every step!! Buon Appetito !! Karen L. 2015-10-11T22:46:30Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious and easy lesley.vereen 2015-08-20T03:28:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Bitter. Needs a tweak. Anonymous 2015-06-20T03:51:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
growing lots of basil this year....fresh pesto,can't wait! Anonymous 2015-06-13T21:25:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
<p>Mush.</p><p><br /></p> Anonymous 2015-05-18T06:35:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
There is nothing beautiful about atlantic farm raised salmon!!! This would be great with wild spring chinook FormerLib 2015-04-12T01:54:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
<div>I have never made pesto and thought it was difficult...I came here to see what to do and found it was so easy! Yummy with my meal I was making. Thank you</div><div><br /></div> Anonymous 2015-03-18T03:27:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
May I know this recipe can serve how many people? <br /> Grace Wong 2015-03-08T10:04:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This recipe is really great. Seeing some of the other reviews I would like to offer a few suggestions. Always get a good quality olive oil. Unfiltered, Unheated Olive Oil. It's considered raw. It's ok to heat olive oil and won't loose it's taste or go bitter if it's quality. Also, it's important for it to be in a dark bottle so it doesn't go rancid. If Olive Oil is in a clear bottle, there is almost 100% chance that it's rancid. It's so worth it :) Guest 2015-02-09T02:45:53Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Just whipped this up with ingredients I had already. I used walnuts instead of pine nuts and added lemon like other users suggested (reducing the oil). Also I used feta instead of Pecorino which worked well. Definitely on my cooking list from now. Thanks carly.taylor 2015-01-11T11:25:43Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Blanch the basil first, 5 - 10 seconds, and submerse in ice water. Just pat it dry It stays green green green - I didn't find this method took away any flavor, but it almost seemed sweeter tasting. I also agree that adding the wilted baby spinach is a big plus! merlebleu1803084420 2014-08-29T23:29:33Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Just made pesto to freeze and was horrified at the bitter taste. When I researched why this might be I read that the EVOO will make the product bitter if it is subjected to the food processor. It was suggested that regular OO be used, the darker the better. efensom 2014-08-27T00:24:16Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Great recipe! For more pesto recipes and for inspiration, check out www.bestpesto.com! linedahlpoulsen 2014-08-19T05:07:03Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
A good start but can be improved. Too much oil for the amount of basil, 1/2 cup is plenty. Most important is the need to add lemon. It will improve the taste and keep the basil from turning brown. I use the zest and juice of half a lemon. I tried putting oil on top to prevent browning and it never works. I love substituting lemon for the high calorie oil. It still works even after freezing. Donna H. 2014-07-31T21:03:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Well, what do you do with the cheese? Bruce Bodner 2014-07-13T22:50:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
basil, what do to avoid discoloring Guest 2014-07-08T21:44:29Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious. I'm so glad I read the reviews first and reduced the amount of oil to 1/2 cup otherwise it would have been an oily mess. Next time I make it, I'm definitely going to toast the pine nuts beforehand and add a splash of lemon juice. Ter Holahan 2014-07-06T21:27:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
SOO FLAVORFUL! Use sunflower seeds instead of pine nuts . if you want to pack in more anit oxidents, steam baby SPINACH, more garlic and puree this first before the other ingredients. Believe me everyone will ask "what is in this pesto that's so GOOD!! Top it over ANGEL HAIR AND CRAB and vola’ delisosio ! Secret_Squirrel 2014-06-26T04:27:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I used this as my starting point but changed a couple things... less olive oil say half a cup, no cheese! (healthier) and i have a bag of mixed nuts which includes almonds, walnuts and pine nuts so i just used that and it was great. Next time I will add a squeeze of lemon too. Guest 2014-06-09T19:43:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
DEFINITELY LOVE THIS PESTO SAUCE!!! I did not have any pine nuts, so I used walnuts, and it tasted EXTREMELY GOOD! Thank you for the recipe! Kelly Joe 2014-04-14T01:48:17Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
It's a great recipe, I make it in big batches and freeze it ! I use parmesan instead of romano Sabrina EF 2014-03-03T20:02:23Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Pretty good although I had to make a few touches.I used sunflower seeds instead of pine nuts and I had to add more garlic and a squirt of lemon juice.Altogether it was pretty good and I would make it again.;-) Guest 2013-12-18T04:44:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I love this pesto - it has been a 'go to' recipe for years and is always a crowd pleaser. I do prefer to use significantly less olive oil than is called for and recommend adding it in slowly until the pesto is the consistency you prefer. Make extra - it's delicious served on grilled chicken breasts as well. youngj1 2013-10-02T16:56:20Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I like to toast the pine nuts before combining all the ingredients. I also like to use asiago cheese instead of pecorino, just for a slightly different flavor. Sometimes I'll go wild and use Parmesan cheese! BTW, once you've made fresh pesto, you'll never go back to buying the preservative filled garbage masquerading as pesto at the groceries! SWJ 2013-09-06T16:53:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I've eaten Pesto all summer with this recipe. Simple and yummy! Ttreiger 2013-09-02T21:27:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Simple and delicious HolyGuacamole 2013-08-31T20:25:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This was so easy and tasty, and open for improvisation. I added a red pepper I roasted and peeled, and doubled the garlic. I didn't have enough pine nuts but I supplemented with walnuts, which worked just fine. I also blended in the cheese instead of stirring it in, and I didn't measure the oil, I just free-handed to my tasting. Next time I will toast the nuts I use, as the raw nuts have a harsher flavor that I could definitely taste and didn't care for. amyamerling 2013-08-23T14:30:37Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Was good with my home grown basil! We LOVE it! Took advice from other reviews and used less oil. Try it with Monjes De Lontue EVOO and pine nuts! Delicious! Thanks Food Network, you guys rock! dheflin59 2013-08-20T19:45:55Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I took the reviewers advise an cut done the olive oil to 1/2 cup and added just a squeeze of lemon juice. I think it adds a brightness to the thick intense texture and taste. Very good balanced sauce. Janine T. 2013-08-17T14:28:35Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
yummy...but next time I will use less oil! Aweome taste..I also add extra GARLIC because I LOVEEEEE garlic: dabkeh 2013-08-17T13:39:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I've made this recipe many, many times and we love it, but I always stop at 1/2 cup olive oil as we think it is too oily/soupy, otherwise! PAMELA N. 2013-08-06T14:28:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Love it. Can't wait to smear it over a pizza crust, add some of our fresh garden tomatoes, and dollops of mozzarella! sara w. 2013-08-06T12:05:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I have a lot of basil in my garden, so I tried this, even though I don't own a food processor. I just kept chopping and chopping with a cleaver. It worked fine, though it was a little oily, so I just added more leaves and cheese. Came out great. Several people have commented on the amount of oil, which must be a misprint. The recipe calls for 2/3 cup of olive oil, 1/2 cup of cheese and 1/4 cup of pine nuts, yet it says the yield is one cup. How is that possible, especially after you add the basil? Next time, I'll use half a cup of oil. I also wish this site would list the calories, although that may ultimately depress me! Guest 2013-07-31T19:04:02Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Simple goodness! Ina is a master of simple. Also, after reading some reviews, I want to add that washing the basil is a must while drying absolutely is not. With the water that clings to the leaves it thins out the finished product wonderfully. Cheese, like the s&p, should also be added to taste. the Magic Ingredient is... 2013-07-11T23:18:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
So delicious. It was amazing. I made it for my family and they ate the whole batch. We spread over toasted crustini with a pasta dish. 0454emily 2013-07-03T08:38:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Pine nuts are expensive so I used pumpkin seeds instead & toasted them...I use a little less oil too. Awesome!!!!! alisha39 2013-06-22T00:37:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious pesto and sooooo quick! I keep a barrel of basil growing right outside my kitchen door and this recipe will become my staple! Guest 2013-05-27T16:58:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Too much olive oil. Not much flavor. egypt#1 2013-05-11T21:20:59Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Excellent recipe dmj120 2013-02-27T14:15:59Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
God bless you all! Excellent and easy pesto sauce. Next time I will reduce the extra-virgin olive oil and add some water to have some balance with the sauce. For me having just extra-virgin olive oil is a little bit heavy. Otherwise, the recipe is just great! Blessings! soniamaria23 2013-02-19T20:53:27Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious and very easy to make. The hardest part is cleaning and drying the basil leaves, which takes time. But once they are ready, the rest is a five-minute operation. res judicata 2013-02-07T20:59:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Perfect way to use up all my extra basil. Excellent fresh pesto. Yum. pupl0ver 2013-01-09T22:20:41Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Such a simple and amazing sauce. fmcdowel 2012-11-09T21:36:11Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious! Quick and easy to make. T B. 2012-11-04T20:11:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I made my pesto with CASHEWS!! They are very sweet...I added moistened sundried tomatoes, which have sweetness, extra virgin olive oil, fresh lemon juice, lots of garlic, italian flat leaf parsley, spinach (fresh and the baby bagged leaves, lots of big basil leaves, shredded parm cheese, salt and pepper. DEE-LISH-US!!!!!! sooooooo good. I just love putting my spin on everything professional cooks make---takes everything to a whole new level and everyone loves it. Guest 2012-09-27T19:44:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious! I bought a basil plant today in the supermarket and was excited to make this again! My changes due to what I had on-hand were: walnuts in place of the pine nuts and grated parmesan for the cheese. No bitterness just heavenly! We had it at lunch-time on Giada's Italian Mini Club sandwiches and at dinner-time on Raviolli's... I'm guessing the vampires won't dare mess with us tonght! : Traci's Kitchen 2012-09-17T00:13:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Super easy and delicious. It's great to have a go to recipe for basil that can be placed in the freezer. Our CSA gave us an entire basil bush this week. Happily we'll be able to enjoy fresh produce from the farm at a later date using this pesto! pacificacook 2012-08-26T21:47:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I've been trying to find a recipe that has the right balance of flavours with as little oil as possible. I really liked this recipe but used just under half a cup of oil. The extra oil called for would have been way too much. One quarter cup (another recipe would have been too little. By the way, I made one batch with walnuts when I was out of pine nuts - really nice too. For the reviewer who wondered about the bitter aftertaste - choose basil that has NOT flowered yet or only a little. The sweetness of the basil declines as the plant flowers. syldev 2012-08-14T18:55:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Yum! I will reduce the oil next time. But great flavor! I put it on toast rounds for an appetizer. Jennifer C. 2012-08-05T22:26:59Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
First time making pesto and couldn't believe how easy it was. Tasted great initially and then there was a bitter after taste. Not sure what I could do differently. khirsh 2012-08-02T22:59:41Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Too much olive oil! Cynthia B. 2012-07-18T18:27:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I made this pesto tonight with fresh made gnocchi. Instead of using pine nuts I used roasted macadamia nuts. It was the best pesto I have had. cherie3mw 2012-07-15T02:16:23Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
So easy to make and such flavor. I will make this again and again as my basil grows. So fresh! weaselat8010 2012-07-08T20:27:20Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I liked the recipe. It was the first time I've made fresh pesto and it turned out pretty good. Maybe toasting the pine nuts would make a difference like some of the other folks said but I didn't do it. (Didn't think of it. I doubled the recipe and still ended up adding a bit more oil but all and all it's great! Also, don't do like I did and forget the salt and pepper at first! Mioshee G. 2012-07-05T20:08:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Love this recipe! Just be sure to toast the pine nuts before you add them to the food processor it makes a world of difference! futurechef379 2012-07-05T13:20:11Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
yummy! I could just eat this sauce all day with a french baguette. I also tossed it with some spinach pasta and chicken my family Loved it! thanks for sharing this recipe. foodloverfor4 2012-06-29T12:07:11Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I toss this with Bow-Tie pasta. What a fantastic meal. jbosox4ever 2012-06-29T00:58:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
It was really really good I just added more garlic! piglet102 2012-06-19T12:30:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Loved it. Then I put 1/4 C fresh parsley, 1 t. blk pepper, 1 T. Worchestershire sauce in processor till finely chopped (about 30 sec combined that along with 1 T. PESTO in large resealable plastic bag mixed well then added chicken thighs, squeeze to coat thoroughly and marinate in fridge 1/2 hour then remove thighs and grill for about 15 min. per side (165 degrees. (the rest of the pesto I froze. Happy Summer ! : matiea 2012-06-18T13:42:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Very easy to make and my family loves it!!!! Guest 2012-06-18T13:16:37Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
So easy and so good! I didn't use the cheese and used 1/2 cup of olive oil total. I spread it on a french loaf with fresh mozzarella and sliced vine tomatoes. Pure heaven. lrogers611 2012-06-16T14:50:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This is such an easy recipe to make, and quick as well. Taste is awesome, to quote my wife "who needs the bread". One minor change. Used pecans, one of the only nuts my wife can eat. Next time I'll use a little less EVOO, and add some lemon juice to take the edge off the EVOO. Basil was right out of the garden and into the FP. Couldn't be any greener. Wild Willy in the Pit 2012-05-02T13:40:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Used roasted soy nuts instead of pine nuts. Added juice of 1/2 lemon. Everything else remained the same. Great flavor and consistency. Made enough to freeze 1/2. BlendedTraditions 2012-04-29T15:30:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Too much olive oil muddled the flavors. I used lemon zest and juice from half a lemon to brighten it up. I recommend toasting the nuts to give some more depth to the flavor. The garlic level was just right. Perfect ratings should be reserved for recipes you don't have to change to make perfect. fetad 2012-04-23T00:40:50Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
peanuts instead of pine nuts, lemon juice to loosen the pesto paste, 3 cloves of garlic, worth freezing! looking forward to the next batch with the pine nuts. m m. 2012-03-28T18:37:49Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
OMG! AHH SOOOOO GOOD! I didn't know what to eat with it first!! Pasta was exquisite! I am going to make a pesto pizza with pepperoni and cheese....yum yum! Poopka 2012-02-18T21:10:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This pesto is easy to make and tastes amazing! It look so beautiful and professional. I actually ran out of oil so I did not put the rest in after the initial measurment and it turned out just as good. I used this on top of salmon and the next day put it in a turkey and cheese panini. I put it in a bowl and put plastic warp on top of it. Enjoy! bernadette p. 2012-01-26T14:04:30Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Great flavor, go easy on the garlic. Im a garlic lover so I thought 2 cloves wasn't enough and upped it to 4 but it was too overpowering. Andrea B. 2012-01-24T21:44:29Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
tasty Gail G. 2012-01-11T17:09:49Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
it was delish!, i did the recipe exactly, except for one subsitution, i had parmigiano reggiano, did not have the pecorino on hand, but it was great, next time will use the pecorino, 5 stars all anyway!! loved it. herbie56 2011-11-24T23:44:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
the single, best pesto to make. I also like to brown the pine nuts before I use them. tummynog 2011-11-19T14:36:16Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Use up that fresh basil! I add the juice of half a lemon to brighten it up. And don't forget to toast your nuts. Ohmylumbago 2011-11-05T12:43:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Perfect Pesto! I add the cheese before freezing and seems to work just fine. Kathikay50 2011-09-19T20:10:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
DA LISH US! I used raw cashews and fresh garlic from the farmer's market as was the basil, organic, unfiltered EVOO and pecorino romano. So Dang Good! Dottie P. 2011-09-15T19:04:16Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Simple to make. Easy. Easy. Easy ... and TASTY! DJ Waldow 2011-09-05T14:29:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Lovely! so fresh, so fast, and soooooo easy! My husband even loved it, and he is a "meat and potatoes" kinda guy. Lesli K. 2011-08-12T20:49:05Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I changed it up a little: I had neither pine nuts or Pecorino on hand so I used walnuts and Grana Podano cheese which I love. Denise S. 2011-08-03T19:54:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Amazing!!!!! I will never use another recipe. I did add some parmesan when I put a little too much olive oil in. So flavorful! Perfect with pasta for a quick and elegant dinner! spr3 2011-07-31T00:03:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Loved this recipe - I used half the (organic) virgin olive oil, added lfresh lemon juice, toasted the pine nuts and used a three cheese mix (parmesan, romano and asagio) - skipped the salt, as I thought the cheese added enough salt. Saw on Rachel Ray, that she likes to use pistachios and adds another herb to the basil (I think it was dill). Marcia P. 2011-07-29T12:18:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This is our new favorite pesto recipe! Thanks for the tips about adding lemon juice and reducing the amount of oil. It's was especially fun to make with the Parmesan we brought back from Italy. Most excellent. Mariah M. 2011-07-22T21:40:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
It got the job done! I made a great dish with this pesto. Kimyogi 2011-07-22T16:29:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This is SO GOOD! Will be my go-to recipe for pesto from now on. I used 1/2 the amount of oil, toasted walnuts, and added a squeeze of lemon. FABULOUS! ambernicoleb 2011-07-19T15:58:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Excellent recipe. Pine nuts were not available (due to the high price) so I used slivered almonds for the first time as a substitute. Just as good as my usual with pignoles. Tammy B. 2011-07-17T21:10:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
First time I've ever made pesto. This was easy, fresh and tasty. I will make this again. I did try the lemon and liked it very much. Good call on that!! I served it with whole wheat spaghetti noodles. tneilson 2011-07-16T21:14:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Perfect! For those who found the taste a little bitter, don't be afraid to use the kosher salt-I added a little extra and the flavor was perfect. Try it, it works! bakersdozn 2011-07-16T10:23:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Very good! Better than the pesto I had in Venice, Italy! Amanda L. 2011-07-10T21:18:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I enjoyed this recipe but will cut the olive oil next time. It was way too much. Other than that...delicious! thanks liquidfaith 2011-07-08T06:22:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I followed the recipe, except ended up using a bit less olive oil. I used the first 1/2 cup oil called for, but then just topped off the pesto with a thin layer of oil (about 2 T. after adding the cheese and before covering it to refrigerate. We'll use it today and tomorrow. I found that a 4 oz. package of fresh basil from the market = 2 cups packed basil leaves. Also, 1/4 to 1/2 tsp. of Kosher salt seemed right, along with 1/4 tsp. freshly ground pepper. I love it used many ways, but especially with a sourdough baguette and a glass of wine. jean c. 2011-07-03T08:50:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
The ratio of ingredients are perfect! I make double batches when my basil is full, freeze it in small containers and use it throughout the year. My family and friends love when it's pesto making time! Rhonda L. 2011-06-25T14:35:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I susbstituted walnuts for the pine nuts (that China thing and it was delicious.......freezes well and the freshness taste is not lost Mary Q. 2011-06-10T13:04:00Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
PERFECT! Laura L. 2011-05-27T00:29:04Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Easy and delicious! Guest 2011-05-10T20:22:17Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Decent. I adjusted a bit because of what we had from our CSA farmshare - I only had 1 cup of basil, so I used spring garlic (very mild flavor) for the other cup of green. It was tasty, but MUCH tastier after adding the juice of 1 lemon. Add that, and you're golden. Miriam G. 2011-04-26T22:22:37Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Making a Pesto Pasta Salad for dinner tonight... Using this basic pesto recipe, adding some crushed red pepper flakes for some heat and some lemon juice & zest for more flavor + acidity. Going to use whole wheat corkscrew or bowtie pasta and add in cubed fresh mozzarella and halved grape tomatoes. Tiffany C. 2011-04-25T13:16:49Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
I agree with adding some lemon juice Vera C. 2016-09-05T14:00:52Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
How long did you blanch it? Some recipes say 15 seconds, which is too long. Blanch it just until it wilts, which is enough time to deactivate the enzymes. I got nearly 1/3 cup packed blanched leaves for 1 cup unblanched. This recipe calls for 2 cups fresh, so I would use 2/3 cups blanched. Since you will have less volume in the processor, you may need to add a portion of the oil with the other ingredients. The amount to add will vary according to how much you are making and how big your processor is. Try starting with half the oil. If you find your garlic isn't getting chopped enough, give it a rough chop before adding. Hope this helps! Janet H. 2016-07-01T02:26:48Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
When I prepare pesto for freezing, I leave out the cheese and add it when I thaw the frozen pesto. I prepare the pesto exactly the same except with the omission of the cheese. I freeze mine in ice cube trays with topped with olive oil and plastic wrap. Jeanne S. 2016-07-07T13:04:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Add lemon juice Vera C. 2016-09-05T14:01:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
You're absolutely right. Blanching stops the aging process, it will stay green and not turn dark. You have to blanch all vegetables before you freeze them. cathifrattini 2014-09-03T13:30:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Do you use half a lemon and 1/2 cup oil together? zeldababy 2014-08-21T15:12:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Oxidation turns the basil dark. Making sure no air can touch it will keep it green. This means working all the bubbles out of it in your container and wiping the container above the level of the pesto clean before gently spooning (so it doesn't disturb the pesto and mix with it) on enough olive oil to cover it. Then refrigerate. Also, authentic pesto uses raw pine nuts, not too much oil, and is not ground smooth, but rather has a more rustic texture... it is made with a mortar and pestle. Marni Bakst 2014-09-11T20:28:49Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
read the recipe again. southerncooks 2014-08-01T02:41:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
If you add some spinach the pesto won't turn brownish. Kim T. 2014-07-17T00:45:37Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Blanch it first. cathifrattini 2014-09-03T13:30:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Is anyone actually reading the recipe? It says use 1/2 cup oil. MommoB 2014-09-06T14:06:04Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Maybe they updated the recipe? Edward N. 2014-09-12T04:54:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Yes, I re-read it. The recipe calls for 2/3 cup EVOO. Use 1/2 cup to blend in and use remaining if using immediately OR freezing. So recipe says to use a total of 2/3 cup. Dee+11 2014-09-23T13:25:45Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
it says use 1/2 and then add the remaining 2/3 so are you actually reading the recipe?? corrtnneyyy 2014-10-07T21:38:35Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
It only calls for using 1/2 cup of oil. The rest is for topping if freezing it. halcyon 2014-09-23T15:04:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
It only calls for using 1/2 cup. The rest is for topping if freezing it. halcyon 2014-09-23T15:05:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Why are you drying the basil leaves? The recipe calls for fresh. RLane420 2014-08-06T19:18:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Wash basil, yes. But no need to let it dry. I just shake off excess water and use it right away. Dee+11 2014-09-23T13:56:29Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Too much basil. And maybe the basi lost some of its natural sweetness due to age. I fixed that with a bit of sugar to counteract the bitter and a bit of lemon juice, to soften the texture. Mac O'Swaney 2014-04-05T19:16:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
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If you saw the sign Rauchen Verboten in Germany what is not allowed | Signs in German
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Signs in German
Learn how to recognize these all-important signs in German to avoid embarrassment and frustration! Ever walked into the wrong restroom in another country? Had your car towed from a no-parking spot? Been fined for lighting up in a non-smoking area?
Don’t worry, it’s probably happened to all of us at some time or other, but let’s make sure it doesn’t happen in Germany! These words and phrases are also useful to know in case you need to ask if something is open or closed, or explain that something is out of order.
Understanding signs in German
Das Straßenschild
When you buy food in a supermarket and don’t intend to eat it right away it might pay to check the ‘best before date’ to avoid nasty surprises…
Most restaurants have a smoking and a non- smoking area. There is a big discussion in Germany at the moment over whether to ban smoking in public buildings altogether. In the meantime it might be helpful to learn what “Rauchen verboten” means.
Sometimes you will see big bright colored signs in nearly every store window. There must be a sale on…
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On the American railways what is the caboose | Volksmarching - Stuttgart German-American Wandering Club 1972 (SGAWC)
Stuttgart German-American Wandering Club 1972 (SGAWC)
Volksmarching
What is Wandering?
You may find definitions such as: "travelling about without any clear destination". Or: "To ramble without a definite purpose or objective; roam, rove, or stray". When we refer to wandering in our context, we are talking about walking or hiking and yes, we actually do have a goal or destination. While, sometimes we do find ourselves lost or deviating from the path to visit a nearby castle, waterfall, Christmas market, Bier/Wine Festival - Wandering or Volksmarching (people's march) is one of the safest, noncompetitive and most popular, internationally recognized sports. And if that wasn't a mouthful - Volksmarching was founded right here in Germany in the 1960's to meet the needs for a community event that required no special level of fitness and incorporated all ages. By the end of the 1960's the IVV (International Federation of Popular Sports) was formed, covering all volksports: walking, biking, swimming and cross-country skiing. In 1972, the Stuttgart German-American Wandering Club was formed. Since then, we have been hitting the trails all over the world!
What to expect when you show up to a volksmarching event?
First you have to find the "Starthalle". Depending on what time you get there, (earliest usually from 7:00 - 9:00) there will be cars parked all up and down the streets. Sometimes there are parking areas. And sometimes you may have to park a little ways off. The Starthalle is the start place and is where you basically check-in and meet your friends - chat a while - eat and drink a bit. This is also the place where you usually end your walk (there are exceptions). The Starthalle can be small or huge with live music and a real party going on. Sometimes there are so many people, you can actually get lost a little or find yourself just drifting with the crowd.
So, pay attention and look for the sign Startkarten-Ausgabe. If you belong to a club like ours, tell them that you are from Stuttgart (note that some clubs have us listed under A instead of S). The more people that show up to a march from a volkmarching club, the better chance we have at winning a group prize! Also, at this point you must pay for either an orange card or a yellow card. The regular card is without a prize (ohne Medaillen) and is about 2.00 Euros (this card entitles you to get credit for the walk with the DVV/IVV and covers insurance and the free refreshments at the controls — Note that you must fill out the card to ensure insurance coverage). The "Auszeichnung" card is about 4.00 Euros (may vary) but you get a prize or medallion (mit Medaillen). These prizes can be anything. If you do not see them on the table, just ask the person at the table and they will show you. Sometimes the prizes are mugs, plates, fuzzy bunny rabbits, model trucks - you just never know. Once you pay for your start card you can find your friends, eat/drink or just head out and hit the trail. You may want to take your camera as the scenery can be worth capturing.
Along the trail you will need to follow the markings for the distance you wish to complete. These markings can vary greatly (even along the same trail). Most marking is with colored tape, which may be around poles or trees or stuck to any surface (including the road) or may be tied to a branch or twig. Markings can also vary from signs to sawdust or chalk. Some clubs will have a sign at the start showing which markings belong to which distance. Trail splits (Streckenteilung or Streckentrennung) are normally marked with indications of which distances go in which direction. Pay close attention as sometimes the split is counter-intuitive (e.g. - the 42-km distance may go with the 5-km instead of going with the 20-km). At various points along the trails you will find a control point (Kontrolpunkt or Kontrolle or Stempelstelle). This is where you get your card stamped (to prove you did the walk) and have an opportunity to sit and refresh (free drink of tea or soup, other drinks and food for purchase). There may also be medical personnel at the control. Once you have your stamp and refreshment, follow the signs for your distance to continue along the route (Note that trail splits sometimes occur at or near controls).
Eventually, the trails will take you back around to the finish. Here, you will need to present your completed card for credit (distance and/or event books—can be purchased from the club or the DVV Abzeichenwart). If you purchased the mit Medaille card, take the card and proceed to the Medaille table (after you have your book(s) stamped) in order to get your award. Some clubs will allow you to purchase additional prizes if you find them interesting (Note that some clubs require you to have a control stamp on each card presented for prizes and may limit the number of prizes per person).
Once you have completed the process, sit back and relax at the start/finish hall and partake in the available food, drink and camaraderie!
Before you leave the start/finish hall, look for the Werber area and pick up flyers for future walks (bring some to the monthly club meeting to share with your fellow walkers).
More Information
Volksmarching Vocabulary
Becher
Designated disposal location for your empty plastic drink cups (might be a bag or a pipe/tube).
Bitte die Ampel benützen
Please use the cross walk and pedestrian light when crossing the road.
Die Strecke wird nicht geräumt oder gestreut
Usually seen in winter. The trails haven't been cleared or salted.
Hin(weg) or Rück(weg)
You might see these when the out (Hin) and return (Rück) trails loop back over themselves. These may be written on the ground or pavement.
Hunde an die Leine führen
Dogs must be kept on a leash.
Note: Dogs are allowed at a Volksmarch, but they should be kept on a leash near Starthalle and Control Points. And they always must be kept on a leash in and near woods and nature protection areas.
Hundebar or Hundewasser
Water for your four-legged companion.
Karte (or Startkarte) bitte persönlich vorlegen
Each walker is to personally give their card to the person at the control to be stamped.
Kinderwagenstrecke or kinderwagengerecht
An easier detour along the trail for strollers.
Kontrolle nach 100m or Kontrollstelle 100m or Stempelstelle
You are approaching a control. Note that clubs don't usually measure out the distance, it can be 50 meters or 400 meters to the actual control. The control may also be off of the trail, so keep your eyes open.
Rauchen (im Wald) verboten
Smoking (in the woods) forbidden.
Note: Smoking is always forbidden in and near woods and nature protection areas.
Rollstuhl or Rollstuhlstrecke
Denotes trails that are wheelchair friendly.
Streckenteilung or Streckentrennung
Means that the trails are splitting. Pay attention to the direction your intended distance is going, the trails might not go the way you expect and the longest trail might stay with the shortest trail.
Stufe or Treppe
Warning that you are coming up on a section of steps.
Vorsicht Hauptstraße
Warning, main road. Check for cars before crossing. Walk on the side of the road if the trail follows it.
Wurzel
Watch out for tree roots.
Volksmarching Abbreviations in the DVV Terminliste and on the DVV website
W (Wandern)
Swimming offered
JWT (Kinder- und Jugendwandertag)
Young Walkers Series - Kids (16 and younger) get special prizes, often based on answering questions posted along the trail
GTW (Geführte Tageswanderung)
Guided Volksmarch - No trail markings, a guide from the hosting club leads the walkers
mit AW (mit Abendwanderung)
with Evening Walk - there is also a walk offered that starts at 1600 or later from the same starting point and can be finished after nightfall
nur AW (nur Abendwanderung)
only Evening Walk - there is only a walk offered that starts at 1600 or later from the same starting point and can be finished after nightfall
AR (Abendradfahren)
Evening Bicycle Trail - there is a bicycle trail offered that starts at 1600 or later from the same starting point and can be finished after nightfall
* (kinderwagengerechte Strecke)
At least one of the trails is stroller friendly (normally the shorter one(s))
FW (Fackelwanderung)
Torch Walk (flashlight or open flame)
5, 10, 20 km
Offered trail distances
5 km = 3.11 miles; 6 km = 3.73 miles; 10 km = 6.21 miles; 11 km = 6.84 miles; 12 km = 7.46 miles; 20km = 12.43 miles; 21km = 13.05 miles; 22km = 13.67 miles; 30km = 18.64 miles; 42km/Marathon = 26.22 miles; 50km = 31.07 miles
German Region Abbreviations for Volksmarching Events
B (Berlin)
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What type of bird is a White Holland | Heritage Turkey Breeds: Which One is Right for You?
Heritage Turkey Breeds: Which One is Right for You?
11/10/2009 10:20:31 AM
Tags: poultry , turkey ,
It’s the time of year when people are thinking “turkey.” So, this is a good time to compare six heritage breeds of turkeys that we raise. We have been raising heritage turkeys for quite a few years now. It started with a pair of Midget Whites; our most recent addition is the Standard Bronze. At any time, we have approximately 100 turkeys on the farm.
We raise Midget White, Beltsville Small White, White Holland, Royal Palm, Bourbon Red and Standard Bronze turkeys. We originally planned to raise a small flock of turkeys for meat, but we liked them so much that one breed was not enough. The more we researched, the more we wanted to help preserve some of the rare breeds. Here’s a brief history of the breeds that we raise, listed by size small to large.
Midget White
In the 1960s, J. R. Smyth Jr., who holds a doctorate in poultry genetics and served on the faculty at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., developed the Midget White as a small meat turkey. Unfortunately, they never really caught on and the flock was dispersed. (Read A History of the Midget White Turkey .) The Midget White and the Beltsville Small White were the only 2 breeds specifically bred for the modern poultry market; the others are much older breeds and were developed on a more local or geographic level. The Midget White was never accepted into the American Poultry Association (APA).
Mature toms (males) weigh 16 to 20 pound; hens, 8 to 12 pounds. The Midgets are easily the favorite at our table because they taste great, and we rank them No. 1. This breed also received the most votes at the second annual “Timeless Turkey” taste test of nine heritage breeds at Ayrshire Farm .
Midge Whites lay a surprisingly large egg for a small hen, which can cause prolapse problems with young hens on the first laying cycle. They tend to be early layers but go broody quickly, are good sitters and do well raising poults (babies). They have a calm nature. The hens can be fence-jumpers because of their light weight. For more information on Midget Whites, read Why the Midget White Turkey is the Perfect Homestead Turkey .
Beltsville Small White
The Beltsville Small White was developed in the 1930s by Stanley Marsden and others. At the height of popularity the Beltsville Small White was the No. 1 selling turkey in the United States, outselling all the other breeds. Its success was short lived, as Broad Breasted turkeys became more popular because of shorter growing time and larger size. Beltsville Small Whites were recognized by the APA in 1951.
These birds are the same size as the Midget White, or maybe a few pounds heavier. They have wider breasts. A very nice table bird, they have the classic turkey appearance; however, we rank them fourth in taste as they have a more bland flavor than the others. They are the most prolific layers and outlay all our other breeds combined. The younger hens show little interest in sitting, but the more mature hens are more inclined to hatch eggs and be good mothers. They are the most standoffish of the breeds we raise; they show little interest in us except at feeding time.
White Holland
The White Holland is the oldest breed we raise. White feathered turkeys were brought to Europe by the early explorers. The white turkeys were bred in Holland where they were given their name; from there they returned to the colonies with the early settlers. Also a popular meat bird that was pushed out by the Broad Breasted, they were recognized by the APA in 1874.
Toms mature to 30 pounds, and hens weigh about 20 pounds. We rank the White Holland No. 3 on our scale, due to the size and shape of the dressed bird; they show their history of being a popular meat bird in the past. White Hollands are the calmest of the varieties we raise and are a great choice for someone who doesn’t have experience raising turkeys. They’re good setters and mothers but they sometimes break eggs by stepping on them because the hens are so large.
Royal Palm
The Royal Palm is the only breed we raise that is not specifically raised as a meat turkey but more of an ornamental type. The breed dates to the 1920s and ’30s. With the black and white color pattern, their appearance is striking. They were recognized by the APA in 1977.
Mature Royal Palm toms weigh about 18 to 20 pounds; hens, 10 to 14 pounds. They are a fine table bird. We rank them sixth, not because of taste but the breast meat is less developed. They are calm birds, but the hens tend to wander and can fly over most fencing easily. They are prolific egg layers and tend to go broody quickly. They are solid sitters and do well raising poults.
This breed won first place among the panel of judges at the second annual “Timeless Turkey” taste test. The qualities noted by the judges were “superior depth of flavor in both its white and dark meat.”
Bourbon Red
Bourbon Red turkeys are named for Bourbon County in Kentucky, where J. F. Barbee developed them in the late 1800s. Bronze, White Holland and Buff turkeys were bred together to develop the Bourbon Red. They were recognized by the APA in 1909.
Toms weigh about 30 pounds; hens, 12 to 14 pounds. The Bourbon Red is ranked No. 2 on our taste scale. They are curious turkeys. Anything in their area is subject to close examination by them. They are calm and often underfoot during feeding time. They’re good sitters and mothers, but also tend to go broody early.
Standard Bronze
Most people will describe Standard Bronze when asked, “What does a turkey look like?” This old breed dates to the 1800s or earlier. They were recognized by the APA in 1874.
These are large turkeys. Toms weigh about 35 pounds; hens, 20 pounds. They rank No. 5 on our taste scale but only because of the dark feathers. They don’t dress as cleanly as a white-feathered turkey. Even though the size makes some visitors nervous, Bronze turkeys are docile. They’re good layers but tend to be less broody then the others. And they tend to break eggs in the nest. They are protective mothers when raising poults.
Is one variety better than another? I would have to say, “No.” Each has its own strengths and weaknesses — even quirks. Big birds, small birds, for the table or eye candy — there is a turkey breed for everyone. Here at S and S Poultry we always say, “Everybody loves a turkey.” The more time you spend with them, the more you can see individual traits in each one.
There is a lot of misinformation about turkeys. For example, they don’t look up and drown in the rain. They are not that hard to hatch and raise, but they are sensitive to clean and proper brooding and management techniques. A little research and planning goes a long way to success. We are passionate about the heritage breeds and want to see them preserved.
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Which is the largest of The Great Lakes | White Holland - Porter's Rare Heritage Turkeys
Porter's Rare Heritage Turkeys
White Holland Turkeys
The White Holland is a white-feathered variety that originated in Europe, perhaps, though not certainly, in Holland. It was developed from Mexican turkeys brought to Europe from the Americas beginning in the 1500s. This population is likely to have included birds of many colors, including black, bronze, and white. In some countries there was a prejudice against white turkeys as more vulnerable to predation and disease, though white turkeys were favored in Holland and Austria. They were documented in England in the early 1800s and imported to the United States not long afterward. The White Holland variety was accepted into the Standard in 1874. This variety became popular and has been important commercially in this country.
The White Holland turkey is showy in appearance, with snow white feathers .The beard is black; the beak is pink to horn colored; and the throat and wattles are pinkish-white. Shanks and toes are pinkish-white. The original eye color was supposedly blue but the A.P.A. standard calls for dark brown eyes. The White Holland's advantage has been its lack of dark pin feathers and this trait often led to market advantage even though the birds were not as large as the Bronze.
The White Holland was the only commercial white variety in the first half of the 1900s. They can breed naturally unlike the commercial Broadbreasted white,which normally has to be artificially inseminated to be able to reproduce.
The A.P.A. standard calls for mature weights of 36 pounds for toms and 20 pounds for hens.
White Holland Genotypes:
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Which Scottish international footballer was killed by lightning on Enfield Golf Course | john white - fact file
john white - fact file
FULL NAME : JOHN ANDERSON WHITE
Born on 28th April 1937 in Musselburgh, Lothian, Scotland.
Height : - .m (5' 8")
Weight : - - kgs (10st 8lbs)
One of the most sublime talents who played for Spurs, John White was cruelly killed when in his prime, aged 27, in a freak accident; struck by lightning while out for a game of golf on a local course in Enfield.
All that was left for Tottenham fans to remember him by were the grainy images of his flitting runs and perceptive passes, which added to his nickname of "the Ghost" as he moved with all the stealth of a ephemeral figure across the pitch. But despite this moniker he was labelled with, there was more substance to the man than just a slight build and the ability to drift through a game without being picked up by opponents.
Born in Scotland, White was an excellent athlete at a young age and started his career at Alloa Athletic and moved onto Falkirk. White received a signing on fee of �20 from Falkirk, which he handed straight to his mother, but, when his club were relegated in 1959, he was one of a number of players who were touted to be available to move on. A thin young man, many clubs were deterred from acquiring his services, as they feared he would not withstand the rigors of English football, but ever the thorough manager, Bill Nicholson took Dave Mackay's and Danny Blanchflower's advice on the player and contacted his army sergeant. In National Service at the time, White was given a glowing reference, including testimony about his cross-country running, which was evidence of his stamina that his size belied.
Nicholson moved fast to snap up the forward, with other clubs closing in on his signing, bringing him to White Hart Lane from Falkirk for �20,000 in October 1959, but he still had to finish his time with the Army and was required to commute to Scotland to finish his duty.
Initially, he found it difficult to play his normal game from inside right, where Nicholson started him, also suffering home-sickness, until taken in by Assistant Manager Harry Evans, whose daughter was to become John's wife. While scoring for Tottenham on his debut, John continued to get among the goals, but not contributing as many as he used to get in Scotland. A change is position came with Les Allen's arrival from Chelsea, which saw White move out wide to a slot in the side where he linked with Tommy Harmer on that flank. They were of similar stature, but different in their approach to the game. White's simplicity contrasted with Harmer's flamboyant style, but they made a formidable pairing. But the manager was keen to make the team more incisive and the more cutting passing of White was preferred over the slower, dribbling method used by Harmer.
White's ability to see players in space or where they were about to run coupled with his accurate passing made him a forward's dream. He put the ball exactly where they wanted it and his manipulation of the ball to keep moves going forward ensured that opposing teams were on the back foot. Despite pitched being muddy, lumpy and bumpy, White had great control and could take the ball past players too, making him a player who was very hard to read, with his movement over the ground being almost floating in appearance, giving him the Ghost nickname. But there was a strength within him that withstood the toughest tackles and also packed a powerful shot when required.
His contribution in the Double season was immense, being an ever-present to provide a continuity in his position, with a large number of assists to his grateful forwards. White was instrumental in Tottenham's success in this period, with the FA Cup retained in 1962 and the European Cup Winners Cup victory in 1963. He became a regular for his country and also was selected to play for the Football League representative side.
Those who saw him play reckon he was one of the best players of his generation and would have gone on to be a greater star as he was reaching his peak as a player. For many, only the grainy black and white footage remains, but it is still possible to determine his ability and skill.
John White died when he was killed by a lightning bolt that hit a tree he was sheltering under while playing golf on Crews Hill Golf course, Enfield, Middlesex, England on 21st July 1964.
He was survived by his wife Sandra, a daughter Mandy and a son Rob.
NICKNAME : The Pale Ghost
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Which of Henry V111's wives was known as The Flanders Mare | Tom English: Dave Mackay the man and golf's perception issue - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Tom English: Dave Mackay the man and golf's perception issue
By Tom English
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There's a picture of Dave Mackay sitting in a makeshift dugout at a changing Stamford Bridge in the mid-1970s. He is manager of Derby County and his eyes are focused on the game.
If you look to his left you see his assistant, Des Anderson, and along the line, sitting in what looks like a sleeping bag, is Roger Davies, the championship winning striker of 1975.
But the eye isn't drawn to Mackay's left, it is drawn to his right, where a young boy, nine or 10 years old, is leaning over a wall alongside the Derby manager.
Clearly, the boy is with the boss. Earlier he had been in the team hotel with the Derby players. He had travelled to the ground in the team bus. He'd been in the dressing room watching Roy McFarland and Kevin Hector and Archie Gemmill getting ready until five minutes before the off, when he went into the corridor to allow Mackay to say his piece.
Tottenham's 1963 European Cup Winners' Cup winning side, featuring Scots Bill Brown (goalkeeper), Dave Mackay (back right) and John White (front row, third from left)
Then he took his place alongside the great man. The boy is not a son, a nephew or family member of any kind, but he's connected all the same.
His name is Rob White and he is the son of John White, the Ghost of White Hart Lane.
At this point in his life, the young man knows little of his late father's greatness. He knows that his dad was Scottish and that he was a footballer, but the full scale of his dad's brilliance is still a mystery to him. He remembers nothing else about him. How could he? He was six months old when his father died.
White embodied skill and wit in the most cherished Spurs team of them all - the historic 1960-61 double-winners that went on to become the first British side to win a European trophy, taking the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. Bill Nicholson's immortals - John White and Dave Mackay among them. Team-mates, friends, Scots together at the Lane.
In 1964, aged just 27, White was killed by lightning when playing golf at Crews Hill in Enfield. The Observer journalist, Peter Corrigan, got through to Mackay in the hours after it happened and recalls one of the game's toughest footballers crying so hard that he had put the phone down.
Years later, when his memory was fading and his health deteriorating, Mackay recounted the day his friend died. He said a man called Tommy Burton broke the news to him first. As soon as he heard, he got in his car and drove to the golf course.
"I got there as fast as I could," Mackay said. "I don't know. I think I just wanted to see him before they took him away. Just to be with him before he went off to the mortuary. I was too late. I sat down by the tree and I was very upset. I looked at it and there were these two burns in a kind of a circle on the bark, about two foot off the ground. It was just unbelievable. It was very, very sad."
Dave Mackay grabs Billy Bremner, but the man himself hated the image this picture portrayed of him
On Monday, the great Mackay left us and as the news came filtering through there were any number of tributes, from big name players of the past to ordinary supporters of his beloved Hearts and his second-love, Spurs, and from Derby fans who will never forget the job he did as their manager in Brian Clough's wake.
Mackay had been a world class player and an unrivalled leader. He was big and strong and had a will to win that took others with him. He was, in every sense, a mighty man.
On Tuesday evening, his former team-mate, Tommy Docherty, was asked where he'd rank Mackay in the list of the greatest Scottish players. "Top five, aye," said The Doc. "And high-up, too."
The image of Mackay that we know and love the most is the one that he himself hated - the one where he's grabbing Billy Bremner by the shirt like a bully in a playground. Mackay was no bully. He was fiendishly hard, but utterly fair. In that moment, he was merely reacting to a bad tackle to a leg that he had already broken twice.
At home on Tuesday, Rob White looked at the picture of the Stamford Bridge dugout and remembered not Mackay the player but Mackay the man. He remembered his kindness. Rob is 51 now and talks of the influence Mackay had on him in his formative years and what he describes as the "great gift" he gave to him.
Dave Mackay factfile
1958: Captains Hearts to the Scottish league title
1959: Joins Tottenham from Hearts in a £32,000 deal
1961: Wins the league and FA Cup double with Tottenham. He won two further FA Cups at Tottenham, in 1962 and 1967
1968: Sold to Second Division Derby County for £5,000, where he helped Brian Clough's side gain promotion to the First Division in his first season
1969: Named joint winner of the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year award
1971: Appointed player-manager of Swindon Town
1972: Becomes manager of Nottingham Forest
1973: Succeeds Brian Clough as manager of Derby County
1975: Leads Derby County to the league title
1977-1995: Manages Walsall, Birmingham City and Doncaster, and a number of clubs in the Middle East
2002: Made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame
2015: Dies aged 80
"My dad had been at Alloa and Falkirk, a hard level," he says. "But then he went down to London and it was another world. He arrived at King's Cross and got two buses across to White Hart Lane and it must have been very reassuring for him to know that Dave was there waiting for him.
"There were three Scots - my dad, Dave and Bill Brown. I love the story of Dave arriving at Spurs and being presented with a silver Jaguar and then going and getting it spray-painted maroon. Hearts was his club, always. But Spurs were so lucky to have him as well.
"He thought the world of my dad and that's part of the reason why he completely went out of his way when he was manager of Derby to make sure I got this incredible immersion into the world of football. I was taken to all of the games in the London area. I met all the superstars of the day.
"I was in the hotel, on the team bus, in the dressing room and in the dugout. It was like I'd won a competition in Shoot! magazine to spend a day with a top team, but it wasn't just one day. I'd be right there with him at Chelsea, Arsenal, QPR, Luton, Fulham, Tottenham.
"The players would come out of the dressing room and file past me and there'd be an overpowering sense of liniment. In 1975 I was brought to Wembley for the Charity Shield - Derby against West Ham - and I'm walking up the tunnel on to the pitch after the players and a security guy says 'Excuse me, son, what are you doing?' And Dave notices and turns around and says, 'He's with me' and carried on walking. And you could see the guy thinking 'If Mackay said it, then it's ok'.
Scotland midfielder Dave Mackay in action for Tottenham against Liverpool in 1968
"Dave looked after me purely because I was John White's son. What he did for me was a really important part of my development because Dave gave me an unbelievable insight into the world my dad would have inhabited. The stadiums, the dressing rooms, the atmospheres. I saw from an early age what dad's life would have been like. It was a gift."
When he heard the news of Mackay's death, there was a twin sadness for Rob White - the loss of a man that had meant so much to him as a boy, and the emotion about the father he never knew.
"I love looking through old pictures of Dave and my father and all that old crew," he says. "There is a sense of shock that the indestructible Mackay has gone but it's tempered by an overwhelming pride and gratitude for the impact he had on my life. Everybody remembers the great footballer, but he was a great man, too."
GOLF'S PERCEPTION PROBLEM
Dan Olsen, the journeyman American golfer, must be a Lewis Carroll fan because on Monday, on ESPN, he went through the looking glass and set a hare running, a March hare so big it wouldn't have been out of place had it fetched up at the Mad Hatter's tea party.
Olsen claimed in an interview that Tiger Woods is currently serving a one-month ban from the game. He said other strange stuff about Woods using a "cheater ball" instead of a ball approved by the PGA Tour. Clearly, Dan was in the mood to unburden himself.
The player said the information about the ban was reliable. "It's not testosterone, but it's something else," said Olsen. "I think when it's all said and done, he (Woods) is gonna surpass Lance Armstrong with infamy."
American golfer Dan Olsen retracted the comments he made about Tiger Woods on television
If you think there's nothing faster on this earth than the speed of light then you haven't seen how quickly the golf establishment can move when a marquee name, and the sport in general, is being traduced.
Trying to get the PGA Tour - or the European Tour for that matter - to engage on the subject of doping is not an easy business, but in the wake of Olsen's bizarre interview they were on it like a flash. Ty Votaw, executive vice-president of the PGA Tour, responded emphatically. "There is no truth whatsoever to these claims," he said. "We categorically deny these claims."
Olsen made wild allegations with zero evidence and later retracted every sentence in a climb-down that could scarcely have been any more mortifying for him. But there is a related issue here and it's an issue of transparency and secrecy.
A while back we contacted the PGA Tour and asked for some details of their dope-testing regime. Golf is becoming an Olympic sport next summer, after all. The game is entering a new world where testers can bang on the door of an elite player in the middle of the night and carry out a test.
Of course, golf lives by different rules to most sports. A positive test elsewhere can lead to a four-year ban. In golf, it can lead to anything the game's authorities want it to lead to. Golf is one of the few sports that is not bound by the World Anti-Doping code.
Tiger Woods has failed to find top form again after returning to golf following surgery
We asked the PGA Tour and the European Tour for data that showed how on top of the threat of doping they have become - number of overall tests in the year just gone, number of tests per tournament, number of times the elite guys were tested and the same for the chasing pack.
We were told by the PGA Tour spokesperson that no specific details could be released. Testing is done at "virtually every PGA Tour event," but the numbers are confidential.
In Europe? Same brick wall. No details of any kind. "We don't divulge this sort of information," said the European Tour.
Nobody is saying that golf has a problem with doping, but unquestionably there's a perception problem. The secrecy on both sides of the Atlantic does the game no good.
Golf may have nothing to hide, but sometimes, through its own lack of transparency, it can appear as if it does.
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What type of creature was the cartoon character Snagglepuss | List of Hanna-Barbera Cartoons the Years and Main Characters - Wildsville Gallery
List of Hanna-Barbera Cartoons the Years and Main Characters
May 15, 2013
The Ruff Reddy Show (1957-1960)
Main Characters
The Huckleberry Hound Show (1958-1962)
Main Characters
The Quick Draw McGraw Show (1959-1961)
Main Characters
Quick Draw McGraw / El Kabong
Baba Looey
The Yogi Bear Show (1961-1962)
Main Characters
The Hanna-Barbera New Cartoon Series (1962)
Main Characters
Lippy the Lion & Hardy Har Har
Touché Turtle and Dum Dum
Wally Gator
Peter Potamus and his Magic Flying Balloon (1964-1965)
Main Characters
The Secret Squirrel Show/The Atom Ant Show (1965-1967)
Main Characters
Frankenstein, Jr. and the Impossibles (1966)
Main Characters
Space Ghost and Dino Boy (1966-1968)
Main Characters
Birdman and the Galaxy Trio (1967-1969)
Main Characters
Johnny Storm (The Human Torch,)
Sue Storm-Richards (The Invisible Girl)
Doctor Doom
Moby Dick and the Mighty Mightor (1967-1969)
Main Characters
The Banana Splits Adventure Hour (1968-1970)
Main Characters
Big Gruesome and Little Gruesome
Professor Pat Pending
Sergeant Blast and Private Meekly
The Ant Hill Mob(Clyde, Danny, Kurby, Mac, Ring-A-Ding, Rug Bug Benny, and Willy)
Luke and Blubber Bear
Scooby-Doo and related spin-offs (1969-present)
Other titles in series:
The Scooby Doo Show (1976 – 1977)
What’s New Scooby-Doo? (2002 – 2005)
The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour (1976)
The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1984)
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988/1991)
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby Doo (1985)
Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! (2006)
The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1972/ 1973)
Scooby and Scrappy-Doo (1979 – 1984)
The Scooby, Scrappy and Yabba Doo Show (1982-1983)
The All-New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show (1983-1984)
Main Characters
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In what year was The Gunpowder Plot | The Addams Family | Addams Family Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Addams Family is a group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . Addams Family characters include Gomez , Morticia , Uncle Fester , Lurch , Grandmama , Wednesday and Pugsley .
The Addamses are a satirical inversion of the ideal American family; an eccentric, wealthy clan who delight in the macabre and are unaware that people find them bizarre or frightening. They originally appeared as a series of single panel cartoons, published in The New Yorker between 1938 and Addams's 1988 death. They have since been adapted to other media, including television series (both live action and animated), films, video games, and a musical .
Contents
Addams's original cartoons were one-panel gags. The characters were undeveloped and unnamed until later versions.
“
Gomez and Pugsley are enthusiastic. Morticia is even in disposition, muted, witty, sometimes deadly. Grandma Frump is foolishly good-natured. Wednesday is her mother's daughter. A closely knit family, the real head being Morticia—although each of the others is a definite character — except for Grandma, who is easily led. Many of the troubles they have as a family are due to Grandma’s fumbling, weak character. The house is a wreck, of course, but this is a house-proud family just the same and every trap door is in good repair. Money is no problem. [1]
”
— Charles Addams
The family appears to be a single surviving branch of the Addams clan. Many other "Addams families" exist all over the world. According to the film version, the family credo is, Sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc (pseudo-Latin: "We gladly feast on those who would subdue us"). Charles Addams was first inspired by his home town of Westfield, New Jersey, an area full of ornate Victorian mansions and archaic graveyards. [2]
They live in a gloomy mansion adjacent to a cemetery and a swamp at 0001 Cemetery Lane. In The New Addams Family, the address was changed to 1313 Cemetery Lane. [3] In the Addams Family musical , first shown in Chicago in 2009, the house is located in Central Park. [4]
Although they share macabre interests, the Addamses are not evil. They are a close-knit extended family. Morticia is an exemplary mother, and she and Gomez remain passionate towards each other. She calls him "Bubele", [5] to which he responds by kissing her arms, behavior Morticia can also provoke by speaking a few words in French (the meaning is not important — any French will do). The parents are supportive of their children. The family is friendly and hospitable to visitors, in some cases willing to donate large sums of money to causes, despite the visitors' horror at the Addams's peculiar lifestyle.
Addams Family characters
Main article: Gomez Addams
Gomez Addams was the master of the Addams household and the Addams patriarch, married to Morticia and the father of Wednesday and Pugsley . In the 60's sitcom, he was Grandmama's son, but this was retconned in the 1991 film, and he became Grandmama's son-in-law instead, staying true to the comics. Also retconned in the films, he became the younger brother of Fester instead of his nephew-in-law. In the original cartoons in the New Yorker, he appeared tubby, snub-nosed and with a receding chin.
In the 1960s television series, Gomez was portrayed as a naive, handsome, and successful man, although with a childlike, eccentric enthusiasm for everything he did. For instance, his personal portrait depicted him as standing gleefully on his head. Though a peaceful man, he was known to be well-versed in many types of combat; he and Morticia fenced with foils sometimes.
Gomez professed endless love for his wife, Morticia. He had studied to be a lawyer, but rarely practiced, one of the running jokes being that he took great pride in losing his cases. He was also pleased with the fact that his law class had voted him the man "Least Likely to Pass the Bar".
Gomez was depicted as extremely wealthy, through inheritance and extensive investments, but he seemed to have little regard for money. Although he invested in the stock market, to the point where there was a ticker tape machine in the livingroom, he played the market primarily to lose, or else invested in odd schemes that inadvertently paid off big (swamp land found to have oil under it, etc.). One novel claimed Gomez became wealthy through his ghoulish sense of humour, when he discovered it was possible to make a killing in the stock market. Despite his macabre sense of humour, he was extremely generous, and would go out of his way to help those whom he considered friends.
Gomez is of Castilian origin, loved to smoke cigars, and would play destructively with his model trains. Of the names which Charles Addams suggested for the family, "Gomez" was the only one that was not "ghoulish" (in the manner of Morticia or Fester). When asked why he suggested the name Gomez for the character, Addams replied that he "thought he [the character] had a bit of Spanish blood in him." However, Addams had trouble deciding whether the character should be Spanish or Italian. He decided that if he were Spanish he should be called "Gomez", but if Italian he would be "Repelli" (even though Gomez and Repelli are actually surnames). The final choice of first name was left up to actor John Astin . [6] Gomez was typically seen wearing conservative businesswear long out of fashion, such as pinstripe suits and spats.
Morticia
Main article: Morticia Addams
Morticia Addams (née Frump) was the matriarch of the Addams Family, a slim woman with pale skin, clad in a skin-tight black hobble gown with octopuslike tendrils at the hem. Certain sources suggested she may be some kind of vampire. She adored her husband, Gomez, as deeply as he did her.
Pugsley and Wednesday
Main article: Pugsley Addams
Gomez and Morticia had two children, a son called Pugsley and a daughter called Wednesday . Wednesday was said to have been named after the phrase, "Wednesday's child is full of woe," from the poem Monday's Child. Her middle name, Friday, corresponds to the 1887 version of the poem. In the television show she was a sweet-natured, innocent, happy child, largely concerned with her fearsome pet spiders. A favorite toy was her Marie Antoinette doll, which Pugsley had guillotined. The movies gave Wednesday a much more serious and mature personality with a deadpan wit and a morbid fascination with trying to physically harm, or possibly murder, her brother (she was seen strapping him into an electric chair, for example, and preparing to pull the switch); she was apparently often successful, but Pugsley never died. Like most members of the family, he seemed to be inhumanly resilient.
For his part, Pugsley was largely oblivious of the harm his sister tried to inflict on him, or an enthusiastic supporter of it, viewing all attempts as fun and games. In his first incarnation in the New Yorker cartoons, Pugsley was depicted as a diabolical, malevolent boy-next-door. In the television series, he was a devoted older brother and an inventive and mechanical genius. In the movies he lost his intelligence and independence, and became Wednesday's sidekick and younger brother, cheerfully helping her in her evil deeds.
In the animated series, Wednesday became a happy and somewhat optimistic child, while retaining her sophisticated manner from the movies, and Pugsley became a genius at chemistry — especially explosives — and machines, though his intelligence seemed undeveloped at times.
The children appeared to be home-taught, receiving all the education they required from Grandmama or Uncle Fester. An attempt to enroll them in the local elementary school did not work out initially, but in later episodes of the television series, they are depicted as attending it.
In the first movie, the children attended an elementary school and Wednesday was praised for her performance. Both children performed in school plays with their uncle's help. In the second movie, they are on summer vacation from school.
In the stage musical, Wednesday was aged to about 18 years old, while Pugsley was kept as a young child.
Uncle Fester
Main article: Uncle Fester
Fester is a bald, barrel-shaped man with dark, sunken eyes and a devilish grin. He seemed to carry an electrical charge, as he could illuminate a light bulb by sticking it in his mouth. In the original television series, Fester was Morticia's uncle. In the 1991 film and all subsequent animated and film media, Fester was Gomez's older brother. The character played a central role in both of the first two feature films. In The Addams Family, Fester was reunited with the other Addamses after 25 years apart, while The Addams Family Values focused on his relationship with Deborah "Debbie" Jellinsky.
Grandmama
Main article: Grandmama
Not to be confused with Granny Frump
Grandmama is Gomez's mother, and is also a witch who deals in potions, spells, hexes, and even fortune-telling. Her trademarks were her shawl and grey, frizzy hair. The 2010 Broadway musical version of The Addams Family poked fun at the inconsistencies of Grandmama's origins. In one scene, Morticia and Gomez both revealed that each believed she is the other's mother. People didn't know about her ghost son, named Eduardo.
Thing T. Thing
Main article: Thing
Another member of the family is the disembodied hand named " Thing ". Thing was Gomez's friend since childhood. He appeared out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed just below the wrist (although no muscle or bone was exposed). He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who also played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, "just to see if anyone noticed". [7]
Lurch
Main article: Lurch
In addition to Thing, the Addams family also had a tall, ghoulish manservant named Lurch . Lurch served as a shambling, gravelly-voiced butler, vaguely resembling Frankenstein's Monster although he is a considerable "jack of all trades". He tried to help around the house, although occasionally he botched tasks due to his great size and strength, but is otherwise considered quite a catch by the Addamses for his skill at more personal tasks, such as waxing Uncle Fester's head and amusing the children (to whom he was deeply devoted). Surprisingly, he was often seen playing the harpsichord and organ with a great degree of skill and somewhat uncharacteristic enthusiasm. In Addams Family Reunion , Gomez stated that Lurch is not really an Addams, and Morticia replies that Lurch has parts of many families, and that he has the heart of an Addams. In one episode of the 1960s television series, Lurch's mother, played by actress Ellen Corby , came to visit; she was a short, overbearing little old lady. Lurch, too, had a level of invulnerability; in Addams Family Values, a 20-pound cannonball is dropped from the top of the Addams mansion, landing directly on his head, seemingly with no ill effect. In the original comics, Lurch did not speak. In the sitcom, he was capable of speech; beckoned by the pull of a noose-shaped rope which sounded a thunderous gong, he would answer with a signature monotone, brusque and basso profundo, "You rang?" This was due to actor Ted Cassidy ad-libbing the line while rehearsing a scene early in production of the original TV show. The producers liked it so much that Lurch then became a speaking role. In the theatrical movies, Lurch never spoke, using only grunts, sighs, or simple gesticulations. The New Addams Family returned to the original sitcom style, right down to the noose that rang a gong. In it, Lurch also seemed a little more polite than his earlier counterparts.
Cousin Itt
Main article: Cousin Itt
Cousin Itt (spelled as "Cousin It" in the movies and the pinball game), who frequently visited the family, was short-statured and had long hair that covered his entire body from scalp to floor. He was known to speak in a high-pitched nonsensical gibberish that only the family seemed to understand. In the second animated series, Itt was a super-spy for the U.S. government. He fell in love with Margaret Alford and married her after her husband, Tully , was disposed of by the Addams children. [8] He and Margaret have a child named "What" (from the obstetrician's reaction). [9]
Pets
In the sitcom, references were made to an innumerable collection of bizarre and unconventional creatures such as hawks, bats, and alligators, although there were a handful with some consistency throughout the various media which the characters have subsequently appeared in.
Kitty Kat is the family lion, and can be seen in several 1960s television episodes roaming around the house. (Though not seen in the 1991 film, Gomez can be heard shouting 'Down, Kitty!' while going to the vault to pay Tully, while a lion's roar can be heard.) The entire family regarded Kitty Kat as they would an average housecat, and seemed flummoxed at the notion that Kitty Kat is in any way dangerous.
Pugsley had an octopus called Aristotle , and Wednesday a large collection of spiders, with only one she mentions in particular by name, called Homer. The family also had a pair of piranha named Tristan and Isolde, who lived in a fish tank, and a vulture named Zelda (changed to Muerto for the first film).
Cleopatra is an African Strangler, a carnivorous plant, belonging to Morticia. The plant eats meatballs made of yak and other tasty meats specially prepared, and (more often than not) spoon-fed to her. In a season 1 episode, "The Addams Family Meets the V.I.P.'s", Gomez stated that Cleopatra is only 3 years old. At another point in the series, however, it's said that Morticia had Cleopatra before she and Gomez married, having grown her from a seedling.
In the musical , the family had a pet giant squid named Bernice, that, one night, crawled up from the toilet. She lived in the sewers beneath the house, and appeared in the grotto. Only her tentacles were shown.
Adaptations
Main article: The Addams Family (TV Series)
In 1964, the ABC-TV network created The Addams Family television series based on Addams's cartoon characters. The series was shot in black-and-white and aired for two seasons in 64 half-hour episodes (September 18, 1964 – September 2, 1966). During the original television run of the series, The New Yorker editor William Shawn refused to publish any Addams Family cartoons, though he continued to publish other Charles Addams cartoons. Shawn regarded his magazine as targeting a more refined readership, and did not want it associated with characters who could be seen on television by just anybody. After Shawn's 1987 retirement, the characters were welcomed back to The New Yorker.
Main article: Wednesday Is Missing
The Addams Family's first animated appearance was on the third episode of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies, " Wednesday Is Missing " (a.k.a. "Scooby-Doo Meets the Addams Family"), which first aired on CBS Saturday morning September 23, 1972. Four of the original cast ( John Astin , Carolyn Jones , Jackie Coogan , and Ted Cassidy ) returned for the special which involved the Addamses in a mystery with the Scooby-Doo gang. The Addams Family characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons. After the episode aired, fans wanted more animated adventures featuring the Addamses, and Hanna-Barbera obliged.
Main article: The Addams Family (animated 1992)
The remake series ran on Saturday mornings from 1992–1993 on ABC after producers realized the success of the 1991 Addams Family movie. This series returned to the familiar format of the original series, with the Addams Family facing their sitcom situations at home. John Astin returned to the role of Gomez, and celebrities Rip Taylor and Carol Channing took over the roles of Fester and Granny, respectively, while veteran voice actors Jim Cummings , Debi Derryberry , Jeannie Elias and Pat Fraley did the voices of Lurch, Wednesday, Pugsley and Cousin Itt. New artistic models of the characters were used for this series, though still having a passing resemblance to the original cartoons. Two seasons were produced, with the third year containing reruns. Oddly in this series, Wednesday maintained her macabre, brooding attitude from the Addams Family movies, but her facial expressions and body language conveyed the happy-go-lucky, fun attitude of her portrayal in the original television show. An altered version of the original Vic Mizzy theme song was used for the opening.
Main article: The New Addams Family
The New Addams Family was filmed in Vancouver, Canada, and ran for 65 episodes during the 1998–1999 season on the then newly-launched Fox Family Channel. Many storylines from the original series were reworked for this new series, incorporating more modern elements and jokes. John Astin returned to the franchise in some episodes of this series, albeit as "Grandpapa" Addams (Gomez's grandfather, a character introduced in Addams Family Reunion). Pubert's absence in the new series (and possibly Addams Family Reunion) was explained in an early episode when Wednesday mentioned that "There were three of us, but Pugsley ate the little one." The cast included Glenn Taranto as Gomez Addams, Ellie Harvie as Morticia, Michael Roberds as Fester, Brody Smith as Pugsley, Nicole Fugere (the only cast member from Addams Family Reunion to return) as Wednesday, John DeSantis as Lurch, Betty Phillips as Grandmama and Steven Fox as Thing.
Films
Main article: The Addams Family (1991)
In the 1990s, Orion Pictures (which by then had inherited the rights to the series) developed a film version, The Addams Family (recorded on October 30-31, 1989 and released on November 22, 1991). Due to the studio's financial troubles at the time, Orion sold the US rights to the film to Paramount Pictures.
Main article: Addams Family Values
Upon the last film's success, a sequel followed: Addams Family Values (released on November 19, 1993, with worldwide distribution by Paramount). Loosened content restrictions allowed the films to use far more grotesque humor that strove to keep the original spirit of the Addams cartoons (in fact, several gags were lifted straight from the single panel cartoons).
Main article: Addams Family Reunion
Another film, Addams Family Reunion , was released direct-to-video on September 22, 1998, this time by Warner Bros. through its video division. It has no relation to the Paramount movies, being in fact a full-length pilot for a second live-action television version, The New Addams Family, produced and shot in Canada. The third movie's Gomez, played by Tim Curry , follows the style of Raúl Juliá, while the new sitcom's Gomez, played by Glenn Taranto , is played in the style of John Astin, who had played the character in the 1960s.
Spin-offs
Two animated television spin-offs have been produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions.
Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , a family of fictional characters inspired by The Addams Family appeared on the Snagglepuss and Snooper and Blabber animated television series beginning in 1959 and starred in their own comic book.
During the first season of the 1960s The Addams Family television show, a Stone Age version of the Addams Family called The Gruesomes moved next door to The Flintstones .
Video games
Main article: The Addams Family (video game series)
Five video games released from 1989 to 1994 were based on The Addams Family.
Fester's Quest (1989) was a top-down shooter that featured Uncle Fester saving the world from an alien invasion.
In 1992, two versions of The Addams Family were released by Ocean Software based on the 1991 Movie; an 8-Bit version for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Sega Master System, Sega Game Gear, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, as well as a 16-Bit version released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Amiga, Atari ST and Sega Mega Drive. ICOM Simulations published The Addams Family video game for the TurboGrafx-CD in 1991.
The games' sequel, The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt (1993), also by Ocean Software, was based on the ABC animated series and was released for NES, SNES and Game Boy (although the later two were just 8-bit remakes of the first SNES game, swapping Pugsley and Gomez's roles).
Addams Family Values (1994) by Ocean was based on the movie's sequel and returned to the style of gameplay seen in Fester's Quest.
A Game Boy Color game was released in the 1990s for promotion of The New Addams Family. The game was simply titled The New Addams Family Series . In this game, the Addams mansion had been bought by a fictional company called "Funnyday" that wanted to tear down the house and surrounding grounds to make room for an amusement park.
Pinball
A pinball game by Midway (under the Bally Technologies label) was released in 1992 shortly after the movie. It is the best-selling pinball game of all time. [11]
Books
Main article: Books
There are many books associated with The Addams Family. Many of Charles Addams' original cartoons from The New Yorker were collected into books. Novels have been written about the Family. The television and film productions have been featured in many books and magazines, and spoofed in others.
Advertising
In 1994, the actors cast as the Addamses in the first two films (sans the recently-deceased Raúl Juliá) were in several Japanese television spots for the Honda Odyssey. [12] The Addamses—most prominently Gomez (for whom a voice actor was used to impersonate Juliá while footage from Addams Family Values was seen) and Morticia—are seen speaking Japanese. [13]
In 2007 and 2008, the Addams Family appeared as M&Ms in an advertising campaign for M&Ms Dark Chocolate. [14]
Musicals
Main article: The Addams Family (musical)
In May 2007, it was announced that a musical inspired by The Addams Family was being developed for the Broadway stage. Broadway veterans Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice wrote the |book, and Andrew Lippa wrote the score. Julian Crouch and Phelim McDermott (Improbable Theater founders) directed and designed the production, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo. [15] A workshop and private industry presentation was held August 4–8, 2008. Featured in the cast were Bebe Neuwirth as Morticia, Annaleigh Ashford as Wednesday, and Nathan Lane as Gomez. In addition, Kevin Chamberlin played Fester and Zachary James played Lurch.
The musical opened in previews at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway on March 8, 2010, with an official opening on April 8, [16] after an out-of-town tryout in Chicago at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts from November 13, 2009 to January 10, 2010. [17] [18] The cast includes Lane as Gomez, Neuwirth as Morticia, Terrence Mann as Mal Beineke, Carolee Carmello as Alice Beineke, Chamberlin as Uncle Fester, Jackie Hoffman as Grandmama, Zachary James as Lurch, Krysta Rodriguez as Wednesday, and Wesley Taylor as Wednesday's love interest, Lucas Beineke. [19]
Cast
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For which fictitious Football Team did Roy of the Rovers play | Roy of the Rovers - Total Football - Part 11
Roy of the Rovers - Total Football - Part 11
Melchester Rovers continue their fine form with a win in the League Cup Quarter Final. While Roy joins Rocky in the States before the MLS Cup Final.
Copyright: © All Rights Reserved
Roy of the Rovers – Total FootballPart 11
Johnny Twist was sent off for a professional foul on Jamie Marshall - angering Eastoke manager Danny Nokes
Melchester Rovers see off League One opponents
Cleary scores first Rovers goal
Burgess and Jacobs pick up injuries
Eastoke centre-back !ist sent off Lucas Cleary struck his first Melchester Rovers goal !ith a brilliant free-kick tohelp secure a League Cup se"i-final place !ith a !in at #$-"an Eastoke%
Harry Jacobs put the Premier League leaders in front and Cleary made it 2-0. Robert Fabiengae !asto"e hope# but Johnny $%ist %as harshly sent off before Jamie &arshall %rapped up ictory.
&elchester centre-bac" &i"e 'urgess suffered a head in(ury and %inger Harry Jacobs hobbled off# but neither %as a serious problem# boss Johan )eegrun said.!asto"e centre-bac" $%ist had a night to forget# haing gien the ball a%ay before Jacobs e*changed passes %ith +re% Po%ell and drilled a perfectly-placed shot into the corner of thenet for &elchester,s 2rd-minute opener. 'ut the defender %as unluc"y to be sent off seen minutes after Fabien had pulled them bac" into the match. Referee James reen ruled that $%ist had committed a professional foul by dragging bac" &arshall# although there %as no clear appeal from the for%ard - to the e*tent that it loo"ed at first as if "eeper Leo Forte had been penalised for handling the ball as he slid outside of his penalty area.
&igh five'
&elchester Roers are loo"ing to %in the League Cup for a fifth time# haing lifted the trophy in /1# /34# /31 and 2002$he red card destroyed !asto"e,s momentum (ust as they %ere threatening to drag themseles bac" into the match. 5nd any hopes of a reial %ere ended %hen &arshall slammed in the rebound from eight yards after Forte had parried +e Loon,s shot.6ntied %or"ed hard in the opening 20 minutes to hold off a strong &elchester side# %ith Po%ell retained in a line-up sho%ing si* changes to the one that beat Redsto"e 2-0 in the Premier League on )aturday.Jacobs, opener roc"ed +anny 7o"es8 League 9ne promotion hopefuls# though# and the isitors could hae gone further in front as Cleary fired an effort straight at Forte and 7ic" $homas bloc"ed a +ic"son shot.$he match %as held up for seeral minutes at the end of the first half as 'urgess %as "noc"ed to the ground in a collision %ith his goal"eeper &ar" &c+ermott as Roers defended a corner. $he :rish defender needed lengthy treatment on the pitch before he %as ;anteied off.
League Cup se"i-finalists
| Melchester Rovers |
Which country manufactures the Silkworm Missile | Roy Of The Rovers Ruined The English Game - Sabotage Times
Football
Roy Of The Rovers Ruined The English Game
From Gazza to Wazza, footballing talismen have become the stuff of legend in this country, thanks in no small part to Roy Race and his animated heroics. But is this dependance on one mercurial man the main reason "the continentals" are beating us at our own game?
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From Gazza to Wazza, footballing talismen have become the stuff of legend in this country, thanks in no small part to Roy Race and his animated heroics. But is this dependance on one mercurial man the main reason "the continentals" are beating us at our own game?
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The early 1950s saw English football suffer several hammer blows from which it has arguably never recovered. In 1950, the national team was knocked out of their first-ever World Cup by a gaggle of part-time chancers representing the USA: a pot washer, a hearse driver, some postmen and a Haitian accountant. In 1953, England were finally beaten at home by Johnny Foreigner, the little fat chaps of Hungary popping over to Wembley to hand their haughty hosts a 6-3 skelping. Ferenc Puskás and the lads went one better the following year, dishing out a record 7-1 whipping in Budapest, a humiliation arguably topped later in 1954 when England were shamed at the World Cup again, this time losing 4-2 to eight fit Uruguayans.
These incidents knocked the stuffing out of the English, who had previously considered themselves the cocks of the walk when it came to the game they invented. But they had been given a rude awakening. It was time to go back to the drawing board. In this they were not alone: the Brazilians , for example, had been outthought by Uruguay in 1950 and outfought by Hungary in 1954, so came up with the 4-2-4 to land the 1958 and 1962 World Cups. England too put their thinking caps on, Alf Ramsey eventually working out that repeatedly shuttling the ball out wide to a wiry gent who reeked of pomade and pre-match eggnog was a tactic that had been old since 1928. There would be benefits to this come the sixties.
But the 1950s had still to plant one ticking time-bomb, one that when exploded would resonate through the ages. Seven months after Hungary had inflicted that record 7-1 defeat on England, someone came along to tell the nation’s kids that English football wasn’t on the bones of its arse. That in fact everything was fine, and would be forever more, so there was no need to worry, or indeed think, about anything. In September 1954, Roy Race signed for Melchester Rovers.
His attitudes to women were barely more sophisticated, marrying Penny and forcing her to follow him around for years like a spare part. Small mercies: at least he never spit-roasted her with Blackie Gray.
Destined to become the greatest cartoon footballer of all time, Racey’s heroic influence on English football would, in fact, over the years prove disastrous. Roy was a good man at heart, virtuous, sporting and honest, attributes rewarded by his popularity with both the fictional Melchester faithful and the millions of young football fans who followed his adventures via the pages of Tiger magazine. He was super-talented, too, able to belt in goals from all angles, usually thundering home one of his trademark Racey’s Rockets in the last minute to save the day. But while his insistence on sportsmanship offered a valuable life lesson for impressionable young readers, his talent for timely goalscoring and pulling irons from fires warped their minds in far more harmful ways.
While little schemers from Italy dreamt of becoming fantasistas, conducting their team-mates to victory from the centre of the park, while South American youths honed their skills and picked up a few street-smarts in the dusty favelas, hoping to put it all together in a gambeta; thanks to Roy Race, English children spent their formative years sat on their arses being taught a very strange lesson: it doesn’t really matter what you do for 89 minutes, because a superhero will turn up eventually, welt the ball into the net, and you can all go home with your cups and medals.
Such was the sermon preached from the Melchester pulpit. In the big games, Rovers were perfectly happy to wing it, knowing Racey would amble along to the rescue at some point. As a result, nobody would bother preparing for anything. More often than not, Melchester would yawn onto the pitch, and end up a goal or two down not long after kick off. A Race-inspired comeback was nearly always on the cards. In one early adventure, Melchester’s French winger Pierre Dupont was kidnapped ahead of a game, and only escaped his captors just in time for kick-off. The match started as he was getting changed, Rovers not giving a toss about kicking off a man light. By the time Dupont arrived on the scene, Rovers were three down. Roy’s hat-trick helped them to a sweet 4-3 win.
England have long pinned their hopes on a Roy Race figure to take them through the big tournaments only to suffer when something went wrong, the country’s mood zipping up and down at the mere crack of a metatarsal.
Years later, having reached a European Cup-Winners Cup final in the mid 1970s, Racey – by now player-manager – simply could not be bothered to scout both sides from the opposite semi, deciding to run the rule over the one team he liked the look of. Sure enough, the team Race ignored and knew bugger all about won through. Once again, Racey did what the English do: shamble about, wing it, hold on for dear life, and grab a late winner.
Tactics were usually non-existent in Roverland. And on the few occasions Race scrawled a few dots onto a blackboard, the results were underwhelming. Here’s his tutorial as caretaker boss to the England squad ahead of a World Cup warm-up match against Holland in 1978: “I don’t think there’s any point in trying to match the continentals for skills. I think we’ve got to believe in ourselves and rely on the things we’re best at: fitness, speed, and POWER IN THE AIR!!!” The cartoonist’s use of bold type illustrated how central these tenets were to Racey’s credo; Gusztav Sebes our hero was not. England still won 5-1, though, and English football stumbled into the 1980s, a jurassic arena in which Harfords and Fashanus roamed the earth freely, creating wanton havoc.
Race was aptly named, trumpeting attitudes to foreigners which could be charitably described as being a good width of Big Ron’s bulbous head to the right of the Daily Mail. In the early years of the 1950s and 1960s – during which he was regularly kidnapped by swarthy Latin types, and once drugged while on tour in Australia by a poison dart launched by an “Abbo” – this take on foreign cultures could just about be explained away by the times, Rovers coming from a country still reeling from loss of Empire. But from the 1970s onwards, there really was no excuse. The “continentals” would regularly be portrayed kicking lumps out of their opponents, deploying cheeky antifútbol tactics that would have put Estudiantes to shame. Even as late as the early 1990s, Italian sides would be depicted surrounding referees demanding sending offs for spurious offences, while the national team of the USA once resorted to utilising hi-tech bugging equipment in the English changing room in order to lug in on whatever vacant nonsense Race was jabbering to his charges at half-time. Racey’s sides, visibly piqued at the saucy boldness of Johnny’s wily ways, would inevitably storm onto the pitch with a steely determination to mete out a few strokes of punishment, the last lash inevitably coming from Racey’s left boot of justice.
English children spent their formative years sat on their arses being taught a very strange lesson: it doesn’t really matter what you do for 89 minutes, because a superhero will turn up eventually, welt the ball into the net, and you can all go home with your cups and medals.
His attitudes to women were barely more sophisticated, marrying Penny, a Rovers office administrator, and forcing her to follow him around for years like a spare part, with no useful function of her own. Small mercies: at least he never spit-roasted her with Blackie Gray.
So, then: instilling into generations of children a disdain for tactics and organisation, a fear of progressive thought, and myopic Little Englander viewpoints. Yep, Racey single-handedly scuppered the progress of English football alright, snipping it off at the bud, warping young minds during those crucial formative years. Don’t believe it? Then see how life subsequently imitated art at the highest level of England’s club and international game. The nation’s most feted European Cup wins are Liverpool’s 2005 miracle of Istanbul, a Melchesteresque tactical cock-up followed by a one-man supershow, and Manchester United ’s 1999 triumph, another organizational balls-up saved only by a last-minute whirlwind. Italians, by way of comparison, may point to Fabio Capello’s Milan coolly dissecting a superb Barcelona team 4-0 in 1994, while the Spanish have Real Madrid’s signature strokes of 1960 to fawn over. As far as we’re aware, Italian or Iberian kids were never lectured by a Roberto or Rafael Race.
As for the national side? England have long pinned their hopes on a Roy Race figure to take them through the big tournaments – from the days of Kevin Keegan and Bryan Robson to the modern era of David Beckham and Wayne Rooney – only to suffer when something went wrong, the country’s mood zipping up and down at the mere crack of a metatarsal. It’s not healthy, this; by any other measurement, that’s manic depression. And consider this: everybody involved in the 1966 World Cup squad, with the possible exception of Alan Ball, would have been too old to bother with comics when Racey made his debut in Tiger. And look what they achieved. Having taken on board the lessons from the Magical Magyars, while remaining blissfully unaffected by the pernicious influence of Roy Race that would stifle subsequent generations, England’s tactically innovative team, built around a system which took precedence over its stars – spare a thought for poor old Jimmy Greaves, the Roy Race of his day – took their country to the top of the world.
"This piece is an extract from The Blizzard, a new quarterly journal of football writing available in print and digital formats on a pay-what-you-like basis from www.theblizzard.co.uk . Edited by Jonathan Wilson, its pilot issue includes articles by a host of top writers including Uli Hesse, Simon Kuper and Gabriele Marcotti."
Click here for our interview with The Blizzard
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Who had a U.K. No 1 in the 90's with Rhythm is a Dancer | Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer (Live at I Love The 90's Party Hasselt 2012) - YouTube
Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer (Live at I Love The 90's Party Hasselt 2012)
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Published on Apr 15, 2012
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Which World War 2 battle may be said to have been fought by slimmers | Patricio Amc, Jason Parker, Matyas Glut, Damon Paul, Simone Mangiapane, Tony T. New Releases: Rhythm Is a Dancer(Summer 2k16 Edition) on Beatport
Catalog 10107421
$8.94
Description Since Damon Paul startet with Sounds United Records in 2012 he released a lot of singles and they all reached high positions in the international dancecharts .
Damon Paul is known as a House-/Bigroom-Style Producer and DJ and especially on 90s Parties SNAP!´s original 90s Cult-Hit ' Rhythm Is A Dancer ' is on his playlist since a long time and he always had the wish to create his own and special Reload-Version of the song . For the vocals he found in Simone Mangiapane ( known from the RTL TV-Show DSDS ) the perfect singer .
In January 2015 he released only a pop-orientated Radio-Mix , but no real Club-Mixes ..
That´s the reason why he reloaded it now with additional House-Remixes and the intention to get 'Rhythm Is A Dancer' also played in the clubs now. A special Chill-Version at the end of the tracklist shall let you dream and relax.
6 Tracks Total
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How would you write 200 in Roman numerals | Roman Numerals
Roman Numerals
Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabet:
I=1
M=1000
There are four basic principles for reading and writing Roman numerals:
1. A letter repeats its value that many times (XXX = 30, CC = 200, etc.). A letter can only be repeated three times.
2. If one or more letters are placed after another letter of greater value, add that amount.
VI = 6 (5 + 1 = 6)
LXX = 70 (50 + 10 + 10 = 70)
MCC = 1200 (1000 + 100 + 100 = 1200)
3. If a letter is placed before another letter of greater value, subtract that amount.
IV = 4 (5 – 1 = 4)
XC = 90 (100 – 10 = 90)
CM = 900 (1000 – 100 = 900)
Several rules apply for subtracting amounts from Roman numerals:
a. Only subtract powers of ten (I, X, or C, but not V or L)
For 95, do NOT write VC (100 – 5).
DO write XCV (XC + V or 90 + 5)
b. Only subtract one number from another.
For 13, do NOT write IIXV (15 – 1 - 1).
DO write XIII (X + I + I + I or 10 + 3)
c. Do not subtract a number from one that is more than 10 times greater (that is, you can subtract 1 from 10 [IX] but not 1 from 20—there is no such number as IXX.)
For 99, do NOT write IC (C – I or 100 - 1).
DO write XCIX (XC + IX or 90 + 9)
4. A bar placed on top of a letter or string of letters increases the numeral's value by 1,000 times.
XV = 15,
| CC |
What are the punched holes on the sides of postage stamps called | Roman Numerals
Roman Numerals
Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabet:
I=1
M=1000
There are four basic principles for reading and writing Roman numerals:
1. A letter repeats its value that many times (XXX = 30, CC = 200, etc.). A letter can only be repeated three times.
2. If one or more letters are placed after another letter of greater value, add that amount.
VI = 6 (5 + 1 = 6)
LXX = 70 (50 + 10 + 10 = 70)
MCC = 1200 (1000 + 100 + 100 = 1200)
3. If a letter is placed before another letter of greater value, subtract that amount.
IV = 4 (5 – 1 = 4)
XC = 90 (100 – 10 = 90)
CM = 900 (1000 – 100 = 900)
Several rules apply for subtracting amounts from Roman numerals:
a. Only subtract powers of ten (I, X, or C, but not V or L)
For 95, do NOT write VC (100 – 5).
DO write XCV (XC + V or 90 + 5)
b. Only subtract one number from another.
For 13, do NOT write IIXV (15 – 1 - 1).
DO write XIII (X + I + I + I or 10 + 3)
c. Do not subtract a number from one that is more than 10 times greater (that is, you can subtract 1 from 10 [IX] but not 1 from 20—there is no such number as IXX.)
For 99, do NOT write IC (C – I or 100 - 1).
DO write XCIX (XC + IX or 90 + 9)
4. A bar placed on top of a letter or string of letters increases the numeral's value by 1,000 times.
XV = 15,
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What would Del boy expect to get if he ordered a Ruby Murray | Restaurant Review | | Page 3
Czech , Prague , Republic , Restaurant , Sansho
Sansho describes itself as ‘Asian Casual Fine Dining’ which sounds contradictory. Having visited, I understand what they are trying to describe – I think ‘Gourmet Asian Casual Dining’ is probably closer. Basically we are talking, gourmet pan-Asian food, served in simple dining space.
I only found out about Sansho a few weeks ago, but apparently it’s been open since 2011. I’ve never seen any publicity, but they obviously don’t need it, as it took those two weeks before I could get a table on a Saturday night.
When we entered, the front of the restaurant was pretty casual, bench-style tables, white walls, eclectic groups of diners – it felt almost like a pub, except that I was aware of the prices and decided these were foodies!
Our table was in the back room – a simple space with white walls, industrial-style lighting, simple tables with tablecloth. But is was quieter and cosier than the front.
Our waitress explained that in the evenings they have a tasting menu rather than á la carte. She then proceeded to describe all the dishes and asked if we had any allergies or strong preferences, as they could substitute some courses. Everything sounded good, although we decided to substitute the pork belly – I’m glad we did, as we had delicious pork Dim Sum instead.
There was no actual menu and no pricing – but I had a pretty good idea from looking at their website. We ordered a bottle of Malbec for around 850Kc. A jug of tap water, with a large slice of cucumber and some mint leaves, was delivered. I like that they don’t try and sell some expensive bottled water.
Each course was really delicious. I could go in to detail about the freshness of the salad, the slow-cooked Beef Rendang and more, but you’re better trying this for yourself.
We weren’t quite sure if there was a pudding. We were full already. Our waitress advised that pudding was available but extra. So we paid the bill – 2700Kc plus tip.
Our waitress was really friendly and happy to chat about the restaurant, the food and the philosophy of the chef. We didn’t feel rushed.
I’d thoroughly recommend Sansho. It’s expensive in a city where you can dine out quite well for 1000Kc. But the food is an obvious step up from those places. If you are a group, go for the front, a couple in the back.
Lunch 11:30 – 14:00 (Tues – Fri)
Dinner 18:00 – 23:00 (Tues – Sat)
Closed Sundays and Mondays
+420 222 317 425 / [email protected] / Petrská 25, 110 00 Praha
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Bernard , Bruselská , Czech Republic , Prague , Pub , U Wébrů
Stanislav Bernard, Josef Vávra and Rudolf Šmejkal took over a bankrupt 16th century brewery in 1991 and started brewing Bernard beer in the town of Humpolec. So Bernard is a new brand in the Czech Republic – especially when compared to Budweiser Budwar (1785) and Gambrinus (1869).
The Bernard beer is pretty good, with plenty of varieties to choose from and the company has expanded into the bar/restaurant business. The Bernard Pub Bruselská is the fifth such pub/restaurant that they have opened in Prague.
The place used to be called U Wébrů and up until a few years ago was a good local bar. But the food went downhill and we stopped visiting. And so I was looking forward to a newly refurbished restaurant with better food.
Barnard have erected a large stand-alone sign outside – I’m actually amazed that the town allowed it. There is a menu of sorts written on it in chalk, but it’s hard to read and only in Czech.
Once inside, the menu looked like someone had thought about providing a good selection of international pub food; fish and chips, burger, risotto, quesadilla, goulash and steaks.
The description for the fish and chips read:
Cod fried in beer batter with home-made chips, vinegar mayonnaise and pressed peas. 155Kc. Sounds delicious and good value doesn’t it? I was also hoping that ‘pressed peas’ was a mistranslation and they really meant mushy peas.
Six of us ordered the fish and chips, one a burger, one risotto and another a goulash.
The fish and chips arrived to immediate disappointment. The batter was overcooked and oily, not light and fluffy as it should be and the chips were anaemic thin-cut McDonalds style that you’d normally see in a frozen food packet. On further inspection, the fish was grey not white. The pressed peas were exactly that, some undercooked peas pressed out of shape using a mortar and pestle.
The risotto was a big sloppy mess. The burger was sad and depressing.
The goulash was good!
We didn’t complain – just won’t eat there again.
The two waitresses were efficient and friendly. It’s just such a shame that the food is so bad – perhaps the old chef from U Wébrů is still in the basement like some phantom?
Bernard Pub Bruselská
Happy New Year to all my family, friends and every visitor to Bug Advisor.
Here are some memorable posts from 2015:
January – has to be the spoof Adele tribute about the demise of the on-board shopping magazine Skymall.
February – I was really happy to write about my visit to the disused London Underground station – Aldwych/Strand.
March – I wrote about my bus trip to the Czech town of Karlovy Vary where we stayed at the Grand Hotel Pupp and ate in two good restaurants; Le Marche and Tusculum .
May – I wrote about our Virgin Atlantic economy flight to Cuba , our hotel in Havana and our hotel in Varadero .
June – I completed my Cuba reviews, with a light-hearted review of the sad Elegante lounge at Havana airport .
July – I wrote about the Alitalia status match program – the offer is still available until January 31st 2016 – you still have time but be quick!
August – I must have realised that I’d strayed away from the original idea for this blog – to provide advice about bugs and travel. So I wrote about a wonderful hornet-killing plant .
September – My favourite discovery in September was the Wine O’clock Shop – Prague, Czech Republic .
October – well I was on holiday for most of October and didn’t get around to writing anything until November. In fact I still haven’t written everything I wanted to cover from my October trip.
November – I wrote about some parts of our trip to Los Angeles, the Wyndham Hotel in Costa Mesa , our AirBnB apartment in Burbank , the fantastic in-n-out burger chain and the Virgin Atlantic Upper Class flight .
December – I visited an amazing nuclear fallout shelter in Prague. I also found that the special Mazací tramvaj (Grease Tram) in Prague had a web cam and a Christmas tree with remote controlled lights.
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Bar , Burbank , California , Grill and Lounge , Los Angeles , Sardos , USA
We were staying in a great AirBnB apartment in Burbank. The local area felt pretty safe and it was only a short walk to a small shopping area with a few restaurants and a bar called Sardos.
The entrance is pretty unassuming, just a door from which it wasn’t possible to see what was happening inside. I could hear some music, singing and cheering and decided to have a look.
I found a lively bar, people signing karaoke, sports on TV and really attractive waitresses. I took a seat at the bar – although there were plenty of tables. A large draft beer was $4.
I was amazed at the quality of the karaoke singing. I guess everyone in LA wants to be a star and wants to show off their talent – just in case some producer is watching. But when someone stepped up with an average performance, they still got the cheers and encouragement from the crowd. The girl running the karaoke machine would also join in and beef up the performance where someone was struggling.
The calendar had various nightly options, although karaoke was a nightly feature. Tuesday night was PSK night – which I later found out was ‘Porn Star Karaoke’. It turns out that on PSK night, the songs are performed by members of the adult movie community – it’s actually just like any other night and turns out some of these porn stars can sing!
They had Sambuca, for I think $7 a good size shot. On each night I was there, I had a few beers and a few sambucas. On my last night, the waitress advised that I’d drunk all the Sambuca – I’m pretty sure the bottle wasn’t new when I started. She showed me the empty bottle and I took this picture:
Below is the Sardos commercial:
If you are staying in the Burbank area, I’d recommend a visit.
Sardos Grill and Lounge
California , Californication , IN-N-OUT Burger , Los Angeles , USA
The In-n-Out Burger chain started in Los Angeles, California and despite a loyal following hasn’t expanded further East than Texas. The reason for the slower expansion is because they don’t franchise their stores and they haven’t gone public. Instead they’ve focussed on food and staff quality – everything fresh, cooked to order, not frozen, no heat lamps and staff paid higher than minimum wage.
I first went to In-n-Out Burger because of the references in the excellent TV Show – Californication , where David Duchovny’s character, Hank Moody’s favourite fast food is In-n-Out Burger.
From Wikipedia:
The In-N-Out menu consists of three burger varieties: hamburger, cheeseburger, and ‘Double-Double’ (two hamburger patties and two slices of cheese). French fries and fountain drinks are available, as well as three flavours of milkshakes. The hamburgers come with lettuce, tomato, with or without onions (the customer is asked upon ordering, and may have them fresh or grilled), and a sauce, which is called “spread” (a Thousand Island dressing variant).
There are, however, additional named items not on the menu, but available at every In-N-Out. These variations reside on the chain’s ‘secret menu,’ though the menu is accessible on the company’s web site. These variations include 3×3 (which has three patties and three slices of cheese), 4×4 (four patties and four slices of cheese), Neapolitan shakes, grilled cheese sandwich (consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except the meat, plus two slices of melted cheese), Protein style (wrap with lettuce; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns), and Animal Style.
Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain. Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese, spread, and grilled onions on top.
Animal style burgers are cooked in a thin layer of mustard, and in addition to the lettuce and tomato it also includes pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread. Hot peppers are also available by request.
I had no idea about the ‘secret menu’ until I started writing this article.
Every store that I visited was busy, with a line for both drive-thru and counter service. But service is quick and friendly and the burgers are really excellent. I actually liked the fact that there were only three choices; no vegetarian option, no filet of fish, no nuggets.
I could see a guy in each store peeling and chipping potatoes.
Below is a picture of my ‘Double-Double’ without fries.
If you are ever close to one of their stores, I’d recommend a visit.
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Czech Republic , Mesy , Prague , Restaurant , Thai
There are a number of Thai restaurants in Prague. Sadly our favourites always seem to close down – let’s hope we didn’t jinx this place as it was pretty good.
Since June this year, Bělehradská street has been the scene of a complete renovation of the tram tracks. Below are some pictures of the construction I took over a month ago. Many businesses have suffered because people have taken different routes. Equally, more people are walking rather than passing by tram and that’s helpful to a new restaurant such as Mesy as there is an opportunity to check the menu outside.
The entrance and upstairs part of the restaurant is quite small with an open kitchen. Downstairs opens up into a large, nicely renovated room with some Thai theming. It was a pretty busy Friday night and there was a noisy table of ten dining. It’s difficult to stop the echo in these cellars as there nowhere for the sound to escape.
We ordered red French wine by the glass (50Kc for 0.2l) which was a pretty good price. The odd part was that the same wine didn’t appear on the wine list – the least expensive bottle of red being 450Kc. So we’ll be sticking with their wine by the glass and I’d recommend you do the same. We also ordered a large bottle of sparkling water – this turned out to be 0.7l Perrier for 120Kc which is over-priced. I forgot to ask if a carafe of tap water was possible – but will next time.
For starters:
Fresh Spring Roll with sweet and sour sauce 145Kc
Shrimps Cake with plum sauce 185Kc
The two spring rolls turned out the uncooked, cold variety, we think those are called ‘summer rolls’ and I probably wouldn’t have ordered them had I known. They were also just lettuce wrapped in rice paper but were nice enough. The sauce was really spicy. But I don’t think these represent good value at 145Kc and wouldn’t have them again.
The Shrimps Cake was delicious.
For our main courses we both ordered a red chicken curry with coconut milk, pineapple and Thai vegetables 185Kc each including rice. The curry was delivered in attractive cast iron pots. Each portion of rice was a really good size. We really enjoyed the curry, although next time I will ask for it to be more spicy. I would have preferred the sauce to be a little thicker and contain more pineapple and vegetables.
For pudding we both had Thai Mango with sweet sticky rice 175Kc per. This was just how we remembered it from Thailand and really excellent.
I visited the toilets – they were immaculate; new, clean, tidy with plenty of soap and paper towels. It may seem strange to focus on this, but so many places don’t bother.
We’ll definitely be returning to this place – perhaps focusing on the good value main courses rather than splashing out on expensive starters.
Mesy Restaurant
Bělehradská 98, Prague 12000, Czech Republic
Open seven days a week for lunch and dinner
+420 773 268 059
Curry House , Czech Republic , Prague , Sri Lankan
I spotted this restaurant from a taxi window and so we decided to try it as I hadn’t previously seen a Sri Lankan restaurant in Prague.
On arrival it was clear that the place used to be a regular Czech cellar pub (hospoda) with a bar in the entrance room and a labyrinth of rooms behind, connected by a corridor. But that’s not really a criticism as plenty of good restaurants have emerged from previous hospoda locations.
The place has only been open for four months so the décor is pretty haphazard; a map of Sri Lanka on the wall, a concertina postcard spread along a ledge, a couple of Saris draped on the walls, some other Asian-style cloth clearly covering some hole in the plasterwork. The highlight was a mannequin dressed in full Sri Lankan dress. I’m assuming that they haven’t finished and there will a stronger and more polished Sri Lankan theme in the future.
It was a Monday night and the only other diners were a family with a kid, who seemed to screech every minute. The lack of soft décor added to the echo of the screech. I can imagine that when full it can get pretty noisy.
The waitress was friendly and was happy to talk about the menu. We later found that her husband was Sri Lankan and they ran the place together.
Gambrinus Beer was 35Kc for a 0.5l bottle and that’s a pretty reasonable price for a restaurant. House Czech Wine was 25Kc for 0.1l which is a bit expensive. We asked if there was a wine list, there wasn’t, but the waitress mentioned that there were a couple of bottles of French wine on the back of a shelf and she’d bring them. We chose the Louis Jadot Pinot Noir 2010 over a Chardonnay and asked how much that would be – 350Kc was obviously a guess, but one we were happy with as it was a pretty good wine. If they have any more, I’d recommend ordering that. We were also able to have a carafe of tap water. I tried a large glass of the house wine and it was okay.
We ordered two Papadums (2 x60Kc) and chutney (40Kc) – both quite expensive for this level of restaurant. The Papadums arrived, already broken into pieces, in two bowls – I’m used to having these round and flat and breaking them, but perhaps that is how they are served in Sri Lanka.
For our main course we ordered:
Prawn Curry (200Kc) plus Rice (60Kc) x2
Kottu Rotti Chicken (190Kc) – Kottu Rotti is a flaky flatbread stir-fried with eggs and spices, plus meat or fish and finished with a curry sauce
Kottu Rotti Seafood (220Kc)
The waitress asked how spicy we would like the food and not knowing what they considered spicy we said ‘medium’. Looking back we could have said more spicy as it wasn’t that hot.
Everyone liked the food, although there was one aspect of my dish I didn’t like: The chicken in my dish appeared to have been a boned piece that had been smashed up and stirred into the Rotti – as a result, I had to continually retrieve pieces of bone from my mouth and eventually spend time dissecting each chicken piece. I have no idea if that is typical of this dish but I certainly wouldn’t recommend the Chicken version. The seafood version was fine, only a couple of prawn tails to separate out.
I think that the place was a little expensive considering the location and décor. And in writing this review, I visited the restaurant website to check the prices. Imagine my dismay when I saw this:
Evening specials menu
Vegetable soup, rice, 2x vegetables of the day, chicken curry, dhal lentils, vegetable salad, papadam and chutney for 150 CZK
Of course this was never offered to us, nor was it shown on the menus we were given. So now I feel cheated and probably won’t return.
Sri Lankan Curry House
Czech Republic , Prague , Shop , Wine O'clock
April 2016 update: Alex from Wine O’clock has opened a place in Vinohrady called Le Bouquet . Wine O’clock is still a great place, although busy now they are top of the trip advisor list.
This ‘more than just a wine shop’ opened in June 2015 – I’ve walked past dozens of times without even noticing, until some friends invited me this week.
It’s such a good place that I almost considered keeping it secret and not writing anything – but that wouldn’t be fair on the owners.
The place is small, with a long counter and three tables. There are stools along the counter where you can sit, drink wine and eat tapas. On my visit, there was a really friendly guy, Alex, in charge, who really enjoyed talking about the wines and fed us various expertly-prepared tapas.
Wine O’clock is on Liliova street midway between the Irish Times pub and O’Che’s Bar. The area around this peaceful wine and foodie haven is busy with tourists spilling from the Charles Bridge on their way to the Old Town Square.
So if you find yourself nearby and want to step away from the usual tourist haunts, I’d recommend a visit.
WINE O´CLOCK SHOP
Czech Republic , Grosseto , Náměstí Míru , Pizzeria , Prague , Vinohrady
This restaurant is part of a chain of five restaurants around Prague – although one is a bit further out in Průhonice. All offer a similar menu which is a mixture of pizza, pasta, meat and fish dishes. The Pizzeria name belies the quality of the environment, food and service – all of these are much better than you would expect.
The náměstí Míru location benefits from having a large summer garden. This has been completely refurbished for this year and looks fantastic. You can see an artist’s impression of the new garden on the Restaurant Website – and it looks pretty much like that although there is also a large covered, but open-sided dining area that isn’t shown in that picture.
The restaurant and garden share a kitchen and menu, but there is no direct route between the two. If you want to visit the restaurant, you enter via the main entrance, for the garden, you walk a few metres along the street and follow a passageway that opens up into the garden that is surrounded by residential flats on all sides.
The restaurant is modern and has a small mezzanine floor with additional tables. The restaurant is completely non-smoking. The restaurant tables are slightly too close together and the place gets a bit echoey when busy. Nonetheless, I quite like the main restaurant, but I think the real gem is the garden.
The garden tables are nicely spaced. The open air tables are smoking, the covered, but open-sided dining area is non-smoking. The downside of the garden is the Prague rule of ‘no noise within earshot of residential areas after 10pm’. This isn’t a bad rule for residents, but it looks like the residents have made life difficult for the restaurant as the staff are anxious to clear the garden by 9:30pm. The garden isn’t plagued by bugs – I would of course like my dream restaurant garden which would be enclosed on all sides by the same bug screens that surround Florida swimming pools, but that’s not going to happen.
The garden has its own toilets – no need to walk back around to the main restaurant.
Neither the restaurant nor the garden have wifi – I’d really like this to be available and free.
The house wine at 95 CZK for a half litre carafe is pretty good. A large 0.75l bottle of Mattoni Grand sparkling water is 75 CZK. If you are ordering food, you also are given a complimentary bread basket and butter – the bread is very nice and we always eat it.
The pizza, fresh pasta, meat and fish dishes are all really good and reasonably priced. Desserts are pretty good although we don’t normally order them.
I’d recommend a visit – especially now the summer is here.
PIZZERIA GROSSETO – Vinohrady
Francouzská 2, náměstí Míru, Prague 2
Reservations tel.: +420 224 252 778
Opening hours:
Bad Jeff's Barbeque , Czech Republic , Prague
We visited Bad Jeff’s using a Groupon-type voucher that entitled us to one shared starter, two main courses and one shared dessert.
Bad Jeff’s occupies a cellar-space on Americká street – about five minutes walk from Náměstí Míru tram/metro stop. I think I went there one time a few years ago when it was a Czech bar with food.
We actually booked for a Wednesday evening and then called and asked if we could change to Thursday at 19:30. They were happy to do that, although they did say there was a large party arriving at 19:00.
We could see the place was busy when we arrived, there was a large table that we guessed were the 19:00 party – the remainder of the tables in the main restaurant and smaller salonek looked full. We checked in with a waiter and he apologised that our table wasn’t ready. We waited at the bar, but had to stand as they don’t have bar stools. We ordered a bottle of good bottle of red wine that I think was around 450Kc. There were some cheaper options available. It was over 10 minutes until we were seated.
Our waiter, who we suspect was the owner, was helpful and friendly. We ordered:
Starter to share: Blue cheese portobello mushroom w/ roasted shallot cream sauce – 155Kc
Main course each: Grilled marinated flank steak 220g w/ braised salsify, wilted arugula – 345Kc – we ordered medium rare and also Curly fries 45Kc as these weren’t included with the steak
Dessert: Caramel bread pudding w/ homemade marshmallows – 135Kc
The starter arrived quickly and was really delicious.
The steaks were huge and seemed larger than 220g. They were more rare than medium rare, which we could cope with, but also a bit chewy. I suppose they were okay but not amazing, especially considering the place advertises itself as a barbeque.
The dessert was excellent.
As I mentioned, the place was busy and the nature of the room also meant that it was very echoey.
I’d probably visit Bad Jeff again, maybe for a late lunch of starter and dessert. Or maybe try the ‘knife and fork’ BBQ ribs.
Bad Jeff’s Barbeque
| Curry |
Whose motto was all for one and one for all | Punjabi By Nature | Indian | Ranelagh | Dublin | Rate My Area
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Punjabi By Nature is an Indian Restaurant & Takeaway offering the best of Punjabi cuisine in Ranelagh. Enjoy our authentic halal Indian food, hot curry cuisine and take away (serving Dublin 1,2 4,6,6w). http://images.ratemyarea.com.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/0296/8078/IMG_0862_1.jpg?picture=2968078 Punjabi By Nature http://www.punjabibynature.ie Ireland Ranelagh Dublin 6 15, Ranelagh Road 5 8 I visited this Tuesday and my overall experience was quite satisfactory. Although I am a vegetarian and I ordered Indian vegetable Paneer Saag.. I was quite happy with the taste .. as I was expecting the same. I and my client enjoyed the Indian fusion music, the ambiance. was great with pleasant service. I will love to come this place again. as I ended up paying also less for such amazing perceived value and quality. 5 I visited there and it was surprisingly a new place. I t's the old one Punjab Balti. The renovation has completely changed the restaurant look. It is now punjabi by nature. Its has more energetic and fabulous ambiance now. I go often and it exceeded my expectation this time. Although it was a bit crowded even on Monday but we got the place ASAP. I ordered lamb and it was great taste. 5 suddenly, They have closed recently I think that they are renovating inside. looks like.. have been here for a while for dinner. had lovely early bird . hoping that come back soon. can't wait to see new menu. 4 I frequently get takeaways from Punjab Balti but have never eaten in. Must try to get there some time soon! I would highly recommend delivery for the next time you're looking for a delicious feast at home though - and the free bottle of wine with orders over 30 euro is a nice treat! 4 A smart restaurant in a smart area. The Chicken Shish kabab at Punajb Balti is one of my favourite dishes mainly for the fact that it is so delicately flavoured as believe me I don’t like spicy food!! I was dining there with my family last Friday and it was a wonderful experience. Punajb Balti is one of my favourite restaurants as this is the one place where I can eat excellent food in a nice and cosy ambience. There are so many Indian/Pakistani/Asian restaurants all over Dublin that keep opening up and those are the ones that are over-priced with lack-lustre food. Punajb Balti has been around for a long time and has a favourite clientele ( like me!) that keep returning as its one place where you really do have excellent food, warm service amid a nice setting. Other favourite dishes to most definitely go for are the lamb tikka masala, the rotis ( Rotis - the best ever) and chicken biryani. Overall we had a truly pleasant evening and I would recommend it. 5 A great Indian restaurant - before, after or without the pub! The food is excellent, the interior is comfortable and the place has a warm traditional feel. There's a couple of bottles of Indian wine on the menu which I thought was interesting and look forward to trying sometime... I'm also looking forward to trying out Philip M.'s beer corkage trick too - as Redmond's Off Licence next door is hog heaven for beer lovers like myself. On occasion the service can be slow when it gets busy but the food is worth waiting for and that's the most important thing as far as I'm concerned. So all in all, a great balti house and the perfect venue for an aprés pub "Ruby Murray" as Del Boy would say... he who dares... 4 Have been here frequently and it has always been top-notch. Staff are friendly and food consistently good quality - both the meat and seafood dishes. Take-away is equally good. As Philip says, the beer/wine corkage from Redmond's is an excellent idea. Other ethnic restaurants in Dublin could learn from this idea, it's par for the course in many other countries. 5 I had a lovely meal there last night. The place was very quiet, but the food was very tasty. They do a nice little trick here where they do beer corkage, which means that you can run next door to Redmonds and have a world of beers at your finger tips. What a great idea. 4 53.325768553 -6.2557214499 +353 1 496 0808 €€ cash and credit cards
Punjabi By Nature
Price range is simply a relative indication of cost.
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Credit Cards: Yes
Punjabi By Nature is an Indian Restaurant & Takeaway offering the best of Punjabi cuisine in Ranelagh. Enjoy our authentic halal Indian food, hot curry cuisine and take away (serving Dublin 1,2 4,6,6w).
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Where in Britain is the Great Western Railway Museum | Great Western Railway Museum (Coleford) on AboutBritain.com
Gloucestershire
GL16 8RH
The Great Western Railway Museum is housed in one of the last remaining permanent railway buildings in the Forest of Dean, on the original site of Coleford Railway Yard. It is the original GWR Goods Station of 1883. The Museum features a 7 1/4" gauge Miniature Passenger Electric Loco. Miniature Steam Loco rides some Bank Holidays.
Exhibits Include:
1936 Full-size static 0-4-0 Peckett No. 1893 (GWR 182 Reg.) Steam Loco
GWR Toad Brake Van (Swindon 1945)
1911 Full-size static GWR (Swindon Built) Fruit Van
1932 Full-size Mechanical Railway Signal
1906 Full-size GWR Signal Box
1884 Small ground level Signal Box
Full-size static L.M.S. 6 wheeled Pass. Brake Coach M32978 under repair (at East Lancs RLY)
Large Scale Model Steam Locomotives
7 1/4" gauge static 4-6-0 black 5 No. 45110 Steam loco
7 1/4" gauge static 0-4-2 GWR branch line Tank Loco
7 1/4" 0-6-0 GWR 1366 Pannier Dock Tank
7 1/4" gauge 0-4-0 2" scale Bagnall Saddle Tank Loco "Victor" No. 2091
5" Gauge Model Steam Locomotives
4-6-0 Hall Class GWR Pannier Tank Locos 57XX 15XX
Midland 1000 Class 4-4-0 + 0-6-0 Tank Loco
Hornby 00 gauge Stock +0 gauge modelsLarge display of photographs of Railways in Coleford and the Forest of Dean, Victorian Ticket Office and Goods and Station Masters' Office, Replica Victorian Railway Carriage.
Facilities
Toilets in nearby car park
Railway Quiz Sheet for young visitors
Railway walk/cycleway on old Severn & Wye trackbed to Milkwall (1 mile)
Refreshments available
| Swindon |
In which country is the world's highest waterfall | STEAM - museum of the Great Western Railway | STEAM - museum of the Great Western Railway | Swindon Borough Council
STEAM - museum of the Great Western Railway
STEAM - museum of the Great Western Railway
STEAM - Museum of the Great Western Railway is housed in a restored Grade II railway building in the heart of the former Swindon railway works.
The Museum tells the story of the men and women who built, operated and travelled on the Great Western Railway - 'God’s Wonderful Railway' - a railway network that, through the pioneering vision and genius of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was regarded as the most advanced in the world.
For full details of the museum, please see the STEAM website .
Last updated: 17 December 2015.
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Where would you have to go to view the Mona Lisa (not just the city) | Tips and Tools for a perfect visit to the Louvre | Mad About Paris
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Congratulations. You’ve made it to Paris. You have a few things on your list that you absolutely want to do or to see. I bet a visit of the Louvre is at the top of it. And you are absolutely right. The Louvre is a must, indeed, a city within a city. Not only because of its incredible collection of 35 000 works of art and artefacts, among them the most beautiful masterpieces of Western culture. The architecture and the interiors are breathtaking too.
You will not be alone, halas!
Prepare yourself because you will not be alone! To tell you the truth: every year 8 400 000 visit the Louvre. You do not need to be a mathematician to calculate that, on an average day, 23 000 people will be in there with you. They queue for approximately – I hope you’re sitting comfortably as you read this – 107 minutes.
But do not worry. You do not need to queue at all if you listen to “Mad about Paris”. There a only a few things to bear in mind and your visit will be an amazing experience.
First of all: Never go on national holidays, never on the first Sundays of a month (when the entrance is free) and avoid the slot between 10 and 1 am when everybody else has nothing better to do than visit the number one tourist spot of Paris. Instead, take advantage of the “nocturne”, the late opening on Wednesday and Friday nights when the museum is open until 10 pm. You might not believe it, but on a Friday night, when “tout Paris” is dining out and most of the tourists have already collapsed after a long day of walks and visits, you will have some galleries all to yourself.
Everbody wants to see the Mona Lisa
Not the Salle de La Joconde, of course. Everybody who goes into the Louvre comes to see her: the Mona Lisa. That’s why an intelligent museum director put her in a new, a special gallery to spare the visitors long detours. On their way to the Mona Lisa they will happen across The Winged Victory of Samothrace. Is that by chance? Not at all, it’s on purpose, of course. They want to give you the impression that you have seen all the masterpieces in half an hour – and encourage you to quickly quit the battlefield.
Honestly, standing in front of the Mona Lisa feels like waiting on a New York subway platform at rush hour (except less people take photos there). So ask yourself before you go: Do you really want to see this tiny little painting? Do you need to see her, even if her smile will lose some of its charm behind all those cameras and cell phones? Maybe you are just fascinated by her success, so you’ll have a glance and than head on further. Still, you should know that the whole Denon wing with Italian Renaissance painting will be crowded. And for good reason: Botticelli, Fra Angelico and Lippi, Piero della Francesca and Leonardo da Vinci, they are all there. But strangely there are no crowds in front of Leonardo’s Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. Is the painting any less beautiful? Not exactly. But the VIP-factor is just not as high. And nobody really seems to care about the Titians just hanging on the back of the stand-alone wall, behind theMona Lisa.
The world largest museum
Alone with Durer
You definitely do not need not to tread on other people’s toes for visiting the Louvre for one simple reason: it’s the world’s largest museum. The same day I took the photos of the Mona Lisa under siege, I was all by myself in front of a self-portrait by Albrecht Durer. Almost noone was admiring the mystical paintings by Georges de La Tour. Ancient Egypt doesn’t interest a lot of people either.
That’s why you absolutely must prepare for your visit. The Louvre website is amazing and very helpful. Have a look at it and decide before coming to Paris what you do want to see. Don’t try to go any more than one or two sections because, as is often the case, less is more. To avoid disappointment, check on the website to see if they are open the day your plan to visit because some galleries are closed on different days. And remember: The Louvre is closed on Tuesdays!
Tips and tricks for visiting
Before I forget: if you don’t like queuing for up 107 minutes, why don’t you go in by the hidden entrance called Porte des Lions , on the side of the Seine? On a busy afternoon in July, I could just walk through there at Porte de Lions, whereas the same day I would have spent at least20 minutes queuing up for a security check under the glass pyramid. Because even if you buy advanced tickets online , which you can do, of course, you will have to queue up for a security check. France seems to be well organized and they make queue people in two lines (one for groups, one for individual visitors) just to make the two lines converge into one a bit further on.
One last thing: forget the glass pyramid. It’s gorgeous to look at. But never waste you time queuing up there only for them to check your bags! Have a coffee in Café Marly instead. And use it, majestically, as an exit.
Musée du Louvre
Open every day, except Tuesday and certain holidays from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., on Wednesday and Friday until 10 p.m. (except on public holidays)
Metro Palais Royal – Musée du Louvre
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| Louvre |
Who was the comedian noted for his odd odes | Mona Lisa
Mona Lisa
Booking.com
Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci, is the most famous painting of the Louvre Museum, the largest museum in the world. It is probably too the most famous painting in the world. No one can skip the Mona Lisa. But, by all means, don't limit your visit to the Louvre Museum to Mona Lisa and discover the many other treasures of this infinitely rich museum of arts.
The famous Mona Lisa painting
Mona Lisa is the most famous masterpiece of the Louvre Museum. Mona Lisa is so famous there is always a crowd around it taking pictures and trying to get a glimpse of it.
Mona Lisa is an oil painting on wood. It portaits the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, a woman, dressed in Florentine fashion seated in a visionary, mountainous landscape.
Mona Lisa is a remarkable example of Leonardo's sfumato technique of soft, heavily shaded modeling. The Mona Lisa's enigmatic expression, which seems both alluring and aloof, has given the portrait universal fame.
Mona Lisa is one of the glories of the collection of Italian renaissance paintings of the Louvre. Don't skip the others. If you want to see it in good conditions, we suggest you come at opening time and walk directly to it.
The crowd in front of Mona Lisa
History of Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 in Florence, Italy. According to Leonardo's contemporary, Giorgio Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, he left it unfinished". Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted "never having completed a single work".
In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Luce near the King's castle of Amboise in the Loire Valley . It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to Clos Luce.
Upon his death, the painting was inherited by his pupil Salaì. Francis I bought the painting for 4,000 ecus and kept it at Palace of Fontainebleau , where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles .
After the 1789 French Revolution, the painting was moved to the Louvre Museum, but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace near Le Louvre.
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
See Mona Lisa in Louvre
Introduction to Mona Lisa
La Belle Ferroniere - Louvre
La Belle Ferronniere is another painting in the Louvre attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. It is said to be a portrait of Ludovico Sforza's mistress Lucrezia Crivelli. The sitter gazes out from a dark background. Her head and shoulders are illuminated by a light from the front, she is almost lit by the viewer’s eyes. Her head turns with a twisting motion to her left and her eyes also gaze to the left complementing the sense of movement. Leonardo has achieved an astonishing smoothness of finish in the facial tones. The lady wears a Spanish costume and a decoration of beads around her neck. The beauty that Leonardo has achieved with this portrait was acclaimed at the time when it was first created.
La belle ferroniere - Vinci - Louvre
The Virgin and Child with St Anne - Leonardo da Vinci - Louvre Museum
The Virgin and Child with St Anne in Louvre Museum was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1510. It is Oil on wood and measures 168 x 130 cm. This painting depicts St. Anne, her daughter, the Virgin Mary, and the infant Jesus. Christ is shown grappling with a sacrificial lamb symbolising his Passion whilst the Virgin tries to restrain him. The painting was commissioned as the high altarpiece for the Church of Santissima Annunziata in Florence.
| i don't know |
What was the only U.K. number one for The Supremes | Number 1's: Diana Ross & The Supremes by Diana Ross & The Supremes on Apple Music
24 Songs
iTunes Review
Berry Gordy guided Diana Ross with a steady hand, from the teenage pop of early Motown (“Baby Love,” “Stop! In the Name of Love), to the more mature sounds of the Seventies (“Touch Me in the Morning”). From disco (“Love Hangover”) through to the Eighties funk of producer Nile Rodgers (“I’m Coming Out”), Ross had a chameleon’s ability to adapt to her surroundings.
Customer Reviews
This is the one to get
by Sword Of Damocles
If you are a casual Supremes fan than this is the one for you, all the hits. Good from start to finish.
Diana Ross & The Supremes "No. 1's"
by Bokiluis
After mountains of compilations and Greatest Hits packaging on inarguably the #1 Female Group of All Time, Motown still have a few secrets left in the vaults. The extra seconds at the end of each track are magical and make this a worthwhile investment for any lover of pop/r&b hits. Diana is clearly at centerstage, but, you do hear how the harmonies made them "America's Sweethearts". Diana's laughter on "Love is Here", the added strings on "I Hear a Symphony" and oh I forgot, great new mastering makes this a must for an iPod!
A Tiny Step towards Acknowledging THE Female Group of All Time
by SkipINFJ
I don't understand the negative comments some purists have made about this compilation. They bemoan that the songs are extended, and the backing vocals brought forward. Before now, Motown had released numerous mixes of its artists' hits. Even the album "More Hits by The Supremes" was re-mixed and re-design while still on the charts. Anyway, the treatment is good (except for "Stoned Love"), and I wish Motown would do this to all of the 60's era Supremes singles (especially "My World Is Empty Without You"), since the only reason for burying the backing vocals so low had more to do with BG's desire to highlight Diana Ross than to acquire a good mix. I am disappointed with the Almighty Remix of "You Keep Me Hangin' On." There are far better remixers out there. If anyone's interested, Almighty Records has a compilation featuring a longer remix as well as on of "Love Child" that includes additional lyrics.
Biography
Born: March 26, 1944 in Detroit, MI
Genre: R&B/Soul
Years Active: '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s, '10s
As a solo artist, Diana Ross is one of the most successful female singers of the rock era. If you factor in her work as the lead singer of the Supremes in the 1960s, she may be the most successful. With her friends Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin, Ross formed the Primettes vocal quartet in 1959. In 1960, they were signed to local Motown Records, changing their name to the Supremes in 1961. Martin then left, and the group continued as a trio. Over the next eight years, the Supremes...
Top Albums and Songs by Diana Ross
1.
| Baby Love |
How many sides has a heptagon | Diana Ross News
Please note that the NEWS section concentrates on news about music releases and major career happenings. For links to to other Diana Ross news stories, please see the News Links page . And don't miss the Diana-web.com message board , where fans can discuss anything Diana-related!
New Facebook page + WIN DVD set!
While Diana-web is brought back to a working format campatible with modern web browsers, please head on over to the Diana-web facebook page . Join/like the page now and you will have the chance to win the Motown produced Jackson 5 Animated series on DVD! Diana Ross is voicing her own animated counterpart in the premiere episode, and the rest of the series is a fun look back at a simpler time filled with glorious music! So, head on over to the new Diana-web facebook page now!
Thanks,
Diana Ross Greatest Hits - The RCA Years is re-released in the USA on April 7 by Sony Special Products. You may pre-order from Amazon.com here (link will open in new window).
Published February 27, 2009
Hallmark CD
When picking up that Valentine's Day card for your special one at your local Hallmark Gold Crown store (they actually have a card that plays The Supremes' "Baby Love"!), why not check out their Heart & Soul CD - a Motown compilation available there for a limited time only. It's part of the Motown 50th Anniversary, and contains "Stop! In The Name of Love", "Endless Love" and other classic Motown love songs - perfect for February 14 (and for the rest of the year as well)! More info is found here (link will open in new window).
Published February 10, 2009
No Royal Albert Hall DVD
The Diana Ross Live at the Royal Albert Hall DVD that was supposed to be released in February has been indefinitely postponed. According to sources it has not been removed from further consideration, but it will not see release before Winter 2009.
Published February 4, 2009
More Collections...
Classic Diana Ross and Classic Diana Ross & The Supremes has been re-released on the Spectrum label in the UK, sporting new sleeve art (but the same essays as previous edition). See the diana-web.com Discography for more info.
Published January 10, 2009
Love Songs
To be released January 27, here's the cover art and track listing for the new Supremes compilation.
1. Stop! In The Name Of Love
2. Whisper You Love Me Boy
3. I'm In Love Again
4. Honey Boy
5. Everything Is Good About You
6. I Hear A Symphony
7. Love Is In Our Hearts
8. Lover
9. The Music That Makes Me Dance
10. Can't Take My Eyes Off You
11. Let The Music Play
12. Someday We'll Be Together
Great to see a track ("The Music That Makes Me Dance") from Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing and Perform Funny Girl on it! Let's hope this means the entire album will be included on the upcoming Supremes Classic Albums releases.
Published January 7, 2009
Pictures from Diana's appearance at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert
Diana seemed to enjoy herself at the gala, where she performed a medley of hits, including I'm Coming Out, Stop! In The Name Of Love, Where Did Our Love Go, Baby Love, Ain't No Mountain High Enough, Theme From Mahogany and If We Hold On Together. She also did her version of I Will Survive, and the evening ended with Reach Out And Touch. It had been reported just hours before the concert that Miss Ross performance was in danger, because she had experienced trouble with her vocal cords, but luckily enough she could go through with the show.
Published December 12, 2008
Diana Ross at Nobel Prize dinner
Diana Ross is in Norway at the moment for the Nobel Peace Prize festivities. Yesterday she was escorted by her two sons to the gala dinner, and tonight (December 11) she will headline the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert. The concert will be broadcasted live in many countries, please check your local TV listings.
Published December 11, 2008
Upcoming Diana Ross/Supremes Releases - Royal Albert Hall concert on DVD!
Look out - 2009 will bring us plenty of Diana Ross and Supremes releases, as Motown is celebrating its 50th anniversary. More to be added, but confirmed is:
Diana Ross Live at the Royal Albert Hall DVD (February 2009)
The Supremes Love Songs Compilation CD (January 2009)
The Supremes Classic Albums Volume 1 Three CD Set (April 2009)
The Supremes Classic Albums Volume 2 Three CD Set (November 2009)
There will also be several various artists compilations that will include Diana Ross, and a couple of 70's Supremes sets. More releases will be added. And don't forget Surrender Expanded Edition, released December 9, 2008 (see below for details).
Published December 3, 2008
Surrender Expanded Edition Update
The expanded and remastered edition of the 1971 album Surrender is now available for pre-order at Amazon.com. It will ship on December 9. If you can't wait, the digital download is already available. The CD and download contains the same tracks, although some sites list only the original 11 tracks. The complete track listing is:
1. Surrender (w/extended fade)
2. I Can't Give Back The Love I Feel For You
3. Remember Me
4. And If You See Him
5. Reach Out I'll Be There
6. Didn't You Know (You'd Have To Cry Sometime)
7. A Simple Thing Like Cry
8. Did You Read The Morning Paper (w/extended fade)
9. I'll Settle For You
10. I'm A Winner
Published November 15, 2008
Diana Ross to Perform at CES Monster Party
Monster Cable will celebrate its 30th anniversary in January with a concert, at International CES, featuring legendary entertainer Diana Ross.
The company's Head Monster, Noel Lee, announced the concert at the CES Unveiled event here Tuesday. It will take place Friday, Jan. 9 at the Paris Ballroom at the Paris Hotel in Las Vegas.
Monster has customarily hosted a concert at CES each year; multiple Grammy winner Mary J. Blige performed at the 2008 event.
Published November 12, 2008 - source: http://www.dealerscope.com/article/head-monster-host-diana-ross-its-annual-ces-concert-head-monster-noel-lee-announced-400575_1.html
Vanity Fair Celebrates Motown
Vanity Fair Magazine is celebrating Motown's 50th Anniversary in its December issue. The article features interviews with Berry Gordy, Smokey Robinson and other Motown "monarchs", and there is a photo portfolio by Annie Leibovitz. Diana Ross apparently declined offers of being interviewed and/or photographed. The article is found here (link will open in new window).
Published November 5, 2008
Record Exec Jheryl Busby Has Passed Away
Mr. Jheryl Busby was CEO at Motown at the time of Diana's return to the label. More info is found here (link will open in new window).
Published November 5, 2008
Diana Ross in Palm Springs
Diana Ross will headline the McCallum Theatre’s 21st anniversary gala concert Dec. 3 at the McCallum.
Jackie Lee Houston and Harold Matzner will Co-Chair the event. Proceeds will benefit McCallum Theatre programs including arts education activities that serve more than 37,200 Coachella Valley schoolchildren.
The concert will start at 8 p.m., preceded by cocktails and dinner at 5:30 p.m. at one of four mid-valley restaurants — Cuistot, Jillian’s, Le St. Germain or Wally’s Desert Turtle.
Sponsorships are $750, including dinner, one orchestra seat to the concert, and listing in the event program.
Tickets go on sale at 9 a.m. Monday. 11-10, at the McCallum box office, 73-000 Fred Waring Drive, Palm Desert, CA, or by calling the Special Event Department at 346-6505, Ext 126 or 133.
Tickets are not available on the Internet.
(Published November 5, 2008 - source http://www.mydesert.com/article/20081104/LIFESTYLES01/81104025/1263/update )
Surrender Expanded Edition Digital Download
The expanded edition of Surrender is now available as a digital download from Amazon.com. Please notice that only US customers will be able to buy this download. The CD edition is expected to be released in December at the latest. Update: The CD edition will be released (in the USA) on December 9.
(Published November 1, 2008)
Surrender Expanded Edition - track listing
Thanks to diana-web.com message board member Steve, here's the track listing for the upcoming Surrender Expanded Edition (exact release date TBA):
1. Surrender (w/extended fade)
2. I Can't Give Back The Love I Feel For You
3. Remember Me
4. And If You See Him
5. Reach Out I'll Be There
6. Didn't You Know (You'd Have To Cry Sometime)
7. A Simple Thing Like Cry
8. Did You Read The Morning Paper (w/extended fade)
9. I'll Settle For You
10. I'm A Winner
12. I'm Still Waiting (tacked on for the U.K. market)
13. Baby, I'll Come
14. Remember Me (this is the version that she performed on her first TV special, "Diana!" in April 1971)
15. Reach Out I'll Be There (alternate vocal take)
16. I Can't Give Back The Love I Feel For You (alternate vocal take)
17. Ain't No Mountain High Enough (alternate vocal take)
18. Remember Me (alternate vocal take that first appeared on the 2-CD compilation "The Motown Anthology")
19. Surrender (alternate vocal take)
20. Remember Me (Valerie Simpson's original version from her 1971 "Exposed" LP. All Diana did was record a new vocal over the original instrumental track.)
It's great to see that the previously unreleased Baby, I'll Come is on there! More info soon.
(Published October 30, 2008)
It's official - Diana to headline Nobel Peace Prize Award Concert
It's now confirmed that Diana Ross will headline the Nobel Peace Prize Award Concert held in Oslo, Norway on December 11. The following is from Associated Press:
OSLO, Norway (AP) — Diana Ross will headline artists performing at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in honor of the 2008 laureate, Finnish peace mediator Martti Ahtisaari, organizers said Thursday.
The show's hosts, generally Hollywood superstars, are to be announced next week. Last year's show was hosted by Uma Thurman and Kevin Spacey.
The list for the Dec. 11 concert also includes Canadian singer Feist, American country singer Dierks Bentley, Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas, Nigerian star Seun Kuti, and Norway's popular singer-songwriter Marit Larsen.
"The Nobel Committee is thrilled to welcome such an impressive array of mindful and talented artists to help us spread the message of peace around the world," said Geir Lundestad, nonvoting secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. "It promises to be a spectacular evening and we encourage everyone to tune in and join us."
Ross was married to a Norwegian, the late Norwegian millionaire Arne Naess Jr., from 1985 until their divorce in 2000. They had two children. Naess died in a mountain climbing accident in 2004.
The concert is held a day after the Dec. 10 Nobel awards ceremony.
Former Finnish President Ahtisaari won the prize for his peace efforts on several continents over several decades.
(Published October 17, 2008)
New 10 CD Box - Motown: The Complete No. 1's
There's a new 10 disc, 191-song boxed set to be released on December 8 to celebrate Motown's 50th Anniversary. The boxed set will include several Supremes and Diana Ross tracks (including Take Me Higher, which was a U.S. Dance Chart no. 1 in 1995). Buy it from Amazon.com (link will open in new window).
(Published October 15, 2008)
Diana To Perform at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert
Diana Ross will be one of two or three artists appearing at the Nobel Peace Prize concert held December 11 in Oslo, Norway. This according to fan site dianaross.de. More on this as soon as I hear anything.
(Published October 6, 2008)
Christmas/No. 1 Duo
Motown/Universal re-releases The Best Of The Supremes - 20th Century Masters: The Christmas Collection and The No. 1's as a Christmas & Hits Duos package on October 21. (There will by similar two cd sets released by The Temptations, Stevie Wonder and other artists as well.) Nothing new, just two old CD's in a new package. Pre-order from Amazon here (click here, link will open in new window).
(Published October 6, 2008)
The Definitive Collection
Yes, yet another compilation. The Definitive Collection focuses on the group's hit-making run from 1963, until Ross's departure from the group in 1969. It's not to be confused with the Motown/RCA Definitive Collection (with Diana Ross solo material) released a couple of years ago. This new collection was released September 23 on the Motown label.
Full track listing:
1. Where Did Our Love Go
2. Baby Love
3. Come See About Me
4. Stop! In The Name Of Love
5. Back In My Arms Again
6. Nothing But Heartaches
7. I Hear A Symphony
8. My World Is Empty Without You
9. Love Is Like An Itching In My Heart
10. You Can't Hurry Love
11. You Keep Me Hangin' On
12. Love Is Here And Now You're Gone
13. Happening, The
16. I'm Livin' In Shame
17. I'm Gonna Make You Love Me
18. Someday We'll Be Together
(Published October 1, 2008)
Rumours...
I don't often report rumours here on Diana-web.com, but here's an exception to the rule. It is said that Diana is ready to release an all new album in 2009. Some fans speculate that it will have to do with the Motown 50th anniversary, but I guess we'll just have to wait and see (and hear)! It is also reported that Diana Ross and other (former/current) Motown stars will grace the December or January issue of Vanity Fair. And in 2009 we can expect the "ultimate" Motown documentary, produced by Berry Gordy and Suzanne de Passe, as well as many other Motown related compilations and happenings. Check back here for more on that as it happens.
Also, dianaross.de fansite has listed a December 11 concert in Oslo, Norway. That would be the first public Diana concert in Scandinavia for several years, so let's hope it's for real this time! (Update: Turns out it's not a concert, but an appearance at the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony.)
(Published September 22, 2008)
Vote for Diana!
Please vote now for the Diana Ross songs you want to be included on the upcoming Motown 50th Anniversary CD. As diana-web.com message board member Steven says: "A compilation that ignored Diana solo material would be a travesty!"
(Published September 17, 2008)
The Billboard Hot Hundred of All Times
Billboard Magazine is celebrating its 50th anniversary and have recently compiled the definitive list of the Hot 100's top 100 artists, based on all charting titles from August 1958 through July 2008. Diana Ross is represented both as a solo artist (at number 25) and as a part of The Supremes (at number 14)! Not only is both entries impressive on their own, but combined that makes her truly one of the most successful pop stars in the USA ever. And forever!
(Published September 16, 2008)
Diana at the Segerstrom Hall
Diana Ross will be visiting the Orange County Performing Arts Center where she will make her first public performance at the Segerstrom Hall in a December 7 concert. Tickets are $56 – $96 and they will be available starting October 12. More info here (link will open in new window).
(Published September 11, 2008)
The Boss Re-released
FYI, there is a limited pressing of The Boss available in Japan. It was released on August 20 as a "priced-down re-issue", and contains nothing new (not even the two 12" versions available on the US re-release from 1999). There is also a Japanese low-budget DVD re-release of the movie The Wiz available (released August 7), once again containing nothing new.
(Published September 10, 2008)
Surrender Expanded Edition
Just wanted you all to know that the expanded edition of Surrender, Diana's third solo album, is still scheduled for release, although slightly later than first expected. Hip-O Select says a release date is imminent, and I will of course let you know as soon as I hear anything.
(Published September 8, 2008)
Diana - Queen of Motown
Ian Phillips biography on Diana, mentioned earlier here on diana-web.com, is now scheduled to be published in 2009. The new title is Diana - Queen of Motown, and it will include a foreword by longtime Motown fan and expert, Sharon Davis.
(Published September 8, 2008)
Motown 50
Universal is launching a year-long celebration of Motown Records, which will include events, branded merchendise and several new CD's and DVD's. Be on the look-out for Diana Ross Playlist Your Way on August 5 ( pictured above, pre-order from Amazon by clicking here, will open in new window ), Diana Ross & The Supremes Defenitive Collection in September, Diana Ross & The Supremes Love Songs in January, 2009, as well as a Diana Ross compilation DVD and a follow up to the Supremes Reflection DVD from 2006 (not sure yet if this is Supremes or 70's Supremes though), both to be released in February, 2009. Track listings and more as soon as I get them (track listing for the hits only compilation, Playlist Your Way, below).
1. I'm Coming Out
2. Ain't No Mountain High Enough
3. Touch Me In the Morning
4. Boss, The
9. My Mistake (Was To Love You)
10. Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)
11. Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)
12. Upside Down
(Published June 30, 2008, updated July 6, July 24)
The Story of The Supremes
As many of you know, The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, U.K., is running a The Story of The Supremes exhibition, based on Mary Wilson's collection of performance costumes. The exhibition opened in May and will end its run on October 19, and it is well worth visiting! The museum is offering some memorabilia in its shop, which is also available on-line ( click here, will open in new window ).
A new compilation CD and accompanying book was also released, and these will be available from Amazon and other retailers on July 15 (CD) and September 17 (book). Dates given are for the US market, in the UK the book is already available, and the CD will be released on July 7. For more info, click below:
To visit the Victoria and Albert Museum page on The Supremes, click here .
(Published June 27, 2008)
New Book
Diana Ross in Central Park - A 25th Anniversary Retrospective, that's the name of a new book by J.W. Law. It will be published on July 21, to the day 25 years after Diana's superb and dramatic Central Park concert, and you can pre-order it on Amazon.com now.
(Published June 27, 2008)
Everything Is Everything in the UK
The expanded CD edition of "Everything Is Everything" is now available in the UK. For more info click here (Amazon UK, opens in new window).
(Published June 27, 2008)
Surrender
"Surrender" is due for an expanded edition late this summer, according to Hip-O Select. "Surrender", originally released in 1971, included great songs written (for the most part) and produced by Ashford and Simpson. It was re-named "I'm Still Waiting" in the UK (and had that track added to the track listing) since that song was a number one hit at the time of the album release. The songs on this album covers a broad variety of feelings, such as love, desperation, resignation and happiness, and it's truly a classic Motown gem (and a personally favorite of mine)! This expanded edition will include bonus tracks, and I'll list them here as soon as I receive any news.
This is great news for us Diana fans! Let's hope other albums will follow - "Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing and Perform 'Funny Girl'" would be great. An expanded edition of "Baby It's Me" would be most appreciated, and why not a CD release of "G.I.T. on Broadway"? Discuss this and more on the diana-web.com Message Board!
(Published May 7, 2008)
Playlist Plus
A new Supremes three CD compilation is to be released in the U.S. on April 29. Track list (which I don't expect to include anything previously unreleased) to follow. Pre-order from Amazon, click here .
Update
Here is the track list:
CD 1
1. When The Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes
2. A Breathtaking Guy
3. Where Did Our Love Go
4. Baby Love
6. Come See About Me
7. Stop! In The Name Of Love
8. Back In My Arms Again
9. Nothing But Heartaches
11. (Ain't That) Good News
12. (What A) Wonderful World
13. I Hear A Symphony
CD 2
1. My World Is Empty Without You
2. Everything Is Good About You
3. Love Is Like An Itching In My Heart
4. You Can't Hurry Love
5. Take Me Where You Go
6. You Keep Me Hangin' On
7. This Old Heart Of Mine (Is Weak For You)
8. Love Is Here And Now You're Gone
9. Going Down For The Third Time
10. The Happening
11. All I Know About You
12. Reflections
13. In And Out Of Love
14. I Guess I'll Always Love You
CD 3
2. Some Things You Never Get Used To
3. You've Been So Wonderful To Me
4. Love Child
5. Honey Bee (Keep On Stinging Me)
6. I'm Gonna Make You Love Me
7. I'm Livin' In Shame
8. I'll Try Something New
9. The Composer
10. How Long Has That Evening Train Been Gone
11. No Matter What Sign You Are
12. Can't Take My Eyes Off You
13. Someday We'll Be Together
(Published April 16, 2008 - thanks to Jeffrey, updated April 28, 2008)
Let The Music Play in Europe
Just a note to let you know that Let The Music Play: Supreme Rarities 1960-1969 (see below) now is available to order from Amazon UK . Good for those in Europe who can't order directly from Hip-O.
(Published April 10, 2008 - thanks to Steven)
Everything Is Everything Expanded Edition
Hip-O Select is releasing Everything Is Everything, Diana's second solo album, on an expanded CD edition on April 18, 2008. Available on CD for the first time in the US (and previously only released on CD in Europe and Japan back in 1994, and now very hard to find), this edition includes 7 bonus tracks, detailed annotations, previously unseen photos and more. The complete track listing:
Original Album + Bonus Tracks. Tracks 12-17 previously unreleased
1. My Place
2. Ain't No Sad Song
3. Everything Is Everything
All the best wishes to Ms. Ross on her 64th birthday.
(Published March 26, 2008)
New Supremes CD with Previously Unreleased Songs!
The press release and the track-listing from Hip-O:
THE SUPREMES:
Hip-OSelect uncovers more than 40 Supremes gems from deep in the Motown vault…
REALLY? FINALLY?
Yes.
The Supremes—Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard (and, later, Cindy Birdsong)—were the beacon of a decade; with 12 No. 1 hits and many more top 40 smashes, they are the most successful female group of all-time. More than 40 years later their sound and look remain timeless. And for the fans, especially the fans, there is never enough Supremes music.
Let The Music Play: Supreme Rarities 1960-1969 brings to light many of the unreleased tracks Supremes lovers have been waiting for, with cuts from their earliest Motown days right through their final sessions together. It’s the latest installment in the “Motown Lost & Found Series,” joining previous vault-busting collections by Four Tops, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, the Temptations, the Miracles and Marvin Gaye. Here’s more, from the booklet’s introduction by Andrew Skurow, the set’s producer:
“Long before music’s digital age, fans had tried, with great tenacity, to find virtually every Supremes song ever recorded. They (we!) made lists of desired bounty; traded cassettes, acetates, reels and pictures... With respect to the fans’ devotion and expertise, we say now, Friends, lose that 10th-generation cassette. Here’s a trip into the original treasure trove.
“[While] it’s certainly not the first time Motown has dipped into the vaults to satisfy the fans’ thirst for Supreme sounds, this Lost & Found collection is a rare opportunity to hear more of what got stopped, for one reason or another, at the Quality Control door… Let The Music Play is the ultimate overview of the vault rarities—a wonderful reminder of why the Supremes remain the greatest female group of all time.”
At their first Motown session as a Detroit quartet in 1960, and Barbara Martin recorded Smokey Robinson’s “(You Can) Depend On Me,” the lead track on this collection. In quick succession over the next several months they were signed to the company and became a trio. This set includes further unreleased recordings from this period, most of them written by Motown founder Berry Gordy.
The Supremes recorded constantly, especially in their hit-making years. Discovered from that time are covers of “I Saw Him Standing There,” “Mickey's Monkey,” “MacArthur Park,” “It's Not Unusual” and more, plus extraordinary alternate versions of familiar hits, as well as several tracks that provide unique glimpses into Diana Ross’ working process. Included where available is unheard studio chatter from the girls and their producers.
To top off the collection, features extra-rare radio promos from the personal collection of disc jockey Scott Regan, who was a Motown company favorite. These wonderful artifacts have not been heard since they were broadcast on local Detroit radio in the mid-sixties.
Let The Music Play is packaged with a 32-page deluxe booklet including never-before-seen photos, detailed song annotations and a discography of the Supremes rare and unreleased catalog.
Finally.
1. You Can Depend On Me
2. Tears Of Sorrow (Motown version)
3. Because I Love Him
4. Hey Baby (version 1)
5. Too Hot
6. You're Gonna Come To Me (version 1)
7. You're Gonna Come To Me (version 2)
8. It Makes No Difference Now (alternate version)
9. Come On Boy (alternate version)
10. Just Call Me (stereo mix)
11. I Saw Him Standing There
12. Not Fade Away
13. Ooowee Baby (alternate Mix)
14. It's All Your Fault (version 1)
15. Hits Medley: Come See About Me/Baby Love/Stop! In The Name Of Love
16. Cupid (alternate extended mix)
17. Take Me Where You Go (version 3)
18. Back In My Arms Again (alternate vocal)
19. You Can't Hurry Love (alternate vocal)
20. Mickey's Monkey
21. Uptight (Everything's Alright) (alternate vocal)
22. It's Not Unusual
23. (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction
24. Come And Get These Memories (alternate mix)
25. I Can't Help Myself (alternate mix)
26. Let The Music Play (alternate vocal)
Disc 2
1. Don't Let True Love Die (extended version)
2. What A Friend We Have In Jesus
3. Every Time I Feel The Spirit
4. Believe In Me
5. The Beginning Of The End Of Love (stereo mix)
6. People (unedited version)
Message to fans going to see the Brilliant Lecture Series featuring Diana Ross.
(Published January 5, revised January 11, 2008)
Radio Show Is Looking For YOU!
International Artist Debut Radio is planning a Diana Ross Tribute Show that will air in February 2008 featuring interviews with artists and fans that admire and love Diana Ross. The Co-founder and Co-host of IAD Radio, Mr. Eugene Ebner, says: "So many artists including myself have been touched by Diana and have followed their dreams because of Diana's example. Diana has made a positive difference in this world and has encouraged others to also make a positive difference."
IAD Radio is now encouraging artists and fans to contact them at [email protected] (website: www.iadradio.com ) if they would like to be interviewed and be a part of this tribute show.
(Published December 11, 2007)
New Compilation CD
"Klassiker" ("Classics" in Swedish) is the title of a new low budget compilation CD released in Sweden.
The track listing:
1. Where Did Our Love Go - The Supremes
2. Baby Love - The Supremes
3. Stop In The Name Of Love - The Supremes
4. You Can't Hurry Love - The Supremes
5. You Keep Me Hangin' On - The Supremes
6. I'm Gonna Make You Love Me - Diana Ross & The Supremes & The Temptations
7. Ain't No Mountain High Enough - Diana Ross & The Supremes & The Temptations
8. Touch Me In The Morning - Diana Ross
9. Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) Diana Ross
10. Love Hangover - Diana Ross
11. The Boss - Diana Ross
12. You Are Everything - Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye
13. I'm Coming Out - Diana Ross
14. Upside Down - Diana Ross
15. I Hear a Symphony - The Supremes
16. Reflections - Diana Ross & The Supremes
(Published December 11, 2007)
Kennedy Center Honors
Ms. Ross looked stunning when she was inducted as a member of the 30th class of Kennedy Center honorees on Sunday, December 2. She received the honor for spreading "romance and joy throughout the world" with her voice. The four other recipients this year are Martin Scorsese, Brian Wilson, Steve Martin and Leon Fleisher. Their contributions to American culture won them a visit Sunday to the White House and recognition by President Bush, followed by an evening of celebration at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The two-hour event will air Dec. 26 on CBS.
(Published December 3, 2007)
Fred Ross
Diana's father, Fred Earl Ross, passed away on Tuesday, November 20. He was 87 years old. Our thoughts are with the Ross family.
(Published November 21, 2007)
The Wiz 30th Anniversary Edition
The Wiz will be re-released on DVD on February 5, 2008. It will include a bonus CD, but there will be nothing new or previously unreleased on the CD or the DVD. The new cover of the DVD is pictured here, and it can be pre-ordered on Amazon. ( Click here. )
(Published November 21, 2007)
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Which organ of the body produces bile | Pancreas | Organs | MUSC Digestive Disease Center
Map/Directions
Pancreas
The pancreas and bile duct (biliary) systems together form an important part of the digestive system. The pancreas and liver produce juices (pancreatic juice and bile) which help in the process of digestion (i.e. the breakdown of foods into parts which can be absorbed easily and used by the body).
The pancreas is about the same size and shape as a small banana, and lies in the upper abdomen, towards the back, near the spine. The pancreas is solid (acinar tissues), and contains drainage tubes (the pancreatic ductal system). The pancreatic juices are made in the acinar tissues, and passed by secretion into the tubes (ducts) for transport into the duodenum . The exit hole into the duodenum is called the papilla of Vater.
The biliary juices (bile) are made in the tissues of the liver (hepatic parenchyma), and then pass into the biliary ductal system (picture). Like a river, these ducts gradually join together to form one stream in the main bile duct, which exits (along with the pancreatic duct) into the duodenum at the "papilla of Vater." The gallbladder is a storage chamber for bile, joined to the side of the bile duct by another small tube the cystic duct.
The anatomy (design) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts is not the same in every person. Variations can be important; some can cause medical problems, others may make treatment more difficult or complicated.
Papilla of Vater and Minor (Accessory) Papilla
The main papilla of Vater is a small nipple-like structure on the wall of the duodenum, in its "second part." The duodenum is the upper part of the small intestine , into which food flows from the stomach .
The papilla forms the main exit hole for the bile and pancreatic juices which flow down the bile duct and pancreatic duct. Rarely there are two separate holes close together within the same papillary nipple. The papilla remains closed at rest, because of the activity of a muscular valve (sphincter). The sphincter (of Oddi) surrounds the exit of the bile duct and pancreatic duct. It opens by reflex action when foods enter the stomach, so that juices can be released to help in their digestion.
In most people there is a second smaller (minor, or accessory) papilla, situated about 2 cm (3/4 inch) above the main papilla, and slightly to its right. This is the exit hole for Santorini's duct. The minor papilla occasionally acts as a useful safety valve when the main papilla is not able to function correctly, but becomes the main site of drainage for pancreatic juices in the congenital variant called pancreas divisum.
Bile Duct System and Gallbladder
The bile duct (biliary) system provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the duodenum (through the papilla of Vater).
The liver is found in the right upper corner of the abdomen, immediately below the diaphragm. In health it weighs 3-4 pounds. It is divided into right and left lobes, and each of these have several segments. The bile ducts start as tiny tubes called sinusoids which lie between rows of liver cells called hepatocytes.
These liver cells make bile, and pass it into the tiny canals (cannaliculi). The small ducts join together like branches to form the main biliary tree, with one trunk which is formed just outside the surface of the liver. This is called the common hepatic duct.
The gallbladder is a collection sac for bile, which enters and leaves through a narrow tube called the cystic duct. The gallbladder is about the size of an egg when full. The bile duct below the cystic duct is usually called the common bile duct. The common bile duct and the common hepatic duct together constitute the main bile duct. The lower end of the bile duct sweeps around behind the duodenum and through the head of the pancreas before joining the pancreatic duct at the main papilla (of Vater).
Pancreatic Duct System
There is a main pancreatic duct which collects juices from all the branches of the pancreatic stream, and exits at the main papilla of Vater. The pattern of these branches varies considerably, but this does not matter. However, there is often another important duct (named after Santorini) that connects the main pancreatic duct to another small papilla (the minor or accessory papilla) which is found about 2 cm (3/4 inch) above the main papilla of Vater in the duodenum. This (normal) arrangement comes about as a result of complex reorganization during fetal development. Early in the development of the embryo, the pancreas is in two parts (dorsal and ventral elements). These parts usually join together to form one pancreas between six and eight weeks of pregnancy. Even after joining, the santorini stays open or "patent," and drains into the minor papilla in over half of patients. Thus, the patient who develops a problem at the main papilla (like a stone or tumor) may not develop any symptoms of pancreatic obstruction if Santorini's duct and the minor papilla are open, and can take over the drainage function.
An X-ray image of the biliary tree
during an ERCP procedure.
However, this fusion (joining) does not happen in about one in twelve people (at least in western populations). Then the pancreas remains divided (so called "pancreas divisum"). In patients with divisum, the largest (dorsal) part of the pancreas drains through Santorini's duct and the minor papilla, while only a small part (the ventral pancreas) drains through the usual (major) papilla. The importance of this is that the minor papilla may be too small to allow easy passage of the pancreatic juices; and some patients with pancreas divisum can develop attacks of pain and pancreatitis as a result due to this relative narrowing.
There are other rarer variations of pancreatic anatomy. Annular pancreas describes a congenital condition in which one of the branches of the pancreas swings all around the duodenum; this can narrow the duodenum sufficiently to cause obstruction and require operation. This condition usually presents in infancy (for obvious reasons), but can be discovered only later in life if the narrowing is not so tight, and sometimes when attacks of pancreatitis are associated with it. Other anomalies of pancreas development produce interesting pictures, but are not of clinical importance.
Function & Control
The tissues of the pancreas (acinar cells) produce a clear digestive fluid made up of bicarbonate, and enzymes. Bicarbonate is alkaline, and helps digestion by neutralizing the stomach acid containing the food as it passes into the duodenum. The enzymes are more important. These are designed to help breakdown (digest) complex carbohydrates (sugars), proteins, and fats in the food. The main enzymes are called amylase, proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin), and lipase. The enzyme and bicarbonate secretions together are called the "exocrine" function of the pancreas.
The bile ducts function as a drainage system for the liver. Bile is a bitter dark fluid, composed of bile acids, bile pigments, bilirubin, cholesterol and other fats, water and electrolytes. Some of these constituents are useful for digestion, others are simply waste products (i.e. cholesterol).
The gallbladder acts to store bile, and make it more concentrated by removing water. Although thin, the gallbladder wall has muscle tissue, so that it can contract and empty when necessary.
Production of the bile and pancreas juices and their release into the duodenum through the papilla of Vater are controlled by abdominal nerves and also specific messengers (hormones) which pass to their targets through the bloodstream. These systems also control contractions of the gallbladder, and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (the muscular valve within the papilla of Vater). Together these insure that the juices are produced and released into the duodenum only when they are needed, that is when food arrives from the stomach ready for final digestion, and subsequent absorption.
The pancreas also has an "endocrine" function the production of insulin and other important hormones. These are produced in separate tissues within the pancreas (islets of Langerhans), and passed directly into the blood stream (rather than into the pancreatic duct). Insulin is very important for control of sugar levels in the blood; lack of insulin results in diabetes. The pancreas produces many other enzymes (such as somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, etc.), the functions of which are of less immediate importance. Glucagon helps counteract insulin and helps prevent hypoglycemia, a common problem after extensive/total pancreas surgery.
Dysfunction & Symptoms
Pancreatic juices may not reach the duodenum if the duct or papilla is blocked, or if the pancreas is so damaged by disease that it cannot produce adequate bicarbonate and enzymes. Lack of pancreatic juices results in inadequate digestion. Clinically this is noteworthy by the passage of large bowel movements, which a strong odor and are difficult to flush down the toilet because of their high content of fat. Indeed, sometimes patients with pancreatic insufficiency may note an "oil slick" on the toilet water. Excessive fat in the stools is called "steatorrhea." Because food is not absorbed properly patients usually lose weight.
These pancreatic enzymes can be replaced, at least to a certain extent, by giving them in the form of a medicine by mouth so called pancreatic enzyme supplements. It is not usually necessary to replace the missing bicarbonate output.
Lack of bile also interferes with digestion (particularly of fats) and can also result in steatorrhea. Lack of bile in the duodenum is usually due to blockage of the main bile duct, or papilla. The liver continues to produce bile, which then spills backwards into the blood stream. Eventually this causes yellow discoloration of the body (jaundice), first noticeable in the whites of the eyes. If bile does not enter the duodenum, bowel movements lose their usual color, and look like pale putty. When the bile ducts are blocked, retention of bile salts in the blood can result also in considerable itching (pruritus). Blockage of the bile ducts or pancreatic ducts can cause pain due to overdistention.
Lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas results in diabetes. It is also possible to have too much insulin when the islets of Langerhans overact, or become tumorous. This results in the blood sugar falling below normal levels, resulting in faintness and eventually coma. Lack or excess of other pancreatic hormones (such as somatostatin, vasoinhibitory peptide, glucagon, etc.) can cause unusual symptoms very rarely.
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| Liver |
What is the name given to the home of a racoon | What Does the Liver Do? | Were You Wondering…
Home Anatomy What Does the Liver Do?
What Does the Liver Do?
Posted By: Katrina Cain on:
July 28, 2009
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Don’t mess with your liver. It serves a vital function in almost every system in your body; from hormone and digestive enzyme production to blood filtration and the last stop in chemical digestion of medications. It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ, and along with the heart, brain and pancreas is an organ that we cannot live without. Read further to find out just what the liver does in your body.
Exocrine Functions
An exocrine organ secretes substances that leave your body – think “exit” and “exocrine”. Your digestive tract is one long tube, open at both ends that receives enzymes and other materials to enable nutrient absorption. Mammary glands produce milk and mucus glands secrete mucus; all of which are destined to leave the body. In contrast, endocrine organs secrete chemicals into the bloodstream for use by the body. The adrenal glands release adrenaline into the blood to physically prepare us for danger. The hypothalamus produces a myriad of hormones to regulate bodily functions.
The liver produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder to be secreted into the small intestine before eventually leaving the body; making bile production an exocrine function. Bile emulsifies fats – breaks the large lipid molecules into smaller pieces, creating more surface area to ease digestion. This is why people without gallbladders can’t have a lot of fatty foods at one time. The liver is able to produce enough bile for immediate use, but can’t stockpile enough bile to digest a Big Mac and large fries.
Your liver also manufactures some very important hormones (endocrine function). It produces Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF 1); a hormone responsible for stimulating body growth in children. Thrombopoietin is a hormone produced by the liver that regulates platelet production in your bone marrow. “Thrombo” refers to blood clotting and “poietin” refers to stimulating cell multiplication. I am a big believer in breaking down words into their roots. The body becomes much easier to understand if you know anything “hepatic” is pertaining to the liver, “angio” to the heart, “renal” to the kidneys and so on.
Your liver, along with your kidneys, are an important organ in glucose metabolism. The liver converts glucose into glycogen. Glycogen provides the body with short term energy storage. Long term energy storage is contained in fat cells. Muscle cells can also convert glucose to glycogen. “Gluco” refers to sugar. The liver converts glycogen back to glucose for immediate use. Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose (genesis) from “new” products. Specifically, this refers to making glucose from amino acids, lactate and other non-sugar substances. Gluconeogenesis occurs in times of fasting and exercise – generally after all easily available reserves have been used up. To summarize, glycogenesis is the opposite of glycogenolysis (lysis means to break apart).
The liver makes cholesterol and tryglycerides; important components of hormone production. Thank your liver for those elevated cholesterol levels. Through a relatively complicated chemical synthesis, the liver converts glucose into triglycerides by attaching a glycerol to every three glucose. Cells in the body use triglycerides in their endoplasmic reticulum; the site of protein and hormone production (endo means inside and plasma refers to the cytoplasm inside a cell). Fatty liver is a disease in which the liver enlarges with excess triglycerides. Since the liver is the site of triglyceride manufacture, a vicious cycle occurs when the body has too much glucose, the liver busily makes the glucose into triglycerides at an increased rate to match those higher levels. The body uses as much triglycerides as it can, and the rest builds up in the liver; having no where else to go. Alcoholism and obesity are common causes of fatty liver disease. Do you eat fois gras? You are eating the diseased liver of obese birds. Farmers force feed geese and ducks corn boiled in fat to create fatty liver disease. It is the excess fat that gives their liver the rich and buttery taste. There are major ethical debates world wide about this practice, but I digress..
The liver is where old red blood cells go to die. Bilirubin and biliverdin are waste products from red blood cell metabolism. Some is added to bile to aid in fat digestion and some is filtered through the kidneys to give urine its trademark yellow color. The bile portion makes its way through the small and large intestine to give feces its trademark brown color. Jaundice, the disease in which the skin and eyes become yellow results from a blood excess of bilirubin. The liver normally collects and secretes bilirubin into bile, but if it is not functioning properly, bilirubin builds up in your blood and becomes toxic.
The liver is the site of drug metabolism and in some cases drugs can become temporarily more toxic to the body during the digestion process as their constituents become more concentrated. Some drug metabolites are secreted into bile and others into urine. In addition to drug metabolism, the liver has cells that filter antigens out of the blood. Anti in this case refers to antibody and gen refers to generating; so antigen literally means “antibody generating”. The liver is one of the many immunological organs in the human body.
The liver stores vitamins and minerals for short and long term use including Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, iron and copper and in case I haven’t already made a case for taking care of your liver, be aware that it is responsible for making albumin, the plasma protein responsible for maintaining blood osmolarity – the concentration of dissolved solutes for a given amount of liquid. If your blood osmolarity is out of whack, you risk bleeding internally. The cells in your body will either shrink up and die from losing water or swell up and burst from taking in too much water.
One more major function; the liver makes angiotensinogen, a precursor to angiotensin, the hormone responsible for increasing blood pressure in times of fluid loss, or elevated blood cortisol levels.
With all of these major functions, it is a wonder that we don’t get sick with liver related problems even more than we already do. Take heart (or liver – tee hee); the liver is the only human organ capable of regeneration. You can grow a new liver from only 25% of a full liver! Someone doesn’t have to die for you to receive a transplant!
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Who managed Scotland in the 1986 Football World Cup | The Scottish Football Blog: Scotland In 1986: Another hard luck tale
The Scottish Football Blog
Wednesday, June 09, 2010
Scotland In 1986: Another hard luck tale
Scotland's trip to Mexico in 1986 would be their fourth World Cup in a row. We might have been hopeless when we got to the finals but we were proving astonishingly consistent at qualifying.
Our route to the 1986 World Cup was, as we all know, steeped in tragedy. Jock Stein's death on a tense night in Wales as Scotland clinched a play off place cast a long shadow over the whole 1986 campaign.
It fell to Alex Ferguson, still at Aberdeen and Stein's part time assistant, to take the reins and negotiate the double header against Australia. A 2-0 win at Hampden put Scotland firmly in control of the fixture as they prepared to travel to Melbourne. A 0-0 draw got the job done but, as if to prove that Scotland players could still mix it with the best of them went it came to extra-curricular antics, a couple of incidents involving booze, birds, Maurice Johnston and - inevitably - Frank McAvennie left Ferguson mulling over the possibility of leaving Johnston out of his final squad.
As part of his preparation Ferguson travelled to Ipswich and sought Alf Ramsey's advice. Sir Alf was only too happy to oblige, although Ferguson was incredulous that no England manager had ever approached Ramsey as part of their big tournament build up.
Ferguson's most controversial decision was to leave Alan Hansen out of his squad. A number of late withdrawals had left both Stein and Ferguson concerned about the centre half's commitment. He also lost Kenny Dalglish, a massive blow, blamed at the time on Hansen's omission although Dalglish has always insisted that his knee was just not up to another summer of football.
Squad selected, preparations made. Scotland were off to Mexico. Lying in wait were Denmark, West Germany and Uruguay. Displaying our usual knack of finding ourselves in the wrong place at the wrong time we had somehow pitched up in the tournament's group of death. Lucky us.
We would emerge without a win to our name, cursing our luck and somewhat battered. Yet again we were going home on the first plane.
Before the tournament we might well have considered Denmark to be rivals for second place behind West Germany. The Danes didn't exactly follow that script.
In an even first match Denmark beat us 1-0, although a Roy Aitken goal that looked legitimate was disallowed.
In the next match Gordon Strachan put us ahead against West Germany in the first half. Unable to hold out, Scotland went in all square at half time before a Rudi Voller goal early in the second half put the Germans ahead. There was much huff and no little puff as Scotland chased the game. As so often in the past those efforts came to nothing.
At times it seems that Scotland team was created to tantalise the support with the the promise that greatness is always just one step away. Amazingly we went into the Uruguay game with qualification still a realistic possibility.
We had to win to progress, Uruguay needed only a draw. It might have been realistic to assume that an astonishing 6-1 defeat to Denmark might have knocked their confidence. Needing only a draw, however, they were always going to be happy suck Scotland into a war of attrition. Even accepting that as a legitmate tactic does not mean there is any need to condone the brutality with which they set about the task.
In the first minute of the game Jose Batista was ordered off for an X-rated version of one of Ron Atkinson's early doors reducers, a cynical and blatant attempt to nobble Gordon Strachan. The tone was set.
Against a team displaying football's uglier side, Scotland were without answers. Yes, Uruguay were brutal and hard but Scotland were ineffectual in the face of it. They had come to defend deep but Scotland were unable to exert the pressure that would have made them doubt the wisdom of their tactics.
In the face of a cynical Uruguayan roar, Scotland meekly surrendered with a whimper. A win would have sent Scotland through in third place behind West Germany and surprise group winners Denmark. Instead we finished bottom with two defeats and a draw.
Again there were plenty of excuses. Stein's death left Ferguson with a job he didn't want and, by his own admission, wasn't ready for. We missed the aura of Dalglish. Graeme Souness, perhaps not fully fit, struggled in the altitude and heat. Roy Aitken's goal against Denmark should have counted. Uruguay were little more than cheats.
But. In six trips to the World Cup we'd won only three games. In Mexico we could only score one goal. Again players who should have done better failed to perform. Maybe by raging against the unfairness of it all we missed the point: our players lacked something - skill, nerve, fight? - on the biggest stage.
For Scotland just qualifying had become more than half the battle. At least, for now, we looked not too shabby at that.
| Alex Ferguson |
What name is given to all chemical compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon | Scottish Football Association
Alex Ferguson (01-Oct-85 - 30-Jun-86)
Alex Ferguson was manager of Scotland between September 1985 and June 1986, appointed as caretaker after the tragic death of Jock Stein.
During his tenure as Scotland boss he led the team at the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, however he remained m ... More...
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In the 1998 set of commemorative stamps depicting comedians was issued who was on the 20p stamp | 1998 Comedians PHQ Cards - Mint - 1998 Comedians - Stamp Cards
Set of 5 PHQ Stamp Cards (Printed ID: PHQ 197).
(Also available in a Year Set with extra discount - the easiest and cheapest way to collect)
Reference: PHQ197
Stamp issue - 1998 Comedians. These stamps were designed by Gerald Scarfe, famous for his distinctive satirical style. They depict five late British comedians. Tommy Cooper (And his fez, 20p), Eric Morecambe (26p), Joyce Grenfell (37p), Les Dawson (43p) and Peter Cook (63p). (Categories: Entertainment)
Date Issued: 23 April 1998
| Tommy Cooper |
What is the meaning of Golgotha | 1998 Comedians Commemorative Presentation Packs - 1998 Comedians - Presentation Packs
Medium Format Presentation Pack (printed no.287). Commemorating five famous British comedians of the 1960s and 1970s, this pack gives a reminder of their well-known catchphrases and comedic genius.
(Also available in a Year Set with extra discount - the easiest and cheapest way to collect)
Catalogue No: PP252
Stamp issue - 1998 Comedians. These stamps were designed by Gerald Scarfe, famous for his distinctive satirical style. They depict five late British comedians. Tommy Cooper (And his fez, 20p), Eric Morecambe (26p), Joyce Grenfell (37p), Les Dawson (43p) and Peter Cook (63p). (Categories: Entertainment)
Date Issued: 23 April 1998
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What is the state capital of Illinois | Past Illinois Capitols
Past Illinois Capitols
The following article is copied from the 1975-1976 Illinois Bluebook:
Kaskaskia
Illinois was admitted to the Federal Union as the twenty-first state on December 3, 1818. Since that historic date, Illinois has been governed from three different cities and from six Capitol buildings, one leased and the rest state-owned.
Kaskaskia, which had served as the Territorial seat of government since 1809, became the first Illinois State Capital. Founded in 1703 by French Jesuits, this city had long played a prominent role in the history of the Illinois country and was one of the most important settlements in the Territory.
On July 4, 1778 George Rogers Clark and his "Kentucky Long Knives" captured Kaskaskia from the British and Illinois subsequently became a county of Virginia. Clark's important engagements in Illinois during the American Revolution secured the entire Northwest Territory for the newly-created United States. The "Liberty Bell of the West", pictured here, was rung by the residents of Kaskaskia in celebration of Clark's liberation of the town from the British. The bell was a gift from King Louis XV of France to the Catholic Church of the Illinois Country. The bell was cast in 1741 and arrived in Kaskaskia via New Orleans and the Mississippi River in 1743.
The first Capitol, a two-story brick building, was rented by the new State government at a rate of $4.00 a day. The House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-nine legislators, occupied the entire first floor while the State's fourteen Senators met in the chamber directly above. The First General Assembly petitioned Congress for a grant of land somewhere in the State's interior to serve as the site of a new Capital. After the request was granted, a committee of five selected a site located some eighty miles northeast of Kaskaskia along the Kaskaskia River. This site, then known as Reeve's Bluff, became the city of Vandalia, our second Capital city.
The removal of the Capital to Vandalia had been brought about by land speculators, including some of the State's most prominent men, who felt that they could profit by instigating land booms in the unsettled areas.
After Vandalia became the Capital in 1820, Kaskaskia declined in importance and gradually disappeared under the waters of the Mississippi River. In 1881, a sudden change in the course of the Mississippi washed away much of the ancient Illinois Capital and created Kaskaskia Island. Succeeding spring floods have further eroded the site until only a small farm community exists today on the remaining portion of the site, the only existing trace of the once flourishing State Capital. The picture to the right shows the first Statehouse in 1899, two years before it was completely swallowed by the Mississippi River.
Vandalia
A plain, two-story frame structure was built in Vandalia to house the State government. The lower floor consisted of a single room for the House of Representatives. The second floor was divided into two rooms, the larger reserved for the Senate and the smaller one used for the meetings of the Council of Revision. The Secretary of State, Auditor and Treasurer maintained rented offices separate from the main Capitol building.
The Second General Assembly first met in the newly-built Capitol on December 4, 1820, During this first sitting an act was passed making Vandalia the seat of government for the next twenty years.
After fire destroyed the first state-owned Capitol, a second building was erected in the summer of 1824 at a cost of $15,000. Soon after, a movement began pushing for the removal of the Capital to some site nearer the geographical center of the State. Responding to this growing sentiment, the General Assembly passed an act in 1833 enabling voters to decide the location of the new Capital city at the next general election.
The sites to be voted on were Vandalia, Jacksonville, Springfield, Peoria, Alton and the State's geographical center. Although Alton received the most votes at the general election, the slim margin was inconclusive and the results were never officially announced. Therefore, the suggested removal from Vandalia was shelved until the 1836-37 session of the General' Assembly,
The Representative from Sangamon County, a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln, introduced a bill calling for the transferal of the Capital to Springfield. His bill was actively supported by eight legislative colleagues, and together they were known as the "Long Nine" because their aggregate height was fifty-four feet.
Vandalia residents, alarmed at the mood of the Assembly, were determined to retain the Capital. During the Legislature�s recess in the summer of 1836, they tore down the twelve-year-old Capitol building and replaced it with a brick State House costing $16,000. However, this extravagant gesture proved to be entirely in vain. Upon the return of the General Assembly, ignoring Vandalia's efforts, Lincoln succeeded in having Springfield named as the third Illinois Capital.
On February 25, 1837, the Assembly authorized the Capital's removal from Vandalia to some place nearer the State's geographical center. Three days later Springfield was the site chosen. Because of the 1820 Assembly Act, Vandalia was to legally continue as the Capital until December 1, 1840. However, Governor Thomas Carlin issued a proclamation ordering the removal of all State records to Springfield by July 4, 1839. The State government began functioning in Springfield during December, 1839.
The Eleventh General Assembly returned the Vandalia Capitol to Fayette County. In 1919, the State repurchased the building and in 1933 to converted it into a State memorial. Since then, the Old State House has been open to the public as a reminder to Illinoisans of the expensive folly of the early Vandalia citizens.
Springfield
The cornerstone of the State's fifth Capitol was laid at Springfield on July 4, 1837. The principal speaker at the ceremony was Edward D. Baker, a Springfield lawyer and probably Lincoln's most intimate friend. In 1860, Baker was elected the first United States Senator from Oregon and died a Civil War hero in 1861. After repeated delays, the Capitol was finally completed in 1853. The total cost, $260,000, was double the original estimate.
The Greek Revival-style building, constructed of stone brought from a quarry only six miles away, was the most imposing state capitol in the west for many years. The building has abundant Lincoln associations. In addition to attending legislative sessions in the building, he sometimes argued cases before the Supreme Court which also met in the Capitol. It was in the Old Capitol that Lincoln first confronted Stephen A. Douglas, his rival for the Presidency in 1860; here Lincoln made his famous "House Divided" speech and maintained an office after election to the Presidency in 1860; and, finally, it was here that his body rested on May 3-4, 1865, before burial at Oak Ridge.
The Old State Capitol as seen from the observation deck atop the dome of the "new" Capitol.
Photo by J.R.D.
The first Springfield Capitol was sold to Sangamon County in 1869 for some $200,000, and it served as the County Court House for nearly a century. In 1961, the State repurchased the edifice and made plans to restore it to its original appearance. The building was first taken apart stone by stone, each one numbered and carefully stored until reconstruction could begin. After the removal of a ground floor (added in 1899-1901) the building was returned to its proper proportions. The interior decoration and furnishings were meticulously researched to authentically reflect the 1840-60 period. In addition to original space, the building now contains two underground levels which house the offices, vaults and stacks of the Illinois Historical Library. An underground, two-level parking garage has been constructed beneath the lawn. The Old State Capitol, unquestionably one of the most handsome and historic buildings in Illinois, was rededicated on December 3, 1968, as an important part of the State's Sesquicentennial celebration.
As Illinois prospered and its population increased, it became apparent that a much larger Capitol was needed. The crowding which occurred during the Civil War expansion of government demonstrated the old Capitol's inadequacies. An enabling act authorizing a new Capitol building was passed by the Twenty-fifth General Assembly on February 24, 1867. This act resulted in the construction of the sixth and final Capitol.
| Springfield |
Alphabetically what is the first country in Africa | Welcome to the Illinois Statehouse
Photograph courtesy of
Images of America - The Illinois Statehouse
The creators of this website have co-authored a book about the Illinois Statehouse showcasing many never-before published photos of the Capitol. The Illinois Statehouse is available at several Springfield locations, among which are those that have kindly hosted book signings for us over the last several months. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the staff at the following Springfield locations: The Dana-Thomas House, Prairie Archives, The Illinois State Historical Society, Sam's Club, The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Barnes and Noble Booksellers & the Lincoln Home Visitor's Center. We have been honored to be at each site. Many thanks also to those who purchased books, or just stopped by to share a story or discuss the Statehouse.
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Who was the original lead singer with The Moody Blues | The Moody Blues
The Moody Blues
vocal, guitar, harmonica (left 1966)
Mike Pinder
vocal, piano, mellotron (left 1978)
Ray Thomas
vocal, harmonica, flute, saxophone, percussion (left 2003)
Clint Warwick
vocal, bass guitar (left 1966)
Justin Hayward
vocal, guitars, sitar, keyboards (joined 1966)
John Lodge
vocal, bass guitar, cello, guitars (joined 1966)
Partick Moraz
keyboards (joined 1979, left 1991)
"Mike apparently came up with the name but I always thought I came up with the 'Moody' part because I saw it as a blues band"
The Moody Blues were the first of the Brum Beat bands to become internationally famous and would later have a huge influence on what became known as the "progressive" music scene. Formed in May of 1964 in Birmingham and first known as The Moody Blues Five (M&B5), they took their name from the local M&B brewing company in hope of getting sponsorship. The group members came from various Birmingham bands who are worth mentioning as follows:
Lead singer and guitarist Brian Hines (Denny Laine) was born 29th October 1944 and lived in Holcombe Road, Tyseley. One of his earliest bands was "Johnny Dean and The Dominators" who played regularly at The Mermaid pub on Stratford Road. Johnny Dean was an early alias for Brian who worked at Rackhams by day but he would soon turn professional in 1962 with the new name of "Denny Laine" and fronting "The Diplomats", a well known Midlands group that also included future Move and E.L.O. drummer Bev Bevan (see Denny Laine and The Diplomats ).
Ray Thomas was born in Stourport on 29th December 1942. As a teenager in Erdington, he joined a skiffle band called 'Saints and Sinners' during the late 1950s in which he played the tea-chest bass. Apprenticing as an engineer, Ray formed his first professional band ' El Riot and The Rebels ' as their lead singer and harmonica player.
The Rebels line-up also included drummer Bob Sheward as well as guitarists Brian Betteridge and John Lodge who was born in Birmingham on July 20, 1945 and lived in Erdington at 70 Inland Road. Also living in Erdington on Wheelwright Road was piano player Mike Pinder, born 27th December 1941. He played part-time with El Riot and The Rebels and had previously led his own group called The Rocking Tuxedo's.
El Riot and The Rebels became known for their stage show for which they wore Mexican cowboy outfits. They managed to become regulars on the Noel Gordon hosted "Lunchbox" television show. John Lodge switched to bass guitar when the band acquired Mike Heard as lead guitarist. El Riot and The Rebels eventually split in 1963 when they were offered some lengthy bookings in Germany but only Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder wanted to go and John Lodge left to begin a drafting apprenticeship.
Ray and Mike then joined a local group called The Krewcats (not to be confused with Shadows drummer Brian Bennett's band of that name) with whom they went over to Germany from May to November of 1963. Performing in Hamburg and Hannover, the Krewkats were well received but rarely paid what they were owed by notorious club owner Peter Eckhorn who held on to their passports and work visas!
Meanwhile back in Birmingham, Graeme Edge who was born 30th March 1944 and lived in Coventry Road, Small Heath, was playing drums in a group called Gerry Levene and The Avengers . This band also included Jim Onslow on bass guitar and guitarist Mike Hopkins who would later join The Diplomats . Gerry Levene was the stage name for Aston singer Micky Gibbs. For a short time, the Avengers lead guitarist was Roy Wood (see Mike Sheridan and The Nightriders ).
Albert Eccles from Aston, was born on 25th June 1940, and had started playing guitar as a member of a skiffle group called "The Rainbow Boys". He changed his name to the more suitable "Clint Warwick" after joining Danny King's Dukes as their bass guitarist (see Danny King ). They were well known throughout the Midlands and also managed to secure a season at Butlins holiday camp in Scotland.
When Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder returned from Germany at the end of 1963, they found the Birmingham music scene made up of bands that imitated either 'Cliff and The Shadows' or 'The Beatles'. The Spencer Davis Group was at that time standing apart from the rest with their exciting Rhythm & Blues based sound so Danny King and Clint Warwick along with Graeme Edge and Gerry Levene of The Avengers, decided that R&B was the best music to play. Denny Laine from the Diplomats was also interested to start a new project, so the group started rehearsing and came up with the name "The Soul Preachers". Gerry Levene soon left after falling-out with Denny Laine.
A chance meeting with Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder at the Moathouse Club resulted in them also joining the line-up although by that time, Danny King had lost interest in the project and left. Ray Thomas later admitted he wanted John Lodge to play bass guitar in the new group but John declined as he was committed to completing his drafting apprenticeship and so Clint Warwick stayed.
Forging ahead, a plan was put in place to gain sponsorship from the Birmingham-based Mitchells & Butlers brewery so the name "M&B Five" was adopted. Unfortunately, the beer company was not interested in sponsoring a pop group so the initials were adapted to represent "Moody" and "Blues". An early gig poster shows the group billed as The Moody Blues "5".
Denny Laine recalled; "Mike apparently came up with the name 'The Moody Blues' but I always thought I came up with the 'Moody' part because I always saw it as a blues band. I think Mike got it from a Miles Davis album Indigo Blue or something like that." In May of 1964, the Moody Blues were rehearsing and performing regularly at Birmingham's 'Carlton Ballroom' (later to become famous as 'Mothers' club) in Erdington. Jim Simpson who worked as a photographer for the 'Midland Beat' newspaper took the earliest known photo of the Moody Blues shown here performing at the Carlton Ballroom. Jim later went on to discover and manage Black Sabbath .
"We went on and played our own type of rhythm and blues like 'I Go Crazy' and stuff like that and we went down a storm!"
Ray Thomas remembered a gig they played at The Moathouse Club in Birmingham. "In the audience was a guy called Tim Hudson. He was from London and he really liked us. He knew some people in London who were looking for a band to manage so mentioned us to them. They turned out to have a management company called Ridgepride but they were also the people behind 'Seltaeb' - a company that had the rights on all The Beatles merchandising - the name was actually 'Beatles' spelt backwards."
In this way The Moody Blues were introduced to London-based manager Tony Secunda who went on to play a major role in the careers of several Brumbeat groups. Denny Laine was later quoted in a magazine feature as saying; "We had the most terrible rows when we started as we were all used to having our own way. But the chap who was training us (Secunda) made us knuckle under to the firmest discipline and eventually we all got pulling together. Now we trust and respect each other completely."
A big break came when Tony Secunda got the band to perform a regular spot at London's famous Marquee Club. Ray Thomas said; "All the great bands had their own night at The Marquee. Manfred Mann had a regular spot but their singer Paul Jones had bad laryngitis and couldn't sing. At the last minute, we were called to fill-in for them. We went on and played our own type of rhythm and blues like 'I Go Crazy' and stuff like that and we went down a storm! Things took off from there."
The Marquee management offered The Moody blues a regular night to perform. Denny Laine said; "The Marquee was an important step for us and we played regularly but also backed visiting American musicians whilst they were in the UK." It wasn't long before Tony Secunda arranged a record deal with the Moody Blues signing to the prestigious Decca Records label.
Produced by Alex Murray (Alex Wharton), The Moody Blues' first single titled 'Steal Your Heart Away' was a soulful effort and the B-side 'Lose Your Money', co-composed by Denny Laine and Mike Pinder was an energetic though typical beat-style recording. The single did not chart but the Moody Blues appeared on television for the first time on ITV's pop music show 'Ready Steady Go!'
Looking for hit material, the Moodies second single was an inventive arrangement of an obscure song by American singer Bessie Banks. Denny said; "We knew a schoolboy named James Hamilton who had a fantastic record collection. He knew a New York disc jockey B. Mitchell Reed, and through them we got a lot of material which nobody else was doing - like 'Steal Your Heart Away' and 'Barefootin'. 'Go Now' was another one. Bessie Banks did a great version - slow like 'Love Letters' but we bopped it up, put harmonies on it, made it sort of gospel in our own limited way."
Their producer Alex Murray recalled; "The band had played the song for the first time in London at a Marquee gig and that night they blew the crowd away - took them somewhere else! It was a unique song which matched their unique interpretation so I knew before we went into the studio that it was the 'big one' if we could only get it right and re-capture the atmosphere they'd created at the Marquee."
Along with Mike Pinder's memorable piano intro, the record featured a group vocal backing that would become a Moody Blues trade mark. The song was 'Go Now' and it became a worldwide hit for the Moody Blues in late 1964, reaching Number One in the British charts and also making top ten in the USA. This sudden success resulted in many radio and TV appearances for the group plus a hectic schedule of both national and international touring (to read record producer Alex Wharton's true story of the historic Go Now recording session click HERE ).
"You will probably call it contemporary blues - it could be if you want it to be. It doesn't matter, just let it pass through you"
A follow-up single proved hard to find but the Moodies first album was hurriedly recorded to cash in on the success of Go Now. The LP (preceded by a four song EP), consisted of songs the band were performing in their stage show in addition to four original tracks co-composed by Denny Laine and Mike Pinder. The list included favourites like James Brown's 'I Go Crazy', George Gershwin's classic 'It Ain't Necessarily So' (sung by Ray Thomas) and the Laine/Pinder composition 'From The Bottom Of My Heart' which was also issued as a single.
Significantly, Ray Thomas played a flute on some of the album tracks which was certainly unusual for a blues-based band. He recalled; "My grandfather played one as a young man and I just liked its sound really. I think the first time I used it was an alto flute on From The Bottom Of My Heart." However, to Ray's chagrin his flute part was lost on the final mix of this record as well as on 'I Don't Want To Go On Without You', although it can clearly be heard on their live recordings made for the BBC at the time.
Pop star 'Donovan' wrote an interesting introduction for the Moody Blues LP back cover; "...Their writing has all the sensitiveness an' feeling that makes music cool to listen to. The tracks on this LP will show the sort of scene they have got going. You will probably call it contemporary blues - it could be if you want it to be. It doesn't matter, just let it pass through you."
Another original Laine/Pinder song by The Moody Blues titled 'Stop' was issued as a single in the U.S.A. and managed to get a chart placing there. The band joined the famous "British Invasion" and were sent over to America on a package tour together with chart-toppers 'Peter & Gordon' and fellow brummies The Fortunes . The Moodies performed at the NME Poll Winners concert at Wembley to an audience of 60,000. They also obtained the prestigious position of playing support for The Beatles on their 1965 British tour.
The Moody Blues were by this time living together in a large rented house in the Roehampton area of London. Famous pop stars of the day including the Beatles were regular visitors there. During one of the many parties, girls were climbing through the windows to get in. Paul McCartney was in the loo at the time and Mike Pinder believes this inspired the Beatles song 'She Came In Through The Bathroom Window'. Unfortunately for the Moodies, this house was later burgled and their instruments stolen with the exception of Ray's beloved flute that lay unnoticed on the fire mantle.
Despite the massive success of Go Now, subsequent singles by the Moody Blues had diminishing impact on the record charts. This was at a time when pop groups depended on regular hit singles rather than album sales for their survival. The Moody Blues' self composed fifth single 'Everyday' released in October 1965 had only got to Number 44 in the charts despite its commercial appeal. By 1966 the group were obliged to reduce their booking fees while playing more and more gigs to keep up with expenses. Beatles manager Brian Epstein had taken over management of the Moody Blues in September 1965 but this did little to improve their situation.
The Moody Blues' refusal to record a song called 'Those Were The Days' as suggested by The Beatles' own Paul McCartney may not have helped things either as far as their record company was concerned. The song was later covered by Apple recording artist Mary Hopkin who had a huge international hit with it. By the summer of 1966, the intense pressure the band found themselves under was beginning to take it's toll.
In August, bass guitarist Clint Warwick who disliked touring, left the Moody Blues at the end of an American tour. As the only married band member, he quit the music business and went back to Birmingham to work as a carpenter. Clint Warwick passed away in 2004 (see the Brum Beat Clint Warwick story). He was replaced temporarily by Rod Clark (from Carter-Lewis and The Southerners) who later joined The Rockin' Berries .
"We were tagged 'one-hit-wonders'. We had nine months of glory and then went back to 50 pound a night on the road!"
Towards the end of 1966, the Moody Blues were in debt and faced the prospect of performing on the cabaret circuit to make ends meet. Graeme Edge recalled; "We were tagged 'one-hit-wonders'. We had nine months of glory and then went back to 50 pound a night on the road!" The group were recording tracks for their proposed second album but without a hit single, the band's future as a recording act seemed questionable.
On September 24, Denny Laine officially announced he had left the Moody Blues to embark on a solo career under management of Brian Epstein (see Denny Laine ). To some, Denny Laine was the Moody Blues. Denny said; "Although I'd gone off to do my own thing, I stayed friendly with everyone. Actually, I was still staying with Mike in his flat in Putney when they started to put their new band together."
While the music papers announced the demise of The Moody Blues, Ray Thomas, Mike Pinder, and Graeme Edge decided to carry on. Former El Riot and The Rebels bass guitarist John Lodge who had completed his drafting apprenticeship, was playing in a Birmingham group over in Germany called the John Bull Breed along with former Rebels guitarist Mike Heard.
Ray Thomas phoned John Lodge and said to his former bass guitarist; "How about getting the old band back together?" John's enthusiasm to join the Moodies was confirmed when he sold some of his bass gear to help finance the group's next tour. John would go on to compose some of the Moody Blues best loved songs.
Denny Laine's position in the revised line-up was filled by singer/guitarist Justin Hayward who came from Swindon. As fate would have it, Ray Thomas met up with famous Newcastle vocalist Eric Burdon at a well-known London live-music bar called 'The Bag O'Nails Club'. While having a drink with Eric, who had recently auditioned applicants for his new 'Animals' line-up, the young guitarist was one of the names he recommended to Ray.
Justin Hayward was born on October 14, 1946 and grew up in Swindon. American rock 'n' roll star Buddy Holly was a huge early influence on Justin who moved to London to seek his fortune after finishing grammar school. A talented guitarist, Justin played in a few local beat groups before scoring a job with popular UK singer Marty Wilde as a member of 'The Wilde Three' with whom he performed for the next two years. It was during this time that Justin started to write his own songs and went on to record a single titled 'London Is Behind Me' issued under his own name on Pye Records in January 1966.
Mike Pinder went over to pick up Justin Hayward and drove him to meet the rest of the band. Mike's car had a record player so Justin played him his solo 45. Upon hearing the recording, Mike was impressed and recalled thinking; "He's the one for us. As far as I'm concerned you're in the band!"
Meanwhile, Decca Records continued to release "new" Moody Blues singles from material that had been recorded with the original line up of the band including the Mike Pinder/Denny Laine composition 'Boulevard De La Madeleine' which has been regarded by some as one of their best tracks.
The re-formed Moody Blues took on a schedule of 'northern cabaret' dates in order to raise desperately needed funds. The group initially performed many of the songs played by the previous line-up including Go Now with a lead vocal attempted by both Ray Thomas and Justin Hayward, but it just didn't sound right. Following a less than enthusiastic audience response at one of the clubs, the band all agreed that the old set along with the blue suits had to go.
The first single to be recorded by the new Moody Blues line-up was Justin Hayward's 'Fly Me High', a deliberate and catchy attempt on the record charts, that was released in May of 1967. The recording session introduced the band to Coventry-born Tony Clarke who would go on to produce the Moody's biggest-selling albums. Despite airplay on pirate radio stations, the single failed to gain a chart position. Interestingly, the song was later covered by the West Midlands band Ambrose Slade as a track on their first album in 1969.
The pop music scene was rapidly changing with new and innovative sounds capturing the attention of young record buyers. The Moody Blues had changed their musical direction by early 1967 with Mike Pinder supplementing his piano with a Mellotron - a revolutionary and mechanically-complex instrument that used a system of pre-recorded tapes to create a distinctive orchestral/atmospheric sound and was forerunner of today's modern electronic sampling keyboards.
Mike had purchased his instrument second-hand at a bargain price from Birmingham's Dunlop Tyres employees recreation club where it had languished mostly unused. The Beatles had pioneered the use of a mellotron on their ground-breaking 'Strawberry Fields Forever' single, while Stevie Winwood's new group Traffic had used the Mellotron extensively on their hit record 'Hole In My Shoe'.
(Note: the Mellotron was developed and manufactured by the Bradley Brothers at Streetly Electronics in Birmingham. Mike Pinder also worked at Streetly Electronics in the early 1960s. To read more about the Mellotron, click HERE or see the feature on the Brum Beat Features page.)
As a sign of things to come, the Moody Blues next single A-side composed by Mike Pinder titled 'Love And Beauty' was the first to feature the Mellotron on a Moody Blues recording. Although it failed to chart, this innovation along with group-written songs having mystical lyrics, and complex arrangements would set them apart from most other pop acts of that time. The Moody Blues went over to Belgium at the invitation of a music club owner there who put them up while the band concentrated on writing songs.
The Moody Blues developed a stage show with music and lyrics based on the concept of a day in the life of a typical working man. Mike Pinder came up with "The Dawn" ('Dawn Is A Feeling') to which Justin Hayward wrote "The Night" ('Nights In White Satin'). Other songs came quickly based on the themes of "The Morning", "Lunch Break", "The Afternoon" and "Evening" with songwriting contributions from all the group members.
With the inclusion of spoken poetry introducing the songs, the Moody Blues' innovative stage presentation started to gain them a new audience. The band toured France in the summer of 1967 where they found themselves hugely popular. To the group's complete surprise - they discovered one of their earlier R&B records titled 'Bye Bye Bird' was at Number One in the French charts!
"It was all very hippy you know - low lights and incense burning!"
Decca Records became interested in the Moody Blues' new "progressive" sound and proposed an experiment where the group would record an album of classical compositions by Dvorak and supported by a full symphony orchestra. The record company intended to use the results of this as a means of demonstrating their new "Deramic" stereo recording process. The Moody Blues went a step further and with the co-operation of orchestral arranger Peter Knight and executive producer Hugh Mendl, recorded an entire album of their own music in just five days with the London Festival Orchestra.
John Lodge remembered; "We went to Decca and said "Can we have lock-out time?" i.e. we wanted the studio 24 hours a day so we could set up all our equipment and just record. In those days you could only record in strict morning sessions." Ray Thomas said; "We never actually worked with the orchestra. All we did was ship each track to Peter Knight who wrote and scored the orchestral bridges. It was all very hippy, you know - low lights and incense burning!"
Despite initial reluctance by the record company, the resulting collection of completed tracks entitled 'Days Of Future Passed', was released on the Decca subsidiary Deram label that was specialising in progressive music. The timing was perfect as American radio was breaking into the FM stereo format and there was a demand for new pop albums fitting this requirement.
Days Of Future Passed - issued in November of 1967 - was a milestone in music, giving rise to the "concept album" on which the songs were linked by a similar subject matter or common theme. It reached Number 27 in the UK and Number 3 in the USA charts thus gaining the band a foot-hold on the all-important American market. The album was to become a huge influence on many other groups for years to come.
Executive producer Hugh Mendl wrote for the album's back cover; "In Days of Future Passed, the Moody Blues have at last done what many others have dreamed of and talked about: they have extended the range of pop music, and found the point where it becomes one with the world of the classics."
From the album came the Moody Blues' classic single 'Nights In White Satin', written by Justin Hayward, and reaching Number 9 in the UK, becoming their first Top 20 hit since Go Now. Justin's inspiration for the song was white satin bed sheets given to him by his girlfriend at the time. Another innovative single also composed by Justin titled 'Tuesday Afternoon' reached Number 24 in the USA and sell-out concert tours soon followed.
Building on the concept album format, the Moody Blues next LP issued in 1968 titled 'In Search Of The Lost Chord' was a major success on both sides of the Atlantic and it again featured the songwriting efforts of all the group members. Based on the ambitious concept of quest and discovery, this album unlike their previous one, had the group playing all the instruments themselves without any orchestral backing.
John Lodge said; "We'd used the orchestra on Days Of Future Passed and we inwardly thought the next album must be us on our own. We had Ray playing French horn, I played cello... but it didn't matter because we were experimenting - from sitar to tablas."
Ray Thomas remembered; "I was given a lunchtime to learn this piece on the oboe - I'd never seen a bloody oboe before. It was like, oh you can do it! Then everybody buggered off down to the pub and came back and said, have you got it yet?"
In Search Of The Lost Chord included the classic song 'Legend Of A Mind' composed by Ray Thomas as a tribute to the American LSD pioneer Timothy Leary with whom he had met during the previous American tour. It's probably one of the great album tracks of all time. This LP also yielded hit singles such as Justin Hayward's 'Voices In The Sky' and John Lodge's 'Ride My See Saw' which both scored high chart placings.
The question of LSD and other drug use by the Moody Blues at that time inevitably arose as some "psychedelic" sounding rock groups were known to take them. Years later, Justin Hayward admitted; "I certainly did. It became part of my life for a while until maybe ten or twelve trips and I thought well that's probably it now, I've done it and I'm really glad that I did."
Mike Pinder said; "It works in terms of if you were an artist you would end up with more pastels or colour varieties because you would notice the subtle differences. It's the same with listening to music in that you enjoy it most when you're in a meditative state and so I think the drug influence was able to put you into that state instantly."
"I know it sounds terribly pretentious now but as young men, that's what we were searching for"
In 1969, the Moody Blues album 'On The Threshold Of A Dream' was issued which topped the charts in the UK and scoring high in the USA. On the making of this album Justin Hayward years later said; "We wanted to collect religious and psychedelic influences onto an album and turn them into a pathway into enlightenment, if you like. I know it sounds terribly pretentious now but as young men, that's what we were searching for."
Pretentious or not, the well-crafted music of the Moody Blues continued to gain them millions of fans all over the world. The financial success of their LPs inspired the group to form their own 'Threshold Records' label and record shops. This had the band members eventually spending as much time going to business meetings as they spent in the recording studio. The West Midlands "super group" Trapeze , and local singer Nicky James were a few notable signings to appear on the Threshold label.
The Moody Blues late 1969 album titled 'To Our Children's Children's Children' explored the concept of space travel as was popular in news and culture at the time due to the race in landing a man on the moon. By now, the group's LP's were outselling their singles as more record buyers purchased the latest stereo hifi equipment with the traditional 'mono' format now obsolete.
The Moodies out-worldly recordings certainly lent themselves to the latest audio technology of which America in particular developed a huge market for. It should also be mentioned that the group placed great importance on album packaging with elaborate artwork and gatefold record sleeves that became a standard for 1970s rock albums.
In August of 1969 along with Bob Dylan and The Who, the Moody Blues performed at the legendary 'Isle Of Wight Festival' to an audience of about 150,000. They returned the following year playing to an incredible estimated 600,000 people along with other famous groups including Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors, and Jethro Tull amongst others. The Moodie's performance was filmed by Murray Lerner and issued on DVD in 2009.
The Moody Blues 6th LP in 1970 titled 'A Question of Balance' got to Number One in the UK album charts and also included a brilliant hit single 'Question' that got to Number Two - the group's highest placing for a 45 since Go Now. Justin Hayward said; "I'd written 'Question' on the morning of the recording session. It was recorded in just a few takes. I was very aware of the anti-war movement in America which had grown thanks to the Vietnam war. It was a protest song about the state of the world which I feel is still very relevant today."
Another great highlight from Question of Balance was Mike Pinder's composition 'Melancholy Man' that was issued on a single in some countries and topped the record chart in France. In addition to the Mellotron, Mike also played a Moog synthesizer on this and other album tracks.
Now at the height of their popularity, the Moody Blues recorded another big selling album the following year titled 'Every Good Boy Deserves Favour' and again featuring compositions by all the group members. Notably on this LP, Graeme Edge played the very first "electronic" drums heard on a record. Justin Hayward's composition 'The Story In Your Eyes' was issued as a single but surprisingly didn't make a big impact in the charts although it's one of the group's most recognizable songs and still in heavy rotation today on many "classic rock" stations.
Although having toured consistently around the world for several years with little time off, The Moody Blues managed to record one of their strongest albums issued at the end of 1972 titled 'Seventh Sojourn'. For this LP, Mike Pinder replaced his trusty Mellotron with a 'Chamberlin' that was a similar type of keyboard having pre-recorded instruments but with a more powerful and better quality sound.
"We were all exhausted and had become prisoners of our own success"
However, the strain on the group was beginning to show during the making of Seventh Sojourn. Ray Thomas recalled; "By the time we began the sessions I think we needed a break from each other. Up to that time everywhere one of us went, the others would be there too. All my experiences were their experiences." Mike Pinder said; "We were all exhausted and had become prisoners of our own success."
For Seventh Sojourn, John Lodge contributed some of his best songs - the reflective 'Isn't Life Strange' and the energetic 'I'm Just A Singer (In A Rock And Roll Band)' that were both issued as charting singles. The latter track was John's response to fans who tried to find deep meaning in the group's songs and lyrics. This LP was a big success, climbing to Number One in the American album charts. At almost the same time, their 1967 record 'Nights In White Satin' took on a life of its own and also made it to Number One!
The Moody Blues international success continued well into the 1970s before the band ground to a halt under strain from the pressure of touring, recording, and trying to balance the demands of a "normal" family life. While taking what turned into a six-year break from the band, all the group members made solo albums and worked on other musical projects. During this time, Mike Pinder married an American and moved permanently to the USA.
Justin Hayward and John Lodge along with Tony Clarke notably collaborated on a big-selling album issued under the name "Blue Jays" in 1975. Justin also scored high in the charts with his hit-single recording of Jeff Wayne's 'Forever Autumn' from the popular 'Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War Of The Worlds' LP in 1978.
The final album recorded by the "classic" Moody Blues line-up in 1978 was titled 'Octave' after which founding member Mike Pinder refused to go on tour in support of it. He was replaced by former YES keyboardist Patrick Moraz but it wasn't until a few years later that it was announced Mike had officially left the group. The underrated Octave was also the final Moody Blues album on which their long-time producer Tony Clarke played a part. Sometimes referred to as the "sixth" member of the group, Tony passed away in January 2010.
The 1980s saw The Moody Blues score high with their new million-selling album titled 'Long Distance Voyager' that topped the charts in 1981 and contained hit singles 'The Voice', 'Gemini Dream' and 'Talking Out Of Turn'. This album began a remarkable "second comeback" for a band that could easily have been written-off in the post-punk music landscape. More albums followed and four years later, the group were re-discovered by a huge new audience on the popular and influential 'MTV' music channel thanks to captivating videos of their records like 'Your Wildest Dreams' and 'I know You're Out There Somewhere'.
The Moody Blues line-up continued to fluctuate over the next few decades with Patrick Moraz being replaced by a succession of keyboard players including Bias Boshell, Guy Allison, and Paul Bliss. The updated Moody Blues sound with electronic drums and keyboards - sometimes compared with the contemporary "synth-pop" - did not sit well with some of their fans who longed for the old progressive days of the Mellotron . However, the group continued to get hit records and their new albums supported by regular tours were big sellers.
Founding member Ray Thomas retired from the band in 2003 due to health concerns. The current touring line-up of the Moody Blues consists of original members Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, and John Lodge with the addition of 2nd drummer Gordon Marshall, Alan Hewitt (keyboards), Norda Mullen (flute/acoustic guitar), and Julie Ragins (keyboards).
Their recent concerts include a healthy balance of "classic" album cuts along with more modern "pop" hits all drawn from the band's 50 year history (to see a review, click HERE ). Although the Moody Blues record releases have not been so frequent since, they continue to tour and remain the most successful of all the Birmingham groups from the 1960s in terms of longetivity and international acclaim. The Moody Blues have yet to be inducted into the famous 'Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'.
The Moodies former producer Tony Clarke left what is perhaps a fitting tribute to the group when he said of the classic line-up; "It had been a wonderful ten or eleven years. When you expect it to just be one album and it turns into eight of them, that's a wonderful ride. I'm really proud of what we did and they are all my favorites and I'm very glad we did what we did. And it was driven by this Birmingham blues band who went on to bigger things."
Copyright © John R Woodhouse
Sources: 'The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock' 1982; 'The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles' 5th edition 1985; 'Brum Rocked!' and 'Brum Rocked On!' books by Laurie Hornsby 2003; Record Collector, July 1995; Threshold Records CD Re-issues booklets with interviews of Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, John Lodge, Mike Pinder, and Ray Thomas; 'The Moody Blues DVD 3-Disc Set' Emperor Media Holdings SL 2006; Alex Wharton interview with Bulls Head Bob 2009; 'Back In The High Life - a biography of Steve Winwood' by Alan Clayson 1988; and 'Midland Beat' various issues.
The Moody Blues 1960s Record Releases
(highest UK chart position in brackets)
Singles:
Lose Your Money/Steal Your Heart Away (Decca F 11971) September 1964
Go Now/It's Easy Child (Decca F 12022) November 1964 (1)
I Don't Want To Go On Without You/It's Easy Child (Decca F 12095) February 1965 (33)
From The Bottom Of My Heart/And My Baby's Gone (Decca F 12166) May 1965 (22)
Everyday/You Don't (All The Time) (Decca F 12266) October 1965 (44)
Boulevard De La Madeleine/This Is My House (But Nobody Calls) (Decca F 12498) October 1966
Life's Not Life/He Can Win (Decca F 12543) January 1967 (withdrawn)
Fly Me High/I Really Haven't Got The Time (Decca F 12607) May 1967
Love And Beauty/Leave This Man Alone (Decca F 12670) September 1967
Nights In White Satin/Cities (Deram DM 161) November 1967 (19)
Voices In The Sky/Dr. Livingstone I Presume (Deram DM 196) August 1968 (27)
Ride My See-Saw/Simple Game (Deram DM 213) October 1968 (42)
Never Comes The Day/So Deep Within You (Deram DM 247) 1969
Watching And Waiting/Out And In (Threshold TH 1) 1969
Question/Candle Of Life (Threshold TH 4) 1970 (2)
Extended Player:
The Moody Blues (Decca DFE 8622) May 1965
Albums:
The Magnificent Moodies (Decca LK 4711) July 1965
Days Of Future Passed (Deram DML/SML 707) 1967 (27)
In Search Of The Lost Chord (Deram DML/SML 717) 1968 (5)
On The Threshold Of A Dream (Deram DML/SML 1035) 1969 (1)
To Our Children's Children's Children (Threshold THM/THS 1) 1969 (2)
A Question Of Balance (Threshold THM/THS 3) 1970 (1)
Some official Moody Blues related websites are listed below:
The Official Moody Blues Web Site: http://www.moodybluestoday.com
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What were the Quarter sessions and Assizes replaced by | The Moody Blues | New Music And Songs |
The Moody Blues
About The Moody Blues
Although they're best known today for their lush, lyrically and musically profound (some would say bombastic) psychedelic-era albums, the Moody Blues started out as one of the better R&B-based combos of the British Invasion. The group's history began in Birmingham, England with Ray Thomas (harmonica, vocals) and Mike Pinder (keyboards, vocals), who had played together in El Riot & the Rebels and the Krew Cats. They began recruiting members of some of the best rival groups working in Birmingham, including Denny Laine (vocals, guitar), Graeme Edge (drums), and Clint Warwick (bass, vocals).
The Moody Blues, as they came to be known, made their debut in Birmingham in May of 1964, and quickly earned the notice and later the services of manager Tony Secunda. A major tour was quickly booked, and the band landed an engagement at the Marquee Club, which resulted in a contract with England's Decca Records less than six months after their formation. The group's first single, "Steal Your Heart Away," released in September of 1964, didn't touch the British charts. But their second single, "Go Now," released in November of 1964 -- a cover of a nearly identical American single by R&B singer Bessie Banks, heavily featuring Laine's mournful lead vocal -- fulfilled every expectation and more, reaching number one in England and earning them a berth in some of the nation's top performing venues (including the New Musical Express Poll Winners Concert, appearing with some of the top acts of the period); its number ten chart placement in America also earned them a place as a support act for the Beatles on one tour, and the release of a follow-up LP (Magnificent Moodies in England, Go Now in America) on both sides of the Atlantic.
It was coming up with a follow-up hit to "Go Now," however, that proved their undoing. Despite their fledgling songwriting efforts and the access they had to American demos, this version of the Moody Blues never came up with another single success. By the end of the spring of 1965, the frustration was palpable within the band. The group decided to make their fourth single, "From the Bottom of My Heart," an experiment with a different, much more subtly soulful sound, and it was one of the most extraordinary records of the entire British Invasion, with haunting performances all around. Unfortunately, the single only reached number 22 on the British charts following its release in May of 1965, and barely brushed the Top 100 in America. Ultimately, the grind of touring, coupled with the strains facing the group, became too much for Warwick, who exited in the spring of 1966; and by August of 1966 Laine had left as well. The group soldiered on, however, Warwick succeeded by John Lodge, an ex-bandmate of Ray Thomas, and in late 1966 singer/guitarist Justin Hayward joined.
For a time, they kept doing the same brand of music that the group had started with, but Hayward and Pinder were also writing different kinds of songs, reflecting somewhat more folk- and pop-oriented elements, that got out as singles, to little avail. At one point in 1966, the band decided to pull up stakes in England and start playing in Europe, where even a "has-been" British act could earn decent fees. And they began building a new act based on new material that was more in keeping with the slightly trippy, light psychedelic sounds that were becoming popular at the time. They were still critically short of money and prospects, however, when fate played a hand, in the form of a project initiated by Decca Records.
In contrast to America, where home stereo systems swept the country after 1958, in England, stereo was still not dominant, or even common, in most people's homes -- apart from classical listeners -- in 1966. Decca had come up with "Deramic Stereo," which offered a wide spread of sound, coupled with superbly clean and rich recording, and was trying to market it with an LP that would serve as a showcase, utilizing pop/rock done in a classical style. The Moody Blues, who owed the label unrecouped advances and recording session fees from their various failed post-"Go Now" releases, were picked for the proposed project, which was to be a rock version of Dvorák's New World Symphony. Instead, they were somehow able to convince the Decca producers involved that the proposed adaptation was wrongheaded, and to deliver something else; the producer, Tony Clarke, was impressed with some of the band's own compositions, and with the approval of executive producer Hugh Mendl, and the cooperation of engineer Derek Varnals, the group effectively hijacked the project -- instead of Dvorák's music, they arrived at the idea of an archetypal day's cycle of living represented in rock songs set within an orchestral framework, utilizing conductor/arranger Peter Knight's orchestrations to expand and bridge the songs. The result was the album Days of Future Passed.
The record's mix of rock and classical sounds was new, and at first puzzled the record company, which didn't know how to market it, but eventually the record was issued, first in England and later in America. It became a hit in England, propelled up the charts by the single "Nights in White Satin" (authored and sung by Hayward), which made the Top 20 in the U.K.; in America, the chosen single was another Hayward song, "Tuesday Afternoon." All of it hooked directly into the aftermath of the Summer of Love, and the LP was -- totally accidentally -- timed perfectly to fall into the hands of listeners who were looking for an orchestral/psychedelic recording to follow works such as the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Better still, the band still had a significant backlog of excellent psychedelic-themed songs to draw on. Their debt wiped out and their music now in demand, they went to work with a follow-up record in short order and delivered In Search of the Lost Chord (1968), which was configured somewhat differently from its predecessor. Though Decca was ecstatic with the sales results of Days of Future Passed and the singles, and assigned Clarke and Varnals to work with them in the future, the label wasn't willing to schedule full-blown orchestral sessions again. And having just come out of a financial hole, the group wasn't about to go into debt again financing such a recording.
The solution to the problem of accompaniment came from Mike Pinder, and an organ-like device called a Mellotron. Using tape heads activated by the touch of keys, and tape loops comprised of the sounds of horns, strings, etc., the instrument generated an eerie, orchestra-like sound. Introduced at the start of the '60s as a potential rival to the Hammond organ, the Mellotron had worked its way into rock music slowly, in acts such as the Graham Bond Organisation, and had emerged to some public prominence on Beatles' records such as "Strawberry Fields Forever" and, more recently, "I Am the Walrus"; during that same year, in a similar supporting capacity, it would also turn up on the Rolling Stones' Their Satanic Majesties Request. As it happened, Pinder not only knew how to play the Mellotron, but had also worked in the factory that built them, which enabled him over the years to re-engineer, modify, and customize the instruments to his specifications. (The resulting instruments were nicknamed "Pindertrons.")
In Search of the Lost Chord (1968) put the Mellotron in the spotlight, and it quickly became a part of their signature sound. The album, sublimely beautiful and steeped in a strange mix of British whimsy ("Dr. Livingston I Presume") and ornate, languid Eastern-oriented songs ("Visions of Paradise," "Om"), also introduced one psychedelic-era anthem, "Legend of a Mind"; authored by Ray Thomas and utilizing the name of LSD guru Timothy Leary in its lyric and choruses, along with swooping cellos and lilting flute, it helped make the band an instant favorite among the late-'60s counterculture. (The group members have since admitted at various times that they were, as was the norm at the time, indulging in various hallucinogenic substances.) That album and its follow-up, 1969's On the Threshold of a Dream, were magnificent achievements, utilizing their multi-instrumental skills and the full capability of the studio in overdubbing voices, instruments, etc. But in the process of making those two LPs, the group found that they'd painted themselves into a corner as performing musicians -- thanks to overdubbing, those albums were essentially the work of 15 or 20 Moody Blues, not a quintet, and they were unable to re-create their sound properly in concert.
From their album To Our Children's Children's Children -- which was also the first release of the group's own newly founded label, Threshold Records -- only one song, the guitar-driven "Gypsy," ever worked on-stage. Beginning with A Question of Balance (1970), the group specifically recorded songs in arrangements that they could play in concert, stripping down their sound a bit by reducing their reliance on overdubbing and, in the process, toughening up their sound. They were able to do most of that album and their next record, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, on-stage, with impressive results. By that time, all five members of the band were composing songs, and each had his own identity, Pinder the impassioned mystic, Lodge the rocker, Edge the poet, Thomas the playful mystic, and Hayward the romantic -- all had contributed significantly to their repertoire, though Hayward tended to have the biggest share of the group's singles, and his songs often occupied the lead-off spot on their LPs.
Meanwhile, a significant part of their audience didn't think of the Moody Blues merely as musicians but, rather, as spiritual guides. John Lodge's song "I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock & Roll Band)" was his answer to this phenomenon, renouncing the role that had been thrust upon the band -- it was also an unusually hard-rocking number for the group, and was also a modest hit single. Ironically, in 1972, the group was suddenly competing with itself when "Nights in White Satin" charted again in America and England, selling far more than it had in 1967; that new round of single sales also resulted in Days of Future Passed selling anew by the tens of thousands.
In the midst of all of this activity, the members, finally slowing down and enjoying the fruits of their success, had reached an impasse. As they prepared to record their new album, Seventh Sojourn (1972), the strain of touring and recording steadily for five years had taken its toll. Good songs were becoming more difficult to deliver and record, and cutting that album had proved nearly impossible. The public never saw the problems, and its release earned them their best reviews to date and was accompanied by a major international tour, and the sales and attendance were huge. Once the tour was over, however, it was announced that the group was going on hiatus -- they wouldn't work together again for five years. Hayward and Lodge recorded a very successful duet album, Blue Jays (1975), and all five members did solo albums. All were released through Threshold, which was still distributed by English Decca (then called London Records in the United States), and Threshold even maintained a small catalog of other artists, including Trapeze and Providence, though they evidently missed their chance to sign a group that might well have eclipsed the Moody Blues musically, King Crimson. (Ironically, the latter also used the Mellotron as a central part of their sound, but in a totally different way, and were the only group ever to make more distinctive use of the instrument.)
The Moodies' old records were strong enough, elicited enough positive memories, and picked up enough new listeners (even amid the punk and disco booms) that a double-LP retrospective (This Is the Moody Blues) sold extremely well, years after they'd stopped working together, as did a live/studio archival double LP (Caught Live + 5). By 1977, the members had decided to reunite -- although all five participated in the resulting album, Octave (1978), there were numerous stresses during its recording, and Pinder was ultimately unhappy enough with the LP to decline to go on tour with the band. The reunion tour came off anyway, with ex-Yes keyboardist Patrick Moraz brought in to fill out the lineup, and the album topped the charts.
The group's next record, Long Distance Voyager (1981), was even more popular, though by this time a schism was beginning to develop between the band and the critical community. The reviews from critics (who'd seldom been that enamored of the band even in its heyday) became ever more harsh, and although their hiatus had allowed the band to skip the punk era, they seemed just as out of step amid the MTV era and the ascendancy of acts such as Madonna, the Pretenders, the Police, et al. By 1981, they'd been tagged by most of the rock press with the label "dinosaurs," seemingly awaiting extinction. There were still decent-sized hits, such as "Gemini Dream," but the albums and a lot of the songwriting seemed increasingly to be a matter of their going through the motions of being a group -- psychedelia had given way to what was, apart from the occasional Lodge or Hayward single, rather soulless pop/rock. There were OK records, and the concerts drew well, mostly for the older songs, but there was little urgency or very much memorable about the new material.
That all changed a bit when one of them finally delivered a song so good that in its mere existence it begged to be recorded -- the Hayward-authored single "Your Wildest Dreams" (1986), an almost perfect successor to "Nights in White Satin" mixing romance, passion, and feelings of nostalgia with a melody that was gorgeous and instantly memorable (and with a great beat). The single -- along with its accompanying album, which was otherwise a much blander affair -- approached the top of the charts. They were boosted up there by a superb promotional video (featuring the Mood Six as the younger Moody Blues) that suddenly gave the group at least a little contemporary pop/rock credibility. The follow-up, "I Know You're Out There Somewhere," was a lesser but still impressive commercial success, with an even better secondary melodic theme, and the two combined gave them an essential and memorable pair of mid-decade hits, boosting their concert attendance back up and shoring up their contemporary songbag.
By the end of the '80s, however, they were again perceived as a nostalgia act, albeit one with a huge audience -- a bit like the Grateful Dead without the critical respect or veneration. By that time, Moraz was gone and the core group was reduced to a quartet, with salaried keyboard players augmenting their work (along with a second drummer to back up Edge). They had also begun attracting fans by the tens of thousands to a new series of concerts, in which -- for the first time -- they performed with orchestras and, thus, could do their most elaborately produced songs on-stage. In 1994, a four-CD set devoted to their work, entitled Time Traveller, was released. By that time, their new albums were barely charting, and seldom attracting any reviews, but their catalog was among the best-selling parts of the Polygram library.
A new studio effort, Strange Times, followed in 1999 and the live (at the Royal Albert Hall) Hall of Fame was issued a year later, but it was the 1997 upgrades of their original seven albums, from Days of Future Passed to Seventh Sojourn, that attracted far more attention from the public. In 2003, Ray Thomas retired, and the Moody Blues carried on as a core trio of Hayward, Lodge, and Edge. They were still going strong as a touring band in 2009, the same period in which their live performance from the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival was released as a CD and a DVD. That same year, Hayward's "Tuesday Afternoon" began turning up as an accompaniment to commercials for Visa. In 2013, the Moody Blues were the subject of a four-disc box retrospective from Universal entitled Timeless Flight. ~ Bruce Eder, Rovi
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What is the name of the policeman in The Noddy stories | Slang terms for police officers
Slang terms for police officers
By Wikipedia,
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Use the search bar to look for terms in all glossaries, dictionaries, articles and other resources simultaneously
5 - 0: Slang for police officers and/or a warning that police are approaching. Derived from the television show Hawaii 5-0.
Babylon: Jamaican English term for corrupt establishment systems, often applied to the police.
Bacon: Derived from Pigs: often used in the structure "I smell bacon" to warn of the approaching presence of an officer.
Barney: Term coined after Barney Fife from The Andy Griffith Show.
Bear: Short for "Smokey the Bear" in reference to the hats worn by some U.S. state police being similar to that of "Smokey the Bear". "Bear bait" is a reference to speeders, who may draw the attention of the police and allow slightly slower traffic to exceed the speed limit in their wake. "Bear in the Air" is a reference to a police chopper.
Berry: Originating from blueberry, referring to the blue uniform most officers wear.
Bizzies: Common Liverpool slang term for the police, it was invented as the police were always too "busy" to help.
Blue Heelers: This is a term used in Australian and is after a breed of dog, the Australian Cattle Dog. This term is use because it accurately describes the personality and appearance (blue uniform) of a police officer. This term became used more frequently as it was used for the Australian police drama series Blue Heelers.
Blue Meanies: This is a 190s hippy slang term for the police, it was used in the Beatles film the Yellow Submarine, although many viewers may not have realised its significance.
Bluebottle: A British term for policeman that may have derived from Cockney rhyming slang. 'Bottle' is an abbreviation of 'bottle and glass', which is rhyming slang for 'arse'. (See also Bottles).
Bobby: This is not now widely used in Britain (except by the police, who still commonly use it to refer to themselves), though it can occur with a mixture of affection and slight irony in the phrase "village bobby", referring to the local community police officer. It is derived from Robert Peel (Bobby being the usual nickname for Robert), the founder of the Metropolitan Police.
Bottles: Cockney rhyming slang for Coppers (see below), from Bottles and Stoppers.
Boys in blue: A reference to the blue uniform worn by some officers.
Bronze: A term used for police officers in the 1979 Mel Gibson movie Mad Max
Bulls: An American term usually used to refer to railroad police but may also indicate regular police officers.
Cherry Toppers: Often used in reference to police cars which in most nations bear red lights on the top of the car.
Cop or Copper: While commonly believed to be an acronym for Constable On Patrol, the term refers to "one who captures or snatches". This word first appeared in the early 18th century, and can be matched with the word "cap", which has the same meaning and whose etymology can be traced to the Latin word 'capere'. (The word retains this meaning in other contexts: teenagers "cop a feel" on a date, and they have also been known to "cop an attitude".) Variation: Copper. It is also believed that the term Copper was the original, unshortened word, popularly believed to represent the copper badges American officers used to wear at the time of origin, but in fact probably used in Britain to mean "someone who cops" long before this.
Crusher: Of unknown origin but may have come from the nickname used for the Royal Navy Regulating Branch.
Dibble or The Dibble: Arises from the police officer in the Hanna-Barbera animated programme Top Cat. Most commonly used in Manchester.
Do-do nutters or The Do-dos: Arises from the stereotype of police officers eating donuts.
DRC or The DRC: Dirty Rotten Cop(per).
Feds: Usually used in the United States to refer to higher federal law enforcement agencies, especially the F.B.I. The term has gained widespread use around the West Midlands area in the UK, especially Birmingham. Derogatory slang, possibly due to influence of imported US television programmes.
Filth: a widespread term used in several countries.
(Name of city)'s Finest: Used in either admiration, or slightly derisive irony, in the United States. In New York City, the term has been adapted to other civil servants, such as "New York's Bravest" (the Fire Department) and "New York's Boldest" (the Department of Correction).
First Bunch of Idiots: Referring to the F.B.I., the federal law enforcement arm of the United States
Flatfoot: A term that refers to the large amount of walking that a police officer would do, thus causing flat feet.
Folks, Tha Folks: Southern Louisiana, rarely used.
Fuzz: This North American term first appeared in the 1920s and gained popularity in the 1930s. This slang term may be in reference to the sound of the field radios that police commonly use. It surfaced in Britain in the 1960s.
The Heat: American; putting the heat on someone. (Example: in the line What a field day for the heat (Stephen Stills, "For What It's Worth" from Buffalo Springfield, 1967), Stills is referring to the police.)
The Gaver: Cockney slang for the police - unknown origin - London.
The Guards: Irish term for the Garda Síochána
Heavy or Heavies: Cockney rhyming slang for the Flying Squad, from the Heavy Mob, (see also Sweeney).
Horseman: A Canadian term referring to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Variation: Mounties.
Jake: A common term used and created in New York City, New York
John Law or Johnny Law: Used across the United States. Mostly an older term.
Mama (Maman in South): Hindi (Malayalam in South) word which means uncle. Sarcastic reference to a policeman.
The Man: A derisive term popular during the 1960s and 1970s during the anti-establishment and anti-authoritarian movements. Implies that police are a tool of the powerful "man" that is trying to keep others down.
Member: Used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to refer to fellow Mounties in place of the usual "officer" or "constable" (or equivalent) in other police forces.
Mr. Plod, P.C. Plod or Plodder: a British term that arose from the Noddy books by Enid Blyton, in which Mr. Plod was the village policeman. "Plod" has also commonly been used by the British police themselves, as has its (generally disparaging) female equivalent "plonk".
Laws: A term originated in Houston, Texas.
One Time: A term where its meaning is derived from where if arrested all it takes is "one time" to be put away (convicted).
Old Bill: A term in use in London among other areas, inspiring the television series The Bill. The origin of this nickname is obscure; according to the Metropolitan Police themselves, there are at least 13 different explanations.
Pandu Hawaldar: Indian constabulary (and not officers) were recruited mostly from village areas. Pandu Ram was a common name in the villages. Hawaldar is a police sergeant.
Peeler: This also comes from Robert Peel (see 'Bobby'); it has largely disappeared in Britain, but is sometimes used in Northern Ireland.
Pigs: This term was widespread during the 19th century, disappeared for a while, but reappeared during the 20th century. It became especially popular during the 1960s and 1970s in the underground hippie and anti-establishment culture. It has also been used in anti-authoritarian punk and gangsta rap circles. Oz magazine showed a picture of a pig dressed as a policeman on a front cover.
Po-po or Po: A term used commonly by North American youth and rap artists.
Po-9: A term originating from "po-po", used mostly in the southern US.
Penelope's: A slang word for the police term coined by the SF Bay Area rap artist E-40
Rashers: British slang derived from pigs.
Rozzers: A British term. To Rozz was slang for to roast in the East End of London.
Rollers: An American term believed to have originated in the San Francisco Bay Area
Scuffers: An old British term.
Scum: Used across Britain, as an insult to say that the police are lower than the criminals.
Snippers: An African-American term used mostly in North America.
Soggies: Australian term for officers of the Special Operations Group.
Sweeney: Cockney rhyming slang for the Flying Squad, from Sweeney Todd, inspiring the television series The Sweeney, (see also Heavy).
Smokey: A term from the CB Radio fad of the 1970s. See "Bear" above.
The Thin Blue Line: Used to describe the role of the police in being the barrier between civilized society and anarchy, inspiring a TV series and a documentary of the same name. This has led to policemen involved in entrapping gays being ironically described as "The Thin Blue Jeans".
Tyre Biters: A term typically used for country police officers because of their habit of being involved with frequent car chases.
Wallopers: Mostly Commonwealth usage, from "wallop" meaning to hit or beat.
Woodentops: British term for uniformed police. Believed to be a reference to the 1950s children's TV series The Woodentops, very rarely in use.
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What colour is Park Lane on a Monopoly board | Slang terms for police officers
Slang terms for police officers
By Wikipedia,
Advertisements:
Use the search bar to look for terms in all glossaries, dictionaries, articles and other resources simultaneously
5 - 0: Slang for police officers and/or a warning that police are approaching. Derived from the television show Hawaii 5-0.
Babylon: Jamaican English term for corrupt establishment systems, often applied to the police.
Bacon: Derived from Pigs: often used in the structure "I smell bacon" to warn of the approaching presence of an officer.
Barney: Term coined after Barney Fife from The Andy Griffith Show.
Bear: Short for "Smokey the Bear" in reference to the hats worn by some U.S. state police being similar to that of "Smokey the Bear". "Bear bait" is a reference to speeders, who may draw the attention of the police and allow slightly slower traffic to exceed the speed limit in their wake. "Bear in the Air" is a reference to a police chopper.
Berry: Originating from blueberry, referring to the blue uniform most officers wear.
Bizzies: Common Liverpool slang term for the police, it was invented as the police were always too "busy" to help.
Blue Heelers: This is a term used in Australian and is after a breed of dog, the Australian Cattle Dog. This term is use because it accurately describes the personality and appearance (blue uniform) of a police officer. This term became used more frequently as it was used for the Australian police drama series Blue Heelers.
Blue Meanies: This is a 190s hippy slang term for the police, it was used in the Beatles film the Yellow Submarine, although many viewers may not have realised its significance.
Bluebottle: A British term for policeman that may have derived from Cockney rhyming slang. 'Bottle' is an abbreviation of 'bottle and glass', which is rhyming slang for 'arse'. (See also Bottles).
Bobby: This is not now widely used in Britain (except by the police, who still commonly use it to refer to themselves), though it can occur with a mixture of affection and slight irony in the phrase "village bobby", referring to the local community police officer. It is derived from Robert Peel (Bobby being the usual nickname for Robert), the founder of the Metropolitan Police.
Bottles: Cockney rhyming slang for Coppers (see below), from Bottles and Stoppers.
Boys in blue: A reference to the blue uniform worn by some officers.
Bronze: A term used for police officers in the 1979 Mel Gibson movie Mad Max
Bulls: An American term usually used to refer to railroad police but may also indicate regular police officers.
Cherry Toppers: Often used in reference to police cars which in most nations bear red lights on the top of the car.
Cop or Copper: While commonly believed to be an acronym for Constable On Patrol, the term refers to "one who captures or snatches". This word first appeared in the early 18th century, and can be matched with the word "cap", which has the same meaning and whose etymology can be traced to the Latin word 'capere'. (The word retains this meaning in other contexts: teenagers "cop a feel" on a date, and they have also been known to "cop an attitude".) Variation: Copper. It is also believed that the term Copper was the original, unshortened word, popularly believed to represent the copper badges American officers used to wear at the time of origin, but in fact probably used in Britain to mean "someone who cops" long before this.
Crusher: Of unknown origin but may have come from the nickname used for the Royal Navy Regulating Branch.
Dibble or The Dibble: Arises from the police officer in the Hanna-Barbera animated programme Top Cat. Most commonly used in Manchester.
Do-do nutters or The Do-dos: Arises from the stereotype of police officers eating donuts.
DRC or The DRC: Dirty Rotten Cop(per).
Feds: Usually used in the United States to refer to higher federal law enforcement agencies, especially the F.B.I. The term has gained widespread use around the West Midlands area in the UK, especially Birmingham. Derogatory slang, possibly due to influence of imported US television programmes.
Filth: a widespread term used in several countries.
(Name of city)'s Finest: Used in either admiration, or slightly derisive irony, in the United States. In New York City, the term has been adapted to other civil servants, such as "New York's Bravest" (the Fire Department) and "New York's Boldest" (the Department of Correction).
First Bunch of Idiots: Referring to the F.B.I., the federal law enforcement arm of the United States
Flatfoot: A term that refers to the large amount of walking that a police officer would do, thus causing flat feet.
Folks, Tha Folks: Southern Louisiana, rarely used.
Fuzz: This North American term first appeared in the 1920s and gained popularity in the 1930s. This slang term may be in reference to the sound of the field radios that police commonly use. It surfaced in Britain in the 1960s.
The Heat: American; putting the heat on someone. (Example: in the line What a field day for the heat (Stephen Stills, "For What It's Worth" from Buffalo Springfield, 1967), Stills is referring to the police.)
The Gaver: Cockney slang for the police - unknown origin - London.
The Guards: Irish term for the Garda Síochána
Heavy or Heavies: Cockney rhyming slang for the Flying Squad, from the Heavy Mob, (see also Sweeney).
Horseman: A Canadian term referring to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Variation: Mounties.
Jake: A common term used and created in New York City, New York
John Law or Johnny Law: Used across the United States. Mostly an older term.
Mama (Maman in South): Hindi (Malayalam in South) word which means uncle. Sarcastic reference to a policeman.
The Man: A derisive term popular during the 1960s and 1970s during the anti-establishment and anti-authoritarian movements. Implies that police are a tool of the powerful "man" that is trying to keep others down.
Member: Used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to refer to fellow Mounties in place of the usual "officer" or "constable" (or equivalent) in other police forces.
Mr. Plod, P.C. Plod or Plodder: a British term that arose from the Noddy books by Enid Blyton, in which Mr. Plod was the village policeman. "Plod" has also commonly been used by the British police themselves, as has its (generally disparaging) female equivalent "plonk".
Laws: A term originated in Houston, Texas.
One Time: A term where its meaning is derived from where if arrested all it takes is "one time" to be put away (convicted).
Old Bill: A term in use in London among other areas, inspiring the television series The Bill. The origin of this nickname is obscure; according to the Metropolitan Police themselves, there are at least 13 different explanations.
Pandu Hawaldar: Indian constabulary (and not officers) were recruited mostly from village areas. Pandu Ram was a common name in the villages. Hawaldar is a police sergeant.
Peeler: This also comes from Robert Peel (see 'Bobby'); it has largely disappeared in Britain, but is sometimes used in Northern Ireland.
Pigs: This term was widespread during the 19th century, disappeared for a while, but reappeared during the 20th century. It became especially popular during the 1960s and 1970s in the underground hippie and anti-establishment culture. It has also been used in anti-authoritarian punk and gangsta rap circles. Oz magazine showed a picture of a pig dressed as a policeman on a front cover.
Po-po or Po: A term used commonly by North American youth and rap artists.
Po-9: A term originating from "po-po", used mostly in the southern US.
Penelope's: A slang word for the police term coined by the SF Bay Area rap artist E-40
Rashers: British slang derived from pigs.
Rozzers: A British term. To Rozz was slang for to roast in the East End of London.
Rollers: An American term believed to have originated in the San Francisco Bay Area
Scuffers: An old British term.
Scum: Used across Britain, as an insult to say that the police are lower than the criminals.
Snippers: An African-American term used mostly in North America.
Soggies: Australian term for officers of the Special Operations Group.
Sweeney: Cockney rhyming slang for the Flying Squad, from Sweeney Todd, inspiring the television series The Sweeney, (see also Heavy).
Smokey: A term from the CB Radio fad of the 1970s. See "Bear" above.
The Thin Blue Line: Used to describe the role of the police in being the barrier between civilized society and anarchy, inspiring a TV series and a documentary of the same name. This has led to policemen involved in entrapping gays being ironically described as "The Thin Blue Jeans".
Tyre Biters: A term typically used for country police officers because of their habit of being involved with frequent car chases.
Wallopers: Mostly Commonwealth usage, from "wallop" meaning to hit or beat.
Woodentops: British term for uniformed police. Believed to be a reference to the 1950s children's TV series The Woodentops, very rarely in use.
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In the horror film Them what type of creatures were Them | Them! (1954) - IMDb
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The earliest atomic tests in New Mexico cause common ants to mutate into giant man-eating monsters that threaten civilization.
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 1 win & 1 nomination. See more awards »
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A ferocious dinosaur awakened by an Arctic atomic test terrorizes the North Atlantic and, ultimately, New York City.
Director: Eugène Lourié
Scientists and American Air Force officials fend off a blood-thirsty alien organism while at a remote arctic outpost.
Directors: Christian Nyby, Howard Hawks
Stars: Kenneth Tobey, Margaret Sheridan, James Arness
A small town in California is attacked by Martians.
Director: Byron Haskin
When Scott Carey begins to shrink because of exposure to a combination of radiation and insecticide, medical science is powerless to help him.
Director: Jack Arnold
A small-town doctor learns that the population of his community is being replaced by emotionless alien duplicates.
Director: Don Siegel
An alien lands and tells the people of Earth that they must live peacefully or be destroyed as a danger to other planets.
Director: Robert Wise
A strange prehistoric beast lurks in the depths of the Amazonian jungle. A group of scientists try to capture the animal and bring it back to civilization for study.
Director: Jack Arnold
A spider escapes from an isolated desert laboratory experimenting in giantism and grows to tremendous size as it wreaks havoc on the local inhabitants.
Director: Jack Arnold
The first U.S. spaceship to Venus crash-lands off the coast of Sicily on its return trip. A dangerous, lizard-like creature comes with it and quickly grows gigantic.
Director: Nathan Juran
An alien lifeform consumes everything in its path as it grows and grows.
Directors: Irvin S. Yeaworth Jr., Russell S. Doughten Jr.
Stars: Steve McQueen, Aneta Corsaut, Earl Rowe
A starship crew goes to investigate the silence of a planet's colony only to find two survivors and a deadly secret that one of them has.
Director: Fred M. Wilcox
A spaceship from another world crashes in the Arizona desert, and only an amateur stargazer and a schoolteacher suspect alien influence when the local townsfolk begin to act strange.
Director: Jack Arnold
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Storyline
In the New Mexico desert, Police Sgt. Ben Peterson and his partner find a child wandering in the desert and sooner they discover that giant ants are attacking the locals. FBI agent Robert Graham teams up with Ben and with the support of Dr. Harold Medford and his daughter Dr. Patricia 'Pat' Medford, they destroy the colony of ants in the middle of the desert. Dr. Harold Medford explains that the atomic testing in 1945 developed the dangerous mutant ants. But they also discover that two queen ants have flown away to Los Angeles and they are starting a huge colony in the underground of the city. When a mother reports that her two children are missing, the team and the army have a lead to follow. Will they arrive in time to save the children and destroy the colony? Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
FANTASTIC MONSTERS ATTACK EARTH! (original ad - all caps) See more »
Genres:
19 June 1954 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
It was also supposed to be in 3-D. Some elements of the 3-D effects, such as the ants having extreme close-ups and the flame throwers shooting straight into the camera, were used in the film. Although the second eye print was filmed, it was never struck and likely destroyed later. See more »
Goofs
During the first encounter in the desert both Ben Peterson and FBI guy Graham are using .38 cal Revolvers, (6 shot), however 20 pistol shots can be heard without reloading. See more »
Quotes
(Australia) – See all my reviews
If I were to write a review something along the lines of: "Them! is awesome because it depicts giant irradiated ants, and giant irradiated ants are cool", I'd probably be shot. Either way, 'Them!' is a great movie.
'Them!, to my knowledge, would be one of the earliest sci-fi movies to look at the consequences of nuclear technology. 'The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms' was released a year earlier in 1953, and 'Gojira' was released months after 'Them!', and arguably became the most successful of the three, but don't discount the impact 'Them!' had.
The film opens in New Mexico. Several people seem to bitten the desert dust when some police officers find the prototype for Newt from 'Aliens'. After an investigation, a nest of giant ants is discovered. The ants were mutated by atomic testing, and are responsible for the local deaths.
Like the 'Beast From 20,000 Fathoms' and 'Gojira', 'Them!' played on Cold War fears of the consequences of using nuclear weapons. The story may not be as relevant today as it was during the 50s, but as a student of history I find it rather interesting. And as a fan of action and sci-fi, 'Them!' has obviously had influences on 'Aliens', 'Starship Troopers', 'Terminator 2', and other movies.
'Them!' is a great sci-fi movie. It is a shame that many people my age would avoid it due to its age, it being in black and white, and not having special-effects on the level of the 'Matrix' - 9/10
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What is the capital of Iran | Horror Films
HORROR FILMS
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Examples
Hitchcock's 60s Masterpieces:
Another suspense/thriller director, Alfred Hitchcock, whose early silent film The Lodger (1926) explored horror's themes, brought out his most horrific film over 30 years later at the start of the decade. His film changed the face of all horror films ever since. Pure archetypal horror was now to be found in the dark shadows of the human soul itself - in a psychopathic, cross-dressing Bates Motel operator and taxidermist (Anthony Perkins). The low-budget, television-influenced, B & W
Psycho (1960) could be considered the 'Citizen Kane' of horror films, with its complex Oedipal themes and schizophrenia. Its most famous scene was the classic shower murder in which the heroine (Janet Leigh) was savagely stabbed, with Bernard Herrmann's violin-tinged memorable score. The scene still invokes sheer terror, and the film itself would come to influence all subsequent Hollywood horror films - especially the 'slasher' horror film subgenre.
Hitchcock's next horror masterpiece was Universal Studios' apocalyptic The Birds (1963) about the invasion of coastal town Bodega Bay by avian flocks. A spoiled heiress (Tippi Hedren), her potential boyfriend (Rod Taylor), his mother (Jessica Tandy), and a schoolteacher (Suzanne Pleshette) all suffered from the many bird attacks. The theme of Man vs. Nature running amok remained unresolved by the film's end.
Roman Polanski's Horror Films in the 60s:
Polish director Roman Polanski's first film in English, the potent and scary British production titled Repulsion (1965, UK), depicted a young, sexually-disturbed beautician's (Catherine Deneuve) unstable descent into hallucinatory madness in a London apartment. After his public acceptance for the film, Polanski directed the offbeat ghoulish comedy The Fearless Vampire Killers (1966) starring his wife Sharon Tate (a victim of the gruesome Manson 'family' murders).
Polanski's greatest commercial hit was his adaptation of Ira Levin's best-selling book Rosemary's Baby (1968) that dared to show the struggle of a young pregnant woman (Mia Farrow) against witches and the forces of the devil (found among friendly senior citizens on Manhattan's Upper West Side, led by Oscar-winner Ruth Gordon), culminating in the young woman's delivery and mothering of the devil's child.
See Extended Feature Article: The Greatest Zombie Films
See description of Zombie Films (Before the 1960s) on the previous pages.
Foreign-Made Zombie Films in the 1960s:
By the mid-1960s, UK's Hammer Studios - known for churning out dozens of horror films, entered into the world of zombies with its The Plague of the Zombies (1966, UK) (aka The Zombie) by director John Gilling, visualizing the living dead as rotting, reanimated (or undead) corpses. Building upon Lugosi's characterization in the 1932 classic film White Zombie, the film told about a wickedly-insane, 19th century Cornish squire with a macabre plot to use ancient voodoo rites to raise plague victims from the dead to become his exploited, voodoo-controlled zombies working in his tin mine. The film's best nightmarish sequence was one in which decaying graveyard cadavers dug their way up through the earth to surround the shocked dreamer and clutch at him with clawing dead fingers. Another notable dream image was a realistic zombie decapitation.
The apocalyptic The Last Man on Earth (1964, It.), starring Vincent Price as a sole surviving doctor besieged by bloodthirsty vampire-like plague victims, was the first film version of Richard Matheson's 1954 novel I Am Legend (later remade as The Omega Man (1971) starring Charlton Heston, and in 2007 with the same title starring Will Smith).
George Romero's Horror Contributions: Modern Zombie Films
In a revolutionary way, now-acclaimed George A. Romero, now known as the Master of the 'zombie film,' ushered in the modern era of graphically violent and gory zombie pics in the waning years of the 60s decade. Stephen King praised him for taking the horror "out of Transylvania" and bringing it to modern-day America. Romero's first Dead film appeared at the same time as civil unrest, Black Power and student protests, the Vietnam War, fear of nuclear annihilation, the gruesome assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr., and the breakdown of the family - all coupled with the idealistic innocence of the previous year's Summer of Love. Romero realized that his archetypal zombie narratives, with extreme blood, violence and gore, could also provide worthwhile sub-textual commentary on societal themes. He recognized that the ultimate in horror was humanity itself ("I also have always liked the monster-within idea. I like the zombies being us"), allegorically presented during turbulent times as mobs of mindless reanimated 'living dead' creatures.
Romero's debut horror feature, the first of a canon of zombie classics, was the low-budget, intensely-claustrophobic, unrelenting B&W cult classic Night of the Living Dead (1968). It was a milestone 'splatter' film about newly dead, stumbling corpses/zombies (not produced by voodoo rites, or outer space mutants), that returned to life with indiscriminate, ravenous hunger for human flesh. Romero himself defined them as average-Joe "blue-collar monsters," who lumbered stiffly out of their graves (due to the effects of rigor mortis) and toward a barricaded farmhouse in rural Pennsylvania. Reportedly, it was thought that the zombies were raised from the dead after exposure to radiation from a returning Venus space probe. The amateurish, allegorical film made in just one month showed rotten human corpses walking with outstretched arms and threatening a few trapped survivors who sought refuge.
The terror came from their relentless attack on innocent fugitive survivors who were hiding to escape being infected by zombie bites. Fire scared off the walking, bloodthirsty cadavers, and they could only be forever stopped by a brain kill - shooting them in the head. The low-budget black-and-white visceral film was shot documentary-style with natural lighting and a handheld camera to accentuate the fear facing the besieged farmhouse occupants. Soon, the horror threat was coming from inside the house as well as outside, as there was a struggle for power between a resourceful and calm black man (the lead character!) and an impulsive family man. It also showed violated bodies and families torn apart by the 'living dead' creatures who illustrated how nothing was sacred in contemporary society (an adolescent girl killed her own mother with a garden trowel and then ate her). The film's despairing tone, especially its tragically ironic ending, struck audiences as a true depiction of the lifeless dehumanized society in which people lived. In the film's futile and bleak conclusion, the townsfolk mistakenly shot and killed black man Ben (Duane Jones) after his desperate fight for survival.
Romero's most notable horror films -- his calling card -- were his Dead trilogy -- in a 'cult of the dead. The entire series of six films by 2010 included:
Survival of the Dead (2009) - "Survival Isn't Just For the Living"
The sixth film in Romero's extended trilogy of "dead" zombie films was, in effect, a tangential sequel or offshoot to the 5th film with a returning character, anti-hero Sgt. Crocket (Alan Van Sprang) who led a rogue group of National Guardsmen to find refuge on a remote island off the coast of Delaware. It still presented the thought-provoking idea that the human race might become zombified if it fought against itself over a long period of time. The film's major theme was whether flesh-eating zombies, cared for as loving kin-folk even if 'undead', could be rehabilitated, and co-exist with humans by learning to eat non-human flesh. The theme was carried out in the midst of a deadly tribalistic Hatfield-McCoy feud (O'Flynns vs. Muldoons) fought between two powerful families, led by rival Irish patriarchs with differing views on coexistence with neighboring zombies. It was the least successful film of the series at the box-office, and critically-reviled by most Romero fans. It was considered a revisionistic version of the western The Big Country (1958).
Zombie Horror Films to the Present:
After the late 60's, Romero's first zombie film, the revolutionary Night of the Living Dead (1968) proved to be hugely influential on future zombie films and many were imaginative derivatives or mutated examples, such as:
Teenage Zombies (1960), a low-budget, teen horror-exploitation film
The Astro-Zombies (1968), again with John Carradine as a mad zombie master who revitalized corpses as super-human agents
Children Shouldn't Play With Dead Things (1973) (aka Revenge of the Living Dead), a low-budget, zombie horror-comedy
Let Sleeping Corpses Lie (1974, Sp./It.), a Spanish/Italian production about the recently-revived living dead
Sugar Hill (1974) (aka The Zombies of Sugar Hill), a blaxploitation horror film about a voodoo army of the undead
Shock Waves (1977), the best of its low-budget sub-genre - the underwater Nazi zombie movie
Phantasm (1979), a great low-budget horror film with an arachnoid, mysterious undertaker villain (not a zombie really) known as The Tall Man (Angus Scrimm), with series sequels in 1988, 1994 and 1998
Zombi 2 (1979, It.) (aka Zombie), a gory film from director Lucio Fulci; named Zombi 2 to imply that it was a follow-up film to Romero's Dawn of the Dead (1978) (aka Zombi in Italian) a year earlier
The Alien Dead (1980), directed by legendary cult director Fred Olen Ray
Hell of the Living Dead (1980, It./Sp.), a low-budget, rip-off horror film and camp-cult favorite from Italy
Zombi Holocaust (1980, It.) (aka Zombie 3), notoriously gory, and one of many copycat Italian zombie movies
The Beyond (1981, It.), d. Lucio Fulci, a midnight-movie cult film about the 'gates of hell' underneath a New Orleans hotel
Burial Ground: The Nights of Terror (1981, It.), another of the many grindhouse, depraved, low-budget gory variants of the Romero zombie films, from Italy
Dead & Buried (1981), a favorite cult film about zombies in Potter's Bluff
The Evil Dead (1981) , d. Sam Raimi; a splendid trilogy of gore-comedy, including the remake Evil Dead II (1987) and the sequel Army of Darkness (1993) , with Bruce Campbell as the cult-classic hero Ash clashing against demonic spirit-possessed zombies
Night of the Zombies (1981), d. Joel Reed, a low-budget, cheap horror film thriller about Nazi-zombies
Creepshow (1982), a multi-story (five) anthology, directed by zombie Horror Master George A. Romero, with a script by another horror master, novelist Stephen King. The first and third stories: "Father's Day" and "Something to Tide You Over" were zombie-related.
Night of the Comet (1984), a satirical, sci-fi disaster comedy of 50's sci-fi/zombie movies
Lifeforce (1985), d. Tobe Hooper, a sci-fi film about London over-run by vampirish space zombies
Re-Animator (1985), based on H.P. Lovecraft's early 1920s short story (Herbert West: Re-Animator) about re-animator experimenter Herbert West (Jeffrey Combs), a parody of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; followed by two sequels also by director Brian Yuzna and starring Jeffrey Combs: Bride of Re-Animator (1989) and Beyond Re-Animator (2003)
The Return of the Living Dead (1985) parody series, d. Dan O'Bannon, followed by numerous sequels: Ken Wiederhorn's Return of the Living Dead Part II (1988), and Brian Yuzna's Return of the Living Dead 3 (1993), and two more films in 2005
Night of the Creeps (1986), a fast-paced, campy, schlocky horror-comedy thriller
I Was a Teenage Zombie (1987), a low-budget, campy, cheap parody of John Hughes' high-school romance films - now a satirical zombie romantic comedy
Zombie High (1987), with Virginia Madsen
The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988), d. Wes Craven, based upon the autobiographical book with the same title from Wade Davis, about a Harvard researcher sent to Haiti to investigate voodooism and drug-induced zombies; the film reconnected zombies with their voodoo-inspired roots
Pet Sematary (1989), based upon Stephen King's book, with a sequel in 1992, features demonic revival of the dead
Redneck Zombies (1989), a tongue-in-cheek, comic splatterfest zombie movie
Night of the Living Dead (1990), a re-telling of the original (with significant changes in the character of Barbra and advanced production design/make-up), based on an updated script (by executive producer Romero) and shot in color by makeup wizard and Romero's special effects expert for NOTLD's two sequels, Tom Savini (with his feature film directorial debut)
Black Demons (1991, (It.) (aka Demoni 3), a low-budget, little-seen Italian production, with some similarities to the plot of John Carpenter's The Fog (1980)
Nudist Colony of the Dead (1991), a strange combination -- a comedy-musical horror spoof. This campy, cheesy, low-budget B-film had very little nudity
Voodoo Dawn (1991) (or 1990) (aka Strange Turf, and Voodoo Blood), d. Steven Fierberg, adapted from a horror novel by John Russo (who scripted Night of the Living Dead), starring Gina Gershon and Tony Todd (pre-Candyman)
Braindead (1992, NZ) (aka Dead Alive) - director Peter Jackson's early landmark film, often considered the bloodiest and grossest zombie film ever made
Return of the Living Dead (1993), another gory comedy yet very straight love story (with some nudity), the third horror entry in the "Living Dead" series by director Brian Yuzna
Cemetery Man (1994, It.) (aka Dellamorte Dellamore), an intensely erotic, sexy and gory fantasy-horror film - an imaginative, supernatural romance (and comedy!) about a graveyard
I, Zombie (1999), the first film produced by horror magazine Fangoria
The Dead Hate the Living (2000), debut film of writer/director Dave Parker, direct to video
Resident Evil (2002), d. Paul W.S. Anderson, but originally to be directed by George Romero, adapted from the popular video game and with numerous Alice in Wonderland references; with sequels in 2004, 2007, and 2010
28 Days Later (2002, UK), a sci-fi horror film set in London - that has been overrun with a plague and crazed, diseased zombies due to a bio-hazard virus, the sequel was 28 Weeks Later (2007, UK)
House of the Dead (2003), an inept, reviled zombie film from notorious German-born director Uwe Boll
Undead (2003, Australia), a sub-par, low-budget, independent film that was both a serious film and a parody of sci-fi (alien invasion) films
Dawn of the Dead (2004), a remake of Romero's second film in the original trilogy, from Zack Snyder (his feature film debut), a bit hit film and the highest-grossing zombie film at the time
Shaun of the Dead (2004, UK), a horror comedy by director Edgar Wright, featuring star and co-writer Simon Pegg, about two London slackers experiencing a zombie invasion
They Came Back (2004, Fr.) (aka Les Revenants), a serious, intellectual, mystery-style movie - and a zombie film without rotting, shambling, drooling flesh-eating corpses, or blood and gore
Black Sheep (2006, NZ), d. Jonathan King, a horror-comedy, about a genetic engineering experiment gone awry by renegade geneticist Dr. Rush (Tandi Wright), that produced 4-legged blood-thirsty mutant killer "zombie" sheep!
Fido (2006, Canada), an imaginative, whimsical, and entertaining black horror-comedy (a boy and his dog tale), with sly satire, and with the sensibility of a Douglas Sirk 50s melodrama
The Zombie Diaries (2006, UK), a low-budget production, a "found footage" film made with a jerky camera, in the style of The Blair Witch Project (1999), with a non-linear narrative and little character development
Planet Terror (2007) (aka Grindhouse: Planet Terror), the Grindhouse double-feature partner with Quentin Tarantino's Death Proof.
[REC] (2007, Sp.), a found-footage horror film set in a locked-down apartment building in Barcelona, Spain. Followed by many sequels [REC] 2 (2009), REC 3: Genesis (2012), and REC 4 (2014).
Colin (2008, UK), a very low-budget, low-key indie film (Marc Price's debut feature film) shot on digital video, and mostly a character study, with very little plot and dialogue, and told from the personal POV of a zombie.
Dance of the Dead (2008), a low-budget, independent horror comedy (John Hughes-style) with a cast of unknowns. In some ways, it was a hybrid of two zombie comedy classics: Return of the Living Dead (1985) and Shaun of the Dead (2004).
Day of the Dead (2008), d. Steve Miner, a loose remake (or more appropriately, a "reimagining") of Romero's 1985 film (the last of his trilogy), Day of the Dead (1985), but mostly unrelated.
Deadgirl (2008), a truly original, disturbing, dark and disgusting exploitative film, and a treatise on female objectification.
Pontypool (2008, Can.), a minimalist yet effective zombie movie, actually a psychological thriller, almost entirely devoid of zombies
Zombie Strippers! (2008), a low-budget naked zombie film made by writer/director Jay Lee, headlined by XXX-adult film star Jenna Jameson, a former Penthouse Pet
Dead Snow (2009, Norway) (aka Død Snø), a unique Nazi zombie movie - a low-budget, gory horror comedy (and midnight-movie cult hit)
Zombieland (2009), a big-budget successful zombie comedy about a road trip amidst a zombie apocalypse
The Dead (2010, UK), a sleeper, low-budget, stark and stripped-down, serious-minded zombie road film shot on location in the Dark Continent of Africa
Juan of the Dead (2011, Cuba/Sp.), a rip-off title of Shaun of the Dead (2004, UK) - and a Latino version of the earlier film. It was a satirical Spanish-Cuban zombie horror-comedy, set in Fidel Castro's Cuba, with an astute political subtext.
Warm Bodies (2013), a post-apocalyptic, upbeat zombie teen romance-comedy - an original love story based on Isaac Marion's 2010 novel, similar in part to Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
World War Z (2013), an apocalyptic action thriller and zombie creature-film based on Max Brooks' 2006 pseudo-oral history novel World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War. As of the present time, the massive summer blockbuster was the highest-grossing zombie film of all time.
Horror Films in the 70s:
In 1968, the MPAA created a new rating system with G, M, R, and X ratings, in part as a response to the subversive, violent themes of horror films. The figure of Dracula reappeared in the TV adaptation Dracula (1973) with Jack Palance as the reluctant "undead" vampire and Nigel Davenport as Van Helsing. Director Paul Morrissey's sexy cult horror film Andy Warhol's Dracula (1974) (aka Blood for Dracula), originally rated X but re-rated as R, featured Udo Keir as the blood-addicted, sickly 'junkie' Count seeking virgin blood outside of Transylvania in Italy, although Warhol stalwart Joe Dallesandro (as handsome handyman Mario) had already consumed the virginal attributes of suitable bride-mates. Frank Langella recreated his starring Broadway role as the charismatic, and suave but tragically-anguished Count in director John Badham's Dracula (1979), with Laurence Olivier as the famed vampire hunter. And in the same year, the vampire myth was spoofed in director Stan Dragoti's highly-successful and campy Love at First Bite (1979) with George Hamilton.
In the 1970s, nightmarish horror and terror lurked everywhere. One of the top box-office hits in the early 70s was Willard (1971) about a wimpish 27 year old loner (and Mama's boy) who trained his bloodthirsty pet rodent friends to vengefully attack his co-worker enemies - it launched an equally awful sequel Ben (1972) (with an Oscar nomination for Best Song for its title song - performed by Michael Jackson). [The cult classic was remade by writer/director Glen Morgan as Willard (2003), starring Crispin Glover as the title character.] Master filmmaker Stanley Kubrick's controversial A Clockwork Orange (1971) was a brilliant adaptation of Anthony Burgess' novel about rape, murder, and behaviorist experiments to eradicate aberrant sex and violence. And in the kitschy The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971), madman Dr. Anton Phibes (Vincent Price) let loose Biblical plagues against his victims - physicians who failed to save the life of his wife (Caroline Munro).
Future director Steven Spielberg's first notable film (originally made-for-TV) was the paranoic Duel (1972) about a monstrous and malevolent gas-tank truck without a driver. Director Nicolas Roeg's psychological thriller Don't Look Now (1973) duplicated Hitchcockian terror in a tale of disaster in Venice for Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland. Although it was a musical/comedy, the cult-campish Frankenstein classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) was set in a haunted castle with a group of transsexual aliens, and starred a young Susan Sarandon, Barry Bostwick, and Tim Curry. The weird and bawdy film soon became a cultural institution and phenomenon as it played for many years in packed midnight showings, with costumed audience members participating in the screenings. Jack Starrett's fast-paced horror chase film, Race With the Devil (1975) starred Peter Fonda and Warren Oates as innocent vacationers - with their wives (Loretta Swit and Lara Parker) - who are pursued by Satanists after inadvertently watching them perform a human sacrifice.
As the decade of the seventies progressed, the horror genre was subjected to violence, sadism, brutality, slasher films, victims of possession, and graphic blood-and-gore tales. Director John Boorman's terrifying Deliverance (1972) examined primeval human evil and included graphic mutilation and sodomy by crazed hillbillies upon an unsuspecting group of wilderness adventurers.
Two of the most effective, box-office successes of the 70s included the camp classic It's Alive! (1974) about a murderous baby, and Tobe Hooper's exploitative, low-budget (reportedly $150,000), hand-made cult film - The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974). Hooper's notorious first film, about a terrorized group of teenagers, was loosely based on the true crimes of grisly, notorious Wisconsin serial killer Ed Gein, as was Hitchcock's
Psycho (1960) , Three on a Meathook (1972), Deranged: Confessions of a Necrophile (1974), and Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs (1991) .
The lead horror character, chain-saw toting, human skin-mask wearing Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) was part of a crazed, inbred family of psychopathic cannibals who ran a human meat-packing plant. Leatherface was both repulsive and muscular, in his Grand Guignol pursuit of victims -- five young hippie Texans (including Marilyn Burns as victimized Sally) to butcher with a power tool. Its tagline: "Who will survive and what will be left of them?" hinted at the massacre to follow, although it was fairly bloodless, surprisingly.
There were numerous sequels to the original 1974 Texas Chainsaw Massacre film, stretching over 38 years!:
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986), also directed by Hooper, a very dark comedy starring Dennis Hopper and Bill Moseley
Texas Chainsaw Massacre 3 (1990) (aka Leatherface: Texas Chainsaw Massacre III), directed by Jeff Burr, starring Viggo Mortensen and Kate Hodge
Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994) (aka The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre), directed by Kim Henkel and featuring future stars Matthew McConaughey and Renee Zellweger
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), a gorefest from producer Michael Bay, with Jessica Biel as one of the terrorized teenagers; the most successful of all of the films at $80.5 million (domestic)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006), producer Michael Bay's prequel or origin film to his 2003 remake, with Jordana Brewster, Matt Bomer and Doira Baird, originally rated NC-17 until cuts reduced it to an R-rating
In early 2013, the Leatherface franchise received a face-lift (or reboot) with the production of the seventh installment of the original, Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013), directed by John Luessenhop. The homicidal maniac Leatherface was portrayed by Dan Yeager, with Alexandra Daddario as his victim Heather. The film featured cameos of previous TCM actors, including Marilyn Burns (Sally in the original), John Dugan (Leatherface's grandfather), and even Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) himself.
John Carpenter's influential, and acclaimed independent-sleeper horror classic Halloween (1978) with a creepy soundtrack brought about the modern slasher movie. It featured the iconic character of Michael Myers - a deranged, threatening knife-wielding killer of teenage babysitters (notably Jamie Lee Curtis in her debut film as Laurie Strode, the daughter of Janet Leigh who had earlier starred as the 'scream queen' in Hitchcock's Psycho) who had returned to his old neighborhood of Haddonfield, Illinois after an escape from a mental institution. His spooky doctor Sam Loomis (British horror actor Donald Pleasence) pursued the mad slasher as the masked killer wreaked havoc and menace. [Note: The mask was actually a costume store William Shatner-like faceplate, turned inside out and painted white.] The film brought about the Puritanical cliched notion that promiscuous, sex-loving teenagers were marked for death.
[This popular slasher, serial killer film inspired numerous, mostly inferior sequels - a total of ten films by the year 2009. The only film in the series without Michael Myers was the third installment in 1982.]
Halloween II (2009)
Steven Spielberg's second horror film
Jaws (1975) - was a terrific summer blockbuster about a threatening great white shark off an Eastern beach community - Amity Island. Horrible conflicts could occur with supernatural, Jaws-like monsters in space, such as in director Ridley Scott's Alien (1979) , with the tagline: "In space, no one can hear you scream." The monster's defeat called for a superhuman power or effort to destroy the threatening evil. A heroine (Sigourney Weaver) challenged the murderous alien invader within the dark and creeky Nostromo. There were three more Alien films in a continuing franchise . An adapted Stephen King tale provided the basis for Stanley Kubrick's masterfully-directed gothic film The Shining (1980) about a crazed husband and alcoholic, failed wannabe writer (Jack Nicholson) with personal demons in the Overlook Hotel, closed and snowbound for the winter in Colorado. With an axe, he murderously terrorized his emotionally-abused, hysterical wife Wendy (Shelley Duvall) and psychic young son Danny (Danny Lloyd), who possessed the special mental power of 'shining' (visions of previous homicides).
Italian cult horror film director Dario Argento (sometimes called "The Italian Hitchcock") featured gory, blood-and-guts special effects in the malevolent, art-horror, stylistic classic Suspiria (1977, It.). The horror fantasy starred Jessica Harper as an aspiring American ballerina dancer in a European ballet academy in the Black Forest of Germany run by witches led by the "Black Queen" headmistress Madame Blanc (Joan Bennett). The film opened with a stunning set-piece of the bloody deaths of two female students. Argento also directed its surrealistic sequel, Inferno (1980) involving a search for the "Mother of Darkness" in Manhattan, and the bloody thriller Unsane (1982) (originally titled Tenebrae).
Master of Horror Brian De Palma:
In the early 1970s, shock director Brian DePalma (often using film techniques comparable to horror Master Alfred Hitchcock) emerged as a significant contributor to the horror genre, breaking out with his original mainstream film Sisters (1973), followed by his first commercial hit Carrie (1976) - an adaptation of writer Stephen King's best-selling 1974 debut novel about a socially-outcast, shy, abused and bullied schoolgirl (Sissy Spacek) possessed with retributive telekinetic powers, and her religious fanatic mother (Piper Laurie). After the psychic phenomenon thriller The Fury (1978), De Palma's next successful film was the erotic horror/thriller Dressed to Kill (1980) about a transvestite therapist/stalker (Michael Caine), with a marvelous seduction-stalking scene of Kate Miller (Angie Dickinson) in a museum, a razor-slashing murder in an elevator, and ending with an imitative Psycho-shower scene.
Devil-Possession Films:
Evil spirits possessed the body of a young 12 year-old girl (Linda Blair) in director William Friedkin's manipulative critical and box-office success The Exorcist (1973) from William Peter Blatty's best-selling novel, with extravagant, ground-breaking special effects and startling makeup. Its twisting head, pea-soup vomit spewing, crotch-stabbing with a crucifix, and other horrific visuals terrified audiences. The blockbuster, about the attempted exorcism of the demonic entity by two priests (Max von Sydow and Jason Miller), inspired inferior sequels of its own:
Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), d. John Boorman
The Exorcist III (1990), d. William Peter Blatty
Exorcist: The Beginning (2004), d. Paul Schrader and uncredited Renny Harlin; a prequel
Some of the better devil-possession sequels in the late 70s and early 80s were The Amityville Horror (1979) about a devilish haunted house, Tobe Hooper's Poltergeist (1982) - a supreme ghost story about menacing spirits that kidnap a young child (in a film produced, co-written and 'co-directed' by Steven Spielberg) by sucking her into a TV set ("They're heeere!") and taking her into a parallel dimension. Poltergeist encouraged two sequels in 1986 and 1988. The Omen (1976), with a memorable score by Jerry Goldsmith, about a young adopted son (of parents Gregory Peck and Lee Remick) named Damien - Satan's son, also inspired two sequels to compose a trilogy: Damien: Omen II (1978), and The Final Conflict (1981)). There was also a made-for-cable TV sequel titled Omen IV: The Awakening in 1991.
Other devil films included: Taylor Hackford's Devil's Advocate (1997) with tempting Al Pacino, and Peter Hyams' action horror thriller End of Days (1999) with Gabriel Byrne as the seductive Devil Lord.
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What was snooker champion Joe Davis's home town | Joe Davis Snooker legend and World Champion
Home : Joe Davis
Joe Davis
Joe Davis, OBE (born 15 April 1901 in Whitwell, Derbyshire, England; died 10 July 1978 in Hampshire, England) was an English professional player of English billiards and later snooker. Joe's brother Fred, twelve years his junior, was also a snooker player and multiple World Champion. When Joe met Fred in the world championship final of 1940, Joe won 37-36. Joe Davis became a professional billards player at the age of 18, having won the Chesterfield Championship aged 13. In 1926 he reached his first World Billiards final but was unsuccessful against defending champion Tom Newman. He reached the final again the following year and was runner-up again to the same opponent.
It was to be a case of third time lucky for Davis when he defeated Newman in 1928 to become the billiards world champion for the first time and he would defend his title for the next three years - against Newman again in 1929 and 1930 and New Zealender Clark McConachy in 1932. He contested the final two more times in 1933 and 1934 losing on both occasions to Australian Walter Lindrum. Coinciding with his peak as a billiards player, Davis' interests shifted to snooker and he helped to organise the first snooker world championship in 1927 and won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis 20-10, for which he won �6 10s. He went on to win the world championship every year until 1940.
Following the outbreak of World War 2 the world championship was not held for the next five years. On resumption in 1946, Davis defended his title making it his 15th consecutive win and thereby holding the title for 20 straight years. He retired from the event following this victory making him the only undefeated player in the history of the world championships. Davis proved he was still the man to beat up to the 1950s by winning the News of the World Championship on three occasions during the decade.
His nearest rivals were his brother, Fred, and future world champion John Pulman who each both won it on two occasions. He made history in 1955 by achieving the first officially recognised maximum break in snooker of 147 in an exhibition match at Leicester Square Hall, the country's mecca for billiards enthusiasts. Also during the decade Davis attempted to popularise a new game called snooker plus. This game had two extra coloured balls, an orange and a purple, but it never took off.
He was awarded the OBE in 1963. He continued to play professionally until 1964. Joe Davis died two months after collapsing while watching his brother play Perrie Mans in the 1978 world snooker championship semi-final. His home, in Whitwell, Derbyshire bears a plaque commemorating him.
On 23 July 2008 Joe's widow June whom he married in 1945 passed away. She died in the afternoon on the actual day of her 98th birthday. Joe Davis is no relation to snooker player Steve Davis. Currently, his grandson, Joe Davis III, lives in San Jose, California.
�Tournament wins World Championship - 1927�1940, 1946 News of the World Championship - 1950, 1953, 1956
Joe Davis Cues, Joe Davis Snooker Cues, Joe Davis Billiard Cues
There are many varieties of Joe Davis facsimile(copy) cues dating back to the 20's when everybody wanted to emulate Joe Davis's playing ability, He almost dominated the sport for many years and only a select few came close to his success in snooker and billiards.
The early cue marked various milestone achievements such as the CHAMPION CUE marking�highest breaks or highest scores or the standard 'Joe Davis' 'CLUB CUE' probably the most common of the early cues, the first cue marks his highest snooker break of 96 and this is one of the hardest to find now second hand.
Today Peradon is the only company licienced to make his cues as they have done for almost 80 years, they are a machine spliced ebony butt, ash shaft and
�
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What was the name of the Brazilian girl who had a child by Ronnie Biggs allowing him to stay in Brazil | HOME - Vintage BilliardsVintage Billiards
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CON STANBURY MULTI SPLICED CUE
CON STANBURY CUE DUO
Welcome to
Vintage Billiards
Dedicated to the life of Joe Davis and my Private collection of Joe Davis cues and all other types of Snooker/Billiards memorabilia.What you see at the moment is just the beginning of me showing the collection which started in (1994).My main passion is Joe Davis cues, though I also collect signed items and books and magazines associated with the legendary Joe Davis.I hope that you enjoy looking through my items and that they may inspire you to take a renewed interest in the history of the great games played on an English Billiard table and the characters and memorabilia of yesteryear.
Joe Davis, OBE (born 15 April 1901 in Whitwell, Derbyshire, England; died 10 July 1978 in Hampshire) was a British professional player of snooker and English billiards.
Joe Davis became a professional billiards player at the age of 18, having won the Chesterfield Championship at age 13. In 1926 he reached his first World Professional Billiards Championship final but was unsuccessful against defending champion Tom Newman. He reached the final again the following year and was runner-up again
to the same opponent. It was to be a case of third time lucky for Davis when he defeated Newman in 1928 to become the world champion at English billiards for the first time. He would defend his title for the next three years – against Newman again in 1929 and 1930 and New Zealander Clark McConachy in 1932. He contested the final two more times in 1933 and 1934 losing on both occasions to Australian Walter Lindrum.
Coinciding with his peak as a billiards player, Davis’s interests shifted to
snooker and he helped to organise the first snooker world championship in 1927 and won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis 20–10, for which he won UK£6 10s. He went on to win the world championship every year until 1940. Joe’s brother Fred, twelve years his junior, was also a snooker player and multiple World Champion. When Joe me
t Fred in the world championship final of 1940, Joe won 37–36.
Following the outbreak of World War II the world championship was not held for the next five years. On resumption in 1946, Davis defended his title making it his 15th consecutive win and thereby holding the title for 20 straight years. To date, he has won more world championships than any other player. He retired from the event
following this victory making him the only undefeated player in the history of the world championships.
Davis proved he was still the man to beat up to the 1950s by winning the News of the World Championship on three occasions during the decade. His nearest rivals were his brother, Fred, and future world champion John Pulman who each both won it on two occasions. He made history in 1955 by achieving the first officially recognised maximum break of 147 in snooker in an exhibition match at Leicester Square Hall, the country’s mecca for billiards enthusiasts. He had previously made the game’s first century break in 1930. Also during the decade Davis attempted to popularise a new game called snooker plus. This game had two extra colour balls, an orange and a purple, but it never took off. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1963. He continued to play professionally until 1964.
Davis died two months after collapsing while watching his brother play Perrie Mans in the 1978 World Snooker Championship semi-final. His home, in Whitwell, Derbyshire bears a plaque commemorating him.
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In what year was the Wall Street crash | Wall Street Crash
Wall Street Crash
▼ Primary Sources ▼
Wall Street Crash
One way of making money during the 1920s was to buy stocks and shares. Prices of these stocks and shares constantly went up and so investors kept them for a short-term period and then sold them at a good profit. As with consumer goods, such as motor cars and washing machines, it was possible to buy stocks and shares on credit. This was called buying on the margin and enabled speculators to sell off shares at a profit before paying what they owed. In this way it was possible to make a considerable amount of money without a great deal of investment.
In an article entitled Everybody Ought to be Rich John Jaskob claimed that by investing $15 a month in stocks and shares it would be possible to make $80,000 over the next 20 years. Another investor, Will Payne, stated in 1929 that it had become so easy to make money on the Wall Street Stock Exchange, that it had ceased to become a gamble. He went on to say that a gambler wins only because someone loses, when you invest in stocks and shares, everybody wins.
On 3rd September 1929 the stock market reached an all-time high. In the weeks that followed prices began to decline. Then on 24th October, over 12,894,650 shares were sold. Prices fell dramatically as sellers tried to find people willing their shares. That evening, five of the country's bankers, led by Charles Edward Mitchell , chairman of the National City Bank , issued a statement saying that due to the heavy selling of shares, many were now under-priced. This statement failed to halt the reduction in demand for shares. On 29th October, over 16 million shares were sold. The market had lost 47 per cent of its value in twenty-six days.
Fred Bell was a wealthy businessman but was
forced to sell apples after the Wall Street Crash.
Although less than one per cent of the American people actually possessed stocks and shares, the Wall Street Crash was to have a tremendous impact on the whole population. The fall in share prices made it difficult for entrepreneurs to raise the money needed to run their companies. Within a short time, 100,000 American companies were forced to close and consequently many workers became unemployed. As there was no national system of unemployment benefit, the purchasing power of the American people fell dramatically. This in turn led to even more unemployment.
It was later discovered that some Wall Street bankers had been partly responsible for the crash. It was pointed out that from September 1929, Albert H. Wiggin had begun selling short his personal shares in Chase National Bank at the same time he was committing his bank's money to buying. He shorted over 42,000 shares, earning him over $4 million. His earning were tax-free since he used a Canadian shell company to buy the stocks.
As William E. Leuchtenburg , the author of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (1963) pointed out: "At a time when millions lived close to starvation, and some even had to scavenge for food, bankers like Wiggin and corporation executives like George Washington Hill of American Tobacco drew astronomical salaries and bonuses. Yet many of these men, including Wiggin, manipulated their investments so that they paid no income tax at all. In Chicago, where teachers, unpaid for months, fainted in classrooms for want of food, wealthy citizens of national reputation brazenly refused to pay taxes or submitted falsified statements."
Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana argued: "The best way to restore confidence in the bankis would be to take these crooked presidents out of the banks and treat them the same way as we treated Al Capone when he failed to pay his income-tax." Senator Carter Glass of Virginia claimed: "One banker in my state attempted to marry a white woman and they lynched him."
The panic increased when Ivar Kreuger shot himself in March 1932. It has been estimated that since the Wall Street Crash he had lost between $50 million and $100 million ($750 million and $1.5 billion in today's currency). The following month it was revealed that he had been a swindler who had forged $100,000,000 in bonds.
Soon afterwards the leading utility magnate, Samuel Insull , fled the United States to France. Insull was the chairman of the boards of sixty-five companies that folded, wiping out the life savings of 600,000 shareholders. When the United States asked French authorities that he be extradited, Insull moved on to Greece, where there was not yet an extradition treaty with the United States. He later moved to Turkey where he was arrested in 1934 and extradited back to the United States. He was defended by famous Chicago lawyer Floyd Thompson and found not guilty on all counts.
(1) Frederick Lewis Allen , Only Yesterday (1931)
Throughout 1927 speculation had been increasing. The amount of money loaned to brokers to carry margin accounts for traders had risen during the year from $2,818,561,000 to $3,558,355,000 - a huge increase. During the week of December 3, 1927, more shares of stock had changed hands than in any previous week in the whole history of the New York Stock Exchange. One did not have to listen long to an after-dinner conversation, whether in New York or San Francisco or the lowliest village of the plain, to realize that all sorts of people to whom the stock ticker had been a hitherto alien mystery were carrying a hundred shares of Studebaker or Houston Oil, learning the significance of such recondite symbols as GL and X and ITT, and whipping open the early editions of afternoon papers to catch the 1.30 quotations from Wall Street.
(2) Cecil Roberts, The Bright Twenties (1938)
The stock market hysteria reached its apex in 1929. Everyone gave you tips for a rise. Everyone gave you tips for a rise. Every was playing the market. Stocks soared dizzily. I found it hard not to be engulfed. I had invested my American earnings in good stocks. Should I sell for a profit? Everyone said, "Hang on - it's a rising market". On my last day in New York I went down to the barber. As he removed the sheet he said softly, "Buy Standard Gas. I've doubled. It's good for another double." As I walked upstairs, I reflected that if the hysteria had reached the barber-level, something must soon happen.
(3) John J. Raskob, Everybody Ought to be Rich (June, 1929)
If a man saves $15 a week, and invests in good common stocks, and allows the dividends and rights to accumulate, at the end of twenty years he will have at least $80,000 and an income from investments of around $400 a month. He will be rich. And because income can do that, I am firm in my belief that anyone not only can be rich, but ought to be rich.
(4) Alec Wilder was interviewed by Studs Terkel in Hard Times (1970)
I knew something was terribly wrong because I heard bellboys, everybody, talking about the stock market. About six weeks before the Wall Street Crash, I persuaded my mother in Rochester to let me talk to our family adviser. I wanted to sell stock which had been left me by my father. He got very sentimental: "Oh your father wouldn't have liked you to do that." He was so persuasive, I said O.K. I could have sold it for $160,000. Four years later, I sold it for $4,000.
(5) New York Times (25th October, 1929)
The most disastrous decline in the biggest and broadest stock market of history rocked the financial district yesterday. In the very midst of the collapse five of the country's most influential bankers hurried to the office of J. P. Morgan & Co., and after a brief conference gave out word that they believe the foundations of the market to be sound, that the market smash has been caused by technical rather than fundamental considerations, and that many sound stocks are selling too low.
Suddenly the market turned about on buying orders thrown into the pivotal issues, and before the final quotations were tapped out, four hours and eight minutes after the 3 o'clock bell, most stocks had regained a measurable part of their losses.
The break was one of the widest in the market's history, although the losses at the close were not particularly large, many having been recouped by the afternoon rally.
It carried down with it speculators, big and little, in every part of the country, wiping out thousands of accounts. It is probable that if the stockholders of the country's foremost corporations had not been calmed by the attitude of leading bankers and the subsequent rally, the business of the country would have been seriously affected. Doubtless business will feel the effects of the drastic stock shake-out, and this is expected to hit the luxuries most severely.
The total losses cannot be accurately calculated, because of the large number of markets and the thousands of securities not listed on any exchange. However, they were staggering, running into billions of dollars. Fear struck the big speculators and little ones, big investors and little ones. Thousands of them threw their holdings into the whirling Stock Exchange pit for what they would bring. Losses were tremendous and thousands of prosperous brokerage and bank accounts, sound and healthy a week ago were completely wrecked in the strange debacle, due to a combination of circumstances, but accelerated into a crash by fear.
Under these circumstances of late tickers and spreads of 10, 20, and at times 30 points between the tape prices and those on the floor of the Exchange, the entire financial district was thrown into hopeless confusion and excitement. Wild-eyed speculators crowded the brokerage offices, awed by the disaster which had overtaken many of them. They followed the market literally "in the dark," getting but meager reports via the financial news tickers which printed the Exchange floor prices at ten-minute intervals.
Rumors, most of them wild and false, spread throughout the Wall Street district and thence throughout the country. One of the reports was that eleven speculators had committed suicide. A peaceful workman atop a Wall Street building looked down and saw a big crowd watching him, for the rumor had spread that he was going to jump off. Reports that the Chicago and Buffalo Exchanges had closed spread throughout the district, as did rumors that the New York Stock Exchange and the New York Curb Exchange were going to suspend trading. These rumors and reports were all found, on investigation, to be untrue.
(6) John D. Rockefeller , statement (29th October, 1929)
Believing that fundamental conditions of the country are sound and that there is nothing in the business situation to warrant the destruction of values that has taken place on the exchanges during the past week, my son and I have for some days been purchasing sound common stocks
(7) New York Times (30th October, 1929)
Stock prices virtually collapsed yesterday, swept downward with gigantic losses in the most disastrous trading day in the stock market's history. Billions of dollars in open market values were wiped out as prices crumbled under the pressure of liquidation of securities which had to be sold at any price.
There was an impressive rally just at the close, which brought many leading stocks back from 4 to 14 points from their lowest points of the day.
Efforts to estimate yesterday's market losses in dollars are futile because of the vast number of securities quoted over the counter and on out-of-town exchanges on which no calculations are possible. However, it was estimated that 880 issues, on the New York Stock Exchange, lost between $8,000,000,000 and $9,000,000,000 yesterday. Added to that loss is to be reckoned the depreciation on issues on the Curb Market, in the over the counter market and on other exchanges.
Banking support, which would have been impressive and successful under ordinary circumstances, was swept violently aside, as block after block of stock, tremendous in proportions, deluged the market. Bid prices placed by bankers, industrial leaders and brokers trying to halt the decline were crashed through violently, their orders were filled, and quotations plunged downward in a day of disorganization, confusion and financial impotence.
Groups of men, with here and there a woman, stood about inverted glass bowls all over the city yesterday watching spools of ticker tape unwind and as the tenuous paper with its cryptic numerals grew longer at their feet their fortunes shrunk. Others sat stolidly on tilted chairs in the customers' rooms of brokerage houses and watched a motion picture of waning wealth as the day's quotations moved silently across a screen.
It was among such groups as these, feeling the pulse of a feverish financial world whose heart is the Stock Exchange, that drama and perhaps tragedy were to be found. The crowds about the ticker tape, like friends around the bedside of a stricken friend, reflected in their faces the story the tape was telling. There were no smiles. There were no tears either. Just the cameraderie of fellow-sufferers. Everybody wanted to tell his neighbor how much he had lost. Nobody wanted to listen. It was too repetitious a tale.
(8) Selected share prices from the Wall Street Journal (1928)
Company
(9) Frederick Lewis Allen , Only Yesterday (1931)
The New York Times averages for fifty leading stocks had been almost cut in half, falling from a high of 311.90 in September to a low of 164.43 on November 13th; and the Times averages for twenty-five leading industrials had fared still worse, diving from 469.49 to 220.95. The Big Bull Market was dead. Billions of dollars' of profits - and paper profits - had disappeared. The grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newspapers printed the grim reports of suicides.
(10) Yip Harburg was interviewed by Studs Terkel in Hard Times (1970)
We thought American business was the Rock of Gibraltar. We were the prosperous nation, and nothing could stop us now. A brownstone house was forever. You gave it to your kids and they put marble fronts on it. There was a feeling of continuity. If you made it, it was there forever. Suddenly the big dream exploded. The impact was unbelievable.
I was walking along the street at that time, and you'd see the bread lines. The biggest one in New York City was owned by William Randolph Hearst. He had a big truck with several people on it, and big cauldrons of hot soup, bread. Fellows with burlap on their shoes were lined up all around Columbus Circle, and went for blocks and blocks around the park, waiting.
(11) M. A. Hamilton, In America Today (1932)
For years it has been an article of faith with the normal American that America, somehow, was different from the rest of the world. The smash of 1929 did not, of itself, shake this serene conviction. It looked, at the time, lust because it was so spectacular and catastrophic, like a shooting star disconnected with the fundamental facts. So the plain citizen, no matter how hard hit, believed. His dreams were shattered; but after all they had been only dreams; he could settle back to hard work and win out.
Then he found his daily facts reeling and swimming about him, in a nightmare of continuous disappointment. The bottom had fallen out of the market, for good. And that market had a horrid connection with his bread and butter, his automobile, and his installment purchases. Worst of all, unemployment became a hideous fact, and one that lacerated and tore at self-respect.
That is the trouble that lies at the back of the American mind. If America really is not "different," then its troubles, the same as those of Old Europe, will not be cured automatically. Something will have to be done - but what?
(12) New York Times (5th June, 1932)
Darwin's theory that man can adapt himself to almost any new environment is being illustrated, in this day of economic change, by thousands of New Yorkers who have discovered new ways to live and new ways to earn a living since their formerly placid lives were thrown into chaos by unemployment or kindred exigencies. Occupations and duties which once were scorned have suddenly attained unprecedented popularity
Two years ago citizens shied at jury duty. John Doe and Richard Roe summoned to serve on a jury, thought of all sorts of excuses. They called upon their ward leaders and their lawyers for aid in getting exemption, and when their efforts were rewarded they sighed with relief But now things are different.
The Hall of Jurors in the Criminal Courts Building is jammed and packed on court days. Absences of talesmen are infrequent. Why? Jurors get $4 for every day they serve.
Once the average New Yorker got his shine in an established bootblack parlor paying 10 cents, with a nickel tip. But now, in the Times Square and Grand Central zones, the sidewalks are lined with neophyte "shine boys," drawn from almost all walks of life. They charge a nickel and although a nickel tip is welcomed it is not expected.
In one block, on West Forty-third Street, a recent count showed nineteen shoe-shiners. They ranged in age from a 16-year-old, who should have been in school, to a man of more than 70, who said he had been employed in a fruit store until six months ago. Some sit quietly on their little wooden boxes and wait patiently for the infrequent customers. Others show true initiative and ballyhoo their trade, pointing accusingly at every pair of unshined shoes that passes.
Shining shoes, said one, is more profitable than selling apples - and he's tried them both.
"You see, when you get a shine kit it's a permanent investment," he said, "and it doesn't cost as much as a box of apples anyway."
According to the Police Department, there are approximately 7,000 of these "shine boys" making a living on New York streets at present. Three years ago they were so rare as to be almost non-existent, and were almost entirely boys under 17.
To the streets, too, has turned an army of new salesmen, peddling everything from large rubber balls to cheap neckties. Within the past two years the number of these hawkers has doubled. Fourteenth Street is still the Mecca of this type of salesmen; thirty-eight were recently counted between Sixth Avenue and Union Square and at one point there was a cluster of five.
Unemployment has brought back the newsboy in increasing numbers. He avoids the busy corners, where news stands are frequent, and hawks his papers in the side streets with surprising success. His best client is the man who is "too tired to walk down to the corner for a paper."
Selling Sunday papers has become a science. Youngsters have found that it is extremely profitable to invade apartment houses between 11 and 12 o'clock Sunday morning, knock on each apartment door, and offer the Sunday editions. Their profits are usually between $1.50 and $2.
(13) Edmund Wilson , New Republic (February, 1933)
There is not a garbage-dump in Chicago which is not diligently haunted by the hungry. Last summer the hot weather when the smell was sickening and the flies were thick, there were a hundred people a day coming to one of the dumps. A widow who used to do housework and laundry, but now had no work at all, fed herself and her fourteen year old son on garbage. Before she picked up the meat, she would always take off her glasses so that she couldn't see the maggots.
| one thousand nine hundred and twenty nine |
Which French town is served by the Cote D'Azure Airport | BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Revision tip and answer preparation
Revision tip and answer preparation
Revision tip
Write a list of the factors that caused the Great Depression. Place the factors in what you consider to be their order of importance.
Answer preparation
As part of your revision, think about the arguments and facts you would use to explain:
Why there was a great depression in America.
Why the Depression of 1929 was so sudden and so severe.
To what extent the Wall Street Crash was the main cause of the Depression.
What the causes and consequences of the Wall Street Crash were.
How far speculation was responsible for the Wall Street Crash.
What impact the Crash had on the economy.
What life was like in the USA during the Great Depression.
What the effects of the Depression were on the American people.
What the social consequences of the Crash were.
Now try a Test Bite
Page:
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Who was the composer of the Student Prince | The Student Prince
THE STUDENT PRINCE
Originally Staged by
J.C. HUFFMAN
First produced at the Jolson Theatre on December 2, 1924, with Ilse Marvenga as "Kathie" and Howard Marsh as "Prince Karl Franz".
THE operetta opens in the palace of the mythical kingdom of Karlsberg. It is 1860. Prince Karl Franz, heir to the throne, is bored with royal life in his native land. With his tutor, Doctor Engel, he plans a visit to the old German University town of Heidelberg. Engel recalls nostalgically his own youth in Heidelberg, as the Prince looks forward with considerable anticipation to his future freedom in that delightful city ("Golden Days"). When they arrive in Heidelberg it is spring, and the world is in bloom. The Prince, now incognito, joins his new comrades in a student's song ("Student's Marching Song"), after which they parade to the "Golden Apple Inn". There the students raise their Steins of beer in a robust toast to drink and romance ("Drinking Song"). They call for Kathie, the lovely young daughter of the innkeeper. She addresses the students with considerable warmth of feeling, after which she comes to the Prince's table and dedicates to him a sentimental song about Heidelberg ("In Heidelberg Fair"). The students respond with a vigorous rendition of the age-old student hymn, "Gaudeamus Igitur". Before long, Kathie and the Prince are strongly attracted to each other. In the ensuing weeks their friendship ripens into love ("Deep in My Heart"); one beautiful evening the Prince is inspired to sing a serenade under her window ("Serenade"). But their love idyll is doomed. The news arrives from Karlsberg that the king is dead, and Prince Karl Franz must return to ascend the throne. More than that, he must, for reasons of State, marry Princess Margaret. Realizing that their life together is over, they bid each other a sentimental farewell.
But back in Karlsberg, the new king cannot forget Heidelberg or Kathie. As he sits in his royal suite, visions arise of the place where he had been so happy, and the girl with whom he had been so in love. Unable to contain himself any longer, he leaves Karlsberg to revisit Heidelberg. When the lovers meet again they are deeply moved, but they also know that a permanent union is an impossibility. They say farewell for a last time, with a pledge to keep at least their memories of each other alive as long as they live.
The original New York run of The Student Prince (608 performances) represented the longest of any Sigmund Romberg operetta. The operetta is now a classic of the American theatre, repeatedly revived.
| Sigmund Romberg |
Who in mythology is supposed to have built the Giant's Causeway | Sigmund Romberg: Beloved Composer of Operettas
Sigmund Romberg: Beloved Composer of Operettas
Sigmund Romberg: Beloved Composer of Operettas
CLASSICAL
Aug 15, 2015
Sigmund Romberg was a prolific composer of the early 20th century whose romantic operettas touched the hearts of many. He is best known for The Student Prince (1924) and other favorites including Blossom Time (1921), The Desert Song (1926), and The New Moon (1928). He also wrote music for motion pictures and conducted orchestral arrangements of his works for recordings. It is his lyrical songs from operettas that have remained popular favorites of concert artists around the world.
Romberg was born July 29, 1887, in Nagykanizsa, Hungary, which at that time was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He displayed musical ability at an early age, beginning violin lessons at the age of six and piano at age eight. After high school, he went to Vienna to study engineering but also studied composition. He chose music and moved to New York in 1909 to pursue his career.
He took a job in a pencil factory, and was soon playing piano in New York cafés. In 1912, he formed his own small orchestra to play his music. The Broadway producers, J. J. and Lee Shubert, hired him in 1914 as a house composer. That year, he wrote five shows.
Operettas were the popular form of musical theater during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. From Vienna, London and Paris, the style made its way to New York. These light operas combined lyrical, operatic arias with romantic humor and spoken dialogue. Romberg’s style resembled the Viennese operettas by Franz Lehár, composer best known for The Merry Widow.
His first major success was the operetta Maytime written in 1917 and his next big hit was Blossom Time, a fictionalized version of the youth of composer Franz Schubert. Both of these were adaptations of Viennese operettas. His greatest operetta was The Student Prince , with book and lyrics by Dorothy Donnelly and based on the German play, Old Heidelberg. The prince meets and falls in love with an innkeeper’s niece while he is attending the University of Heidelberg. They plan to elope but royal protocol has its own rules.
The Student Prince opened on Broadway, December 2, 1924, and was the longest-running show during the 1920s with 608 performances. It was revived on Broadway in 1931 and 1943. MGM made it into a motion picture in 1954 starring Ann Blyth as the innkeeper’s niece and Edmund Purdom as the prince. The voice of the American tenor, Mario Lanza, was used to dub the prince’s songs. The show has been staged by numerous opera companies and the songs are favorites of audiences and performing artists.
Three songs by Romberg and Oscar Hammerstein II have emerged with a life of their own as standards. “ Softly, as in a Morning Sunrise ” was recorded as vocal and instrumental versions by artists such as Frank Sinatra, Jr., John Coltrane, and Artie Shaw. “Lover, Come Back to Me” has been recorded by Liza Minnelli, Barbra Streisand, Billie Holiday, and many others. Both of those songs are from The New Moon. The song, “When I Grow Too Old to Dream” is from the 1935 film, The Night Is Young, and has since become a pop standard, recorded by many artists including Nat King Cole, The Everly Brothers, Linda Ronstadt.
Romberg was working on a new musical, The Girl in Pink Tights, when he died of a stroke, November 9, 1951. The musical was produced on Broadway in 1954. That same year, Deep in My Heart, a movie about his life starring Jose Ferrer in the title role was released featuring many of the songs that had made him famous. Romberg was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.
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What was the London Billingsgate market famous for selling | The tenants at Billingsgate Market make up 98 stands, 30 shops and 79 offices.
Traders
The traders are firms or individuals who rent selling space on the floor of the Market and are tenants of the City of London.
London Fish Merchants Association
The London Fish Merchants Association is a body which represents the merchants' trading interests, while Billingsgate Traders Ltd represents the interests of the tenants in their dealings with the City of London and has representatives on the Market's statutory Consultative Advisory Committee.
Market's cold store
The Market's cold store is leased to, and operated by, a subsidiary company of the Merchants Association.
The Market complex also houses several firms who trade in goods and services ancillary to the fish trade -cooking oils, poultry, potatoes, catering supplies, trade utensils and a laundry.
A recent addition is a new distribution cold store centre built by a Merchant with assistance from an EU grant and the City of London.
Buyers
Specialist fish suppliers
World renowned chefs
Some of London's most famous department stores and from the country's greatest hotels: these are the people who comprise an essential part of any market.
It is the demand created by these various buyers which stimulates the merchants to seek and offer new and improved supplies. Billingsgate is, by law, a "free and open" Market giving everyone the right to attend the Market during trading hours and to purchase fish from any merchant who is willing to serve them. Sales are by private treaty between the parties concerned and no auctioning of fish takes place in the Market.
Vacant offices
There are vacant offices. All trading premises are fully let and a waiting list applies in respect of these.
If you are interested in an office tenancy or in being put on the waiting list for trading premises please contact:
The Superintendent
| Fish |
What were the first names of Abbot and Costello | London's best fishmongers – Food and drink – Time Out London
Billingsgate Market
If you don’t mind a very early start (the market’s generally packing up by 8.30am), then head straight to source at the London’s largest fish market. An institution since the 14th century, it’s an experience worth trying at least once in your life. It’s moved location over the years and is no longer in Billingsgate in the City of London, but rather the Isle of Dogs, where fish arrives daily from all over the world. Although aimed mainly at the wholesale trade, many of the 50 odd stalls are happy to sell in smaller quantities.
Trafalgar Way, E14 5ST. 020 7987 1118.
Chelsea Fishmonger
Working with fish since the age of 13, the Chelsea Fishmonger’s owner, Rex Goldsmith, is a man who knows a bass from a brill. Since going solo in 1996 with a stall in Surrey, he’s built up enough trade to open two shops – one in Chelsea, the other in Guildford. A traditional open front shop reveals gleaming tiles and a counter packed with produce bought daily from Newlyn and Billingsgate. There’s plenty to lure you into the Chelsea branch. The team strive to supply fish and shellfish from safe stocks, such as line-caught Icelandic cod and jigged (hand-line caught) Cornish squid.
10 Cale St, SW3 3QU. 9am-5.30pm Tue-Fri; 9am-3.30pm Sat.
Covent Garden Fishmongers
The name’s a giveaway as to where this business started out. Originally a fish stall in old Covent Garden market, CGF has been trading on the current spot in Turnham Green for more than 20 years. Cod and haddock are sourced from Scandinavian waters where stocks are in better shape, and the fishmongers here try their best to choose line-caught where possible. Confident that their fish is fresh enough to eat raw, they also sell sushi paraphernalia including rice, nori seaweed and soy sauce. A range of smoked fish is also available.
37 Turnham Green Terrace, W4 1RG. 8am-5.30pm Tue, Wed, Fri; 8am-5pm Tue, Sat.
F C Soper’s
This venerable Nunhead operation has been serving the local community for more than a century (it opened in 1897). The area may have changed a lot since then, but Soper’s reputation for flipping good fish hasn’t. Well-priced British varieties arrive daily from Cornish day-boats while the exotics are acquired at Billingsgate Market. Almost all the varieties on sale are line-caught. While most fishmongers put their feet up on a Sunday, Soper’s continues to furnish local shoppers with the latest haul.
141 Evelina Rd, SE15 3HB. 8.30am-5.30pm Mon-Sat; 11.30am-6pm Sun.
Fin and Flounder
Nestled at one end of bustling Broadway Market, the mongers at Fin and Flounder follow Marine Conservation Society (MCS) guidelines strictly when sourcing their fish. Farmed varieties are also given the same care and attention, only coming from Soil Association approved seafood farms. Working with what’s best from the day-boats that morning, they always have a good variety of guilt-free fish and seafood including lesser known flat fish such as dab or witch. While you’re there you can also pick up fresh herbs, spices and deli items such as cured pancetta or black pudding to bring out the best in your catch. They also have a couple of local weekly market stalls – at Netil and Broadway.
71 Broadway Market, E8 4PH. 10am-6.30pm Tue-Fri; 9am-5pm Sat.
Fishmonger’s Kitchen
Opened in 2010, the Fishmonger’s Kitchen has already built up a strong reputation in west London. Run by chef Tony Licastro, who has previously worked at restaurants including Nobu, the shop sells seasonal and sustainable seafood. Licastro also puts his cheffing skills to good use with a range of own-made ready meals, prepared in house, such as lobster bisque and tiger prawn curry, plus a catering service that includes supplying seafood platters, whole dressed salmon and sushi.
119 Shepherds Bush Rd, W6 7LP. 9am-6pm Tue-Fri; 9am-5pm Sat.
James Knight
The team at James Knight take ethical sourcing seriously, and even run the odd workshop to bring their customers up to speed on the latest issues. As you’d expect, scallops are hand-dived, tiger prawns are Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) approved. Other highlights include Devon crabs and lobsters cooked, cracked and picked on the premises. The fish slab is always brimming with other sustainable goodies too. James Knight also gets the royal seal of approval as a registered supplier to the Queen and Prince Charles.
Selfridges Food Hall, 400 Oxford Street, W1A 1AB. 9.30am-9pm Mon-Sat; 11.30am-6pm Sun.
Moxon's Fish Bar
A close relationship with the day-boat fishermen in Plymouth means fresh, ethically sourced fish arrives in store every day at Moxon’s. At its best at the moment in the three branches (Clapham South, East Dulwich and South Kensington) are plaice, squid and mackerel, all netted off the South West coast. If you get peckish after a trip to the Clapham South branch they also have a tiny fish bar round the corner where you can pick up battered cod with chips or grilled cuttlefish salad.
7 Westbury Parade, (Balham Hill), SW12 9DZ. 020 8675 2468.
Steve Hatt
This long-established fishmonger halfway up the Essex Road has been doling out impeccably fresh fish since 1895 (the present owner, also called Steve Hatt, is a fourth-generation fishmonger). It’s popular with the local crowd so expect to find a queue trailing out the door. An ample window display however offers plenty to gawp at as you wait. To accompany their wild and farmed fish and seafood, they also stock samphire and French sauces. Less common seafood, such as sea urchin, is available on request.
88-90 Essex Road, N1 8LU. 020 7226 3963. 8am-5pm Tue-Thu; 7am-5pm Fri, Sat.
Walter Purkis & Sons
In the business for more than 45 years, Walter Purkis must have scaled, gutted and filleted a fair few fish in his time. While he’s at the helm of the Muswell Hill branch, son John runs the Crouch End branch, which also has an on-site smoker that keeps both shops stocked with smoked salmon, haddock, kippers and mackerel. The Purkis family focus on supplying fish from Devon and Cornwall and opt for wild where possible. Highlights of the summer months include wild Scottish salmon, sea trout and fresh samphire.
52 Muswell Hill Broadway, N10 3RT. 9am-5pm Tue-Sat.
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What is the capital of Albania | What is the Capital of Albania? - Capital-of.com
Dates of religious and Civil
holidays around the world.
www.when-is.com
Capital of Albania
The Capital City of Albania (officially named Republic of Albania) is the city of Tirana. The population of Tirana in the year 2001 was 343,078 (597,899 in the metropolitan area).
Albania is an Albanian speaking country on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea.
Additional Information
| Tirana |
Who had a U.K. No 1 in the 80's with Eternal Flame | Capital of Albania - Crossword Clue Answer | Crossword Heaven
Wall Street Journal - October 22, 2010
New York Times - September 05, 2010
King Syndicate - Premier Sunday - May 13, 2007
Netword - March 05, 2006
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What was the earliest known antibiotic | Penicillin: the first miracle drug
Penicillin: the first miracle drug
Early penicillin culture facility at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, England.
© Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
Many of you are here only because penicillin saved your life, or the life of one of your parents or grandparents. Penicillin's ability to cure people of many once-fatal bacterial infections has saved so many lives that it is easy to understand why it was once called a "miracle drug".
Antibiotics are chemicals, effective at very low concentrations, created as part of the life process of one organism, which can kill or stop the growth of a disease-causing microbe--a germ. In 1929, Alexander Fleming, a doctor and researcher at St. Mary's Hospital in London, England, published a paper on a chemical he called "penicillin", which he had isolated from from a mold, Penicillium notatum. Penicillin, Fleming wrote, had prevented the growth of a neighboring colony of germs in the same petri dish. Dr. Fleming was never able to purify his samples of penicillin, but he became the first person to publish the news of its germ-killing power. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley expanded on Fleming's work in 1938, at Oxford University. They and their staff developed methods for growing, extracting and purifying enough penicillin to prove its value as a drug.
World War II (1939-1945) had begun by the time their research was showing results. The main research and production was moved to the United States in 1941, to protect it from the bombs pounding England. Work began on how to grow the mold efficiently to make penicillin in the large quantities that would be needed for thousands of soldiers. As the destruction of the war grew, so did interest in penicillin in laboratories, universities and drug companies on both sides of the Atlantic. The scientists knew they were in a race against death, because an infection was as likely to kill a wounded soldier as his wound.
Photograph courtesy
Chains of conidia (spores) produced by hyphal branch from mycelium
Photograph courtesy of Associated Press
Sir Alexander Fleming, 1952
Creating the right environment for growth was the first step in producing enough penicillin to be used as a drug. In Oxford, experiments showed that Penicillium notatum grew best in small shallow containers on a broth of nutrients. Penicillium need lots of air. In the United States, it was discovered that huge "deep fermentation" tanks could be used if sterilized air was pumped continually through the tanks. Production increased even more when corn steep liquor, a thick, sticky by-product of corn processing, was added to the tanks. Corn steep liquor contained concentrated nutrients that increased the yield 12-20 times. Formerly considered a waste material, corn steep liquor became a crucial ingredient in the large-scale production of penicillin.
Scientists were also determined to find another strain of Penicillium that might grow better in the huge deep fermentation tanks. Army pilots sent back soil samples from all over the world to be tested for molds. Residents of Peoria, Illinois, were encouraged to bring moldy household objects to the local U.S. Department of Agriculture laboratory, where penicillin research was being conducted. Laboratory staff members also kept an eye out for promising molds while grocery shopping or cleaning out their refrigerators.
Photograph courtesy of Merck Archives, ©Merck & Co. Inc.
Refrigeration equipment for large fermentation unit at Cherokee Plant, Danville, PA.
Photograph courtesy of Merck Archives, ©Merck & Co. Inc.
Fermentation unit used in purifying penicillin in 1945.
Photograph courtesy of Merck Archives, ©Merck & Co. Inc.
Upper part of fermentors (tanks) used to produce penicillin and vitamin B12.
In 1943, laboratory worker Mary Hunt brought in an ordinary supermarket cantaloupe infected with a mold that had "a pretty, golden look." This Penicillium species, Penicillium chrysogenum grew so well in a tank that it more than doubled the amount of penicillin produced. The deep fermentation method, the use of corn steep liquor and the discovery of P. chrysogenumby Mary Hunt made the commercial production of penicillin possible. Researchers continued to find higher-yielding Penicillium molds, and also produced higher yielding strains by exposing molds to x-rays or ultraviolet light.
Penicillin kills by preventing some bacteria from forming new cell walls. One by one, the bacteria die because they cannot complete the process of division that produces two new "daughter" bacteria from a single "parent" bacterium. The new cell wall that needs to be made to separate the "daughters" is never formed.
Some bacteria are able to resist the action of antibiotic drugs, including penicillin. Antibiotic resistance occurs because not all bacteria of the same species are alike, just as people in your own family are not exactly alike. Eventually, the small differences among the bacteria often mean that some will be able to resist the attack of an antibiotic. If the sick person's own defenses can not kill off these resistant bacteria, they will multiply. This antibiotic-resistant form of a disease can re-infect the patient, or be passed on to another person.
Taking antibiotics for viral illnesses like colds can also cause antibiotic resistant bacteria to develop. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but it will kill off harmless and even the beneficial bacteria living in the patient's body. The surviving resistant bacteria, free from competition, will live and multiply and may eventually cause disease.
Patients with bacterial infections, who don't finish their antibiotic prescriptions completely, also allow resistant bacteria to develop. This happens because a small number of semi-resistant bacteria, which needed the full course of antibiotics to kill them, survive. Instead of being a small part of the bacteria causing an infection, the more resistant bacteria take over when sensitive bacteria are killed by the antibiotic.
Today, in the United States, deaths by infectious bacterial diseases are only one-twentieth of what they were in 1900, before any antibiotic chemicals had been discovered. The main causes of death today are what are referred to as "the diseases of old age": heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. We would be shocked to hear of someone dying from an infection that started in a scratch, but, before antibiotics like penicillin, it was common for people to die from such infections.
Humans can slow the creation of antibiotic resistant diseases by understanding the uses and limits of antibiotics. Take all of an antibiotic, and only take them when prescribed by a doctor. Research to develop new antibiotics to treat resistant bacteria continues, but research takes time. Time is running out because the world's biodiversity is decreasing--the source of half of our disease-fighting chemicals.
An example of the importance of preserving the world's biodiversity occurred in 1996, in New York state. Students at Cornell University collected a fungus that finally made it possible to identify the two very different life stages of the mold that produces the drug cyclosporin. Cyclosporin prevents the rejection of transplanted organs. Without it, transplant operations would be impossible. Knowing the full life history of the cyclosporin-producing fungus may make it easier to find related molds. Even people who see no special beauty or value in the world's biodiversity may one day benefit from the currently unknown and powerful substances, produced by fungi and other microbes, that are waiting for discovery in familiar places.
WEB RESOURCES:
Lewis, Ricki. "The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections". FDA Consumer Magazine, 1995, and U. S. Food and Drug Administration web site. (www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html)
The Penicillin Memorial and Rose Garden [with text], The Oxford Virtual Science Walk, Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, England. The partial image of the memorial was taken by Sophie Huxley, © Huxley Scientific Press. She notes that further down on the memorial, after a brief description of the Oxford group's work, are the words "All Mankind Is In Their Debt." (www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/features/walk/loc2.htm)
READING:
These books are currently out-of-print, but your local library may be able to borrow them for you by interlibrary loan.
Gray, William D. The Relation of Fungi to Human Affairs. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1959.
Jacobs, Francine. Breakthrough: The True Story of Penicillin. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1985. (ISBN 0-396-08579-2)
| Penicillin |
Which university did Prince Charles attend | Antibiotics Causes, Symptoms, Treatment - Types of Antibiotics - eMedicineHealth
Types of Antibiotics
Although there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from only a few types of drugs. These are the main classes of antibiotics.
Penicillins such as penicillin and amoxicillin
Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin ( Garamycin ) and tobramycin ( Tobrex )
Most antibiotics have 2 names, the trade or brand name, created by the drug company that manufactures the drug, and a generic name, based on the antibiotic's chemical structure or chemical class. Trade names such as Keflex and Zithromax are capitalized. Generics such as cephalexin and azithromycin are not capitalized.
Each antibiotic is effective only for certain types of infections, and your doctor is best able to compare your needs with the available medicines. Also, a person may have allergies that eliminate a class of antibiotic from consideration, such as a penicillin allergy preventing your doctor from prescribing amoxicillin.
In most cases of antibiotic use, a doctor must choose an antibiotic based on the most likely cause of the infection. For example, if you have an earache , the doctor knows what kinds of bacteria cause most ear infections. He or she will choose the antibiotic that best combats those kinds of bacteria. In another example, a few bacteria cause most pneumonias in previously healthy people. If you are diagnosed with pneumonia , the doctor will choose an antibiotic that will kill these bacteria.
Other factors may be considered when choosing an antibiotic. Medication cost, dosing schedule, and common side effects are often taken into account. Patterns of infection in your community may be considered also.
In some cases, laboratory tests may be used to help a doctor make an antibiotic choice. Special strains of the bacteria such as Gram stains, can be used to identify bacteria under the microscope and may help narrow down which species of bacteria is causing infection. Certain bacterial species will take a stain, and others will not. Cultures may also be obtained. In this technique, a bacterial sample from your infection is allowed to grow in a laboratory. The way bacteria grow or what they look like when they grow can help to identify the bacterial species. Cultures may also be tested to determine antibiotic sensitivities. A sensitivity list is the roster of antibiotics that kill a particular bacterial type. This list can be used to double check that you are taking the right antibiotic.
Only your doctor can choose the best class and the best antibiotic from that class for your individual needs.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 9/16/2016
Medical Author:
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Which organisation claims to be the fourth emergency service | Health Maintenance Organizations
Health Maintenance Organizations
Health benefit plans are sold by either insurance companies or health maintenance organizations (HMOs). HMOs provide health care to their members through networks of doctors and hospitals.
How HMOs Work
HMOs contract with doctors, hospitals, and clinics to provide health care within specific geographic areas. To be a member of an HMO, you must live or work in its service area.
Except for emergencies, you must use doctors in your HMO's network and within your service area. When care isn’t available from a network doctor, the HMO may approve a referral to a doctor outside of its network.
To learn whether an HMO is available in your area, call the Texas Department of Insurance Consumer Help Line at 1-800-252-3439 or visit www.tdi.texas.gov .
Your Primary Care Physician
When you join an HMO, you’ll have to choose a doctor to oversee your care. This doctor is called your primary care physician, or PCP. Your HMO will give you a list of doctors to choose from.
If you need to see a specialist or another doctor, you’ll usually have to get a referral from your PCP. You don’t need a referral for emergency care or obstetrician/gynecologist visits, however.
Approved Prescription Drugs
Each HMO has a list of prescription drugs that its doctors may prescribe. This list is called a formulary.
If a drug isn’t on your HMO’s formulary, your doctor may prescribe a similar drug that is. Most HMOs must cover any prescription drug that your doctor prescribes for a chronic, disabling, or life-threatening illness, even if it's not on the formulary.
If an HMO drops a drug you’re taking from its formulary, it must continue to cover the drug until your plan’s next renewal date.
HMO group plans must tell you whether they use a formulary, how it works, and which drugs are on it. You may also call the plan to find out whether a specific drug is on its formulary. The HMO must respond within three business days.
HMO Costs
What You Pay
Premiums. Premiums are monthly fees you pay to participate in the HMO. If you belong to an HMO through your job, your employer may deduct your premiums from your paycheck each month. Some employers might pay all or part of your premium.
Copayments. Copayments are fixed amounts you pay for a covered health service, usually when you get the service. For instance, you will typically pay a copayment each time you fill a prescription. Copayments may vary by the type of service and are usually more expensive for emergency or specialized care.
Deductibles. A deductible is the amount you must pay out of pocket before your health plan will pay anything for your medical expenses. HMOs usually don’t have deductibles, but some HMOs may require you to meet a deductible for care provided outside the network or service area.
Federal law sets maximum dollar limits on the amount you have to pay out of pocket in a policy period (usually one year). In 2016, the maximum out-of-pocket limit is $6,850 for an individual plan and $13,700 for a family plan. Once you reach the limit, you won't have to pay copayments for the rest of that policy period. You’ll still have to pay premiums, and the premium payments you make don’t count toward the out-of-pocket limit.
What the HMO Will Pay
HMOs pay the difference between your copayment and the cost of your health care. For example, if your HMO requires a $20 copayment for a doctor visit and the doctor’s rate is $80, you would pay the $20 copayment, and the HMO would pay the remaining $60.
Doctors and hospitals in the plan’s network may bill you only for copayments and deductibles. They may not bill you for covered services that the HMO didn’t pay or only partially paid. For instance, assume that the doctor’s normal rate for an office visit is $100, but he or she has agreed to a contracted rate of $80 with the HMO. You would pay your $20 copayment, and the HMO would pay the remaining $60 of the contracted rate. The doctor may not bill you for the difference between the normal rate and the contracted rate with the HMO.
However, be aware that a hospital in your network might use radiologists, anesthesiologists, pathologists, assistant surgeons, emergency room doctors, or neonatologists that aren’t in your network. These out-of-network providers may bill you for their services, even if the hospital where they treated you is in your HMO’s network. If you have to go to the hospital, find out whether the providers that will treat you are all in your network. If some are not, ask whether an in-network provider can be assigned. If not, make sure you know in advance how much they will bill you.
If you get care from a doctor or hospital outside the HMO’s network, you’ll have to pay the full cost of the care yourself, except in the following situations:
You went to an emergency room for a medical emergency. Make sure you understand how your HMO defines a medical emergency and whether there are any procedures you must follow. For instance, you may be required to notify your HMO within a certain amount of time after you get emergency care.
You need a covered service that is medically necessary and is not available from network doctors.
You have a point-of-service option. This is a special provision that allows you to go to out-of-network doctors if you’re willing to pay a greater share of the cost.
HMO members usually don't have to file claims or wait for reimbursements. But there might be times when you have to pay for services when you receive them. For example, an out-of-network emergency room might require you to pay for your care up front. You would then have to submit a claim to your HMO for reimbursement.
Choosing an HMO
When deciding whether to join and HMO, there are several things you should consider.
First, you’ll need to make sure that there’s an HMO in your area. You’ll usually have to live or work in an HMO service area to join. To search for HMOs by county, visit https://apps.tdi.state.tx.us/sfsdatalookup/StartAction.do . You can also call TDI’s Consumer Help Line.
Keep in mind that while your overall costs will be lower in an HMO, your choices of doctors and hospitals will be limited. In most cases, you’ll have to use doctors and hospitals in your HMO’s network.
Also consider the HMO’s customer service record. You can learn an HMO’s complaint history by calling TDI’s Consumer Help Line or by using the Company Lookup feature on our website.
You should also talk to an HMO representative or your employer’s benefits coordinator to get important information. Ask the following questions:
Is my current doctor in the HMO’s network?
Which hospitals and specialists are in the network?
Where are the network’s doctors and hospitals located?
What will my expenses (premiums and copayments) be?
What is the maximum amount I'll have to pay out of pocket?
Do I have to pay a deductible for emergency care outside the HMO’s network?
HMO Report Cards
The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) is an independent health care monitoring organization that accredits HMOs. Each year, NCQA issues a report card evaluating HMO performance. To learn more about an HMO, call NCQA at 1-888-275-7585 or visit its website at www.ncqa.org .
The Texas Office of Public Insurance Counsel issues two annual reports that compare and evaluate HMOs in Texas:
Comparing Texas HMOs includes results of a survey asking members to rate their HMOs, the quality of care they receive, and their doctors. This report also provides the number of customer and doctor complaints against HMOs.
Guide to Texas HMO Quality compares the quality of care delivered by HMOs in the state.
For more information about OPIC, call 512-322-4143 or visit www.opic.texas.gov .
You can view financial reports and complaint data for HMOs online at www.tdi.texas.gov/reports/report2.html .
Denial of Services, Treatments, or Medications
HMOs will pay only for services, treatments, and prescription drugs that are medically necessary. The process they use to decide whether something is medically necessary is called utilization review.
HMOs usually do utilization reviews before you receive a service. However, an HMO may review a service after you received it if it didn’t know about it beforehand.
HMOs must have an appeals process for you to challenge an HMO’s decision to deny coverage for a treatment or service. You may also appeal an HMO’s decision to deny a prescription drug because it’s not on the approved list.
If you lose your appeal, you can ask an independent review organization (IRO) to review the denial. The HMO must comply with the IRO’s decision. If you have a life-threatening condition, you aren’t required to go through the HMO appeal process. You may request an immediate review by an IRO.
You can ask for an IRO review if the HMO decides that the covered service or treatment isn’t medically necessary or is experimental or investigational. You can’t ask for an IRO review if your HMO denied the treatment because the HMO doesn’t cover it.
Not all health plans are required to participate in the IRO review process. For questions or more information about IROs, call TDI's Managed Care Quality Assurance Office at 1-866-554-4926 or visit www.tdi.texas.gov/wc/wcnet/index.html .
Your Rights in an HMO
HMOs must have a process to resolve complaints. They may not cancel or retaliate against an employer, a doctor, or a patient who files a complaint or appeals an HMO decision.
HMOs may not prevent doctors from talking to you about your medical condition, available treatment options, and terms of your health care plan, including how to appeal an HMO’s decision. An HMO also may not reward doctors for withholding necessary care.
If an HMO doesn’t pay or only partially pays for a covered service, network doctors and hospitals may not bill you for the amount that the HMO didn’t pay. If you think a doctor or other health care provider has billed you inappropriately, talk to your HMO. You may also call TDI’s Consumer Help Line to learn your options.
Texas law requires HMOs to have adequate personnel and facilities to meet the needs of their members. HMOs also must make health care services available within a certain distance of your home and workplace. The law also requires HMOs to
allow referrals to out-of-network doctors and hospitals when medically necessary services aren't available within the network,
allow members to change a PCP up to four times a year, and
pay for emergency care if not getting immediate medical care could place your health - or the health of your unborn child if you're pregnant - in jeopardy. If you get emergency treatment at a hospital outside the HMO’s network, you may be transferred to a network doctor or hospital after your condition is stabilized.
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TDI investigates complaints about HMO claims, billing, enrollment, and appeals. A complaint form is available on our website at www.tdi.texas.gov or by calling the Consumer Help Line.
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A� >D >D lX �� �� �� � � � � � < < < P �1 �1 �1 8 �1 T 2 � P "c � �2 �2 �2 �2 �2 I I I L\ N\ N\ N\ 5 �\ �_ �b $ �d h Lg � �b < �M �H @ I �M �M �b � � �2 �2 � �b YW YW YW �M X � � �2 < �2 L\ YW �M L\ YW YW 8Z 4 < �Z �2 �2 ��j�� � �1 T � PZ [ 4 �b 0 "c XZ , h U � h �Z h < �Z � I H MJ � YW 7K � �K � I I I �b �b �V j I I I "c �M �M �M �M P P P D$ �1 P P P �1 P P P � � � � � � ���� CHAPTER 3 BUILDING AN EFFECTIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION This chapter describes the activities needed to build effective emergency management organizations, beginning with the fundamentals of running a local emergency management agency. The most important concept in this chapter is the development of a local emergency management committee (LEMC) that establishes horizontal linkages among a local jurisdiction�s government agencies, NGOs, and private sector organizations relevant to emergency management. In addition, an LEMC can provide vertical linkages downward to households and businesses and upward to state and federal agencies. Introduction To build an effective emergency management organization, it is necessary to understand the relationships among some of the stakeholders that are involved. As noted in Figure 2-1, local government has downward vertical linkages with households and businesses, upward vertical linkages with state and federal agencies, and horizontal linkages with social and economic influentials and hazards practitioners. However, it also is important to understand the horizontal and vertical linkages within local government. Specifically, local emergency management agencies (LEMAs) typically have horizontal linkages with personnel in police, fire, emergency medical services, public works, and emergency management/homeland security departments. At the municipal level, all of these departments report to (i.e., have a vertical linkage with) their jurisdiction�s chief administrative officer (CAO), such as a mayor or city manager, who has direct supervisory authority over them. The CAO is responsible for ensuring these departments perform their assigned duties within the requirements of the law and accomplish these functions within the time and funds allocated to them. Accordingly, the CAO has the authority to hire, fire, allocate funds, and evaluate performance�a relationship represented in Figure 3-1 as a solid line. However, the CAO typically is not an expert in public safety, emergency medicine, or emergency management and, therefore, cannot provide these departments with guidance on how to perform their missions most effectively. Thus, city and county agencies frequently have vertical linkages with corresponding agencies at the state (and sometimes federal) level that provide technical, and sometimes financial, assistance. Because agencies at higher (state and federal) levels of government lack the legal authority to compel performance by the corresponding agencies at lower (county and city) levels, their relationship is sometimes represented as a �dotted line� relationship in organizational charts (see Figure 3-1). In turn, the agencies at the state level report to the governor in a line relationship just as the agencies at the local level report to their jurisdictions� CAOs. The relationships among agencies at the county level are somewhat more complex for jurisdictions in which agency heads are directly elected by the voters rather than appointed by the local CAO. County sheriffs, in particular, can be quite protective of their autonomy, so they can be characterized as having just as much of a �dotted line� relationship with the Chair of the County Board of Supervisors as with the state police. Although it is not shown in Figure 3-1, the hierarchical relationship between the local and state levels also extends to the federal level, with the corresponding agencies represented at each level. In addition, however, emergency management organizations have two other �dotted line� relationships that should be noted. First, local emergency managers often establish memoranda of agreement (MOA) with peer agencies in neighboring jurisdictions to provide personnel and material support during emergencies. Second, emergency management agencies have close relationships with Local Emergency Management Committees (LEMCs), which is a generic term for formalized disaster planning networks that are used to increase coordination among emergency-relevant agencies within a given community. Figure 3-1. Relationships Among Local and State Agencies. Some of these LEMCs are established by legal mandate, as is the case for those required by the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (also known as the Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986�SARA Title III) to inform and prepare their communities for accidental releases of toxic chemicals. However, some emergency managers have established similar organizations without a specific legal mandate�calling them disaster preparedness committees, disaster planning committees, emergency management advisory committees, or some other similar name (Daines, 1991; Drabek, 1987, 1990). Some of these LEMCs have assumed responsibility for disaster recovery and hazard mitigation as well as preparedness and response, and some address all hazards to which their community is exposed, not just accidental releases of toxic chemicals. Although LEPCs established under SARA Title III are probably the most common of these emergency planning organizations and LEPCs have been the subject of more research than any other type of formalized planning network, the lessons learned from studies of LEPCs are likely to apply to all such organizations. Consequently, we will use the more generally applicable acronym LEMC throughout the remainder of this book. The Local Emergency Management Agency Similarly, the generic term we will use in this book to refer to the community agency that is responsible for emergency management is the Local Emergency Management Agency (LEMA). In practice, the LEMA might be known as the Office of Civil Defense, Emergency Management, Emergency Services, Homeland Security, some combination of these names, or yet some other name. Moreover, the LEMA might be a separate department, a section of another department, or an individual attached to the chief administrative officer�s office. In many cities and counties, especially those with small populations or limited hazard vulnerability, the LEMA is staffed by a single individual, whose title, like the name of the LEMA, varies. Consequently, we will refer to this individual as the local emergency manager. In larger jurisdictions�especially those that are exposed to major hazards�the local emergency manager is likely to have multiperson staff. The emergency manager almost always reports directly to the jurisdiction�s CAO during emergencies, but frequently reports to the head of a major agency such as police or fire during normal operations. Local emergency managers vary in their employment status�full-time paid, part-time paid, or volunteer�again depending upon jurisdiction size (and, thus, its financial resources) and hazard vulnerability. In the past, local emergency managers have varied significantly in their training and experience, which frequently is associated with their jurisdictions� resources and vulnerability; those jurisdictions that can afford to pay more tend to attract personnel with greater qualifications. Of course, this is not an invariant rule; there are many well-qualified and dedicated personnel in smaller jurisdictions. The Job Description A local emergency manager�s first task should be to understand the duties of his or her own position as defined by a job description (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1983). To whom does the incumbent (the person who serves as the local emergency manager) report, who reports to the incumbent, what is the specific function of the position, what duties for the position are specifically listed in the job description, and what are the specific qualifications (education, training, and experience) that are listed in the job description? If there currently is no job description or the one that exists is outdated, the emergency manager should draft a new job description and discuss it with her or his superior. LEMA Staffing Many LEMAs have administrative (clerk, secretary, or administrative assistant) or professional (emergency management analyst) staff that are paid part- or full-time. Such personnel need to have job descriptions specifying their titles, reporting lines, functions, duties, and qualifications. These personnel support the LEMA by receiving and tracking correspondence, drafting plans and procedures, maintaining databases, scheduling meetings, maintaining meeting minutes, and the like. In many cases, a LEMA�s budget is too small to support enough paid staff to perform all of these activities. Consequently, volunteers are enlisted by contacting community service organizations, clubs, Boy and Girl Scout troops, and others. These volunteers can be a valuable source of assistance in achieving the LEMA�s goals by performing tasks that are delegated by the local emergency manager. Indeed, some volunteers have valuable skills (e.g., computing, radio communications) the emergency manager lacks. Each of the LEMA staff members should be given a clear description of his or her duties. In addition, most jurisdictions require paid staff to be provided with periodic (at least annual) performance appraisals. These appraisals allow employees to assess their performance over the previous year and to set training and performance objectives for the year to come. Although rarely mandatory, regularly scheduled performance reviews for volunteers are valuable in guiding their development and enhancing their performance effectiveness. A jurisdiction�s human resources department can provide valuable guidance on its personnel policies. LEMA Program Plan Emergency managers need to develop program plans that systematically direct their efforts over the course of the year. FEMA (1983, 1993) has advised emergency managers to set annual goals in each of the major programmatic areas for which they are responsible�such as hazard and vulnerability analysis, hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, recovery preparedness, and community hazard education. Once these goals have been set, the local emergency manager should assess the LEMA�s ability to achieve these goals. This capability assessment is likely to identify satisfactory levels of capability in some areas but not in others. The emergency manager should document the capability shortfall and devise a multiyear development plan to reduce that shortfall. The limited funds available for emergency management make it a certainty that the shortfall cannot be eliminated within a single year, so this is the reason why a multiyear (typically five year) development plan is needed. Despite its long planning horizon, the multiyear development plan should identify specific annual milestones (measurable objective indicators) to determine if progress is being made at a satisfactory rate. LEMA Budget Preparation An organization�s budget lists the categories of anticipated expenditures and the amount that has been allocated to each category. The budget usually covers the jurisdiction�s fiscal year, which is a 12 month period that might or might not be the same as the calendar year (from January 1 to December 31). The budget is a financial plan that identifies the amount of money that has been allocated to each of its budget categories. Typical budget categories include routine continuing items such as staff salaries, office space, office equipment (e.g., copiers, computers, fax machines), telephone (local and long-distance), travel, and materials and supplies (e.g., paper, toner). The budget should anticipate the need to replace worn out or obsolete equipment or to purchase new equipment that will increase the LEMA�s capabilities. The budget also should contain a contingency fund that addresses the costs of resources that will be expended in a foreseeable emergency. The challenge for the emergency manager is to ensure the expenses do not exceed the budgeted amount. This is not difficult to do for the routine continuing items because, for example, staff salaries, office space, and local telephone service are fixed and materials and supplies are quite predictable from month to month. Repairs to office equipment can be unpredictable, but this can be managed by signing a service contract that establishes a fixed fee for routine preventive and corrective maintenance. Long-distance telephone and travel for training are somewhat less predictable but are discretionary, so these activities can be reduced if the expenses for other categories prove to be greater than expected. The amount to set aside in the contingency fund for emergency response is more difficult to estimate because the scope of an emergency (or even whether one occurs) is unpredictable. Nonetheless, past agency records or discussions with emergency managers in neighboring jurisdictions can provide some insight into the appropriate amount to request. When preparing a budget, it is essential to justify each of the budget items. Once again, records of previous years� expenses are useful guides, but it is important to make adjustments for inflation (consult the jurisdiction�s budget office for guidance on the amount they allow) as well as making adjustments for changes in the program plan. Has a new chemical facility been opened? Are there new subdivisions that have been built in flood prone areas? As new needs arise that cannot be addressed with the resources provided by previous budgets, the emergency manager needs to request funding increases that will meet the new program requirements. The nature of these needs is typically documented in a budget narrative that accompanies the budget request. The budget and the accompanying narrative are submitted in written form and, in many cases, are presented orally as well. In the latter case, the use of presentation graphics can be a valuable method of explaining how each of the budget items contributes to the achievement of the program plan. Whatever the amounts turn out to be for the budget categories, it is essential that the emergency manager submit the new year�s budget in the format that is being used by his or her jurisdiction. The local budget office will provide assistance in this area. LEMA Funding Sources The local emergency manager�s most obvious source of funding is the head of the department in which the LEMA is administratively located or, if the LEMA is an independent agency, the jurisdiction�s CAO. It is important to recognize that other funding sources can provide valuable supplements as well. The federal government has a range of programs that provide financial assistance to local government. For example, Emergency Management Performance Grants require LEMAs to submit a statement of work and budget that makes the local jurisdiction eligible for matching funds (i.e., a 50/50 cost sharing). This program is administered through each state�s emergency management agency, which might impose its own requirements for funding. For example, Texas requires a LEMA to have an emergency management plan that meets a specified standard of quality and provides competitive awards based upon the quality of recent planning, training, and exercising activities. Continued financial support is contingent upon meeting performance and financial reporting requirements, as well as achieving the annual objectives specified in the initial proposal. Another example is the Hazardous Materials Assistance Program, which provides technical and financial assistance through the states to support oil and hazardous materials emergency planning and exercising. Applications are required to list the program objective, describe the means by which the objective will be achieved (including a list of specific activities and their duration) and the expected achievements of the project. LEMAs submit applications through their state emergency management agencies for review by the corresponding FEMA regional offices. There are also local sources that can be contacted for financial and in-kind assistance. Local industrial facilities such as nuclear power plants and chemical facilities might be contacted for financial contributions to defray the costs of emergency preparedness for their facilities. Truck and rail carriers might be contacted for training assistance. Commercial businesses such as large retail outlets might be able to provide in-kind contributions or make small financial contributions for community hazard awareness programs. LEMA Budget Management As the fiscal year progresses, expenses are automatically incurred for some items such as salaries, space, and local telephone use. Other expenses might require the emergency manager�s authorization (and possibly countersignature by a higher authority). These include purchase orders for equipment and supplies or travel vouchers for attendance at training courses or professional conferences. These records are forwarded to the jurisdiction�s accounting office where they are entered and charged against the appropriate accounts. In many jurisdictions, local emergency managers receive monthly program accounting, which refers to the recording of actual expenses and a comparison of these expenses to the corresponding budget amounts. A budget statement lists budget categories in rows and indicates, in one column, how much money was allocated to each category and, in another column, how much money has been spent to date in that category. If the budget was based upon accurate projections, monthly variances (deviations of actual expenditures from anticipated expenditures) will be small. If the monthly variances are large, corrective action will need to be taken. Unforeseen expenditures attributable to a major emergency often are the basis for a supplemental request to the LEMA�s parent department or directly to the CAO, but foreseeable items such as replacement of broken equipment are likely to receive an unfavorable review. Consequently, emergency managers must make mid-year adjustments in other categories. Unfortunately, training and travel are the categories that are commonly cut in such situations�which can produce a chronic training shortfall if budgeting problems are recurrent. Senior elected and appointed officials typically require periodic (e.g., monthly or quarterly) reports of progress on the program plan and budget. As is the case with the presentation of each year�s budget, presentation graphics can be a valuable method of explaining which milestones in the program plan have been achieved and how this compares to the level of progress expected to date. In addition, the emergency manager should explain what percentage of each budget line has been expended to date in comparison to the percentage of the year that has elapsed. For example, the emergency manager should find it easy to explain why 0% of the budget for computer replacement has been expended in the first three months (25%) of the year. However, it probably would be more difficult to say why 40% of the budget for salaries had been expended in that same period. In either case, the source of the variances and the anticipated method of adjustment must be explained. Determinants of Emergency Management Effectiveness There has been a significant amount of research conducted over the past 30 years that identifies many conditions influencing the effectiveness of LEMAs. This research will be described in greater detail in the following pages, but it can be summarized by the model depicted in Figure 3-2. This figure indicates that LEMA effectiveness�measured by such organizational outcomes as the quality, timeliness, and cost of hazard adjustments adopted and implemented by the community�is the most direct result of individual outcomes and the planning process. Outcomes for the individual members of the LEMA and LEMC include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, individual effort and attendance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The planning process includes staffing/equipping, organizational structuring, team climate development, situational analysis, and strategic choice. In turn, the planning process is determined by the level of community support from officials, news media, and the public. The planning process is also affected by hazard experience, as measured by direct experience with disasters and by vicarious experiences that reveal potential impact of future disasters. Hazard experience also appears to have an indirect effect on the planning process via its effects on community support. It is important to recognize that even though the model as depicted in Figure 3-2 is static�that is, the arrows begin on the left and end on the right hand side of the figure�the actual process is dynamic because success tends to be a self-amplifying process in which high levels of individual and organizational outcomes produce increased levels of vicarious experience with disaster demands (through emergency training, drills, and exercises), community support, better staffing and organization, and more emergency planning resources. Hazard Exposure/Community Vulnerability Many studies have found the level of community hazard adjustment is increased by experiencing disaster impact�especially catastrophic impacts. Frequent, recent, and severe impacts make the community�s vulnerability to hazards easier to remember and more likely to stimulate action. In some cases, this leads to the development of a disaster subculture in which community residents adopt routinized patterns of disaster behavior (Wenger, 1978). When disasters are infrequent, long-removed in time, or have had minimally disruptive impacts, hazard vulnerability is likely to elicit little attention from households, organizations, or the community as a whole. However, the community�s exposure to environmental hazards can be made salient by vicarious experience that is gained by reading or hearing about other communities� experiences with disasters. These can be gained through newspaper articles or television accounts or, most powerfully, through first-person accounts�especially if they come from peers (Lindell, 1994a). For example, a local fire chief is most likely to be influenced by other fire chiefs� accounts of their experiences, a city manager is most likely to be influenced by another city manager, and so on. Figure 3-2. A Model of Local Emergency Management Effectiveness. Hazard exposure can also be affected by salient cues such as the daily sight of the cooling towers of a nuclear power plant, the intricate maze of piping at a petrochemical plant, or the placards on railcars and trucks passing through town. Information from hazard and vulnerability analyses can also have an effect on the community, but this pallid statistical information is likely to have less of an effect than the vivid first-person accounts described above (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). As will be discussed in the next chapter, Risk Perception and Communication, the psychological impact of hazard/vulnerability analyses can be increased by linking data on hazard exposure to likely personal consequences. The importance of hazard exposure and vulnerability for emergency management is well supported by research. For example, Caplow, Bahr, and Chadwick (1984) found emergency management network effectiveness to be greater in communities with recent disaster experience or, for those without recent experience, if there was consensus about the most salient hazard. Moreover, Adams, Burns, and Handwerk (1994) found that one-third of inactive LEMCs in a nationwide survey blamed lack of hazard vulnerability for their lack of progress. This accusation is likely to have some validity because Kartez and Lindell (1990) found that a greater degree of experience with disaster demands such as issuing evacuation orders, searching for mutual aid resources and responding to mass casualties is associated with organizational outcomes such as an increase in the number of good emergency preparedness practices (e.g., establishing citizen emergency information hotlines, establishing equipment rate and use agreements with contractors). Specifically, they found cities that were high in experience adopted 1.5 more preparedness practices than those that were low in experience. Similarly, Lindell and Meier (1994) and Lindell and Whitney (1995) found a previous history of evacuations was positively related to emergency planning effectiveness. Moreover, Lindell, et al. (1996) also found that a recent history of emergencies�as well as the number of hazardous facilities�both had modest but statistically significant positive correlations with LEMC effectiveness. Community Support Community support from senior elected and appointed officials, the news media, and the public is important because it affects the resources that are allocated to the LEMA and the LEMC. As noted earlier, many researchers have systematically documented what numerous emergency managers have personally experienced�emergency management is a low priority for the local elected and appointed officials who control budgets and staffing allocations (Labadie, 1984; Sutphen & Bott, 1990). As Kartez and Lindell (1990, p.13) quoted one police chief, My number one priority is getting the uniforms out in response to calls. The public judges me on that performance, not whether I�m planning for an earthquake that may never happen. If left alone, disaster planning would get even less attention from my office. It requires that the executive clearly make this a priority. The importance of community support for emergency management is supported by research. Adams and his colleagues (1994) found that two-thirds of the inactive LEMCs blamed community indifference and more than one-third blamed lack of funding for their lack of achievement. Other studies found community support (official resolutions, media coverage, and community group actions) was positively related to emergency planning effectiveness (Lindell & Meier, 1994; Lindell & Whitney, 1995; Lindell, et al, 1996). For example, community information requests, media coverage, local support, and the backing of local officials all were strongly and significantly correlated with LEMC effectiveness. Community Resources Differences among jurisdictions in the effectiveness of their LEMAs and LEMCs can be attributed partially to variation in their communities� resources. Kartez (1992) found inconsistent evidence for effects of jurisdictional size, wealth, growth rate, employment, minority concentration, and industry concentration on compliance with SARA Title III mandates. However, Adams, et al. (1994) reported compliance was significantly correlated with jurisdiction size, median household income, and percent of urban population, The conflict between these two studies probably is attributable to the fact that Adams found the strongest effects in the smallest, poorest, and most rural jurisdictions, which were underrepresented in one of Kartez�s (1992) samples, and altogether absent from his other sample. Nonetheless, the community support variables had stronger correlations with LEMC effectiveness than did any of the community resources variables. Lindell, et al. (1996) reported that jurisdictions� populations, budgets, police staffing, and fire staffing have statistically significant, but small, influences on LEMC effectiveness Extra-community Resources Lindell and Meier (1994) found that emergency planning resources obtained from outside the community (guidance manuals, training courses, and computer resources) were positively related to emergency planning effectiveness. Lindell and Whitney�s (1995) study replicated many of these findings, but also found that emergency planning effectiveness was correlated most highly with membership in a statewide LEPC Association, and with state emergency planning resources. Later, Lindell, et al. (1996) reported access to such emergency planning materials as computer software, federal agency technical reports, state emergency planning agency technical support, and Chemical Manufacturers Association materials had a statistically significant and moderately large correlation with LEMC effectiveness. Also, frequency of external contact with federal regional offices, state agencies, and other LEMCs was strongly related to success. Technical materials provided through vertical diffusion by federal agencies (DOT, EPA, and FEMA) also have a positive impact on LEMC effectiveness, as does horizontal diffusion of emergency preparedness practices and resources obtained from private industry and neighboring jurisdictions. These resources can provide vicarious experience with disaster demands and demonstrate the effectiveness of specific innovations including plans, procedures and equipment (Kartez & Lindell, 1987). Staffing and Organization A number of studies have substantiated the impact of an LEMC�s staffing and organization on its effectiveness. For example, the International City Management Association (1981) identified a number of characteristics of effective emergency management organizations. These included defined roles for elected officials, a clear internal hierarchy, good interpersonal relationships, commitment to planning as a continuing activity, member and citizen motivation for involvement, coordination among participating agencies, and public/private cooperation. Caplow, et al. (1984) found emergency management network effectiveness was greater in communities with recent disaster experience or, for those without recent experience, if there was consensus about the most salient hazard. The more effective networks had members with more experience and a wider range of local contacts, had written plans and were familiar with them, had personal experience in managing routine natural hazards such as floods, and were more familiar with the policies and procedures of emergency-relevant state and federal agencies. Similarly, Lindell and Meier (1994) found the number of members, number of hours worked by paid staff, number of agencies represented on the LEMC, and organization into subcommittees were all positively related to emergency planning effectiveness. Lindell and Whitney (1995) found LEMC staffing and structure lacked a significant correlation with LEMC effectiveness, but was correlated with organizational climate, which did have a very strong impact on LEMC effectiveness. Lindell, et al. (1996) also found the total number of members and�more importantly�the average number of members attending meetings were significant. There also was a significant correlation between effectiveness and the number of agencies and organizations represented on the LEMC. Representation by elected officials and by citizens� groups was the most important, whereas having representatives from the news media was least important for overall emergency planning effectiveness. Establishment of an organizational structure through subcommittees was significant, probably because this allows members to focus on specific tasks and thus avoid feeling overwhelmed by all the work that needs to be done. Planning Process The emergency planning process consists of five principal functions: planning activities, team climate development, situational analysis, resource acquisition, and strategic choice. Planning activities. Kartez and Lindell (1990) found superior planning practices involving key personnel from diverse departments in a participative and consensus-oriented process of horizontal integration�exemplified by such activities as interdepartmental task forces, interdepartmental training, and after-action critiques�had an even greater effect on the adoption of good emergency preparedness practices than did disaster experience. Specifically, cities that had a better planning process adopted 2.5 more preparedness practices than those that had a poorer planning process. Interestingly, as Table 3-1 indicates, planning activities such as interdepartmental training, reviews with senior officials, and establishment of interdepartmental task forces had especially strong effects on the adoption of good emergency preparedness practices. By contrast, more routine activities such as procedure updates, plan updates, and reviews of mutual aid agreements had small effects. Table 3-1. Effects of Planning Activities on Good Emergency Preparedness Practices. Largest differenceSmallest differenceInterdepartmental training Reviews with senior officials Interdepartmental task force Community disaster assistance council After action critiques Exercises Vulnerability analyses Meetings with TV/radio managersProcedure updates Plan updates Review mutual aid agreements with neighboring citiesSource: Adapted from Kartez and Lindell (1990) Characteristics of meetings are important influences on organizational effectiveness. These include meeting frequency, formalizing member orientation, formalizing meetings through regular scheduling, advance circulation of written agendas, keeping written minutes, and formalizing overall activities by setting and monitoring progress toward annual goals(Lindell & Meier, 1994; Lindell, et al., 1996). These results indicate the effectiveness of an LEMC and its subcommittees can be increased if they conduct frequent meetings that help them to maintain steady progress and this will work if these meetings are regularly scheduled far enough in advance for members to avoid conflicts with their own calendars. If possible, LEMC meetings should be scheduled monthly on the same day of the week and time of day. The agenda for each meeting should be distributed in advance and written minutes should be kept of each meeting. These findings are consistent with more recent research, which shows effectiveness in disaster response is significantly determined by agencies breadth of prior coordination and the depth (both frequency and intensity) of prior contact (Drabek, 2003). In addition, these findings are consistent with research conducted by Gillespie and his colleagues (Gillespie & Colignon, 1993; Gillespie, Colignon, Banerjee, Murty, & Rogge, 1993; Gillespie & Streeter, 1987). Specifically, these researchers documented a need to facilitate effective relations between organizations with full-time staff members and organizations with part-time staff and volunteers by scheduling meetings at times convenient for all staff (full-time, part-time, and voluntary). Such meetings should concentrate on common interests and be guided by agendas. Failure to meet these suggestions usually results in termination by neglect, not by direct confrontation over disparate values. Organizational climate development. Lindell and Whitney (1995) found emergency planning effectiveness was greatest in LEMCs that had positive organizational climates, which can be defined as �distinctive patterns of collective beliefs that are communicated to new group members through the socialization process and are further developed through members� interaction with their physical and social environments� (Lindell & Brandt, 2000, p. 331). Organizational climate presumably affects LEMC effectiveness because it influences the degree to which members� motivation is aroused, maintained, and directed toward group goals (Lindell & Whitney, 1995). Lindell and Brandt (2000) found that three dimensions of leadership climate (leader initiating structure, leader consideration, and leader communication), four dimensions of team climate (team coordination, team cohesion, team task orientation, and team pride), and one dimension of role climate (role clarity, but not role conflict or role overload) were strongly related to each other and can be defined as climate quality. Organizational climate is important because it is positively related to important individual outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, attendance, effort, turnover intentions, and organizational citizenship behaviors (performance beyond minimal requirements), as well as organizational outcomes such as product quality, timeliness, and cost. These latter variables were measured in the research studies by LEMC chair ratings and State Emergency Response Commission staff ratings of the organization�s performance. Climate quality is consistently related to support from elected officials�especially external guidance and recognition. Climate quality is also positively related to the organization of LEMCs into subcommittees, meeting formalization, and meeting frequency. However, climate quality is unrelated to LEMC size, which suggests that increasing the number of members can increase the range of knowledge and skills on the LEMC without impairing group performance. The research findings indicate that LEMC leaders can establish a positive leadership climate within the organization by being clear about what tasks are to be performed, as well as recognizing individual members� strengths and weaknesses and being supportive of their needs. These two aspects of leader behavior, which are known as leader initiating structure and leader consideration, respectively, have long been recognized by organizational researchers (Stogdill, 1963). The importance of these dimensions in facilitating organizational effectiveness has been recently confirmed in LEMCs (Lindell & Brandt, 2000; Lindell & Whitney, 1995; Whitney & Lindell, 2000). In addition to a positive leadership climate, it also is important to foster a positive team climate. Specifically, team members must focus on the tasks to be performed rather than spending all of their time socializing (team task orientation). In addition, they must share information and coordinate individual efforts (team coordination). When these occur, members tend to trust each other and feel that they are included in all activities (cohesion), as well as believe their LEMC is one of the best (team pride). Moreover, LEMC leaders need to promote a positive role climate within the organization. Team members must understand what tasks are to be performed and how to perform them, which avoids the stress caused by role ambiguity. Leaders and members must agree on what tasks are to be performed, which avoids the stress caused by role conflict. Finally, members must have enough time to perform the tasks for which they are responsible, which avoids the stress caused by role overload (James & Sells, 1981; Jones & James, 1979). LEMC effectiveness is also enhanced when there is a positive job climate, which arises when members have enough independence to do their work however they choose as long as they deliver a quality product on time and within the resources available (personal autonomy). They also should be allowed to perform a �whole� piece of work that provides a meaningful contribution to the group product (task identity). Finally, members should be allowed to perform tasks that exercise a variety of significant skills (skill variety). The LEMC will function more effectively when it has a positive reward climate, which is characterized by members having opportunities to perform new and challenging tasks (member challenge), opportunities to work with other people (social contacts), and are told that other people appreciate their work (social recognition). When the leadership, team, role, job, and reward components of organizational climate are positive, there are positive outcomes at the individual and organizational levels. Specifically, there is higher member job satisfaction, attendance, effort, and citizenship behavior (working beyond minimum standards) and lower turnover intentions and actual turnover. These positive outcomes at the individual level also produce positive consequences at the organizational level in terms of greater organizational stability (due to decreased turnover) and greater productivity (due to greater effort). Situational analysis. Although this is recognized as an important issue in the strategic management of organizations (Thompson & Strickland, 1996), there appears to have been little or no research on the degree to which situational analysis contributes to the effectiveness of LEMAs and LEMCs. Important components of situational analysis include hazard exposure analysis, physical vulnerability analysis, social vulnerability analysis, evaluation of hazard adjustments, and capability analysis. As Chapter 5 will describe more fully, hazard exposure analysis identifies the natural and technological hazards to which the community is exposed and assesses the specific locations that would be affected by different intensities of impact (e.g., 50- and 100-year flood plains, areas prone to liquefaction from earthquakes); such analyses are frequently documented by maps of geographical risk areas. Physical vulnerability analysis assesses the community�s structures (residential, commercial, and industrial buildings) and infrastructure (fuel, electric power, water, sewer, telecommunications, and transportation) in terms of their ability to withstand the environmental forces predicted by the hazard exposure analyses. By contrast, social vulnerability analysis assesses the community�s demographic segments and economic sectors to identify differences in hazard exposure, occupancy of physically vulnerable structures, utilization of physically vulnerable infrastructure, and limited resources (psychological, social, economic, and political) for recovering from disaster impact. The systematic evaluation of hazard adjustments examines alternative hazard adjustments (hazard mitigation, disaster preparedness, emergency response, and disaster recovery) to assess their ability to avoid hazard impacts such as casualties and damage, to limit these impacts when disaster strikes, and to recovery rapidly after disaster. The evaluation of hazard adjustments also examines their resource requirements in terms of the time, effort, money, and organizational cooperation needed to adopt and implement them. The final component of situational analysis, capability assessment, determines whether households, businesses, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have the capacity (i.e., resources) and commitment (i.e., motivation) needed to adopt the available hazard adjustments. Resource acquisition. Resource acquisition refers to obtaining emergency planning staff, equipment, and information of many different types from a variety of sources. The principal source of emergency planning staff is the LEMA but, as will be discussed below, there are other local government agencies, private sector organizations, and NGOs that can be drawn upon to staff the LEMC. Similarly, the major type of emergency planning equipment�the microcomputer�is usually available at the LEMA but the types of high speed/high storage capacity computers needed for conducting hazard and vulnerability analyses are more frequently located and used in the Land Use Planning Department where Geographical Information Systems (GISs) are routinely used (Lindell, Sanderson & Hwang, 2002). The types of information include data about hazards and population segments at risk, as well as procedures for hazard/vulnerability analysis. Communities can obtain hazard data by accessing Web sites maintained by federal agencies such as the FEMA, USGS, and National Weather Service, as well as state hazard analysis web sites (Hwang, Sanderson & Lindell, 2002) or, for technological hazards, local industry (for fixed-site hazards) and rail or truck carriers (for transportation hazards). In addition, these organizations provide computer software, planning guidance manuals, and training courses that explain how to assess community vulnerability (e.g., FEMA�s HAZUS). Strategic choice. Organizational scientists generally agree there is no single best way to organize and this proposition has been supported by Drabek�s (1987, 1990) findings of significant variation in the strategies and structures utilized by individual emergency managers. Some successful emergency managers enthusiastically endorse strategies that are explicitly rejected by other equally successful managers. Further support for the contingency principle of organization is provided by Mulford, Klonglan, and Kopachevsky�s (1973) finding that strategy adoption was dependent upon contextual conditions in the community. Nonetheless, the available research indicates there are some structures and strategies that are likely to significantly improve the success of all LEMCs regardless of context�and especially without significant expense. Although this might seem surprising, it is consistent with previous studies showing that external constraints can be circumvented to some extent by a superior planning process that enhances horizontal linkages among agencies within a jurisdiction and with adjacent jurisdictions, downward vertical linkages to households and businesses, and upward vertical linkages to state and federal agencies (Kartez & Lindell, 1987, 1990). Indeed, it is precisely the purpose of an LEMC to establish this planning process. As Drabek (1987, 1990, 2003) has observed, disaster researchers have long been interested in the intergovernmental structures and interpersonal strategies adopted by emergency managers. For example, a multiyear research project conducted at Iowa State University found that communities in which local Civil Defense Directors had developed systemic linkages among local groups tended to be the most effective in achieving community preparedness (Klonglan, Beal, Bohlen, & Schafer, 1967). These findings were elaborated by Mulford, Klonglan, and Tweed (1973), who noted the importance of local emergency managers� horizontal linkages with their colleagues in similar organizations throughout their states, and also their vertical linkages with local elected officials. Mulford, et al. (1973) identified six strategies used by effective emergency managers. These include a resource building strategy, which emphasizes the acquisition of human, technical, and capital resources needed for effective agency performance, and an emergency resource strategy, defined by securing the participation of emergency-relevant organizations in emergency planning and response. The elite representation strategy involves the placement of members of the focal organization (in this case, the LEMA) in positions or situations where it is possible to interact with influential members of other emergency-relevant organizations, and the constituency strategy consists of the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between two organizations whereby both benefit from cooperation. The cooptation strategy consists of absorbing key personnel, especially those from other organizations, into the focal organization�s formal structure as directors or advisors, while the audience strategy focuses upon educating community organizations and the public at large about the importance of community emergency preparedness. Mulford, Klonglan, and Kopachevsky (1973) noted strategy adoption was contingent upon environmental (jurisdictional size), organizational (funding level) and personal (Civil Defense Director training) characteristics. Some particularly important areas on which interorganizational coordination has focused include increased involvement of private organizations, local public services, elected officials and community leaders, and greater efforts to acquire external funding. (Klonglan, Mulford & Hay, 1973). Research conducted at the Disaster Research Center during the same time period found disaster planning requires emergency response organizations to recognize the ways in which community-wide disasters differ from routine emergencies that can be handled by a single agency (Dynes, Quarantelli, & Kreps, 1972). In addition, they encouraged local disaster planners to foster significant predisaster relationships among organizations that must respond to a disaster (Anderson, 1969b). Dynes and Quarantelli (1975) described differences in interorganizational orientation in terms of nine models including the maintenance (acquiring and maintaining human, material, and financial resources), disaster expert (developing knowledge and skill about hazard agents such as hurricanes and hazardous materials), and abstract planner (construction of contingency plans derived from generic planning principles) models. Other models include the military (developing a well-defined hierarchical organization), administrative staff (developing managerial knowledge and skill), and disaster simulation (focusing on the rehearsal of disaster plans through drills and exercises) models. Finally, there are the derived political power (acting as the representative of the jurisdiction�s CAO), interpersonal broker (establishing contacts among emergency-relevant organizations), and community educator (overcoming community indifference through hazard awareness programs) models. Table 3-2 summarizes the research on emergency managers� strategies in the following way. The first category of strategies is defined by LEMA organizational development, which involves the military and administrative staff models to address the development of clear roles and lines of authority, while the abstract planner model emphasizes the development of coordinated emergency response plans, and the disaster simulation model supports the importance of emergency exercises to test the organizational forms that have been developed. Another strategy involves the resource building strategy and the maintenance model to ensure the acquisition of resources�such as personnel, facilities (e.g., normal office space and emergency response facilities such as EOCs), equipment, materials and supplies, and especially money from local government funding� that will positively affect LEMA effectiveness. Moreover, analysis of the physical environment encompasses the disaster expert model, according to which success will be influenced by interagency coordination in the assessment hazard vulnerability and community resources. Finally, Table 3-2 makes it clear that most of the strategies emphasize management of the social environment. According to the researchers at Iowa State University and the Disaster Research Center, development of an LEMC is facilitated by securing the legitimacy from the CAO (derived political power model), establishing the collaboration among emergency-relevant organizations (emergency resource strategy and interpersonal broker model), and placing LEMA staff in positions to influence important others (the constituency, elite representation, and cooptation strategies). Finally, influence is magnified by engaging in outreach to community groups and news media (the audience strategy and community educator model). Table 3-2. Emergency Management Development Strategies. Strategy TypeIowa State UniversityDisaster Research CenterOrganizational developmentAdministrative staff Military Abstract planner Disaster simulationResource acquisitionResource buildingMaintenancePhysical environment analysis and managementDisaster expertSocial environment analysis and managementEmergency resource Elite representation Constituency Cooptation AudienceDerived political power Interpersonal broker Community educatorMore recent studies have examined these ideas in further detail by studying the ways in which local emergency managers implement these strategies. Drabek (1987, 1990) integrated the findings of previous disaster researchers with theoretical principles derived from the broader organizational literature (e.g., Pennings, 1981; Osborne & Plastrik, 1998) to identify strategies and structures used by successful managers. Similarly, Gillespie and his colleagues (Gillespie & Colignon, 1993; Gillespie, et al., 1993; Gillespie & Streeter, 1987) conducted an intensive study of a single disaster preparedness network that had not coalesced into a formally designated LEMC. In addition, Lindell and his colleagues (Lindell, 1994b; Lindell & Brandt, 2000; Lindell & Meier, 1994; Lindell & Whitney, 1995; Lindell, et al., 1996a, 1996b; Whitney & Lindell, 2000) reported a series of studies conducted on nearly 300 LEMCs in three Midwestern states. Drabek (1987, 1990) found the most effective of the local emergency managers he interviewed emphasized the development of constituency support by actively trying to increase the resource base of all local agencies�not just their own. To do this, they relied on committees and joint ventures to involve other community organizations. Consistent with the organizational development strategy, some of them attempted to manage conflict over controversial issues before they got out of control. In particular, they achieved more consensus with other community agencies on the mission of the LEMA. In a variation on the disaster expert strategy, some of them brought in outside experts. Drabek found that local emergency managers� reliance on these strategies varied with community size. Successful directors in small communities used them less frequently than successful directors in large communities but more frequently than unsuccessful directors in either small or large communities. Successful directors had more frequent contacts and more formalized interagency agreements such as MOAs. Although all successful emergency managers gave considerable emphasis to coordination with other emergency-relevant agencies, they tended to give less emphasis to local businesses and (except in the smallest communities) to elected officials. In the studies conducted by Gillespie and his colleagues (Gillespie & Colignon, 1993; Gillespie, et al., 1993; Gillespie & Streeter, 1987), the researchers found a large proportion of the organizations relevant to disaster response were not linked to the preparedness network�which indicates some deficiencies in the local emergency managers� strategies for social environment analysis and management. Gillespie and his colleagues expanded the utility of the research on social management strategies by noting interorganizational linkages consist of informal contacts, verbal agreements, and written agreements. In addition, they emphasized that the existence (or even the frequency) of interorganizational contacts does not measure the importance of the relationship (i.e., that needed information, services, or resources have been established or transferred). This argument points to a logical connection between social environment analysis/management and resource acquisition. That is, the low priority given to local emergency management often makes it impossible for LEMAs to purchase needed resources outright. Consequently, local emergency managers must build capacity by collaborating with other organizations that do have those resources or that have the influence to obtain the funding that will allow them to make those purchases. Of course, organizations are more likely to collaborate with the LEMA if there are compelling reasons for them to do so. Consistent with this notion, Gillespie and his colleagues found interorganizational linkages were initiated by awareness of potential disaster demands and by recognized needs for avoiding gaps in services or duplication of effort. Other reasons for collaboration included ensuring timely access to information, services, or resources; development of internal organizational response capability; and development of political influence to enhance organizational autonomy, security, and prestige. Gillespie and his colleagues also found interorganizational linkages are developed through active and personable individuals, but pre-existing personal and professional contacts are important, as well as routine interagency and interjurisdictional meetings, drills, and exercises. However, these linkages are impeded by geographical distance, lack of funds, lack of staff, incompatible professional perspectives and terminology, lack of trust in an organization or its representative, overconfidence in one�s own capability, and unequal rewards and costs of participation for those in different organizations. Individual Outcomes As noted earlier, individual outcomes include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, attachment behaviors (effort, attendance, and continued membership), and organizational citizenship behaviors. Some of these variables were studied by Whitney and Lindell (2000), who noted that research on motivational factors involved in staffing voluntary community organizations suggests people participate in these organizations when they perceive social and environmental problems within a community to which they are attached and find organizations they expect to be successful in mitigating these problems (Chavis & Wandersman, 1990; Florin & Wandersman, 1984). Such studies have found that participation in community groups is significantly related to three types of benefits (personal, social, and purposive) and their corresponding costs (Prestby, et al., 1990). Moreover, members� sense of individual and collective self-efficacy, and thus their motivation to participate, is enhanced when these organizations are empowered by successfully influencing actions taken by the community. Other research has found that people often join and remain in a voluntary organization because they are attracted to its activities, and that volunteers are more likely than paid workers to have high intrinsic satisfaction (Pearce, 1983). These findings indicate volunteers� experiences may differ from those of their compensated counterparts and suggests it is important to examine members� organizational commitment. Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian defined this construct as �the strength of an individual�s identification with and involvement in a particular organization� (1974, p. 604) and characterized it as including: a) strong belief in, and acceptance of, the organization�s goals and values, b) willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and c) strong desire to maintain organizational membership. Meyer and Allen (1984) noted research on organizational commitment has examined two different types of commitment: affective and continuance. Affective commitment, which is seen in terms of an emotional orientation to the organization, is likely to be expressed in high levels of employee performance (Meyer, et al., 1989). By contrast, continuance commitment is conceptualized as an accumulation of �side bets�, which are anything of value individuals have invested in an organization that would be lost if they were to leave. Continuance commitment motivates employees to remain in the job but fails to elicit performance beyond minimum requirements. Organizational commitment is important in understanding LEMC effectiveness because it has been found to predict a variety of participation behaviors. In an analysis of over 200 articles pertaining to organizational commitment, Mathieu and Zajac (1990) concluded that organizational commitment has a weak but positive correlation with attendance, but it has very strong negative correlations with two turnover-related intentions: to search for job alternatives and to leave one�s job. Whitney and Lindell (2000) discovered LEMC members� attachment behaviors (attendance, effort, and continued membership in the organization) were positively related to their affective commitment but not their continuance commitment. In turn, affective commitment was significantly influenced by effective LEMC leadership (the ability to structure team tasks, communicate clearly, and show consideration for team members) and the LEMC members� job related self-efficacy (perceptions of their own competence) and role clarity (clear sense of direction in which to allocate one�s efforts). Other factors affecting commitment included members� identification with an LEMC�s goals (perceived hazard vulnerability and perceived effectiveness of emergency planning) and perceived opportunity for reward (public recognition and personal skill development). The negative findings regarding continuance commitment do not mean that this variable is altogether irrelevant because the study assessed members� commitment to the LEMC (which lacks the tangible rewards used to secure compliance commitment), not to their normal jobs (which can provide such rewards). Based on the research reviewed by Mathieu and Zajac (1990), one should expect compliance commitment to significantly predict performance on these other jobs. Organizational Outcomes Organizational outcomes such as the quality, timeliness, and cost of plans and procedures are the most direct results of individual outcomes and the planning process but there also are intermediate results that are indicative of organizational effectiveness. These include the production of hazard and vulnerability analyses, public information briefings, brochures, and Web sites. Lindell and Whitney (1995) and Lindell and Meier (1994) examined different indexes of LEMC effectiveness�chair judgments of effectiveness on six planning activities and submission of completed plans to the State Emergency Response Commission�and found these were significantly correlated, but nonetheless distinct. Later, Lindell, et al. (1996) examined LEMC effectiveness in terms of four criteria: chairs� judgments of their LEMC�s quality of performance on 13 emergency planning activities, the percentage of vulnerable zones computed, the number of talks given by the LEMC to community groups, and whether the LEMC had conducted an emergency exercise. This study also found the level of LEMC performance varied significantly from one activity to another. Specifically, LEMCs were generally effective in collecting and filing hazard data, inventorying local emergency response resources, acquiring emergency communications equipment, and developing training for local emergency responders. By contrast, LEMCs were relatively ineffective in developing protective action guides, analyzing air infiltration rates for local structures, analyzing evacuation times for vulnerable areas, and promoting community toxic chemical hazard awareness. There are significant correlations between organizational and individual outcomes (Lindell & Brandt, 2000). This suggests increasing members� job satisfaction, effort, attendance, and citizenship behaviors and reducing their turnover intentions will improve the organization�s performance. In addition, organizational outcomes had significant correlations with external contextual variables (such as community resources, emergency experience, and elected official support) and internal structural variables (such as LEMC size, subcommittee structure, meeting formalization, meeting frequency, role formalization, and computer technology). Finally, the organizational outcomes had significant correlations with organizational climate variables (such as leader, team, role, job, and reward characteristics). All of these correlations identify ways in which emergency managers can work with LEMC members to improve organizational performance. In particular, emergency managers� knowledge of these relationships can serve as a basis for expert power in persuading other LEMC members to change the conditions within the organization. LEMC Activities The previous section has described the factors that influence emergency planning effectiveness and later chapters will provide recommendations for the content of Emergency Operations Plans, Recovery Operations Plans, and Hazard Mitigation Plans as described by sources such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996b), Foster (1980), Daines (1991), Lindell and Perry (1992), and Schwab, et al. (1998). However, there is an important intermediate step that needs to be addresses�the process of plan development as it has been recommended by Daines (1991), Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996b), and Schwab, et al. (1998). The development of an emergency plan is a multistage process that encompasses nine steps. First, the local emergency manager establishes a preliminary planning schedule. Second, the CAO publishes a planning directive. Third, the local emergency manager facilitates the organization of the LEMC. Fourth, the local emergency manager works with LEMC members to assess disaster demands and capabilities. This leads to a designation of the organizations responsible for each component of the Emergency Operations Plan, Recovery Operations Plan, and Hazard Mitigation Plan and finalization of the schedule for plan completion. Fifth, LEMC members write the components of these plans. Sixth, LEMC members evaluate and revise the draft plans. Seventh, the local emergency manager distributes the draft plans to collaborating organizations and other jurisdictions for community review. Last, after the collaborating organizations and other jurisdictions have commented on the draft plans, the LEMC revises them and publishes them in final form. Each of these steps is addressed in more detail below. Establish a Preliminary Planning Schedule Table 3-3 shows an example of how the emergency manager should identify the principal tasks to be performed and the expected amount of time required to perform them. An experienced emergency manager will be able to generate accurate time estimates, but the LEMC members will need to review and approve them at a later date to confirm that the deadline for publication of the final plans is feasible. Table 3-3. Sample Preliminary Planning Schedule Time (months) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Organize the LEMC [--] Assign responsibility for plan components [-----] Assess response requirements and capabilities [-----] Finalize planning schedule [--] Write plan components [-----------------------] Evaluate/revise the draft plan [---------] Obtain community review [--------] Revise/publish the final plan [----------] Disseminate a Planning Directive Local emergency managers coordinate rather than direct the efforts of other agencies, so they need some power base other than rewards and punishments to elicit cooperation. As noted in Chapter 2, French and Raven (1958; Raven, 1965) contend there are four bases of power in addition to reward and coercive power that can be used in organizations. These other bases of power are information, expert, referent, and legitimate power. Quite obviously, reward and coercive power refer to the ability to provide incentives for compliance and punishments for lack of compliance. Information power refers to specialized knowledge of the state of the social or physical environment, whereas expert power refers to specialized knowledge about the dynamics of the social or physical environment (and, thus an ability to predict�and perhaps control�elements of those environments). Referent power refers to influence that is determined by another�s liking or admiration for an individual and legitimate power is conferred when people believe that an individual has the right to expect compliance with his or her requests. Publication of a planning directive signed by the CAO confers legitimate power upon a local emergency manager by indicating that specific areas of authority have been delegated. This planning directive should be a written document that formalizes the CAO�s specific expectations about the emergency planning process. Thus, the planning directive should contain three sections, the first of which should state the purpose of the planning process, the legal authority under which it is being conducted, and the specific objectives that the planning process is expected to achieve. Second, the planning directive should describe the concept of the planning process, including a general description of the LEMC organization, the organizations that are expected to participate in plan development, and the local emergency manager�s authority as the CAO�s representative in this area. Last, the planning directive should address the procedure for plan approval and the anticipated deadline for publication of the final plan. Even though the planning directive is signed by the CAO, it is often drafted by the emergency manager. Organize the LEMC The emergency manager should request a representative from each of the governmental agencies, NGOs, and private sector organizations that have been designated in the planning directive as having significant emergency response capabilities or hazard vulnerabilities. The enumeration of all relevant organizations in the planning directive is especially important because public safety agencies such as police and fire are likely to participate in any event, but other local organizations are likely to participate only if directed by the CAO (Kartez & Lindell, 1990). A typical list of such organizations can be found in Table 3-4. Table 3-4. Organizations Typically Participating in LEMCs. Fire Local utilities (gas, electric power, telephone) Police Red Cross Emergency medical services Hospitals Public works Nursing homes Land use planning Schools Building construction News media Chief Administrative Officer�s office Environmental groups Public health Local industry Local elected officials Labor unions Members of these organizations should work part-time (a few hours a month) for the LEMC while continuing their jobs in their normal organizations. Once the LEMC has been established, the emergency manager should work with the members to select officers such as a Chair, Vice-Chair, Information Coordinator, and subcommittee chairs. As with other organizations, the Chair presides over meetings and represents the organization to senior elected and appointed government officials, the heads of private sector organizations within the jurisdiction, the news media, and the public. In addition, the LEMC Chair represents the LEMC to other jurisdictions and to state and federal agencies. The Vice-Chair performs these duties when the Chair is absent, but the Vice-Chair�s primary role is to take a more active role in the management of the internal affairs of the LEMC. The Secretary serves in a role that is not a clerical position but is instead responsible for ensuring meetings are scheduled and written minutes of the meeting are recorded. In addition, the Secretary is the principal point of contact for information about hazards and vulnerability, the planning process, and planning products. The Information Coordinator might even be the person who is responsible for monitoring the LEMC�s budget. LEMCs tend to be more effective when members are assigned to specific activities rather than having everyone contribute to all tasks. Thus all LEMCs should have subcommittees, but each one should determine for itself what is the most appropriate division of labor for its own situation. Most communities are likely to find it useful to have a Hazard/Vulnerability Analysis committee; a Planning, Training, and Exercising committee; a Recovery and Mitigation committee; a Public Education and Outreach committee; and an Executive committee. The Hazard/Vulnerability Analysis committee is responsible for identifying the hazards to which the community is exposed and the vulnerability of residential, commercial, and industrial structures and infrastructure (fuel, electric power, water, sewer, telecommunications, and transportation) to these hazards. In addition, the Hazard/Vulnerability Analysis committee should also identify any secondary hazards that could be caused by a primary disaster impact. These secondary hazards would include, for example, earthquake-initiated hazardous materials releases from chemical facilities and earthquake-initiated dam failures that cause flooding in low-lying areas. The Hazard/Vulnerability Analysis committee also should identify the locations of facilities such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and jails whose populations are vulnerable because of the limited mobility of their resident populations, as well as the locations of other facilities with vulnerable non-resident populations. A sample of such facilities is listed in Table 6-1. The initial task of the Planning, Training, and Exercising committee is to write the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). This committee should also coordinate the identification of facilities and equipment that are needed for disaster response. A major focus here will be on a jurisdictional emergency operations center (EOC). In addition, the Planning, Training, and Exercising committee should develop a training program to enhance emergency responders� capabilities. The Planning, Training, and Exercising committee only needs to develop training materials for disaster-related tasks that are not performed during normal operations or routine emergencies (both of which are addressed in departmental training). That is, they must develop training that provides an overview of disaster response and also enhances skills required for tasks that are infrequently performed, difficult, and critical to the success of the emergency response organization. They can either develop the necessary training materials for themselves or obtain them from other sources. Finally, the Planning, Training, and Exercising committee must test the implementability of the plan through drills and exercises. To accomplish these tasks, the Planning, Training, and Exercising committee should recruit representatives from the primary emergency response and public health agencies. The Recovery and Mitigation committee has the responsibility for developing a preimpact recovery plan that will facilitate a rapid restoration of the community to normal functioning after disaster. Recovery planning is often erroneously thought of as an activity that can be postponed until after a disaster strikes, but practitioners have argued that there are many recovery tasks that can (and should) be addressed during preimpact planning (Schwab, et al., 1998) and this contention has been supported by recent research (Wu & Lindell, 2004). In addition, the Recovery and Mitigation committee is responsible for identifying mitigation projects that will reduce the community�s vulnerability to environmental hazards. Some mitigation projects can probably be implemented before a disaster occurs, but others will need to be planned for implementation in conjunction with disaster recovery. To accomplish these functions, the Recovery and Mitigation committee should have representatives from public works, community development, land use planning, and building construction agencies. The Public Education and Outreach committee is responsible for risk communication with the news media and the public. Thus, its members should summarize the findings of the Hazard/Vulnerability Analysis committee that identify the community�s principal hazards and its most vulnerable locations and demographic groups. The Public Education and Outreach committee should also develop a description of the activities of the Planning, Training and Exercising committee and an explanation of how these will provide a capability for prompt and effective emergency response to the community�s hazards. Finally, the Public Education and Outreach committee should describe the activities of the Recovery and Mitigation Committee and an explanation of how these will provide a capability for prompt and effective emergency recovery from a disaster. Public Education and Outreach committee members should use this information about the community�s hazards and the hazard adjustments (preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation) that will protect the community to construct nontechnical summaries that can be understood by households and businesses throughout the community. The Public Education and Outreach committee should develop slides or other graphic presentations to support talks to community groups, as well as brochures to be distributed to households and businesses. The Executive committee is responsible for ensuring the LEMC sets specific, achievable objectives each year and accomplishes those objectives through an efficient expenditure of resources. Accordingly, the Executive committee will consist of the LEMC�s principal officers�Chair, Vice-Chair, Secretary, and subcommittee chairs. In addition to planning, organizing, directing, and monitoring the internal activities of the LEMC, the Executive committee needs to obtain the resources�especially the funds�to support the LEMC�s activities. Although most of the work of the LEMC is performed by personnel who are already being paid through their primary work organizations, there often are additional expenses for acquiring computer hardware and software, training materials, and travel for outside training. In addition, there are likely to be expenses for producing and printing public education brochures and other such materials. Sometimes government agencies or private organizations participating in the LEMC are willing to pay for some of these expenses from their budgets, but many times other sources of revenue such as filing fees from hazardous materials facilities are needed. A critical step in the process of organizing the LEMC is to conduct a planning orientation so the members of the LEMC will develop a common understanding of the process. In preparation for the planning orientation, local emergency managers should anticipate two very important obstacles to emergency planning (Daines, 1991). First, they should recognize that planning agencies lack emergency response experience. Second, they should be aware that emergency response agencies often lack disaster planning experience because they tend to rely on standard operating procedures and improvisation for minor emergencies. In addition, few�if any�LEMC members are likely to be aware of the planning resources available from state and federal agencies, as well as from other sources. Thus, the local emergency manager should introduce LEMC members to the basic tenets of the state�s Emergency Operations Plan, Disaster Recovery Plan, and Hazard Mitigation Plan, as well as provide copies of the state�s planning guidance in each of these areas. Similarly, the emergency manager should introduce LEMC members to the basic tenets of the National Response Plan, as well FEMA response, recovery, and mitigation programs and planning guidance. Assess Response Requirements and Capabilities Before beginning to write the EOP, Recovery Operations Plan, or Hazard Mitigation Plan, LEMC members need to identify the functions that need to be performed in a community-wide emergency. Information about the likely impact locations as well as the impact scope (area affected) and intensity will be produced by the hazard/vulnerability analyses. These analyses will also identify the residential, commercial, and industrial activities in the exposed locations, as well as locations that could produce secondary hazards (e.g., dam failures or chemical releases) or that have especially vulnerable populations (e.g., schools, hospital, nursing homes, jails). In addition, this assessment of response requirements needs to address the likely responses of households and businesses in disaster. As will be discussed in Chapter 8, there are widespread misconceptions�frequently labeled disaster myths�about the ways in which people respond to disasters. Though there is some small kernel of truth in these beliefs, the incidence of individually and socially maladaptive behavior is substantially exaggerated. According to Dynes (1972), households and businesses are the foundation of community emergency response and these organizations respond In their normal forms to perform their normal tasks (existing organizations), In their normal forms to perform new tasks (extending organizations), In new forms to perform their normal tasks (expanding organizations), or In new forms to perform new tasks (emerging organizations). In addition, community organizations link to form emergent multiorganizational networks (EMONs, Drabek, et al., 1981). Thus, the mission of the LEMC can be conceived as one of developing a planned multiorganizational network that can be adapted as needed to the demands of each incident involving emergency response and disaster recovery. In addition, representatives of the different agencies may have misconceptions about the capabilities of other agencies within their jurisdiction or of agencies at other levels (e.g., state and federal) of government. Consequently, the emergency manager needs to assist the LEMC in addressing these issues systematically so plans will be based upon realistic assumptions about what needs to be done and who will be able to do it (Dynes, et al., 1972). Write Plan Components As the previous discussion indicates, there will be three plans, the EOP, the Recovery Operations Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Plan The emergency manager should work with the cognizant committees (especially the Planning, Training, and Exercising Committee and the Recovery and Mitigation Committee) to ensure they have the appropriate persons to draft the components (basic plan, annexes, and appendixes) of each plan. In addition, the emergency manager should provide guidance regarding the structure and content of the plans, as well as resources that committee members can use as they write the plan components. The Federal Emergency Management Agency�s (1996b) Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning is a useful source for the EOP (see also National Response Team, 1987, for hazardous materials planning and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1980, for nuclear emergency planning) and Schwab, et al. (1998) provide guidance for the development of the Recovery Operations Plan, especially the integration of hazard mitigation into disaster recovery. In most cases, the emergency manager will draft the basic plan and the representatives of each organization will draft the annexes that pertain to their agencies. For example, the police will draft the EOP annex on law enforcement, whereas the land use planning department should write the Recovery Operations Plan annex on temporary housing. Each of the relevant committees�especially the Planning, Training and Exercising Committee and the Recovery and Mitigation Committee, and the LEMC as a whole�should set performance goals collaboratively to ensure that all members are committed to them. These goals should be challenging enough to motivate high levels of performance and should be specific enough that people can determine whether they are making progress in achieving the goals. Goal achievement should be formally evaluated regularly to determine if the planning schedule is being met and achievements should be discussed annually with the jurisdiction�s CAO. Evaluate/Revise the Draft Plans The emergency manager should ensure that all draft plans�the EOP, the Recovery Operations Plan, the Hazard Mitigation Plan, and relevant sections of the community�s comprehensive plan that contain sections affecting hazard mitigation�are reviewed by other committees within the LEMC to identify potential conflicts between agency task allocations and their resource capabilities, or conflicts between the provisions of one plan and another. Obtain Community Review Once the draft plans have been reviewed within the LEMC, the local emergency manager should release them for wider review throughout the community. Working in coordination with the Public Education and Outreach committee, the emergency manager should make copies available at libraries and other public facilities throughout the community so households and businesses can examine them in detail. Of course, it is essential that people be notified that the draft plans are available for review and comment. Thus, the Public Education and Outreach committee should make a major effort to meet with neighborhood groups (e.g., community councils, Parent-Teacher Associations) and service organizations (e.g., Rotary, Kiwanis, Chamber of Commerce) to summarize the hazard/vulnerability analysis process and its results, as well as the planning process and the general provisions of the draft plans for preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. People should be given an adequate amount of time to review the plans and provide comments. In addition, the emergency manager should ensure that at least one public meeting is held at which individuals and organizations from throughout the community can provide oral comments concerning the draft plans. Such comments should be transcribed and retained in the LEMC�s archives. Revise/Publish the Final Plans The local emergency manager should ensure that all input from the community review is forwarded to the appropriate committees so they can address any identified problems in the final versions of the EOP, the Recovery Operations Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Wherever possible, it is useful to provide a document to accompany each final plan that categorizes the comments received and explains how they were incorporated into the plan or, if that is not possible, explains why specific comments could not be addressed. Once all changes have been made in the plan, it should be submitted to the CAO or local governing body for their approval. At this point, final approval is usually indicated by a page containing the signatures of the jurisdiction�s senior authorities. Copies of the final plans and accompanying documents should be forwarded to all government agencies and other participating organizations (e.g., American Red Cross) having designated roles in the plans. Additional copies of the final plans and accompanying documents should be deposited in the same locations as the draft plans so these documents will accessible to households and businesses throughout the jurisdiction. Case Study: Emergency Management in Smith Hill Gillespie, et al. (1993) examined the emergency preparedness in Smith Hill (a pseudonym), a St. Louis suburb with a population less than 10,000. The city had a very small tax base and, thus, a very small budget. Elected officials gave low priority to emergency management, so the city did not allocate enough funding to emergency management to qualify for state matching funds. Moreover, the city did not attend the meetings of other interorganizational networks such as the Municipal League, the Disaster Resource Council, and the Regional Emergency Planning Council. When the researchers contacted the city to obtain information about its emergency management program, they were initially directed to the city building commissioner. After arriving for an interview with him, they were redirected to the chief of police and ultimately interviewed a group of six municipal officials�all of whom were assigned emergency management responsibilities as collateral duties. The city had an EOP developed from FEMA guidance, but the organization chart was hand drawn and had not been updated for years. Questioning by the researchers revealed the chart bore no resemblance to the roles the interviewees expected to perform in a disaster. Indeed, the person responsible for city streets was expected to fill most of the positions in the emergency response organization, the police chief was expected to fill two more positions, and the rest were not assigned to any specific individuals. The Smith Hill emergency management organization, such as it was, had direct links only to a fire protection district, its municipal police department, the county medical examiner, and a nearby regional hospital (whose name was identified only after an extended discussion among the interviewees). The Smith Hill emergency management organization had only two structurally unique organizations to connect it (indirectly) to the regional emergency management network and only after extensive probing of the interviewees were they able to name any other organizations that should be added to their contact list. The Smith Hill EOP contained no formal mutual aid agreements, even though the interviewees expected to be able to borrow equipment from neighboring jurisdictions in a disaster. PAGE 60 Local Fire Dept Local Police Local Public Works Local Emer. Mgt. Agency State Fire Marshal State Police State Highway Dept State Emer. Mgt. Agency State Governor Chief Admin. Officer Organizational outcomes Product quality Product timeliness Product cost Planning process Planning activities Team climate Situational analysis Strategic choices Individual outcomes Job satisfaction Organizational commitment Effort/attendance Staffing/organization Staffing levels Organizational structure Technology Extra-community resources Professional associations Govt. agencies Regional and national resources Community support Officials News media Public Hazard exposure/ vulnerability Experience Hazard analyses Community resources Staff Budget C � � } � � � + � � � ' ( * + 3 7 ] A! 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| i don't know |
Who played the part of Father Ted in the T.V. series | Amazon.com: Father Ted - The Complete Series 2: Various: Movies & TV
Father Ted - The Complete Series 2
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Language: English (Dolby Digital 5.1)
Region: Region 1 (U.S. and Canada only. Read more about DVD formats. )
Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
DVD Release Date: February 17, 2004
Run Time: 240 minutes
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Top Customer Reviews
By heylady43 on March 18, 2015
Format: Amazon Video|Verified Purchase
FATHER TED is an irreverent delight. The premise is 3 priests who have offended the powers that be have been sent to an isolated Irish island with a small population of eccentrics to redeem themselves which, of course, they will never do. Father Ted, played by Dermot Morgan, as the most normal seeming priest, is being punished for taking money collected to send a girl to Lourdes for a cure. Instead, he went to Vegas and blew it all. Ardal O'Hanlon plays Father Dougal Maguire, a dimwitted innocent who doesn't really get the point of the Catholic belief system. The 3rd priest, Father Jack played by Frank Kelly, looks like an old Joe Cocker with hair standing on end, always, drunk and totally inarticulate. The 4th regular is the housekeeper, who is as nuts as the other 3. The writing is hysterical and all 4 actors are perfect in their roles. This show is not for the very religious. To enjoy it you must have a strong tolerance and appreciation of mockery of ideals previously held. The writing is never mean spirited, just funny pointing out the foibles of us all using the supposedly holier than thou as the target.
By Weste on April 30, 2014
Format: DVD|Verified Purchase
This is an insanely funny and completely irreverent portrayal of the 2 priests assigned to the far-reaches of a diocese in Ireland. It will be especially funny for those of us who grew up in the 60s and attended Catholic church, but it will be funny for non-Catholics as well. So extreme and farcical that even devout Catholics will find themselves crying with laughter. You don't know laughter until you've seen Speed II, watched Father Ted and Dougal on holiday, met Father Noel and his youth group, or seen the priest who "dances for Jesus."
By Matthew L. Roffman on February 5, 2002
Format: DVD|Verified Purchase
Father Ted is the story of three priests, one a con man, one a drunkard, and the last a complete idiot, exiled by the catholic church to a small island in the middle of nowhere. The Comedy is hilarious although somewhat more difficult for American viewers like me to understand. It can jump around a little bit at times. The funniest thing about the series is that just about every character is a priest. You've got hippie DJ priests, cool smoking soccer playing priests, and not to forget the effete sing along leader priest who won't shut up. In some ways.. it's like a Young Ones for the 90s. Just replace the college kids with priests. It's a wonderful show.
The American release of the complete season two is coinciding with the British release of the second half of season two. Previously, the English releases (including the first half of season 2) have had commentary tracks that are not available on the American release. I hope they put the commentary track on this one.
| Dermot Morgan |
With which item of clothing do you associate Mary Phelps Jacob | The secret lives of the priests in Father Ted
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The secret lives of the priests in Father Ted
What links the classic sitcom to The Smiths, Freddie Mercury, Star Wars, Trainspotting, Ballykissangel, Emmerdale and the cream of Irish journalism? Martin Doyle confesses all
Wed, Jul 29, 2015, 11:00
Martin Doyle
Small world: Seán Barrett, who plays Fr Fitzgerald, whose dreary drone over the PA system enables the priests to escape undetected from the lingerie department in Father Ted, also appears on the cover of How Soon Is Now?, the classic single by The Smiths
Extra, extra, read all about it: Fr Greg Kyle, the show’s casting director; Fr Liam Mackey (Irish Examiner soccer correspondent); Fr Liam Fay (TV critic of the Irish Sunday Times); Fr Brian Eno, (possibly a downtable sub on the Indo?); Fr Martin Doyle (assistant literary editor of The Irish Times); and Fr Ken Sweeney (entertainment editor of the Irish Sun).
Previous Image
Me and Father Ted go way back. Okay, I wasn’t actually in seminary with the lads, but I was at the press launch for the very first series, in the Irish Club in Belgravia – very fancy – in April 1995.
Feck, I was even at the press launch the previous year for Paris, the first sitcom which Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan wrote together, (starring Alexei Sayle as Alain Degout, a feckless artist in 1920s Paris), where they told me about their unlikely plan for a comedy series about three priests banished to an Irish island.
I used to go to the recording of the shows at the London Studios on the South Bank on a Friday night – a sneak preview of the next series and a free bar: what wasn’t to like? That’s where I was the night the IRA broke its ceasefire on February 9th, 1996 with a bomb in London’s Docklands – way to spoil a party. And I was there too for the recording of the very last episode – I’ll come back to that – on February 27th, 1998, the day before Dermot Morgan, who played the title role, died of a heart attack at the peak of his fame.
Having watched every episode more than once over the years, I felt I knew all there was to know about the show and its cast. How wrong I was. All it took was a Facebook post innocently shared by Linehan’s wife Helen, about the double life of one of the priests in the show, to blow my mind and make me realise there was another story to be told. I made a few phone calls, sent a few emails but most of the credit must go to my trusty research assistant and unpaid intern, Google.
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Ardal O’Hanlon offered up two nuggets for posterity: “The guy who does the door at the Gate Theatre, Vincent [Brightling], was one of the Kraftwerk-type band and my daughter Emily was one of the hairy babies (the one in the red and white hooped babygro).”
I’m guessing that everybody knows about the back stories of the famous actors who played Bishop Len Brennan (Jim Norton) and Frs Fintan Stack (Brendan Grace), Noel Furlong (Graham Norton) and Todd Unctious (Gerard McSorley). And that Clare Grogan from Altered Images played Niamh Connolly, the Sinead O’Connor parody. And pretty much every Irish comedian of the period had a walk-on part, from Pat Shortt to Jon Kenny, Joe Rooney to Kevin Gildea, Mark Doherty to Paul Tylak. (Did you know, though, that Ed Byrne played a teenager in A Christmassy Ted?) But this goes a lot deeper.
Readers, I give you ... the secret lives of the priests in Father Ted.
1. Father Fitzgerald
This is the 24-carat nugget of trivia that got me started. Seán Barrett, who plays Fr Fitzgerald, the priest with the most boring voice in the world, whose dreary drone over a department store’s PA system enables the priests to escape undetected from the lingerie department in the episode, A Christmassy Ted, also appears on the cover of How Soon Is Now?, the classic single by The Smiths.
How serendipitously cool is that? My favourite sitcom and my favourite song as an averagely tormented adolescent, together at last.
The still on the Smiths cover comes from the 1958 film Dunkirk. Seán Barrett is on the left, beside Bernard Lee, the original M from the James Bond films, and John Mills. Barrett, who was born in Hampstead, London, in 1940, is also the narrator of a host of audiobooks, including four by Jo Nesbo and – showing his range and his Irish roots – three by Samuel Beckett: Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnameable.
2. Father Jose Fernandez
You remember the Cuban priest who drives a red convertible Porsche 930 and visits Ted and Dougal, giving Dougal a video recorder and Ted a Cuban fertility symbol, and who speaks only in Spanish which a narrator translates, laughter and all – heh, heh, heh? He is played by Derrick Branche, who was born in Bombay in 1947 and went to school with none other than Freddie Mercury, and played in his first band, The Hectics, from 1958-62. And there’s more. He was also Gupte, the nurse (below), in Only When I Laugh (which also starred Richard Wilson, who appears as himself in another episode, The Mainland).
3. Father Deegan
The young and despairing Glaswegian priest, fresh from the seminary, who is part of the group that gets lost in the lingerie department in A Christmassy Ted, is played by Kevin McKidd, who also starred that same year as Tommy in Trainspotting, directed by Danny Boyle. Today he is best known as Owen Hunt in Grey’s Anatomy, but he also provides the voice of John “Soap” MacTavish in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare.
4. Father Jessup
The most sarcastic priest in Ireland and PA to Bishop Brennan in Kicking Bishop Brennan Up The Arse. His sarcastic comments include, “No, I’m up in space, doing important work for NASA.” He is played by Ian Fitzgibbon, who has gone on to find fame as a leading film and TV director. In 2014, he won an IFTA for directing the sitcom Moone Boy. His other credits include the films Spin the Bottle, A Film with Me in It, Perrier’s Bounty and Death of a Superhero, and the sitcom Threesome, starring Amy Huberman and featuring Pauline McLynn – Mrs Doyle in Father Ted – as her mother.
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5. Father Liam Deliverance
The priest with the gift of self-fulfilling prophesy who sees shoddy workmanship everywhere and proceeds to wreck all round him in the parochial house to prove it before assisting Ted at the Lovely Girls competition in Rock-a-Hula Ted. “Dermot Crowley is interesting. Apparently you get could a Star Wars figure of him,” confides Arthur Mathews. Sure enough, a quick search confirms Crowley played General Crix Madine in Return of the Jedi. He also came within a hair’s breadth of another stellar part, auditioning for the role of the Seventh Doctor for the show Doctor Who but losing out to Sylvester McCoy. What’s more, he played Sergeant François Duval in Son of the Pink Panther.
All the priests in Father Ted
6. Father Gallagher
Graham Linehan would put Alfred Hitchcock to shame for his enthusiasm for getting on screen. The writer appears in Flight into Terror as Father Gallagher, who after hearing that the plane is in danger of crashing, suggests they pray to God for help. This idea is met with disdain from his fellow priests. His companion, Father Cave (Kevin Gildea), is prompted by their impending doom to reveal his true feelings to their mutual embarrassment. But Linehan has more cameos than an old lady’s jewellery drawer.
“That’s me passing by the house saying ‘some nutcase has put up a cross’ and I’m also the one who keeps saying ‘Fucking hell’ in the crowd at the king of the sheep competition. In the first episode, that’s me ‘Goading The Fierce Man’. I was also one of the Kraftwerk priests.”
7. Fr Larry Duff
The accident-prone Fr Larry Duff appears in no fewer than eight episodes, meeting an unfortunate end every time he gets a call on his mobile phone from Father Ted. He is played by Tony Guilfoyle, who according to several sources including IMDB is credited with being the man behind the cartoon version of the Horrid Henry series.
8. Father Shaft
Kevin Sharkey plays the black priest in Grant Unto Him Eternal Rest, who, when Sister Monica asks him what he thinks of all the work being done in Africa by priests, says: “Sure I wouldn’t know, I’m from Donegal”.
Sharkey was Ireland’s first black TV presenter, on RTÉ’s Megamix. He is now a successful artist, whose collectors include Charles Saacthi, Bob Geldof, Michael Portillo, Courtney Love, Whitney Houston, Matt Lucas and President Michael D Higgins. His painting Roisin raised €26,100 in 2008 for People in Need in the RTÉ Telethon. Moolah, a life-sized cow covered in €50,000 of real banknotes, satirised the Celtic Tiger phenomenon. His Public Enemy Number One exhibition featured Jordan as Myra Hindley, Barack Obama wearing Ku Klux Klan robes (made from US flags), the Pope marrying a gay couple, and Angelina Jolie and Madonna passing each other in a supermarket aisle pushing trolleys full of multi-racial children.
9. Father Harry Coyle
Paul Woodfull, who appeared in several episodes, as Fr Coyle in Kicking Bishop Brennan up the Arse, as a taxi driver in The Plague, and as Paddy Jordan in Competition Time, is better known as the co-writer, with Arthur Mathews and Michael Nugent, of I, Keano, the hit comedy musical.
(Speaking of musicals, Graham Linehan told the Radio Times in January that he wants to make Father Ted into a musical. “I would never bring back the TV show, because of the risk you poison people’s memories of the original,” he said. “But if you were to come up with a completely new format, I think it would be worth doing. I have this vision of a dance number, with spinning cardinals.” Arthur Mathews is “not as convinced”, said Linehan, but “I think it could work.”)
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Woodfull was a member of the Skank Mooks band in the late 1970s, and also created, and performed in, various musical tribute groups, including U2 tribute band The Joshua Trio (with Arthur Mathews), the Glam Tarts and Abbaesque. He has various alter-egos, including cabaret singer Tony St James and republican balladeer Ding Dong Denny O’Reilly, who appears in the Roddy Doyle-scripted film When Brendan Met Trudy. He also wrote the comedy series Val Falvey TD, and co-wrote Stew, an RTÉ sketch series, with Paul Tylak.
10. Father Austin Purcell
Featured in Think Fast, Father Ted, he is “the most boring priest in the world”, according to Ted. The entire population of a village in Nigeria once sailed to their deaths on a crocodile-infested lake to escape him. Ben Keaton, the Irish actor who played him, was the first Irishman to win the Perrier Comedy Award at the 1986 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, receiving a £1,500 prize from Jonathan Miller for his debut show, The Intimate Memoirs of an irish Taxidermist.
Keaton has also appeared as Jeff Brannigan in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale and played Spencer in BBC’s Casualty between 1999-2002. He also played a priest in the film East is East.
11. Father Buzz Cagney
He appears in the last episode, Going to America. After seeing Ted save Father Kevin from killing himself at the “It’s Great to be a Priest ‘98” celebration, he offers Ted a chance to work with him in a parish in Beverly Hills. Jeff Harding, who plays the part, played the character Ed Winchester in The Fast Show, the entire sketch often involving the character just saying “Hi, I’m Ed Winchester”.
Harding, from Andover, Massachusetts, is also known for narrating audio books, includng The Da Vinci Code, The Bourne Identity, Kane and Abel and Secrets Of The Code.
12. Father Paul Cleary
The extremely aged priest who attends Jack’s wake in Grant Unto Him Eternal Rest and who refuses Mrs Doyle’s “diagonal” sandwiches is named after the lead singer of The Blades. Tommy Duggan, who died in November 1998, was an Irish actor whose film roles included Thunder Rock (1942), A Matter of Life and Death (1946), The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), The Belles of St Trinian’s (1954), Tarzan the Magnificent (1960), The Omen (1976), Superman II (1980) and Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981).
13. Father Derek Beeching
The priest who mucks in to help with the milk-float crisis in Speed 3 and is particularly fond of saying Mass, is played by veteran Irish actor Eamon Morrissey, who played Ned, the emigrant, in the 1964 world premiere of Brian Friel’s Philadelphia, Here I Come! In 1974, Morrissey adapted the satirical writings of Brian O’Nolan into a long-running one-man show entitled The Brother, a “porter-swilling, nose-picking pub philosopher with ingenious solutions to the world’s problems”. In 1977, Morrissey won a Jacob’s Award for his performances in Frank Hall’s long-running satirical TV series, Hall’s Pictorial Weekly. He also plays Cass Cassidy in the RTÉ soap, Fair City.
14. Father Cyril MacDuff
Fr Dougal’s equivalent on Rugged Island, who Dougal thinks is “an awful eejit”, is played by Don Wycherley, whose other roles include Fr Aidan O’Connell in Ballykissangel and Raymond in Bachelors Walk. He is the brother-in-law of Tina Kellegher, who also appeared in Ballykissangel.
15. Father Paul Stone
Father Paul Stone, the exceedingly boring priest who featured in Entertaining Father Stone and comes to stay at the parochial house every year, is played by Michael Redmond, one of the first and finest Irish stand-ups. His live show Eamon, Older Brother of Jesus was adapted for a BBC Radio 4 series, but scrapped by the station’s Catholic controller. Redmond played another priest in the film Voodoophone.
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16. Award ceremony priest
There is no role so obscure in a sitcom as the one that ends up on the cutting-room floor. That was the fate that befell Pat O’Mahony, the award-winning television & radio producer, director and presenter, whose credits include Reporters at War, Access All Areas, Head 2 Toe and eight years standing in for Dave Fanning on RTE Radio.
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What was the most successful film released in the seventies | Film History of the 1970s
Film History of the 1970s
1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s
The New Decade for Film-Makers:
Although the 1970s opened with Hollywood experiencing a financial and artistic depression, the decade became a creative high point in the US film industry. Restrictions on language, adult content and sexuality, and violence had loosened up, and these elements became more widespread. The hippie movement, the civil rights movement, free love, the growth of rock and roll, changing gender roles and drug use certainly had an impact. And Hollywood was renewed and reborn with the earlier collapse of the studio system, and the works of many new and experimental film-makers (nicknamed "Movie Brats") during a Hollywood New Wave.
The counter-culture of the time had influenced Hollywood to be freer, to take more risks and to experiment with alternative, young film makers, as old Hollywood professionals and old-style moguls died out and a new generation of film makers arose. Many of the audiences and movie-makers of the late 60s had seen a glimpse of new possibilities, new story-telling techniques and more meaningful 'artistic' options, by the influences of various European "New Wave" movements (French and Italian) and the original works of other foreign-language film-makers, and by viewing these surprise hits in the previous decade:
Lindsay Anderson's If... (1968, UK)
Romero's Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Haskell Wexler's Medium Cool (1969)
Robert Downey Sr.'s Putney Swope (1969)
Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969)
Young viewers and directors, who refused to compromise with mediocre film offerings, supported stretching the boundaries and conventional standards of film even more in this decade. Although the 50s and 60s were noted for wide-screen epics on CinemaScopic silver screens (and lighter formulaic, squeaky-clean fare such as Pillow Talk (1959) or Beach Blanket Bingo (1965)), the 70s decade was noted for films with creative and memorable subject matter that reflected the questioning spirit and truth of the times.
Motion picture art seemed to flourish at the same time that the defeat in the Vietnam War, the Kent State Massacre, the Watergate scandal, President Nixon's fall, the Munich Olympics shoot-out, increasing drug use, and a growing energy crisis showed tremendous disillusion, a questioning politicized spirit among the public and a lack of faith in institutions - a comment upon the lunacy of war and the dark side of the American Dream (documented, for instance, in the bicentennial year's All the President's Men (1976)). Other films that were backed by the studios reflected the tumultuous times, the discontent toward the government, lack of US credibility, and hints of conspiracy paranoia, such as in Alan J. Pakula's post-Watergate film The Parallax View (1974) with Warren Beatty as a muckraking investigator of a Senator's death. The Strawberry Statement (1970), derived from James S. Kunen's journal and best-selling account of the 1968 student strike at Columbia and exploited for its countercultural message by MGM, echoed support of student campus protests. Even Spielberg's Jaws (1975) could be interpreted as an allegory for the Watergate conspiracy.
1960s social activism often turned into an inward narcissism, and yet this uncertain age gave rise to some of the finest, boldest, and most commercially-successful films ever made, such as the instant Oscar-winning blockbuster The Godfather (1972) by a virtually untested director, William Friedkin's horror classic The Exorcist (1973) , Spielberg's Jaws (1975) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) , and Lucas' Star Wars (1977) .
The decade also spawned equally memorable cult films, as diverse as Monte Hellman's Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) and the quirky Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory (1971). Jerry Schatzberg's and 20th Century Fox's raw, relentless and uncompromising The Panic in Needle Park (1971) (produced by Dominick Dunne) starkly portrayed heroin drug use among addicts in New York City, with Al Pacino in his first major acting role as a drug pusher and part of a heroin-doomed couple (opposite Kitty Winn). Czechoslovakian film-maker Milos Forman's first American film Taking Off (1971) insightfully satirized the adult middle-class and its supposed generation gap from the youth generation. There were also times when expected hits turned to disasters, however, such as the musical fantasy remake Lost Horizon (1973) and Martin Scorsese's darkly expressionistic period musical New York, New York (1977).
The Search for a Blockbuster:
The "so-called" Renaissance of Hollywood was built upon perfecting some of the traditional film genres of Hollywood's successful past - with bigger, block-buster dimensions. Oftentimes, studios would invest heavily in only a handful of bankrolled films, hoping that one or two would succeed profitably. In the 70s, the once-powerful MGM Studios sold off many of its assets, abandoned the film-making business, and diversified into other areas (mostly hotels and casinos).
Much of the focus was on box-office receipts and the production of action- and youth-oriented, blockbuster films with dazzling special effects. But it was becoming increasingly more difficult to predict what would sell or become a hit. Hollywood's economic crises in the 1950s and 1960s, especially during the war against the lure of television, were somewhat eased with the emergence in the 70s of summer "blockbuster" movies or "event films" marketed to mass audiences, especially following the awesome success of two influential films:
33 year-old George Lucas' Star Wars (1977)
Although the budget for Jaws grew from $4 million to $9 million during production, it became the highest grossing film in history - until Star Wars. Both Jaws and Star Wars were the first films to earn more than $100 million in rentals. [The average ticket price for a film in 1971 was $1.65, and by 1978 cost about two and a half dollars in first-run theatres. Second-run film theatres could charge less and often dropped their admission price to $1.00. The average film budget by 1978 was about $5 million - increasing dramatically to $11 million by 1980 due to inflation and rising costs. Therefore, production of Hollywood films decreased precipitously in the late 70s, e.g., down to 354 releases in 1978 compared to the previous year's total of 560.]
New Markets for Hollywood's Products:
The emergence of ancillary markets for Hollywood's products emerged during this decade:
cable television - the first pay/premium television channel, Home Box Office (HBO), was founded in 1972; in 1975, HBO demonstrated the popularity of its programming and became the first in the television industry to use satellites for regular transmission of programming, with its "Thrilla in Manila" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier
to maximize profits from weekend audiences, the industry decided to move major film openings from mid-week to Fridays, in 1973
pay cable television was able to allow profanity and sex beyond what could be offered on commercial network television - outrageous comedian George Carlin's first comedy special was aired on HBO as On Location: George Carlin at USC (1977) with cautionary disclaimers about the use of strong language; it was the first of many HBO comedy concert broadcasts
multi-plex theaters - the proliferation of multi-screen chain theaters in suburban areas, replacing big movie palaces, meant that more movies could be shown to smaller audiences; the world's largest cineplex (with 18 theaters) opened in Toronto in 1979
publicity/celebrity magazines - after Life Magazine discontinued its weekly publications in 1972, People Magazine - first published as a weekly magazine in March of 1974 (with Mia Farrow on its first cover), took over the role of celebrity watching and film promotion for the industry
Hollywood realized that it could increase its profits by advertising its new releases on television - first shown to be successful with the massive TV marketing campaign (of $700,000) for Jaws (1975) - the film was also booked into almost 500 theatres for its opening weekend - a record!
Gone with the Wind (1939) first aired on network TV in 1976 and drew a huge audience over two nights - about 34 million people - the largest ever film audience to watch a feature film on television
The Home Video Revolution:
earlier in the previous decade, Ampex in 1963 offered the first consumer version of a videotape recorder at an exorbitant price of $30,000; other iterations would follow, such as Sony's introduction of the videocassette recorder (VCR) in 1969, and the introduction of the U-Matic in 1972
in 1972, the AVCO CartriVision system was the first videocassette recorder to have pre-recorded tapes of popular movies (from Columbia Pictures) for sale and rental -- three years before Sony's Betamax system emerged into the market. However, the company went out of business a year later
the appearance of Sony's Betamax (the first home VCR or videocassette recorder) in 1975 offered a cheaper sales price of $2,000 and recording time up to one hour; this led to a boom in sales - it was a technically-superior format when compared to the VHS system that was marketed by JVC and Matsushita beginning in 1976
in 1976, Paramount became the first to authorize the release of its film library onto Betamax videocassettes. In 1977, 20th Century Fox would follow suit, and begin releasing its films on videotape
in 1977, RCA introduced the first VCRs in the United States based on JVC's system, capable of recording up to four hours on 1/2" videotape
by the late 70s, Sony's market share in sales of Betamax VCRs was below that of sales of VHS machines; consumers chose the VHS' longer tape time and larger tape size, over Sony's smaller and shorter tape time (of 1 hour)
video sales - the first films on videotape were released by the Magnetic Video Corporation (a company founded in 1968 by Andre Blay in Detroit, Michigan, the first video distribution company) - it licensed fifty films for release from 20th Century Fox for $300,000 in October, 1977; it began to license, market and distribute half-inch videotape cassettes (both Betamax and VHS) to consumers; it was the first company to sell pre-recorded videos; M*A*S*H (1970) was Magnetic's most popular title
video rentals - in 1977, George Atkinson of Los Angeles began to advertise the rental of 50 Magnetic Video titles of his own collection in the Los Angeles Times, and launched the first video rental store, Video Station, on Wilshire Boulevard, renting videos for $10/day; within 5 years, he franchised more than 400 Video Station stores across the country
in 1978, Philips introduced the video laser disc (aka laserdisc and LD) -- the first optical disc storage media for the consumer market; Pioneer began selling home LaserDisc players in 1980; eventually, the laserdisc systems would be replaced by the DVD ("digital versatile disc") format in the late 1990s
VHS video players, laser disc players and the release of films on videocassette tapes and discs multiplied as prices plummeted, creating a new industry and adding substantial revenue and profits for the movie studios. One film-related industry that side-benefited from the development of the VCR was the pornography industry - no longer would adult-movie viewers have to visit seedy X-rated film theatres to view porn films, and this resulted in sky-rocketing profits from the sales and rentals of X-rated VCR videotapes. Another side result was that independent film-makers and producers could now market their films more effectively by distributing tapes and discs for viewing.
But all of these changes had a down-side too: theater attendance would begin to drastically decline in the next decade due to the home video invasion.
Changes from Traditional Hollywood Movie Studios:
The established Hollywood movie studios (except for Universal and Walt Disney's Buena Vista) no longer directly controlled production. Although studios still dominated film distribution, other areas including production, filming and financing (in whole or part) were increasingly in the hands of independent studios, producers, and/or agents. A new generation of movie stars, including Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, and Dustin Hoffman - were more skilled as "character actors," who could adapt and mold their screen images to play a number of diverse roles.
In 1975, the Creative Artists Agency was founded by Michael Ovitz and colleagues (from the William Morris Agency) to become a 'packager' of talent for film projects - resulting in the creation of competition among agents. And conglomerate investment corporations were buying up many of the studios' properties as part of their leisure entertainment divisions, with decisive power over decisions about the number of films and which hopefully-profitable projects to choose. All the elements of a film were brought together and packaged - the 'properties' of original screenplay, novel, or stage play were combined with proven box office stars, directors, and marketing strategies.
The cheaper cost of on-location filming (using Cinemobiles or film studios on wheels) encouraged more location shoots, or filming in rented production facilities. Faster film stock, lightweight cinematographic equipment, and the influence of the cinema vérité movement brought less formal styles to American productions. The functions of film makers were beginning to merge - there were actor-producers, director-producers, writer-producers, actor-writers, and more.
For example, the decade's popular independent hit and Best Picture winner, director John Avildsen's sports film Rocky (1976) was the first (and best) in a long series of self-parody sequels that featured rags-to-riches actor and unknown scriptwriter Sylvester Stallone as underdog, inarticulate, Philadelphia boxer Rocky Balboa (inspired by boxer Chuck Wepner) in a "Cinderella" story. [As an up-and-coming star, Stallone had earlier co-scripted and starred as leather-jacketed Stanley Rosiello, opposite Henry Winkler as Butchey Weinstein, in the coming-of-age gang drama The Lords of Flatbush (1974).] The film's hero actually lost his bout after taking a brutal beating from Apollo Creed (inspired by Muhammad Ali), but he 'went the distance' and won girlfriend Adrian! The low-budget boxing film was one of the first major feature films to utilize the revolutionary "Steadicam" developed by inventor Garrett Brown - Bound for Glory (1976) marked its first use. It was a hand-held camera that produced fluid, unjerky motion shots - during the choreographed bouts and the scene in which the boxer jogged up the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
American International Pictures (AIP) (1956) and Roger Corman:
This low-budget, exploitative, and successful film company, founded in the mid-50s (and first named American Releasing Corporation), was largely responsible for the wave of independently-produced films of varying qualities that lasted into the decade of the 70s. The studio's executive producers were James Nicholson and Samuel Arkoff, while its most notable and successful film producer was Roger Corman. He was one of the most influential film-makers of the 50s and 60s (he was dubbed the "King of the Drive-In and B-Movie") for his production of a crop of low-budget exploitation films at the time.
The studio released their first successful "beach party" films (mostly to drive-in theatres) - beginning with the musical comedy Beach Party (1963) starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon - to appeal to the lucrative teen market. Teenagers were also Corman's dominant target audience in exploitative films such as Teenage Doll (1957) (aka The Young Rebels) - about juvenile delinquency, and Sorority Girl (1957). As was the case with most AIP films, they were aggressively marketed with publicity campaigns and lurid posters.
Corman's own B-movie horror films included a series of adapted Edgar Allan Poe literary tales featuring Vincent Price (i.e., House of Usher (1960) and The Raven (1963)), and science-fiction horror films such as X: The Man With the X-Ray Eyes (1963) with Ray Milland. Corman's counter-cultural biker film The Wild Angels (1966) with a star-making role for Peter Fonda pre-dated the popular Easy Rider (1969) by three years, and his The Trip (1967) was the first major studio film to chronicle the effects of LSD. AIP also distributed a number of Godzilla (and Gamera) films in the 60s and 70s, while Corman specialized in other exploitative science-fiction/horror films and dramas, such as It Conquered the World (1956), Not of This Earth (1957), Naked Paradise (1957), The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1957), Teenage Caveman (1958), the satirical black comedy A Bucket of Blood (1959), The Wasp Woman (1960), The Last Woman on Earth (1960), and Creature From the Haunted Sea (1961).
Roger Corman ("King of the B's"), and A New Generation of Maverick Directors: "Movie Brats"
With more power now in the hands of producers, directors, and actors, new directors emerged, many of whom had been specifically and formally trained in film-making courses/departments at universities such as UCLA, USC, and NYU, or trained in television. Corman supported this new breed of youthful maverick directors, referred to by some as "Movie Brats" or "Geeks." The AIP studio (and Corman himself) was responsible for giving a start and apprenticeship experience to many upcoming filmmaking cineastes and actors, emphasizing low-budget film-making techniques and exploitative elements.
Corman hired the likes of Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, Joe Dante, Peter Bogdanovich, James Cameron, Jack Nicholson, Robert DeNiro, Paul Bartel, and Robert Towne. He gave many of these novices their first career-breaking employment opportunities, as actors, producers, directors, writers, members of film crews, etc. He encouraged them to produce personally-relevant and creative works of art, and new genre interpretations. This support revived the notion of auteurism (the belief that the director was most influential and responsible for creating a film's ultimate form, meaning and content).
For instance, Peter Bogdanovich's directorial debut was for Targets (1968), made for AIP. And Francis Ford Coppola directed (and scripted) Corman's horror-thriller film Dementia 13 (1963), Coppola's first mainstream picture. Jack Nicholson appeared in a number of early Corman movies, including his screen debut in The Cry Baby Killer (1958) and later a small role in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960), about a carnivorous pet plant. One of Martin Scorsese's earliest-directed films (and his first commercially-conventional film) was Corman's Boxcar Bertha (1972) with Barbara Hershey and David Carradine as two Depression-era outlaw folk heroes. Writer/director Jonathan Demme's directorial debut was for Corman's Caged Heat (1974) -- a memorable women-in-prison film with lots of sex, action and violence. And Monte Hellman's two westerns Ride in the Whirlwind (1965) and The Shooting (1967) both starred Jack Nicholson (who also co-wrote and produced the first film).
Some of the Prominent Movie Brats (or Geeks) of the 70s
George Lucas (USC)
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What colour is the fruit of an aubergine | Top 100 movies of the 1970s - | movies, TV, videogames, crowd-funding - Shadowlocked: find the future!
Top 100 movies of the 1970s
Thursday, 12 May 2011 15:44 | by Shadowlocked
Get your groove on for the best of one of cinema's most glorious decades...
100: The Three Musketeers (1973)
Michael York dashes onto the cinematic scene as the blundering but very enthusiastic D'Artagnan in Richard Lester's hugely enjoyable period comic romp. The late great Roy Kinnear is the long-suffering vassal of aristocratic swordsmen Oliver Reed, Richard Chamberlain and Frank Finlay, whilst Raquel Welch and Faye Dunaway shine as heroine and villainess, respectively. Producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind filmed the following year's sequel back-to-back with this more successful first part, which approach they would revisit shortly for Superman and Superman II. Dumas with wit, energy and integrity.
Notable Quotable: "That man in his time has insulted me, broken my father's sword, had me clubbed to the ground, laid violent hands on the woman I love! He is inconvenient. "
Martin Anderson
99: Catch 22 (1970)
Mike Nichols and Buck Henry achieve what seemed impossible, at least on the evidence of an earlier attempt: to transliterate the pitch-dark war humour of Joseph Heller into a cohesive, visually stunning and meaningful adaptation of one of the most popular novels of the 20th century. Regular 1970s anti-authoritarian Alan Arkin joins Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Orson Welles and a luminous cachet of other acting talent in a memorable, atmospheric and genuinely cinematic tale of the madness of war, as seen from the point of view of an overworked bombing-fleet based in the Mediterranean in 1942.
Notable Quotable: " As a matter of fact, Father, I know I can get my hands on an entire shipment of religious relics, blessed by the Pope himself...the stuff includes a wrist and collarbones of some of your top saints!"
Martin Anderson
98: The Mother and the Whore (1973)
For fans of the stylistic trappings of the French New Wave – that is, people sitting around coffee shops and dingy apartments, smoking and discussing “what it all means” – this will be a fast three-and-a-half-hour sit. Otherwise, it’ll be a workout, but the characters are so compellingly watchable, and the shifts in their relationships so subtle and well-observed, I can’t imagine anyone coming away unaffected. A great look at just how hard it can be to act like an adult.
Notable Quotable: “But you know, I think some day a man will come along and will love me, and will make me a baby, out of love.”
97: Black Christmas (1974)
While Halloween and Friday The 13th may have scooped all the kudos and credit for inventing the modern slasher movie, it was actually 1974's Black Christmas that provided the template for Messrs Carpenter and Cunningham. Boasting an accomplished cast including Margot Kidder, Olivia Hussey and John Saxon, director Bob Clark's extremely effective Yuletide chiller not only introduced the now familiar clichés of the menacing phone call that is coming from within the same house and the tick-them-off-as-they-die cast of teens, but pioneered the holiday-themed slaughters that abide to this day. An oft overlooked, but essential classic.
Notable Quotable: “Jess, the caller is in the house. The calls are coming from the house!”
Richard Cosgrove
96: All That Jazz (1979)
Bob Fosse plays out his high-octane career in a tour-de-force of dance and black humour. Roy Scheider is his fictional shadow, singing his way through open-heart surgery and generally pre-empting the dark musicals of the 1980s, including the BBC's The Singing Detective. The shallowness of the way Fosse lived his life brings the tragedy of the movie into sharp relief. It's a disturbing, uncomfortable whirlwind of a picture that went on to influence many more.
Notable Quotable: "I don't get married again because I can't find anyone I dislike enough to inflict that kind of torture on." Martin Anderson
95: The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977)
John Landis directed this, the first Zucker-Abrams-Zucker movie, born from the output of a sketch comedy troupe. A rough road to production didn’t stop the film from earning a 3000% profit and becoming a cult legend off the backs of classic shorts including Catholic High School Girls in Trouble, A Fistful of Yen and “Rex Kramer: Danger Seeker.” A must-see for people who love sketch comedy and hate what Saturday Night Live has done with the format.
Notable Quotable: ‘Should premature ejaculation occur, The Joy of Sex album comes equipped with BIG JIM SLADE!! This former tight end for the Kansas City Chiefs comes outfitted with various whips, chains and a sexual appetite that will knock your socks off! Big Jim has satisfied women throughout the world and the capital of Nebraska is Lincoln!’
Aaron Knier
94: Enter the Dragon (1973)
Bruce Lee made three great movies in Hong Kong before Hollywood realized that they needed to cash in on the martial arts phenomenon. Unfortunately, this would be his last official film (Game of Death was finished with stand-ins and previously-filmed footage) before his untimely death. Lee plays an agent who is sent to a secret martial arts tournament to uncover a drug dealer on his private island. John Saxon and Jim Kelly co-star in the martial arts film that all others are compared to. It makes me long for the days where fight scenes could be filmed without special camera angles and tricks.
Notable Quotable: “It is like a finger pointing away toward the moon. Don’t concentrate on the finger or you’ll miss all that Heavenly glory.”
Caleb Leland
93: Summer Of '42 (1971)
Herman Raucher's semi-autobiographical tale of growing up in a sleepy coastal town during WWII is among the earliest examples of Hollywood's interest in the 'coming of age' movie, demonstrating both the comedic and tragic side of male adolescence. Gary Grimes is the kid struggling to grow up, and the stunning Jennifer O'Neill the war-widow who might help him on his way. I'll be damned if this movie didn't have a profound effect on Stephen King.
Notable Quotable: "No person I've ever known has ever done more to make me feel more sure, more insecure, more important, and less significant."
Martin Anderson
92: Play Misty For Me (1971)
Clint Eastwood’s directorial debut is a suspenseful cautionary tale about the potential perils of one-night stands. After picking up a woman in a bar, disc jockey Dave Garver discovers that she is the fan who has been repeatedly calling his show asking him to play Errol Garner’s classic Misty, and is terrifyingly obsessed in her quest to make him love her. Jessica Walter’s magnificently scary performance as the relentless Evelyn, who invades every aspect of his life, threatens to butcher his girlfriend and even slashes her own wrists, provides the blueprint for every subsequent cinematic bunny-boiler as the film builds to its tense climax.
Notable Quotable: “Al, you ever find yourself getting completely smothered by someone?”
Richard Cosgrove
91: Between The Lines (1977)
Fred Barron's story of a struggling underground Boston newspaper not only summons up the radical spirit of the 1970s at least as well as Monty Python's Life Of Brian, but introduces us to a raft of emergent acting talent that gives of its very best under Joan Micklin Silver's direction. Jeff Goldblum, Stephen Collins, Lindsay Crouse, John Heard and Marilu Henner are only some of the notables making a big impression on the viewer in the smoky city life of bars and polemical debates.
Notable Quotable: "Did something just die in here?"
Martin Anderson
90: The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1976)
A dark fairy-tale of a thriller that defies its own improbability with a brace of assured performances from Jodie Foster, Scott Jacoby and a truly terrifying pedophilic Martin Sheen. Foster is the pre-teen girl whose ailing father has finally died in secret - and it's a secret she doesn’t want the authorities to know about. Jacoby is her nerd-magician friend, a victim of bullying but with more than one trick up his sleeve, and Sheen the sexual predator looking to profit from Foster's secret in the worst way. An ending that will likely stick in your mind forever.
Notable Quotable: " How old do you have to be before people start treating you like a person? "
Martin Anderson
89: The Andromeda Strain (1971)
Writer Michael Crichton begins to develop his keynote theme (technophobia) in Robert Wise's story about a team of scientists struggling to understand a deadly virus that has landed on Earth, in time for them to save the planet. Visually impressive and oppressive, with award-winning effects by 2001's Douglas Trumbull, the heart of the film is a superb and unusual characterisation of a crotchety scientist by actress Kate Reid, which by itself distinguishes the movie.
Notable Quotable: "This communication is being monitored. The connection has been broken for reasons of national security. You will be briefed at the appropriate time. Thank you for your cooperation, Mrs. Stone."
Martin Anderson
88: The Muppet Movie (1979)
The first – and best – feature film to star Jim Hensen’s Muppets. Kermit dreams of life outside of the swamp, and learns that Hollywood is looking for talented frogs. Along the way he meets Fozzie Bear, Gonzo, and falls in love with Miss Piggy. All of the Muppets make an appearance, and there’s a slew of great star cameos, including Steve Martin, Bob Hope, Richard Pryor, Orson Welles, and many more. The film takes everything that was great about The Muppet Show, and cranked it up to 11. And it gave us 'The Rainbow Connection', which is still a great song.
Notable Quotable: “That's pretty dangerous, building a road in the middle of the street. I mean, if frogs couldn't hop, I'd be gone with the Schwinn.”
Caleb Leland
87: The Panic in Needle Park (1971)
Panic is now mainly seen as Al Pacino’s breakthrough film. His role as the heroin-addicted hustler Bobby led to him being cast in The Godfather and Serpico respectively. But there's more to Panic, han Pacino’s brilliant performance. The film depicts the lives of the inhabitants of New York’s Sherman Square, an area populated by pimps, prostitutes and junkies. A sparse masterpiece with a cinema verité style, Panic provides an unflinching view of the city’s displaced citizens and exposes the rotten core at the heart of the big apple.
Notable Quotable: “I was gonna marry you! You think I'd marry a whore?”
Saqib Shah
86: Charley Varrick (1973)
In a decade that loved villains - lovable or not - Walther Matthau plays one of the most memorable, as the crop-dusting pilot who inadvertently robs a ton of money from the mafia, and whose steps thereafter are bedevilled by those of mob hit-man Joe Don Baker. A black comedy that hits all the right (bank) notes, and throws in a pretty decent idea of what Elvis Presley would have done with a decent film-role.
Notable Quotable: "You know what kind of people they are. They're gonna strip you naked and go to work on you with a pair of pliers and a blowtorch"
Martin Anderson
85: The Front (1976)
Woody Allen is the titular 'ghost writer' who sells the scripts of blacklisted writers in the McCarthy era in Martin Ritt's tragi-comic account of the Great Repression. Zero Mostel, who was himself genuinely blacklisted, is one of his growing list of clients, but soon the dark shadow of the House Un-American Activities committee looms. There are strains of comedy to be enjoyed - after all, the movie finds Allen at the height of his broad public appeal - but The Front has a serious and memorable message.
Notable Quotable: "Fellas... I don't recognize the right of this committee to ask me these kind of questions. And furthermore, you can all go fuck yourselves."
Martin Anderson
84: The Devils (1971)
Ken Russell's freewheeling adaptation of John Whiting's play 'The Devils Of Loudun' (based on Aldous Huxley's book) garnered so much controversy for its nudity, 'blasphemous' eroticism and...well, really everything that we later came to expect from Ken Russell; that many in avoiding the movie have missed not only perhaps Oliver Reed's finest-ever performance, but the film's profound sense of the mystical and its willingness to grapple with problematic religious themes. One wonders if The Exorcist might have had a harder time if The Devils had not been there to burn at the stake.
Notable Quotable: "What fresh lunacy is this? A crocodile?"
Martin Anderson
83: The Onion Field (1979)
Like Kurt Vonnegut, the picaresque police thrillers of ex-Sergeant Joseph Wambaugh have often proved hard to translate to film, and this true tale of violence and redemption is probably the zenith of Wambaugh's cinema. Ted Danson is the doomed, Scotch-descended policeman whose ghost will haunt the ever-underrated John Savage, while James Woods burns up the screen as the lead killer one terrible night in Bakersfield, California.
Notable Quotable: "Any man who gives up his gun to some punk is a coward. Any man who does can kiss his badge goodbye, if I can help it. You're policemen. Put your trust in God"
Martin Anderson
82: The Castle of Cagliostro (1979)
Based on his Lupin the 3rd anime series, The Castle of Cagliostro was Hayao Miyazaki’s first film. The animation may not be as polished as his later efforts, but it more than makes up for it with its fast pace, humour, and sense of adventure. Though not that well known in the west, it’s nonetheless been influential, with its car chase inspiring the Wachowskis’ underrated Speed Racer, and Steven Spielberg declaring it “one of the greatest adventure movies of all time”.
Notable Quotable: “Lupin! Don’t you dare die before I get to arrest you!”
Calvin Peat
81: The Day Of The Jackal (1973)
Frederick Forsyth's fictional account of a real-life assassin was just made for the 60s/70s - a genuine 'euro-pudding' which takes in a smorgasbord of continental and British acting talent. Edward Fox is the icy killer assigned to kill Charles De Gaul as the combined forces of Interpol try to stop him. Fascinating, brooding, and ultimately nail-bitingly tense, the 'gas bullet/pumpkin' moment alone carves its niche in cinema history.
Notable Quotable: "I knew you didn't come to Geneva for a driver's license. Anyone in London could've done that." Martin Anderson
80: Hardcore (aka The Hardcore Life, 1979)
Taxi Driver scribe Paul Schrader revisits the seamy underbelly of life from that movie in this tale of religiously-scrupled father George C. Scott seeking out a runaway daughter involved in pornography. In what is practically a road-movie of the underbelly of the film industry during the 1970s, Scott is magnetic as a men at the limit of his tolerance and endurance, and the movie itself is as uncompromising and unsentimental as a porno-flick.
Notable Quotable: “A lot of strange things happen in this world. Things you don't know about in Grand Rapids. Things you don't want to know about. Doors that shouldn't be opened"
Martin Anderson
79: The Sting (1973)
Director George Roy Hill reunites the winning team of Paul Newman and Robert Redford in the relatively distant wake of their 1969 smash-hit Butch Cassidy And The Sundance Kid. This time our heroes are would-be grifters in Joliet, Illinois of the depressed 1930s, and nothing's what it appears to be in the world of the big con, or 'sting'. Scott Joplin's 'Piano Rags' was to become as famous a piece of film-related music as any in the history of Hollywood, and the surprisingly escapist thrills and mind-f***s of The Sting ensured a sparky box-office smash that's still tremendous fun.
Notable Quotable: " If I didn't know you better, I'd swear you had some class! "
Martin Anderson
78: Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
The story of milkman Tevye, who lives in Tsarist Russia with his wife and daughters, and his struggles with the changing world around him and how his traditionalist views fit in such a world. His people also have to deal with the pogroms by Orthodox Christian Russian officials, and the oncoming revolution. The film retained much of the heart of the play, and Tevye often breaks the fourth wall to inform the audience of what is taking place behind the scenes. The songs are beautiful, and the story is a mix of drama and comedy.
Notable Quotable:
Perchik: Money is the world's curse!
Tevye: May the Lord smite me with it. And may I never recover!"
Caleb Leland
77: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Lewis Gilbert helms the most lavish-looking Bond ever made, boasting the most perfect blend of humour, action and intrigue as 007 (Roger Moore) is forced to collaborate officially with his KGB opposite (Barbara Bach) in the hunting-down of missing scientific information. The lower-tech Live And Let Die was nearly this good, but Spy revels more effectively in its budget and style. With ground-breaking visual effects, the movie can still hold its own against that year's Star Wars, and remains as confident and entertaining as Mr. Bond himself.
Notable Quotable: “You ever get the feeling that somebody doesn't like you?"
Martin Anderson
76: Halloween (1978)
Though 1974’s Black Christmas had provided the blueprint, it was John Carpenter’s masterful Halloween that brought holiday slaughter and a certain psychopath in a washed out Captain Kirk mask to the masses. Stalked by Donald Pleasance’s delightfully deranged Dr Loomis, The Shape menaced his unwitting sister Laurie, brought to life in all her awkward but appealing glory by Jamie Lee Curtis, the most famous scream queen of them all, through a long night of inventive camera angles and sparse but effective piano riffs. A genuinely frightening horror classic that has spawned a thousand imitators, but very few equals.
Notable Quotable: “I met this six-year-old child, with this blank, pale, emotionless face and, the blackest eyes... the devil's eyes.” Richard Cosgrove
75: The Poseidon Adventure (1972)
Gene Hackman, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Red Buttons and Leslie Nielsen in a straight role – what could possibly go wrong? Well, apart from everybody's New Year's Eve being quite literally turned upside down and washed out, absolutely nothing. One of the holy trinity of 1970's disaster movies (the other two being The Towering Inferno and Earthquake), The Poseidon Adventure set the standard against which all other disaster movies have since been measured, and to which precious few have even come close to achieving. Equal parts thrilling and moving (Winters and Hackman's respective sacrifices still bring a lump to the throat), Poseidon Adventure is virtually the Rosetta Stone of disaster movies.
Notable Quotable: “We're cut off from the rest of the world. They can't get to us. Maybe we can get to them. “
Richard Cosgrove
74: Young Frankenstein (1974)
As the title states, the film follows the heir of Doctor Frankenstein - or is that Fronkensteen? His grandson to be exact. Gene Wilder plays the titular character who decides to take up where his grand-daddy left off. Smut, wit and an Irving Berlin musical number. What more do you want? A superb supporting cast which includes the late Kenneth Mars and Peter Boyle. Mel Brooks’ comedy classic is a must-see for any comedy-lover. Oh, and it features an unforgettable cameo from Gene Hackman.
Notable Quotable:
The blind man: Wait. Where are you going? I was going to make Espresso."
Thomas Perry
73: Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972)
A nightmarish trip down the river of greed and lust; not for sex, but for power. Aguirre is the most wrenching look at what becomes of a man who believes himself a god. It’s impossible to think about without twisting your stomach in knots, but equally impossible to forget.
Notable Quotable: “The earth I pass will see me and tremble. But whoever follows me and the river, will win untold riches. But whoever deserts...”
72: Death Wish (1974)
Michael Winner proved to have touched a very sensitive nerve in urban American culture with his tale of an ordinary man (Charles Bronson, if you can credit him as such) pushed beyond his limit by a cruel, Droog-like assault on his wife and daughter. Before you can say 'vigilante', Bronson's mowing down nasties by the truckload on the wild city streets - and audiences were cheering. A controversial film in many ways, and somewhat diminished by its own sequels and imitators, Death Wish nonetheless remains a powerful polemic against the extremes of liberalism in US law courts.
Notable Quotable: "You're probably one of them knee-jerk liberals that thinks us gun boys would shoot our guns because it's an extension of our penises "
Martin Anderson
71: Chinatown (1974)
Most films with a twist ending are fun to watch a second time to pick up on all the clues you’d missed along the way. Chinatown is a great film the second time because you realize that, for as much as Jake Gittes seems to have everything together and knows all the angles, he doesn’t have a clue just how evil and corrupt the world truly is. Still one of the most terrifying endings of all time, director Roman Polanski brought his horror roots to bear in a film you would never think would need it. Until it totally does.
Notable Quotable: "You may think you know what you're dealing with, but, believe me, you don't.”
70: The Boys in the Band (1970)
Hollywood’s treatment of gay characters had never been helpful, strengthening harmful stereotypes of rapacious villains and often denying them personal agency altogether. William Friedkin’s flawed adaptation of an off-Broadway play became a milestone of “queer cinema” for its admission that yes, gay men are human; but their normal insecurities and foibles are compounded by a world dismissive of their experiences and humanity. The camp aspects of the characters and their attendant self-hatred date the film quite a bit, but for a place-and-time peek into the window of a subculture on the crest of public actualization, you could do much worse.
Notable Quotable: ‘What I am, Michael, is a 32 year-old, ugly, pock-marked Jew fairy, and if it takes me a little while to pull myself together, and if I smoke a little grass before I get up the nerve to show my face to the world, it's nobody's god damned business but my own. And how are you this evening?’
Aaron Knier
69: Solaris (1972)
Andrei Tarkovsky provides the Soviet Union with a very credible 'answer' to the cinematic space-race that Stanley Kubrick won with 2001. There's humanity and intellectual luminosity in Stanislaw Lem's tale of lost souls on a space station orbiting a planet that literally makes their dreams come true - not always to happy effect.
Notable Quotable: “We don't want to conquer space at all. We want to expand Earth endlessly. We don't want other worlds; we want a mirror. We seek contact and will never achieve it. We are in the foolish position of a man striving for a goal he fears and doesn't want."
Martin Anderson
68: Days of Heaven (1978)
After making his feature debut in 1973 with Badlands, writer/director Terrence Malick gave the 1970s one more masterpiece before disappearing for the next twenty years. Days of Heaven, which places the story of migrant workers in the throes of the Great Depression in near-Biblical context, established Malick’s often imitated, but never surpassed, poetic style, and remains Richard Gere’s finest hour. At a mere 95 minutes, Days of Heaven is remarkably lived-in, as time goes too fast for our protagonists to grasp their ever-changing circumstances.
Notable Quotable: “Nobody's perfect. There was never a perfect person around. You just have half-angel and half-devil in you.”
67: Mahler (1974)
Ken Russell distinguishes himself and escapes the controversy of The Devils with this elegant and moving visual feast centering on the life of the Austrian-Bohemian composer, played with conviction and gravity by Robert Powell, in a brief flurry of pre-Jesus Of Nazareth limelight. Of course the star of the show is the music, and it couldn't be in better hands. Russell provides realism, atmosphere and depth with a reasonably rare foray into self-control and away from rank sensationalism. Tommy would change all that the following year.
Notable Quotable: "[Medicine] won't be needed! We're going to live forever!"
Martin Anderson
66: Harold and Maude (1971)
Hal Ashby was on a hot streak in the seventies as the counter-culture’s director of choice. Although Coming Home and Shampoo were his mission statements, Harold and Maude remains his most enduring film. The story of the friendship between a depressed young man and an energetic old woman, Harold and Maude has a dry wit and a dark tone. Although it wasn’t a hit with audiences upon its release it has become a cult classic of late. Its influence is stamped on coming-of-age films and indie cinema in general.
Notable Quotable: “Everyone has the right to make an ass out of themselves.”
Saqib Shah
65: Sleuth (1972)
Anthony Shaffer's claustrophobic class war between Michael Caine and Laurence Olivier is a tour-de-force of first-rate acting from the two leads, and Caine's turn in particular is justly numbered amongst his best-ever performances. Setting such a lurid topic as marital infidelity in the confines of Agatha Christie-land disarms the viewer - and for the first-time viewer, more shocks are on the way. Original and surprising in the context of a hoary old environment, Sleuth is essential 1970s viewing.
Notable Quotable: “You're a jumped up pantry boy who doesn't know his place!"
Martin Anderson
64: The Hot Rock (1972)
Badly remade into the Martin Lawrence film Blue Streak. The original features Robert Redford and George Segal as jewel thieves ready to do anything to get their hands on a diamond. What would you do to get your hands on a precious stone? Fool your dad into thinking you were dead? A superb crime caper in a similar ilk to The Italian Job, with a dapper looking Redford; Hot Rock also features a film-stealing performance from Zero Mostel.
Notable Quotable:
Bank clerk: "Afghanistan Banana stand"
Thomas Perry
63: Cries and Whispers (1972)
The ultimate Ingmar Bergman film of his color era – a stark and unrelenting story of a group of women caring for their dying sister. A simple premise, yes, but Bergman wrings the ugly truth of dying from this and ends up saying more about both the physical and spiritual reality of facing death than he did fifteen years previous in The Seventh Seal. Better still, he acknowledges that after tragedy, life must continue.
Notable Quotable: “I wanted to hold the moment fast and thought, ‘Come what may, this is happiness.”
62: The Sunshine Boys (1975)
The decade that shone most brightly on Neil Simon brought to great popularity this tale of two warring old Vaudevillians who must bury the hatchet in order to revive their act one more time. Walter Matthau and George Burns are truly affecting and hilarious by turns as the comics in their twilight years, and perhaps no other Neil Simon movie was ever able to combine belly-laughs and pathos this effectively.
Notable Quotable: “60-40! All right! 60-40! I get $6000; he gets $4000. What the hell can he buy in New Jersey anyway?" Martin Anderson
61: Dog Day Afternoon (1975)
Sidney Lumet consolidates his most blessed decade with a claustrophobic and true-life hostage tale of a poorly-planned bank raid that went even more awry than it deserved to. Humorous, heart-warming and tragic by turns, this is among the most affectionate of many 1970s love-letters to New York, with Al Pacino and John Cazale reuniting from the Godfather movies in very different guises, and superb support from Chris Sarandon as Pacino's transsexual lover and Charles Durning as the NYPD detective who tries to get everyone out alive.
Notable Quotable: “Tell the TV to stop saying there's 2 homosexuals in here!"
Martin Anderson
60: Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979)
Werner Herzog captures, and perhaps even invents the pending new romantic spirit of the early 1980s with this blasted vision of vampirism, obsession - and a truly repulsive plague of rats. Effortlessly stealing the thunder of John Badham's 1979 take on Dracula, Nosferatu may well boast long-time Herzog collaborator Klaus Kinski's most intense performance, as well as a cold European atmosphere that sends icicles into the viewer's heart.
Notable Quotable: “Death is not the worst. There are things more horrible than death."
Martin Anderson
59: The Omen (1976)
Working from an intelligent David Seltzer script, The Omen not only boasted top drawer talent like Gregory Peck, Lee Remick and David Warner, but also the scariest graveyard sequence ever committed to celluloid, the most inventive use of a pane of glass as a murder weapon, and in a deliciously creepy turn by Billie Whitelaw, the literal nanny from Hell, Mrs. Baylock. Director Richard Donner’s trump card, though, was six year old Harvey Stephens, who delivers a performance so chilling, particularly in the film’s dying moments, that you never once doubt that young Damien Thorn is indeed the spawn of Satan.
Notable Quotable: “Wrong? What could be wrong with our child, Robert?” Richard Cosgrove
58: Don’t Look Now (1973)
Originally released as a double feature with The Wicker Man, this far superior suspense film is more about grief and the effect losing a child can have on a relationship. Throughout the film, John Baxter (Donald Sutherland) continuously sees his daughter running through the streets of Venice, compounding and complicating his bereavement until he finally catches up with her. Though considered a modern classic of both British and general horror cinema, the film has recently come back into pop cultural awareness when old rumors that the Sutherland / Julie Christie love scene was not simulated resurfaced.
Notable Quotable: "Nothing is what it seems."
Aaron Knier
57: Shaft (1971)
It's tempting just to quote the lyrics of Isaac Hayes' famous theme tune, Father Ted-style, to entirely explain why Richard Roundtree was one of the coolest cinematic icons of the 1970s as the hip black detective with all the chicks, all the answers and all the action. But if Shaft has passed you by somehow, be sure not to miss out on the retro-fun and bizarre fashion of the detective who walks everywhere whilst cleaning up his native New York.
Notable Quotable: “Don't let your mouth get your ass in trouble." Martin Anderson
56: Marathon Man (1976)
Dustin Hoffman, Laurence Olivier and Roy Scheider bring atmosphere and gravitas to William Goldman’s superior paranoid thriller in which Hoffman’s titular runner is drawn into a nefarious plot involving diamonds, double agents and drills. Olivier is suitably menacing in his Oscar-nominated turn as the ex-Nazi dentist who does a spot of pro bono work on Hoffman, which makes Hoffman’s transformation from lamb to lion all the more satisfying at the film’s denoument (though the movie’s conclusion is not half as effective as the novel’s end). Though the flick is most famous for its amateur dentistry, Marathon Man was also the first theatrically released movie to make use of the Steadicam.
Notable Quotable: “Is it safe..? Is it safe..?”
Richard Cosgrove
55: McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971)
An honest Western is hard to find. I’m as big a fan of the Western as the next guy, but let’s be straight about this – they weren’t really illustrating the true hardships of pioneer life when they made Stagecoach. By setting his tale of unregulated commerce in the last place to be settled, the Great Northwest, director Robert Altman didn’t pull any punches in showing what it takes to build civilization from nothing. Rain and snow are ever present in a beautiful, lyrical tale of the most heartbreaking form of hubris.
Notable Quotable: “If a frog had wings, he wouldn't bump his ass so much, follow me?”
54: Saturday Night Fever (1977)
Fresh from tormenting Sissy Spacek in Brian De Palma’s classic Carrie, John Travolta scored his first lead role as white polyester-suited disco king Tony Manero in a movie that in its unexpurgated version is actually far darker and serious than the lively soundtrack and illuminated dance floors initially suggest. Though the dancing is undeniably impressive, it is Travolta’s performance as the uneducated Manero that resonates once the music dies out, as we genuinely feel for this teenager who frequents the discotheques to escape from his dead end job and troubled home life, and for which he picked up a well deserved Oscar nomination.
Notable Quotable: “Would ya just watch the hair. Ya know, I work on my hair a long time and you hit it. He hits my hair.”
Richard Cosgrove
53: Martin (1977)
George A. Romero's portrait of a disturbed youth (John Amplas) who thinks he's a vampire can equally be read as a zombie movie where the decaying remains of industry in Braddock, Pennsylvania, hang over the dying town like a dark curse. Martin is truly shocking whilst evincing enormous sympathy for the 'monster' of the title, beset by desolation and religious mania. Stylish and unexpected, this is a genuinely involving 'bridge' between Dead movies.
Notable Quotable: "I've been much too shy to ever do the sexy stuff. I mean, do it with someone who's awake."
Martin Anderson
52: Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975)
With movies that run in excess of three hours, it’s neither uncommon nor inappropriate to hope that they really need every second of that running time. Jeanne Dielman is probably not what you have in mind when you say that – Chantal Ackerman spends over two hundred minutes detailing, in static shots with very little dialogue, the daily activities of a single mother/prostitute – but the cumulative effect of this film is so much more than the sum of its parts.
Notable Quotable: “I added less water than last week. Maybe that's why it's better.”
51: Silent Running (1972)
Silent Running is one of the most thought provoking sci-fi films of all time. Director Douglas Trumbull previously worked as a special effects supervisor on 2001: A Space Odyssey, and was obviously affected by the scope of Kubrick’s film. Silent Running tells the story of Freeman Lowell (Bruce Dern), the sole crew member of a spaceship containing the remains of the Earth’s forests. The film’s environmental message is still relevant today and its depiction of the individual’s isolation in space subsequently had an impact on films such as Dark Star and Moon.
Notable Quotable: “Poor Louie, God bless him... he's not with us anymore.”
Saqib Shah
50: Dawn Of The Dead (1978)
George Romero finally returns to the theme of zombies after a decade of semi-successful experiments in horror and other genres. DotD is a chaotic, sprawling epic of post-apocalypse cinema, with David Emgee, Galen Ross, Ken Foree and Scott H. Reiniger as the fleeing survivors who spy the possibility of safety by turning a shopping mall into a fortress against the ravening corpses outside. Thrilling, funny, endlessly rewatchable, Dawn Of The Dead proved a fan favourite with a long shelf-life.
Notable Quotable: " When there's no more room in hell, the dead will walk the earth "
Martin Anderson
49: The Wicker Man (1973)
Edward Woodward is the wound-too-tight policeman sent to a mysterious Scottish island to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, and is shocked at the pagan culture and libidinous atmosphere he finds. As the island's patriarch, Christopher Lee gives one of his finest-ever performances, in a film that explored the 1970s fascination with the occult, and the disillusionment with conventional religion to chilling effect.
Notable Quotable: "[God's] dead. Can't complain - had his chance and in modern parlance, blew it."
Martin Anderson
48: Play It Again, Sam (1972)
Perhaps Woody Allen's most widely-accessible romantic comedy, Play It Again represents the only film he wrote (originally as a stage play) that he didn't direct. Instead Sunshine Boys helmer Herbert Ross proves an adroit hand at wringing laughs and tears from the audience in this tale of a film critic who falls in love with his best friend's wife, whilst egged-on by the wise-cracking spirit of Humphrey Bogart. A genuine crowd-pleaser with big laughs and heart-rending pathos in equal and generous amounts.
Notable Quotable: “I wonder if she actually had an orgasm in the two years we were married, or did she fake it that night?"
Martin Anderson
47: Slaughterhouse-Five (1972)
Michael Sacks is the WWII veteran who can't seem to stop himself time-slipping between his horrendous war experiences and a peculiar, if very comfortable, imprisonment as an alien race's zoological experiment on the distant planet of Tralfamadore - a race that threads five of source-author Kurt Vonnegut Jr's novels. Vonnegut is among the hardest SF writers to meaningfully adapt for the screen, but director George Roy Hill and screenwriter Stephen Geller make a successful transliteration of a truly fascinating and thought-provoking novel.
Notable Quotable: "If you protest, if you think that death is a terrible thing, then you've not understood what I have said."
Martin Anderson
46: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)
Given that Tobe Hooper's Ed Gein-inspired Texas Chain Saw Massacre is widely considered to be one of the most notorious horror movies of all time, it is surprisingly bloodless. It relies instead on the sheer relentless pace and the intensity generated by Marilyn Burns's almost constant screaming and crying throughout the third act, much of which was genuine due to Hooper's gruelling directorial demands, to fool the audience into thinking they've seen much more than they actually have. That, and Leatherface, the dead skin-masked maniac who rightly sits in the upper echelons of movie villainy to this day. An essential horror film, but not for the faint hearted.
Notable Quotable: “You could have dinner with us...my brother makes good head cheese! You like head cheese?”
Richard Cosgrove
45: The Stepford Wives (1975)
In a decade that paid more lip-service than it provided genuine progress in women's rights, director Bryan Forbes and writer Ira Levin (Rosemary's Baby) created a nightmarish glimpse into the secret heartlessness of the threatened 1970s male, as independent Katharine Ross discovers something creepy and horribly compliant about the women in the community she has just moved into. Enough to say that 'Stepford' became a byword for feminine docility in the following decades.
Notable Quotable: "She cooks as good as she looks, Ted."
Martin Anderson
44: The Taking Of Pelham 123 (1974)
Tony Scott's 2009 remake gives very little clue to the nail-biting quality of Joseph Sargent's original spin on the 'kidnapping' scenario. Robert Shaw is icy and terrifying as the ex-forces criminal determined to swap a trainload of subway passengers for a shedload of civic money, with Walter Matthau implacable as the NY transit officer who must deal with the ruthless gang. The cast are golden down to the smallest walk-on, the script sparkling, with tragedy leavened by gritty New York wit...and to boot, Pelham 123 may have the best 'final shot' of any movie, ever - even Inception.
Notable Quotable: “Now, then, ladies and gentlemen, do you see this gun? It fires 750 rounds of 9-millimeter ammunition per minute. In other words, if all of you simultaneously were to rush me, not a single one of you would get any closer than you are right now. I do hope I've made myself understood."
Martin Anderson
43: Picnic At Hanging Rock (1975)
A magnificent panorama of style over substance as a group of 1914 schoolgirls head off into the bright, expansive Australian outback for the titular lunch under the watchful eye of their sour faced chaperone. Though not a great deal happens apart from three of them disappearing amid the dreamy atmosphere and mesmerising murmured poetry, Peter Weir's beautiful film enchants, seduces and sedates the viewer for a couple of hours before daringly leaving us drifting in ambiguity at the movie's conclusion. Though the original novel offered a solution to the enchanting riddle of the missing girls, it was so ridiculous that Weir's decision to allow the audience to draw their own conclusions (dingoes? aliens? Skippy?) was absolutely the right one.
Notable Quotable: “What we see and what we seem are but a dream, a dream within a dream.”
Richard Cosgrove
42: Duel (1971)
Originally made for TV, Spielberg's adaptation of a Richard Matheson short story simply proved too powerful and popular for the boob tube, and was released theatrically with extra material added. Dennis Weaver is the nervous businessman driving across America, pursued by a nightmarish and unseen trucker who seems determined to kill him in the harsh desert roads of Arizona. Nail-biting psychological suspense and spectacle in equal measure.
Notable Quotable: “The highway's all yours Jack... I'm not budging for at least an hour. Maybe the police will pull you in by then... maybe they won't... but at least you'll be far away from me..."
Martin Anderson
41: M*A*S*H (1970)
Before the long-running television series, there was Robert Altman’s film based on the novel of the same name. Here, Hawkeye (Donald Sutherland) and Trapper John (Elliot Gould) are a couple of nihilistic surgeons who’ve been drafted into service during the Korean War. Along with bunkmate Duke (Tom Skerritt), they patch up soldiers, drink excessively, and make life hell for Major Houlihan and Major Burns, two regular Army officers who want everyone to conform to military life. The film was intended to be a scathing commentary on the Vietnam War, which caused studios to force Altman to ensure that the film was, indeed, about Korea.
Notable Quotable:
Hotlips Houlihan: I wonder how such a degenerated person ever reached a position of authority in the Army Medical Corps.
Father Mulcahy: He was drafted.
Caleb Leland
40: Blazing Saddles (1974)
Long before he started turning his classic movies into Broadway fodder, Mel Brooks was the master of the spoof, and he gives us a unique look at the Western genre in this film. It’s the story of Bart (Cleavon Little), a railroad worker who attacks his racist boss, and is sent to the gallows by Attorney General Hedley Lamarr (another brilliant performance by Harvey Korman), who then appoints him sheriff of Rock Ridge, a town he has been trying to acquire for railroad land. Gene Wilder, Madeline Kahn, Slim Pickens, and Brooks himself all turn in marvelous performances.
Notable Quotable: “Mr. Taggart specifically asked for two n*****s? Well, to tell a family secret, my grandmother was Dutch.”
Caleb Leland
39: American Graffiti (1973)
Nostalgia is a tricky emotion to play with. With one of the most stacked soundtracks of all time, American Graffiti absolutely could have become another film capitalizing on someone else’s art. Instead it uses the music mostly as score, to give a different perspective on the events rather than simply emphasizing them. The nostalgic elements are felt most strongly in its elemental nature, exploring issues of finding love when you’re young and where to go when it’s time to grow up.
Notable Quotable: “Someone wants me. Someone roaming the streets, wants me.”
38: Superman (1978)
Director Richard Donner brought magic, idealism and heroism to the down-at-heel 1970s with his epically challenging adaptation of the Man Of Steel, played, some say definitively, by the late Christopher Reeve. Marlon Brando earns a notoriously big pay-check for playing Supes' dad for 15 minutes, but it’s the homely magic of Smallville and the excitement of Metropolis that combine with the menace and mirth of Lex Luthor (Gene Hackman) to make this a genuine all-time fantasy classic.
Notable Quotable: "Do you know why the number two-hundred is so vitally descriptive to both you and me? It's your weight and my I.Q."
Martin Anderson
37: Eraserhead (1977)
David Lynch stamped a unique imagination on this out-of-time tale of disaffected young fiancé Jack Nance as he descends into madness in a bleak and nameless industrial American town. Is the strange creature that his girlfriend Charlotte Stewart gives birth to a genuine freak or a figment of his increasingly hard-to-govern imagination? Dark, surreal, atmospheric beyond belief, Eraserhead proved to be beyond imitation, though it established some longstanding trademarks of its director.
Notable Quotable: "[song] In Heaven, everything is fine. In Heaven, everything is fine. You've got your good things. And I've got mine."
Martin Anderson
36: The Deer Hunter (1978)
Perhaps the most nihilistic film to emerge from America’s darkest period of filmmaking, The Deer Hunter teaches us that there really is nothing out there. No salvation, no redemption. For all the joy we may think we have, the world can still totally break us. The Deer Hunter is the rare war film that transcends its subject and becomes about the tragedy of the human condition – that our capacity for love is not always enough to save our friends, and we too may be ruined in the process.
Notable Quotable: “Stanley, see this? This is this. This ain't something else. This is this. From now on, you're on your own.”
35: Nashville (1975)
While it’d be tempting to make this the all-Robert-Altman hour (and his output in the 1970s would nearly be sufficient for a Top 50), it’s impossible to ignore Nashville. Altman’s take on the musical could have simply settled on taking potshots at its titular town (and they get them in there, don’t you worry), but his panoramic take on the musician’s paradise is prime Altman – cosmically funny and totally mysterious. I spent the better part of two hours talking with classmates about the ending after seeing it.
Notable Quotable: “Y'all take it easy now. This isn't Dallas, it's Nashville!”
34: Mean Streets (1973)
Beloved of fans of the 1970s, Martin Scorsese's low-budget love-song to New York hasn't held up as well as Taxi Driver, but remains distinguished for innovative camerawork and bravura performances from emergent major players Robert De Niro and Harvey Keitel, struggling for survival and advancement in the harsh environment of New York's 'Little Italy'.
Notable Quotable: "Honorable men go with honorable men."
Martin Anderson
33: The Offence (1972)
Dour, unremitting, increasingly topical in an age obsessed with pedophiles, The Offence, with its police brutality and determinedly bleak modern setting, is no 'date movie'. Sidney Lumet's study of an unsympathetic police detective (Sean Connery) who descends into violent mental decline when faced with the interrogation of a suspected child-molester/murderer (a superb performance from Ian Bannen), will leave you eviscerated - but very impressed. If you like 1970s cinema for its 'darkness', this is one to see; the movie's grim ambience and fatalism make Get Carter seem like a rom-com.
Notable Quotable: "Why aren't you beautiful?"
Martin Anderson
32: Dirty Harry (1971)
Don Siegel's still-unsurpassed masterpiece in which we discover that The Man With No Name's less secretive twin brother, Harry Callahan, is simultaneously cleaning up the streets of San Francisco and being the coolest man alive. We partner Inspector 29 as he tracks down future space tailor Andrew Robinson's Scorpio, a wonderfully deranged rooftop sniper and part-time kidnapper who runs Harry all over town to the chic tones of Lalo Schifrin's gorgeous score before running out of luck at the wrong end of the most powerful handgun in the world. Breathless, exciting, funny and still the best cop movie ever made.
Notable Quotable: “You've gotta ask yourself a question. 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?”
Richard Cosgrove
31: The Mirror (1975)
Here, finally, is a film that frees film from the bounds of narrative and allows it to simply be. While there is a sort of stream-of-conscious through line to guide it, Andrei Tarkovsky’s masterpiece works primarily uses the power of a single shot or cut as a purpose unto itself, and proves that film needn’t be about something to be important.
Notable Quotable: “And I can't wait to see this dream in which ill be a child again and feel happy again because everything will still be ahead, everything will be possible...”
30: Suspiria (1977)
The 'Giallo' enters full maturity along with Dario Argento in the movie that twinned Eraserhead in defining the abstract and nightmarish horror of the 1970s. Jessica Harper is the American dancer lost both in Europe and in a nightmarish, Polanski-style vision of hell, as she realises that the ballet school she has joined has a far more sinister side - and may be concerned with a murder that she witnessed.
Notable Quotable: “Now death is coming for you! You wanted to kill Helena Markos! Hell is behind that door! You're going to meet death now... the living dead!"
Martin Anderson
29: Badlands (1973)
This semi-fictionalised story of a rural couple who head on a tour of mayhem and carnage is a long way from Bonnie And Clyde. Martin Sheen steals the show from the superb Sissy Spacek in the performance that brought him worldwide attention, and Terence Malick a new cult of admirers (the more so as his sparse output in the following two decades rivalled even Kubrick's). The Dakota panoramas are as haunting as the blank visage of the man staining them with blood, and the film's emotional minimalism has a correspondingly profound effect.
Notable Quotable: "Suppose I shot you. How'd that be?"
Martin Anderson
28: Monty Python’s Life of Brian (1979)
Terry Jones said in a recent interview that Monty Python was only occasionally funny. Well, Mr. Jones, Life of Brian is bloody hilarious. It’s not the story of the Son of God, but about a child born on the same day in a manger next to a messiah. Controversial and laugh out loud funny, Brian is the best Monty Python film they made. Look on the bright side of life and remember, don’t get caught saying 'Jehovah', even if it is a really good piece of halibut.
Notable Quotable: "He’s not the messiah. He’s a very naughty boy!"
Thomas Perry
27: The Passenger (1975)
Antonioni’s Italian period was marked by subtle emotional complexity, but once he started making films in English, he focused on more intellectually vexing questions to a very different, but still very satisfying end. Blow-Up asked if we can trust our sense, Zabriskie Point asked if we can trust our country, and The Passenger asked if we can trust our very identity. Antonioni’s most disciplined film is also one of his best.
Notable Quotable: “Your questions are much more revealing about yourself than my answers would be about me.”
26: The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
Richard O'Brien's gloriously self-indulgent musical romp/horror-satire presages the advent of punk and remains fabulously entertaining to this day. Susan Sarandon and Barry Bostwick are the naïve newlyweds drawn into the spider-like web of mad scientist Frank N. Furter (Tim Curry in a career-defining performance) and his odd retinue of followers. Despite a poorly-received 1981 sequel, there will probably never be anything remotely like this again.
Notable Quotable: “So come up to the lab and see what's on the slab. I see you shiver with antici...pation!"
Martin Anderson
25: Deliverance (1972)
In a newly-liberated cinema largely freed of censorship, Deliverance almost stands alone as the film that turned the new liberalism back on men. The horrendous rape scene between homicidal country-hick Bill McKinney and Ned Beatty has lost none of its power to shock. John Boorman's visual commentary on the rape of the land by man - a theme which threads his work - is even more relevant now than at the time. The success of Deliverance was to build on the already soaring career of Midnight Cowboy's Jon Voigt, and launched Burt Reynolds and Ned Beatty into the 'A'-league.
Notable Quotable: "I bet you can squeal like a pig. Weeeeeeee!"
Martin Anderson
24: Barry Lyndon (1975)
Kubrick’s unsung masterpiece is oddly the most perfect distillation of his vision – that the universe does not care about your dreams or even accomplishments, and in the end your fate and legacy can come down to a split-second decision and the willingness (or lack thereof) of someone else to extend to you basic decency. Barry Lyndon is best known for its stunning cinematography, and that note is not without merit, but it should be primarily known as either the work of a true atheist or a deep believer in karma.
Notable Quotable: “I have now come to claim that satisfaction.”
23: The Last Picture Show (1971)
A lot of people read The Last Picture Show as a retort to nostalgia for the “simpler times” of the 1950s, which it contends was a den of sex parties, prostitution, deception, and a general feeling of uncertainty. It’s still idyllic in its own way, and the title alone alludes to the end of an era already longed for. Peter Bogdanovich’s directorial debut is a wonderful portrait of lost youth and missed opportunity.
Notable Quotable: “I guess if it wasn't for Sam, I'd have missed it, whatever it is. I'd have been one of them amity types that thinks that playin' bridge is about the best thing that life has to offer.”
22: Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
Still one of Spielberg’s greatest films, and the one that most effectively demonstrates the sense of awe he often tries to instill in us. Aside from simply being a gorgeous film – cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond was one of God’s gifts to the ‘70s – the film’s greatest strength lies in showing the intense sacrifice of curiosity.
Notable Quotable: “I just want to know that it's really happening.”
21: A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Could anyone have made a movie adapted from Anthony Burgess’ dystopian nightmare other than Stanley Kubrick? It seems doubtful. Even today the movie is a swarm of controversy, host to some of the most depraved acts committed to film. Yet for all the slander, there is a powerful message behind A Clockwork Orange, one all too often ignored in favour of focusing on the ultra-violence. Droogie little Alex and his chums are silver-tongued devils, true purveyors of chaos and while repugnant to some, they are spellbinding to others.
Notable Quotable: “Oh bliss! Bliss and heaven! Oh, it was gorgeousness and gorgeousity made flesh. It was like a bird of rarest-spun heaven metal or like silvery wine flowing in a spaceship, gravity all nonsense now. As I slooshied, I knew such lovely pictures! “
20: Cabaret (1972)
Musicals are easily dismissed by those not predisposed to them, but Bob Fosse’s adaptation of a sixties Broadway smash won eight Oscars, only losing Best Picture and Adapted Screenplay to The Godfather. The movie details a bisexual love triangle at the tail end of the Weimar Republic, under the perpetual ascendance of the Nazi party and features completely diegetic musical numbers mostly performed by Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey, who both took home Academy Awards for their performances.
Notable Quotable: ‘Your paper and your party are pure crap, sir! I said “Das ist reine Scheiße!” And so are you!"
Aaron Knier
19: Five Easy Pieces (1971)
As a launching pad for future movie star Jack Nicholson, Five Easy Pieces would be notable enough, but it’s also just an amazing film in its own right. Bobby Dupea (Nicholson) is relatable only in that we recognize the ugliest aspects of ourselves in him – our tendency to hurt the ones we love (and enjoy it), ignore aspects of life that are too unpleasant to deal with, and take out the inequitability of the world on something as simple as a sandwich. And we hate ourselves for it, and everyone around us for bringing it out.
Notable Quotable: “Yeah, well, I didn't get it, did I?”
18: Annie Hall (1977)
Annie Hall has been imitated by countless romantic comedies but, to its credit, it has never been outdone. Diane Keaton gives her best performance as the quirky female at the heart of the storyline. Meanwhile, the non-linear narrative jumps back and forth as the hapless Alvie singer, brilliantly played by the film’s writer-director Woody Allen, constantly breaks the fourth wall as he tries to figure out the intricacies of their relationship. Annie Hall is hilarious from start to finish, with everyone involved at the top of their game.
Notable Quotable: “Hey, don't knock masturbation! It's sex with someone I love.”
Saqib Shah
17: Network (1976)
Network is one of those rare films that never lets up from being a comedy in spite of its many moments that could bring you to tears. Screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky’s prescient view of American television was shocking for audiences in 1976, and is downright creepy today. One-off jokes have now become our nightly viewing, and an impartial news department seems downright quaint. But it can still shock; it can still break your heart.
Notable Quotable: “After living with you for the last six months, I'm turning into one of your scripts. Well, this is not a script, Diana. There's some real, actual life going on here.”
16: The Last Detail (1973)
Though it bears perhaps the worst-chosen promotional photoshoot ever undertaken for a classic movie, this tale of a couple of career Navy men (Jack Nicholson and Otis Young) escorting dumb-but-loveable Randy Quaid to a largely undeserved eight years in a harsh Navy prison is a tour-de-force introduction to the fractured soul of 1970s film-making. Superb performances from all parties combine with Hal Ashby's semi-documentary style to create an unforgettable road-movie through the detritus of the dead 1960s.
Notable Quotable: "Any pussy you get in this world, you gonna have to pay for, one way or another."
Martin Anderson
15: The Conversation (1974)
Francis Ford Coppola’s output in the 1970s is staggering to behold, and in the middle of it he released by far his tightest, most concentrated effort – a murder mystery in which there’s very little mystery at all. But it is a terrifying thriller, in which doing the right thing will help nobody, least of all yourself, and it reinforced a concept that proliferated throughout the decade – you’re never safe. Not even in your home with nobody around.
Notable Quotable: “I'm not afraid of death, but I am afraid of murder.”
14: Get Carter (1971)
Michael Caine is the laconic London hitman who goes AWOL to his native Newcastle to find out why his brother was killed - and who did it. Director Mike Hodges creates a genuinely dark yet comic British gangster classic with a ton of style, the danger-element of an underused urban location - and plenty of violence, cruelty, wit and sex thrown in. The set-pieces are all memorable, the dialogue is sparkling, events unexpected, and Caine is at the top of his game in a truly iconic role.
Notable Quotable: "I want you to drink all of that!"
Martin Anderson
13: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The film adaptation of Ken Kesey's novel emerges with elegance from long development hell under the helm of Milos Forman and producer Michael Douglas. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher are the antagonist looney/head-nurse heading for a tragic end to a comic rivalry in a mental institution, and surrounded by some of the best character actors ever assembled for a movie. Both leads won Oscars, with five total wins and nine well-deserved nominations. A cinema classic, even if it does find Nicholson once again playing the doomed underdog.
Notable Quotable: "Ah...Juicy Fruit!"
Martin Anderson
12: The French Connection (1971)
Documentary film-maker William Friedkin was an inspired choice to direct one of the pivotal fonts of theme, style and philosophy for 1970s cinema. Friedkin brought all his documentary talents to the semi-fictionalised tale of narcotics detectives 'Popeye' Doyle (Gene Hackman in a career-making performance)) and 'Cloudy' Russo (Roy Scheider) hot on the trail of Fernando Rey as he seeks to flood New York with some of the best 'smack' its ever seen. The 'car/train chase' alone, filmed under shockingly negligent circumstances, is worth the price of admission by itself.
Notable Quotable: "You still picking your feet in Poughkeepsie?"
Martin Anderson
11: Alien (1979)
When Star Wars changed the face of 1970s box-office, it was ironic that the studio that made it had nothing immediately to hand with which to chase its success - except a little 'sci-fi horror movie' by Dan O'Bannon and Ron Shusett, which was about to be optioned by low-budget producer Roger Corman. Ridley Scott's seminal SF outing is a vision of hell populated by some of cinema's most legendary conceptualists, such as Ron Cobb and H.R. Giger, and launched Sigourney Weaver to well-deserved stardom. Alien still ranks with 2001: A Space Odyssey as a hermetically pristine film that can be imitated, but not improved upon.
Notable Quotable: "We ain't outta here in ten minutes, we won't need no rocket to fly through space."
Martin Anderson
10: The Exorcist (1973)
Falling like a lightning bolt into cinemas to frighten all mankind, William Friedkin’s adaptation of a bestseller about faith and psychiatry is still held up as one of the greatest movie scares ever seen. Having unfortunately jettisoned the novel’s ambiguous motivation (whether Regan is possessed or merely crazy is purposely kept vague), the film nevertheless provides excellent performances from Max von Sydow and Jason Miller as the titular priests and the steadily creepy degeneration of a twelve-year-old girl into a nightmare of vomit, profanity and open wounds.
Notable Quotable: ‘NIIIRRRREM! Nirrem! Eidrehtel. Tseirpehtraef! No-onmai. No-wonmai!’
Aaron Knier
9: Rocky (1976)
One of the most misunderstood films of all time. For its genre trappings as a sports film, there’s very little sport in Rocky. Much more of the focus is on Rocky’s quest to define himself, and boxing just happens to be the only way he knows how. It also has one of the simplest, sweetest love stories in cinema.
Notable Quotable: “I think we make a real sharp couple of coconuts - I'm dumb, you're shy, whaddaya think, huh?”
8: The Godfather (1972)
Francis Ford Coppola’s classic crime saga was (and continues to be) so influential that it has shaped an entire genre for almost forty years. The Godfather was the first gangster movie to truly explore the duality of ‘family’: the one of blood, and the one of business. A behemoth of cinema, it also won Marlon Brando his second Oscar and helped to establish relative unknown Al Pacino as a force of nature on the screen. A move that has truly stood the test of time, The Godfather is as compelling today as it was in 1972.
Notable Quotable: “Leave the gun. Take the cannoli.”
7: Klute (1971)
Alan J. Pakula's gritty and truly claustrophobic film noir about a freelancing private detective (Donald Sutherland) seeking answers to his case with a streetwise call-girl (Jane Fonda) influenced many later films including Blade Runner. It's dark, intimate, compulsive, clever, brilliantly shot by Gordon Willis and to boot summons up the dark heart of New York's business culture decades ahead of the Yuppie boom. Watch out too for an early appearance by 1970s favourite Roy Scheider.
Notable Quotable: [Bree Daniels looking at her watch during intercourse] Oh my angel! Oh my angel!
Martin Anderson
6: Taxi Driver (1976)
Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver was released amidst much controversy regarding its violent content. The film follows Travis Bickle, the ultimate anti-hero played by Robert De Niro, whose hatred for his surroundings, the decaying streets of New York, threaten to engulf him. Scorsese films his hometown with gritty realism whilst Bernard Hermann’s elegant score, his penultimate, illuminates this haunting backdrop. Although the film was turned down by many studios it was a surprise success upon its release. It subsequently won the Palme d’Or at Cannes, solidifying its status as one of the best films of its decade.
Notable Quotable: “You talkin’ to me?”
Saqib Shah
5: The Godfather: Part II (1974)
Following up the original masterpiece, some argue that Godfather Part II even surpasses the original. Now fully established as the Don of the Corleone family, Michael continues his descent into darkness while clawing desperately to legitimize his business. A more intimate story, we also learn the humble beginnings of Vito Corleone with an understated performance from Robert De Niro, as he struggles to establish himself in 1920’s New York. Meanwhile Michael’s escalating desire for power pushes him further from one family and closer to the other.
Notable Quotable: “I don’t feel I have to wipe out everybody, Tom. Just my enemies.”
4: Jaws (1975)
I’ve heard the argument that Jaws is the most quintessentially American film, and while I don’t agree with it, I also have a hard time disproving it. While these days Spielberg tends to focus on the upper class, it’s fascinating to go back and look at how right his look at the lower-middle-class was, and how perfectly he nailed the relationship between these three men. Oh, and it’s still one of the most entertaining summer films ever made.
Notable Quotable: “Okay, so we drink to our legs!”
3: All The President's Men (1976)
Helmer Alan J. Pakula further stamps his mark on the decade (in the wake of Klute) with a searing powerhouse of scripting, acting and direction, in this tale of the overthrow of Richard Nixon by two relatively down-at-heel journalists (Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as 'Woodstein') who just wouldn't let go. Hal Holbrook and the inimitable Jason Robards bring maturity and depth to a movie that zips by at such breakneck speed as to be among the most rewatchable of all time.
Notable Quotable: “Nothing's riding on this except the, uh, first amendment to the Constitution, freedom of the press, and maybe the future of the country. Not that any of that matters, but if you guys fuck up again, I'm going to get mad"
Martin Anderson
2: Star Wars (1977)
Although liberally borrowing imagery from earlier classics, including Seven Samurai and Metropolis, Star Wars’ iconic telling of the mythological Hero’s Journey captivated a generation of moviegoers and is arguably the one film more responsible for propelling the sci-fi genre into mainstream cinematic acceptance than any other. The story of Luke Skywalker leaving his nondescript farming life on a lonely desert planet and ultimately becoming the catalyst of the evil Galactic Empire’s destruction has spawned a legion of imitators, but none have ever come close to the original film’s sci-fi footprint.
Notable Quotable: “The Force will be with you…always.”
Gabriel Ruzin
1: Apocalypse Now (1979)
If 1970s cinema was heading anywhere, it was heading here, to Joseph Conrad's 'Heart Of Darkness', reimagined for the post-Vietnam age. The bizarre and picaresque journey of Willard (Martin Sheen) on a mission to kill renegade Colonel Kurtz (Marlon Brando) is the ultimate declaration of the corruption both of systems and the wars that they start - and a seminal catharsis of the Vietnam era, which lost out in accolades at the time to Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter, but has aged and endured far better. Full of pitch-black humour, horror and poetic spectacle that no viewer will ever forget.
Notable Quotable: "The horror... the horror... "
Martin Anderson
| i don't know |
Which group sang about Baggy Trousers | Madness - Baggy Trousers - YouTube
Madness - Baggy Trousers
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Uploaded on Nov 26, 2006
Madness - Baggy Trousers
| Madness |
In the nursery rhyme who saw Cock Robin die | BAGGY TROUSERS Lyrics - MADNESS | eLyrics.net
Baggy Trousers Lyrics
Total views: 1 time this week / Rating: 10/10 [1 vote]
Album: Absolutely / Original Release Date: 1980
Genre: Rock
Song Duration: 2 min 47 sec
Madness - Baggy Trousers
Naughty boys in nasty schools
Headmasters breaking all the rules
Having fun and playing fools
Smashing up the woodwork tools
All the teachers in the pub
Passing 'round the ready rub
Trying not to think of when
The lunch time bell will ring again
Oh, what fun we had
But did it really turn out bad
All I learnt at school
Was how to bend not break the rules
Oh, what fun we had
But at the time it seemed so bad
Trying different ways
To make a difference to the days
Headmaster's had enough today
All the kids have gone away
Gone to fight with next door's school
Every term, that is the rule
Sits alone and bends his cane
Same old backsides again
All the small ones tell tall tales
Walking home and squashing snails
Oh, what fun we had
But did it really turn out bad
All I learnt at school
Was how to bend not break the rules
Oh, what fun we had
But at the time it seemed so bad
Trying different ways
To make a difference to the days
Lots of girls and lots of boys
Lots of smells and lots of noise
Playing football in the park
Kicking push bikes after dark
Baggy trousers, dirty shirt
Pulling hair and eating dirt
Teacher comes to break it up
Back of the edge with a plastic cup
Oh, what fun we had
But did it really turn out bad
All I learnt at school
Was how to bend not break the rules
Oh, what fun we had
But at the time it seemed so bad
Trying different ways
To make a difference to the days
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Baggy trousers, baggy trousers, baggy trousers
Correct these lyrics
check amazon for Baggy Trousers mp3 download
these lyrics are last corrected by Alfie
Record Label(s): 1980 Sire Records Marketed by Rhino Entertainment Company, a Warner Music Group Company
Official lyrics by
| i don't know |
Who in the poem married the owl and the pussycat | The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear | Poetry Foundation
The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear
The Owl and the Pussy-Cat
Related Poem Content Details
The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea
In a beautiful pea-green boat,
They took some honey, and plenty of money,
Wrapped up in a five-pound note.
The Owl looked up to the stars above,
And sang to a small guitar,
"O lovely Pussy! O Pussy, my love,
What a beautiful Pussy you are,
You are,
What a beautiful Pussy you are!"
II
Pussy said to the Owl, "You elegant fowl!
How charmingly sweet you sing!
O let us be married! too long we have tarried:
But what shall we do for a ring?"
They sailed away, for a year and a day,
To the land where the Bong-Tree grows
And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood
With a ring at the end of his nose,
His nose,
With a ring at the end of his nose.
III
"Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling
Your ring?" Said the Piggy, "I will."
So they took it away, and were married next day
By the Turkey who lives on the hill.
They dined on mince, and slices of quince,
Which they ate with a runcible spoon;
And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,
They danced by the light of the moon,
The moon,
| Turkey |
Which warship is permanently moored opposite the Tower of London | Victorian Poetry Network » Archive » Poem of the Month: Edward Lear’s “The Owl and the Pussy-Cat”
Edward Lear, “The Owl and the Pussy-Cat”
I.
1 The Owl and the Pussy-Cat went to sea
2 In a beautiful pea-green boat:
3 They took some honey, and plenty of money
4 Wrapped up in a five-pound note.
5 The Owl looked up to the stars above,
6 And sang to a small guitar,
7 “O lovely Pussy, O Pussy, my love,
8 What a beautiful Pussy you are,
9 You are,
11 What a beautiful Pussy you are!
II.
12 Pussy said to the Owl, “You elegant fowl,
13 How charmingly sweet you sing!
14 Oh! let us be married; too long we have tarried:
15 But what shall we do for a ring?”
16 They sailed away, for a year and a day,
17 To the land where the bong-tree grows;
18 And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood,
19 With a ring at the end of his nose,
20 His nose,
22 With a ring at the end of his nose.
III.
23 “Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling
24 Your ring?” Said the Piggy, “I will.”
25 So they took it away, and were married next day
26 By the Turkey who lives on the hill.
27 They dined on mince and slices of quince,
28 Which they ate with a runcible spoon;
29 And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,
30 They danced by the light of the moon,
31 The moon,
33 They danced by the light of the moon.
Edward Lear, illustration for The Owl and the Pussycat (wikimedia commons)
In advance of Lear’s bicentenary on 12 May this year, we give one of his best-loved poems the honour of the poem of the month for February. But what to make of Edward Lear’s charming poem, first published in Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets in 1871, and its hold on British culture? The poem has been a favourite of anthologies of nonsense poetry and children’s verse, and there is even an unfinished manuscript sequel by Lear entitled “The Children of the Owl and the Pussy-cat” . There have been many retellings of the poem, in musical settings, illustrations, and animations, and versions of the narrative has been recast for other children’s books. I see echoes of this poem whenever I read my children one of their other favourite books, Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are.
The poem may be nonsense, but its engagement with Victorian conventions of middle-class courtship and marriage through anthropomorphism is parodic. His humour reminds us, as Roderick McGillis notes, that the Victorians were as much known for their anxiety, earnestness, and doubt, as their playfulness, games and comedy (p. 151). Indeed, the two modes are an artificial opposition. Much has been made by critics of the meanings beneath the nonsense, in this poem as with Lear’s more raucous limericks. For McGillis, nonsense “is a poetry both meaningless and meaningful, silly and serious, detached and engaged, timely and timeless” (p. 163). “The Owl and the Pussycat”, indeed, invites ideological readings of Victorian gender, colonialism, and economics. But it also frustrates such readings with its self-conscious nonsensical meanings. Lear himself declared that reading politics in his poetry was simply “bosh” (cited McGillis, p. 161), but Lear’s poetry has its proverbial cake and eats it too. Even in its nonsense, the poem can’t avoid a parodic dig at Victorian literary codes. The poem privileges sounds above sense, such as the delicious neologism of “runcible spoon”, which roundly rolls off the tongue, and the lyrical pause in the last four lines, when the poem gently stalls on the “e” rhyme (“are”, “nose”, “moon”), producing those two short lines that sound like an incantation. But here the poem presses parodically on the high literary pretension of the lyricism — after all, the middle stanza rests its incantatory attention on the nose of the “Piggy-wig”. Flirting with meaning is what Lear does best, and the poem’s humorous charms are irresistible.
Works Cited
Roderick McGillis, “Nonsense”, in Richard Cronin, Alison Chapman and Antony H. Harrison (eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), pp. 154-69.
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By what name did we know Paul O'Grady on Television (Prior to 'The Paul O'Grady Show') | Paul O'Grady to quit hit show For the Love of Dogs - as he's fed up of 'copycat' programmes - Mirror Online
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Paul O'Grady to quit hit show For the Love of Dogs - as he's fed up of 'copycat' programmes
The TV presenter, 59, has already done three seasons and revealed he has “gone as far as I can with it”
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Quitting: Paul O'Grady is quitting For The Love Of Dogs (Photo: ITV)
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Paul O’Grady is set to walkie away from his hit show For the Love of Dogs – because he is fed up of “copycat” programmes.
The TV presenter, 59, has already done three seasons and revealed he has “gone as far as I can with it”.
He said: “I am thinking about saying no to another series. I tell you why, because of the success of all these copycat shows.
"When you turn the telly on there is someone unsuitable with a dog or an animal and there is no rapport and it really annoys me.”
He added: “What else can I do with this show? I sort of think I have gone as far as I can with it.”
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In the ITV hit – set at Battersea Dogs & Cats Home in London – Paul meets abandoned animals and follows their progress.
The award-winning programme regularly gets more than four million viewers.
But Paul admits it has taken its toll. He said: “I go home and worry. I think: ‘Oh, they are all on their own in the kennels.’ I lose myself in those dogs .”
The ITV programme has won two National Television Awards and was nominated for a Bafta.
Paul said: "I have done three series and two Christmas specials. And all I ever get from cab drivers is “Oh my missus. She loves that show but she is in floods of tears”. And if I cry they all cry.
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“ ITV don’t know this yet but they have not offered me another series either so maybe they think it is time to move on.”
Paul was initially scheduled to film at the Home for six days, but he ended up staying as a volunteer for six months.
Paul shot to fame as drag queen Lily Savage in the late seventies and went on to host a string of chat shows and documentaries.
In June, he turns 60 and says he “can’t bear it” but he refuses to crumble with illness.
He said: “I cant bear it. I said to my mate “You can sit on the sofa, counting your pills and watch daytime telly or you can get out here and get on with it."
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Which children's T.V. characters were created by Anne Wood and Andrew Davenport | Cilla Black's friend Paul O'Grady heartbroken at loss of his Merseyside 'sister' at age of 72 - Mirror Online
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Cilla Black's friend Paul O'Grady heartbroken at loss of his Merseyside 'sister' at age of 72
The comedian said Cilla, who has died at her Costa del Sol holiday home, was “such a strong lady” and he thought "she'd outlive us all"
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TV host Paul O’Grady has been left heartbroken at the loss of g ood friend Cilla Black , who has died aged 72.
The comedian said his fellow Merseyside star Cilla, who died at her Costa del Sol home, was “like a sister” and he thought "she'd outlive us all".
Paul, 60, told the Liverpool Echo : “Please tell me this isn’t true? We’ve been friends for nearly 20 years. She’s like my sister.
“Apart from her hearing she was alright. We had a week together in Barbados at the beginning of the year and I saw her on my birthday.
“I thought she was well. I can’t believe it to tell you the truth.”
Paul O'Grady celebrates the career of Cilla Black in Oct 2013
Cilla Black and Paul O'Grady on a night out in 2009 (Photo: Getty)
Paul admits it is very difficult to comprehend, especially because he always joked that the former Blind Date star would “see us all out.”
He said: “I kept telling her she’d outlive us all. She’s such a strong lady.
“It was difficult because she couldn’t hear so it became texting but then we’d manage to get her.”
Paul, 60, spoke of his shock at hearing the news from reporters while he was making his breakfast earlier today.
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He says: “I heard there was police outside the villa in Spain, and the Spanish police had told a newspaper. But I hadn’t heard a word.”
A Spanish police spokeswoman confirmed today that Cilla had died at her Spanish home in Estepona on the Costa del Sol.
She said: “I can confirm the death of British national Priscilla White, aged 72.”
“We are still awaiting autopsy results but everything at this stage is pointing towards her death being the result of natural causes.”
Patti Boyd, George Harrison, Cilla Black and Brian Epstein (Photo: Express Newspapers)
The Beatles pose with some of the guest performers - including Cilla - at their 1963 Christmas Show in Finsbury Park (Photo: Mirrorpix)
Police sources said they thought the death had occurred overnight and they believed Cilla, who suffered from hearing problems and arthritis, had jetted to Spain a few days ago with one of her three sons.
Cilla, who often flew to Spain in the summer months, also had homes in London, Buckinghamshire and Barbados.
The Liverpudlian star was born Priscilla Maria Veronica White on May 27 1943.
She was championed by The Beatles and enjoyed eleven top ten hits including chart-toppers Anyone Who Had a Heart and You're My World.
Last year she spoke to the Mirror about growing older, saying: “Seventy-five is a good age to go.
“If things are starting to drop off – like the hearing – and I’ve got twinges in the morning, I do think that.”
The villa in Marbella where Cilla has passed away aged 72 (Photo: Solarpix)
Lady in red Cilla Black in 1966 (Photo: Mirrorpix)
Cilla was married for 30 years to her manager Bobby Willis until he died in 1999 of lung cancer, aged just 57, leaving her bereft.
She leaves three sons, Robert, Ben and Jack, as well as two grandchildren.
It is understood that Robert, who is also her agent, was the son who was holidaying with her in Spain.
Cilla hosted more than 500 editions of her TV programmes and was the first woman to have her own prime-time chat show on BBC One.
The latest tributes to a showbiz legend
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Enetophobia is the unreasonable fear of what everyday object | What is Trypanophobia? 6 Facts About Fear of Needles
Needle Phobia Facts
The Fear of Needles Has Many Names - But It Is Very Real
Trypa-what? Trypanophobia? If you've ever tried to search for "needle phobia" or "fear of shots," you've probably come across some very odd and confusing terms. But this condition is very real, and a whopping 20 percent of people have a fear of needles. There are a lot of risks associated with the fear of needles. It can prevent people from going to the doctor, getting routine blood tests, or following prescribed treatments. Modern medicine is making increased use of blood tests and injectable medications, and forgoing medical treatment because of a fear of needles puts people at a greater risk for illness and even death. For example, diabetics who skip glucose monitoring and insulin injections can put themselves in serious danger of complications.
Here are the six medical terms that are related to fearing needles:
1. Aichmophobia: an intense or morbid fear of sharp or pointed objects
2. Algophobia: an intense or morbid fear of pain
3. Belonephobia: an abnormal fear of sharp pointed objects, especially needles
4. Enetophobia: a fear of pins
5. Trypanophobia: a fear of injections
6. Vaccinophobia: a fear of vaccines and vaccinations
Other Important Facts About Fearing Needles
Approximately 20 percent of the general population has some degree of fear associated with needles and injections.
Traumatic experiences in childhood form the foundation of these fears—like seeing an older sibling cry when getting their shots.
As much as 10 percent of people suffer from a phobia called trypanophobia, which is a fear of needles and injections.
Of those who have a fear of needles, at least 20 percent avoid medical treatment as a result.
The fear of needles is both a learned and an inherited condition. A fairly small number inherit a fear of needles, but most people acquire needle phobia around age four to six.
The 2013 flu season is upon us, and the CDC recommends flu shots for EVERYONE over the age of six months, especially if you’re in a high-risk group.
If you suffer from a fear of needles, it's important to talk to your doctor. Your doctor can suggest therapy options, modify treatments, decrease the number of shots you're scheduled to get, and even offer some pain-free alternatives to injections.
| Pin |
In the advert which soap claimed to make you a little lovelier each day | What is Trypanophobia? 6 Facts About Fear of Needles
Needle Phobia Facts
The Fear of Needles Has Many Names - But It Is Very Real
Trypa-what? Trypanophobia? If you've ever tried to search for "needle phobia" or "fear of shots," you've probably come across some very odd and confusing terms. But this condition is very real, and a whopping 20 percent of people have a fear of needles. There are a lot of risks associated with the fear of needles. It can prevent people from going to the doctor, getting routine blood tests, or following prescribed treatments. Modern medicine is making increased use of blood tests and injectable medications, and forgoing medical treatment because of a fear of needles puts people at a greater risk for illness and even death. For example, diabetics who skip glucose monitoring and insulin injections can put themselves in serious danger of complications.
Here are the six medical terms that are related to fearing needles:
1. Aichmophobia: an intense or morbid fear of sharp or pointed objects
2. Algophobia: an intense or morbid fear of pain
3. Belonephobia: an abnormal fear of sharp pointed objects, especially needles
4. Enetophobia: a fear of pins
5. Trypanophobia: a fear of injections
6. Vaccinophobia: a fear of vaccines and vaccinations
Other Important Facts About Fearing Needles
Approximately 20 percent of the general population has some degree of fear associated with needles and injections.
Traumatic experiences in childhood form the foundation of these fears—like seeing an older sibling cry when getting their shots.
As much as 10 percent of people suffer from a phobia called trypanophobia, which is a fear of needles and injections.
Of those who have a fear of needles, at least 20 percent avoid medical treatment as a result.
The fear of needles is both a learned and an inherited condition. A fairly small number inherit a fear of needles, but most people acquire needle phobia around age four to six.
The 2013 flu season is upon us, and the CDC recommends flu shots for EVERYONE over the age of six months, especially if you’re in a high-risk group.
If you suffer from a fear of needles, it's important to talk to your doctor. Your doctor can suggest therapy options, modify treatments, decrease the number of shots you're scheduled to get, and even offer some pain-free alternatives to injections.
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Which terrorist gang murdered Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro | The truth about Aldo Moro's murder? | Euronews
The truth about Aldo Moro's murder?
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The truth about Aldo Moro's murder?
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last updated: 09/05/2008
Euronews
Thirty years ago this month, the extreme left terrorist group, the Red Brigades murdered former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro who they’d kidnapped and held for nearly two months. Moro was the head of the Christian Democratic Party, which was moving towards a parliamentary coalition with the Italian Communists, a move opposed by some in the far left and which worried western power, particularly the US. Italy’s interior minister at the time was Francesco Cossiga, who took a hard line and refused to negotiate with the Red Brigades for Moro’s release. In an interview with Cossiga, EuroNews has tried to get at the truth of an incredibly tangled tale involving allegations of CIA involvement and claims of vital clues sent via a Ouija board.
EuroNews : “You’ve been accused of refusing to negotiate with the Red Brigades, because you actually wanted Moro to be killed.”
Francesco Cossiga: “Why would I have wanted Moro’s death? If I hadn’t refused to negotiate the state would have collapsed and we would have found ourselves in a crisis, which it would have been very difficult to get out of. And on top of that I was nothing compared to someone like Moro.
EuroNews: “There are some who say that as long as Cossiga and Andreotti are alive, the truth about what really happened with Moro will never been known.”
Cossiga: “There are some who don’t want to accept this one thing: that Aldo Moro was killed by the Red Brigades. Some in the former Christian Democratic Party – who turned Moro into an icon, a left-winger, an enemy of the United States – they don’t want to accept that Moro was killed by people from the left. It must inevitably be that he was killed by the right, by the Americans, by the CIA. Otherwise, it just doesn’t work for them.”
EuroNews: “You never believed Italian politician Romano Prodi’s explanation that he heard the name of the street where Moro was held at a seance. Why would Prodi lie about that?”
Cossiga: “He didn’t lie, he said that because he didn’t want to reveal his sources, especially at a time like that. But even now, if he revealed who told him, I don’t know how long his informant would remain alive. He and the others invented this story of a seance and words spelled out on Ouija board to be able to make the information public and protect their source.”
EuroNews: “A US hostage negotiator, Steve Pieczenik, who you brought to Italy to advise on getting Moro released, has said that a statement – supposedly from the Red Brigades – that Moro’s body was in Lake Duchessa, 100 kilometres north of Rome was false and put out by the government. He implied that statement was intended to test what Italian public opinion would be to Moro’s death.”
Cossiga: “It’s important to note that after the Lake Duchessa message, the resistance to negotiating weakened considerably: it was then that the leaders of the Christian Democratic Party, including me – who had decided on this tough, no negotiation policy – changed their approach. It was then that the Socialists started negotiations. The Socialists did not trust us, and wanted to carry out the negotiations on their own. If they had talked to me about who they made contact with, we would probably have been able to find where Moro was being held.”
EuroNews: “In France the so-called Mitterrand Doctrines, under which Italian far-left activists who fled to France were not extradited, seems no longer to be in place. Is France collaborating with Italy over the extradition of alleged terrorists?
Cossiga: “You want my opinion? So many years have passed. You know I’m the person who was branded a Nazi, and accused of being responsible for torture and ordering killings, and lots, lots worse. I always felt there should be a blanket amnesty, that we should draw a line under the whole period when it was almost like a civil war, rather than reviewing the individual cases.”
EuroNews: “One of those France wouldn’t extradite was novelist Cesare Battisti, is he also a murderer?”
Cossiga: “He’s both. Being one doesn’t exclude being the other. It’s as if you’d asked me if Caravaggio was a major painter or a violent man, who killed someone in a bar fight : he’s one and the same.”
EuroNews: “Outside Italy, Berlusconi’s election victory has been greeted with irony, scorn, even some embarrassment. Are those other countries being snobbish, or is Italy really an anomaly?”
Cossiga: “The first person to telephone him was Spain’s Prime Minister Zapatero. The second, who reacted enthusiastically, was Wilfried Martens, the President of the centre-right European People’s Party. Tony Blair, who was in Rome at the time, met with the left-wingers Massimo D’Alema, Walter Veltroni, and Francesco Rutelli, but who did he have dinner with? Mr Berlusconi. And it’s important to note that I didn’t vote for him. And you must keep in mind, I know the English: they are extremely snobbish.”
EuroNews: “You’ve said that the exclusion of the radical left from Parliament could create the right conditions for terrorism to reappear. Are there any indications that could happen?”
Cossiga: “The radical left took the extreme left as its reference point. I remember a big rally in Genoa, in memory of Carlo Giuliani, the anti-G8 demonstrator shot dead by police in 2001, a gathering which was addressed by the Senate leader, Bertinotti. He gave a very rousing speech and was enthusiastically received. The police did not intervene and at the end Bertinotti said: ‘Now, everyone stay calm and go home’ and there was no trouble. But these days, who would say something like that to them? Veltroni or Rutelli? Veltroni who is known as an admirer of Kennedy, Bill Clinton and Obama, or Rutelli, who is the spokesman for the Italian Episcopal Conference? You think they’d listen to them? Dream on!”
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Henri Landru was a mass murderer under what nickname was he better known | Aldo Moro facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Aldo Moro
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
Aldo Moro
Aldo Moro (1916-1978) was a prominent leader of Italy's Christian Democratic Party. He was a major proponent of the "Centro-Sinistra"—the center-left government coalitions in the 1960s—and in the early 1970s of the compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Communists. In 1978 he was kidnapped and then murdered by the Red Brigades, a left-wing terrorist organization opposed to his "historic compromise" policies.
Aldo Moro was born in Maglie (in the southeastern province of Lecce) on September 23, 1916. His parents were both educators. His father was an inspector for the ministry of public instruction, and his mother was an elementary school teacher. Moro attended school in Taranto. His obesity often made him a target of teasing by his school mates, but he studied hard and ranked at the top of his class.
Moro's background was strongly Catholic, and he was active in church-sponsored youth groups both in the Gioventù Cattolica Italiana at the high school and in the Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana (FUCI) at the University of Bari. At the university he studied law and was president of the local Catholic student chapter. In 1939 he transferred to Rome. There he became the national president of FUCI and followed Pope Pius XII's line on behalf of peace in Europe and neutrality in Italy for World War II. In 1942 he resigned his position after being drafted for military service.
In 1945 Moro, then a professor of law at the University of Bari, was elected to the Constituent Assembly on the Christian Democratic list and began a distinguished political career. He was the youngest of the 18 members of the coordination committee that drew up the Italian republic's constitution. He was subsequently elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1948 and was appointed by Alcide De Gasperi to serve as undersecretary to the foreign minister, a post he retained until 1950. In 1954 Moro accepted his first cabinet post, minister of justice, under Antonio Segni. As minister of justice Moro was in charge of all prisons in Italy. He enacted a series of sweeping reforms after inspecting every prison in the country and talking with thousands of prisoners, something no predecessor had done in more than 100 years.
Subsequently he served as minister of public instruction in the government of Adone Zoli before becoming secretary of the Christian Democrats in 1959. Although the Christian Democrats were badly divided and in danger of splitting, Moro managed to rally the party around him. He was always a staunch anti-Communist and told the Christian Democrats' seventh congress in October 1959 that for Christian Democracy, "the first duty is to resist Communism in every sector: human, moral, political and social." Nevertheless, he was uneasy that his party, in order to form a governing coalition, was so heavily dependent on right wing parties with pro-Fascist sympathies. His goal was to form coalitions that were both anti-Communist and anti-Fascist. After a period of initial reluctance, he began talks with the Socialists of Pietro Nenni, who claimed to have broken with the Communists. The negotiations resulted in the parliamentary coalition of the Center-Left, the "apertura a sinistra" (opening to the left). Eventually this led to the formation of Moro's first government in 1963. He headed three governments between 1963 and June 1968 and two more in the mid-1970s.
After a series of electoral gains by the Italian Communist Party in the early 1970s, Moro began to urge Christian Democrats toward the "Compromesso Storico" or "Historic Compromise." According to this informal agreement, which lasted from 1976 to 1979, the Communists refrained from voting against the Christian Democrats in return for an informal voice in governmental policy.
As a politician Moro was not a brilliant speaker, but he was able to bring political antagonists together. He built a reputation as a master of ambiguous political formulas, subtle maneuvers, and compromises between seemingly irreconcilable positions. In describing a deal between the Christian Democrats and left-wing groups in a shaky government coalition, he spoke of "parallel convergencies." The phrase, a contradiction in terms, became famous as an example of the Moro style of politics.
Moro was married and the father of three daughters and a son. He lived quietly with his family in a modest apartment in Rome.
In March 1978 Moro became the most sensational victim of the Red Brigades, a left-wing terrorist organization bitterly opposed to Moro's "historic compromise." In a daring maneuver outside his home in Rome the kidnappers killed Moro's five police guards and abducted him. In letters to the government, newspapers, and Moro's family the kidnappers demanded the release from jail of 13 terrorist leaders awaiting trial or sentencing.
The government faced a terrible dilemma. To give in to the terrorists would expose politicians to future kidnappings. To give in would also admit that the life of a political leader was worth saving, but not the lives of policemen, judges, journalists, or businessmen—all past victims of terrorist attacks. The government and the political parties rejected the kidnappers' demands. After a fruitless 54-day search by security forces, Moro's body was found in May in the trunk of a car in the center of Rome. Symbolically, the car was parked half way between the national headquarters of the Christian Democratic and Communist parties.
Further Reading
Frank J. Coppa, editor, "Moro," in Dictionary of Modern Italian History (1985), and Corrado Pizzinelli's, Moro (Milan, 1969) provide additional information on Moro. □
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MLA
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Aldo Moro (äl´dō mô´rō), 1916–78, Italian political leader. A lawyer, he entered national politics in 1946, when he was elected to the constituent assembly as a member of the Christian Democratic party. As minister of justice (1955–57), he worked to reform the prison system, strengthening regulations forbidding corporal punishment and improving food, hygiene, and sanitary conditions. He was political secretary of the Christian Democratic party from 1959 to 1963. In Dec., 1963, he became prime minister, a post he held until 1968. He later served as minister of foreign affairs. During the 1970s, he was the leader of the effort to achieve a rapprochement with the Communist party. Moro was kidnapped and assassinated by the terrorist Red Brigades.
See R. Drake, The Aldo Moro Murder Case (1996).
Cite this article
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What disease is shown by a rash and a strawberry coloured tongue | Red Tongue and Fever: Kawasaki Disease Vs. Strep Throat
Newer Comments →
Mike
My wife had Kawasaki’s at the age of 11. She remembers the high fever, strawberry tongue and she said it looked and felt like her eyes were bleeding. She was a very active kid and her heart was in good shape, so the Doctors told her that she did so well responding to treatment because she was in such good physical shape.
They did not hospitalize her, but rather put her on high doses of aspirin for the first month, and for several months thereafter. She didn’t remember ever having an IV of any kind. She remembers the Doctors mentioning how deadly this disease was and that she needed to to exactly what she was told. They treated her as she stayed home from school for several months. This occurred in the mid 1980’s in Kingsville, TX.
I asked her to tell me about her experience so I could share it with you after reading this article. She remembers the recovery taking a very long time. She remembers an entire month of intense therapy treating the Kawasaki’s, two more months of rest out of school, an entire year of aspirin therapy as they weaned her back off of that, and it was probably about 4 months before she could begin to re-engage in the school sports that she loved so much. The family and the Doctors watched her closely for the next two years to make sure no major effects had taken place; especially since she was such an active kid. I guess they were worried that her activity would be hindered by longer lasting effects.
Last thought from her, the Doctors in Kingsville were credited by her and her family and teachers as diagnosing the condition immediately. They were very aggressive at running down what this was and starting treatment within a few days of the symptoms appearing. After reading your article, she doesn’t know why they never hospitalized her. Its a mystery…
Denisa
Our Family Doctor was against hospitalizing children that could be treated at home by responsible adults. He thought it was dangerous to expose their compromised immune systems to even more illnesses. He also thought the stress of removing a young child from the home could weaken the immune system enough to delay recovery. He warned us against overuse of antibiotics and offered home remedy recipes for symptom relief. He was a firm believer in quarantine and often made house calls to prevent the spread of illness in his waiting room. He came to our home in the 1980’s for a follow up after our kids had chicken pox and had us burn our blankets before he left, just to be sure. I do miss his thoroughness.
Sounds like a great guy.
Mike
Mike, Kawasaki Disease was first recognized here in the U.S. in the 1970’s. Here’s a history http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/106/2/e27.full
Depending on when your wife was treated, perhaps that was the standard of care at that time.
Sherry Biele
When my boys were 3 and 4 yrs. of age my oldest presented with a rash of blood blisters and swollen joints. After several doctors and mistreatments we ended up in Mt. Sinai NYC where the doctor diagnosed HSP. Said it would never come back …it did 3 years later.Very scary illness. He was hospitalized both times. He was bleeding internally which caused the stomach pain and vomiting. Six months after this his younger brother has a very high fever and rash and then the skin of his palms and feet peeled off in one large sheet of skin. He had sores in his mouth besides the red tongue. They treated him with steroids and he became puffy, itchy, and pasty looking.We found out around that time that he was allergic to penecillin.Or so we were told. Again, it took several weeks until an infectious disease specialist was brought in and diagnosed Kawasaki Syndrome. They didn’t treat it because it had been 3-4weeks before our doctors gave up and sent us to the specialist We researched it ourselves and took him to a cardiologist who performed and echo cardiogram and we had one done every six months for several years just to make sure there was no damage. Both boys are now in their thirties and very healthy. Thank the Lord. The only link that we could find that might have caused the Kawasaki was we did have our rugs cleaned about every 8 months when they were young and crawling around. A year later there was an article in the paper about an outbreak of Kawasaki in several children who attended the same nursery school. They had just had their rugs cleaned….so who knows?????
Sherry, thanks for sharing your experiences. They’re lucky to have such persistent parents.
Charlene LaFosse
Our Son was exactly 3 months old when he started with the fever on 11/22. The next day,Thanksgiving Day, he was very sensitive to any positional changes and we brought him to the ER thinking it was an ear infection….over the next seven days his 104+ fever continued we watched, and reported all the transient symptoms to our family practice. (all over prickly rash that faded to be replaced with a swollen blotchy rash on his thigh, soles of his feet, fingers and palms of his hands; blood red lips, one bright red blood vessel in an eye that faded to normal within an hour; a blood stain in his diaper; strawberry tongue; and finally an alarmingly swollen belly that caused his inny belly button to “pop” to an outie. The only response I got from the on call Doctor was that it was a virus and would resolve. On day 7 I demanded an appointment with another Doctor for a 2nd opinion and he was alarmed at Bobby’s condition. Bobby was immediately hospitalized (11/27) and suspected of either sepsis, meningitis or Kawasaki Disease. A battery of tests including abdominal x-ray confirmed multiple blood abnormalities and a significantly enlarged liver and spleen. He was transferred to Children’s Hospital Boston who confirmed it was KD on day 8 (11/28). His coronary arteries were already dilated to 4mm and he was quickly placed on multiple blood thinners. Bobby was resistant to the IVIG treatment and received many different treatments designed to minimize inflammation. Unfortunately, due to the caustic treatments, he developed a serious GI bleed and all medications (including anticoagulants) had to be stopped for 24 hours resulting in 5 coronary clots. His aneurysms at the time ranged from 6.5 – 8.5. A clot busting med was administered but had to be discontinued when he developed internal bleeding in his elbow (they had drawn blood from the site the night before to check his heparin level) The swelling got so bad they called in a pediatric surgeon to confirm circulation was not obstructed to his hand. A week later the clots had stabilized and we were discharged from the hospital (12/22). We returned to Children’s Hospital on 12/26 for a follow-up echo that found one of the clots had enlarged and threatened to close off an artery, he was readmitted and TPA was once again administered. Again he had an adverse reaction – unable to control bleeding from the central line placed hours before administering the med and TPA was discontinued. We had no choice but to “wait and see” for 24 hours. Our prayers were answered and Bobby’s clot stabilized and the threadlike structures below it had cleared. We stayed another week to assure all anticoagulants were in therapeutic range and finally released on New Years Day. (32 total days at Children’s Hospital) Over the next year his aneurysms showed remodeling and regression. A cardiocatherization completed at 15 months old confirmed the artery was smooth with no pooling or stenosis and he was able to discontinue 2 of the 3 anticoagulants. He is now 6, soon to be 7, years old and is a picture of health. His aneurysms are no larger than 4 mm, he is only on 81mg of aspirin daily and has no activity restrictions.
We are adamant that our son is alive today because the Pediatrician at our local hospital correctly diagnosed KD and transferred his care to Dr. Jane Newburger at Children’s Hospital. We are eternally grateful and cherish every day with Bobby.
What an ordeal. I’m so glad everything turned out so well in the long run.
M
My son had Kawasaki Disease a year ago–he was 3 and a half years old. We feel fortunate to have been diagnosed and treated quickly as we have a good relationship with our pediatrician (in NYC) who spent a long time on the phone with us over a holiday weekend and took our concerns regarding our child’s symptoms seriously. He (as well as some other family members at home) had all tested positive for stept at around the same time. It is believed that the strept infection triggered the kawasaki disease response. He was hospitalized for a few days and treated with ivig as well as antibiotics for scarlet fever–as the team of specialists assigned to him determined necessary. We had several cardiology follow-ups and he remained on aspirin for a few months too. Based on other parents’ accounts as well as the media–it seems we were lucky to have not had such a dramatic diagnosis. We had an obviously sick child and are thrilled all the people involved noticed it immediately as well.
It does sound like everyone did a great job. Thanks for sharing.
Renee
Both of my children had Kawasaki’s. My son was 2 1/2 yrs old. He had all the symptoms for 10 days. Nobody knew what he had until a Dr on call had read an article on Kawasaki’s and properly diagnosed him. Fortunately, he has had no ill effects. He is 26 now and healthy. My daughter was 5 months old when my son was diagnosed. She came down with it within the next year. We recognized the symptoms quickly and started treatment. She is also a healthy 24 year old. Doctors in emergency rooms kept telling me my son had the flu and to go home. I knew it was more. If I had not been persistent and a Dr finally admitted him due to dehydration, my son could have had lasting effects or worse, be dead. GO WITH YOUR GUT! If you know something is wrong…keep at it until someone listens.
Thanks, Renee. Yes, sometimes you’ve got to take the reins. I’ve learned over the years that a mom’s intuition about her child is something to take very seriously.
Shawna
My son had Kawaski’s 12 years ago at the age of 7 yrs, He had all the classical signs but also had cauliflower look a like around is private areas. Long story short he was so sick that he actually was out of school for a year and 12 years later still has medial problems. Including heart disease. He couldn’t play sports all through school and has had to go out of state for medical treatment for years. He now has a rare kidney disease that medicine brought on. His temperature was 107 for about 2 days with the kawaskis but fevered continuously for a year and had recurrent fevers for many years afterwards that was diagnosed as Periodic Fever Syndrome. My brothers daughter was also diagnosed with this a year earlier at the age of 13 months. She was sick like my son and only lived 30 days after the onset, She was in the hospital most of the time but had too many aneurisms on her little heart, This could be a serious disease and if you suspect Kawaski’s get to the Drs right away.
| Scarlet fever |
What make of tea is flavoured with oil of bergamot | What your tongue can tell you - Women's Health - Canoe.com
What your tongue can tell you
What your tongue can tell you
Overview
Health Column
It's not for nothing that doctors and wellness practitioners in many medical systems around the world all ask their patients to open up and say "ahhh." A close look at your tongue (and everything else you can see inside your mouth) can reveal much about the overall state of your health.
Surface changes: Run your fingertip across the surface of your tongue, and you should feel lots of tiny nodules that feel slightly hairy or fuzzy. These nodules are called papillae, and they're actually small hairs between which your taste buds are scattered. Changes to these hairs may have no rhyme or reason and be totally harmless, or they may be a symptom of an underlying condition.
Smooth: Your tongue may feel smooth due to a nutritional deficiency. A pale, smooth tongue could be a sign of iron-deficiency anemia or a lack of B vitamins, which are important to the body's use of food for energy.
Map-like patches: If you spot patchy lesions on the tongue that seem to change location from day to day, you may have a harmless but sometimes uncomfortable condition called geographic tongue. It is thought that B vitamin deficiency may be to blame for this tongue surface change, but it could also be due to irritation by alcohol or certain foods.
Wrinkled: A tongue that bears grooves, wrinkles, or furrows could be scrotal tongue, a harmless, usually inborn condition that can rarely cause burning sensations when spicy foods are eaten and make it difficult to keep the tongue properly clean and clear of bacteria.
Sores or bumps: We've all bitten our tongue at one time or another, perhaps hard enough to leave a sore spot. In some instances, a spot on the tongue can be a result of something more than surface trauma.
A bump on top of the tongue could be a warning of bacterial or viral infection or of an allergic reaction to a food or medication.
Canker sores more often pop up on the underside of the tongue, and can be identified by a round, red border and yellow or white centre.
A white or gray lesion with a hard surface that feels thick and raised from the tongue could be leukoplakia, a disorder of the mucous membranes caused by irritation from dentures, crowns, fillings, or tobacco use. Hairy leukoplakia, which occurs in people with weakened immune systems due to illnesses like HIV or the Epstein-Barr virus, appears as a fuzzy, white lesion that usually crops up on the side of the tongue.
A sore or lump on one side of the tongue may be a sign of cancer and should be looked at by a doctor. Untreated syphilis can develop into a cancer on the top of the tongue.
Colour changes: You've probably noticed how your tongue can change colour depending on what you eat (remember all of the rainbow colours you could achieve as a kid sucking on popsicles?). Variance from the usual healthy pink may be a sign that you're overdoing it with certain habits – or it could signal an underlying condition.
Black: From time to time, a person's tongue may take on a black, hairy appearance. "Black hairy tongue" is a harmless, temporary, but unsightly overgrowth of tongue "hair" (papillae) that traps bacteria and other mouth debris. Poor oral hygiene could be the culprit, as could mouth-breathing, excessive use of tobacco, mouthwashes, some antibiotics, or bismuth-based stomach medications (e.g., Pepto-Bismol). Along with the colour change, you might notice a metallic taste in your mouth and generally bad breath. Brush, floss, and try using a tongue scraper to remove bacteria. Black hairy tongue resolves on its own, but check with a doctor if symptoms last beyond 10 days or so.
Yellow: As in the case of black hairy tongue, an overgrowth of papillae on the tongue can trap bacteria and appear yellow. These small hairs that coat the tongue can become inflamed by, among other things, smoking, fever, mouth-breathing, and dehydration. Improve your oral hygiene, and the yellow hue should subside.
White: White tongue often means the same thing as black or yellow tongue - bacteria stuck in dense tongue hair. And it shares some of the same causes, too: smoking, dehydration, dry mouth due to mouth-breathing. The white look means there are bacteria, dead cells, and debris wedged in the papillae. Pay special attention to your brushing and flossing habits, and add a tongue scraper to your oral hygiene routine. Less commonly, a pale, smooth tongue indicates anemia, and a white film on the tongue could be a sign of oral thrush, a type yeast infection.
Red: A red tongue more often signals underlying problems in children's health. A strawberry or raspberry-coloured tongue can be one of the first symptoms of scarlet fever or Kawasaki disease. Adults less often manifest these signs. But if your mouth hurts and your tongue looks smooth and red, your diet may be deficient in niacin, an important B vitamin.
Brown: A spot on the tongue that has turned brown or otherwise darkly discoloured could possibly be a form of skin cancer called melanoma.
Any time that you notice pain, burning, swelling, changes in your ability to taste, abnormal movements, or difficulty moving the tongue, do not hesitate to see a doctor.
Amy Toffelmire
| i don't know |
In what area of London did Jack the Ripper kill his victims | Jack the Ripper Murder Victims - Whitechapel, London 1888
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During the era in which the Ripper was active, there were 11 murders committed in London’s East End. These murders took place between April 3, 1888 and February 13th, 1891. These murders were collectively known as the “Whitechapel Murders”, being labeled as such by a London Metropolitan Police Service investigation .
Whitechapel Murder Locations
The map below shows the Whitechapel Murder crime scene locations, beginning with the site of the attack on Emma Elizabeth Smith (April 3, 1888) and ending with the murder of Frances Coles (February 13, 1891).
Note: Although the deaths of these eleven women were officially recorded as murders, evidence in the case of Rose Mylett (see: Later Whitechapel Murders ) suggests accidental death or suicide. For this reason, the location of Rose Mylett’s body has not been included in this map.
Map of Whitechapel Murder Locations – Reynolds Map of London circa 1882 (click to enlarge)
Of the eleven Whitechapel Murders, it is widely believed that Jack the Ripper is directly responsible for five of them. It is possible that the Ripper may have claimed more than five victims, but most experts agree that at least five of the East End murders were the work of Jack the Ripper.
New! We’ve been feverishly working on a timeline for the Whitechapel Murders which can be seen here . We’ll be continuing to add to the descriptions and captions, but it’s ready to be viewed. Go ahead and have a look if you like!
The Victims
Emma Elizabeth Smith
The Murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith
The first victim in the series of Whitechapel Murders was a prostitute by the name of Emma Elizabeth Smith. Smith was attacked and raped on Osbourn Street in Whitechapel on April 3, 1888. During the assault, her attackers beat and raped her, then violently inserted a blunt object into her vagina, causing an injury which would take her life the following day. After the assault, the men emptied her purse and fled – leaving her to die on the street. Before she slipped into a coma and died the next day at a London hospital, Smith told authorities that two or three men, one of them a teenager, were responsible for her attack.
The press had linked Smith’s murder to the subsequent Whitechapel Murders, but most experts later believed that particular murder to be the result of random gang violence. Whitechapel was home to many notorious gangs who would patrol the streets of Whitechapel – harassing unfortunate women like Emma Smith – demanding they pay them money in exchange for ‘protection’.
Martha Tabram
The next victim in the series of Whitechapel Murders was Martha Tabram. Tabram, a prostitute in the East End, was brutally murdered in the early morning hours of August 7, 1888. On the eve of her murder, Tabram was out drinking with another prostitute and two soldiers at a public house near the George Yard Buildings. Shortly before midnight on August 6th, Tabram and her friend paired off with their clients – Tabram heading through the archway into George Yard.
Tabram’s body was first encountered at around 3:30 AM on August 7th by carman George Crow. He had been returning home after work, and because of the darkness in the stairwell, mistook her body as that of a drunk woman passed out on the landing.
At around 5 AM, her body was again discovered by another resident of George Yard Buildings, but by this time there was enough light in the stairway to reveal her ghastly wounds. She had been stabbed 39 times. The wounds focused on her throat, chest and lower abdomen, and appeared to have been inflicted by a pocket knife – with the exception of one violent stab through her chest which looked to have been performed with a large dagger or bayonet.
Many feel that Tabram was the Ripper’s first victim, due to the proximity of the murder in relation to the others, as well as the brutal nature of the crime. However, a number of experts also agree that another individual was responsible for Tabram’s death, and not Jack the Ripper. Tabram’s wound patterns were distinctly different from the Canonical Five, in that she received multiple stab wounds as opposed to being slashed, which is believed to be the Modus Operandi of the Ripper.
The Canonical Five
Although eleven women were murdered around the time of the Ripper’s reign, there were five victims that stood apart from the rest. The Canonical Five, as they are known, are believed to have all been murdered by the same hand. All five victims, prostitutes of the East End, shared distinct and similar wounds, as well as postmortem organ removal and mutilations in some cases. Other victims in the Whitechapel Murders investigation had been brutally murdered as well, but none were carried out with the same precision and methodology as the Canonical Five.
These five victims were all killed under cover of darkness, typically in the early morning hours. All of these murders also occurred on a weekend, or within one day of, and happened towards the end of the month, or within a week or so after.
Sir Melville Macnaghten, who had been Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department, wrote a report in 1894 that stated: “the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims – & 5 victims only”.
The police surgeon, Thomas Bond, also linked the killings together in a letter he’d written to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888.
Mary Ann Nichols
The body of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols was discovered in the wee morning hours of August 31, 1888, at about 3:40am by 2 carmen on their way to work. Her body was found in front of a gated horse stable entrance on Buck’s Row, Whitechapel. The two men who happened upon her, Charles Cross and Robert Paul, saw Polly lying on the ground with her skirts pulled up to her waist. At first they weren’t sure if she was either passed out drunk or dead, but after some hesitation they approached her and felt her hands and face, which were both cold to the touch. Feeling very uneasy about what they had just stumbled upon, both men hurried off to alert the first constable they could find.
Minutes later she was discovered by PC John Neil while passing through Buck’s Row while on his nightly beat. He shone his lantern on Polly’s body which revealed her lifeless eyes staring up into the night sky.
Her throat had been deeply severed in two locations – nearly decapitating her – and her lower abdomen partially ripped open by a deep, jagged wound. The killer had also made several other incisions in her abdomen with the same knife. The doctor who had arrived at the scene to examine her body had deemed her time of death to be less than 30 minutes from the time she’d been found.
Annie Chapman
A witness had reported seeing Annie Chapman talking with a man outside 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields, 5:30am the morning of her murder. Albert Cadosch, who lived at 27 Hanbury Street, reported hearing a woman in the next door backyard say “No”, followed by what sounded like a body falling against the fence. Approximately twenty minutes later, her badly mutilated body was found by carter John Davis near a doorway in the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street.
Her throat had been cut in much the same manner as Mary Ann Nichols had been slashed, and her abdomen ripped entirely open. Her intestines, torn out and still attached, had been placed over her right shoulder. A later autopsy revealed that the killer had removed her uterus and parts of her vagina.
Elizabeth Stride
The Ripper would claim two victims in the early morning hours of September 30, 1888; the first of which was Elizabeth Stride. Her body was discovered in Dutfield’s Yard, off Berner Street, at approximately 1am. The killer had cut her throat, severing her left artery, yet no other slashes or incisions had been made.
Because of the absence of abdominal mutilations, there has been some doubt as to whether or not Stride was in fact killed by Jack the Ripper. However, most experts agree that Stride was murdered by the same killer due to the nature in which her throat had been cut.
It’s also believed that the reason Stride had not been mutilated like the others was due to an interruption of some sort. It’s possible the killer feared he was in jeopardy of being detected by nearby witnesses and elected to flee before finishing his ritual.
Catherine Eddowes
Forty five minutes after Stride’s body was found in Dutfield’s Yard, Eddowes’ body was discovered in Mitre Square, within the City of London. Eddowes’ throat had been severed and her abdomen torn open with a deep, jagged wound. Her left kidney had been removed, along with a major portion of her uterus. Just before Eddowes’ mutilated body would be discovered in Mitre Square, an eyewitness saw her in the company of a man who he described as being approximately 5′ 7″ tall, 30 years of age, with a medium build, fair complexion and a moustache. His attire gave him the over all “appearance of a sailor.”
The Stride and Eddowes murders were later referred to as the “ Double Event “.
Naming Jack the Ripper: Based on modern scientific evidence obtained from what is believed to be a shawl taken from the Eddowes crime scene, author and “armchair detective” (…and Ripper gift shop owner…wink, wink) Russell Edwards claims to have solved the case and identified the killer as Polish immigrant Aaron Kosminski . In his recent book entitled “ Naming Jack the Ripper “, Edwards provides what he feels is substantiated evidence obtained via thorough forensic scientific investigation.
Inside the 330 plus pages of his book, Edwards describes the process of the studies – validating both that the piece of evidence obtained for the testing is legitimate, and that the blood and semen samples found on the shawl tie both Eddowes and Kosminski to that same piece of evidence. Many people will see the recent headlines crediting Edwards with solving the crime as shameless promotion for his new book, but depending on what he provides us with inside, perhaps there is enough evidence to back up his claim.
Regardless, there will be those that will dismiss his findings, and others who might be convinced of Kosminski’s guilt in the Eddowes case alone, but it is an entertaining read. Check out our review of Naming Jack the Ripper .
For more information on Kosminski, along with Edwards’s investigation, please see our editorial here .
Mary Jane Kelly
Considered to be Jack the Ripper’s Swan Song, Mary Jane Kelly’s murder was the most gruesome of all the Whitechapel Murders. She was found horribly mutilated, lying on the bed in her single room flat where she lived at 13 Miller’s Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields. She was discovered at 10:45am on the morning of Friday, November 9, 1888.
The landlord’s assistant, Thomas Bowyer, had been sent over to collect the rent, which she had been weeks behind in paying. When she didn’t answer his knock at the door, Bowyer reach his hand through a crack in the window, pushing aside a coat being used as makeshift drapery. What he saw at that moment was absolutely horrific.
Kelly’s body was mutilated beyond recognition. Her entire abdominal cavity had been emptied out, her breasts cut off, and her viscera had been deliberately placed beneath her head and on the bedside table. Kelly’s face had been hacked away and her heart removed, which was also absent from the crime scene. Kelly’s murder was by far the most grisly and ritualistic of all.
Following the death of Mary Kelly, it’s generally believed that the Ripper’s killing spree had ceased. The murders that followed did not bear any striking similarities to those that occurred between August 31st and November 9th, 1888.
Later Whitechapel Murders
Following Kelly’s ghastly murder, there were four other women who were killed in the Whitechapel district during that same period, the first of which was Rose Mylett. Mylett was found strangled in Clarke’s Yard on High Street on December 20, 1888. Investigators assessed that her death may have been the result of a drunken stupor, as there were no visible signs of a struggle apparent anywhere on her body or clothing. Even though the inquest deemed it to be a murder, her death in no way resembled a Ripper killing.
The body of Alice McKenzie was found on July 17, 1889, in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. She had suffered a severed carotid artery, along with multiple small cuts and bruises across her body – evident of a struggle. One of the pathologists involved in the investigation dismissed this as a possible Ripper murder, as it did not match with the findings of the three previous Ripper victims he had examined. Writers have also disputed McKenzie as being a victim of Jack the Ripper, but rather of a murderer trying to copy his modus operandi in an attempt to deflect suspicion.
The tenth Whitechapel murder victim was “The Pinchin Street Torso”. The victim was named as such because she was found headless and legless under a railway arch on Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on September 10, 1889.
PC William Pennett discovering the headless and legless body of a woman beneath a railway arch on Pinchin Street
Investigators believed that the victim was murdered at a different location, and the body dismembered for disposal.
Frances Coles was murdered on February 13, 1891. She was found at Swallow Gardens – a passageway beneath a railway arch between Chamber Street and Royal Mint Street, Whitechapel – with her throat slit. Visible wounds on the back of her head suggested that Coles was likely thrown to the ground after having suffered to knife wounds across her throat. Apart from the cuts to her throat, there were no mutilations to her body.
A man named James Thomas Sadler , who authorities believed to be Jack the Ripper, was arrested and charged with her murder, but was later discharged on March 3, 1891 due to lack of evidence.
The Fate of the Ripper
Regardless of whether or not the Ripper’s bloodsport ended with Mary Jane Kelly, it’s certain that it did end. Many speculate that this was due to either illness and eventual death, or perhaps insanity which led to institutionalization.
Some suggest he may have fled the country and lived in self-imposed exile. One thing that is certain… along with the other killer(s) involved in the Whitechapel Murders, his true identity has never been ascertained.
The Mystery Surrounding the Whitechapel Murders
Although it’s believed that Jack the Ripper was responsible for only five of the eleven Whitechapel Murders , the person or persons that committed these murders evaded capture. Several arrests were made, many witnesses were questioned, inquiries were conducted, as well as efforts by the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee to bring the killer(s) to justice, but no one was ever caught or identified.
To this day, the fiendish individual(s) responsible for these horrible crimes have forever remained a mystery.
For more information about the key suspects during the time of the murders, including leading suspects proposed by past & present day authors and Ripperologists, please see our page on Top Jack the Ripper Suspects .
| Whitechapel |
Which toothpaste in the 60's advertised The ring of confidence | Your guide to Jack the Ripper: the murders, the press, and who Jack could have been | History Extra
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Your guide to Jack the Ripper
An 'armchair historian' claims to have identified Jack the Ripper as a 23-year-old Polish immigrant named Aaron Kosminski. Here, Clive Emsley and Alex Werner reveal the life and times of the Victorian murderer, and tell you everything you need to know about the yet unsolved murder cases.
This article was first published in the May 2008 issue of BBC History Magazine
Monday 8th September 2014
The body of a Jack the Ripper victim is found, as seen in the Illustrated Police News, 6 October 1888 (Museum in Docklands)
The murders
Within just a few short weeks, the Ripper slashed and mutilated five prostitutes in London’s East End
Shortly before 4am on 31 August 1888, a cart driver found the body of Mary Ann ‘Polly’ Nichols in Buck’s Row, close to Bethnal Green. She was on her back. Her skirt had been pulled up round her waist. Her throat had been slashed so deeply that she had nearly been decapitated, and there were deep cuts to her abdomen. This was the first of the Whitechapel Murders that are commonly attributed to Jack the Ripper.
Just over a week later, at about 6am on 8 September, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered in a yard in Hanbury Street. Her injuries were similar to those of Polly Nichols, but some of her internal organs had also been cut away and removed; her small intestines lay by her right shoulder.
On 30 September came ‘the double event’. Elizabeth ‘Long Liz’ Stride was found first, but her injuries were not as severe as those of the earlier victims; the assumption was that the killer had been disturbed during his butchery. And if that was the case he had quickly found a second victim. Catherine Eddowes was killed soon after, and not far from Stride. Her intestines had been ripped out and the killer had taken away her left kidney and uterus.
"Central to the fascination that surrounds Jack is the fact he’s never been caught"
Saturday 10 November was the day of the Lord Mayor’s Show in London. What should have been one of the highlights of the capital’s social calendar was marred by the revelations of a fifth, even more horrendous murder. Whereas the previous victims had been killed in the street, Mary Kelly’s body was found on a bed in a shabby lodging house in Miller’s Court. Indoors, the killer had been able to take his time. Kelly was savagely mutilated and body parts and internal organs were left on a table beside the bed.
Other killings were linked with Jack the Ripper – both at the time and in later years – but these five murders are now generally acknowledged as the sum total of his grisly work. All of them took place in a confined area of London’s East End – much less than a square mile. All of the victims were poor women, and each one of them had worked, or was still working, as a prostitute.
Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer. He was not the first notorious sexual predator, nor was he the first killer or sexual assailant to cause a panic far beyond his area of activity. But Jack was never caught. And it is this that has probably been central to the fascination that continues to surround him.
Contemporaries of the murders, and people ever since, have filled in the blanks to suit themselves. They’ve used the killings to develop theories about the state of society and the potential for male violence, and even to live out their own personal fantasies of Jack.
The big question: who was Jack?
The finger has been pointed at a succession of possible Jacks, including Joseph Barnett, a Billingsgate porter and former lover of Mary Kelly, and HRH the Duke of Clarence, Queen Victoria’s eldest grandson, who died young in 1892 following a life of sexual excess.
The novelist Patricia Cornwell spent considerable sums trying to prove her theory that Jack was the artist Walter Sickert, basing her claims on his paintings of a nude woman and a man in a house in Camden.
"Revd Osborne suggested 'female hands' were behind the murders"
Other suspects have included school teacher Montague Druitt, whose body was fished from the Thames shortly after the last murder; Aaron Kosminski, a Polish hairdresser; and Michael Ostrog, a mad Russian doctor. Another doctor, Thomas Neill Cream, has also been accused. Cream committed seven murders on both sides of the Atlantic between 1877 and 1892 and his victims were often seeking abortions or were prostitutes. Cream was executed for murder in England but his instrument of choice was strychnine, not a knife.
Could Jack have been Jill? Some contemporaries even suggested that the killer was a woman. Jill the Ripper seems unlikely given that such extreme violence has almost always been perpetrated by men. But only 15 years before the Whitechapel Murders, Mary Ann Cotton had been executed in Durham Gaol. She was convicted of poisoning her seven-year-old stepson, though another 20 family members, including her mother and three husbands, also appear to have been her victims.
The Revd Lord Sidney Godolphin Osborne, an earnest, evangelical paternalist, wrote a series of letters to The Times during the period of the murders. He lamented the gulf between rich and poor, and equated Whitechapel with a huge cesspit. He also suggested that “female hands” might be behind the murders, since the unfortunates of the district were well known for their jealousy, their violence, and for possessing the strength necessary for such action.
Was Jack a foreigner? Others suggested that Jack was a foreigner. They were convinced that no Englishman would do such things. The press conjured with images of Indian thugs (bandit worshippers of the goddess Kali, crushed by the British in the 1830s), of Malays running amok, of North American Pawnees “drunk with blood” and of atrocities from “the wilds of Hungary”. The recent influx of Jews to Britain, fleeing oppression in Eastern Europe, combined with the undercurrent of anti-Semitism in Britain to foster the belief among many that a Jew was the killer. The Star newspaper almost found itself defending a libel suit when it named John ‘leather apron’ Pizer, a Jewish boot maker, as the killer.
The idea that Jack was Jewish received some support from a chalk inscription found on a wall close to part of Catherine Eddowes’s bloodstained apron. There were several versions of what the inscription said, the most syntactically correct being: “The Jews shall not be blamed for nothing”. Sir Charles Warren, the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, ordered that it be washed off for fear that it might provoke anti-Semitic disorder.
The murders echoed the false, but popular medieval fears that Jews ritually killed Gentile children. There were also wild stories of Jews who, after sex with Gentile women, needed to purge themselves with the blood of those women.
Such stories sparked panics in other parts of Europe during the 19th century, many in the 1890s. The Berlin-based Association against anti-Semitism counted 79 between 1891 and 1900; about half were in the Austro-Hungarian empire and another fifth in imperial Germany.
Among the best-known is the accusation of the murder of a five-year-old boy levelled at a Jewish butcher, Adolf Buschoff, in the Rhenish town of Xanten. There was little evidence, but the authorities found themselves forced to try him. Buschoff was acquitted but he, and most of the Jews in Xanten, thought it best to quit the town for good.
Did life imitate art? The Whitechapel Murders came just two years after Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A stage version, with Richard Mansfield in the roles of the physician and his monstrous alter ego, opened to packed audiences just a few weeks before the murders.
To many, the killings suggested that fiction had become reality and this led to the play being taken off in October – and Mansfield himself has been identified as a possible Jack. Moreover, Stevenson’s book contributed to the idea that Jack was a toff in top hat and silk cape. Perhaps he too was a doctor – for some, the manner in which organs were removed from the victims suggested a knowledge of anatomy. The way in which he, or someone else, played with the police, sending them letters ‘From Hell’, also pointed to a man of ability.
Did Jack write the letters ‘from Hell’? Hundreds of letters were sent to police and the press purporting to be written by the murderer. The two letters signed by Jack the Ripper are, like almost everything about the killer, shrouded in controversy.
There is evidence to suggest that they were indeed written by Jack – one of them mentioned slicing off part of a future victim’s ear, something that was done to Catherine Eddowes after the letter was sent.
Newspapers printed the letters and the police took them sufficiently seriously to post facsimiles of them in the metropolis. But some senior police officials later suggested that the letters were the work of a journalist keen to add yet more sensation to the story. After all, the killer may have cut off Eddowes’s ear after reading the facsimile letters.
Was Jack an original?
Jack the Ripper is among the most infamous murderers in criminal history. Yet he is far from unique, both as a savage attacker of women and a serial killer – as the following cases prove:
The London monster
"The wound that he made in this young lady’s hip,
Was nine inches long, and near four inches deep;
But before that this monster had made use of force,
He insulted their ears with obscene discourse."
From March 1788 to June 1790 a ‘Monster’ terrorised London. Some 50 women were abused, cut and stabbed in the street and young Welshman, Rhynwick Williams, an artificial flower maker, was eventually arrested and tried at the Old Bailey for the crimes.
Following a legal dispute about what the offence actually entailed Williams was found guilty and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment – an exceptionally long sentence by the standards of the late 18th century.
The Ratcliffe Highway murders
On the night of 7 December 1811, Timothy Marr, a linen draper, was found battered to death in his shop on the Ratcliffe Highway in East London. Battered and stabbed close by were his wife, their four-month-old baby and the shop-boy. Two weeks later John Williamson, publican of the Kings Arms in New Gravel Lane just off the Ratcliffe Highway, was also murdered with his wife and maidservant.
John Williams, a young seaman, was arrested on suspicion of the murders and allegedly committed suicide in Coldbath Fields Prison. Doubts about his guilt remain, but he was buried at a crossroads with a stake through his heart.
In the 120 years since the Whitechapel Murders, the spectre of Jack the Ripper has returned to haunt the public’s imagination on numerous occasions. No more so than when a hoaxer sent police letters claiming to be the Yorkshire Ripper and calling himself ‘Jack.’ Two other cases from the 20th century are worth noting for their contrasts to the Jack the Ripper murders and for showing how quickly they can be forgotten:
The Halifax slasher
During the early part of the 20th century there were several instances of men creeping up behind girls and cutting off the long plaits that were the fashion of the day. Once or twice there were also much more serious slashings. The best known occurred in Halifax in 1926 and 1927, and again in 1938.
On the latter occasion the local newspaper, the Courier, offered a £25 reward for the arrest of “The Halifax Slasher”. The community mobilised behind the police: women armed themselves with hat-pins and men with a variety of weapons. The panic was over in a matter of days, however, when several of the victims confessed to self-inflicted wounds.
The blackout ripper
In the second week of February 1942, four women were found strangled and savagely mutilated in their Soho flats. Later that week there were attacks on two other women, but the attacker ran off on the first occasion when he was disturbed and on the second because his victim fought back successfully.
The attacker, Gordon Frederick Cummings, a cadet officer in the RAF, was easily and quickly identified. He was tried for murder at the Old Bailey the following April, found guilty and executed in June.
Did the press sensationalise the murders?
Lurid violence had long been popular with the media. Papers made much of ‘last dying speeches’ at public executions, which invariably came headed with a bloodthirsty image of the felon’s crime.
When newspapers first became popular in England during the 18th century, editors quickly recognised the value of crime and violence to maintain or boost sales. Victorian papers had a range of titles devoted to sensational stories and ’orrible murders and, from the 1860s, increasingly used bold and eye-catching headlines.
One of the leading practitioners of sensationalist journalism at the time of the murders was WT Stead, editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. In 1885 Stead’s reforming zeal, and desire to sell papers, led him to launch a campaign to combat child prostitution. It was a success, but it landed Stead in gaol.
Interestingly, Stead refused to print all the gory details of the mutilations inflicted on the Ripper’s victims; instead he used the case to call for a ‘Court of Conscience’ among the media. But other journalists and newspaper editors took full advantage of the murders to shock and thrill their readers. While Stead urged restraint, they used the coroner’s inquests to push at the boundaries of what was considered decent in the descriptions of both the injuries and the women’s bodies.
At the same time, the press speculated extensively on the identity of the killer and the nature of the city in which he operated. London was the centre of an empire; it was the capital of what the British still liked to think of as the workshop of the world, and of a nation with a legal and constitutional system that was a model for the world. The Whitechapel Murders encouraged Liberal elements in the press to probe the darker corners of this dazzling metropolis and to urge social reform. As explained above, it also encouraged nationalist elements to conclude that only a foreigner could commit such heinous crimes.
It is worth emphasising here that the 19th‑century British press was not unique in the way that it revelled in violent crime. In 1894 a Madrid-based socialist newspaper protested at the way in which the press was less interested in education than in satisfying “gross appetites by providing… spiced up fare”. In France, popular papers such as Le Petit Parisien and Le Petit Journal filled their pages with grisly accounts of offenders like Jean-Baptiste Troppmann, who slaughtered the entire Kinck family of husband, pregnant wife and six children, and Albert Soleilland, who raped and murdered an 11-year old girl.
Papers everywhere were illustrated with drawings of knives flashing, guns blazing and blood splashing. In fact, it wasn’t until the early 20th century that such graphic accounts began to disappear from European newspapers – either as a result of the carnage of the First World War, or the increasing use of photography.
What was the East End like at the time of the Ripper?
Drunkenness and prostitution were rife in an area characterised by abject poverty, says Alex Werner
The East End was a vast, densely inhabited working-class district. At Aldgate, the eastern extremity of the City of London, the road forked into two highways: Whitechapel Road, dating to Roman times, linked London to Colchester; and the Commercial Road, built in the early 19th century, connected the docks at Blackwall and Poplar with the City.
Off these two major London thoroughfares, in Whitechapel and Spitalfields, there existed a labyrinth of narrow courts and alleyways with many lodging houses and small workshops. Immigrants had settled here for centuries; in the 17th and 18th century, Huguenots, the Irish, Jews and Germans had all made the East End their home. During the late 1880s they were joined by thousands of Jews escaping oppression in Central and Eastern Europe, many of whom settled in the vicinity of Middlesex Street (Petticoat Lane) and Wentworth Street.
Even before the brutal murders of 1888, a spotlight had been thrown on the abject poverty of east London. Journalists painted a lurid picture of the area, stressing its criminality and moral degradation. In such a world, drunkenness was common, offering some form of escape and, on the streets and behind doors, it often led to violence. Prostitution was also widespread, as poor women sold their bodies to pay for alcohol, tobacco or a bed for the night.
Charities descended on the area and tried to help those most in need. Slums were cleared and artisans’ dwellings erected. As well as bringing ‘the word of God’, religious organisations like the Salvation Army took ‘practical Christianity’ to the East End. They built night shelters, ran dispensaries and soup kitchens, and visited slum-dwellers in their homes.
Employment in the nearby docks and markets was often casual or seasonal in nature. Thousands of men, women and children toiled away for long hours and for little pay in the sweated trades, ruthlessly exploited by sub-contractors. In fact, the low pay and appalling conditions at Bryant & May’s match factory drove its matchgirls to strike in the summer of 1888. Meanwhile, periods of economic depression, such as in 1886 and 1887, resulted in mass unemployment and the threat of starvation.
Some improvements to Whitechapel and Spitalfields followed Jack the Ripper’s crimes. Slums like Flower and Dean Street were cleared and replaced by model dwellings; common lodging houses declined and with them, prostitution and crime. In the 1890s London County Council began to replace slums with purpose-built council housing. However, poverty and overcrowding persisted, and in 1901 Dorset Street was still widely being described as “The Worst Street in London”, much to the fury of local inhabitants.
Alex Werner is co-curator of the Museum in Docklands exhibition, Jack the Ripper and the East End
Did the police investigate thoroughly?
Sections of the press, particularly the papers linked to Liberal and Radical politics, were highly critical of the police and the “defective detectives” for failing to find Jack. Yet the police probably did all that was possible. Forensic science was still in its infancy, and it was to be over 10 years before fingerprints were used as evidence in court – always assuming that any fingerprints could have been found and identified at any of the murder scenes.
The police presence was increased in the district where the murders occurred, and men in plain clothes circulated both in the hope of collecting information and preventing further attacks.
The police were urged to use bloodhounds to track the killer, yet such experiments were not particularly successful. The advocates of the bloodhounds insisted that they were still the answer, and sections of the press found yet another stick with which to beat the police.
Part of the problem was the reluctance of the police to give information to the media; it was to be another 40 years before a press bureau was established at Scotland Yard. And with no official intelligence to feed on, the press were drawn to the wilder and more sensational theories which, of course, helped to sell newspapers.
General Sir Charles Warren, the relatively new commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, did not help matters. Much of the press condemned his decision to remove the graffiti from the wall near the site of Eddowes’s murder on the grounds that he had denied the investigation the only genuine clue left by the killer. Whether this was true, of course, remains an open question.
"A tactless soldier like Warren was not the ideal man to be police commissioner"
Warren had a distinguished military career both before and after his time as commissioner. He was also an archaeologist of some significance and, in his final years, he was an eager supporter of Baden Powell’s Boy Scout Movement.
He had been appointed to the police in March 1887 to restore the force’s morale and public confidence in the aftermath of rioting in and around Trafalgar Square following a demonstration against unemployment. When trouble appeared likely again in Trafalgar Square in November 1887, Warren responded with ruthless efficiency deploying troops to back up his police in a violent confrontation that resulted in one fatality and many injured, and that became known as Bloody Sunday. Among Liberals and Radicals, his behaviour revived fears that the police were becoming militarised. He also clashed with the Home Office over the manner in which he should command his police.
The final straw came just after the last of the Whitechapel Murders when Warren published an article outlining his ideas, condemning the press and criticising government action. The permanent under secretary at the Home Office declared him to be “in a state of complete insubordination” and Warren’s resignation followed soon after.
Probably any commissioner would have had difficulty in dealing with the Ripper murders, but a tactless soldier like Warren was not the ideal man for the job.
The continuing fascination
The fascination with Jack and his killings spread far beyond Britain. The late 19th-century French press was obsessed with murders by human “monsters” and “ogres” and ‘Jack l’Eventreur’ remains a well-known figure in France.
Lulu, the femme fatale of the German playwright Frank Wedekind’s Earth Spirit (1895) and Pandora’s Box (1904) – as well as of GW Pabst’s film Pandora’s Box and Alban Berg’s opera Lulu – is killed by Jack. George Grosz, the celebrated artist of the seamy and violent side of Weimar Germany, had himself photographed as Jack. And the notion of a stealthy, unknown killer with a knife, preying on the weak and vulnerable – especially young women – has been meat and drink to the cinema ever since it began.
Jack the Ripper was the first celebrity serial killer who appeared to threaten people that were unknown to him. Had he been caught, his notoriety would probably never have been so great. It is the blank of who he really was that adds to the fascination and enables everyone, of every age, to remake him anew.
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What is the only chess piece that cannot be taken | How to Play Chess: Rules and Basics - Chess.com
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Learn to Play Chess
It's never too late to learn how to play chess - the most popular game in the world! If you are totally new to the game or even want to learn all of the rules and strategies, read on!
Getting Better at Chess
History of Chess
The origins of chess are not exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost two thousand years ago.The game of chess we know today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe.
The Goal of Chess
Chess is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: 1 king, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate the other king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture.
Starting a Game
At the beginning of the game the chessboard is laid out so that each player has the white (or light) color square in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then arranged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with pawns. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights next to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who always goes on her own matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square.
The player with the white pieces always moves first. Therefore, players generally decide who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other player's hand. White then makes a move, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game.
How the Pieces Move
Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces moves differently. Pieces cannot move through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponent's piece which is then captured. Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game.
The King
The king is the most important piece, but is one of the weakest. The king can only move one square in any direction - up, down, to the sides, and diagonally. Click on the '>' button in the diagram below to see how the king can move around the board. The king may never move himself into check (where he could be captured).
The Queen
The queen is the most powerful piece. She can move in any one straight direction - forward, backward, sideways, or diagonally - as far as possible as long as she does not move through any of her own pieces. And, like with all pieces, if the queen captures an opponent's piece her move is over. Click through the diagram below to see how the queens move. Notice how the white queen captures the black queen and then the black king is forced to move.
The Rook
The rook may move as far as it wants, but only forward, backward, and to the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful pieces when they are protecting each other and working together!
The Bishop
The bishop may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one color (light or dark) and must always stay on that color. Bishops work well together because they cover up each other’s weaknesses.
The Knight
Knights move in a very different way from the other pieces – going two squares in one direction, and then one more move at a 90 degree angle, just like the shape of an “L”. Knights are also the only pieces that can move over other pieces.
The Pawn
Pawns are unusual because they move and capture in different ways: they move forward, but capture diagonally. Pawns can only move forward one square at a time, except for their very first move where they can move forward two squares. Pawns can only capture one square diagonally in front of them. They can never move or capture backwards. If there is another piece directly in front of a pawn he cannot move past or capture that piece.
Promotion
Pawns have another special ability and that is that if a pawn reaches the other side of the board it can become any other chess piece (called promotion). A pawn may be promoted to any piece. [NOTE: A common misconception is that pawns may only be exchanged for a piece that has been captured. That is NOT true.] A pawn is usually promoted to a queen. Only pawns may be promoted.
En Passant
The last rule about pawns is called “en passant,” which is French for “in passing”. If a pawn moves out two squares on its first move, and by doing so lands to the side of an opponent’s pawn (effectively jumping past the other pawn’s ability to capture it), that other pawn has the option of capturing the first pawn as it passes by. This special move must be done immediately after the first pawn has moved past, otherwise the option to capture it is no longer available. Click through the example below to better understand this odd, but important rule.
Castling
One other special rule is called castling. This move allows you to do two important things all in one move: get your king to safety (hopefully), and get your rook out of the corner and into the game. On a player’s turn he may move his king two squares over to one side and then move the rook from that side’s corner to right next to the king on the opposite side. (See the example below.) However, in order to castle, the following conditions must be met:
it must be that king’s very first move
it must be that rook’s very first move
there cannot be any pieces between the king and rook to move
the king may not be in check or pass through check
Notice that when you castle one direction the king is closer to the side of the board. That is called castling kingside. Castling to the other side, through where the queen sat, is called castling queenside. Regardless of which side, the king always moves only two squares when castling.
Check & Checkmate
As stated before, the purpose of the game is to checkmate the opponent’s king. This happens when the king is put into check and cannot get out of check. There are only three ways a king can get out of check: move out of the way (though he cannot castle!), block the check with another piece, or capture the piece threatening the king. If a king cannot escape checkmate then the game is over. Customarily the king is not captured or removed from the board, the game is simply declared over.
Draws
Occasionally chess games do not end with a winner, but with a draw. There are 5 reasons why a chess game may end in a draw:
The position reaches a stalemate where it is one player’s turn to move, but his king is NOT in check and yet he does not have another legal move
The players may simply agree to a draw and stop playing
There are not enough pieces on the board to force a checkmate (example: a king and a bishop vs.a king)
A player declares a draw if the same exact position is repeated three times (though not necessarily three times in a row)
Fifty consecutive moves have been played where neither player has moved a pawn or captured a piece
Chess 960
Chess960 follows all the rules of standard chess, except for the starting position of pieces on the back rank, which are placed randomly in one of 960 possible positions. Castling is done just like in standard chess, with the King and Rook landing on their normal castled squares (g1 and f1, or c1 and d1). 960 plays just like standard chess, but with more variety in the opening.
Some Tournament Rules
Many tournaments follow a set of common, similar rules. These rules do not necessarily apply to play at home or online
Touch-move
If a player touches one of their own pieces they must move that piece as long as it is a legal move. If a player touches an opponent’s piece, they must capture that piece. A player who wishes to touch a piece only to adjust it on the board must first announce the intention, usually by saying “adjust”.
Introduction to Clocks and Timers
Most tournaments use timers to regulate the time spent on each game, not on each move. Each player gets the same amount of time to use for their entire game and can decide how to spend that time. Once a player makes a move they then touch a button or hit a lever to start the opponent’s clock. If a player runs out of time and the opponent calls the time, then the player who ran out of time loses the game (unless the opponent does not have enough pieces to checkmate, in which case it is a draw).
Basic Strategy
There are four simple things that every chess player should know:
#1 Protect your king
Get your king to the corner of the board where he is usually safer. Don’t put off castling. You should usually castle as quickly as possible. Remember, it doesn’t matter how close you are to checkmating your opponent if your own king is checkmated first!
#2 Don’t give pieces away
Don’t carelessly lose your pieces! Each piece is valuable and you can’t win a game without pieces to checkmate. There is an easy system that most players use to keep track of the relative value of each chess piece:
A pawn is worth 1
A knight is worth 3
A bishop is worth 3
A rook is worth 5
A queen is worth 9
The king is infinitely valuable
At the end of the game these points don’t mean anything – it is simply a system you can use to make decisions while playing, helping you know when to capture, exchange, or make other moves.
#3 Control the center
You should try and control the center of the board with your pieces and pawns. If you control the center, you will have more room to move your pieces and will make it harder for your opponent to find good squares for his pieces. In the example above white makes good moves to control the center while black plays bad moves.
#4 Use all of your pieces
In the example above white got all of his pieces in the game! Your pieces don’t do any good when they are sitting back on the first row. Try and develop all of your pieces so that you have more to use when you attack the king. Using one or two pieces to attack will not work against any decent opponent.
Getting Better at Chess
Knowing the rules and basic strategies is only the beginning - there is so much to learn in chess that you can never learn it all in a lifetime! To improve you need to do three things:
#1 – Play
Just keep playing! Play as much as possible. You should learn from each game – those you win and those you lose.
#2 – Study
If you really want to improve quickly then pick up a recommended chess book. There are many resources on Chess.com to help you study and improve.
#3 - Have fun
Don’t get discouraged if you don’t win all of your games right away. Everyone loses – even world champions. As long as you continue to have fun and learn from the games you lose then you can enjoy chess forever!
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Which pop group took it’s name from an unemployment benefit card | Chess Rules
Chess Rules
3.3. Game Draw
3.1. The Rules of Chess
Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks and denoted with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns (called files and denoted with letters a to h) of squares. The colors of the sixty-four squares alternate between light and dark, and are referred to as "light squares" and "dark squares". The chessboard is placed so that each player has a white square in the near right hand corner, and the pieces are set out as shown in the diagram, with each queen on a square that matches its color.
Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: each player's pieces comprise one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. One player, referred to as White, controls the white pieces and the other player, Black, controls the black pieces; White is always the first player to move. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance or by a tournament director. The players alternate moving one piece at a time (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it and removing it from play. With one exception (en passant), all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies.
The queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.
3.1.5. Knight
The knight can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically or vice versa, making an "L" shape. A knight in the middle of the board has eight squares to which it can move. Note that every time a knight moves, it changes square color.
3.1.6. Pawns
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement: A pawn can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not moved yet, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward, if both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward. When such an initial two square advance is made that puts that pawn horizontally adjacent to an opponent's pawn, the opponent's pawn can capture that pawn "en passant" as if it moved forward only one square rather than two, but only on the immediately subsequent move. Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently than they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant. If a pawn advances all the way to its eighth rank, it is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. In practice, the pawn is almost always promoted to a queen.
3.1.7. Remaining movement rules
With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception). The captured piece is thus removed from the game and may not be returned to play for the remainder of the game. The king cannot be captured, only put in check. If a player is unable to get the king out of check, checkmate results, with the loss of the game.
Chess games do not have to end in checkmate — either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless. Games also may end in a draw (tie). A draw can occur in several situations, including draw by agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position, the fifty move rule, or a draw by impossibility of checkmate (usually because of insufficient material to checkmate).
3.2. Timed Games
Games can be played with a time-limit by setting a move time when creating a new game. In timed games each player has a certain amount of time available for deciding which moves to make, and the time remaining for each player decreases only when it is their turn to move.
3.3. Game Draw
A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are draws by agreement based upon the rules. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are stalemate, three-fold repetition, the fifty-move rule, and insufficient material. A position is said to be a draw (or a drawn position) if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player.
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What was the name of the commission that investigated the bribery allegations in South African cricket | BBC News | CRICKET | Cronje bribery scandal deepens
Friday, 9 June, 2000, 11:26 GMT 12:26 UK
Cronje bribery scandal deepens
Cronje: Deluge of evidence against him
Further damning allegations of corruption have been made against disgraced South Africa captain Hansie Cronje as three more players gave evidence to the match-fixing inquiry.
Seam bowler Henry Williams told the King Commission in Cape Town on Friday that he had accepted an offer from Cronje of $15,000 to play badly in a one-day international against India.
If Hansie Cronje could do it, then I could do it too
Henry Williams
And all-rounder Pieter Strydom said that he had been told by Cronje that he could make money if he played badly in a Test, but had ignored it as a practical joke.
The latest revelations follow the testimony of opening batsman Herschelle Gibbs on Thursday, who alleged that he and Williams had each agreed to accept $15,000 to play badly against India.
Four players - Gibbs, Williams, Strydom and Nicky Boje - were implicated by Delhi police when the match-fixing allegations against Cronje first broke in April.
Boje denied any approaches or involvement in match-fixing, saying he was "quite shocked" to have been implicated by the man who captained him at school, provincial and national level.
"He's a close friend. I'm a Christian and I forgive him for what he's done and for mentioning my name, " he said.
Williams told the inquiry that he had agreed to the deal because Gibbs had come to a similar agreement, and because he respected his captain's judgement.
Williams: Damning allegations against Cronje
"If Hansie Cronje could do it, then I could do it too," he said.
"It was not right. I was stupid, I should have known better."
But Strydom denied had been approached, or agreed to any match-fixing during the one-day series against India.
Hansie said I could make 70,000 rand if South Africa got less than 250 in the first innings
Pieter Strydom
He said Cronje had spoken to him in Mumbai, ahead of the second Test against India.
"Hansie said I could make 70,000 rand ($10,000) if South Africa got less than 250 in the first innings. I said no - but that if I had played 80 or 90 Tests I might consider it," said Strydom.
He went on to say that Cronje was known as "a bit of a practical joker" and felt that he had "passed some sort of test" by turning the offer down.
Strydom said his captain approached him again after practice and said: "How about 140,000 rand ($20,000)?"
The all-rounder said that he had later joked with Cronje that if they had taken the offer, they could have made a lot of money. South Africa won the match, despite a first innings total of just 172.
Strydom also revealed that he had asked for odds on South Africa beating England in his rain-hit debut Test at Centurion, at the instigation of Cronje. The bookmakers were not giving odds and no bet was placed, he said.
On Thursday, Gibbs became the first person to admit to match-fixing since former captain Cronje was sacked for taking money from an Indian bookmaker.
He told the judicial inquiry into match-fixing allegations he accepted Cronje's offer of money to score fewer than 20 runs during a one-day game in March this year.
Strydom: Cronje a "practical joker"
The opener then said that he reneged on the deal, scoring more than 70 runs, and was consequently never paid.
Williams said his offer required him to concede at least 50 runs off his 10 overs. In the event, he broke down with a shoulder injury after just 11 balls.
His startling admission rocked the King Commission which heard Gibbs' evidence on the second day of its inquiry.
In light of his confession, an emergency meeting of the United Cricket Board of South Africa decided to exclude Gibbs from the tour of Sri Lanka which is set to take place in July.
Despite his admission, Gibbs had continued to deny any involvement as late as the week before the inquiry began.
It is understood he lied to both his lawyer and the South African cricket board president Dr Ali Bacher, and was only persuaded to tell the truth after being warned he faced jail if he continued the deception.
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Which actor played the crippled deputy in Gunsmoke | BBC News | CRICKET | Cronje bribery scandal deepens
Friday, 9 June, 2000, 11:26 GMT 12:26 UK
Cronje bribery scandal deepens
Cronje: Deluge of evidence against him
Further damning allegations of corruption have been made against disgraced South Africa captain Hansie Cronje as three more players gave evidence to the match-fixing inquiry.
Seam bowler Henry Williams told the King Commission in Cape Town on Friday that he had accepted an offer from Cronje of $15,000 to play badly in a one-day international against India.
If Hansie Cronje could do it, then I could do it too
Henry Williams
And all-rounder Pieter Strydom said that he had been told by Cronje that he could make money if he played badly in a Test, but had ignored it as a practical joke.
The latest revelations follow the testimony of opening batsman Herschelle Gibbs on Thursday, who alleged that he and Williams had each agreed to accept $15,000 to play badly against India.
Four players - Gibbs, Williams, Strydom and Nicky Boje - were implicated by Delhi police when the match-fixing allegations against Cronje first broke in April.
Boje denied any approaches or involvement in match-fixing, saying he was "quite shocked" to have been implicated by the man who captained him at school, provincial and national level.
"He's a close friend. I'm a Christian and I forgive him for what he's done and for mentioning my name, " he said.
Williams told the inquiry that he had agreed to the deal because Gibbs had come to a similar agreement, and because he respected his captain's judgement.
Williams: Damning allegations against Cronje
"If Hansie Cronje could do it, then I could do it too," he said.
"It was not right. I was stupid, I should have known better."
But Strydom denied had been approached, or agreed to any match-fixing during the one-day series against India.
Hansie said I could make 70,000 rand if South Africa got less than 250 in the first innings
Pieter Strydom
He said Cronje had spoken to him in Mumbai, ahead of the second Test against India.
"Hansie said I could make 70,000 rand ($10,000) if South Africa got less than 250 in the first innings. I said no - but that if I had played 80 or 90 Tests I might consider it," said Strydom.
He went on to say that Cronje was known as "a bit of a practical joker" and felt that he had "passed some sort of test" by turning the offer down.
Strydom said his captain approached him again after practice and said: "How about 140,000 rand ($20,000)?"
The all-rounder said that he had later joked with Cronje that if they had taken the offer, they could have made a lot of money. South Africa won the match, despite a first innings total of just 172.
Strydom also revealed that he had asked for odds on South Africa beating England in his rain-hit debut Test at Centurion, at the instigation of Cronje. The bookmakers were not giving odds and no bet was placed, he said.
On Thursday, Gibbs became the first person to admit to match-fixing since former captain Cronje was sacked for taking money from an Indian bookmaker.
He told the judicial inquiry into match-fixing allegations he accepted Cronje's offer of money to score fewer than 20 runs during a one-day game in March this year.
Strydom: Cronje a "practical joker"
The opener then said that he reneged on the deal, scoring more than 70 runs, and was consequently never paid.
Williams said his offer required him to concede at least 50 runs off his 10 overs. In the event, he broke down with a shoulder injury after just 11 balls.
His startling admission rocked the King Commission which heard Gibbs' evidence on the second day of its inquiry.
In light of his confession, an emergency meeting of the United Cricket Board of South Africa decided to exclude Gibbs from the tour of Sri Lanka which is set to take place in July.
Despite his admission, Gibbs had continued to deny any involvement as late as the week before the inquiry began.
It is understood he lied to both his lawyer and the South African cricket board president Dr Ali Bacher, and was only persuaded to tell the truth after being warned he faced jail if he continued the deception.
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In which English county is the river Kent | Farson Digital Watercams - Hi-def webcam on River Kent, at Kendal
Website | Email | 01539 530047
More information
Many thanks to Peill & Company Chartered Surveyors for facilitating this camera's location and to South Cumbria Rivers Trust for capitally funding its installation. The River Kent is a short river and one of the fastest flowing in the county of Cumbria in England. The river originates in hills surrounding Kentmere, and flows for around 20 miles into the north of Morecambe Bay, having passed through Kentmere, Staveley, Burneside, Kendal and Sedgwick on the way. The main fish found - and hence the target of anglers - are salmon and sea trout, brown trout. Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchbi. For many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning 'village with a church in the valley of the River Kent'. The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey (now located on the west side of the town) when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland. Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint.
| Cumbria |
What does Desperate Dan shave with | Farson Digital Watercams - Hi-def webcam on River Kent, at Kendal
Website | Email | 01539 530047
More information
Many thanks to Peill & Company Chartered Surveyors for facilitating this camera's location and to South Cumbria Rivers Trust for capitally funding its installation. The River Kent is a short river and one of the fastest flowing in the county of Cumbria in England. The river originates in hills surrounding Kentmere, and flows for around 20 miles into the north of Morecambe Bay, having passed through Kentmere, Staveley, Burneside, Kendal and Sedgwick on the way. The main fish found - and hence the target of anglers - are salmon and sea trout, brown trout. Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchbi. For many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning 'village with a church in the valley of the River Kent'. The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey (now located on the west side of the town) when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland. Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint.
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In which city was Terry Waite kidnapped in 1987 | BBC ON THIS DAY | 2 | 1987: Peace envoy imprisoned in Beirut
About This Site | Text Only
1987: Peace envoy imprisoned in Beirut
Reports from Lebanon say Church of England envoy Terry Waite has been kidnapped by an Islamic militia group.
Mr Waite, 47, disappeared on 20 January, eight days after arriving in the capital, Beirut, to try to free four hostages, including British journalist John McCarthy.
Waite is arrested now
Nabih Berri, Shia Amal leader
News of his imprisonment came after key militiamen from the Shia Amal and Druze factions held separate meetings with Vice-President Khaddam of Syria in Damascus.
Shia Amal leader Nabih Berri said: "What I know is that Waite is arrested now."
Druze warlord leader Walid Jumblatt - whose group guaranteed Mr Waite's safety before he left the UK - supported Mr Berri's statement.
Western diplomatic sources believe he is the only man with the power and will to rescue the peace envoy.
The Islamic Jihad organisation has released a photograph of one of the men Mr Waite was looking for - Terry Andersen - with a threat to kill him and other hostages if the US pursues military action against Lebanon.
They made no mention of Mr Waite but British diplomats believe he disappeared after arranging a late night meeting with them in West Beirut without his Druze bodyguards.
Islamic Jihad - of which Shia Amal is a part - has reiterated demands for the release of 17 Arabs jailed in Kuwait for bombing offences there in 1983.
Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Robert Runcie has revealed he appealed to the speaker of the Iranian Parliament - Hashemi Rafsanjani - last week to help retrieve his missing envoy.
Mr Rafsanjani - the second most powerful man in Iran - told a news conference he was prepared to use his influence to try and find Mr Waite since he was a humanitarian.
In England churches of all denominations offered prayers for Mr Waite's safe return yesterday.
His wife Frances and their four children are being consoled in their parish of Blackheath, London.
| Beirut |
Which language spoken by 55 million people is not known to be related to any other | Leads Are Lacking In Waite Kidnapping - NYTimes.com
Leads Are Lacking In Waite Kidnapping
Special to the New York Times
Published: April 29, 1987
LONDON, April 28— Unofficial, unconfirmed messages from Lebanon continue to report that Terry Waite, the kidnapped envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury, is alive and well, the Archbishop's office said today.
Mr. Waite disappeared in Beirut on Jan. 11 while trying to negotiate the freedom of foreign hostages. There has been no firm word on him since.
''There's never been a formal claim or demand and we are left with a bag of theories,'' said Chris Osborne, a spokesman for the British Foreign Office.
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In which American city did The Saint Valentine’s Day massacre take place | THE ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE
The legendary S-M-C Cartage Co. at 2122 North
Clark Street in Chicago.
For a city that is so filled with the history of crime, there has been little preservation of the landmarks that were once so important to the legend of the mob in Chicago. Gone are the landmarks like the Lexington Hotel, where Al Capone kept the fifth floor suite and used the place as his headquarters. But most tragic, at least to crime buffs, was the destruction of the warehouse that was located at 2122 North Clark Street. It was here, on Valentine's Day 1929, that the most spectacular mob hit in gangland history took place..... the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.
The bloody events of February 14, 1929 began nearly five years before with the murder of Dion O’Banion, the leader of Chicago’s north side mob. At that time, control of bootleg liquor in the city raged back and forth between the North Siders, run by O’Banion, and the south side Outfit, which was controlled by Johnny Torrio and his henchman, Al Capone. In November 1924, Torrio ordered the assassination of O’Banion and started an all-out war in the city. The North Siders retaliated soon afterward and nearly killed Torrio outside of his home. This brush with death led to him leaving the city and turning over operations to Capone, who was almost killed himself in September 1926. The following month, Capone shooters assassinated Hymie Weiss, who had been running the north side mob after the death of O’Banion. His murder left the operation in the hands of George “Bugs” Moran, a long-time enemy of Capone. For the most part, Moran stood alone against the Capone mob, since most of his allies had succumbed in the fighting. He continued to taunt his powerful enemy and looked for ways to destroy him.
In early 1929, Moran sided with Joe Aiello in another attack against Capone. He and Aiello reportedly gunned down Pasquillano Lolordo, one of Capone’s men, and Capone vowed that he would have him wiped out on February 14. He was living on his estate outside of Miami at the time and put in a call to Chicago. Capone had a very special “valentine” that we wanted delivered to Moran.
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For the Complete Story of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, the Beer Wars in Chicago & Al Capone, see Troy Taylor's Dead Men Do Tell Tales Series!
Dead Men Do Tell Tales
Bloody Chicago
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Al Capone
Through a contact in Detroit, Capone arranged for someone to call Moran and tell him that a special shipment of hijacked whiskey was going to be delivered to one of Moran’s garages on the north side. Adam Heyer, a friend of Moran, owned the garage and it was used as a distribution point for north side liquor. A sign on the front of the building at 2122 North Clark Street read “S-M-C Cartage Co. Shipping - Packing - Long Distance Hauling”. Moran received the call at the garage on the morning of February 13 and he arranged to be there to meet the truck the next day.
On the morning of February 14, a group of Moran’s men gathered at the Clark Street garage. One of the men was Johnny May, an ex-safecracker who had been hired by Moran as an auto mechanic. He was working on a truck that morning, with his dog, a German Shepherd named Highball, tied to the bumper. In addition, six other men waited for the truck of hijacked whiskey to arrive. The men were Frank and Pete Gusenberg, who were supposed to meet Moran and pick up two empty trucks to drive to Detroit and pick up smuggled Canadian whiskey; James Clark, Moran's brother-in-law; Adam Heyer; Al Weinshank; and Reinhardt Schwimmer, a young optometrist who had befriended Moran and hung around the liquor warehouse just for the thrill of rubbing shoulders with gangsters.
George "Bugs" Moran
George Moran was already late for the morning meeting. He was due to arrive at 10:30 but didn't even leave for the rendezvous, in the company of Willie Marks and Ted Newberry, until several minutes after that. As the seven men waited inside of the warehouse, they had no idea that a police car had pulled up outside, or that Moran had spotted the car as he was driving south on Clark Street and rather than deal with what he believed was a shakedown, stopped at the next corner for a cup of coffee.
Five men got out of the police car, two of them in uniforms and three in civilian clothing. They entered the building and a few moments later, the clatter of machine gun fire broke the stillness of the snowy morning. Soon after, five figures emerged and they drove away. May's dog, inside of the warehouse, began barking and howling.
The landlady in the next building, Mrs. Jeanette Landesman, was bothered by the sound of the dog and she sent one of her boarders, C.L. McAllister, to the garage to see what was going on. He came outside two minutes later, his face a pale white color. He ran frantically up the stairs to beg Mrs. Landesman to call the police. He cried that the garage was full of dead men!
The police were quickly summoned and on entering the garage, were stunned by the carnage. Moran's men had been lined up against the rear wall of the garage and had been sprayed with machine-guns. Pete Gusenberg had died kneeling, slumped over a chair. James Clark had fallen on his face with half of his head blown away and Heyer, Schwimmer, Weinshank and May were thrown lifeless onto their backs. Only one of the men survived the slaughter and he lived for only a few hours. Frank Gusenberg had crawled from the blood-sprayed wall where he had fallen and dragged himself into the middle of the dirty floor. He was rushed to the Alexian Brothers Hospital, barely hanging on. Police sergeant Clarence Sweeney, who had grown up on the same street as Gusenberg, leaned down close to Frank and asked who had shot him. “No one --- nobody shot me,” he groaned and he died later that night.
The death toll of the massacre stood at seven but the killers had missed Moran. When the police contacted him later and told him what had happened at the garage, he “raved like a madman”. To the newspapers, Moran targeted Capone as ordering the hit. The authorities claimed to be baffled though, since Capone was in Florida at the time of the massacre. When he was asked to comment on the news, Capone stated, "the only man who kills like that is Bugs Moran". At the same time, Moran was proclaiming that "only Capone kills guys like that".
And Moran was undoubtedly right. The murders broke the power of the north side gang and while there have been many claims as to who the actual shooters were that day, most likely they included John Scalise, Albert Anselmi and "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn, all of whom were some of Capone's most trusted men. All three men, along with Joseph Guinta, were arrested but McGurn had an alibi and Scalise and Guinta were killed before they could be tried.
The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre marked the end of any significant gang opposition to Capone but it was also the act that finally began the decline of Capone’s criminal empire. He had just gone too far and the authorities, and even Capone's adoring public, were ready to put an end to the bootleg wars.
Perhaps the strangest bit of history in regards to the massacre involved the fact that Capone had not seen the last of one of the men killed on that fateful day. In May 1929, Capone slipped out of town to avoid the heat that was still coming down from the massacre and to avoid being suspected in the deaths of several of the men believed responsible for the killing of the Moran gang. While in Philadelphia, he and his bodyguard, Frankie Rio, were picked up on charges of carrying concealed weapons and were sentenced to a year in prison. They eventually ended up in the Eastern State Penitentiary.
Capone continued to conduct business from prison. He was given a private cell and allowed to make long-distance telephone calls from the warden’s office and to meet with his lawyers and with Frank Nitti, Jake Guzik and his brother, Ralph, all of whom made frequent trips to Philadelphia. He was released two months early on good behavior and when he returned to Chicago, he found himself branded “Public Enemy Number One”. It was while he was incarcerated in Pennsylvania that Capone first began to be haunted by the ghost of James Clark, one of the massacre victims and the brother-in-law of George Moran. While in prison, other inmates reported that they could hear Capone screaming in his cell, begging “Jimmy” to go away and leave him alone.
After Capone returned to Chicago, he took up residence at the Lexington Hotel and while here, would report his most frequent encounters with the ghost. While living at the Lexington Hotel, there were many times when Capone’s men would hear from begging for the specter to leave him in peace. On several occasions, bodyguards broke into his rooms, fearing that someone had gotten to their boss. Capone would then tell them of Clark’s ghost.
Whether the ghost was real or not, Capone certainly believed that he was. The crime boss even went so far as to contact a psychic named Alice Britt to get rid of Clark’s angry spirit. Not long after a s�ance was conducted to try and rid Capone of the vengeful spirit, Hymie Cornish, Capone’s personal valet also believed that he saw the ghost. He entered the lounge of Capone’s apartment and spotted a tall man standing near the window. He demanded to know the man’s identity but the shadowy figure slipped behind a curtain and out of sight. Cornish immediately summoned two of his employer’s bodyguards but a search of the room revealed there was no one there but Al Capone, who continued to insist the figure had been Jimmy Clark.
Years later, Capone would also insist that Jimmy Clark followed him to the grave.
Canadian George Patey with bricks from the wall of the garage where the massacre took place
Chicago, in its own style, memorialized the warehouse on Clark Street. The place became a tourist attraction and the newspapers even printed the photos of the corpses upside-down so that readers would not have to turn their papers around to identify the bodies. In 1949, the front portion of the S-M-G Garage was turned into an antique furniture storage business by a couple who had no idea of the building's bloody past. They soon found that the place was visited much more by tourists and curiosity-seekers than by customers and eventually closed the business. In 1967, the building was demolished. However, the bricks from the bullet-marked rear wall were purchased and saved by a Canadian businessman. In 1972, he opened a night club with a Roaring 20's theme and rebuilt the wall, for some strange reason, in the men's restroom. Three nights each week, women were allowed to peek inside at this macabre attraction.
One of the bricks from the massacre, authenticated to be from the wall where the murders occurred.
Over the years, other bricks have turned up that were allegedly taken from the warehouse. According to stories, they are cursed!
The club continued to operate for a few years and when it closed the owner placed the 417 bricks into storage. He then offered them for sale with a written account of the massacre. He sold the bricks for $1000 each, but soon found that he was getting back as many as he sold. It seemed that anyone who bought one of the bricks was suddenly stricken with bad luck in the form of illness, financial ruin, divorce and even death. According to the stories, the bricks themselves had somehow been infested with the powerful negative energy of the massacre! Whatever became of the rest of the bricks is unknown.
Or that's what the legend says....
In recent years, other bricks have emerged that claim to have come from the wall. These were not bricks purchased from Patey but were smuggled out of the lot by construction workers and curiosity-seekers. It was said that from these bricks come the legends of misfortune and bad luck. Are these bricks authentic? The owners say they are -- but you'll have to judge for yourself!
Whatever the legend of the bricks themselves and whether or not they have somehow been "haunted" by what happened, there is little doubt about the site on Clark Street itself. Even today, people walking along the street at night have reported the sounds of screams and machine guns as they pass the site. The building is long gone but the area is marked as a fenced-off lawn that belongs to the nearby nursing home. Five trees are scattered along the place in a line and the one in the middle marks the location where the rear wall once stood. Passerby often report these strange sounds and the indescribable feeling of fear as they walk past. Those who are accompanied by dogs report their share of strangeness too.... Animals appear to be especially bothered by this piece of lawn, sometimes barking and howling, sometimes whining in fear. Their sense of what happened here many years ago seems to be much greater than our own.
| Chicago |
Who was the front man for Cockney Rebel | The St. Valentine's Day Massacre
THE ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE
February 14th,1929.
(M.Gomes collection)
Seven men are killed in a garage on the North side of Chicago. Ordered by Al Capone, who is conveniently away in Miami at the time. Planned by McGurn and members of the Circus gang, imported hired killers are sent in the Moran warehouse to kill George "Bugs"Moran. Moran is a rival and thorn in Capone's side. Moran and his gang have posession of the lucreative Northside booze business and other rackets. The crews awaiting at the Circus Cafe are called in from this rooming house tipster to begin their fake raid.Once they arrive there is no turning back. Moran is nowhere to be found.The hired killers sent in to kill Moran mess up the hit by thinking that Moran is in the garage. One of the lookouts across the street had mistakingly taken one of the men entering the garage as Moran. Being late, Moran wasn't there and he had spotted the fake police cars on his way to the garage and mistook it for a raid. He doubled back and disappeared with his henchman. Inside the garage, the killers lined up the Moran men consisting of 5 Moran gangsters, one mechanic and an optometrist who gets a kick out of hanging around gangsters. A dog tied to a truck howls madly. The killers level their weapons consisting of two thompsons, one with a 20 round clip, and one with a 50 round drum. The killers know that the drum has a tendancy to jam on occaision, so just in case they make sure the 20 round clip is used to kill flawlessly. A shotgun is also part of the arsenal.
(M.Gomes collection)
70 spent shells hit the floor and two shotgun casings follow. All seven men are shot to pieces.The killers crazily have killed everyone inside.They leave the building pretending to be arrested by putting the guns in the back of their fellow gang members. They leave the scene.Two women, Jeanette Landesman and Mrs. Alphonse Morin, hear the machine gun clatter. One of them sends a roomer to go and investigate. He goes in and comes right out face completely white. He tells them to call the police.The police arrive and find six dead men and one near death crawling to the door.
Frank Gusenberg miraculously survives the massacre and lives for 3 hours with 14 slugs in his body.
He refuses to mention anything about the massacre even though he knows he will die.
Originally believed as only one car of killers at the scene, it is now noted that two fake police cars seemed to be part of the massacre. One in the alley, who's occupants leave their car and enter the garage at 2122 North Clark as a truck enters the two panel doors at the rear of the Moran warehouse. The Occupants keep the Moran men lined up and walk to the front of the office to let in the other car load of killers dressed as cops and civilians.Two cars are indeed later found burnt and cut up in an effort to destroy them. Both have police gongs and one is found to contain a notebook belonging to Al Weinshank killed in the garage. One was a 1926 Peerless found in Maywood and the other a 1927 Cadillac touring car that was found in a fire at 1723 North Wood street.The fire was caused by a gang member trying to cut up the vehicle with an acetelyne torch. He did not realize that the car contained a canister that had a reserve of gasoline in the engine. Detectives search hospitals for anyone that may have burned himself in the hours that followed.
First carload of killers arrive at the back of 2122 North Clark and obtain access to the garage. Once inside they line up the Moran gang and relieve them of their weapons.One of the fake cops then goes to the front and lets in the other set of non uniformed killers to unleash their hail of .45 bullets into the Northside boys.
(Photo courtesy of author Mr. Bill Helmer)
Front of 2122 North Clark Street.
(Photo Mr. Jeff Maycroft)
Front window at 2122 North Clark had the following sign;
S-M-C-Cartage - Co
On the door the windows have the following;
SMC Cartage co
Diagram showing how massacre might have happened.
(M.Gomes collection)
10:30 am at 2122North Clark street
The Cadillac touring car is found not far from the Circus gang Cafe owned and run by St. Louis gangster Claude Maddox (John Moore aka Screwy) and Tony "Tough Tony" Capezio. This is a Capone satellite gang that has produced the likes of Jack McGurn.
The next door address of the Circus cafe is given as residence to the owner of the garage for rental. In total about 14 men are used in the Massacre killing crew. Most ,will in turn, be themselves killed. Witnesses such as the two women are threatened to death, the Coroner is also threatened.Lots of compelling evidence ,but no one is ever brought to trial for these seven murders called the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.
"All done, now let's get the hell outta here!"
Crowds gather in front as police arrives.
(Photo: Jeff Maycroft)
(M. Gomes collection)
Sgt. Thomas J. Loftus
Loftus knew the Gusenbergs real well. Detective Clarence J. Sweeney erroneously puts himself in the massacre story, claiming he was at Frank Gusenberg's bedside. As the years go by, Sweeney keeps the myth going and adds to the story, involving himself more and more. What really happened was Loftus arrived first at the scene and questioned Frank Gusenberg who was still alive in the garage.
Loftus asked "Do you know me Frank?"
Frank replied "Yes, you are Tom Loftus."
Loftus then asks 'Who did it or what happened?"
Frank replies "I won't talk."
The officer then replies "You are in bad shape."
Frank says "For God's sake get me to a hospital."
Loftus tells Frank "Pete is here too."
He said "Yes."
Loftus asks Frank if they were lined up against the wall, to this Frank answers again 'I won't talk.'
Once transferred to Alexian Brothers Hospital, Loftus asks Gusenberg another time and he refuses to talk. Before Gusenberg dies, the Sgt. asked Frank if three of the men wore police uniforms.
To this Frank answers "Yes"' and then dies.
The erroneous statements later weaved into the story were that Gusenberg said 'I ain't no copper' and ' Nobody shot me'
Sweeney claimed to be at Frank's bedside, yet Loftus detailed Officer James Mikes to be near Gusenberg at all times with no mention of Sweeney ever being there.
Calvin Goddard's evidence from the crime scene. Here are the complete amount of spent .45 caliber shells that were picked up.
14 envelopes with 5 shelss each total 70. Goddard had figured out through forensics that 20 bullets came out of one Thompson and 50 came out of the other.
One drum and one stick mag. Many had exaggerated the massacre with hundreds and thousands of bullets. In reality only seventy .45 acp rounds were fired along with two shotgun blasts.
(Neal Trickel collection)
Close up of spent shell picked up at the scene.
(Neal Trickel collection)
One of the photographers gets his head in the macabre scene
(Photo taken by Mr. Anthony Berardi of The Chicago American)
Another view, notice one of the Gusenberg's handgun at extreme right front corner of photo
(John Binder Collection)
Close up of Frank Gusenberg's .38
(Photo courtesy of author Mr. Bill Helmer)
Photo courtesy of Mr. Bill Helmer
Bodies being removed under the watchful eye of Dr. Herman Bundesen (Glasses).
(Photo courtesy of Mr. Bill Helmer)
Photo of Clark street taken 13 days after massacre. Arrow on the left shows garage where massacre took place. Arrow to the right shows look out building.
(Mario Gomes collection)
A Chicago doctor for many years, Herman Bundesen led the investigation into the St. Valentine's day massacre crime.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Herman Bundesen and the Coroner's Jury watch as the massacre is re-enacted at 2122 North Clark street.
Executive Vice President of Palmolive Peet Burt A. Massee. Coroner's jury foreman. He helped finance the investigation.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Final edition for February 14,1929.
(Mario Gomes collection).
Chicago Herald Examiner February 15,1929.
Photo page of Chicago Herald Examiner February 15,1929.
(Mario Gomes Collection)
Several versions were printed during the day and evening .
Chicago Daily News Feb.14th,1929.
Coroners inquest by Herman Bundesen along with ballistics expert Calvin Goddard seated at left.
(M.Gomes collection)
Swearing in of coroner's Jury with massacre bodies laid out on makeshift tables.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Bullets removed from bodies.
(The John Binder collection)
Another view of same picture with Peter Gusenberg (Massacre Victim) and unidentified fellow next to him not part of massacre.
(M.Gomes)
Ballistics expert Calvin Goddard with coroner Herman Bundesen.
Mr.Goddard identifies the bullets removed from the massacre bodies as those coming from Thompsons found in Fred"Killer"Burke's posession.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Spent shells recently fired from Massacre Thompson 2347.
(Special thanks to Mr. Chuck Schauer for these)
(Mario Gomes collection)
Peter Von Frantzius (right) underworld gun supplier through sporting goods store that he owns is being questioned by Coroner Herman Bundesen.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Machine gun seller Frank V. Thompson being interviewed at the massacre inquest. Thompson had sold quite a few Thompsons to various gangsters.
Thompson will later take his own life.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Vincent Daniels (Danielski) in the hot seat. He too sold Thompsons to various gangsters such as Jack McGurn and Frank Gusenburg.
(Mario Gomes collection)
Thought partly to blame for the massacre was the northside gangsters constant stealing of
Capone's booze by the name of Old Log Cabin made in Montreal,Canada.
Moran's men would sometimes hijack it enroute from Detroit to Chicago.
(Mario Gomes collection)
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Which Cadbury's chocolate bar was named after a bus | Kev's Snack Reviews: Cadbury Double Decker Ice Cream Bars
Snacks Hunter & Food Blogger: featuring the latest UK products, health foods, snacks & more!
Wednesday, 24 April 2013
Cadbury Double Decker Ice Cream Bars
Incase you have never heard of a Double Decker bar before, here is an introduction thanks to Bible of the Internet, Wikipedia:
"Double Decker is a brand of chocolate bar currently manufactured by Cadbury. First introduced in 1976, its name derives from the double-decker bus, and these vehicles have invariably appeared in advertisements for the product. The chocolate bar is lightly flavoured with coffee and structured in two layers; an upper whipped nougat layer, with a lower layer of cereal 'crispies', these are then coated in milk chocolate. Originally the bar contained raisins within the base layer, however consumer research in the mid-1980s led to these being removed and the current formulation being introduced."
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Decker_%28chocolate_bar%29
This ice cream version is significant because it's the first time Double Decker has ventured into ice cream (the brand, not the bus - it probably wouldn't be a good idea for a double-decker bus to venture into icecream!).
It's described as "A creamy nougat ice cream top with a chocolate ice cream and crunchy cereal bottom, all covered in Cadbury milk chocolate".
Cutting a bar in half, it certainly looked the same as a Double Decker, with the nougat ice cream layer on top and the crispy cereal and chocolate ice cream layer at the bottom. It was never going to replicate the exact same taste or texture as a real Double Decker, but it did a pretty good job. The upper layer tasted somewhat malty whilst the bottom layer was chocolatey and had a nice crunch from the rice cereal pieces. The milk chocolate coating had a familiar Cadbury taste and finished things off nicely, making for a tasty little ice cream bar.
Overall, I thought these were a decent replication of Cadbury Double Decker, and a good snack for the price. I would recommend them!
Price: £1.25 for a 4 pack at Morrisons.
Allergy advice: Contains milk & soya, may contain nuts and wheat. Suitable for vegetarians.
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| Double decker |
What is the trade of a British Army soldier with a white horseshoe on his arm | Cadbury Double Decker - Reviews
Reviews
Product Information : Cadbury Double Decker
Manufacturer's product description
ProThe chocolate is nice as are the crispy bits
ConsExpensive, too chewy, synthetic/candified after-ta...
PRICE: 60p for a single bar at my local Sainsbury’s and £2.00 for a multi-pack containing 5 bars (at the time of writing) NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION (per bar):- Calories 250 Kj: 1050 Fat: 9.2g - of which saturates: 5.2g Carbohydrate: 39g - of which sugars: 29.5g Fibre: 0.8g Protein: 2.3g Salt: 0.11g...
ProYummy yummy yummy i've got chocolate in my tummy!
ConsNot at all good fro your teeth-so sticky it kind o...
"Cadburys' Double Decker" I wouldn't describe myself as a chocoholic, but I do often have a craving for chocolate. Most of the time I manage to suppress the urge, but every now and then - when I'm stressed especially - I cannot resist the lure of a nice bar of chocolate to help de-stress me. But...
ProDifferent to other chocolate bars, very tasty
ConsNot very good for waistlines!
One of my all time favourite chocolate bars in Cadbury's Double Decker The Double Decker Cadbury created the Double Decker chocolate bar back in 1976 when the British public were fascinated by Double Decker buses. Packaging The Double Decker bar stands out from others on the shelves as it has a...
ProGreat combination of different layers, Satisfying
ConsYou might hate nougat!
***CADBURYS DOUBLE DECKER*** Double Decker bar was named after the bus and is made by Cadbury. It was first introduced in 1976 and is a chocolate bar lightly flavoured with coffee and includes two layers, which includes an upper nougat layer which sits on top of a crunchy cereal layer and then...
Protastes sweet, nice mixture
Conshurts my teeth
I had a time when I went off chocolate for a bit, I just didn’t really find it appealing but if there is a chocolate bar I have always loved it definitely has to be a Double Decker. As much as I love a Double Decker though it is very full of sugar and sometimes when eating it I have to take a...
Protasty filling chewy snack
Conssticks in your teeth a bit.
Here we go with another chocolate bar review but I can't resist. I love chocolate. Yet again I'm focusing on the snack size bars as this is what I tend to buy not only as a lunchbox treat but for myself too. Don't feel so guilty about eating a smaller chocolate bar and the big ones of these can...
ProTasty; chewy; moreish
ConsNot good for you or your teeth!; its appeal soon w...
I wouldn't describe myself as a chocoholic, but I do often have a craving for chocolate. Most of the time I manage to suppress the urge, but every now and then - when I'm stressed especially - I cannot resist the lure of a nice bar of chocolate to help de-stress me. But which bar do you choose...
ProDelicious, Filling
ConsFattening
I am a chocoholic and am desperately trying to cut down on my intake of chocolate calories. I have so many favourite kinds of chocolate bars that I enjoy eating, and double decker is certainly in the Top Ten. Yesterday whilst driving home from dropping my kids off swimming, I had to refill with...
Prochunky, chocolatey, crispy, crunchy
Consnone!
Hmmm.....I don't want to know what some of you are expecting when you read the titles of some of my ops! Sadly, I'm not offering my views on big-breasted females, but on yet another chocolate bar, this time the Cadbury's Double Decker. I'm impressed by the changes made to the product - I swear...
Proyou get a lot of chocolate bar for your money
Consprobably too sweet for some
As a child I had always avoided the Double Decker. I cannot give you a specific reason why I did this. But I assumed that I would not like it. I do not know why I had assumed this as I had never tried it. I think I may have been labouring under the false impression that it contained raisins. I...
| i don't know |
If a wine is described as flabby what does it lack | eRobertParker.com: A Glossary of Wine Terms
Weekly Wine Buys
acetic: Wines, no matter how well made, contain quantities of acetic acidity that have a vinegary smell. If there is an excessive amount of acetic acidity, the wine will have a vinegary smell and be a flawed, acetic wine.
acidic: Wines need natural acidity to taste fresh and lively , but an excess of acidity results in an acidic wine that is tart and sour.
acidity: The acidity level in a wine is critical to its enjoyment and livelihood. The natural acids that appear in wine are citric, tartaric, malic, and lactic. Wines from hot years tend to be lower in acidity, whereas wines from cool, rainy years tend to be high in acidity. Acidity in a wine can preserve the wine's freshness and keep the wine lively , but too much acidity, which masks the wines flavors and compresses its texture, is a flaw.
aftertaste: As the term suggests, the taste left in the mouth when one swallows is the aftertaste. This word is a synonym for length or finish. The longer the aftertaste lingers in the mouth (assuming it is a pleasant taste), the finer the quality of the wine.
aggressive: Aggressive is usually applied to wines that are either high in acidity or have harsh tannins, or both.
angular: Angular wines are wines that lack roundness, generosity, and depth. Wine from poor vintages or wines that are too acidic are often described as being angular.
aroma: Aroma is the smell of a young wine before it has had sufficient time to develop nuances of smell that are then called its bouquet . The word aroma is commonly used to mean the smell of a relatively young, unevolved wine.
astringent: Wines that are astringent are not necessarily bad or good wines. Astringent wines are harsh and coarse to taste, either because they are too young and tannic and just need time to develop, or because they are not well made. The level of tannins (if it is harsh) in a wine contributes to its degree of astringence.
austere: Wines that are austere are generally not terribly pleasant wines to drink. An austere wine is a hard , rather dry wine that lacks richness and generosity. However, young Rhônes are not as austere as young Bordeaux.
backward: An adjective used to describe (1) a young largely unevolved, closed, and undrinkable wine, (2) a wine that is not ready to drink, or (3) a wine that simply refuses to release its charms and personality.
balance: One of the most desired traits in a wine is good balance, where the concentration of fruit, level of tannins, and acidity are in total harmony. Balanced wines are symmetrical and tend to age gracefully.
barnyard: An unclean, farmyard, fecal aroma that is imparted to a wine because of unclean barrels or unsanitary winemaking facilities.
berrylike: As this descriptive term implies, most red wines have an intense berry fruit character that can suggest blackberries, raspberries, black cherries, mulberries, or even strawberries and cranberries.
big: A big wine is a large-framed, full-bodied wine with an intense and concentrated feel on the palate. Most red Rhône wines are big wines.
blackcurrant: A pronounced smell of blackcurrant fruit is commonly associated with certain Rhône wines. It can vary in intensity from faint to very deep and rich.
body: Body is the weight and fullness of a wine that can be sensed as it crosses the palate. full-bodied wines tend to have a lot of alcohol, concentration, and glycerin.
Botrytis cinerea: The fungus that attacks the grape skins under specific climatic conditions (usually alternating periods of moisture and sunny weather). It causes the grape to become superconcentrated because it causes a natural dehydration. Botrytis cinerea is essential for the great sweet white wines of Barsac and Sauternes. It rarely occurs in the Rhône Valley because of the dry, constant sunshine and gusty winds.
bouquet: As a wine's aroma becomes more developed from bottle aging, the aroma is transformed into a bouquet that is hopefully more than just the smell of the grape.
brawny: A hefty, muscular, full-bodied wine with plenty of weight and flavor, although not always the most elegant or refined sort of wine.
briery: I think of California Zinfandel when the term briery comes into play, denoting that the wine is aggressive and rather spicy .
brilliant: Brilliant relates to the color of the wine. A brilliant wine is one that s clear, with no haze or cloudiness to the color.
browning: As red wines age, their color changes from ruby/purple to dark ruby, to medium ruby, to ruby with an amber edge, to ruby with a brown edge. When a wine is browning it is usually fully mature and not likely to get better.
carbonic maceration: This vinification method is used to make soft , fruity, very accessible wines. Whole clusters of grapes are put into a vat that is then filled with carbonic gas. This system is used when fruit is to be emphasized in the final wine in contrast to structure and tannin.
cedar: Rhône reds can have a bouquet that suggests either faintly or overtly the smell of cedarwood. It is a complex aspect of the bouquet.
chewy: If a wine has a rather dense, viscous texture from a high glycerin content, it is often referred to as being chewy. High- extract wines from great vintages can often be chewy, largely because they have higher alcohol hence high levels of glycerin, which imparts a fleshy mouthfeel.
closed: The term closed is used to denote that the wine is not showing its potential, which remains locked in because it is too young. Young wines often close up about 12-18 months after bottling, and depending on the vintage and storage conditions, remain in such a state for several years to more than a decade.
complex: One of the most subjective descriptive terms used, a complex wine is a wine that the taster never gets bored with and finds interesting to drink. Complex wines tend to have a variety of subtle scents and flavors that hold one's interest in the wine.
concentrated: Fine wines, whether they are light-, medium-, or full-bodied , should have concentrated flavors. Concentrated denotes that the wine has a depth and richness of fruit that gives it appeal and interest. Deep is a synonym for concentrated.
corked: A corked wine is a flawed wine that has taken on the smell of cork as a result of an unclean or faulty cork. It is perceptible in a bouquet that shows no fruit, only the smell of musty cork, which reminds me of wet cardboard.
cuvée: Many producers in the Rhône Valley produce special, deluxe lots of wine or a lot of wine from a specific grape variety that they bottle separately. These lots are often referred to as cuvées.
decadent: If you are an ice cream and chocolate lover, you know the feeling of eating a huge sundae of rich vanilla ice cream lavished with hot fudge and real whipped cream. If you are a wine enthusiast, a wine loaded with opulent, even unctuous layers of fruit, with a huge bouquet , and a plump, luxurious texture can be said to be decadent.
deep: Essentially the same as concentrated , expressing the fact that the wine is rich , full of extract , and mouth filling.
delicate: As this word implies, delicate wines are light, subtle, understated wines that are prized for their shyness rather than for an extroverted, robust character. White wines are usually more delicate than red wines. Few Rhône red wines can correctly be called delicate.
demi-muid: 650-liter Burgundy barrels which are essentially the equivalent of three regular barrels.
diffuse: Wines that smell and taste unstructured and unfocused are said to be diffuse. When red wines are served at too warm a temperature they often become diffuse.
double decanting: This is done by first decanting the wine into a decanter and then rinsing the original bottle out with non-chlorinated water and then immediately repouring the wine from the decanter back into the bottle. It varies with the wine as to how long you cork it.
dumb: A dumb wine is also a closed wine, but the term dumb is used more pejoratively. Closed wines may need only time to reveal their richness and intensity . Dumb wines may never get any better.
earthy: May be used in both a negative and a positive sense; however, I prefer to use earthy to denote a positive aroma of fresh, rich, clean soil. Earthy is a more intense smell than woody or truffle scents.
elegant: Although more white wines than red are described as being elegant, lighter-styled, graceful, balanced red wines can be elegant.
extract: This is everything in a wine besides water, sugar, alcohol, and acidity .
exuberant: Like extroverted, somewhat hyper people, wines too can be gushing with fruit and seem nervous and intensely vigorous.
fat: When the Rhône has an exceptionally hot year for its crop and the wines attain a super sort of maturity, they are often quite rich and concentrated , with low to average acidity . Often such wines are said to be fat, which is a prized commodity. If they become too fat, that is a flaw and they are then called flabby .
flabby: A wine that is too fat or obese is a flabby wine. Flabby wines lack structure and are heavy to taste.
fleshy: Fleshy is a synonym for chewy , meaty , or beefy. It denotes that the wine has a lot of body , alcohol, and extract , and usually a high glycerin content. Ch�teauneuf-du-Pape and Hermitage are particularly fleshy wines.
floral: Wines made from the Muscat or Viognier grape have a flowery component, and occasionally a red wine will have a floral scent.
focused: Both a fine wine's bouquet and flavor should be focused. Focused simply means that the scents, aromas, and flavors are precise and clearly delineated. If they are not, the wine is like an out-of-focus picture- diffuse , hazy, and possibly problematic.
forward: An adjective used to describe wines that are (1) delicious, evolved, and close to maturity, (2) wines that border on being flamboyant or ostentatious, or (3) unusually evolved and/or quickly maturing wines.
foudre: Large oak barrels that vary enormously in size but are significantly larger than the normal oak barrel used in Bordeaux or the piece used in Burgundy. They are widely used in the Rhône Valley.
fresh: Freshness in both young and old wines is a welcome and pleasing component. A wine is said to be fresh when it is lively and cleanly made. The opposite of fresh is stale . fruity: A very good wine should have enough concentration of fruit so that it can be said to be fruity. Fortunately, the best wines will have more than just a fruity personality.
full-bodied: Wines rich in extract , alcohol, and glycerin are full-bodied wines. Most Rhône wines are full-bodied.
garrigue: In the southern Rhône Valley and Provence, this is the landscape of small slopes and plateaus. This Provençal word applies to these windswept hilltops/slopes inhabited by scrub-brush and Provençal herb outcroppings. The smell of garrigue is often attributed to southern Rhône Valley wines. Suggesting more than the smell of herbes de Provence, it encompasses an earthy /herbal concoction of varying degrees of intensity.
green: Green wines are wines made from underripe grapes; they lack richness and generosity as well as having a vegetal character. Green wines are infrequently made in the Rhone, although vintages such as 1977 were characterized by a lack of ripening.
hard: Wines with abrasive, astringent tannins or high acidity are said to be hard. Young vintages of Rhône wines can be hard, but they should never be harsh .
harsh: If a wine is too hard it is said to be harsh. Harshness in a wine, young or old, is a flaw.
hedonistic: Certain styles of wine are meant to be inspected; they are introspective and intellectual wines. Others are designed to provide sheer delight, joy, and euphoria. Hedonistic wines can be criticized because in one sense they provide so much ecstasy that they can be called obvious, but in essence, they are totally gratifying wines meant to fascinate and enthrall-pleasure at its best.
herbaceous: Many wines have a distinctive herbal smell that is generally said to be herbaceous. Specific herbal smells can be of thyme, lavender, rosemary, oregano, fennel, or basil and are common in Rhône wines.
herbes de Provence: Provence is known for the wild herbs that grow prolifically through- out the region. These include lavender, thyme, sage, rosemary, and oregano. It is not just an olfactory fancy to smell many of these herbs in Rhône Valley wines, particularly those made in the south.
hollow: Also known as shallow, hollow wines are diluted and lack depth and concentration.
honeyed: A common personality trait of specific white Rhône wines, a honeyed wine is one that has the smell and taste of bee's honey.
hot: Rather than meaning that the temperature of the wine is too warm to drink, hot denotes that the wine is too high in alcohol and therefore leaves a burning sensation in the back of the throat when swallowed. Wines with alcohol levels in excess of 14.5% often taste hot if the requisite depth of fruit is not present.
inox vats: This is the French term for stainless steel vats that are used for both fermentation and storage of wine.
intensity: Intensity is one of the most desirable traits of a high-quality wine. Wines of great intensity must also have balance . They should never be heavy or cloying. Intensely concentrated great wines are alive, vibrant, aromatic, layered, and texturally compelling. Their intensity adds to their character, rather than detracting from it.
jammy: When wines have a great intensity of fruit from excellent ripeness they can be jammy, which is a very concentrated , flavorful wine with superb extract . In great vintages such as 1961, 1978, 1985, 1989, 1990, and 1995, some of the wines are so concentrated that they are said to be jammy.
Kisselguhr filtration system: This is a filtration system using diatomaceous earth as the filtering material, rather than cellulose, or in the past, before it was banned, asbestos.
leafy: A leafy character in a wine is similar to a herbaceous character only in that it refers to the smell of leaves rather than herbs. A wine that is too leafy is a vegetal or green wine.
lean: Lean wines are slim, rather streamlined wines that lack generosity and fatness but can still be enjoyable and pleasant.
lively: A synonym for fresh or exuberant , a lively wine is usually young wine with good acidity and a thirst-quenching personality.
long: A very desirable trait in any fine wine is that it be long in the mouth. Long (or length) relates to a wine's finish, meaning that after you swallow the wine, you sense its presence for a long time. (Thirty seconds to several minutes is great length.) In a young wine, the difference between something good and something great is the length of the wine.
lush: Lush wines are velvety , soft , richly fruity wines that are both concentrated and fat . A lush wine can never be an astringent or hard wine.
massive: In great vintages where there is a high degree of ripeness and superb concentration, some wines can turn out to be so big , full-bodied , and rich that they are called massive. A great wine such as the 1961 or 1990 Hermitage La Chapelle is a textbook example of a massive wine.
meaty: A chewy , fleshy wine is also said to be meaty.
monocepage: This term describes a wine made totally of one specific varietal.
monopole: Used to denote a vineyard owned exclusively by one proprietor, the word monopole appears on the label of a wine made from such a vineyard.
morsellated: Many vineyards are fragmented, with multiple growers owning a portion of the same vineyard. Such a vineyard is often referred to as a morsellated vineyard.
mouth-filling: Big , rich , concentrated wines that are filled with fruit extract and are high in alcohol and glycerin are wines that tend to texturally fill the mouth. A mouth-filling wine is also a chewy , fleshy , fat wine.
musty: Wines aged in dirty barrels or unkept cellars or exposed to a bad cork take on a damp, musty character that is a flaw.
nose: The general smell and aroma of a wine as sensed through one's nose and olfactory senses is often called the wine's nose.
oaky: Many red Rhône wines are aged from 6 months to 30 months in various sizes of oak barrels. At some properties, a percentage of the oak barrels may be new, and these barrels impart a toasty , vanillin flavor and smell to the wine. If the wine is not rich and concentrated , the barrels can overwhelm the wine, making it taste overly oaky. Where the wine is rich and concentrated and the winemaker has made a judicious use of barrels, however, the results are a wonderful marriage of fruit and oak.
off: If a wine is not showing its true character, or is flawed or spoiled in some way, it is said to be "off."
overripe: An undesirable characteristic; grapes left too long on the vine become too ripe, lose their acidity , and produce wines that are heavy and balance . This can happen frequently in the hot viticultural areas of the Rhône Valley if the growers harvest too late.
oxidized: If a wine has been excessively exposed to air during either its making or aging, the wine loses freshness and takes on a stale , old smell and taste. Such a wine is said to be oxidized.
peppery: A peppery quality to a wine is usually noticeable in many Rhône wines that have an aroma of black or white pepper and a pungent flavor.
perfumed: This term usually is more applicable to fragrant, aromatic white wines than to red wines. However, some of the dry white wines (particularly Condrieu) and sweet white wines can have a strong perfumed smell.
pigéage: A winemaking technique of punching down the cap of grape skins that forms during the beginning of the wine's fermentation. This is done several times a day, occasionally more frequently, to extract color, flavor, and tannin from the fermenting juice.
plummy: Rich , concentrated wines can often have the smell and taste of ripe plums. When they do, the term plummy is applicable.
ponderous: Ponderous is often used as a synonym for massive , but in my usage a massive wine is simply a big , rich , very concentrated wine with balance , whereas a ponderous wine is a wine that has become heavy and tiring to drink.
precocious: Wines that mature quickly are precocious. However the term also applies to wines that may last and evolve gracefully over a long period of time, but taste as if they are aging quickly because of their tastiness and soft , early charms.
pruney: Wines produced from grapes that are overripe take on the character of prunes. Pruney wines are flawed wines.
raisiny: Late-harvest wines that are meant to be drunk at the end of a meal can often be slightly raisiny, which in some ports and sherries is desirable. However, a raisiny quality is a major flaw in a dinner wine.
rich: Wines that are high in extract , flavor, and intensity of fruit.
ripe: A wine is ripe when its grapes have reached the optimum level of maturity. Less than fully mature grapes produce wines that are underripe, and overly mature grapes produce wines that are overripe .
round: A very desirable character of wines, roundness occurs in fully mature wines that have lost their youthful, astringent tannins, and also in young wines that have soft tannins and low acidity .
savory: A general descriptive term that denotes that the wine is round , flavorful, and interesting to drink.
shallow: A weak, feeble, watery or diluted wine lacking concentration is said to be shallow.
sharp: An undesirable trait, sharp wines are bitter and unpleasant with hard , pointed edges.
silky: A synonym for velvety or lush , silky wines are soft , sometimes fat , but never hard or angular .
smoky: Some wines, either because of the soil or because of the barrels used to age the wine, have a distinctive smoky character. Côte Rôtie and Hermitage often have a roasted or smoky quality.
soft: A soft wine is one that is round and fruity, low in acidity , and has an absence of aggressive , hard tannins.
spicy: Wines often smell quite spicy with aromas of pepper, cinnamon, and other well-known spices. These pungent aromas are usually lumped together and called spicy.
stale: Dull, heavy wines that are oxidized or lack balancing acidity for freshness are called stale.
stalky: A synonym for vegetal , but used more frequently to denote that the wine has probably had too much contact with the stems, resulting in a green , vegetal, or stalky character to the wine.
supple: A supple wine is one that is soft , lush , velvety , and very attractively round and tasty. It is a highly desirable characteristic because it suggests that the wine is harmonious.
tannic: The tannins of a wine, which are extracted from the grape skins and stems, are, along with a wine's acidity and alcohol, its lifeline. Tannins give a wine firmness and some roughness when young, but gradually fall away and dissipate. A tannic wine is one that is young and unready to drink.
tart: Sharp , acidic , lean , unripe wines are called tart. In general, a wine that is tart is not pleasurable.
thick: Rich , ripe , concentrated wines that are low in acidity are often said to be thick.
thin: A synonym for shallow; it is an undesirable characteristic for a wine to be thin, meaning that it is watery, lacking in body , and just diluted.
tightly knit: Young wines that have good acidity levels, good tannin levels, and are well made are called tightly knit, meaning they have yet to open up and develop.
toasty: A smell of grilled toast can often be found in wines because the barrels the wines are aged in are charred or toasted on the inside.
tobacco: Some red wines have the scent of fresh tobacco. It is a distinctive and wonderful smell in wine.
troncais oak: This type of oak comes from the forest of Troncais in central France.
unctuous: Rich , lush , intense wines with layers of concentrated , soft , velvety fruit are said to be unctuous.
vegetal: An undesirable characteristic, wines that smell and taste vegetal are usually made from unripe grapes. In some wines, a subtle vegetable garden smell is pleasant and adds complexity, but if it is the predominant character, it is a major flaw.
velvety: A textural description and synonym for lush or silky , a velvety wine is a rich , soft , smooth wine to taste. It is a very desirable characteristic.
viscous: Viscous wines tend to be relatively concentrated , fat , almost thick wines with a great density of fruit extract , plenty of glycerin, and high alcohol content. If they have balancing acidity , they can be tremendously flavorful and exciting wines. If they lack acidity, they are often flabby and heavy.
volatile: A volatile wine is one that smells of vinegar as a result of an excessive amount of acetic bacteria present. It is a seriously flawed wine.
woody: When a wine is overly oaky it is often said to be woody. Oakiness in a wine's bouquet and taste is good up to a point. Once past that point, the wine is woody and its fruity qualities are masked by excessive oak aging.
| Acid |
What are rats unable to do which makes them highly susceptible to poison | Wine Terminology - Wine Tasting Terms | Wine of the Month Club
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Acetic Acid
Acetic acid in wine is a vinegary substance produced during the fermentation process by yeasts and bacteria, and contributes to the creation of more complex, desirable flavors. It may also result from the wine spoiling due to bacteria. At low levels this volatile acid complements and heightens aroma and flavor. In excess it creates a vinegary taste.
Acidity
Acids occur in all wines, and in good wines they are properly balanced with fruit and other components. Important for wines to age properly, sufficient acids are also necessary for a lively, crisp wine. In excess they create a sour wine.
Aftertaste
As the word implies, aftertaste is the flavor effect that remains after wine is swallowed. Fine wines have a pleasurable and long-lasting aftertaste. Also called the "finish" of a wine.
Alsace
A province in France that makes world renowned dry white wines from grape varieties (Riesling and Gewurztraminer, among them) that in other wine growing regions are used to make sweet wines. Alsace also is >known for Late Harvest wine, a rare sweet wine valued highly among connoisseurs.
Amarone
An Italian dry red wine, the name of which translates as "big bitter." The name is misleading - typically Amarone is a big-bodied rich, ripe, raisined, wine with little acid.
American Viticultural Area
American Viticultural Area (AVA) refers to a set of U.S. laws pertaining to the use of place names on wines. An AVA is a specific and legally delineated area for producing wine. Though modeled on similar laws in Europe, an AVA doesn't regulate grape varieties, yields or vinification practices as do the appellation laws of Europe. As of this writing, the U.S. has more than 140 AVAs.
Appellation
A legally protected name under which a wine may be sold, indicating that the grapes used are of a specific kind from a specific vineyard or region.
Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AOC) (ah-pel-ah-s'yawn daw-ree-jeen cawn-trohl-lay)
AOCs are France's laws governing wines. AOCs help consumers determine the origins and quality of wines. They also set rules for minimum alcohol requirements, grape varieties in specific wines, and other factors that determine the quality of wines from various regions. Generally, the rules pertaining to wines from a single vineyard are stricter than those for a wine-growing region. Higher quality wines are allowed to state they come from a specific vineyard. Lesser wines from the same area may be required to use more generic regional names.
Astringent
Term describing a sharpness, harshness and/or dryness in a wine due to a high tannin content. Young red wines are often astringent, sometimes causing the lips to pucker involuntarily.
Auslese (ouse'-lay-zuh)
A German word for "selected" - loosely translated as "cream of the crop." Auslese wines are made from hand selected, very ripe bunches of grapes and are usually intense in bouquet and taste. Dry Auslese wines are higher in alcohol than most dry wines and go with many main courses. Auslese dessert wines are often light and sweet, but they can be dry to medium-dry as well.
Ausone, Chateau (oh-zon)
A renowned French wine made from Merlot and Cabernet Franc grapes in St. Emilion, a distinct region in Bordeaux. This elegant wine is given short shrift by some because of better known peers such as Latour and Margaux made primarily from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in the Haut-Medoc region just across the river.
Austere
A wine-tasting term describing a wine that is less than satisfying usually because it's a young wine with excess tannins. As tannic wines age, they typically improve. The tannins begin to decompose and the wine mellows, becoming less austere.
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Baden (bah-d'n)
Bordered by Switzerland on the south and France to the west, Baden is a fairly large wine region in Germany where grapes are planted along the edge of the Black Forest. This is where you'll find the majority of German vines for the red wine grape Pinot Noir (Spatburgunder, as it is called locally) and the white grapes Pinot Gris (also known as Rulander) and Muller-Thurgau. The latter was developed in Switzerland in 1882 and is probably the most successful newly-created varietal of the last 125 years.
Balance
A wine tasting term referring to harmony among the components of a wine: alcohol, fruit, acidity, and tannins. The ideal is for these components to be in perfect proportion to one another, making for a well-balanced wine.
Barolo (bah-roh'-lo)
This is one of of Italy's finest and most expensive wines so, not surprisingly, it's also Italy's most collected wine. Often called "the king of wines, and the wine of kings," this full-bodied red, made in the Piedmont region from Nebbiolo grapes, ages wonderfully for one or two decades.
Bead
Refers to the size of the bubbles in Champagne, Cremant, Cava, or other types of sparkling wine. Some experts say the smaller and more persistent the bead in the glass, the finer the bubbly. The bead's appearance may be affected by temperature; a colder wine will be less effervescent than a warmer one.
Beaujolais (bo-jo-lay)
A wine producing district in southern France with ten Grand Cru villages that produce a red wine by the same name. The wines from the region are made from the Gamay grape and are typically light and fruity. Beaujolais Nouveau is an even more lightweight, early version of the red wine. It is released each year with much celebration on the third Thursday of November. Wines from this region age for as many as five years, though Beaujolais Nouveau should be consumed generally within a year.
Beaune (bone)
Beaune is the unofficial wine capital of Burgundy, France. The Cote de Beaune includes this interesting walled city and the surrounding wine area - the south portion of Burgundy's famous Cote d'Or.
Bernkastel (bairn'-cast'l)
Located on the banks of the Mosel River in Germany, Bernkastel is another of Europe's quaint wine villages. One of Germany's most famous wines, Bernkastler Doctor, is produced there. Its vines blanket the steep hills above the Mosel, capturing a perfect south-facing exposure - an advantage in an otherwise cool northern clime.
Big
A tasting term describing a full-bodied wine with an intense flavor and concentrated feel on the palate. A big wine has a commanding flavor and aroma.
Bitter
If a bitter taste dominates in the finish of a wine, it's a fault. The term refers to a taste as opposed to astringency which is a dry feeling in the mouth.
Blanc de Blancs
Meaning "white from white" in French, this term denotes white wines made exclusively from white grapes. The phrase originated in Champagne country to describe wine made entirely from the Chardonnay varietal. Traditionally, Champagne is made via a blend of white Chardonnay grapes and red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes.
Blanc de Noirs
In French, the phrase means "white from black" and denotes white wines made entirely from red (black) grapes, usually Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier. The phrase is used mainly to describe Champagne and sparkling wines.
Blanco (Spain)
White (wines).
Blending
Science and chemistry are important to the final blend of a wine but, ultimately, wine-making is an art and the winemaker's gift for tasting determines the final proportions. The winemaker adds a bit of this, and a bit more of that, until the end result equals that winemaker's ideal of perfection.
Blending can be done in a few ways:
Some wines are blends of the same color grapes. In the case of red Bordeaux, for instance, a winemaker uses any combination of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, or Petit Verdot grapes depending on what characteristics of those varietals the maker is seeking for the wine.
Some wines are made by blending red and white grapes together. Chianti, Cote Rotie, Chateauneuf-du-Pape, and Champagne come to mind. Rosé Champagne often owes its pink color to the red Pinot Noir grapes that were added to the blend.
Wines that have been made separately, called "lots", are sometimes blended together so even wines made from just one variety of grape can be blended. Winemakers may make different lots simply because they have too many grapes to fit into a single barrel or tank. They may then blend the lots together for convenience or for consistency.
Blind Tasting
A method designed to insure impartial judgment of a wine by tasting it without knowing what it is. The idea is to remove all preconceptions and prejudices from the mind of the judge(s) so that the wine can be evaluated solely on its quality.
Blush
"Blush" is a registered trademark describing rosé wines. They are most commonly made by preventing the skins from staying in prolonged contact with the juice, so only a pink hue is imparted into the wine. White Zinfandel, a blush wine popular in the U.S., uses the descriptive word "white" in front of the name of the red grape that provides its slightly pink color.
Bodega (boh-day'-gah)
Spanish for "warehouse" especially when used for the storage of wine. It has come to mean a winery or an above ground facility for storing wine.
Body
A tasting term referring to "mouth feel" - how weighty a wine feels in the mouth. A light-bodied wine would feel less heavy and have flavors that are less concentrated while a full-bodied wine would feel heavier and definitely be more concentrated. If a wine feels similar to the way water feels in your mouth, it's light-bodied. If it feels similar to whole milk, it's full-bodied.
Bordeaux (bore-doe)
Bordeaux is one of France's largest cities as well as one of the leading wine regions in the world; it is dotted with over 7,000 chateaux in the area. The term is also used to refer to the wines made in the region. More than 215,000 acres of vineyards grow Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes for the red wines and Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon grapes for their whites, producing some 35 million cases of wine every year. Bordeaux wines are some of the finest in the world with both wines and wineries garnering critical accolades: Chateau Haut-Brion, Chateau Margaux, and Chateau Petrus, among them. Some much heralded areas within Bordeaux include Pomerol, Medoc, St. Emilion, and Sauternes where France's most renowned dessert wine is produced.
Botrytis Cinerea (bo-trie'-tiss sin-eh-ray'-ah)
A mold that contributes to the production of many of the greatest dessert wines in the world. The mold removes the water from grapes by creating tiny lesions in the grape skins. As a result, the fruit has a much higher ratio of sugar to water thereby creating sweet wines. The French appreciatively call the mold Pourriture Noble - or "noble rot". But the same Botrytis mold is unwelcome when it attacks grapes earmarked for dry wines. Then the pesky mold is called "gray rot."
Bouquet
A tasting term describing the complex aromas that better wines develop as they age. Young wines indeed have aroma, but not the complexity of aromas called bouquet.
Bourgeuil (boor-guh'y)
A town located in the Loire Valley of France known for its historic towns and villages, its many chateaux and its fine wines, including Bourgeuil, a red wine made in the region from the Cabernet Franc varietal.
Bourgogne (boor-gon'-yah)
The French term for Burgundy, a wine producing region in east central France. The fertile Yonne and Saone river valleys are in the heart of the region. Their wines, especially those of the celebrated Cote d'Or ("Golden Slope"), are among the world's most distinguished. Red Bourgognes are produced using Pinot Noir grapes while Chardonnay grapes are used to produce white Bourgognes.
Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains (boor-gon'-yah pahss too gran)
A red wine from the south of Burgundy made from Pinot Noir and Gamay grapes. A winemaker must use at least 33% Pinot Noir grapes to create the blend which is rarely exported to the U.S.
Branco (Portugal)
White in Portuguese.
Brut
A term designating dry Champagne or sparkling white wine - as opposed to a sweet (sec) or semi-sweet one (semi-sec).
Buttery
A term used when tasting to describe a smooth texture and deep flavor. Think of the feel and flavor of butter at room temperature. It's generally used to describe white wines that are aged in oak such as Chardonnay and white Burgundy.
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Cabernet Franc
This red French varietal is widely planted in Bordeaux where it is an important contributor in the blend of many of the region's wines. In most cases Cabernet Franc plays a supporting role, composing approximately 5-20% of the blend, with Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot taking center stage. Noteworthy exceptions are Saint Emilion's two highest-classified estates (Premier Grand Cru Classe "A"): the famous Chateau Cheval Blanc in which Cabernet Franc is the lead varietal, composing approximately two-thirds of the blend, and the exquisite Chateau Ausone in which Cabernet Franc is blended evenly with Merlot. Outside of France Cabernet Franc is not grown on a wide scale, though it does play an important role for winemakers seeking to emulate the classic Bordeaux style.
DNA testing has revealed Cabernet Franc to be one of the parents (along with Sauvignon Blanc) of Cabernet Sauvignon. The two Cabernet varietals are similar in many respects, though Cabernet Franc tends to be lighter, less tannic and acidic, and more fruity and herbaceous than Cabernet Sauvignon. Cabernet Franc also generally has stronger aromas, often consisting of plum, pepper, or violets.
Cabernet Sauvignon
Descendent from a cross between Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon quite possibly has become the most commonly planted red wine grape varietal around the globe. It is the leading grape in many of Bordeaux's most acclaimed and famous wines (particularly those of the Haut-Medoc and Graves), and plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon have spread throughout the world in the wake of the excellent Bordeaux style wines it creates. The varietal was instrumental in helping to put New World wines on the map when in 1976 a California Cabernet Sauvignon shockingly won first place over Bordeaux's finest wines during a blind tasting by French judges in the widely-publicized "Judgment of Paris". Today, this varietal is widely planted in its homeland of France, as well as the United States, South America, Australia, South Africa, Eastern Europe, Spain, and Italy (where it has helped create the new "Super Tuscan" class of wines), and can be found in at least some quantity in virtually every wine producing nation on Earth.
Cabernet Sauvignon's flavor and aromas can vary according to the terroir and the physiological ripeness of the fruit at harvest time, but it is typically characterized by dark fruits like cassis, plums, and black cherries, as well as mint, eucalyptus, cedar, and tobacco. A bell pepper quality can also be apparent, particularly in cool climates that produce slightly under-ripe fruit. Cabernet Sauvignon is also a varietal that is quite tannic, disposing the wines made from it to significant aging; many versions require 10 years or more before reaching their peak period of flavor and balance.
Carmenere (car-men-yehr)
Belonging to the Cabernet family, Carmenere is one of Bordeaux's six permitted varietals for red wine blends, but is now typically used only in small amounts, if at all, by the winemakers of that region. During the phylloxera infestation of the mid-1800s, Carmenere vines were hit especially hard and the varietal was thought to have been almost wiped out. As the vineyards of Bordeaux were replanted, Carmenere was largely forsaken in favor of varietals that produced more consistent yields and were less prone to disease. Luckily for Carmenere, over the years it has enjoyed the good fortune of being mistaken for both Merlot and Cabernet Franc, leading to its unintentional importation to other countries. This occurred in Italy, New Zealand, and most notably in Chile, where cuttings believed to be Merlot were imported and widely planted prior to the Bordeaux phylloxera outbreak of the mid-1800s. Only in the 1990s were these "Merlot" vines discovered to be, in fact, Carmenere. Chile is now the largest producer of Carmenere wines worldwide, and the grape is used both in blends as well as pure varietal wines, the latter being quite a departure from its traditional role in Bordeaux. The warmer and drier climate of Chile is much more favorable to the healthy growth and production of Carmenere, which at its best produces wines replete with flavors of red fruits, earth, smoke, and spice. It tends to be medium-bodied and softer than Cabernet Sauvignon. Happily, Carmenere appears to be undergoing resurgence as vineyards in California, Washington State, and Australia are beginning to plant the varietal in increasing numbers.
Cepage
This is a French word with a meaning equivalent to "grape varietal" in English. It also is used to refer to a wine's blend. For instance, a common Bordeaux cepage might include Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Petit Verdot.
Chardonnay
One of the world's most popular and widely-planted white wine grape varietals, Chardonnay is quite hardy and relatively easy to cultivate. It is also considerably influenced by the terroir of the region in which it is grown; thus, it is responsible for white wines with quite varied characteristics. These can include a flinty mineral quality (as with Chablis), a buttery, oaky flavor (as with Meursault and many Californian examples), and notes of exotic fruits (as with many wines from Australia and other New World locales). In its ancestral home of France, Chardonnay is most famous for the world-renowned white wines of Burgundy. It is also a major contributor to the sparkling wines of Champagne, which are typically a blend of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier. For Champagne made entirely with white wine grapes, known as blanc-de-blanc Champagne, Chardonnay is typically the only varietal used. In California, Chardonnay is the state's most important white wine grape with almost one hundred thousand acres planted as of this writing. Chardonnay continues to grow in popularity worldwide, with plantings increasing in Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and South America.
Claret
This term has no specific legal definition and is not consistently used to mean the same thing. The most common definition, popular in Britain, is as a synonym for red Bordeaux wine. Sometimes the word is used to refer to wines from outside Bordeaux that are of a similar style. In other contexts, it is used to refer to pale, dry red wines.
Clean
Fresh. A wine without noticeable flaws in appearance, aroma or flavor.
Clos (France)
Meaning "enclosed" or "fenced" in French, the term refers to a walled vineyard although on wine labels the term is used liberally.
Closed
Tasting lingo describing an undeveloped wine, a wine with little flavor or aroma - a wine without character. The term is often applied to young Bordeaux or Cabernet Sauvignons that have "closed down" but are destined to become "big" reds with maturity.
Coarse
A wine that tastes harsh or crude.
Complete
A tasting term that almost speaks for itself. The wine is mature and satisfying on many levels: aroma, mouth-feel, and a wonderful taste that lingers firmly on the palate.
Complex
Great wines are wines that can be appreciated on many levels - taste, aroma texture, and even visually. They are complex and the experience of drinking them complete.
Corked, corky
A tasting term that describes a wine contaminated by mold or trichloroanisole (TCA), which emanates from the cork, causing a wine to smell like old cardboard or worse, mildew.
Côte (France)
Meaning "slope" or "hillside" in French, the term is widely used to describe wine producing regions of France including: Côte d'Or (Burgundy), Côte Rôtie (Rhône Valley), and Côte de Brouilly (Beaujolais).
Crémant (France)
A French bubbly or sparkling wine made outside of the Champagne region, and therefore not entitled under French law to be called Champagne. It is, however, produced the same way as Champagne, via the Méthode Champenoise, but unable to be labeled as such. Alsace, Burgundy, and the Loire produce especially fine Crémant wines. Unofficially, Crémant can also refer to a Champagne or sparkling wine that is only lightly effervescent.
Crisp
A tasting term usually used to describe white wines that are fresh, brisk, and pleasantly tart - normally with high acidity.
Crushing
After the grapes have been harvested, the first step of the vinification process is typically the crushing of the grape bunches to extract the juice. Traditionally, this is the point at which people would trample the grapes underfoot to break the skins; however, modern vineyards now rely on machines to crush the grapes, which is both more efficient and more sanitary. The juice that flows from the grapes at this point is known as "free-run" juice, and is considered to be of higher quality than the juice that is extracted later via pressing.
Cuvaison
This is a French word for the process of transferring color, aroma and tannin to wine via leaving grape skins in contact with the juice during the fermentation of red wine. In English, this is known as "maceration".
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Deep
A descriptive word tasters use to describe a high quality wine with layers of flavors that gradually emerge and fill the mouth.
Delicate
A tasting term for wine that is light in fragrance, body and flavor. The wine is attractive, if mild, and is more apt to describe a decent white wine than a red one.
Demi-Sec (France)
In French it means "half-dry" and denotes the sweetest of Champagnes that a winery typically produces.
Distinctive
A tasting term describing a wine with a character that is elegant, sophisticated, and refined.
Dolce (Italy)
Meaning "sweet," the term refers to wines with a lot of residual sugar.
Domaine (France)
Refers to an estate where wines are grown and produced.
Doux (France)
Means "sweet" in French when referring to wines with residual sugar.
Dry
A tasting term describing a wine without residual sugar - the opposite of a sweet wine. The majority of wines are dry and those that are sweeter are typically white wines.
Dulce (Spain)
Another descriptive term. Dull implies an uninteresting wine, lacking in character and liveliness.
Dumb
Wine that has nothing to say. Instead of flavor or aroma worthy of comment, the wine leaves a blank in the mind of the taster. Dumb has a similar meaning to "closed", and corresponds to a period that some wines go through in which the fruitiness of youth begins to decline before the complexity of age asserts itself. The result is a wine that has gone dumb and is not satisfying. Age-worthy wines may become dumb in their early years but may open up again and realize their full potential after further aging. Winemakers cannot easily explain why this occurs and have a hard time forecasting the duration of this phase in the life of some wines.
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Earthy
A wine with a smell and/or flavor reminiscent of dirt. Just a whiff of earthiness is desirable in a good wine but too much designates a wine as flawed.
Elegant
A wine tasting term describing a wine that's well-balanced and subtly complex. The wine is stylish and distinguished with a refined character.
Entry
Tasters use the phrase to describe the immediate impression made by a wine as it hits the mouth. They then speak of "midpalate" and "finish" (later impressions) as well as "length" - terms described later in the glossary.
Extra Dry
A term describing Champagne indicating it's less dry (e.g. slightly sweeter) than Brut.
Extract
A wine tasting term referring to solids in a wine. Extract is increased via leaving the wine in contact with the grape skins longer during processing, resulting in more body and color. Wines described as "big" or "heavy" or "intense" have more extract than lighter wines. See Maceration.
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Fat
A tasting term referring to a well-balanced wine that is full of flavor and body. Sweet wines, in particular, are praised for being fat, especially the finest Sauternes. "Fat" may also connote a wine with low acid levels, though not to the degree of being a flaw, as with wines that are considered "flabby" (see Flabby).
Finesse
A tasting term lauding balance in a fine wine - the amount of tannins, acidity and fruit are in such harmony that no single component of the wine dominates.
Finish
A term describing the taste left in the mouth after swallowing. The term reflects both the character and length of a wine's aftertaste. The finish may be short, soft, smooth, hot, harsh, tannic, lingering or even nonexistent.
Firm
A positive tasting comment meaning a wine greets the palate with a freshness and tannic astringency, which suggests a young wine that should age well. The implication is the wine has a distinct flavor profile and tightly knit structure.
Flabby
This is a wine tasting term applied to wines that are flawed due to a lack of acidity, and therefore have a rather poor structure. It's more common to see this term used to describe a white wine, but it can be used for reds as well. On the other end of the acid spectrum are wines that are considered "sharp" due to an overabundance of acidity. In both cases, the wine's structure is out of balance, making the wine less satisfying.
Flat
The flip side of firm, implying very low acidity. A flat wine lacks liveliness.
Fleshy
A wine tasting term denoting a wine with ample body, alcohol and extract. Fleshy usually connotes a rich, smooth wine. A high glycerin content contributes to fleshiness and if overly pronounced, the wine is said to be oily.
Flinty
Describes wines with dry, mineral characteristics, usually attributable to limestone or a limestone-marl soil in which the grapes were grown. Flintiness is a common characteristic of French Chablis and Sancerre (a Chardonnay from Burgundy and Sauvignon Blanc from the Loire Valley, respectively).
Flowery
A tasting term referring to a floral aroma that is most commonly applied to white wines.
Fortification
Adding additional spirits (especially brandy) to wine. If the alcohol is added before fermentation has reached its natural conclusion, it will kill the yeast and stop the fermentation at that point. The end product will have a higher sugar content and thus more sweetness than it would otherwise, such as with Port. If the alcohol is added after fermentation, the wine is fortified but remains dry - as with Fino Sherry.
Forward
A tasting term describing a wine that has developed ahead of its peers. It's mature and in peak condition. When tasted, the fruit is prominent. Its opposite is "closed".
Foxy
Calling a woman foxy is a compliment but calling a wine foxy is not flattering. The uncomplimentary tasting term is used to describe wines made from Vitis labrusca grapes native to America. While Concord grapes and California green table grapes make yummy juices and jellies, they're sometimes used to make foxy dry wines that are typically not in the delicious category.
Fruity
A descriptive word for a wine in which fruit flavors dominate, usually denoting light, younger wines. Fruity flavors can be predominant in both red and white wines, and include such examples as raspberry, citrus, strawberry, black currant, apple, peach, pear, and many more.
Full-bodied
Refers to how a wine feels in the mouth, e.g. mouthfeel. A full-bodied wine is weighty on the tongue - big and fat. The term is used to describe both red and white wines but red wines are more apt to be full-bodied. The other extreme is a thin-bodied wine.
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Gran Reserva (Spain)
This is the highest category of wines produced in Spain. To earn this label, a wine has to age a minimum of five years. Two of those five years must be in the cask, and then the wine can spend its remaining time aging in the bottle.
Grandes Marques
In French the phrase means "great marks" or "great labels" and can be applied both to a specific Champagne house as well as a 24 member association whose members include the best of French Champagne houses.
Green
A term describing a wine that lacks in fruit flavor because it was produced from grapes that were not ripe. The result is a less than satisfying tart, acidic taste.
Green Harvest
A pruning practice in which grape growers remove clusters of unripe grapes in order to reduce each plant's yield, thereby increasing the quality of the harvest. Many fruit plants abort surplus fruit but the grape isn't one of them. If not for the practice of green harvesting, wine produced by the fruit would likely be thin and diluted.
Grenache
Grenache is a grape varietal that most likely originated in Spain from whence it spread into areas of southern France. Requiring a long ripening period, Grenache is at its best in regions that are warm and dry. The wines produced from this grape tend to have low acidity and low tannin levels, while being full of berry flavors and often spiciness, too. The ripe fruit also contains large amounts of sugar, which are sometimes responsible for a jam-like fruitiness in the wines in addition to elevated levels of alcohol. Grenache is usually blended with other varietals, as in Spain where it is known as Garnacha and commonly partnered with Tempranillo and Carignan. Grenache is the most important grape in appellations throughout France's southern Rhone region, such as the famous Chateauneuf-du-Pape where it is blended with smaller amounts of Cinsault, Mourvedre, Syrah, and other lesser known varietals.
Grip
Indicates a firm flavor, structure, and texture, and is generally used to refer to tannic red wines.
Halbtrocken (Germany)
Translates as 'half-dry" and refers to a dry wine with a touch of sweetness - a medium-dry wine.
Hard
Stiff - not a desirable characteristic. A hard wine is undeveloped, has excess tannins and is not balanced.
Harmonious
As the word implies, all aspects of the wine are in perfect balance: acid, fruit, alcohol, and tannins.
Harsh
A wine that's biting, rough, or hard in character due to excess acid or tannins. Often such wines have a high alcohol component and are very astringent. A harsh wine may become softer and more drinkable as it ages.
Heady
A term used to describe a full-bodied wine with a high level of alcohol.
Hedonistic
A term that describes a wine that is overtly satisfying and pleasurable, as opposed to a wine that is more subtle in its delights.
Herbaceous
Possessing fragrances reminiscent of the outdoors, such as fresh grass, hay, or leaves, and often characteristic of many Sauvignon Blancs. Sometimes the word is used to describe the aroma of green peppers found in some Merlots and Cabernets.
Herby
A tasting term for wines that emit the aroma of herbs; sage, eucalyptus, mint and thyme, for instance.
Hollow
An unflattering tasting term to describe a wine that's totally lacking in both flavor and texture.
Honest
A term describing a simple, straightforward wine without any noticeable flaws.
Honeyed
A wine that has a smell and taste similar to honey. It's most often characteristic of late-harvest wines made from grapes infected by "noble rot," or Botrytis cinerea.
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Integrated
Part of the maturing process of wine is the integration and blending of the wine's separate components (e.g. alcohol, acidity, tannin, oak). At that point, the components are "integrated".
Intricate
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Landwein (Germany & Austria)
A term to describe the German counterpart of the French vin de pays - "wine of the country." The German word connotes "wine of the land". Wine has been so integral to French culture for so long that, in fact, one is much more likely to find better vin de pays than landwein.
Lees
Sediment made up of grape pulp, dead yeast cells, pips (grape seeds), etc. that are created during the wine making process. Leaving the wine on the lees for awhile can impart additional body and flavor. Eventually the lees must be eliminated either by racking the wine or by filtration, or by a combination of the two methods.
Legs
Swirl a glass of wine, especially one that's full-bodied, and it often leaves viscous streams running down the side of the glass. These are called legs and sometimes tears, though there's nothing to cry about because the presence of legs usually indicates a rich wine.
Length
In wine parlance, length refers to how long the bouquet and flavor of a wine persist on the tongue after it has been swallowed. This lingering of flavor is usually associated with a quality wine so length is a positive. Fine wine has a lengthy aftertaste or finish.
Light
A descriptive term that can mean several things. Light can mean light-bodied (a lack of texture or weight on the tongue) or low in alcohol, or a wine that is young and fruity. Whether lightness is a positive or negative characteristic depends on personal preference and the traditional style of a wine.
Long
A lingering aftertaste, as in length. A long finish is characteristic of fine wines.
Luscious
A tasting phrase meaning the beverage is opulent, rich and smooth. Usually applied to wines that are sweet, the word is also used to describe any wine that is intensely fruity.
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Macebeo (mah-cah-beh'-oh)
The most widely cultivated and most important white wine grape in the Rioja region of Spain where it is commonly called Viura. The grape gained prominence because of its high yields and has largely replaced the traditional white varietal Malvasia in this region. The white wines produced from it are generally light, floral and fairly fruity.
Maceration
This is the stage in the wine making process in which the freed juice is left in contact with the grapes' skins, stems, and seeds in order to extract color, tannins, and various flavor substances. For red wines, this process occurs during fermentation, and can last up to a month for full-bodied wines. Pure Vitis vinifera juice is light in color, regardless of the color of the grape it comes from, so this period is what allows a red wine to achieve its red color from the pigment compounds within the skins. Maceration is often avoided altogether when making white wines, with winemakers crushing and pressing their grapes as quickly as possible to immediately separate the juice from the skins. Certain white wines, such as some Sauvignon Blancs and Chardonnays, are sometimes allowed a few hours of skin contact to lend extra flavor and provide a bit of tannin, and it also can have the effect of lowering the wine's acidity. For rosé wines, the grape juice is allowed skin contact only until it has achieved its pink color, after which time maceration is halted by pressing the must. When a wine is macerated too long, it can become "over-extracted" and filled with very rough tannins and volatile acids, so proper timing is important at the maceration stage.
Macon (mah-cawn)
A large and important town in east-central France, situated to the south of the most famous slopes of Burgundy, The nearby Maconnais region of Burgundy takes its name from the town. It's known for good value, and fresh, simple whites produced mostly from the Chardonnay grape.
Macroclimate
A term used when describing the climate of a large wine-producing area - a whole region, for instance. A microclimate depicts a very small wine-growing area, as small as one vine's canopy, for instance; meanwhile a mesoclimate delineates an area in between the two, such as a hillside. Managing climates is important to growers because even slight changes in temperature, sun exposure, soil, etc. can have a major effect on the vines and grapes, and ultimately the wines produced from them.
Madeira (muh-deh'-rah)
Madeira is an island belonging to Portugal and is situated in the Atlantic Ocean about five hundred miles southwest of the European mainland. The island lends its name to one of Portugal's three most famous fortified wines (the other two are Port and Sherry), where it is produced from a variety of grapes. What makes Madeira unique is that it gains flavor from oxidization and heat: elements that would be the death knell for most wines. Madeira is baked and oxidized by the winemakers before being bottled. When wine contacts the oxygen it turns a dark brown color in a process known now as "maderization" for any wine that has oxidized. Madeira is an ancient wine with a long history in Europe, and in the 19th century it was the most commonly sold wine in America. It's also an extremely long-lived wine; a bottle of Madeira from the 19th century can still be excellent.
Maderized
When used to describe a wine, maderized means the wine has oxidized, and is displaying an amber or brown colorization and often an odor of staleness. It's definitely past its prime.
Magnum
A large bottle of wine which holds 1.5 liters, the equivalent of two normal 750ml bottles.
Malbec (mahl-bec)
A red wine grape of Bordeaux also known as Cot. It produces a tannic wine with a deep red color and is usually blended with one (perhaps more) of the four other allowed grapes in Bordeaux: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot. In the Cahors region of southern Bordeaux, where the grape is the main grape used in blending, the resulting wine traditionally was known as "black wine." Today, the grape is so widely cultivated in Argentina that it is more important there than in its native France.
Manzanilla (mahn-thah-nee-yah)
A fino sherry. In Spain chamomile tea is called Manzanilla and the wine is so named because the taste of this pale, dry sherry is reminiscent of the tea.
Margaret River
Geographically, one of Australia's largest wine regions. Located in the state of Western Australia, the Margaret River area produces only 3% of the country's grapes but over 20% of their premium wines. The most heavily planted grapes include Chardonnay, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Semillon, and Sauvignon Blanc.
Margaux (mar-go)
The furthest south of the fine wine producing areas within the Haut-Medoc region of Bordeaux.
Margaux, Chateau (mar-go)
One of four wines to achieve First Growth status in the Bordeaux classification of 1855. The estate, in the Medoc region of France, dates back to at least the 13th century and began growing grapes in the 1570's. Among the most expensive wines in the world, the winery fell into a state of disrepair during the 1960's and 1970's and the quality of the wines deteriorated. Fortunately, the current owners have resurrected the standards and reputation. Chateau Margaux is a blend of approximately 75% Cabernet Sauvignon, 20% Merlot and a 5% blend of Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot grapes.
Marsala (mar-sah'-lah)
The best known Italian fortified wine. In the U.S, it's probably used more for cooking than drinking, but in Italy it has traditionally been served as an aperitif, between courses of a meal, with a cheese course, or as a dessert wine. Marsala wines can be secco (dry), semi-secco (semi-dry), or dolce (sweet). As with Sherry and Madeira and other fortified wines, the color and flavor come from the wine oxidizing while being aged. Marsala is usually vinified dry and may be supplemented with a sweetener: a concentrated must called musto cotto or simply cotto which is responsible for Marsala's characteristic brown color and flavor.
Master of Wine (MW)
Conferred by the Institute of Masters of Wine, the MW is an internationally recognized designation for the top wine experts in the industry. Of those who attempt the two year program, only approximately 30% pass. As of this writing there are 264 MWs.
Mature
Wine parlance for wine that is properly aged, developed fully, and prime for drinking.
McLaren Vale
One of the oldest wine growing regions in Australia, it's located in South Australia and is famous for producing outstanding Shiraz from grapes which thrive in the thin soil and warm summers. While Shiraz represents about half of the total wine produced in McLaren Vale, other varietals grown in the region include Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, and Chardonnay.
Meaty
A wine tasting term used primarily to describe reds that are so firm, sturdy, and full-bodied one can almost chew them.
Médoc (may-doc)
Bordeaux, France's largest and most famous wine growing region. The Medoc is broken into two smaller regions: the Bas-Medoc (lower Medoc) and the Haut-Medoc (upper Medoc). Of the two, Haut-Medoc produces higher quality wines, so you often see Haut-Medoc on the labels of wines from the region. One may see Medoc (without Haut or Bas) on a label but one rarely sees bottles labeled Bas-Medoc.
Mellow
A descriptor for a likely well-aged wine that's soft and smooth, with no bite or harshness.
Meritage
A term invented and trademarked by U.S. winemakers in the late 1980s for use on the labels of blended wines crafted in the style of Bordeaux wines. The need developed due to the fact that in the U.S. there had not been a universally recognized term for American wines made in the Bordeaux style (meaning a wine with less than 75% of one varietal that is comprised of two or more traditional Bordeaux grapes, most commonly Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, or Malbec ). This put winemakers in the position of having to either label their wines generically (such as "red table wine") or devise their own proprietary terms that meant little to the average consumer. Use of the term "meritage" (pronounced in a way that rhymes with "heritage") must be licensed from the California-based Meritage Association which regulates the criteria a wine must meet to qualify. No longer seen only on U.S. wines, "meritage" is being increasingly adopted by wineries worldwide as the term continues to achieve recognition among consumers.
Merlot (mair-lo)
A well-known red wine grape whose full name is Merlot Noir (there's also a Merlot Blanc). It's often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon or other red wine grapes. In Bordeaux's Haut-Medoc region, it is second to Cabernet Sauvignon, while in neighboring Pomerol and St. Emilion, Merlot makes up the largest percentage of the blend, or cepage. The grape is now grown extensively worldwide, though for a while its reputation slipped because of overproduction in some areas such as Italy. The Merlot varietal is grown abundantly in Eastern Europe with large plantings in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Merlot was initially planted primarily as a blending grape in California and Washington, but the varietal began to be bottled under its own name in the late 1970s and has been continually gaining popularity - in spite of the movie Sideways (2004) which implied Merlot was the beverage of wine cretins.
Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot grapes ripen fairly early and have higher sugar and lower tannin levels. They produce wines that are generally more round, soft, and supple than either Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc, and they can generally be enjoyed younger.
Mesoclimate
This term is typically used to describe the climate of a specific vineyard or hillside. See Macroclimate.
Méthode Champenoise (France)
The traditional protocol for creating sparkling wines in which a secondary fermentation happens in the bottle. The method, developed in France, is used worldwide, but only Champagne from the Champagne region of France may use the term legally.
The wine maker takes a variety of still wines and, in a vat, makes a house blend called a cuvee. Some elaborate cuvees can consist of 30 to 40 different wines. A small amount of a syrupy mixture of sugars and yeast is added, and then the wine is sealed and bottled. A secondary fermentation occurs due to the yeast acting on the sugar, which creates more alcohol and carbon dioxide gas, thus creating the bubbles in the wine. Sediment from the dead yeast remains in the bottles which are then, over a duration of several weeks or even months, slowly turned until this material falls down and collects in the bottle's neck. It is removed by placing the neck into a salt water solution sufficiently cold to cause some of the wine to freeze around the sediment. Then the bottle is opened and the ice is removed, taking the sediment away with it. More cuvee is added to the bottle to replace the sacrificed wine, along with additional sugar. The percentage of sugar is going to determine the final sweetness of the sparkling wine which ranges from nature or brut sauvage (the driest) to doux (the sweetest) with brut, extra dry, sec and demi-sec in between.
Méthode Traditionnelle (France)
Winemakers that produce sparkling wine in regions outside the bounds of the Champagne appellation in France are allowed to use this phrase on the label to indicate the sparkling wine was made following the Méthode Champenoise protocol.
Midpalate
A word used when tasting wine to describe how a wine develops within the mouth. The wine's entry is the description of its first impression, while the wine's length and finish can be described after swallowing.
Mis en Bouteille (France)
In French: "put in the bottle". In other words, "bottled". Often appearing on French wine labels, the phrase "mis en bouteille au chateaux" or "mis en bouteille au domaine" indicates the wine is estate-bottled and the grapes were grown on location. The phrase "mis en bouteille dans nos caves" generally indicates the grapes were grown at a vineyard separate from the winery bottling the wine.
Moelleux (France)
A French term used to describe wines that are medium-sweet to sweet.
Moldy
A scent you hope not to detect in a wine. It means the wine was either made from moldy grapes or stored in deteriorating casks afflicted by mold.
Morgon (mor-gawn)
One of the best of the 10 Grand Cru villages that produce wine in France's Beaujolais appellation. The red wines, all made from the Gamay varietal, are full-bodied, more complex, and are not as fruity as those of other Beaujolais villages. They are usually bottled later than most Beaujolais and, unlike most, can benefit from two to five years of bottle aging.
Moscato (moss-cah'-to)
Moscato is the name given to the Muscat varietal in Italy, which is used for Asti Spumante, their well-known bubbly. Unfortunately the best (and drier) examples of this sparkling wine are not the ones that are exported, so don't hesitate to try them in Italy if you have the chance. An extensive variety of Moscato wines, from sparkling to fortified, are produced throughout Italy.
Mosel / Moselle (mo'-zl / mo-zell')
Mosel is the German spelling for one of the most important wine regions in Germany and the river of the same name which winds through the region known as Mosel-Saar-Ruwer (incorporating the name of two of the Mosel's tributaries as well). The Mosel River starts in France and runs along the border of Luxembourg and on into western Germany. There are vineyards all along the river's route, but the wines made from the Riesling grapes along the beautifully terraced hills overlooking the river in Mosel-Saar-Ruwer are the most renowned. Many laud the wines of the Bernkastler Doctor vineyard as their favorite from Germany.
Mousse (France)
French for "froth" or "foam"; think of the head on a glass of beer. It's a descriptor used when tasting for the foam that forms on the surface of a glass of sparkling wine when it's first poured, as well as the nature of the wine's effervescent quality. Mousse can further be described as "soft," meaning not too fizzy, or "harsh" meaning too fizzy - overcarbonated.
Mousseux (France)
A French term for "frothy" or "sparkling," mousseux refers generically to sparkling wine made through the Charmat Method of bottling the wine under pressure instead of the more elaborate and higher-quality Méthode Champenoise (aka Méthode Traditionnelle).
Mouton-Rothschild, Chateau (moo-tohn rot-sheeld)
This First Growth Bordeaux property is located in the Pauillac commune along the south bank of the Gironde River, and it has been owned by the Barons de Rothschild for over a century. Assigned Second Growth status in the 1855 Bordeaux classification, Baron Philippe de Rothschild worked tirelessly in the 20th century to reverse the "monstrous injustice" and get the chateau upgraded to a First Growth (Premier Cru). He was successful in 1973, an unprecedented event and one unlikely to be repeated. Baron de Rothschild also had a flair for marketing and in 1946 he started commissioning original artwork for the labels. Now many wine enthusiasts know Mouton as the wine with the Chagall, Dali, Miro, Warhol, etc. labels. In 1953, for their 100th anniversary, the label was an homage to Picasso who died the same year. Big and full-bodied, the Cabernet Sauvignon based wines are as famous as the labels.
Muller-Thurgau (mew'-lair toor'-gau)
A grape type that is a cross between a Riesling and a Sylvaner and is now the most widely grown variety in Germany. It's also widely grown in New Zealand. The grapes produce low-acid, smooth, medium sweet wines, but in Germany they're not as flavorful as Riesling. In New Zealand wines from this grape are known as Riesling-Sylvane. They're higher in acid and pack more flavor than most of their German counterparts.
Muscadet (mus-cah-day)
A popular dry and light white wine produced in the western portion of France's Loire region where the Loire River empties into the Atlantic. Muscadet draws its name from the French word musqué, meaning musky or perfumed, which refers to the scent of the appellation's primary grape variety - Melon de Bourgogne. The wine is often considered to be perfect with seafood, particularly oysters, which is understandable given the vineyards' proximity to the ocean and the gustatory preferences of the locals.
Muscat (moos-cat or muss-cat)
Believed by some to be the father of all modern wine grapes of the Vitis vinifera species, the Muscat grape family includes many sub-varieties and colors. This category of grape goes back to the ancient world, and is now used for raisins, table grapes, and wine production. It is grown in temperate climates worldwide, and almost all wine-making regions in the world have Muscat based wines, so there are too many to name. Almost without exception, they can be somewhat, if not very, sweet. Look for Muscat or Moscato on a label. The grape often has a distinct aroma of musk.
Muscular
A descriptor for a wine, almost always red, that's vigorous, full-bodied and powerful.
Must
The juice of crushed grapes that will be made into wine. Must can include pulp and seeds as well as juice.
Musty
An undesirable, stale, damp smell in a wine that has probably been stored in an unclean wooden cask. It's not unlike the smell of mold that could be attributed to a moldy or defective cork. If that's the case, aerating should help. To discern whether the smell is musty and due to improper storage during the making of the wine, or a "corked" smell due to a moldy cork, pop open another bottle of the very same wine. If it smells too, then chances are great you have a musty wine.
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Navarre (na-var)
A wine producing area in north central Spain, just south of Pamplona. It's best known for its rosada (rosé) and its increasingly fine Cabernet based wines.
Nebbiolo (neh-b'yoh'-lo)
One of the world's top red wine grapes, Nebbiolo is planted mainly in northern Italy's Piedmont area. Wines made solely from Nebbiolo grapes include Barolo, Gattinara, and Barbaresco and they're characteristically full-bodied, rich and chewy. They're usually tannic with powerful fruit flavors and a high alcohol content (13% or more), and they definitely benefit from aging which helps soften them. Curiously, the grape is not often grown in the U.S. and rarely cultivated at all outside of Italy.
New World
Broadly speaking, the wine world is divided into the New World and the Old. The New World refers to places outside of the classic wine making countries of Europe, like Australia, New Zealand, and North and South America. Over the past several decades, consumers have benefited greatly from the tremendous expansion of the wine industries in the New World and the excellent wines they are producing. New World is a bit of a misnomer because wine making in New World countries often has an Old World heritage: the Italians and Spanish in Argentina and Chile or the Dutch in South Africa, for example.
Noble
A tasting term that describes a superlative wine of outstanding character. The term has also been used to describe several traditional grape varieties known for producing fine wines: Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Merlot, Riesling, and Pinot Noir.
Noble Rot
See Botrytis Cinerea
Nose
A term referring to how a wine smells. The term nose is also used in place of bouquet or aroma. Some use nose in an attractive way to describe a very powerful and robust bouquet, while others may use the term "off nose" to describe unpleasant odors in a wine. Its connotation can be either positive or negative.
Nouveau (noo-vo) (France)
Nouveau simply means "new" in French. However, when paired with Beaujolais, as in "Beaujolais Nouveau", the phrase connotes a wine that's light and fruity and above all, young. Beaujolais Nouveau is shipped just a few weeks after its grapes are harvested in late October/early November. Most of the wines are produced using a method called Carbonic Maceration, which is much quicker than traditional wine making methods. The result, however, is a wine without much depth or complexity. One could say the marketing efforts are much richer than the wine that is celebrated and distributed worldwide.
Nutty
A tasting term usually used to describe a wine like Port or Sherry that has nut-like flavors - especially of walnuts or hazelnuts. An overly nutty flavor in most wines is looked upon as a flaw.
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Oak
Most barrels employed to store and age wine are made of oak, which contributes both tannins and flavor to the contents and are especially crucial when trying to successfully produce long-lived red wine. The oak flavor should be subtle and never the overwhelming characteristic of a wine.
Oaky
Tasting term describing the flavor and aroma of oak imparted from aging the wine in containers made of that wood. This flavor is often characterized as being smoky with hints of spices such as clove or vanilla.
Oenology
Also spelled enology, it's the science or study of wine production or viniculture. Two top universities offering the major include the University of California at Davis and the University of Bordeaux in France. Students would be taught by experts in the field called oenologists or enologists.
Off-dry
A tasting term describing a wine with just a hint of sweetness. An off-dry wine isn't dry, but the sweet flavor is so subtle it can't be called sweet, either.
Off-flavors (also off-aromas or off-nose)
Term describing a wine in which the flavors or aromas are uncharacteristic or unpleasant. It's defective, with incorrect flavors for the type of wine that it is.
Old World
In the wine universe, the Old World refers to Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Germany, etc.) where there's an ancient tradition of growing grapes and making wine. Some places, especially in Italy, have been cultivating grapes expressly for wine production for literally millennia. Some Old World vineyards have been maintained by the same families for hundreds of years.
Open
A wine that reveals its complete depth and character and is ready to drink.
Organic Viticulture
Winemakers are not immune to the desire among consumers for organic products. Some grow grapes without the use of chemically altered fertilizers or pesticides in which case they may advertise their wine with the phrase "organically grown grapes". The wine itself may be made without the addition of sulfites, in which case a label is permitted to read "organically processed wine". When wine labels are without the phrase "Contains Sulfites", it indicates the wine has a SO2 (sulfur dioxide) content of below 10 ppm, and most likely has been organically processed. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) regulates the marketing and distribution of wines and, as of this writing, doesn't allow the specific phrase "organic wine" to be used on labels.
Oxidized
Wine that has undergone chemical changes via prolonged exposure to air, often giving off a stale aroma not unlike Sherry. The result is considered unwanted in a red or white table wine, which may have a brownish color as a result, but oxidation is desirable and inherent in wines like Madeira and Sherry. The oxidation process is the same that occurs with fruit. Leave half an apple, pear, or avocado lying around for a half hour and it will turn brown from exposure to air.
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Passito (pah-see'-toe) (Italy)
A wine production method used in Italy whereby grapes are dried, either on mats or by hanging, until they become raisins. As a result, wine made in this manner has a lot more sugar than is typical. Thus these grapes are used mostly for dessert wines which are called "Passito," after the method. One notable exception is the red and dry Amarone della Valpolicella, which is made the same way and benefits similarly from the concentrated flavors that desiccated grapes can provide.
Pasteurization
Developed by the famous French scientist Louis Pasteur while investigating the reasons why beer and wine spoil, pasteurization is the process of killing bacteria via heating the fluid then quickly chilling it. Ironically, wines are not commonly pasteurized because bacteria are necessary for wines to properly age. Some simpler wines that are designed to be enjoyed young are occasionally pasteurized.
Pedro Ximenez (peh'-dro hee-meh'-nez)
Produced most commonly in southern Spain, Pedro Ximenez is a grape varietal used to make white wines. The grape's name is the Spanish translation of Peter Siemens, a German who originally introduced this varietal to Spain's wine country. It is used to make Sherry as well as some unpretentious white wines in Spain and other parts of the world, including Australia and Argentina.
Perfume
A wine tasting term referring to a noticeable floral fragrance and flavor in certain wines. Perfume can also be synonymous with aroma, especially when a wine's aroma is favorable.
Petillant (France)
Lightly effervescent; slightly sparkling. Pétillance is found sometimes in wines not meant to sparkle but which are often bottled with some left-over CO2 - German Rieslings, for example. In Germany, the term for petillant is spritzig, while in Italy it is known as frizzante.
Petite Sirah (peh-teet see-rah)
This grape varietal is also known as Durif, after Francois Durif, the Frenchman who developed the grape in the late 19th Century. The result of a chance cross pollination between Syrah and the French grape Peloursin, Petite Sirah is now grown mainly in California, and increasingly in Australia. Make no mistake, there is nothing petite about Petite Sirah, which produces rich, powerful, and very tannic wines. Often best enjoyed within its first 5 years, it can also benefit from extensive bottle aging which can soften its sometimes extreme tannins.
pH
On a scale of zero to fourteen, pH is the standard for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The scale's midpoint of seven is neutral. A pH below seven indicates acidity. Table wines measure, ideally, approximately 3.0 to 3.6. Below 3, a wine becomes sharp; it becomes flabby above 3.6. The pH scale measures the concentration of the acid as opposed to the volume of acid. If the pH is too low or too high, the wine won't be well balanced even if the volume of acid is appropriate. Both determine a wine's potential quality. Low pH also hinders the growth of bacteria which is essential in wines if they're going to age well.
Phylloxera (fil-lox'-er-ra)
The most disastrous plague to ever afflict the wine industry resulted from the Phylloxera, a small insect related to aphids. Indigenous to North America, the phylloxera louse survives by consuming the leaves of North American grape vines. Unfortunately, the louse was inadvertently sent to Europe where it discovered the vinifera variety of grape had delicious appendages - the roots. Phylloxera stopped feeding upon leaves and became a root devouring machine. Given that the lice were feeding underground as opposed to on the leaves, the insects were harder to detect and eliminate. The latter part of the 1800s saw this insect ravage the vineyards of Europe and make its way back to wine producing areas in America, where, for the first time, it attacked vinifera and came close to destroying the wine making business before a solution was finally found. Root stock, native to North America and resistant to the tiny louse, was grafted to vinifera vines around the world, and the industry was spared decimation. Today the grafting technique is still used worldwide and as a result phylloxera is mostly controlled. Occasionally a wine maker, thinking perhaps the threat has diminished and that he can save a few bucks by using non-resistant root stock, plants non-resistant root stock with disastrous results. In California in the 1980s and 90s an epidemic of phylloxera occurred in Napa Valley reminding winemakers to be ever vigilant.
Piedmont / Piemonte (peed-mont / p'yay-mon'-tay)
Called Piemonte in Italian, the name Piedmont translates as "foot of the mountains" and appropriately describes a significant area of wine production in Italy lying at the foot of the Alps where the mountains form natural boundaries between Italy, Switzerland and France. The powerful red wines Barolo and Barbaresco are produced here, as are the light sparkling wines Asti Spumante and Moscato d'Asti. Popular grape varietals include Barbera, Nebbiolo, and Moscato.
Pinot Blanc (pee-no blahnc)
A white wine grape related to Pinot Noir that is grown widely in California, Oregon, and the French region of Alsace. Once, this varietal was prolific within Burgundy where it was planted adjacent to Chardonnay. It seems that much of the supposed Pinot Blanc that winemakers took away from Burgundy to be grown elsewhere actually turned out to be Chardonnay. In particular, many Italian growers of "Pinot Blanco" have been pleasantly surprised to discover they have actually been growing the more popular Chardonnay and they've acted quickly to correctly name their wine. Pinot Blanc grapes are now uncommon in Burgundy. Wines made from Pinot Blanc don't typically age as well as Chardonnays, though better versions will benefit from aging and develop honey-like flavors. They're crisper due to high acid levels, and as a result are finding their way into more and more sparkling wines.
Pinot Grigio (pee-no gree-jee-o)
A wine produced in northern Italy from the grape of the same name. The grape is also called Pinot Gris (France) and Rulander (Germany). Most of this popular wine is dry, crisp, and light, and there are a number of appellations in Italy, such as Colli Orientali and Alto-Adige, that are famous for their excellent Pinot Grigio. There are also some richer, honeyed examples primarily from the Alsace area of France. Grown also in areas of Central and Eastern Europe, Pinot Grigio is not commonly planted in the U.S., except for a small number of growers in California and Oregon.
Pinot Gris (pee-no gree)
See Pinot Grigio. Oregon has recently become well known for its daring, flavorful Pinot Gris.
Pinot Noir (pee-no nwahr)
Native to Burgundy, France, this grape is now planted all over the New World and has become one of the most successful red wine varietals on the planet. California and Oregon produce tremendous examples, and, more recently, New Zealand is fast becoming renowned for fine Pinot Noirs. The grape is also grown for use in many top-end Champagnes and other sparkling wines outside the Champagne region. Wine makers discovered that they could press the grape softly to prevent the red pigment from the skin of the grape from leeching into the juice, so the bubbly produced from Pinot Noir is basically clear and "champagne" in color. Rosé Champagne's color is generally produced through the addition of red wine and is usually not due to the color of the main grape's skin. Pinot Noir is typically low in tannins while offering high acidity, making it both easy to drink when young as well as the perfect complement for a meal. Pinot Noir is a challenging grape, both in the vineyard and in the winery. This causes fluctuations in quality to be commonplace, and leads to disappointing products from some winemakers, even in a good year.
Pinotage (pee-no-tahj)
This grape was created as a cross between the Pinot Noir and Cinsault grapes, in an attempt to harness Pinot Noir's great wine producing qualities while increasing its hardiness and yield. It's one of South Africa's most important varietals, and although the winemakers there are enthusiastic about their Pinotage wines, they have yet to become very popular worldwide.
Pique (pee-kay) (France)
A French word applied to wines that have started to sour or take on a vinegar-like quality. This is the same meaning as the English tasting term "pricked".
Plonk
A slang word popular in Great Britain that is applied towards poor-quality jug wines produced in bulk.
Pomace (pah-muss)
The residue that remains after pressing and fermenting wine, including skin, seed, stem and pulp material. In France it's called "Marc" and it's distilled into a style of brandy also known as Marc. The Italians do the same and call the beverage "Grappa."
Porron (poh-rone)
A ceramic or glass pitcher used by the Spanish for consuming wine in a dramatic, celebratory way. Similar in appearance to a small flower watering pot, it has a pointy spout that streams a drink of wine into your mouth. You hold the Porron above your head and let the wine flow down. Drinking from it requires some skill as well as the ability to keep up with the constant flow of liquid.
Port
A Portuguese wine, typically red and sweet, that is fortified. It is produced in a variety of different styles and types.
Vintage Port is produced only in years that are considered excellent, and are bottled within its first two years of life. Great examples can be aged for upwards of half a century. Not surprisingly, aged Vintage Ports need to be decanted prior to drinking because they will contain a lot of sediment.
Late Bottled Vintage Port (LVB) is also made from a single vintage of grapes but they're of lesser quality than those used for Vintage Port. It's then barrel aged for several years, which allows the wine to be consumed as soon as it's bottled. As its price indicates, it does not have the complexity of a quality Vintage Port.
Ruby Port is produced from wine batches that are of poorer quality, which then undergo barrel aging for approximately two years. It's then bottled while still young, fruity, and sporting a brilliant red color. In most cases, these are the least expensive of port wines.
Character Port is a non-vintage good quality ruby port. The style is not particularly complex and aging does not typically improve it. The term "character port" is not advertised on the labels; they will be sold simply under a brand name.
Tawny Port, so-called because of its tawny hue, is produced by combining a number of different vintages that have been aged in wood for as long as 40 years. The labels on fine tawny ports indicate the average number of years the vintages that went in to them have been aged. Like Late Bottled Vintage, tawny ports are ready to drink upon bottling. Inexpensive ones are made via blending ruby port and white port. Another style of tawny port is Colheita, which is made from only a single vintage, the year that is shown on the label.
White Port is made from white wine grapes. It is a dry wine, typically served as an aperitif, and it's rarely exported to the U.S.
Porto
Legally, Ports shipped to the U.S. are called "Porto" and the name has to appear somewhere on the label (Port bottled in Britain is not subject to this rule). This naming policy exists in order to prevent consumers from becoming confused between these imported wines and similar port-style versions made in America or elswhere.
Portugieser (por-too-ghee-zer)
A red wine varietal grown extensively in Austria, where it is one of the most commonly planted red wine grapes. It is also popular in Germany. The origin of the name is unknown, but there is no definitive evidence to relate it to Portugal.
Pouilly-Fuisse (poo-yee fwee-say)
A world-renowned French white wine, produced in southern Burgundy from the Chardonnay varietal.
Pouilly-Fume (poo-yee foo-may)
A French dry white wine produced in the Loire region from the Sauvignon Blanc varietal.
Premier Cru (preh-m'yay crew) (France)
In France, the term translates as "First Growth" and is used to indicate estates of high distinction. In Bordeaux, this is the highest classification and there are just five estates that have been awarded this title, making them the most exclusive producers in the region. In Burgundy, the term "Grand Cru" is given to the top vineyards whose producers are allowed to simply list the vineyard as the appellation. "Premier Cru" is the next level, and those wines must be labeled with both the originating village and the name of the specific vineyard.
Press
A device or machine that squeezes grapes in order to release their juice. There are a myriad of different press styles used in wineries around the world, but three of the most common are the basket, bladder, and tank presses. Pressing typically follows the crushing of the grapes and is used to extract additional juice from the grape skins, pulp, and seeds. With white wines pressing is done before fermentation, whereas with red wines it follows fermentation.
Press Wine
As part of the process of making wine, juice is extracted from the grape solids, or must: the stalks, skins, pulp, and pips. Prior to this, some juice, known as free-run juice, flows naturally from the grapes during crushing or even just from the force of the grapes stacked upon each other. It flows without pressing. Press wine is made from the juice extracted from the must after crushing. It's more coarse and dark and contains more tannins than free-run wine. The two are often blended together because the press wine makes the combined wine firmer and more structured.
Primeur (pree-muh'r) (France)
Meaning "first," it's a French word for wines meant to be enjoyed soon after harvesting. Beaujolais Nouveau is one such wine that is famous throughout the world.
Primitivo (pree-mee-tee'-voh)
A red wine grape grown in the Balkans and Italy. For many years it was believed to be the progenitor of California's Zinfandel grape but recent DNA testing indicates that the grapes are different clones of the same original varietal, likely Crljenak, a grape from Croatia. This makes them essentially identical genetically, with only very minor differences in yield and maturation time. See Zinfandel.
Prohibition
In 1920 the 18th amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed into law, outlawing the sale of alcohol and heralding the beginning of a thirteen year experiment that failed miserably. Between 1920 and 1933, when the 18th was repealed by the 21st amendment, consumption of alcohol in the U.S. doubled. Meanwhile, crime became rampant as smugglers, bootleggers, and organized crime syndicates each fought for their piece of the black market.
Prosecco (pro-seh-co)
An Italian white wine varietal grown primarily in the Veneto region. It's also the name of sparkling wines made from the grape, which can be Spumante, meaning fully carbonated, or Frizzante, meaning lightly carbonated. In the U.S. it's often served in lieu of more expensive Champagne. Characteristically, Prosecco is a dry, crisp wine with pleasant apple aromas and flavors. Proscecco can also be a still wine, but the still versions are rarely exported.
Provence (pro-vahn'ss)
A vast and beautiful viticultural region in southern France that lies east of the Rhone River and extends south to the Mediterranean Sea. It is said that wine production there goes back to approximately 600 B.C. Every year, Provence produces over 40 million cases of a wide variety of wines. Perhaps the best known is Cotes du Rhone. Red wine varietals popular in the area include Syrah, Carignan, Mourvedre, Grenache and more recently, Cabernet Sauvignon. Popular white varietals include Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Ugni Blanc, and Viognier.
Punt
The inward depression at the bottom of a Champagne or wine bottle. The punt was originally created to strengthen bottles containing carbonated wine so they wouldn't break under the internal pressure, but it also catches sediment that precipitates out of the wine and allows easier stacking of the bottles.
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QbA (Germany)
Short for Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete, QbA is the mid-range of three categories delineating the quality of German wines. The other categories are QmP (the highest) and DMW (the lowest). QbA permits the addition of added sugar or süssreserve.
QmP (Germany)
An abbreviated form of Qualitätswein mit Prädikat, which translates loosely as "quality wine with distinction" and denotes the highest quality of German wines. There are six different designations within this category, each indicating a different level of sugar in the must. These wines have a certain minimum alcohol content and are not allowed to contain any added sugar. As of 2007, this wine category is now referred to as Prädikatswein.
Quinta (Portugal)
The Portuguese term for "farm", quinta is analogous to chateau in France and connotes a vineyard or wine-growing estate. Quintas are often associated with well known "port houses" such as Graham, Dow or Fonseca. Many of their grapes wind up in house blends but more and more are producing single-quinta wines and single-quinta vintage ports.
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Racking
The process of transferring wine from one container to another. Racking is done with the express purpose of leaving sediment behind. The process also aides in the development of the wine by providing oxygen (via exposure to air) which is required for creating secondary aromas. White and light red wines are typically racked one or two times, whereas heavier reds usually undergo the process three or four times before bottling.
Reserva (Spain)
A legal designation for Spanish red wines that means the wine has aged at least three years prior to being released, with a minimum of one of those years inside of an oak barrel. The word is allowed to be used on white and rosé wines that have been aged a minimum of two years, six months of which were in the barrel.
Reserve
Unlike in Spain and Italy, in the U.S. the term means nothing legally. It's used because the implication is that the wine is among the best the vineyard has to offer. Often this is true, but unfortunately, it's frequently used as a gimmick and applied to a low-quality and/or cheap wine.
Retsina (ret-see'-nah)
Thousands of years ago the Greeks discovered that adding pine resin (pitch) to wine helped to keep it preserved by preventing the wine from spoiling. Apparently they became enamored of its distinct taste in wine, and Retsina, with its resin flavor still derived from pitch, is the direct descendent of its ancient predecessor. Popular in Greece, Retsinas can be white or rosé. Many who travel there acquire a taste for them perhaps because they're part of the romance of Greece.
Rhine Wine
In Germany the phrase indicates wines made in the Rhine Valley. In the U.S., however, the phrase is generic and applied mostly to semi-sweet white wines with an alcohol content under fourteen percent.
Rhone
One of the longest rivers in Western Europe, it starts in Switzerland and then wends its way into and through France in a valley that for a 125 mile stretch makes up one of the great French wine regions - from Avignon in the south of France to just below Vienne to the north. The northern end of the valley produces the powerful Syrah based wines of Cote-Rotie. The village of Condrieu, a little to the south, is home of the Viognier grape. Continue south and find Hermitage and further still, Chateauneuf-du-Pape, which cultivates and uses 13 allowable grape varieties. Vineyards also dot banks of the Rhone in Switzerland.
Rich
A wine tasting term referring to a full-flavored wine of opulence and intensity.
Riddling
Riddling is one step in the process of making sparkling wine via the champagne method or methode champenoise. In a process that takes six to eight weeks, bottles are turned slightly and tilted at increasing angles until finally inverted and all the sediment has neatly fallen into the neck of the bottle where it's easily removed via "disgorgement". The process was developed in 1805 by the newly widowed Madame Clicquot of the Champagne house of the same name. Done by hand in the past, today it is likely to be done by machine.
Riesling (rees-ling)
One of the most important white wine varietals in Germany and one of the most celebrated varietals worldwide. Wines made from Riesling are balanced with strong fruit flavors and sufficient acidity to make them long-lived. Riesling accounts for some of the world's finest sweet whites.
Rioja (ree-oh-ha)
A renowned Spanish wine producing region with a history that goes back to the Roman era. Rioja might have had only its heritage to brag about had wine makers from Bordeaux not emigrated there in the 19th century in an attempt to escape the phylloxera that had destroyed their vineyards in France. Eventually the lice followed them there but not before they successfully revitalized the wine industry and growers got better at fighting the pesky insect. The quality of the wines produced in Rioja used to be less than consistent due to the dry, hot climate, which often was too much for the wines to endure throughout various stages of production. Modern vinification technology and temperature controlled vats are now able to bring consistent quality to the wines of the region. Tempranillo, Garnacha (Grenache in French), Mazuelo, and Graciano are the grapes used to produce Rioja's red wines, while Viura (also called Macabeo), Malvasia, and increasingly smaller amounts Garnacha Blanca (White Grenache) are the grapes most often used for white Rioja.
Riserva (ree-zair-vah)
The descriptor in Italy (regulated by Italian law) that means the wine has been aged a certain number of years. Just how many depends on the wine. For Chianti to be classified as Riserva, it has to be aged 3 years. For Brunello or Barolo the requirement is 5. Unlike in Spain, barrel aging is not required for classification as Riserva.
Robust
A wine tasting term describing a full-bodied wine (typically red). Similar in definition to "big", it also implies the wine is round, full of flavor and has good mouthfeel.
Rosé (ro-zay)
In French it means pink and in wine-speak it means wines that are pink or reminiscent of the color. With the exception of some Champagnes in France, rosé wines are made from red grapes so they are also known as "blanc de noir" (as in white from black, referring to dark grapes). Unfortunately, rosé wines don't enjoy a great reputation in the United States, perhaps because drinkers of wine may self-categorize as fans of red or white. Perhaps it's because rosé jug wines prevalent in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s were of less than high quality. The white zinfandels prevalent today do little to enhance the reputation of rosés. But fine dry rosés are produced in many regions of both the Old and New Wine Worlds, including fine French examples from Anjou, Lirac and Tavel. In the U.S., the descriptor "blush" is commonly used instead of "rosé".
Roses
Many a vacationer returns with photos of roses growing happily at the end of row after row of grapevines. They likely think of them as simply decorative, but in fact they actually serve an important function. They are essentially a viticultural canary-in-the-mine. Roses are highly vulnerable to a powdery fungal infection called oidium. If and when the roses are attacked by it, the grapes are treated to ward off a coming infestation.
Rosso (ross'-oh) (Italy)
The word for "red" in Italian. In Italy, it sometimes makes up part of the name of a wine, as in Rosso Piceno or Rosso di Montepulciano.
Rotwein (rot-vine) (German)
"Rot" is "red" and "wein" is "wine" in German - thus the German word for red wines.
Rouge (rooj) (French)
The French word for "red." In France "vin rouge" is red wine and the phrase is often used to order the house red.
Rough
A wine tasting term describing an unpleasant wine that bites, tastes harsh, is too tannic and/or unbalanced. Usually the term describes young wines but such a verdict doesn't hold out much hope that the wine will soften sufficiently with age to be a quality wine. The rough feeling may diminish over time, but so will the pleasing fruit flavors.
Round
Not unlike the term "fat", a round wine is balanced and mellow with a well-developed flavor profile and no rough edges.
Roussillon (roo-see-yawn)
A wine-producing locale in the south of France near the city of Perpignan, just north of the border with Spain. The region is commonly referred to as Languedoc-Roussillon but Roussillon has a character that is unique. The populace regard themselves as Catalans, an ethnicity that extends as far south as Barcelona. A lot of honest, well-made table wine is produced in Roussillon, with Cinsault as the most common base varietal blended with Grenache, Mourvedre, or Syrah. They are also known for unique wines including the fortified Rivesaltes and the uncommon and stellar wine called Banyuls.
Ruby Cabernet
An American varietal cross-bred from the Cabernet Sauvignon and Cinsault grapes. Developed in 1948 at the University of California at Davis, the grape was intended to be a more commercially viable alternative to Cabernet Sauvignon, which was slow to ripen. Unfortunately, wine made from it turned out to be a disappointment, so what little of this grape is still harvested in California's Central Valley goes into the making of bulk wine.
Ruby Port
A type of port wine that has undergone aging in a wood barrel for two to three years. Because they're produced from relatively low-quality wines and bottled while still young (and bright red), ruby ports are usually the least expensive of the port wines.
Rulander (roo-lahn-der)
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Saar (sahr)
The Saar is one of the Mosel River's tributaries and an area within the Mosel-Saar-Ruwer wine making region. Being a challenging area for viticulture due to the cold climate, there are only a few vintages each decade that produce magnificent wines (though they are sufficient to keep the area planted and the wines famous worldwide). Most years the harvest is used for making a German sparkling wine known as Sekt. Because the path of the Saar is a northerly one in this region, its grapevines aren't planted along the banks but instead on south-facing hills in its valleys. This planting strategy maximizes the exposure to the sun.
Saint-Émilion (sant ay-mee-l'yon)
A picturesque village and the second most important wine producing region in Bordeaux, France (the first being the Medoc region). The wines here are mostly Merlot based blends, although some are based on the Cabernet Franc varietal. Though it thrives in the nearby Medoc region, Cabernet Sauvignon isn't as well-suited to the cool clay soil of St. Emilion. The town itself holds a lot of charm and is a favorite of tourists from around the globe. The area is dotted with ancient caves carved out of limestone that were used as wine cellars. Because of the prominence of the Merlot grape, the wines of St. Emilion generally offer more softness and are better when young than their Cabernet based counterparts from the nearby Medoc region. Some local villages attach the name "Saint-Emilion" with a hyphen to the village name on their labels, but their wines are often lighter and are made with more Cabernet Franc.
Important to note is that St. Emilion was not included in the famous 1855 Bordeaux classification (which focused mostly on red wines from the Medoc). St. Emilion underwent its first classification in 1878, but unlike the Medoc, which has not undergone a reclassification since 1855, the chateaux of St. Emilion have undergone periodic reclassification, with some chateaux achieving higher status, and some receiving demotion.
Sancerre (sahn-sehr)
A French village at the east end of the Loire Valley famous for its fine Sauvignon Blanc wines. In fact, the wines of Sancerre and its neighbor, Pouilly-Fume, are largely responsible for placing the Sauvignon Blanc varietal on the international wine map.
Sangiovese (san-joh-vay'z eh)
Along with Nebbiolo, Sangiovese is one of the two most important Italian red wine varietals. It is believed to be an ancient grape that's been used in wine production since before the Roman era. If you doubt the tradition of wine-making goes back that far, consider that etymologists think the name of this varietal derives from sanguis Jovis, Latin for "the blood of Jupiter." It's found in Tuscany and throughout the central and southern wine producing regions, and its several clone varieties are used as the backbone for many of Italy's finest wines, including Chianti, Brunello, and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano.
Sangria (sahn-gree'-ah)
A beverage in Spain that's traditionally a mix of fruit and red wine, served on ice. Authentic Sangria from Spain often includes the country's brandy which is somewhat sweet and has its own unique flavor. Mixing fruit and/or sweeteners with wine is an ancient practice that likely originated as a way of hiding wine that had spoiled. It continues to this day because, when well made, it can be a cooling and wonderful drink on a hot summer's day. In the U.S. wine coolers are no doubt the progeny of sangria but lose in comparison to a well crafted pitcher of the real thing.
Sassicaia (sah-see-cah'-yah)
Sassicaia is a red wine made in Tuscany from a blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. The wine is purposely made in the Bordeaux style, and, in fact, it's produced from vines that were grown from cuttings from the famous First Growth (Premier Cru) Chateau Lafite-Rothschild estate. Developed in the mid-1960's, it had no official classification for decades, even while becoming one of the most critically acclaimed and expensive wines in Italy. It was in the vanguard of a category of wines often called "Super Tuscans," all based on the Cabernet Sauvignon grape in spite of the fact that Cabernet Sauvignon was not a permitted grape in Tuscany. Not surprisingly, a new DOC designation was created in the Bolgheri region of Tuscany for this wine in 1994.
Saumur (saw-muhr)
A charming village situated on the Loire River in the central Loire Valley, Saumur is part of a larger wine producing area called Anjou-Saumur. Since the early 1800's the majority of the wine produced in the area is sparkling, and it has been made via the Méthode Champenoise. Saumur vineyards grow primarily the white wine grapes Chenin Blanc and Chardonnay and the red wine grape Cabernet Franc, all of which are used for their sparkling wines. This region also produces still varieties of red, white and rosé wines from a variety of grapes.
Sauternes (saw-tehrn)
A region in Bordeaux, France and, more famously, a dessert wine of the same name. The secret to the stunningly sweet Sauternes wine is the Botrytis Cinerea mold (also known as Noble Rot) that attacks and dehydrates the grapes (which are already beyond ripe), concentrating their sugars. The sugar content is so high it can't be completely converted to alcohol so the resulting wine is about 14 percent alcohol with approximately 5 percent residual sugars. In addition to being often served after a meal in France, many connoisseurs and chefs consider it to be a wonderful pairing with foie gras and other rich dishes. Sauternes is made primarily from the Semillon varietal, and rounded out by differing degrees of Sauvignon Blanc. In the U.S., the name "sauterne", uncapitalized and without the "s" at the end, is a generic label used on some cheap dry to slightly sweet versions that are in many cases bulk wines made from inferior quality grapes. These wines bear no resemblance to authentic Sauternes.
Sauvignon Blanc (so-vee-nyohn blahnc)
One of the world's most widely planted white wine varietals, Sauvignon Blanc is grown in France, California, Italy, Eastern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America, among other places. In Bordeaux, France, it's generally included in a blend with Semillon resulting in a rich and elegant wine, but without a lot of Sauvignon Blanc's distinctive character. The Sauvignon Blancs produced in the Loire Valley of France in the charming villages of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fume give this varietal an opportunity to express itself in a fuller, more authentic way. In the late 1960s, the famous winemaker Robert Mondavi popularized his new California Sauvignon Blanc wines under the name of "Fume Blanc", and to this day the terms are often used interchangeably in that state. More recently, New Zealand is rapidly becoming famous for its Sauvignon Blanc. The grape produces grassy, herbaceous wines with noticeable acidity that are best enjoyed young.
Savennieres (sah-ven-yehr)
Nestled in the Anjou area of the Loire Valley, this French town is famous for outstanding white wines made from Chenin Blanc grapes. In contrast to other wines of the Anjou area, Savennieres' wines are invariably dry.
Savigny-les-Beaune (sah-vee-n'yee leh bone)
In the north of the Cote de Beaune region in Burgundy, France, this small village produces an abundance of light, high quality, reasonably priced red wines.
Schloss (shloss)
Meaning "castle" in German, the term is used similarly to "chateau" in France, indicating a vineyard or estate on a wine label.
Schloss Johannisberg (shloss yo-hah'-niss berg)
Probably the most well-known German wine producing estate. Its heritage dates to the 12th century when an abbey on its grounds was dedicated to St. John the Baptist; thus, the estate became known as Johannisberg, meaning "John's Mountain". In the early 18th century, Schloss Johannisberg became the first vineyard to record planting Riesling grapes exclusively. In 1775, there was an accidental delay in the harvesting of the grapes and, as a result, the sweetening effect of the Botrytis Cinerea fungus on grapes was discovered. The term Spatlese, meaning "late harvest" was later used to describe wines purposely picked later to create the same effect.
Screwcaps
Screwcaps, as well as synthetic corks, are increasingly popular, modern alternatives to using the centuries old practice of bottling wine with cork. These alternatives are gaining in popularity due to several problems that exist with oak corks. First, there's the question of supply; the world's supply of cork oak trees isn't infinite and demand continues to increase, causing the price to increase as well. Second, oak cork contains trichloroanisole (TCA) and other chemicals that can cause a wine to become flawed with "corked" smells and flavors. A "corked" bottle is harmless, but aesthetically it can detract greatly from one's enjoyment of a wine. Estimates are that the problem occurs in approximately 5 percent of all bottles corked with oak. A 2007 study in Bordeaux discovered that compared to traditional and synthetic corks, screwcaps create a better seal against oxygen. This provides greater protection against damaging oxidization and theoretically should allow wines sealed with screwcaps to withstand longer periods of aging without spoiling.
Sec (France)
The French word for "dry," the term thus connotes a dry wine, which is the opposite of a sweet wine.
Secco (seck'-o) (Italy)
Italian for "dry", it's the equivalent of "sec" in French - wines without a perceptible amount of residual sugars.
Sediment
During the wine making process, tiny particulates fall to the bottom of the tank or barrel. The wine is then removed from this sediment by "racking", in which the wine is moved to a new container while leaving the sediment behind in the old one. Typically the wine is clear when bottled but occasionally particles remain and are commonly referred to as "clouds" or "haze". Over time, grainy deposits in the form of tannin and naturally occurring coloring compounds will sometimes precipitate out of a wine that was clear when bottled and settle at the bottom or the side of the bottle, depending on how it's been stored. This explains why a wine becomes less tannic and its color lightens with age. Decanting wine is useful not just for allowing it to breathe; it also provides an opportunity to separate the wine from the sediment so that the wine can be enjoyed and the sediment discarded.
Sekt (zekt)
The commonly used German name for their Qualitätschaumwein ("quality sparkling wine"). This is Germany's official category for sparkling wine, which is derived from a variety of grapes, including Riesling, Rulander, and Weisburgunder. Germany produces about 25 million cases per year. Sekt is also produced in Austria and the Czech Republic.
Semillon (seh-mee-yohn)
Prevalent in France's Bordeaux region, Semillon is a white wine varietal that's often found in a blend with Sauvignon Blanc, a unique combination responsible for the region's dry white wines and their famed sweet dessert wines from Sauternes. The grape is also abundant in the New World, particularly Australia, where it is the most important white grape varietal.
Seyval Blanc (say-val blahnc)
A French hybrid grape that's a cross between a native grape of North America and a classic European grape, it is resistant to cold weather. It's gained favor in England, Canada, and New York State where conditions for growing grapes can be less than ideal. It's responsible for many good dry and off dry wines, as well as some of Canada's renowned ice wines.
Sharp
A tasting term describing a wine in which the acids are too strong or quite unbalanced.
Sherry
One of the three most famous fortified wines (along with Madeira and Port), Sherry is produced near the Spanish city of Jerez de la Frontera. A wide spectrum of colors, sweetness, flavors, and quality can be found in Sherry, but there are basically two types: Fino and Oloroso. The main things separating the two are a yeast called "flor" and the alcohol level. Flor is only found in Fino style wines, which must be lower in alcohol than Oloroso at 15.5% maximum. Oloroso wines can contain alcohol levels up to 18%. All sherry barrels leave about one-sixth of the space at the top empty, which allows the wine to oxidize. Oloroso sherries aren't covered by a protective layer of flor so the oxidation is even greater, creating a color that ranges from a dark golden to a dark brown. It also gives it a rich and distinctively nut-like and raisin-like character. Oloroso sherry undergoes more extensive aging and, not surprisingly, is generally more expensive than Fino.
Shiraz (shee-raz)
Shiraz is the name used in Australia for the Syrah varietal, and it is that nation's most important red wine grape. Syrah was a widely planted grape varietal in the southern areas of France by the Middle Ages and Australia's Shiraz can trace its heritage to France, via South Africa. Fortunately for the Old and New Wine Worlds, the vines left France for South Africa before the dual scourges of phylloxera and oidium in the late 1800's. As the French were recovering from the catastrophe, they chose new clones of the grape varietals they had planted before. So the Syrah that was taken to Australia from South Africa is actually from an older clone than what is planted today throughout the majority of the Rhone Valley of France. The possibility that Australian Shiraz descends from a divergent clone may validate its different name.
Short
A tasting term referring to the finish of a wine. Short is not a positive. The length of time that the flavors of a wine persist in the mouth after tasting is a significant indicator of quality. Fine wines will have a lingering aftertaste, whereas a wine in which the flavors end abruptly is generally of lower quality.
Silky
A term used when tasting wine that refers to a particular mouthfeel. Silky wine will have a texture and a finish that is very smooth. It relates to the wine's balance and is usually characteristic of fine red wines that have aged sufficiently for the tannins to soften.
Simple
A term used when tasting for a wine that is not complex; it lacks different levels of flavor and aroma. Most wine is simple to some extent; only the extraordinary ones are considered truly complex.
Skin
The grape's outermost layer, sometimes also called the husk or hull. The skin is important because it provides the majority of a wine's color and supplies much of its flavor and tannin as well. Many varieties of grape, including those earmarked for making red wines, have pulp and juice that is quite light in color. If it weren't for the grape skins we wouldn't have red wine as we know it. This explains how rosé wines can be made from red wine grapes; the skins are quickly taken away from the juice. Not surprisingly, different grape varietals have different skin qualities. The thick and somewhat tannic skin of Cabernet Sauvignon produces wines that are dark and tannic. Nebbiolo grapes, by contrast, have a thin skin with a lot of tannin, so wine made from the variety is lighter in color but heavy when young. Pinot Noir has a thin skin and low tannin levels, and the resulting wines are crisp with a distinctive fruit character, and thus enjoyable in their early years.
Smoky
A tasting term reflecting a smoke-like flavor and aroma in a wine. Sometimes it can result from the wine being aged in oak barrels; other times the smokiness comes via the soil from which the grapes were harvested.
Smooth
A term used in wine tasting referring to the way the wine feels in the mouth. This tactile impression is related to the wine's overall acidity - not just its tannins - which contribute to the sensation of a wine being "soft" or "hard". Smoothness is considered the opposite of sharpness.
Soave (s'wah'-veh)
The most well known white wine in Italy, it's produced in the area around Verona in the northeast of the boot shaped country. Many wine enthusiasts would say the majority of Soave is uninspiring, produced to satisfy global desire for the famed wine. However, there are small producers in the region who craft high quality Soave, especially those in the Soave Classico DOC, which is the oldest zone of production. The Garganega varietal is the main grape used in the blend, often with Trebbiano in a supporting role (up to 30% of the blend).
Soft
A tasting term for wines that are in optimal balance - fruity, pleasing, and approachable. Usually it's indicative of a harmonious union between tannin and acid, both of which are apt to be low in a soft wine. For its opposite, see Hard.
Solid
A wine tasting term for wines that are firm, full-bodied and full of alcohol, acidity, tannin, and fruit. Occasionally the word is applied to a young wine expected to evolve well with age.
Sommelier (so-mel-yay)
Originally a French term, the title is often used very loosely today for a wine steward or waiter in charge of wine. In fact, a true sommelier at a high-end restaurant is responsible for a broad spectrum of tasks, including the development of the wine list, product acquisition, and proper cellaring. In addition, the sommelier will suggest appropriate pairings for the restaurant's various dishes. Today there are a number of organizations offering credentials and training in this field, including the classification of Master Sommelier offered by The Court of Master Sommeliers. As of 2008, fewer than 200 people hold this exclusive title.
Sound
A term used simply to indicate that a wine does not have any obvious defects. "Sound" is a low bar (any properly made wine should meet this criterion) so, while it is a positive term, it should not be thought of as praise.
Sour
A tasting term for a wine that's full of very sharp, vinegar-like acids. Sour wine is not simply tart; it is beyond that, implying the wine has a serious defect and is becoming vinegar. Fortunately, it's uncommon today to encounter such an undrinkable, sour wine.
Sparkling Wine
Carbonated wine is known as "sparkling wine", the most famous of which is Champagne. There are several methods for making sparkling wine, but the technique for making the finest quality examples, including all Champagne, is known as the methode champenoise, which involves the secondary fermentation of the wine by yeast inside the closed bottles. Another technique is called the transfer process, whereby the production process begins inside bottles and then the wine is transferred to tanks, at which time the sediment is filtered. The wine is then finished by adding it to new bottles while pressurized. An even more commercial method is the Charmat Method, whereby the wine undergoes secondary fermentation in bulk in tanks prior to bottling. Finally, another technique is to simply add pressurized carbon dioxide to a still wine, just as if it were a cola. This process results in large bubbles that don't last long in the glass and no quality sparkling wine is made that way. According to European Union regulations, a sparkling wine may bear the name Champagne only when it originates in the Champagne region of France. The United States, Australia and other New World wine producing countries don't have the same regulations, so they allow their domestic sparkling wines to be labeled with the term "Champagne." In the ever-growing global market this may change. In early 2008 a large shipment of U.S. sparkling wine was confiscated and destroyed in Belgium by agents of the European Union because it was labeled "Champagne".
Spice / Spicy
A descriptor for wines with an energetic spiciness to their aromas and flavors. It's a catch-all term which could refer to any one of many spices - cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, mace, allspice, and white and black pepper among them. A spicy characteristic can sometimes come from the wine contacting newer oak barrels during aging, but it is more likely to be attributed to the varietal. Gewurztraminer is a grape with a prominent spicy quality, for example.
Split
A bottle of wine that is one-quarter the size of a standard bottle, most commonly encountered with Champagne.
Spritzer
A cold drink typically made with soda water and white wine, spritzers are a commonly requested drink at American bars. While some enophiles may consider it an offensive practice to adulterate wine with soda water, it's a custom that goes back centuries. In the hotter climes of both the New and Old Worlds, it's common to mix a little sparkling water into both white and red wine to create a cooling drink.
Spritzy
A description for wine with a slightly effervescent quality. In French this quality is known as perlant; in Italian it's frizzante.
Spumante / Spumanti (spoo-mahn'-teh / spoo-mahn'-tee)
The Italian term for "sparkling", Spumante (Spumanti is the plural form) refers to fully sparkling wines, whereas wines that offer just a slight effervescence are known as "Frizzante". Historically most sparkling wine in Italy has been produced via the transfer process, but thanks to French influence, increasing numbers are being produced via the Méthode Champenoise, or what the Italians call the "Metodo Classico". In the U.S., Asti Spumante is perhaps the most recognized Italian sparkler but Prosécco is gaining ground.
Steely
A wine tasting term used primarily to describe white wine that is dry and very crisp, with considerable levels of natural acidity. Sometimes this acidity leads to a metallic sensation on one's palate. A prime example of a wine that is often described as "steely" is Chablis, the renowned Burgundy Chardonnay. "Flinty" is often used to describe wines in a similar context.
Steen
The South African name for the Chenin Blanc varietal, which is a popular and widely grown varietal in that country.
Stemmy
A descriptor that's not complimentary. It is applied to wines with harsh, astringent, and bitter plant-like flavors. These "green" flavors are alternately referred to as "stalky", and typically originate from the juice being left in contact with the stems for too long of a period during the vinification process.
Still
Wines that contain no carbon dioxide; they are not effervescent or sparkling.
Strong
Wine tasting descriptor for a wine (usually red) that's big, robust, powerful, and generally high in alcohol.
Structure
The term describes the framework formed by all of a wine's components (alcohol, acid, fruit, tannin, and glycerin) and their proportion to each other.
Sturdy
Descriptor for wines that assert themselves with a full bodied delivery and offer bold, powerful, rich flavors.
Sulfites / Sulfur
Sulfites (also spelled "sulphites") are sulfur-based compounds, like sulfur dioxide, used in the vinification process. Recent years have seen much negative discussion of sulphites, which is unfortunate since they are an integral and valuable part of wine making. For instance, SO2 gas is sprayed on the grapevines to halt fungal growth. Sulfite compounds are also applied to wine barrels to destroy harmful bacteria. To prevent the wine from browning and to thwart the strains of undesirable wild yeast that are naturally on the grapes when they are harvested, sulphites are introduced to the juice before the fermenting process. During the production of certain sweet wines, they're employed to halt fermentation in order prevent the yeast from converting all the sugars into alcohol, which would make for a dry wine. Sulfur gives a large degree of control to the wine maker, and in most cases, the few wines produced completely without it tend to be poor in quality.
However, there are legal limits to the amount of sulphites that are allowed in wine. The effects of too much sulfur in wine can be disastrous to the final product, which is why it is almost always used in small amounts (far lower than the limits established by law), and with great care. Over the past several decades, sulfite use has seen significant declines due to the development of cleaner, more advanced vinification equipment. There are a few individuals who are allergic to sulfites but for the overwhelming majority of people, sulfites in wine pose no health threat.
Supple
A commonly used wine tasting term describing a wine that is soft, smooth and well-balanced. In other words, it's a well-structured wine; one that's probably near, if not at, it's prime.
Sweet
In the wine world, sweet is the opposite of dry. Sweetness in wine comes from any residual sugars that remain in the wine after fermentation is complete. This amount of sugar may range from a hardly perceptible one percent up to more than ten percent, making for intensely sweet wine. The difference between a pleasantly sweet and a sickly sweet flavor in a wine relates directly to the balance between sugar and acid. If there is not enough of an acid balance, the sweetness would be cloying and thus be viewed as a flaw. The label sweet is typically used in regards to a wine's flavor, but some components of a wine may impart a sweet smell, such as intense fruit or the vanilla-like essence that can come from oak, so the term can apply to both flavor and bouquet as well as to the actual residual sugar in wine.
Synthetic Closure
A term used to represent the artificial cork that is becoming increasingly common in the industry worldwide. For more information on the challenges associated with traditional cork see the entry for Screwcaps.
Syrah (see'-rah)
Along with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, Syrah is one of the most important red wine grapes around the globe. It's widely grown in France's Rhone Valley, California, South Africa, and Australia where it's called Shiraz, as well as many other locales. Syrah is the most important red wine grape in Australia and its popularity is spreading quickly elsewhere. See Shiraz for more information.
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Table Wine
In the U.S., "table wine" is a legal name for a broad category of wines: all still wine that contains between 7 and 14 percent alcohol. This does not connote poor quality; it simply relates to alcohol content.
In Europe, the phrase refers to wine that wasn't produced according to the prescribed rules of the region from which it hails. While that often indicates poor quality wine, there are notable exceptions. Wine producers who, for the sake of creativity, wish to bend the rules of production and stray from the officially sanctioned grape types and vinification methods of the region, must label their wines as table wine instead of with the typical wine name of the region. In many cases these wines are of exceptional quality, making the labeling quite confusing, especially for those outside the region.
Table Wines Include:
The majority of wine sold in the United States
Wines of lesser quality or merit
High quality wines that do not conform to a prescribed regional standard
In France: vin de table or vin ordinaire
In Italy: vino da tavola
In Germany: tafelwein
Tafelwein translates as "table wine" in German.
Tannin
Known collectively as "phenolic compounds", tannins are natural components of grapes that are critical to the wine making process. They are found in the skins, seeds (pips), stalks, and stems of grapes. Most prominent in red wine, tannins are also introduced to wine via the oak barrels used for aging. Tannins are bitter, harsh, and astringent chemicals. In excess, they cause a puckering feeling in the mouth similar to what happens when drinking very strong tea, which also contains a lot of tannins. Tannins are necessary to age red wine, and in proper amounts, the chemicals supply a framework on which wine develops into the wonderful, complex beverage so many of us love. White wines have little tannin because they have little or no contact with the skins and stems of grapes.
Tart
A wine tasting term for a wine that produces a prominent, yet not excessive, acidic impression on the palate. Too much acid moves the wine into negative territory, on a continuum of harsh to downright sour. Dessert wines can be described as both sweet and tart if the residual sugars and acids are in balance.
Tawny Port (Portugal)
A pale port aged in wood sufficiently long for it to lose its red pigment, hence the name. In addition to imbuing a tawny color, extensive barrel aging also gives the wine a nutty aroma. The finest tawny ports are typically labeled by their age, such as ten, twenty, or even forty years old. Lower quality and less expensive versions are produced through a blend of white and ruby ports, and there's no comparison in quality to real tawny ports.
Tears
A synonym for the term "legs", meaning the viscous film that runs down the side of the glass after swirling. There is some disagreement about whether tears are a function of the glycerin in wine, thus indicating wine with a good body, or if it is simply related to the amount of alcohol.
Tempranillo
One of Spain's most important red wine grapes, Tempranillo is the dominant varietal in that country's famous Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions. It produces full-bodied wines of relatively low acidity and alcohol, thus it is often blended with modest amounts of other varietals to augment its structure, like Graciano, Garnacha (Grenache), and Carignan. Tempranillo wines are characterized by a gorgeous dark ruby color and flavors of berry, tobacco, spice, plum, leather and vanilla. In most cases Tempranillo based wines can be drunk while still young, but many of the finest examples of the varietal undergo barrel aging for three years or more prior to bottling. In Portugal's Douro region, Tempranillo is named Tinta Roriz and it is an important varietal used in Port wine blends.
Terroir (France)
A French term that technically translates as "soil," but is actually used to describe a vineyard's geographical universe. It encompasses all of the important natural factors affecting the growth of the grapes: the vineyard's soil, position in relation to the sun, hillside angle, altitude, exposure to wind, the local climate, water drainage, and more. American producers are likely to employ the English terms "microclimate", "mesoclimate", and "macroclimate" to refer to the same range of factors. Terroir is also used with the French word for "taste" in the term gout de terroir,which describes an earthy flavored wine.
Tete de Cuvee (tet duh coo-vay)
The phrase translates from French as "head blend." Unofficially, it's used to refer to the top sparkling wine blend within a given Champagne house. For instance, Moet & Chandon's tete de cuvee is Dom Perignon, a vintage Champagne and Moet's finest production.
Texture
The tactile sensation of a wine on one's palate, "texture" is more specific than "body", which is a more general term for a wine's impression. Wines with pleasing textures are often described as velvety, silky, or smooth.
Thick
A wine tasting term describing wines which are dense, rich, and somewhat heavy, typically with low acid levels.
Thin
A tasting term for a wine that does not have much body and, thus, feels somewhat watery in the mouth. This is not necessarily a flaw; certain wine styles, like champagne for instance, strive more for balance and refinement than dense, full-bodied power.
Tignanello (tee-n'ya-nell'-oh)
An Italian Bordeaux-style red wine produced in the Chianti region of Tuscany. When introduced in 1971 by the esteemed Antinori firm, the wine broke with the heritage (and the rules) of the Chianti producing region by adding Cabernet Sauvignon grapes to the Sangiovese blend. They also flouted the DOCG regulations requiring a small percentage of white wine grapes in the Chianti blend thus taking Tignanello even farther from its Chianti heritage. The wine was one of the very first trailblazers in the popular category now called "Super Tuscans".
Tired
A descriptor used for wines that are rather boring and dull due to being old and beyond their prime.
Toasty
A term used when tasting wine to describe a pleasing aroma of toast. In many cases, it describes a sparkling wine or Chardonnay that has been stored in an oak barrel that was purposely charred on the inside during its construction.
Tough
This descriptor is applied to wines that taste hard or astringent due to having an excess of tannin. Many tough wines soften and improve after being aged.
Tuscany
This important viticultural region in central Italy has been producing Chianti for centuries. Other well known wines from Tuscany include: Brunello di Montalcino, Carmignano, and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Thanks to the relatively recent success of a few ambitious producers who broke from tradition and DOCG regulations, Tuscan wine makers are increasingly producing more and more Cabernet based blends, creating the unofficial category of Super Tuscans which are now among the most desirable and expensive Italian wines (see "Tignanello"). Sangiovese is the leading red varietal in the region, though Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc are now important, too. Historically, the Canaiolo grape was important for making Chianti, but it is now being grown less in Tuscany. Trebbiano is Tuscany's most widely planted white grape. Other white varietals grown in the region include Malvasia, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Bianco, and Semillon.
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Ullage
The empty space in wine bottles between the bottom of the cork and the level of the wine. In a young, healthy bottle, the ullage is small and not something to be concerned about. Over time, the space may increase due to the wine evaporating, and the additional air within the bottle can cause the wine to oxidize. So, at an auction, wines with a large ullage will sell for a significantly lower price than wines with a smaller space.
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Valais (val-ay)
A prominent and distinguished Swiss viticultural area and the alpine source of the Rhone River. Fendant (white) and Dole (red) are perhaps Valais' best known wines.
Valpolicella (vahl-poh-lee-t'chell-ah)
Next to Chianti, this is the most heavily produced Italian red wine. The name translates as "valley of many cellars", an apt description of the area to the north of Verona where it's produced. Generally, Valpolicella is light, round, satisfying, and easy to drink, but when the harvest allows, an allotment of the grapes is allowed to dry prior to being fermented. The result is a sweet wine known as Recioto della Valpolicella. Not much of it is exported to the U.S., but a dryer style is more commonly found, known both as Recioto della Valpolicella Amarone or Amarone della Valpolicella (or simply Amarone). More apt to be found in the U.S. than the sweet style, great Amarone is full-bodied, powerful, and intense, and it is one of the finest Italian red wines.
Vanilla
Descriptor for a sweet, vanilla-like aroma often present in wines that have undergone aging within barrels made of new oak. This vanilla flavor comes from vanillin, an organic compound found in oak as well as in the vanilla bean. Vanillin extracted from wood is often used in place of vanilla (from the bean) in cooking and baking.
Varietal Wine
Wines that are labeled according to the primary grape variety used to make it, i.e. Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, etc. This is a common naming convention in the New World, where many different varietals and styles of wine are often vinified in the same region. Old World wines are typically named after the area from which they originate, such as Chianti, Burgundy, Ribera del Duero, etc. To be designated as a varietal in the U.S., at least 75 percent of the wine must come from the grape named on the label. In other places the amount may be different, as with Australia, where it's 80 percent.
Vegetal
Wines possessing the aroma or flavor of vegetation or vegetables (often bell peppers and asparagus), are referred to as having a vegetal character. These flavors can be a pleasant component of a complex flavor profile, and are commonly found in Cabernet Sauvignon based wines. However, when pronounced, such flavors are undesirable and signal a flawed wine. "Herbaceous" is also sometimes used as a descriptor for these flavors or aromas.
Velvety
A wine tasting descriptor for wines with a smooth, rich, and silky texture.
Vieux (v'yuh) (France)
The term translates as "old" in French. It's often found on wine labels reflecting the name of a vineyard or the winemaker as in Vieux-Château-Certan. "Vieille" is the word's feminine form.
Vieilles Vignes (France)
In French the phrase translates as "old vines", but the term has no specific meaning that's been assigned by law. In Germany, old vines are known as "Alte Reben". Old vines typically produce lower yields and, hence, more concentrated flavors; thus many people associate old vines and high quality.
Vigorous
A wine tasting term describing full-bodied wines that have a firm, lively, or pronounced flavor profile.
Vin (van)
The French word meaning "wine".
Vin Blanc (van blahnc)
Translates from French as "white wine".
Vin de Pays (France)
Translates from French as "wines of the country" and is a lower rank than the top AOC and secondary VDQS classifications. However, it is not uncommon to find quality wines in this class, certainly superior in most cases to the typically very unremarkable vin de table wines, which is France's fourth and lowest wine classification.
Vin de Table (France)
The bottom classification of wine in France. Often they're not even bottled; rather they're dispensed at local cooperatives via a machine resembling a gas pump. When they are bottled, by law they're not allowed to be labeled with the grape varietals, vintage, or the region of origin.
Vin Rouge
Translates from French as "red wine".
Vinegary
Possessing the aroma of vinegar. See the term Acetic Acid for more information.
Viniculture
A term that covers the whole industry and business of wine production, including the tending and harvesting of the grapes, creating the wine, and the marketing and sales of the final product.
Vinification
"Vinification" refers to the entire process of creating wine from grapes.
Vinify
Turning grapes into wine via fermentation of their juices.
Vino (veen-no)
"Vino" is the word for "wine" in both Spanish and Italian.
Vino da Tavola (vee-no dah tah'-voh-lah)
The Italian equivalent of Table Wine. Consistent with the rest of Europe, the designation is used in Italy for the bottom category of wines. However, many great Italian wine makers have a penchant for flouting their regional DOC winemaking rules, so some very impressive and expensive wines, such as the famed "Super Tuscans", have been legally relegated to this category.
Vintage
The term "vintage" has a couple of related but somewhat different meanings. First, it is used to refer to the year of a grape harvest. Additionally, the wine produced from that specific year will also be referred to as a vintage. A wine that is produced by blending wines from different years would be referred to as a non-vintage wine (N.V.), and this is common with wines like champagne and port. Due to variation from year to year in terms of the quality and character of the grapes harvested, some years, or vintages, are considered better than others. Typically, champagne is produced as a N.V. wine (many champagne houses prefer the term "multi-vintage"), and this enables the producers to create wines of consistent quality by blending multiple years together. During exceptional years, winemakers will take advantage of the high-quality harvest to produce outstanding vintage champagnes, like Dom Perignon.
Vintage Port
Vintage port is produced only during years in which the grape harvest was of extraordinary quality. Known as a "declared" vintage, they occur about two or three times every ten years. Unlike tawny ports which are often aged in wood for decades, vintage ports are bottled after no more than two years, but then are usually aged in the bottle for at least twenty years before being enjoyed. It is important to decant these wines due to the significant amount of sediment that will accumulate in the bottle during this time.
A case of vintage port is a wonderful wine to buy for a child's birth; the two can age in tandem and the wine sampled at intervals throughout the child's life. When young, vintage port is a mere shadow of what it will become; not until its teenage years does it begin to exhibit character. Upon reaching its early 20's, a vintage port has achieved maturity, but is not as rich and fully developed as it will become over the next several decades. As are we, these wines are much more complex upon reaching their fourth decade, and will begin to mellow - transitioning from intense plum-like flavors to softer, nut-like flavors. Over the next several decades, the port continues to build character and complexity but begins to lose vitality and power. Six to eight decades is nearing the end of a vintage port's lifespan. Only bottles that have been stored properly from the finest producers and vintages will survive ten decades.
Viognier (vee-oh-nyay)
An outstanding white wine varietal that's most commonly planted in France's northern Rhone region. The grape earned its renown due to the stellar wines of Condrieu and Chateau-Grillet - dry, floral-scented whites of the northern Rhone Valley. A small amount of Viognier is also commonly added to the Syrah used to make the impressive red wines of Cote-Rotie. It can also be used to create delightful late harvest dessert wines. Plantings of the varietal have been extremely limited because the grape is highly susceptible to disease and its yield is low, but that's changing. Viognier is making its way into New World wines with plantings in South Africa, Chile, Australia, and the United States, particularly California.
Viticulteur (vee-tee-cul-tuhr)
A French word that translates as "vine grower". In most cases the term is applied to the owner of a vineyard or the chief manager. The term vigneron has a similar meaning, but more commonly is applied to someone who is an employee or who rents the land.
Viticulture
The field of study involving specifically the growing of grapevines. Not to be confused with "viniculture", which relates to the making of wine. Obviously the two terms involve overlapping concepts, but they are distinctly different.
Vitis Vinifera (vee-tis vin-if'-er-ah)
The genus "vitis" is made up of over forty individual grape species, and Vinifera is the shining star among them as it is the species from which almost every wine (and certainly every fine wine) is produced. It is widely speculated that the Muscat varietal is the original Vinifera from which all other types (Merlot, Zinfandel, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Gris, etc.) are descended, but since Vinifera cultivation predates recorded history, we may never know for sure.
Volatile, Volatile Acidity (VA)
A wine is considered "volatile" if it is presenting excess amounts of volatile acids. These acids are intrinsic to wine in general, and in balance they are important for proper aromas and flavors. However, high levels of acetic acid and ethyl acetate will give the wine a disagreeable sharp and vinegar-like taste, and is a considerable flaw.
Vouvray (voo-vray)
An appellation in France's central Loire Valley. The vineyards surrounding the town of Vouvray grow Chenin Blanc almost entirely, and the character of the wine of this region ranges from dry and crisp to lush, with beautiful,sweet fruit flavors predominating. Increasingly, Vouvray producers are making sparkling wines by way of the champagne method.
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Watery
This descriptor is applied when a wine is thin and lacks flavor, body, alcohol, and acidity. In other words, it tastes diluted.
Weedy
An aroma or flavor of freshly cut grass or hay.
Weighty
A term applied to assertive, powerful, full-bodied wines.
Wein (vine)
The term means "wine" in German.
White Zinfandel
A wine that snobs tend to scorn, probably due as much to its popularity among neophytes as to its character as a wine, this quaffable blush wine (called a rosé in France) was developed in the late 70's and very quickly achieved significant popularity. In fact, for many inexperienced wine drinkers, the name "Zinfandel" is more likely to evoke images of easy-drinking pink wine than the hearty red wine for which California is famous. California winemakers had an unusual surplus of the red wine grape Zinfandel when white wines exploded in popularity, so they created White Zinfandel via a process in which they quickly remove the skins from the juice after pressing. It's then vinified the same as white wines. The color ranges from pale pink to salmon, and the majority of White Zinfandels are somewhat sweet, but some can be quite dry.
Wine Cooler
Very popular in the U.S. during the 80's, particularly among young adults, wine coolers are a mixture of low quality wine and various types of fruit juice, added to very sweet carbonated water. They often taste more like soda than wine. After the U.S. Congress raised taxes on wine in the early 90's, producers turned away from wine coolers. Beverages based on cheaper barley malt filled the void in this market with a new popular drink category, often called "flavored malt beverages" or "malternatives". Not surprisingly, these beverages taste more like soda than beer. See Spritzer.
Woody
Wine that has been aged in a barrel for a long time can acquire a barrel or "woody" taste. In the New World, a certain woodiness is often characteristic of Chardonnay, but an overwhelming oaky aroma and taste are definitely not desirable. Among wine aficionados, there is much debate regarding how long wine should age in barrels, and the benefits such aging might lend to a wine.
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Yeast
God bless this single-celled fungi because without it there would be no bread, beer, or wine. Via a process known as fermentation (and discovered by Louis Pasteur) yeast converts the sugars in wine into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. The latter, when prevented from escaping into the air, is what lends effervescence to sparkling wines. Wild yeasts are a fact of life in a vineyard, where they reside on the skins of the fruit. After harvesting, the grapes will begin fermenting on their own if given enough time, particularly when the skins are broken via crushing, exposing the yeast to the sugars within the juice. In modern times, science has contributed extensively to viniculture by isolating and identifying the best yeast strains for a given style of wine. Today's wine producers can select yeasts with certain characteristics to use in combination with different varietals.
Yeasty
A wine that has gone through a secondary fermentation, like Champagne for example, may sometimes have a slight smell or flavor of freshly baked bread. In addition to Champagne, certain other wines are made to age sur lie meaning "on the lees" (which is composed primarily of dead yeast sediment left over after fermentation). These wines are also apt to have a similar yeasty flavor. This sur lie aging is designed to impart desirable complex qualities to some Chardonnays and Sauvignon Blancs, and a slight yeasty characteristic is generally considered a positive attribute in these wines as long as it's not too prominent. For other styles of wine that have not gone through a secondary fermentation or been aged on lees, a yeasty quality is to be considered a defect.
Yield
The term is used to quantify the productivity of a vineyard or wine growing estate. Measuring yield is also a way to compare how different grape varietals fare in different geographic locations. Grape yield is referred to in terms of tons per acre in the U.S. and Australia, while Europe and South America refer to it as hectoliters per hectare. In addition to geography, yields also vary according to the varietal, microclimate, and individual vineyard practices. In the wine world, quality is associated with low yields, and often winemakers purposely lower the yield via a "green harvest". Immature grape bunches are pruned off of the vine, and this has the effect of causing increased flavor concentration in the remaining grapes. In Europe's highly regulated wine industry, in fact, the yields of a particular appellation may be subject to legal regulations in order to maintain the production of quality wine in that region. In the New World, modern viticultural approaches have, to a certain degree, allowed increased yields while simultaneously retaining quality. For winemakers worldwide, achieving the proper balance between the two is the key to keeping their vineyards profitable.
Young
A wine tasting term usually used to describe wines that are exuberant and full of lively, fresh fruit flavors. When it comes to age-worthy wine like a powerful, tannic Bordeaux, for instance, "young" can mean a wine is undeveloped and not yet ready to be fully enjoyed. Many full-bodied, assertive reds can remain young for over 10 years before hitting their pinnacle of complexity and balance.
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Zinfandel
One could say this red wine varietal is California's claim to fame since it's grown almost exclusively in the state, with only small plantings elsewhere in the U.S. and around the world. It certainly originated in Europe, but its exact lineage remained a mystery until recently. Many believed it had descended from the Italian grape Primitivo but others theorized the reverse may actually have been true. What we know now, thanks to DNA testing, is Zinfandel and Primitivo are separate clones of the same original grape, identified as the Croatian varietal Crljenak. The exact history of those clones, likely taken from Crljenak at different points in time, remain somewhat of a mystery. Regardless of the origin, it's a widely planted grape of which California can be proud. The vines are older than those of most other varietals in the state and, as a result, Zinfandel produces very intense fruit and many of California's finest red wines. Zinfandel can be vinified into a wide range of styles from light and young to bold and powerful, and Zinfandels shine, too, as dessert wines and fortified wines in the style of Port. In most cases, however, Zinfandel is not very tannic, and so is best when enjoyed within 5 years of creation. Do not confuse true red Zinfandel with White Zinfandel. White Zinfandel is a style of blush wine made from Zinfandel grape juice that is removed from the skins very soon after crushing. See White Zinfandel.
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On which of Florida's Keys could you visit Ernest Hemingway's house | hemingwayhome.com | Home
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Welcome to the Hemingway Home
Welcome to the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum web site. Located at 907 Whitehead Street and nestled in the heart of Old Town Key West, this unique property was home to one of America's most honored and respected authors.
Ernest Hemingway lived and wrote here for more than ten years. Calling Key West home, he found solace and great physical challenge in the turquoise waters that surround this tiny island.
Step back in time and visit the rooms and gardens that witnessed the most prolific period of this Nobel Prize winner's writing career.
Educated tour guides give insightful narratives and are eager to answer questions.
Wander through the lush grounds and enjoy the whimsy of the more than forty cats that live here.
The Ernest Hemingway Home & Museum is a significant address on any Key West itinerary. The museum welcomes thousands of visitors from around the world and looks forward to welcoming you!
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For which country did ex England coach Duncan Fletcher play Test cricket | Florida Keys official Tourism Website - Islamorada, Key Largo, Marathon, Lower Keys, Key West
Literary Landmarks Showcase Key West's Creative Heritage
Photos from the 2015 "Papa" Hemingway Look-Alike Contest
Charlie Boice beams after winning the 2015 "Papa" Hemingway Look-Alike Contest Saturday, July 25, 2015, at Sloppy Joe's Bar in Key West, Fla.
Charlie Boice, center, is congratulated by previous victors after winning the 2015 contest. Boice finally won after trying for 15 years, beating out 121 other entrants following two preliminary rounds, a semi-final and two final rounds.
Matt Collins takes a selfie while competing in the semi-final round.
Supporters of Richard Filip cheer on their contestant during the final round.
Five finalists congratulate each other on the stage. From left are Dave Hemingway, Charlie Boice, Richard Filip, Frank Kramer and Michael Groover, husband of celebrity chef Paula Deen.
Ernest Hemingway Look-Alikes proceed on Duval Street during the annual "Running of the Bulls", a whimsical and much safer answer to the event's namesake in Pamplona, Spain.
Photos by Andy Newman, Florida Keys News Bureau
For information on how to compete in the Hemingway Look-Alike Contest, visit sloppyjoes.com .
For high-resolution photos of Hemingway Days for media use, visit media.fla-keys.com .
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In which Baltic seaport was the German rocket centre during WW2 | BBC - WW2 People's War - An Interrogator's Life (Part 1)
An Interrogator's Life (Part 1)
27 October 2004
AN INTERROGATOR’S LIFE
I joined the Intelligence Corps when I was commissioned in 1942, and was sent straight to their wartime headquarters at Oriel College, Oxford. After the induction, I was informed that I would become an interrogator, and would be trained accordingly,
Training for interrogators took the form of a number of courses in different places and attachments to various specialised units. There was a General Intelligence Course at Matlock Spa. Lectures and living quarters were in the Hydro building, and the main direction of the course was for field security. This was followed by a German Language Course at Cambridge, where candidates were billeted in rooms in colleges. The course included a few more specialised subjects — German uniforms and ranks, and air photograph interpretation.
There was also an attachment to the “London Cage”. This was in a house at the northern end of Kensington Palace Gardens, and was run by Lt Colonel Scotland, who was well known for his saying “It was a tough job, but we did it!” The prisoners were held in prison-like cells in the house, and complained bitterly about having to be interrogated over and over again by us “rookie” interrogators.
A further attachment was to the intelligence section of a military headquarters. I was sent to HQ Western Command at Chester, an interesting five weeks in a pleasant city.
But probably the most rewarding part of the training period was when a party of interrogators was sent at short notice to Oldham, where a redundant textile mill had been requisitioned as a transit camp for the Afrikakorps. Tens of thousands of soldiers who had surrendered to the Allied Forces in North Africa were being sent to the USA for internment, via Liverpool. We had apparently negotiated with the Americans to be allowed to weed out any men who had knowledge of the German rocket testing station at Peenemünde, on the Baltic coast.
The prisoners were arriving by the trainload, marshalled into holding areas, and then fed singly to interrogators, who were allowed three minutes with each man. During this short time, we had to check whether the prisoner had been anywhere near Peenemünde, but not to alert him as to why we were interested in this. Presumably, if he had, he would be sent to London Cage.
One pointer to watch for was the field post codes in the man’s paybook. These codes (Feldpostnummern) were a way of hiding a man’s unit. A number was allocated to each company or equivalent, throughout the German forces. Many of these were known to us, and we each had a list of “sensitive” codes. Any prisoner with one of the latter would automatically be sent back for further interrogation.
We worked for up to 36 hours at a stretch, with only short breaks for picnic meals. I forget how long the exercise took, but it was certainly a week or ten days, after which we were quite exhausted, but felt that it had been a job worth doing!
In September 1942, a small group of Intelligence Officers — Captain W J Ingham and Lieutenants J W Powell, M Mitchell, D O Williams and myself — were kitted out for the Middle East and sent off to Liverpool, where we boarded the RMS Dunnottar Castle. We were put four to a cabin with a large group of other personnel. The officers’ quarters also housed a number of ATS, WAAF and nurses. The other ranks were confined to another area of the ship.
Once outside Liverpool, we were joined by a number of other vessels, including Royal Navy escort vessels, and we started off on our slow journey round the north of Ireland and then down to the Bay of Biscay. Here it was quite stormy, and most of us were confined to our quarters, but once we were steaming southward past the coast of Portugal, the weather improved and life on board became more pleasant.
We were encouraged to write letters home, and these had to be censored. Officers were allowed to censor their own letters, and Other Ranks had to send theirs to their commanders for censoring. Several of the female units requested permission to have their letters censored by some officer other than their own commanders, and, as we Intelligence Officers had no men with us, we were “volunteered” for the job.
After the stormy time through Biscay, there was usually some form of entertainment in the evenings. Several officers were accomplished pianists, but there was one who had to be asked not to play, as he insisted on playing, over and over, “You’ll be so nice to come home to”!
Those who had seen the Rock of Gibraltar before were delighted to show off their superior knowledge to us others as we hove into sight of this unforgettable landmark.
There followed the passage down the Mediterranean, mainly occupied by lounging on deck and watching the dolphins escorting our convoy and the flying fish, which skimmed the waves in great showers.
The temperature had risen considerably by the time we reached the convoy’s destination — Port Said. Here, we were assailed by swarms of small boys, who urged us to throw coins into the water. They would then dive for them and show them off proudly as they resurfaced.
At Port Said, we were transferred into a rickety old train, which rolled slowly southwards through the Nile Delta region. It stopped at many stations, where we were entertained by “galli-galli” boys, who performed simple conjuring tricks on receipt of a coin, and urged to buy the wares of the “eggs’n’bread” sellers. At one station, quaintly named Zagazig, we were even treated to a dance show by some young girls apparently eager to show off their knickers!
Finally, in Cairo, we were distributed to our units. Captain Ingham went directly to HQ, Middle East Forces (MEF), whilst we four lieutenants were sent to Helwân Camp, a few miles south of Cairo. We were allocated to galvanised iron huts, where we set up our camp beds and mosquito nets, and waited for orders. Days were hot and nights very cold. It was a considerable surprise to wake up in the middle of the night and find oneself freezing cold, but it was a thing we got used to quite quickly.
We were told that we would be in Helwân for some days, and, as Cairo was apparently unaffected by the War, we were given a list of “places to see” in the meantime. Accordingly, we set for the Mousky (Cairo’s souk), where we bought ourselves suede boots with soft rubber soles — the “brothel-creepers” that seemed to be the badge of the Eighth Army; the various interesting mosques; the Pyramids; and, of course, Groppi’s tearooms, where the best ice creams were to be had.
My most memorable achievement during this waiting period was to climb to the very top of the Great Pyramid. This is forbidden today, because of the wear on the stones of the pyramid. I learned next day that it had been the hottest day for some decades - 41°C at noon, just when I reached the top!
In due course, we were posted to the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (CSDIC) at Ma’adi Camp, in a southern suburb of Cairo, and began life seriously as interrogators. By this time, Lieutenant Williams had been taken ill with a serious lung disorder, brought on by the extreme Egyptian climate, and he was repatriated to Britain after several weeks in hospital.
CSDIC was an interesting community. A small, non-intelligence administrative staff ran the camp, and about a dozen Intelligence Officers were assigned to interrogation work and editing reports, while a somewhat larger number of non-commissioned officers performed ancillary duties. Most of these were Jews, who were probably more highly qualified than many of the officers, but who could not be commissioned because they still had German or Austrian nationality.
One of these duties, which was kept very secret, was the so-called Map Room. This consisted of a number of recording devices. Magnetic tape was not yet readily available, and recording was a specialised job, using wax discs. The recording instruments were connected to microphones hidden in certain cells, into which incoming prisoners were placed in pairs. Their conversations were then studied, and those likely to have specialised knowledge were readily identified and interrogated accordingly.
Many amusing incidents occurred in this department. One of these was when two apparently ordinary soldiers who displayed amazing knowledge of the German Navy baffled the listening NCO’s for some hours. It was later found that they had been whiling away their time by playing “Battleships” on scraps of paper! This game was obviously as popular with the Germans as it was with us.
Prisoners were mainly brought in as a result of raids on the Mediterranean islands. The bulk of these were members of the German 999 “Punishment” Regiment. This was made up largely of misfits — soldiers shown to have anti-Nazi, rebellious, or even Christian tendencies. They were usually glad to be out of the War, and rarely resisted interrogation.
Amongst the naval vessels operating in the eastern Mediterranean was a Polish submarine, the Sokol. We understood that it was the only Polish naval vessel to escape the clutches of the Germans. The crew of this ship was instrumental in bringing us a steady flow of prisoners. A small party would go ashore on one of the islands at night, snatch one or two men on sentry duty, and bring them to Egypt in the sub. They were usually very complimentary about their treatment on board and settled down to POW life quite happily.
A highlight at Ma’adi was the capture on Crete of the German General Kreipe by a Commando unit.
We junior officers were not allowed near him. Interrogation was performed by officers of the rank of major or above. I heard later that the German troops on Crete took cruel reprisals on the local population, whom they accused of having sheltered and advised the Commandos. I visited Crete on holiday in 1983, and was told that it was still unsafe for German tourists to venture into the interior of the island.
In March 1943, some of my fellow officers were sent to the Greek mainland, but after a promising start, fared rather badly. One of them, Lieutenant Heilbronner, a young South African officer, was slightly injured in a local gun battle, and was evacuated by air. The plane was shot down as it was taking off, and he, together with all aboard, perished. Two others, Lieutenants Mitchell and Powell, were taken prisoner by Greek partisans after the Germans had evacuated Athens, and spent several miserable weeks in captivity before being returned to Egypt. Lieutenant Mitchell developed hepatitis during this time, and recovered only slowly.
At about this time, I was transferred to CSDIC — CMF (Central Mediterranean Forces — which meant, in fact, Italy) with a small party of fellow officers. We drove by truck to Alexandria and sailed to Taranto, where we were picked up and taken to an Intelligence office in Bari for a few days before proceeding to Portici near Naples, where CSDIC was temporarily housed in a pleasant villa overlooking the Bay of Naples.
There were no facilities here for interrogation, and this was merely a holding and briefing time. Leisure activities were laid on for us, and small parties visited Pompeii, Herculaneum, the Sorrento peninsula, the mud craters of Solfatara, the crater of Vesuvius (which had only recently erupted, but had now been declared safe to visit), the San Carlo Opera, and other interesting places. Capri was unfortunately “Out of Bounds” for us, having been reserved for the recreation of American troops.
The long awaited “push” came, and at Portici we were able to hear the heavy gunfire at Cassino. The German troops fell back to new positions north of Rome, and CSDIC moved to their permanent headquarters at Cinecittà, a cinema studio complex just outside the city. The main building had been a German holding centre for British prisoners. The floors were deep in straw and alive with fleas. It took some weeks before the place became habitable — thanks to DDT, which the Germans did not have.
From now on, divisions in the front line were allocated interrogators from CSDIC. Each officer was equipped with a 15cwt truck, the driver of which doubled as batman. One or two of my colleagues fitted their trucks up as offices and sleeping quarters, almost like the campervans of today, but most of us relied on the Administrative Officers of the division they were with for accommodation. In addition to divisions, corps HQs also had interrogators.
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| Peenemünde |
Who played the part of Achilles in the 2004 film Troy | Biography of Wernher Von Braun
Home > Wernher von Braun > Biography of Wernher Von Braun
Dr. Wernher von Braun
First Center Director, July 1, 1960 - Jan. 27, 1970
Wernher von Braun (1912–1977) was one of the most important rocket developers and champions of space exploration during the period between the 1930s and the 1970s. As a youth he became enamored with the possibilities of space exploration by reading the science fiction of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, and from the science fact writings of Hermann Oberth, whose 1923 classic study, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (By Rocket to Space), prompted young von Braun to master calculus and trigonometry so he could understand the physics of rocketry. From his teenage years, von Braun had held a keen interest in space flight, becoming involved in the German rocket society, Verein fur Raumschiffarht (VfR), as early as 1929. As a means of furthering his desire to build large and capable rockets, in 1932 he went to work for the German army to develop ballistic missiles. While engaged in this work, von Braun received a Ph.D. in physics on July 27, 1934.
Von Braun is well known as the leader of what has been called the “rocket team” which developed the V–2 ballistic missile for the Nazis during World War II. The V–2s were manufactured at a forced labor factory called Mittelwerk. Scholars are still reassessing his role in these controversial activities. Click for details .
The brainchild of von Braun’s rocket team operating at a secret laboratory at Peenemünde on the Baltic coast, the V–2 rocket was the immediate antecedent of those used in space exploration programs in the United States and the Soviet Union. A liquid propellant missile extending some 46 feet in length and weighing 27,000 pounds, the V-2 flew at speeds in excess of 3,500 miles per hour and delivered a 2,200-pound warhead to a target 500 miles away. First flown in October 1942, it was employed against targets in Europe beginning in September 1944. By the beginning of 1945, it was obvious to von Braun that Germany would not achieve victory against the Allies, and he began planning for the postwar era.
Before the Allied capture of the V–2 rocket complex, von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his top rocket scientists, along with plans and test vehicles, to the Americans. For fifteen years after World War II, von Braun worked with the U.S. Army in the development of ballistic missiles. As part of a military operation called Project Paperclip, he and his rocket team were scooped up from defeated Germany and sent to America where they were installed at Fort Bliss, Texas. There they worked on rockets for the U.S. Army, launching them at White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. In 1950 von Braun’s team moved to the Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Ala., where they built the Army’s Jupiter ballistic missile.
In 1960, his rocket development center transferred from the Army to the newly established NASA and received a mandate to build the giant Saturn rockets. Accordingly, von Braun became director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that would propel Americans to the Moon.
Von Braun also became one of the most prominent spokesmen of space exploration in the United States during the 1950s. In 1970, NASA leadership asked von Braun to move to Washington, D.C., to head up the strategic planning effort for the agency. He left his home in Huntsville, Ala., but in 1972 he decided to retire from NASA and work for Fairchild Industries of Germantown, Md. He died in Alexandria, Va., on June 16, 1977.
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Where on the human body is the skin the thinnest | Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin, Hair, and Nails
La piel, el cabello y las uñas
Your skin is your largest organ. If the skin of a typical 150-pound (68-kilogram) adult male were stretched out flat, it would cover about 2 square yards (1.7 square meters) and weigh about 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
Skin protects the network of muscles, bones , nerves, blood vessels , and everything else inside our bodies. Eyelids have the thinnest skin, the soles of our feet the thickest.
Hair is actually a modified type of skin. Hair grows everywhere on the human body except the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and lips. Hair grows more quickly in summer than winter, and more slowly at night than during the day.
Like hair, nails are a type of modified skin — and they're not just for beauty. Nails protect the sensitive tips of our fingers and toes. Human nails are not necessary for living, but they do provide support for the tips of the fingers and toes, protect them from injury, and aid in picking up small objects. Without them, we'd have a hard time scratching an itch or untying a knot. Nails can be an indicator of a person's general health, and illness often affects their growth.
Skin Basics
Skin is essential to a person's survival. It forms a barrier that prevents harmful substances and microorganisms from entering the body. It protects body tissues against injury. Our skin also controls the loss of life-sustaining fluids like blood and water, helps us regulate body temperature through perspiration, and protects us from the sun's damaging ultraviolet rays.
Without the nerve cells in our skin, we couldn't feel warmth, cold, or other sensations. Our skin can also respond to situations and emotions: Muscles in the skin called erector pili contract to make the hairs on our skin stand up straight (goosebumps) when we are cold or frightened — for insulation and protection.
Every square inch of skin contains thousands of cells and hundreds of sweat glands, oil glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels. Skin is made up of three layers: the epidermis (pronounced: ep-ih-DUR-mis), dermis, and the subcutaneous (pronounced: sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) tissue.
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Skin Cells and Layers
The upper layer of our skin, the epidermis, is the tough, protective outer layer. It is about as thick as a sheet of paper over most parts of the body. The epidermis has four layers of cells that are constantly flaking off and being renewed. In these four layers are three special types of cells:
Melanocytes (pronounced: meh-LAH-nuh-sites) produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. All people have roughly the same number of melanocytes; the more melanin that is produced, the darker the skin. Exposure to sunlight increases the production of melanin, which is why people get suntanned or freckled.
Keratinocytes (pronounced: ker-uh-TIH-no-sites) produce keratin, a type of protein that is a basic component of hair and nails. Keratin is also found in skin cells in the skin's outer layer, where it helps create a protective barrier.
Langerhans (pronounced: LAHNG-ur-hanz) cells help protect the body against infection.
Because the cells in the epidermis are completely replaced about every 28 days, cuts and scrapes heal quickly.
Below the epidermis is the next layer of our skin, the dermis, which is made up of blood vessels, nerve endings, and connective tissue. The dermis nourishes the epidermis.
Without certain molecules in the dermis, our skin wouldn't stretch when we bend or reposition itself when we straighten up. These two types of fibers in the dermis, collagen and elastin, help the skin stretch and reposition itself when we move. Collagen is strong and hard to stretch and elastin, as its name suggests, is elastic. In older people, some of the elastin-containing fibers degenerate, which is one reason why the skin looks wrinkled (most wrinkles are caused by sun exposure, though!).
The dermis also contains a person's sebaceous glands. These glands, which surround and empty into our hair follicles and pores, produce an oil called sebum (pronounced: SEE-bum) that lubricates the skin and hair. Sebaceous glands are found mostly in the skin on the face, upper back, shoulders, and chest.
Most of the time, the sebaceous glands make the right amount of sebum. As a person's body begins to mature and develop during the teenage years, though, hormones stimulate the sebaceous glands to make more sebum. This can lead to acne when pores become clogged by too much sebum and too many dead skin cells. Later in life, these glands produce less sebum, which contributes to dry skin in older people.
The bottom layer of our skin, the subcutaneous tissue, is made up of connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and cells that store fat. This layer helps protect the body from blows and other injuries and helps it hold in body heat.
There are two types of sweat-producing glands. The eccrine (pronounced: EH-krun) glands are found everywhere in our bodies, although they are mostly in the forehead, palms, and soles of the feet. By producing sweat, these glands help regulate body temperature, and waste products are excreted through them.
The other type of sweat-producing gland, the apocrine glands, develop at puberty and are concentrated in the armpits and pubic region. The sweat from the apocrine glands is thicker than that produced by the eccrine glands. Although this sweat doesn't smell, when it mixes with bacteria on the skin's surface, it can cause body odor.
A normal, healthy adult secretes about 1 pint (about half a liter) of sweat daily, but this may be increased by physical activity, fever, or a hot environment.
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Hair Basics
The hair on our heads isn't just there for looks. It keeps us warm by preserving heat. The hair in our nose, ears, and around our eyes protects these sensitive areas of the body from dust and other small particles. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect our eyes by decreasing the amount of light and particles that go into them. The fine hair that covers our bodies provides warmth and protects our skin. Hair also cushions the body against injury.
Human hair consists of the hair shaft, which projects from the skin's surface, and the root, a soft thickened bulb at the base of the hair embedded in the skin. The root ends in the hair bulb. The hair bulb sits in a sac-like pit in the skin called the follicle, from which the hair grows.
At the bottom of the follicle is the papilla, where hair growth actually takes place. The papilla contains an artery that nourishes the root of the hair. As cells multiply and produce keratin to harden the structure, they are pushed up the follicle and through the skin's surface as a shaft of hair. Each hair has three layers: the medulla at the center, which is soft; the cortex, which surrounds the medulla and is the main part of the hair; and the cuticle, the hard outer layer that protects the shaft.
Hair grows by forming new cells at the base of the root. These cells multiply to form a rod of tissue in the skin. The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they are cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin in a process called keratinization (pronounced: ker-uh-tuh-nuh-ZAY-shun). As this process occurs, the hair cells die. The dead cells and keratin form the shaft of the hair.
Each hair grows about ¼ inch (about 6 millimeters) every month and keeps on growing for up to 6 years. The hair then falls out and another grows in its place. The length of a person's hair depends on the length of the growing phase of the follicle. Follicles are active for 2 to 6 years; they rest for about 3 months after that. A person becomes bald if the scalp follicles become inactive and no longer produce new hair. Thick hair grows out of large follicles; narrow follicles produce thin hair.
The color of a person's hair is determined by the amount and distribution of melanin in the cortex of each hair (the same melanin that's found in the epidermis). Hair also contains a yellow-red pigment; people who have blonde or red hair have only a small amount of melanin in their hair. Hair becomes gray when people age because pigment no longer forms.
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All About Nails
Nails grow out of deep folds in the skin of the fingers and toes. As epidermal cells below the nail root move up to the surface of the skin, they increase in number, and those closest to the nail root become flattened and pressed tightly together. Each cell is transformed into a thin plate; these plates are piled in layers to form the nail. As with hair, nails are formed by keratinization. When the nail cells accumulate, the nail is pushed forward.
The skin below the nail is called the matrix. The larger part of the nail, the nail plate, looks pink because of the network of tiny blood vessels in the underlying dermis. The whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail is called the lunula.
Fingernails grow about three or four times as quickly as toenails. Like hair, nails grow more rapidly in summer than in winter. If a nail is torn off, it will regrow if the matrix is not severely injured. White spots on the nail are sometimes due to temporary changes in growth rate.
Skin Problems
Some of the things that can affect the skin, nails, and hair are described below.
Dermatitis
Medical experts use the term dermatitis (pronounced: dur-mah-TY-tus) to refer to any inflammation that might be associated with swelling, itching, and redness of the skin. There are many types of dermatitis, including:
Atopic dermatitis is also called eczema . It's a common, hereditary dermatitis that causes an itchy rash primarily on the face, trunk, arms, and legs. It commonly develops in infancy, but can also appear in early childhood. It may be associated with allergic diseases such as asthma or food, seasonal, or environmental allergies.
Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritating substance or a substance that a person is allergic to. The best-known cause of contact dermatitis is poison ivy. But lots of other things cause contact dermatitis, including chemicals found in laundry detergent, cosmetics, and perfumes, and metals like jewelry, nickel plating on a belt buckle, or the back of the buttons on your jeans.
Seborrheic dermatitis, an oily rash on the scalp, face, chest, and back, is related to an overproduction of sebum from the sebaceous glands. This condition is common in teens.
Bacterial Skin Infections
Impetigo . Impetigo (pronounced: im-puh-TY-go) is a bacterial infection that results in a honey-colored, crusty rash, often on the face near the mouth and nose.
Cellulitis . Cellulitis (pronounced: sell-yuh-LY-tus) is an infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that typically occurs when bacteria are introduced through a puncture, bite, or other break in the skin. The affected area is usually warm and tender and has some redness.
Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections. These two kinds of bacteria are the main causes of cellulitis and impetigo. Certain types of these bacteria are also responsible for distinctive rashes on the skin, including the rashes associated with scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome .
Fungal Infections
Fungal Infections of the Skin and Nails
Candidal dermatitis. A warm, moist environment, such as that found in the folds of the skin in the diaper area of infants, is perfect for growth of the yeast Candida. Yeast infections of the skin in older children, teens, and adults are less common.
Tinea infection ( ringworm ). Ringworm, which isn't a worm at all, is a fungus infection that can affect the skin, nails, or scalp. Tinea (pronounced: TIH-nee-uh) fungi can infect the skin and related tissues of the body. The medical name for ringworm of the scalp is tinea capitis; ringworm of the body is called tinea corporis; and ringworm of the nails is called tinea unguium. With tinea corporis, the fungi can cause scaly, ring-like lesions anywhere on the body.
Tinea pedis ( athlete's foot ). This infection of the feet is caused by the same types of fungi (called dermatophytes) that cause ringworm. Athlete's foot is commonly found in adolescents and is more likely to happen during warm weather.
Other Skin Problems
Parasitic infestations. Parasites (usually tiny insects or worms) can feed on or burrow into the skin, often resulting in an itchy rash. Scabies and lice are examples of parasitic infestations. Both are contagious — meaning they can be easily caught from other people.
Viral infections. Many viruses cause characteristic rashes on the skin, including varicella (pronounced: var-ih-SEL-uh), the virus that causes chicken pox and shingles; herpes simplex, which causes cold sores; human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes warts ; and a host of others.
Acne (acne vulgaris). Acne is the single most common skin condition in teens. Some degree of acne is seen in 85% of adolescents, and nearly all teens have the occasional pimple, blackhead, or whitehead.
Skin cancer. Skin cancer is rare in children and teens, but good sun protection habits established during these years can help prevent skin cancers like melanoma (pronounced: mel-uh-NO-ma, a serious form of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body) later in life, especially among fair-skinned people who sunburn easily.
In addition to these diseases and conditions, the skin can be injured in a number of ways. Minor scrapes, cuts, and bruises heal quickly on their own, but other injuries — severe cuts and burns, for example — require medical treatment.
Disorders of the Scalp and Hair
Tinea capitis, a type of ringworm, is a fungal infection that forms a scaly, ring-like lesion in the scalp. It's contagious and common among school-age children.
Alopecia (pronounced: ah-luh-PEE-sha) is an area of hair loss. Ringworm is a common cause of temporary alopecia in children. Alopecia can also be caused by tight braiding that pulls on the hair roots (this condition is called traction alopecia). Alopecia areata (where a person's hair falls out in round or oval patches on the scalp) is a less common condition that can sometimes affect teens.
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Eastman Kodak introduced an inexpensive, lightweight hand held camera in 1900 – what was it called | BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Organ Layer
Location: All over your body
Physical description: Flat, pliable and tough, between 0.5 and 4mm thick
Function: To protect your body from damage, infection and drying out
Largest organ
Your skin is your largest organ. It covers your entire body and has a surface area of around 2 square metres. Its thickness varies from 0.5mm on your eyelids to 4mm or more on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet. In total, it accounts for around 16 percent of your body weight.
Tough physical barrier
Your skin consists of two main layers: the outer epidermis and the inner dermis.
Cells in the deepest layer of your epidermis divide constantly to make new cells. The new cells are pushed towards the surface of your skin. They eventually die and become filled with keratin, an exceptionally tough protein. Keratin provides your body with a durable overcoat, which protects deeper cells from damage, infection and drying out.
Cells on the surface of your skin rub and flake off steadily and are continuously replaced with new ones. About every 30 days, your body produces a totally new epidermis.
Your inner dermis consists of strong collagen and elastic fibres pierced by blood vessels. It also contains touch, pressure and pain sensors and is packed with hair follicles, sweat and oil glands. The oil glands produce a lubricant that keeps your skin soft and prevents your hair from becoming brittle.
Temperature control
Your skin's blood vessels, sweat glands and hairs play a crucial role in regulating your body temperature. When you need to cool down
Your blood vessels widen and allow heat to escape through your skin
You start sweating, and as your sweat dries, it uses heat from your skin and cools you down
Your hairs lie flat to make sure little warm air doesn't get trapped between your skin and your hairs
When you need to retain heat, the opposite happens – your blood vessels narrow, you produce less sweat and your hairs stand up on end to trap warm air around your body.
Skin colour
Your skin contains specialised cells called melanocytes. They produce melanin, a brown substance, which absorbs some of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Fair-skinned people only have melanin in the lower layers of their epidermis. People with dark skin have larger amounts of melanin in all layers. Freckles and moles are nothing else but small patches of skin with more melanin than in the surrounding area.
Wrinkles
As you age, the number of collagen and elastic fibres in your dermis decreases. Additionally, you lose fat from the tissue under your skin. As a result, your skin becomes less elastic and begins to sag and wrinkle.
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On a Monopoly board what colour is Old Kent Road | Old Kent Road | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Houses cost £30 each
Hotel, £30 plus 4 Houses
If a player owns ALL the lots of any Color-Group, the rent is Doubled on Unimproved Lots in that group.
Old Kent Road is the first brown (formerly dark purple) property , featured in the Standard UK version ("London") of the classic Monopoly boardgame. It is well known as the least expensive property in the game.
Old Kent Road is named after a road in South East London, England , which forms part of Watling Street; the Roman road which ran from Dover to Holyhead.
Many people have sung songs about the Old Kent Road. Even Fozzie Bear:
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Which motor manufacturer made the Terios | Interior Design Monopoly - Old Kent Road - Bathshop321 Blog
Interior Design Monopoly – Old Kent Road
Monopoly | July 16, 2013
Welcome to the first post on our Interior Design Monopoly board ! Our new Interior Design Monopoly board pays tribute to the classic game on it’s 80th anniversary and uses it’s generous colour palate to bring the best interior design bloggers from across the UK together, sharing their design knowledge to help you bring new styles to your home on various budgets.
As part of our great new resource for interior design plans on a budget we’ve put the first design guide together, sourcing great products from across the web to create a stylish and cosy ‘natural’ theme using brown colours and textures to create a bathroom that is consistently stunning. For more fantastic tips on different colour schemes, be sure to keep rolling the dice on the Interior Design Monopoly board!
Old Kent Road – Brown – Budget: £60.00
Creating a sleek, stylish bathroom using deep brown tones and a budget of just £60 may seem like a challenge, but we’re sure you’ll be delighted to see just how easy and affordable creating a bathroom using cosy, natural colours and textures can be!
Bathroom 4 Drawer Unit – very.co.uk – £29.00
Tidy up clutter and add tons of style with this natural looking 4 drawer corner unit from Very. Not only can you tuck away clutter and towels in the unit, but it fits nicely into the corner of the bathroom too, saving even more space!
Chocolate Brown Towel and Wash Cloth Set – houseoffraser.co.uk – £16.00
House of Fraser have a great selection of luxurious and reasonably priced towels and wash cloths , and you can choose exactly how many units you would like. For a set of two washcloths and 4 towels, it costs just £16.00. The colour matches our new colour scheme wonderfully, and will add a further touch of luxury, for a nice low price.
2 x Coloured Plant Pots – ikea.com – £5
Adding a potted plant to your bathroom will enhance the ‘natural’ feel massively. A stylish plant pot such as this Mandal pot from IKEA will set you back only £2.50, so feel free to get creative and add multiple plants to your room, as long as you water and feed them on a regular basis!
We’re opting for two plant pots for our new bathroom, coming to just £5.00.
Bamboo + Ceramic Bathroom Accessory Set – ebay.co.uk – £7.95
Adding a few extra accessories around the bathroom will help bring the whole design together, and keep a consistent look flowing throughout the room. We found this great set of bathroom accessories for an amazingly low price, and they will bring a slightly lighter wooden tone to the room, while still adhering to the current colour scheme.
So there we have our simple guide to creating a beautiful brown natural themed bathroom on a budget of just £60!
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What is the capital of Jamaica | Capital of Jamaica
Capital of Jamaica
The capital of Jamaica is Kingston. If you look at the map of Jamaica , you will discover that the parish of Kingston is actually very small. Indeed it is the smallest parish in Jamaica and popularly referred to as "downtown".
So small is it that the parish to the north, east, and west, St. Andrew is often loosely referred to as the capital as well. Many Jamaicans who say they live in Kingston actually live in St. Andrew. It is this combination of Kingston and St. Andrew (even the local government bodies are merged) that results in Kingston being regarded as the largest city in Jamaica. When one refers to the corporate area, it is to Kingston and St. Andrew.
The pictures of Jamaica you see below, are the works of well known photographer Jeremy Francis , one of Paul's two photo shoot partners (the other being Franz Marzouca ) for the photos he has offered featuring Kingston and St. Andrew landmarks.
You will recall from your visit to Port Royal that Kingston was born after Port Royal was destroyed by earthquake. Kingston grew rapidly in importance and later became the capital of Jamaica. Now Port Royal is a part of the city of Kingston and its Plumbpoint Lighthouse guides ships into our famous Kingston harbour.
The centre of Kingston is a hub of activity. There is the centre of legal enterprise, with the Supreme Court dominating King Street, the terminus for the buses that come into the city from all over the island, St. William Grant Park and Ward Theatre making up the area known as Parade.
Click on Pictures to Enlarge
Built in 1912 after the 1907 eathquake which stole the lives of thousands of Kingstonians and demolished buildings, the Ward Theatre was a gift from Colonel C. J. Ward.
Further north or uptown is New Kingston, the nerve centre of business and entertainment in the corporate area. At night the clubs in New Kingston are the places to party.
Another well known national monument is Devon House. A haven to visitors and locals alike, Devon House is reputed to have been owned by Jamaica's first black millionaire, George Stiebel. There you can enjoy a beautifully resotred mansion, gourmet meals, Jamaican arts and crafts and our famous Devon House Ice (S)cream.
The capital of St. Andrew is Half Way Tree, the shopping hub of the corporate area. A variety of malls and stores abound along this busy thoroughfare famous for its clock tower which replaced an old cotton tree.
The tree, the source for this place name, according to the National Library of Jamaica , was halfway between the English soldiers' camp in Greenwich, St. Andrew and their fort in Spanish Town.
The Athlete stands tall in front of the National Stadium, St. Andrew, stomping ground of Jamaica's champion track stars.
Inspired by the performance of our quartet in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the Helsinki Olympics in 1952, sculptor Alvin Marriott created this masterpiece. Not far away another of his works, the bronze scuplture of our beloved legend, Bob Marley, takes centre stage. Time magazine designated his One Love as song of the century.
We leave you with a well known landmark in another capital city. Thirteen miles out of Kingston the current capital of Jamaica is Spanish Town formerly St. Jago de la Vega the old capital of Jamaica. It bears many reminders of our Spanish and English government.
Here is a memorial to English naval officer George Rodney, known as the Rodney Memorial.
| Kingston |
What is the name of the dress traditionally worn by Japanese women | Visit Kingston In Jamaica | Our Shining Capital City
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Get to know the in’s and out’s of our capital
Our busy cosmopolitan Kingston is one-of-a-kind; half exotic jungle, bursting with sunshine, and half thriving business. With plenty to see and do, Kingston is a crash course in the island of All Right.
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What is the plural of moose | moose - Wiktionary
moose
moose
Etymology 1
Earlier mus, moos, from a Northeastern Algonquian language name for the animal, such as Massachusett moos, mws , Narragansett moos or Penobscot mos (cognate to Abenaki moz ), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa (“it strips”), referring to how a moose strips tree bark when feeding: compare Massachusett moos-u (“he strips, cuts smooth”). [1] [2]
Pronunciation
Noun
moose (plural moose or (dated) mooses or (uncommon, humorous) meese )
( US ) The largest member of the deer family ( Alces alces ), of which the male has very large, palmate antlers .
We saw a moose at the edge of the woods.
( informal ) An ugly person
Usage notes
The usual plural of moose is moose ; compare the names of many animals, such as deer and fish , which are also invariant. Other plurals are rare and nonstandard: mooses (with the usual English plural-forming suffix -s ), meese (jocularly formed by analogy to goose → geese ). [3]
Synonyms
(largest member of the deer family (Alces alces)): elk (British), Newfoundland speed bump (Canadian, humorous)
Derived terms
| Moose |
With which pop artist do you associate Campbell's soup tins | Grammar Girl : What Is the Plural of "Mouse"? :: Quick and Dirty Tips ™
What Is the Plural of "Mouse"?
The Influence of Old English on Plurals.
By
Today’s topic is irregular plural nouns, odd nouns such as “ox” and “oxen.”
Robbie from Keene, New Hampshire, called in with this question:
One of my friends knows that I'm kind of geeky and into grammar and was asking me about adding the 's' onto words to make [the plural but in the same question came up with the question about words like 'moose' and 'mice' and 'ox' and a goose--how all of those aren't formed into the plural by adding the 's.' And I was wondering if you can give any insight? Is there any rhyme or reason into this? Is it only animals that we don't to have to add an 's' on to make it plural?
Bonnie Trenga answers:
Robbie made me laugh when he placed a follow-up call asking me to imagine pluralizing all these words like the word "oxen": "goosen," "micen," and "moosen." Very
funny. Perhaps we would say some plurals that way if we were all still speaking Old English. More on that in a minute.
In modern English, most of the time we make a noun plural by adding an “-s.” So the plural of “animal” is “animals.” Robbie, on the other hand, is asking about irregular plurals, and we’re going to delve a bit into the history of English as we learn about three irregular types of plural noun. Many irregular plurals in English do seem to be animal names, but odd plurals aren't limited to animals.
Plurals Derived from an Old English Form
The first group of irregular nouns we’ll discuss derive from an obsolete form in Old English. “Ox” and “oxen” fall into this category. Old English is a West Germanic language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and southern Scotland between the mid-5th and mid-12th centuries (1). “Beowulf” was written in this language.
If someone from a thousand years ago traveled through time to visit us, we certainly wouldn’t understand each other, but as modern English evolved, it retained some elements of Old English. So we can blame Old English for the plural noun “oxen.” Only two other plural nouns in modern English end this way: “children” and “brethren.” Some other nouns, such as “eye,” “house,” and “hose,” used to be pluralized in a similar way, but the plural forms “eyen,” “housen,” and “hosen” are now dialectic or obsolete (2).
Seeing this word “hosen” reminded me of the German word “lederhosen,” which has a similar plural ending as these obsolete words. I’ve always known that English has many roots, including Germanic ones, but I haven’t actually studied German. The site I perused to learn about German plural nouns tells me there are a dozen different ways that German nouns can form the plural, one of which is “-en” (3).
Mutated Plurals
The second group of plurals we’ll talk about are mutants, which also have Old English roots (4). Examples are “foot,” “goose,” “woman,” and “louse,” which become “feet,” “geese,” “women,” and “lice.” Again we turn to German for an explanation of why they're pluralized this way.
You form these mutated plurals simply by changing the vowel sound of the singular, in a process called “umlaut” (5). An umlaut is that little two-dot symbol you sometimes see on German vowels, but what we’re talking about here is a different meaning of the word. The process of umlaut is a technical linguistics concept (6). All we need to know for our purposes is that mutated plurals are in fact quite rare in modern English. Other examples are “man” and “men,” “mouse” and mice,” and “tooth” and “teeth.”
Note that the American Heritage Dictionary says when you're talking about a computer mouse, the plural can be either “mice” or “mouses.”
Plurals That Are the Same As the Singulars
Our etymology lesson is over but we have one more type of plural noun to cover. These are nouns whose singular and plural forms are the same, such as “deer,” “fish,” “moose,” “sheep,” and “swine.” They are a kind of collective noun , which I covered in an earlier show . As you can tell, these nouns seem to be all animal names, so Robbie was partly right. These nouns don’t have the normal plural ending because we think of them as a group, as in “Six fish are in the aquarium.” However, you can pluralize “fish” in the normal way if you want to describe multiple individuals, for example, The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style uses the example “Half a dozen fishes inhabit the lake” (7). However, you wouldn’t say, “fishes” very often unless you’re talking in scientific terms.
I didn’t know that irregular plural nouns could be so interesting. If you want to learn more about Old English or the umlaut process, see the links at the bottom of this transcript.
No Firm Rules
Although I had started out hoping to find a pattern that would help Robbie understand why certain words take strange plurals, the real answer is that the occasional odd plurals are just random holdovers from Old English or are examples of collective nouns . The bottom line is that they are just the way they are, and people who are learning English simply have to memorize the strange plurals just as they would irregular verbs . Sorry!
Administrative
This podcast was written by Bonnie Trenga, author of The Curious Case of the Misplaced Modifier , who blogs at sentencesleuth.blogspot.com .
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_english. Accessed Sept. 10, 2008.
American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005, p. 360.
http://german.about.com/library/blplural01.htm . Accessed Sept. 10, 2008.
Garner, B. Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003, p. 615.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plurals . Accessed Sept. 10, 2008.
http://www.historymania.com/american_history/Umlaut . Accessed Sept. 10, 2008.
American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005, p. 361.
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What is the name of Postman Pat's cat | Postman Pat - Jess the Cat - YouTube
Postman Pat - Jess the Cat
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Published on Jun 15, 2013
Here is a Postman Pat song called Jess the Cat.
Category
| Jess |
Who scored England's goal against Germany in Euro 2000 | Postman Pat - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Merchandise[ edit ]
Merchandise includes The Postman Pat Sex Toy in which you can play with his very large AND I MEAN VERY LARGE... nose. A video game for the X Box was entitled Postman Pat: Hit and Run in which you would run over the residents of Greendale in Pats van in exchange for points. The game outsold all Grand Theft Auto games put together and spent a year atop the game charts. The game of spinoff show, Killer Krystal, failed to top the charts but did place at #2 bestseller for a month.
Postman Pat[ edit ]
The original series of Postman Pat's adventures. Only two series' were originally commissioned. Since they managed to build a ridiculously high fan base, the television executives just kept giving the franchise more series'. By the end of series 13, with all the original key writers either dead or having left, the series was commissioned two more series - to finish on Series 15.
Series 1[ edit ]
Postman Begins - Dorothy is acussing Pat of killing her brother at her home in 2007. Dorothy becomes irate but Pat tells PC Selby that she is ill. Dorothy is later set free from her mental institution and marries Pat.
Greendale - Several years after the couple first eloped, Pat and Dorothy return to Greendale with their son, Julian. Pat meets the locals.
Teddy - Pat rescues a poor man from a burning police vehicle, and the man introduces himself as Ted. In return for being saved, Ted offers Pat some 'premium' goods. You know what we mean.
First Day Of School - Pat and Dorothy go shopping for a sweet potato, as their old potato was starting to get a bit mean. Julian has his first day at Greendale School and falls in love with his teacher, Miss Hubbard.
Return Of The Post - Pat is plagued by a package that just won't stay delivered. It is later discovered to be a plot by MI5 to drive Pat insane.
Don't Watch Daddy - Pat comes home drunk after a night out with Ted and begins to teach Julian all about life. He then goes and meets Mrs Goggins. The next day he wakes up on her sofa, apparantly having refused her advances.
The Hubbard Fiasco - Pat withdraws Julian from Greendale school after learning that his teacher is on trial for being a paedophile.
Bottoms Up - Pat goes on a pub crawl...but everything gets worse when Dorothy asks him to find Julian, who has ran away.
The Dark Night - Pat finds Rebecca Hubbard and begins to interrogate her on what exactly happened in her classroom. Pat finds out all the details and then sets her free. The next day, the family is in court watching her case. But something seems wrong. Julian seems uneasy and Hubbard seems full of shame. Granny Dryden disappears without a trace. Series ends with a cliffhanger ending - how will the court case finish?
Series 2[ edit ]
Pat's Worst Hour - Pat is called to testify against Hubbard. But then he finds out it is his own son in the pictures.
Someone Behind You! - Pat fears he is being stalked. It later turns out it is just a stray cat , Jess. He adopts her. Meanwhile, Ajay, an Indian train driver and Niggs the black man move to Greendale.
Broken Van - The big red van breaks down. Luckily, Ted Glen will fix it, but for a favour. A sexual favour.
So That's What Fragile Means! - Pat breaks a parcel belonging to Indian train driver, Ajay. Pat, feeling awful, tells him that it was an accident, just like all of Ajay's children...the fucking idiot. Pat also spots Niggs committing a violent crime, and joins in, befriending niggs in the process.
Humps, Hats and Automobiles - Jess and Niggs kidnap a prostitute, and hide her in the van. Meanwhile, Pat has lost his hat in a field of sheep, and Mrs. Goggins' car won't start, even with Ted helping.
Knocked Up Cat - Pat decides to neuter Jess, but can't afford the vet's bills. So he steals money out of one of Ajay's children's birthday cards, before replacing it in the envelope.
Nicked Up Pat - Pat is arrested on a charge of stealing. Ajay the Indian also sues him for racial harassment.
Free - Pat is released after sleeping with the prison warden. He vows his revenge against Ajay. Farmer Thompson accidentally shoots his own foot, while niggs takes a short trip to Hull to join a inbred hunt.
Junk Male - Pat is fired from the Royal Mail, and turns to drinking. Meanwhile, Granny Dryden makes a shock return. Short of money, Pat blackmails her about her previous disappearance. Cliffhanger ending - has she committed suicide?
Series 3[ edit ]
Greendale Fair - Pat's wife Dorothy leaves him, and he gets drunk at the fair. Meanwhile, police investigate Granny Dryden's disappearance.
Closet Man - Granny Dryden returns, and Ted Glen officially comes out of the closet. Pat immediately stops delivering letters to him, being a homophobe.
Goggins And Co. - The UK Government are threatening to close small Post Offices. Pat and Mrs Goggins rally around to get the Greendale village to save theirs.
Julian - Pat loses custody of his son, Julian, due to his drinking. Ted Glen, the only gay in the village, comforts him.
Secret Letters - Pat becomes suspicious when another MI5 letter comes through for Granny Dryden. Later, suicide bombers attack the World Trade Center . Pat also overcomes his addiction.
Jess Vs Ajay - Jess pees on all of Ajay's letters. Ajay assumes this is more abuse from Pat. He is right.
The New Movie - Everybody flocks to see the new movie " Harry Potter and the Dead Fly" in Greendale Cinema. Pat uses this opportunity to steal their money.
Postcards - Pat takes great delight in reading everybody's postcards, and then telling everybody in the pub.
The Death - Granny Dryden's bullet-ridden body is found in the street. Pat is blamed. Cliffhanger ending - whodunnit?
Series 4[ edit ]
Post Man's Questions - Pat is taken in for questioning about Dryden's murder, but released without charge. Meanwhile, Ted, depressed he can't get a boyfriend, turns to drugs.
Interview With The Van-Buyer - Pat buys a new van. He chooses yellow, but Jess doesn't like it.
Revelations Chapter One - Pat gets letters to Granny Dryden, and he opens them. After all, its just a dead woman's letters. He discovers she worked for MI5.
The Last Battle - Pat accuses Ajay of being an Indian spy, who killed Dryden. Ajay attempts to run Pat over, but misses and hits Jess, seriously injuring her. Pat sues him, successfully. Ajay is also arrested for murder.
Revelations Chapter Two - Julian comes to visit, and announces he is now gay. Pat turns to drink again. Meanwhile, Julian and Ted hook up.
Goggins Goes Bust - The Post Office is shut down, and Mrs Goggins is forced on to the street. Pat laughs. Meanwhile, Rebeccca Hubbard returns from prison.
An Act Of Kindness - Pat allows Mrs Goggins to live with him. They both are alcoholics, and have drunken sex. Pat says it meant nothing.
The One - Julian leaves Pat to return home. Mrs Goggins wants more sex from Pat. Meanwhile, he delivers a birthday cake to Farmer Thompson.
Milk - Pat tries out milking cows on his day off. Nothing else happens.
Sad Story Of Ted - Ted's substance abuse gets worse, and he is still secretly seeing Julian. Pat accidentally gives Jess dog food.
I Want You, Pat - Mrs Goggins confesses her undying love for Pat, just as Rebecca Hubbard tries to molest Julian. Ted discovers this, and shoots Hubbard. Cliffhanger ending - Is she dead?
Series 5[ edit ]
Series 5 is due to start sometime this summer, episodes are currently being filmed. There will be 12 episodes. Executive Producer M. Night Shyamalan has said the new series will focus more on the characters, less on the job. Storylines include the romance between Mrs Goggins and Pat, Ted's arrest and the introduction of some Polish characters, to bring back the popular BBC racist slant. Pat may also get a dog. Pat, Julian, Ted, Mrs Goggins, Rebecca Hubbard, Jess and Farmer Thompson will all reappear, with Thompson becoming a much more fleshed out character, with some secrets of his own.
The Even Sadder Story Of Ted - Rebecca Hubbard survives her shooting with minor scars. She flees to Newcastle. Ted is arrested by the police who now consist of PC Selby and a Polish trucker named Mr. Lorryski. Pat decides to steal Ted's drugs and sell them at high prices on eBay.
In The Nick - Ted is sent to court and told to do community service for 100 hours in Liverpool. He fears for his life. Rightly so. Meanwhile, Pat decides he needs a new pet. Jess leaves and starts to plan something dark.
Fixing Bets - Pat decides to rig the X Factor vote and does quite well. Eventually he gets bored and decides to go buy his new pet. The same week, Jedward are knocked out.
Pat's New Pet - Pat doesn't know what his new companion should be. He refuses sheep as they are Welsh, he refuses haggis as they are Scottish and he refuses a mouse because he cannot find it to kick it when he's angry. He eventually buys a West Highland Terrier and calls it Mac.
The Death II - Pat's ex-wife is shot in Vienna. Pat gets the news and whoops with joy. Mac ravages all the post. Mrs Goggins continues to lust after Pat in alluring ways.
Anger Management Chapter One - After he kills a local OAP with a cricket bat, Pat is sent to guidence counseller Morgan Freeman . What starts off as a course in controling his emotions soon turns personal for Pat after Freeman threatens to kill his son with a pick axe. Features guest appearence of Morgan Freeman .
Anger Management Chapter Two - Pat challenges Freeman to a fight to the death. Farmer Thompson builds an arena where the two will fight. Freeman is supremely confident, but Mrs Goggins spikes his water with a little known drug called Hyploximosiacannatackleless. Freeman seems to have the upper hand in the fight, but explodes just seconds before he wins. Pat is declared a town hero. Features guest appearence of Morgan Freeman .
Pat And The Postmistress - Pat and Mrs Goggins have more wild drunken sex. Pat starts to develop feelings for her. Ajay returns from his short term jail sentence and vows to get his revenge. Mac pisses on Ajay's train. Ajay takes this as another insult.
Battle Of The Illegal Immigrants - After learning that there is now a Pole in Greendale, Ajay turns his attention to him and tries to kill him. Lorryski goes to Pat for help but is turned down. Lorryski challenges Ajay to a race to Linconshire and back. The winner will stay in Greendale; the loser packs their bags.
Race Of The Illegal Immigrants - Pat realizes he can kill two birds with one stone and plans to sabotage the race. He uses roadblocks, trees, Mac, flamethrowers and the Russian Army to try and stop them. He fails, but Lorryski wins. Ajay leaves and vows to have revenge on Pat and Lorryski.
The Dark Secrets Of Farmer Thompson - Famer Thompson reveals that he killed Granny Dryden because she ruined his crops whilst flying over in a spy plane. Pat decides not to turn him in as he still wants to blame Ajay. To get over it, Pat takes Thompson and Mrs Goggins to London for a holiday.
Thompson Goes South - Pat, Farmer Thompson and Mrs Goggins are enjoying London, but Rebecca Hubbard turns up, apparently stalking Julian. Pat, in a drunken rage, tells her to clear off. The following morning, Hubbard is found with both her legs sawn off. Cliffhanger ending - is Pat, Thompson or Goggins guilty?
Series 6[ edit ]
The BBC have commissioned twelve new episodes for Series Six. They will feature Pat and Mrs Goggins' developing relationship, Ted's return and Ajay and Jess' diabolical plans. Also, there will be more guest stars than before.
The Case Of The Sawn Off Legs - Rebecca Hubbard has new, metal legs attached in a life saving oppertunity. It turns out a drunk Peter Mandelson sawed off Hubbard's legs for reasons unknown. Pat blames Ajay again. Mac loses his tail in an incident with a lawn mower. Features guest appearence of Peter Mandelson.
Pat Gets Wasted - Pat and Mrs Goggins have more wild drunken sex. Mac uses a yardbrush as his new tail.
The Return Of Ted Glen - Ted returns from Liverpool. He has managed to give up drugs but is still gay. Pat sells the rest of Ted's drugs quickly.
The Last Stand Of Adolf Hitler I - Adolf Hitler moves into Ajay's old house. Lorryski fears as he is Polish and Jewish. He gains support from Mrs Goggins and Farmer Thompson but Pat and Ted rally with Hitler. Features guest appearence of Adolf Hitler .
The Last Stand Of Adolf Hitler II - Lorryski and over 300 other Polish illegal immigrants prepare to fight Hitler, Pat and Ted to the end. The skirmish leaves the fields of Greendale are set on fire. Hitler manages to single-handedly kill all the Polish, bar Lorryski and his sidkick, Smithski. Lorryski kills Hitler with the pick axe Morgan Freeman threatened to use on Julian last series. Pat and Ted plan to rid Greendale of illegal immigrants. Features guest appearence of Adolf Hitler .
Julian Returns - Julian returns to Greendale for a bit. He and Ted start dating again. Pat puts his illegal immigrant plan into action. Greendale's new vicar, the Reverend Timns, disagrees with Pat's morals but helps him anyway.
The Transformer - Pat's van turns out to be Optimus Prime in disguise. Pat then decides that he and Optimus will carry out his plan and exterminate all illegal immigrants...except Lorryski. Mac nearly kills Mrs Goggins after she gives him coffee.
Death Of A Dog - Pat decides to put Mac down after he attacks Mrs Goggins again. Mac tries to flee but is ran over by Lorryski. Pat sees this as an insult and shoots Lorryski in the back.
Tried - Pat is sent to court, but his lawyer Ted gets him out without a charge. Pat manages to blame Smithski. Under new EU guidlines, Smithski is executed by the electric chair, whilst Pat laughs. Lorryski surrvives and also vows revenge on Pat.
Pat, Ted, Thompson, Goggins and Optimus Vs The Rest Of Greendale Chapter One - Jess returns and rallies the rest of Greendale through bribary, threats and hypnotism to join him and Ajay against Pat and his allies. Preparation for war begins.
Pat, Ted, Thompson, Goggins and Optimus Vs The Rest Of Greendale Chapter Two - The first shots are fired as Greendale enters a state of civil war. Jess has recruited the rest of Greendale, led by Reverend Timns, the U.S. army, some Polish immigrants and the Labour Party, whereas Pat has Ted, Farmer Thompson, Mrs Goggins, Optimus Prime, Darth Vader and your mom . The war starts brutally, but who will win?
Pat, Ted, Thompson, Goggins and Optimus Vs The Rest Of Greendale Chapter Three - As the civil war reaches its peak, everything seems to go tits up. Timns is choked by Vader, your mom is stabbed by Ajay, Optimus Prime destroys the U.S. army, Mrs Goggins is killed by Jess, the Polish immigrants flee when Ted runs at them and Pat and Thompson shoot the Labour Party members. In the final stand off, Pat kills Jess, and then, overcome with grief, tries to shoot himself. He misses, but kills Julian instead. Overcome with more grief, he prepares to commit suicide , but is stopped by Farmer Thompson, who turns out to be the thirteenth incarnation of The Doctor . The Doctor says he can save everyone, to which Pat agrees. The Doctor alters time to four weeks before Jess's return. Back in the past, Pat reconciles with Jess, preventing the war. Ajay swears ultimate revenge on Pat and flees to Bradford to plan his return. Cliffhanger ending - Has Pat had his chips?
Series 7[ edit ]
Due to the sky high ratings and raving critical acclaim, the BBC has commissioned twelve new episodes. It will replace Doctor Who as BBC One's flagship program. The new series will feature Pat leaving the country for some episodes, accompanied by Jess and Ted, as well as several new, dark secrets and a crossover with other BBC programs.
Postman United - Greendale forms a football team, Greendale United, with Pat as captain, Ted as goalkeeper, and Rev. Timns as their manager. They make a shock qualification for the second round of the FA Cup, where they beat Queens Park Rangers 5-3 on penalties. Pat takes advantage of a prostitute following this and ends up on national television as 'The Man Who Shagged A Prostitute'.
Our Man In Norway - Pat, Jess and Ted go Norway after Pat shoots a tourist whilst drunk. They learn that Ted is part-Scandinavian and his brother is called Svenge Glen. They find Svenge and kill him, allowing Ted to take his identity for the near future. Pat and Jess return for their Third Round Tie with Bristol Rovers.
When The Postmistress Goes Marching In - Due to Ted's absence, Mrs. Goggins plays goalkeeper. Greendale win 5-2 AET. Pat is careful not to have sex with any prostitutes this time.
You Only Post Twice - Pat is recruited into MI5 to cover for the death of Granny Dryden. His first mission: kill 'Svenge Glen' in Norway.
From Norway With Post - Pat and 'Svenge Glen' clash, with Pat having forgot it's really Ted. They ultimately stop and plan to destroy the FBI after one of their agents attempts to kill Pat.
Post For Nothing - Pat, Ted, Jess and Mark Knopfler, formerly of Dire Straits, fly to Washington and, using the same plan al-Queda used, crash into the Pentagon. The American Government's data banks are destroyed, causing the Americans to believe Pat and Ted are Russian Spies. America subsequently launches nuclear missiles into Russia, and the First Nuclear Fusion War starts.
Post Unleashed - Pat and Ted return to find that they forgot Mark Knopfler and the Greendale team are already in the semi-finals of the FA Cup. Meanwhile, an unknown man arrives in town and claims to be Pat from the future. Pat ignores his warnings, but the man persists, causing Pat to kill him with a ride-on lawnmower. PC Selby believes that it has something to do with the 'Notorious Northern Ride-On Lawnmower Killer of the North' and launches a full scale investigation into the death. Pat decides to adopt a child to make up for Julian's disappointment and departure previously
Modern Posties - Pat adopts Krystal, a 19-year-old prostitute whose platinum blonde hair, long legs, beautiful face and double-D breasts very nearly turns Ted straight. Meanwhile, the Postal System undergoes a complicated overhaul, due to the part obliteration of the South Coast by Russia and America. Pat acquires a motorbike as a result, which Jess crashes into a local OAP (coincidentally the husband of the one Pat killed, which led to his confrontation with Morgan Freeman). As with all other characters, Jess is arrested. Pat and Ted think of a plan to try and save Jess from execution.
Holiday - Pat saves Jess from death by saying that Jess also works for MI5. The jury believes this, and for compensation, gives Pat, Jess, Krystal, Ted, Mrs Goggins and Farmer Thompson a free holiday to Australia for no reason. The six go and take part in a variation of Australian sports, including Kangaroo Snap, Bushwhacker Bait and Speed Sex (in which Pat has sex with Krystal) before coming home for the semi-final against favourites... Blackpool.
I, Postman - Due to Pat's flight being delayed in Australia, Rev. Timms secretly fields a team of robotic duplicates, resulting in a narrow victory. However, when the robots seem to malfunction, Timms is forced to spring into action, wielding a chainsaw and multiple semi-automatic weapons. He succeeds in killing all but the Pat duplicate who escapes to Ireland.
The Final Days of Ted Glen - Ted is captured by terrorists from Ireland, on the instructions of the Pat duplicate. Pat, Jess and Farmer Thompson launch themselves into a manical rescue mission that results in the death of half of Ireland when they use the IRA as a focal point for a RAF attack. The resulting attack manages to give enought time for Ted to escape but Irish President Jeremy Kyle declares war on Britain.
Extra Time - Britain and Ireland battle in the skies as Greendale face Chelsea in the final of the FA Cup. Pat scores the opening goal but Chelsea equalize soon after. Meanwhile, Jeremy Kyle invades London and gets into a brutal fight with a visiting Frenchman. In the final, it goes down to penalties. Pat, Ted, Mrs Goggins, Farmer Thompson and Jess all score, taking it into sudden death. Kyle arrives at the stadium and tries to shoot Pat but misses and kills the Chelsea striker instead, causing him to miss the penalty, giving Greendale a shock victory. As celebrations erupt, Kyle trains his gun on Pat. Cliffhanger ending - is this the end?
Series 8[ edit ]
Following the critically acclaimed Series 7, every broadcasting company across the globe wanted a piece of the action. As a result, the series was a patchwork of different companies takes on Postman Pat. This was also the first time since the first series that the series was independently produced. It also brought about starting a much sought-after 'clean edge' to the series. Series 8 & 9 were originally intended to air together, but the last half of the episodes (which later became series 9) didn't air due to many of the writers being called up to serve in World War 3.
Postman Cat - Pat wakes up from a coma after being shot by Kyle, and finds a very different world to the one he left behind. Jess has taken Pat's old job at the royal mail (Greendale Post Office has been re-opened due to a kind donation from an anonymous source), and has also eloped with Goggins to an undisclosed location. Pat realises that he has nothing left, so turns back to the bottle. Kyle is seen escaping from jail, but is found trespassing on Farmer Thompson's land and is shot.
Brand New Days - Julian returns to see Pat and helps him through his terrible ordeal. Realising that Julian is all he has left, Pat becomes determined to come clean and get Julian back. Jess and Goggins send Pat a postcard of Jess doing 'unspeakable things' to Goggins, which reads "don't you wish you were here?". Ted vows to help Pat clear out all his substances to be a good father to Julian, but accidentally uncovers some heroin in Pat's bathroom. Julian vows never to return, and states he is going back to live with Dorothy. Pat is shocked to hear that she is still alive, and begins to plan to win them both back.
Ted & Pat's Inebriated Adventure - In the process of clearing out all Pat's substances, Ted & Pat end up on a narcotic binge and wake up in bed together. Scared that he may have done the dirty with Ted, Pat flees Greendale while trying to piece together what happened...and what exactly that camera and that lion were doing in the bedroom.
Postcards From The Past I - In an attempt to once again forget the twisted affair with Ted, Pat goes to a laboratory in search of some "Super Cocaine". This turns out to be some experimental timewarp powder and Pat is hurtled into the past. He arrives at the moment he was shot by Kyle, but changing this results in Kyle vowing revenge and then torturing Julian.
Postcards From The Past II - Pat arrives at the moment he first met the little black and white bastard that is Jess. The episode is basically a clip show of all the good times the two spent together as Pat is in two minds about killing him. These flashbacks last too long, however, and Jess is butchered when Granny Dryden accidentally kills him with a ride-on lawnmower. Job done. Pat throws the remains into a compost bin at Thompson's farm. On halloween. Cue the start of 'Guess With Jess'.
Straight Edge Pat - Pat gets rid of the remnants of his sordid past and returns to work for the royal mail. His first package is some 'legal highs' for Niggs.
"You Heard Me, I'm Straight!" - After a particularly bad night, Ted runs to Pat to tell him that he is now heterosexual . Farmer Thompson uncovers a pendant that used to belong to Granny Dryden.
Julian Comes Home - Dorothy returns and agrees to let the reformed Pat have some custody of Julian. Julian is initially unhappy, but soon grows to accept his father. He is then kidnapped by Ajay, who comes disguised as an ice cream man.
Radical Highs - Pat pursues Ajay to Thompson's farm, where the two battle for Julian. Niggs then blunders along, high as a kite, and shoots Ajay in a stoned haze. Julian and Pat get away as Niggs falls asleep next to Ajay's body. Niggs is sent to prison.
Dear Dorothy - Pat convinces Dorothy to return to Greendale but as she is flying over, Pat gets visited by Goggins - who wants Pat back. Ted agrees to "take care of her" as long as Pat goes and inspects Farmer Thompson's discovery. Dorothy comes home and everything is fine. Goggins vows never to return to Greendale after a night of rampant sex with Ted.
The Cat's Out Of The Bag - Farmer Thompson shows Pat his discovery - Jess' collar and grainy photographs of Pat and Jess together. Pat begins to fear that something is wrong with time, and arranges it so that royal mail send him to deliver a package to the laboratory. The scientist (guest star Stephen Hawking ) tells Pat that the past can never change, and time will seek to correct itself. Regardless Pat goes home and, after blaming Julian, beats him with a shoe.
Calling Cards - Julian and Dorothy are called over to America by a distant relative who claims that they have found something of interest to the two. Pat then decides that this gives him the perfect cover to try his attempt at fixing time. He calls it his 'final solution'. When the city reject plans to allow him to build a concentration camp, however, he simply rents out a nuke from the laboratory.
If At First You Don't Succeed...Nuke! - Pat drives away from Greendale after collecting his final paycheck, taking only Ted with him. Pat activates the nuke, destroying all remnants of Greendale. Pat then realises he left his trademark hat there, and hopes that it somehow survived the explosion. When he arrives there, he is met by Granny Dryden. She tells him that MI5 is only one of the projects, and she is also a servant of time. Pat mocks her, until she pulls out a rifle and claims killing him is the only way. She shoots Pat, but Ted mows her down with Pat's truck and then causes the truck to explode. Cliffhanger ending - is Pat finally done for?
Series 9[ edit ]
The fanbase of the series were uncertain where the series would go after the killing off of so many characters at the end of Series 8, but the pilot of this series showed that figures shot through the roof to see how the series could survive. The majority of this patchwork series was produced by the BBC, so we see Pat's trademark dark side come out again. The series began to compensate for the often outrageous plot lines with the development of character, such as watching Julian grow up and the introduction of Father Bates. However, during airing, the BBC turned their noses at certain episodes and prevented them from airing - all part of their new politically correct agenda.
Call The Angels - Pat is pronounced as good as dead by doctors at Goldbale general hospital after the rifle wound, but he makes a miraculous recovery and thanks Father Bates for it. Father Bates says that in return, Pat must evict this troll that has taken up residence in one of the houses he owns. The troll, who looks a lot like Mrs. Goggins, kills Ted by ripping his arm off and forcing it...well, somewhere uncomfortable. Pat, furious and distraught, cries as he is lifted into the air by the troll. His huge nose runs and the troll is drowned. Father Bates thanks him and, since Ted is now dead, allows him to live there for as long as he needs to.
Pilot Pat - While meeting the locals, Pat is forced into the cockpit of a plane in order to deliver post to Greenland. The irish Pat robot from Series 7 returns, now built onto a fighter jet. However, Pat tricks the robot into flying into a passenger jet full of American lawyers. Everybody celebrates. This also probably helped the rise in figures as this episode was selected as the pilot for this series.
Welcome To Goldbale! - Dorothy and Julian return from america with news: long-lost uncle Patrick is planning to visit. Pat takes a dislike as they share the same name. Dorothy and Julian visit the notable landmarks in the city...that's about it. Lowest ratings of the series.
The Problem With Cheese (Unaired Episode) - The episode consists of, for the first half, Pat attempting to overcome his constipation and have a great big dump. The second half consists of Pat attempting to fix the blockage problem before Bates notices.
If I Had A Gun... - Goggins returns and tells Pat that she is going to tell Dorothy everything about their past. Pat states that if he had a gun he would blow her brains out...she replies that she doesn't need a gun, she's already done that to him. Bates comes along afterwards, and informs Pat that Goggins is his ex-wife. Pat later does kill Goggins with a silenced pistol, but Bates then reads Pat's diary...
The Breakdown - Dorothy reveals that Goggins left her a note, telling her everything. Pat then goes crazy when she tells him she's leaving, locking her in his cellar. Bates is performing an exorcism in vatican city so he is away for a while, so Pat decides to relax for a while. He visits the local meadow and gets urinated on from a moving vehicle.
Who's Your Daddy? - Julian gets laid. Pat finds out. Good times all around. The first episode of Postman Pat to show post-watershed due to Julian's Sex Scene.
Mourning Son - Dorothy dies of HIV and Pat begins mourning. As he is unresponsive, Julian seeks guidance from the church. Bates, who has just returned, takes advantage and touches Julian to get back at Pat.
Dutch Courage - Pat returns to his alcoholic ways. Julian begins to worry about what effect it will have if he tells Pat about Bates.
May God's Love Be With You - Julian tells Pat about Bates, who then hunts down Bates and confronts him. The two fight atop the church, and Pat tells Bates that Goggins was murdered by him. Bates loses his cool and charges at Pat, who winds him with a crowbar and throws him off the top of the church. Bates dies in what can only be described as "something akin to throwing a haggis off the eiffel tower".
Rent Boys & Their Toys - After a few quiet weeks, Pat is slowly getting off the drink when he walks in on Julian and the local rent boy at it like rabbits. Pat disowns Julian, saying that he has no son.
Twilight Time - Pat visits the local pub and wakes up with his nose embedded in a local woman's buttcrack.
To The Moon(Rocks) (Unaired Episode) - The episode was scheduled to air post-watershed, but the BBC pulled it off schedule at the last minute and replaced it with springwatch. Frankly, it would've been safer to show this. Pat goes on a blackout binge with a bottle of whisky and ends up at the start of the world's longest line of cocaine, leading to some marijuana and moonrocks.
New Friend - Pat befriends a dog called Bruno after a local farmer is trying to kill it for eating his chickens, something which Pat in fact did while drunk the night before.
You Can't Spell Friend Without End - As Bruno and Pat are delivering a package of sleeping pills, some apples and a new mirror to a queen, they drive past Julian at the edge of a cliff. As Pat plans to push him off, he notices that Julian is being held at gunpoint by Jess. Pat questions how Jess can exist, and Jess simply states that it only took him to travel back even further in time to prevent it. Pat and Jess have a quick skirmish, culminating in the two beating each other to the ground and talking. Pat attempts to reason with Jess, saying that the change must have corrected itself and they can live happily again now. As confusion and panic spreads, Jess snarls and lifts his pistol. The shot pans away to a longshot of the cliff and a gunshot is heard. Cliffhanger ending - what happened?
Series 10[ edit ]
Series 10 was the first completely independently produced series ever. This new approach saw the wacky plots begin to take focus again and the characters get pushed onto the backburner. This was also the first series since season 3 to not become critically acclaimed. Although the first episode received amazing ratings and phenomenal reviews, the overall series suffered. Many think this is due to martians invading earth and declaring war...but that's a completely different story. The story follows immediately on from series 9, tying up loose ends. It also sees the end of Goldbale and the return of many of the characters from Greendale in some form.
The Pat Attack - Julian, having been shot, falls backwards off the cliff and plummets into the ocean. Jess, in shock, fires towards where the gunshot came from...locating Niggs. Niggs was furious that Pat never visited him in jail and, realising that he will inevitably go back there for killing Julian, turns the gun on himself and kills himself. Pat reunites with Jess and Bruno skulks off, plotting revenge for being abandoned.
Postman Pat And His Black & White Cat - Pat is recruited to deliver packages for Goldbale Post Service, and Jess accompanies him. Pretty simple & boring episode. Sub-plot includes Krystal being kicked out of Pat's house.
Doctor Thompson - Pat and Jess deliver a package to an address and are greeted by Farmer Thompson, who reveals that since his farm was destroyed he has resided to just being the doctor. He warns Pat that great danger is coming, but is ignored. He then warns Jess that time will fix itself soon.
Krystal Clear - While Pat is enjoying his holiday by the coast, Krystal appears and starts making trouble for Pat.
An Unlikely Alliance - Jess comes across Krystal and Bruno teaming up to rise against Pat. Jess tries to tell Pat, but is captured by the local cat lady, Linda.
A Case Of Pat v Dog - Pat confronts Bruno in an epic showdown, with Krystal trying to help Bruno defeat Pat. Jess scratches Linda and escapes from her clutches, rushing to help Pat before Bruno unleashes his secret weapon.
A Case Of Cat v Dog - As Pat defeats Krystal, Jess arrives and keeps Bruno occupied. A massive skirmish follows, with Jess just about defeating Bruno and throwing him into the ocean. Pat throws in Krystal and the two walk off into the horizon, happy at a job well done.
Skinning A Cow - Pat is asked to deliver a package of fine leathers but loses them. He spends the whole episode producing some fine leathers.
Goodbye Goldbale - When Pat's house is burnt down, Pat goes on a blackout binge and ends up starting the 'Great Goldbale Fire'. Escaping with Jess in his van, Pat heads to the city. Little does he know that Linda is hiding in his van...
Moonwalk - Pat accidentally crashes into another van while exploring the city of Priguard. The van was delivering vital parts to a space association and Pat races to get to the location in time. However, things go disasterously wrong after Pat delivers the package, noticing that The Doctor is tampering with the computer software. Pat chases The Doctor, but he gets away.
Jess' Big Day Out - After a night out, Pat is incapacitated. Jess takes the episode by getting into all sorts of trouble...including stealing Marijuana from a dealer.
The Doctor Will See You Now - The doctor hunts down Jess and attempts to kill him, claiming that it is the only way to fix the errors that Pat caused. Pat comes to the rescue, but it was a trap and the Doctor beats and ties up Pat. He then uses an unnamed object from his pocket to cause a time disruption that engulfs Pat. Jess, scared, urinates up the device. It shortcircuits and all three of them are sucked into an abyss, while Priguard is nearly destroyed.
Series 11[ edit ]
Series 11 came out following the mixed-reviews of Killer Krystal, receiving good reviews as it showed that there was life still left in the series. As the martians were still at war with earth, this became the BBC's official wartime program. The series was, overall, a throwback to previous storylines, with several alternate takes on plots.
Postman Past - In the white abyss, Pat and Jess are dragged before a council by Doctor Thompson. The council, notably Rusty and Fuzzy, set Pat on the mission to fix his mistake in time. Pat goes back to the day he met Niggs and attempts to kill him to revive Julian.
Zombie Julian - With a zombie Julian causing chaos, its up to Pat and Jess to save the day.
Ajay & Dryden Take To The Skies! - Pat travels back to prevent the destruction of Greendale. Ajay, using Dryden to build himself a flying fortress, prepares to get his ultimate revenge on Pat.
Night Of The Living Jess - Halloween special. Travelling back to just after when he last messed up time, Pat attempts to stop zombie Jess from destroying Greendale.
Save The Cat - Pat travels back to the moment he was about to kill Jess and stops Dryden from running him over.
The Dorothy Issue - After Fuzzy tells Pat that there are other areas that need adjusting, Pat travels back in time in an effort to save Dorothy.
The Hubbard Issue - Pat goes back in time to try and stop Julian being molested by Hubbard.
Pat'll Fix It - Pat rescues Ted from the Troll in Bate's house. He then tells him to wait in some woods for him to return.
Something Is Wrong - Pat stops off at the local pub in Greendale before it got destroyed. He then gets drunk and has sex with Krystal. He then learns she is pregnant and flees.
Happy Families I - Fuzzy tells Pat that he must repair his broken family to save himself. Pat embarks on a mission to stop Dorothy and Julian from wanting to leave.
Happy Families II - With his first plan having failed, Pat travels further back to stop them from ever breaking up: by killing Ajay before anything bad can happen.
Everything Ends - Pat and Ajay square off in the final showdown. Jess tries to intervene, but Pat orders her to stay out of it as it is Pat's job and his alone. The two fight and Ajay gets injured, but as Pat comes charging in he pulls out a knife. A flash of white then engulfs them - similar to the one at the end of the last series. Cliffhanger ending - what happened?
Series 12[ edit ]
Series 12 marked the end of the war with the martians, leaving it up to Pat to celebrate the finer things in life. In the new age of decadence, the producers were asked to return the series to it's dark & narcotic-infused roots. So that is what they did. The series was divided into two following the murder/suicide of a key writer and the actor who played Ajay. The second half of the series aired six months after the first half finished.
Sunny Afternoon - Fuzzy carries Pat out of the bright white light and into Greendale, where he is lay down in the middle of the town. Fuzzy and Rusty decide that they will not tell Pat why he has been spared, but will instead leave him to enjoy what is left of his life. Jess finds his way back to Greendale and wakes up Pat.
The Wrong Turn - Pat & Jess set off to deliver the final package from Goldbale Delivery (which they failed to deliver before burning down Goldbale) but end up going down the wrong street. All manner of mayhem breaks loose.
The Gold Mine - Jess discovers a gold mine and attempts to get some riches. Meanwhile, Pat uncovers some long lost money and heads off to the local pub for a blackout binge.
Thieves & Cheats - Jess is on the run from Miner Bill for stealing his gold. Meanwhile, Pat wakes up next to a woman who he cannot remember the name of.
Rock Band - Pat, Julian, Jess and Ted form a band together after a night of playing Guitar Hero, with Jess on bass, Ted on guitar, Julian on drums and Pat on vocals and guitar. The band rehearse and play a massive gig at the Greendale Royal Inn.
Rockstars - Following their brawl on stage, Julian and Ted reconcile and hit the town hard. Jess, now officially a rock star, goes on a binge alone and wakes up in the morning with a court order to not got within 10 feet of the public library. Pat stays in and gets obsessed with a certain weed.
Goldbale Calling I - Ted collects Pat from rehab and learns that Pat has made a complete recovery from his debilitating gardening addiction. The band rehearse a few more times and are called up to play a stadium in Goldbale.
Goldbale Calling II - The band escape the burning remains of the stadium and Pat performs a solo acoustic performance for the audience (notably Father Bates) after the rest of the band scamper off home. Pat gains so much attention that a mysterious man approaches him and asks him to do a tour overseas...alone.
Fallout - Julian leaves the band after hearing the Pat is putting the band on ice to do solo ventures overseas. Pat attempts to reconcile with his son, but Julian disappears.
The Battle Of The Pats - Feature length mid-season finale. Pat and the band are booked to perform at a metal concert, so they immediately phone up Fuzzy to help out. But when they arrive at Pat's final show with the band, they find Julian - with the rival band! The battle of the bands commences, and inevitably Pat emerges victorious. He then announces his departure for overseas and heads off backstage to get wasted first.
Magic Jam - Pat kicks off his tour in style by giving a phenomenal performance and managing to end up in his own dressing room afterwards. He is then invited by fellow musician Gregg Smiles to jam backstage, so the two go backstage and begin making Marijuana jam sandwiches.
Another Night Another City - Smiles follows Pat on tour as the opening act and the two move onto a different city. Pat's tour manager is hospitalised after a horse rides him.
Foreign Ideas - Pat is boo'ed offstage at a performance and his ego deflates. Pat disappears for days on end, leading Smiles to cover for him and headline the entire tour. It is revealed towards the end of the episode that Pat is currently residing with some Shao-Lynx monks.
Paradise - Smiles and Pat's tour manager (named in this episode as Beaterschmidt) arrive at the fragrant temple of the Shao-Lynx monks and find Pat chilled out in a corner after becoming hooked on the natural drugs the monks possess. Pat agrees to continue his tour and then stumbles back to the bus. In his first show, Pat is so relaxed from the drugs that his voice is incomprehensible and at one stage he falls asleep.
The Last Stop - The final gig of Pat's sellout tour arrives...but Pat doesn't. Smiles begins his set and Pat is still absent. It is up to Beaterschmidt to find Pat. Pat, when found, plays his final show superbly and finishes in style - by destroying the stage and the mic and then giving his trademark guitar to the closest fan...after setting fire to it. Pat escapes the building in a rush and then goes on a binge with Smiles.
Roman - A Shao-Lynx monk named Roman finds Pat and attempts to join him in his after-tour celebrations. The rest of the show is a black-out binge.
Coming Home - Pat returns home and finds out that Dorothy has been cheating on him with Farmer Thompson. Pat, however, is unable to do anything about it because Thompson is the doctor. Thompson attempts to coax Pat into attacking him, but Pat refuses and goes to get wasted instead.
Dead In The Night I (Unaired Episode) - Unaired out of respect due to the death of the actor who plays Ajay. Pat returns home to find Jess dead, with a letter from Ajay demanding a battle to the death...if he can find him. Pat teams up with Julian, Smiles, Ted and Roman to find Ajay and kill him.
Dead In The Night II (Unaired Episode) - Unaired out of respect due to the death of the actor who plays Ajay. Ajay hospitalises Smiles and Roman, while Julian is forced to try and keep them alive. Pat continues his battle with Ajay until Ajay manages to threaten Ted with death - subduing Pat. Smiles then rushes towards Ajay and strikes him down onto a pile of boulders, breaking his back. Ajay vows that he will return. As the gang make their way to the hospital, Julian goes to burn down Ajay's house and finds Jess inside - alive and tied up.
The Next-To-Last Stand - Doctor Thompson returns with Fuzzy and Rusty and the three begin causing mayhem in Greendale, claiming it has no right to exist. Pat, Roman, Smiles, Ted, Jess, Julian and Krystal all step up to prevent the extinction of Greendale.
The Last Stand - Thompson continues his assault on Greendale. Pat, Jess and Ted manage to defeat Fuzzy while Roman and Julian finish off Rusty. Smiles and Krystal get distracted and go have sex and upon their return Krystal is knocked unconscious by a runaway train set.
Stand Off - With only Pat, Julian, Roman and Jess remaining to subdue Thompson, Thompson begins breaking out his time abilities to flood their minds with an eternity of knowledge. Jess and Julian are instantly subdued, but Pat and Roman continue to fight. As the episode reaches its climax, Roman throws a javelin that goes through Thompson - shattering him into a dozen shards of time which all explode in a white flash of light. The spear is then seen hurtling towards Pat...is this the end?
Series 13[ edit ]
Following the mixed reception to series 12 and a turbulent year for the economy (the world's latest dictator had gone a bit mad and had made chocolate coins legal tender), series 13 was in the pipeline for over a year and a half. This led to writers leaving left, right, centre and even above. It also led to a bitter, cynical and less-humorous tone to episodes than previous series'. As filming of the first ten episodes got under-way, the actor who played Julian left the series to become - ironically - a postman. The final ten episodes had to be rewritten accordingly and, due to a contractual agreement from series 10, the final episode of the series had to be produced by an independent company - another move that shocked fans. But Pat was confident that his series would maintain high standards of excellence. It did. But ratings did not follow fashion and dipped drastically. Due to this, and the fact that most writers were either dead or had left, the BBC gave the show two more series - allowing it time to end on series 15.
The Night Greendale Stood Still - Roman's spear hits Pat and he is wounded. Julian and Roman rush to help Pat, but realise they are powerless. As Pat gets rushed to hospital, word spreads to Julian that Hubbard is on the loose once more and is seeking him down.
Pat-o-rama - With Pat still unable to remember anything, Jess and Dorothy try to help him. Meanwhile, Roman and Krystal help Julian hunt down Hubbard before she finds him.
The Time Trial - A flash of white light captures Pat and everybody else involves in the death of Thompson. They are summoned by a time senator called Hummingbird, who begins to hold a trial on what should happen. Learning about the nature of the events, Hummingbird rewards Pat by restoring his memory and offering him "guidance and protection as he follows his destiny".
"Smiles, Baby!" - Smiles and Ted attempt to infiltrate the house of Ajay, following a local rumour that he has secret riches somewhere in the house. The two get locked in and get very intimate. Meanwhile, Pat and Jess get separated while on a day trip to a beach.
Dead In The Night I - This episode is a remake of the previously unaired episode, done following an anonymous leak of the episodes online. Pat returns home to find Jess dead, with a letter from Ajay demanding a battle to the death...if he can find him. Meanwhile, Ted and Smiles desperately attempt to break free from Ajay's house but are gassed and locked in the cellar.
Dead In The Night II - The episode is also a remake of the previously unaired S12.5 episode. Smiles and Ted manage to escape from the cellar upon waking up as Ajay has foolishly left the door open. As they do so, Ajay strikes down Pat continues his battle with Ajay until Ajay manages to threaten Ted with death - subduing Pat. Smiles then rushes towards Ajay and strikes him down onto a pile of boulders, breaking his back. Ajay vows that he will return. As the gang make their way to the hospital, Julian goes to burn down Ajay's house and finds Jess inside - alive and tied up.
Sponge - Jess becomes sexually attracted to a sponge in Pat's bathtub. Mayhem follows. Julian continues searching for Hubbard and Pat attempts the cinnamon challenge.
The Rise Of Rebecca Hubbard - Julian finally locates Hubbard and begins his attack. However, Hubbard has also been looking to kill Julian for ruining her life. As the two clash, Hubbard overpowers Julian and turns a knife on him. Krystal intervenes and is stabbed, several times. Pat and Dorothy go looking for Julian.
The Reign Of Rebecca Hubbard - With Krystal dead, Julian begins to try his own dirty tactics to kill Hubbard. Pat and Dorothy arrive and, along with Smiles and Jess, join the fray.
The Fall Of Rebecca Hubbard - As Pat lies bleeding on the floor, Julian and Dorothy begin to turn the tables on Hubbard. As Hubbard stabs Dorothy, Julian lunges at her and the two tumble off a nearby cliff and down towards a road as Julian shouts "don't worry mum - i'll be back in time for tea!"
Hold Your Own - The family attend Krystal's funeral and spot Bruno. Bruno begins to hunt down Pat, and it is up to Pat and Jess to save the day.
Talk To Granny - Granny Dryden reveals to Pat that MI5 are planning a big event, but there is somebody planning to bomb it and Pat must save the day. Pat goes and, realising too late that it's a trap, is caught in the bomb's explosion.
Heaven Is A Place On Mars - Pat once more meets with Hummingbird, who informs him that he has been watching out for him all along. After explaining how Ajay, the cinnamon challenge, Hubbard and now Granny Dryden all SHOULD have killed him, Hummingbird instructs Pat to kill Rusty and Fuzzy.
How To Get A Head - Pat begins to plan how to kill Fuzzy efficiently. After planting evidence on Granny Dryden, he proceeds to behead Fuzzy and pin the blame on her.
Rusty Nail - Rusty and Pat get talking and Rusty reveals his fears about dying. Pat takes Rusty to the bar and orders him a load of 'rusty nail' cocktails. In the final one, he places an actual rusty nail and forces Rusty to down it. As Rusty does so, he immediately dies and Pat leaves the scene.
"Holy Sh*t, My Son's An Indian!" - Julian finally returns after a long absence. Due to the actor having left the show, he is instead played by one of the sons of the actor who played Ajay. Yes, an indian Julian! Pat is shocked by this and the episode revolves around attempting to figure out what happened.
I, Roman - During a friendly javelin match, Roman begins to act weirdly and then malfunctions - revealing himself as an android. Pat and Jess attempt to defend themselves.
I Came, I Saw, I Conquered - With Pat defeated, Roman turns his sights on Jess and Ted. The duo fight off Roman while Pat recovers.
"THIS IS GREENDALE!" - Pat, now fully recovered, leads the charge at Roman alongside everybody from Greendale. As the forces of Greendale begin to prevail, Roman reveals that Pat is now very vulnerable without Hummingbird - and Roman can exploit this.
Smackdown - Roman lies defeated by Pat and Ted, but now it's up to the two to salvage information from a dying Roman before it's too late. Roman reveals everything about Pat's life, Hummingbird, the reason for Roman's creation and the future of Pat.
Series 14[ edit ]
With Pat's writers now getting stressed at how to draw the series to a proper close after adding a further twist at the end of Series 13, many left the crew. Following this, the actors playing Dorothy and Smiles joined in to write some episodes. In addition to this, the actor who once played Julian returned to help the crew along. The series consisted of 13 episodes, each one focusing on tying up the storyline before progressing to finish the series forever.
Shards Of Ass - The début episode of series 14 was rating R and therefore aired post-watershed. Pat, Ted, Jess and Smiles all hunt down the shards of Thompson. Ted locates it in the window of Ajay's house and destroys it, managing to capture the shard. However, Jess sits on it and it becomes lodged.
Banana - With Jess incapacitated, Julian and Pat work together to search the Greendale farms for a shard following an anonymous tip-off.
Dryden's Gonna Getcha - With Pat cornered and Granny Dryden going in for the kill, it's up to Ted and Julian to locate Pat before it's too late. Meanwhile, Jess and Smiles locate a shard in a child's birthday cake.
Dear Dorothy - Dorothy and Julian search for a shard which is apparently located overseas. Smiles and Ted help Pat to find Jess, who has found what she believes to be a 'shard mine'.
Battle For Crest Hill I - Jess and Ted begin the task of placing explosives around Crest Hill while Smiles and Pat attempt to fend off an attack by Father Bates.
Battle For Crest Hill II - As Smiles carries Pat's body to safety, Ted insists that he must fend off Bates. As Jess detonates the explosives, Bates beats Ted over the head with a bible and attempts to escape to safety. Ted grabs Bates tightly and refuses to let go, killing them both as the explosives detonate.
In The Mourning - Pat is still mourning the death of Ted and goes out for a night on the town with Jess. The two, while drunk, spot somebody sporting a necklace with a shard competing in a pool competition. Pat enters and tries to win the shard.
The Roman Empire - Pat is called by Reverend Timns who wishes to tell him everything he knows about time, space, Thompson and even Hummingbird. Jess, meanwhile, teams up with Smiles to round up all the shards from the now safe remains of Crest Hill while Julian and Dorothy return with two shards.
Time Is My Enemy - Pat, having searched Roman's body and found three shards, is convinced that Timns could in fact be right about time. As Pat and Timns team up to locate a lost shard in Goldbale, Smiles and Julian chase down Goggins as they believe that she is in possession of a shard.
The Truth Will Set Who Free? - Goggins surrenders her shard, but not before informing Julian of all the sick details of her past experiences with Pat. Julian, in disbelief, sets Goggins free. Meanwhile, Pat and Jess pay Timns a visit regarding the remaining shards.
Still Ill - Dorothy begins to fall painfully ill and reveals that Goggins spat on her several weeks previously. Pat, furious, rushes to locate Goggins but finds that she has died of HIV. Meanwhile Smiles locates a shard belonging to Goldbale's resident mobster, Don Juan-Kerr.
The Time Is Now - Pat and Jess take the trusty van to the location of a shard. However, there is a landslide and the two are trapped. Meanwhile, Julian prepares himself to confront Pat.
No, Future - Pat, Jess and Smiles are convinced that they have located the final shard. As they arrive at Timns to break the news, however, they learn that he is dead. As they head off to obtain the final shard, they are assaulted by a mysterious man - revealed to be the son of Ajay, Sanjay. Julian realises that Timns' body contains a shard and drags his corpse to Pat and the others. As they all fend off Sanjay, the shards glisten and begin to crash together. They all then shoot towards Smiles, killing him instantly. They then sink into his body and he begins to glow. Cliffhanger ending - what will happen next?
Series 15[ edit ]
Series 15 was referred to as "the biggest risk in television history" by BBC and "a final dive back into the deep end for the writers" by ABC. Pat referred to the series differently, saying "it's brilliant. I'm in it. Of course it's brilliant. I'm in it. It's not the best, but I save it. The series went downhill for a while. Imagine a load of geniuses after a car crash, all brain damaged and whatnot. That's what happened as of series 11. This is the next level though. The recovery. A brief spark of genius returning to the brain dead heads." Series 15 is set to be the final ever series of Postman Pat and is tipped to see the return of Sanjay and Thompson, the final battle between Hummingbird and Pat, the truth revealed about the series and the true nature of Pat and another key character to be shown. It is also hinted that Julian will play his most important role to date...as Pat's nemesis. Due to the fact that this was the final commissioned series by the BBC, the writers spared no expense. To get their revenge on the BBC, they wrote in as many famous faces as possible to litter throughout the series. They also made the final episodes as expensive to produce and film as possible.
The Shard That Broke The Camel's Back - In the time realms once more, Pat and the others rush to attempt to see what is wrong with Smiles. Smiles begins to melt as Hummingbird appears, brimming with evil intent. Hummingbird tells Pat that Greendale is gone and that the final battle has come. Jess and Julian break free of the time realm in order to free everyone but as everyone tries to escape, Julian is collared by Hummingbird and the two vanish together into the time realm.
Breaking Bad - Six months after the events of episode one, Pat is stowing away on a train set for Moscow in order to meet with renowned medium Derek Acorah. However, all is not as it seems...Featuring a guest appearance by Derek Acorah .
The Dark Side Of The Room - Julian is in turmoil after destroying Pat's train from Moscow and believes that he has killed Pat. Julian seeks spiritual guidance to deal with it, but is once more captured by Hummingbird who swears he will "finish Julian's rehabilitation". Meanwhile, Jess tends to a dying Dorothy.
"You Phantom Menace!" - The episode begins with Jess killing Bruno, who has innocently arrived looking for Pat. Meanwhile, while on a trip into Priguard to obtain information, Pat is assaulted by an unknown foe. Pat is soon saved by Qui-Gon Jinn. Pat begins his training to combat the new enemy. The foe eventually reveals himself to an unknown speaker to in fact be Julian. Features a guest appearance by Liam Neeson as Qui-Gon Jinn .
Priguardian Infiltration - Pat meets up with old friend Beaterschmidt, who is now out of work. The two infiltrate Priguard together, with Pat determined to get his information. Meanwhile, Jess and Dorothy go to the library where Jess realises that there is a chance Ted could still be alive. Features a guest appearance by Ozzy Osbourne .
The Hunt For Ted Oktoberr - Pat, Jess and Niggs team up to try and locate Ted at a location near Crest Hill. Meanwhile, Dorothy is kidnapped by Sanjay.
Catnip - Pat, Niggs and Jess chase after Sanjay but Jess is captured and stolen by Linda. Pat and Niggs, who manage to capture Sanjay, begin to torture him until he sets Dorothy free. The two then extract information from him before Pat takes the lead and painfully kills him. Jess, meanwhile, almost escapes but is once more captured by Linda. Jess then resorts to killing Linda by putting her in her oven and escaping through the catflap. Meanwhile, Beaterschmidt chases up one of his old employees. Features guest appearances by Jimi Hendrix and Matt Lucas .
The Doctor Returns - Pat and Jess are shocked when they are approached by Thompson. Following a epic fight, Thompson reveals that he is back to help Pat and explains his backstory. Meanwhile, Julian arrives at his old house where Niggs is taking care of Dorothy. He walks in and, after killing Niggs, kidnaps Dorothy.
Satisfaction Guaranteed - Pat goes to see an arms dealer in regards to finding and killing whoever stole Dorothy and killed Niggs. Jess, Beaterschmidt and Thompson, however, work on a battle plan. Meanwhile, violence begins to erupt between Hummingbird and Julian. Features a guest appearance by Mick Jagger .
End Of The Line I - Pat, Beaterschmidt, Jess and Thompson all arrive at the place that the letter told them to go and find Dorothy, tied up and unconscious. As they all try to figure out what happened, Julian steps forward out of the shadows and explains. He then proceeds to fight Pat, and only Pat.
End Of The Line II - Pat and Julian continue their fight while Dorothy begins to slip away.
End Of The Line III - As Dorothy dies, both Pat and Julian become enraged and fight with all their might. But there can only be one winner. Once Pat finally wins, he turns from Julian but Julian rises and continues the fight several moments later.
End Of The Line IV - Pat finishes off Julian at long last and is forced to kill him. Pat breaks down and begins to weep, while Thompson is suddenly killed by Hummingbird. As Hummingbird approaches, Beaterschmidt attempts to hold him off while Jess tries to reach Pat.
End Of The Line V - Pat continues his fight with Hummingbird and begins to persevere. However, Hummingbird offers Pat a deal: he will revive Reverend Timns, Dorothy and Julian (the good Julian) if Pat sacrifices his life and accepts death at the hands of his servant...Ted.
To Kill A Hummingbird - With Pat dead at the hands of Ted, Ted breaks down and Hummingbird attempts to escape. Jess, Julian and Ted then pursue him while Beaterschmidt and Dorothy tend to Pat's body. The three finally catch Hummingbird and begin the final fight. Jess eventually stabs Hummingbird in the neck with her claws, killing him. The group then return to Greendale, where everything seems to be brighter. Timns blesses Pat's body and buries him beneath the church. The rest of the group attempt to live their lives as normal, with Julian claiming he has big plans for Goldbale and Jess looking at him and nodding confidently.
Characters[ edit ]
Postman Patrick Pat - the hero (or antihero), Pat is a lovable rogue who enjoys sex , racism, the Daily Mail , extra-marital affairs and crime. He attempts to clean up his act in series 8, but by series 9 he is the same ol' Pat. After a lot of travelling around, he become a rock star and then proceeds to cause problems with time's flow. After having several run-in's with time issues, he eventually finds himself involved in a grand plot. Pat, as of series 13, becomes a very serious character and shows that he is beginning to comprehend his actions and their consequences. This is ultimately proven by his tremendous sacrifice to right his wrongs and save Dorothy and Julian in series 15. (Series 1-15)
Niggs - Pat's incredibly violent and racist assistant. Killed by Jess after killing Julian. Niggs makes several other appearances throughout the show, with his last being in series 10. Niggs is not seen again until series 15, where he features in a few episodes until he is killed by Julian. (Series 2-9, 10, 15)
Dorothy - Pat's wife. She left him after learning of him sleeping with the prison warden. She was later shot in Series 5. She attempts to leave Pat after Goggins reveals his past, but he locks her up in his cellar in Goldbale. She soon after dies of HIV. She is revived at the end of series 11. Dorothy becomes ill towards the end of series 14 following an encounter with Goggins. This leads us to believe that she has HIV. She dies of HIV in series 15, but is resurrected by Pat's sacrifice. (Series 1-5, 8-9, 11-)
Julian - Pat's son, Julian was originally introduced as a minor character who was introduced in Series 1 when it was revealed he had posed naked for Rebecca Hubbard. He became a main character as the series progressed, worming his way into the bigger storylines. His life becomes increasingly complicated, particularly in series 9 when he is found to have been touched by Father Bates and to have had sexual relations with the town rentboy. Julian is shot at the end of series 9/the start of series 10 by Niggs. Julian is revived with the other characters at the end of series 11/start of series 12. He plays a more important role in series 13 but then, due to the actor leaving, plays a wacky role for the remainder of that series. The actor returns at the start of series 14. After Mrs Goggins reveals the secret about her relationship with Pat to him, Julian becomes twisted and begins to question Pat. At the start of series 15, he is kidnapped by Hummingbird and trained to kill Pat. Julian is briefly killed by Pat after an almighty battle at the end of series 15, but is revived by Pat's sacrifice shortly after. (Series 1-10, 11-)
Jess the Cat - A stray, black and white cat, Jess was adopted by Pat and has since become one of the most popular characters, with more speaking lines than Farmer Thompson in most episodes. Jess was officially killed off in series 8 in order to kickstart spinoff show 'Guess With Jess', but Jess returned in the series 9 finale. Jess' role became less major between series 10 and 14, but he plays a great role throughout series 15. (Series 2-8, 9-)
Ted Oktoberr Glen - Ted, the gay mechanic , always knows how to fix things. He always helps Pat out when he's short of cash, so long as he is repaid by other means. (We mean sex , by the way). Ted was selected by Pat to survive the destruction of Greenbale at the end of series 8, but was killed off in the first episode of series 9. Brought back by Pat in series 11. Ted provides his usual level of help to Pat throughout the series, but is killed in a catastrophic explosion at Crest Hill in an effort to stop Father Bates. He is later found alive in series 15, playing the most important role of the series. (Series 1-9, 11-)
Ajay the Indian - Ajay is an immigrant who runs the local train station. First appearing in Series 2, he once tried to sue Pat for racial harassment. Ajay returns in series 8 to kidnap Julian. Ajay's character was never intended to be seen after series 11 as planned episodes featuring him were cancelled after the actor passed away. However, the series 12.5 episodes that never aired were later re-vamped and aired as part of series 13. (Series 2-6, 8, 11, 13)
Farmer Thompson - A mysterious farmer in Greendale. Believed to have died in the explosion that destroyed Greenbale in series 8. Thompson is, in fact, an incarnation of the doctor and has reasonable powers over time. After his farm was destroyed, Thompson focused purely on being the doctor and trying to right Pat's near-destruction of time itself. Thompson is killed by Roman at the end of Series 12. Thompson plays a major role throughout series 13 & 14, despite still being dead. He is fully restored from the corpse of Smiles in series 15, but this time endeavours to save Pat from death. He is inevitably killed by Hummingbird. (Series 1-8, 10-12, 15)
Granny Dryden - Dryden is an old woman who disappeared at the end of Series 1. It was revealed when she finally returned that she had been working for MI5, though Pat thought she was a serial killer . She died at the end of Series 3. Her return in series 8 announced that she worked for a much higher force, but her death in the same episode showed she is just as feeble as any old lady. She returns in series 11, having been revived. She appears next in series 13 in an attempt to kill Pat, but is later killed by Ted in series 14. (Series 1-3, 8, 11-14)
Rebecca Hubbard - Hubbard was the local teacher in Series 1, who later turned out to be a paedophile . She was imprisoned in Series 2. She is revived in series 11, but does not return properly until series 13 where she is killed by Julian. (Series 1-6, 11, 13)
Mrs. Goggins - Ex-wife of Father Bates. The local postmistress, she was known to be sex-starved, but Pat apparently refused her advances. When the Royal Mail closed down Greendale Post Office, she moved in with Pat. She elopes with Jess when Jeremy Kyle puts Pat into a coma, but soon comes running back to him. She leaves Greenbale after a night of hectic sex with Ted, and is then spotted again in Goldbale - where she is soon killed by Pat. She is revived at the start of series 12. Goggins makes a proper return in series 14, revealing the sordid details of her past with Pat to Julian. She soon after dies of HIV.(Series 1-9, 12-14)
Mac The Dog - Mac is the pet that Pat gets in series 5 after Jess leaves. Mac plays a very minor role throughout his time in the series, occasionally blundering into a main storyline. He loses his tail in series 6 but replaces it with a yardbrush. Mac attacks Goggins twice in series 6 and Pat decides to have him put down. However, a polish immigrant accidentally runs him over before Pat can get him put down. (Series 5-6)
Krystal - The adopted daughter of Pat. Pat adopts her in series 7 and, a few episodes later, accidentally has sex with her. Thought dead after Pat pushed her into the ocean, but returned in spin-off series 'Killer Krystal'. Krystal has had few appearances in the series since her revival, as the writers consider her a bitch for demanding her own show. She was officially killed off in series 13. (Series 7-10, 11-13)
Reverend Timns - Timns is the resident reverend of Greendale. Featured in only two episodes in series 7, he was presumably killed during Greendale's destruction and then revived with the others afterwards. He returns to play a bigger role in series 14, displaying a lot of knowledge about time and Hummingbird, and why Thompson allowed himself to break into shards. He is found dead at the end of series 14, but turns out to in fact contain a shard of Thompson. (Series 7, 14)
Father Bates - The local priest at Goldbale. He meets Pat as he is officially pronounced 'as good as dead'. It later turns out he is the ex-husband of Mrs. Goggins, something which causes friction between him and Pat. He is killed at the end of Series 9 when Pat discovers that he took advantage of a mourning Julian in the confessional. Bates is killed by Pat atop a church. He does however have a brief cameo in S12 E8 before reappearing in series 14. He is soon after killed by Ted as Jess detonates Crest Hill. (Series 9, 14)
Bruno The Dog - Bruno was rescued by Pat when a local farmer in Goldbale was attempting to kill him for eating his chickens. The two were inseperable for the duration of that series...the remaining episode. In the finale of the series, Jess the cat returned: something that threw the future of Bruno into question. A poll following series 9 said that Bruno was cute, lovable and fun...but people still wanted him written out of the script. Thought dead after Pat pushed him into the ocean, but returned in spin-off series 'Killer Krystal'. Bruno also appears in series 13, during a crossover between the series'. He appears again in series 15, but is quickly killed by Jess. (Series 9-10, 13, 15)
Linda The Cat Lady - Linda appears briefly in series 10 to try and steal Jess. She survives the destruction of Goldbale by hiding in Pat's van. She has a cameo in several series 15 episodes, before finally being killed by Jess. (Series 10-11, 15)
Fuzzy - Fuzzy is one of the people who pesters Pat about fixing time. He is thought to be a 'time master'. When all is fixed, Fuzzy becomes a local at Greendale. (Series 11-13)
Rusty - Rusty is another 'time master'. After all is fixed, he becomes a shopkeeper at Greendale. (Series 11-13)
Greg Smiles - Greg Smiles is a has-been rockstar that never ditched the lifestyle, despite having long since ditched the music. He appears in S12 E11 to make marijuana sandwiches with Pat, and remains after that as Pat's friend - even moving to Greendale to be with him. It is often implied that he is gay, something confirmed by Ted in series 13. Killed at the end of series 14 by Thompson's shards, but his body later becomes Thompson. (Series 12-14)
Mr Beaterschmidt - Mr Beaterschmidt is Pat's manager during the rock band saga. He first appears in Goldbale, so it can be assumed that he lives there. He is never seen following the end of Pat's tour, so it is assumed that he died in the fire at the end of tour. Beaterschmidt returns in series 15, jobless, and helps Pat to smuggle himself into Priguard. He then continues to help Pat until the very end of the series. (Series 12)
Roman - Roman is a young Shao-Lynx monk who hunted down Pat in search of adventure and narcotics. He returns to Greendale with Pat and finds a cave to live in. He has a monkey cuddly toy named JoJo. It is revealed in series 13 that Roman is in fact a mechanism designed by Hummingbird to lead Pat down a certain path before killing him. Before dying, he tells Pat the only way to get a conference with Hummingbird again is to insult time - by locating the shards of Thompson's soul that were scattered by Roman's spear. (Series 12-13)
Hummingbird - Hummingbird is the name of the time senator who summons and watches over Pat in series 13. After thanking Pat for killing Thompson, he restores Pat's memories. Over the course of the series, Hummingbird is revealed to have orchestrated every event in Pat's life so far and was in fact Thompson's boss. Hummingbird nevertheless watches over Pat, protecting him until the end of the series when Pat realises what is happening. Hummingbird appears a few times in series 14, but his major role isn't until series 15. He kidnaps Julian and brainwashes him to kill Pat, alongside his other toy - Ted. He kidnaps Dorothy mid-series in an effort to bring Pat to him. He initiates the final battle by killing Thompson and then revealing Dorothy. Hummingbird is killed in the final episode of the series by Jess, Ted & Julian, following a hectic chase.(Series 13-15)
Sanjay - Sanjay is the son of Ajay, who appears towards the end of series 14 to try and dispose of Pat. Sanjay flees at the end of series 14, but returns in series 15 to spread more mayhem by kidnapping Dorothy. It is hinted he is working for Hummingbird. He is soon killed, brutally, by Pat. (Series 14-15)
Music[ edit ]
The theme tune for Postman Pat was released as a single. As it was successful, a new Postman Pat song was released entitled Smack My Bitch Up. The song was at number one in the charts for 6 months. It then faded into obscurity for several years, before being played in Series 9 as Pat assassinated Goggins. It then jumped into the charts at number two, where it remained for the next 3 weeks.
Another song, Get In The Van, was featured as the theme tune for the latter half of Series 9 and failed to chart at all. However, it charted at number three several months after the series finished airing when it was performed live at Live Aids: Postman Pat's Benefit Concert.
I've Got A Package for you was the first Postman Pat song to not be released as a single, as it featured in Series 9 during Julian's sex scene, to chart. It went straight to number one and remained there for 11 months.
The lyrics for the original theme tune were:
Postman Pat, Postman Pat...
Postman Pat and his black-and-white, syphilis infected penis...
Early in the morning...
Postman Pat's a very slutty man.
An alternative, unreleased version of the theme song is as follows:
Postman Pat, Postman Pat, Postman Pat ran over his cat,
Blood and guts went flying,
Postman Pat was crying,
Postman Pat was full of dismay,
But one thing he just had to say,
He'd never seen his cat as flat as that!
So here is the lesson,
It's by far the Best'un
So learn it please, be a Gentleman,
Pat will never drink and drive again!
Multiple other songs have been featured in the soundtrack to the television series. Most are by unsigned bands as the BBC did not have to pay them for the rights to their music. However, several other songs with explicit lyrics have been included, mostly by Iron Maiden , Muse and Gorillaz .
In 1984, he replaced Roger Hodgson in Supertramp and has stayed in the band ever since.
Untimely death[ edit ]
Postman Pat was extremely sexually active and was diagnosed with HIV between Series 5 and 6. He then received cancer-of-the-AIDS after his show ended. He suffered in rehab, before partaking in a mass shooting. He then suffered a MAJOR heart attack on 29 July 2016, and died later. Fireman Sam paid tribute to his friend on Bookface:
Good riddance!
A Short Story starring Pat.
Pat's captured and he needs help!
| i don't know |
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