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What is the name of Tony Soprano's wife in the Sopranos? | Tony Soprano | The Sopranos Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Meadow's next boyfriend was Jackie Aprile, Jr. , the son of Tony's old friend Jackie Aprile, Sr. Tony had
Tony confronts Jackie Junior.
promised Jackie Jr.'s father that he would try to keep his son on the straight path. Tony was initially pleased with the relationship, believing Jackie to be a hard-working pre-med student from a good family.
However, since his Uncle Richie's release from prison and subsequent death, Jackie had become more and more involved in the Mafia. Tony realized this when he caught Jackie at strip clubs and a casino. He eventually beat Jackie up to warn him about abusing his daughter's feelings and confiscated a gun from him. Jackie was eventually killed by Vito for his involvement in the robbery at Christopher's and Furio's executive card game, and for shooting a made man, Furio. This drove Meadow to drinking and depression, although they'd broken up shortly before his death.
After Jackie's death, Tony accepts Meadow's college friends and gets along well with her fiancé, Finn, before the two separated under unrevealed circumstances.
Tony's feelings toward his son, however, are mixed, especially with worries about his future. From the beginning, Tony had doubts that his son could succeed him as Boss of the Dimeo Crime Family. His fears are confirmed as A.J. consistently demonstrates throughout the series that he lacks his father's dominating persona and cunning. Tony instead tells A.J. numerous times that he is proud that his son is gentle and kind. Tony was especially proud of A.J.'s prowess on the football field, even amid his failing grades in high school, but is frustrated with A.J.'s lack of focus after graduation.
After flunking out of Ramapo State, A.J. loafs around the house, parties, and for a time holds a job at Blockbuster, until his father, hoping to keep A.J. away from a life of crime, gets him a job working construction. There, A.J. meets Blanca, and in Tony's opinion, A.J. was doing well until he and Blanca broke up. Tony's worries again amplified around A.J.'s depression, a 'rotten putrid gene' that Tony believes he passed down to his son.
Hoping to get A.J. back on track, Tony rekindles A.J.'s friendship with "the Jasons", sons of two of his associates, and A.J. seems to be doing better. With the help of a therapist and medication, A.J. is finally getting back to college, this time at Rutgers University, to take classes and party with girls as Tony believes every college kid should. This later turns sour after A.J. sees his new friends attack a Somalian student on a bike and he regresses into depression. A.J. tries to drown himself in a swimming pool, but decides he wants to live; he is unable to escape the pool, however. Tony hears his cries for help, and rescues him. After A.J. is released from a mental health ward, Tony and Carmela dissuade him from joining the Army, and convince him instead to become involved in a film bankrolled by Carmine Lupertazzi, Jr. , with the possibility of opening his own club.
Interests and hobbies
Tony is an avid animal lover and enjoys feeding the ducks which visit his pool. He has a sentimental attachment towards animals, being traumatized by the loss of his childhood dog (as revealed in the episode In Camelot ). Later, he invests in a racehorse, Pie-O-My , and becomes involved in horse racing through his friend Hesh who owns a stable. When his horse is eventually killed in a fire - possibly set by Ralph Cifaretto - Tony is deeply upset and saddened, arguably more emotional over the loss of the horse than the death of any human character on the show. When informed by Carmela that a black bear has been foraging in his home's backyard while they were separated, during Season 5, he reacts with interest, rather than fear. During his stay in the hospital after his shooting, he can be seen reading a book about dinosaurs.
Tony enjoys fishing, as he is seen many times over the course of the show engaging in both freshwater and saltwater angling. His son Anthony Jr. frequently accompanies him on fishing outings and during the second season he presents his son with a gift of a Fenwick rod and a Penn International reel, both extremely high quality products. In the sixth season, while in Florida with Paulie, he rents a sport fishing boat, though he is not shown to have caught anything. Despite his love of fishing, he is sometimes haunted by visions of Pussy Bonpensiero incarnated in the form of a fish - presumably a reference to the disposal of his body in the ocean. A Big Mouth Billy Bass novelty singing fish, brought into the Bada Bing by Georgie, recalled his nightmare and disturbed him greatly. Tony is also a big sports fan, enjoying baseball, football, basketball, golf, horse racing, played varsity baseball and football in high school. He is a New York Yankees fan, as well as a New York Jets fan. A large portion of his income comes from illegal sports betting as well.
Tony is also an amateur yachtsman and has owned two motor yachts over the course of the show - Stugots and Stugots II. The Neapolitan Italian word means "This dick," or in paraphrase "Fuck it."
Tony maintains an avid interest in history, particularly World War II. He is often shown watching programs on the History Channel about great leaders such as George Patton, Erwin Rommel and Winston Churchill. He reads The Art of War by Sun Tzu, a work which is quoted by several other characters on the show as well, particularly Paulie Gualtieri.
Tony seems to have a soft spot for classic black and white films, as he is often seem watching them before sleep and regularly commentating on them.
Tony listens to classic rock and pop music, particularly of the 1960s and 70s. Over the course of the show he is seen to enjoy Jefferson Airplane, Eric Clapton, The Clash, Pink Floyd, Steely Dan, AC/DC, Rush, Eagles, Journey.
Extramarital affairs
Tony has a penchant for carrying on extramarital affairs. His wife Carmela seems to know about this and usually turns a blind eye, though sometimes the bottled-up tensions explode in domestic arguments - particularly at the end of Season 4, when Tony's affairs drive Carmela to separate from him. He typically has mistresses who he consistently sees for long periods of time, though he also has a number of brief one-night-stands with strippers from the Bada Bing.
Tony has a strong preference for women of European, particularly Italian descent, with dark hair and eyes and exotic features. His mistresses have been, in chronological order, of Russian, Italian, Italian/Cuban, and Jewish descent. He favors dark features but also had a few brief flings with blond European women, including a Russian housekeeper and a stewardess from Icelandic Airways. He had one very short encounter with an Asian-American escort during " The Test Dream ".
Mistresses:
Irina Peltsin - a young Russian woman who he sees consistently throughout the first two seasons. She is a severe alcoholic and frequently calls Tony's house when drunk, and when Janice hints that she knows that he is seeing her, he breaks off the relationship.
Gloria Trillo - an Italian-American Mercedes-Benz saleswoman with stylish tastes and exotic looks. Tony dates her throughout Season 3 after meeting her at Dr. Melfi's office. He eventually stops seeing her when she begins stalking him and calling his house. She commits suicide after the breakup.
Valentina La Paz - a beautiful art dealer of Italian and Cuban descent. Initially the mistress of Ralph Cifaretto , Tony "steals" her away and dates her throughout Season 4. They share a love of horses, and she visits Pie-O-My at the stable with Tony. She accidentally sets her robe on fire in Season 5 while cooking eggs for Tony. Shortly thereafter he decides to get back together with Carmela, and he breaks up with Valentina while she is in the hospital recovering from second degree burns to her head, face and arm. Their relationship ends on bad terms and he has not seen her since.
Julianna Skiff - a real estate developer of Jewish descent. She meets Tony in Season 6 when offering to buy a building that he owns, to be converted into a Jamba Juice. They later begin an affair, along with a business relationship, but ironically never consummate their relationship sexually; Tony backs off and decides to be faithful to Carmela, who stuck with him after the shooting and seemed re-devoted to him after. Julianna eventually dates Christopher Moltisanti and the two begin a very destructive, co-dependent drug habit, she is last seen attending Christopher's funeral service where she mentions that they had split up.
Therapy
Tony has suffered from panic attacks that sometimes cause him to lose consciousness since his childhood. He has his first on-screen panic attack while cooking sausages at his son's birthday party — this occurs in a flashback in the Pilot . Tony loses consciousness and causes a small explosion when he drops a bottle of lighter fluid onto the coals. Tony describes the experience of the panic attack as feeling like he had "ginger ale in his skull". This prompts him to seek help for the attacks. After extensive testing that includes an MRI scan and blood work no physical cause can be found so Dr. Cusamano referred Tony to psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi .
Tony's referral to therapy allowed a discussion of his thoughts and feelings away from both aspects of his life — this forum for reaching into the character's thoughts has been described as a Greek chorus and key to the viewers understanding of the character. William Bender, "The Last Aria of Tony Soprano" , The New York Times, February 26, 2006
Tony was initially very resistant to the idea that there was a psychiatric cause for his symptoms. He resented being in therapy and refused to accept the diagnosis of panic attacks given him by the neurologists who had investigated his illness. Tony begins to open up once Dr. Melfi explains the doctor-patient confidentiality rules. He tells her about the stress of his business life — he has a feeling that he has come in at the end of something and describes a reverence for the glorified "old days" of the Mafia. Tony leaves out the violence associated with his criminal career. Tony tells Dr. Melfi a story about ducks landing in his pool. He also tells her about his mother, Livia, a cold, mean-spirited woman with whom he has an openly hostile relationship. By the end of the first session Tony has admitted that he feels depressed, but storms out when Dr. Melfi presses him further about the relationship between his symptoms and the ducks.
When the family visits Green Grove, a retirement community which Tony is trying to place his mother in, Livia's derisive outburst prompts a second panic attack. Melfi prescribes Prozac as an anti-depressant, telling him that no one needs to suffer from depression with the wonders of modern pharmacology. Tony fails to attend their next scheduled session.
At their next session Tony is still reluctant to face his own psychological weaknesses. Tony is quick to credit the medication for his improved mood but Dr. Melfi tells him it cannot be that as it takes 6 weeks to work — she credits their therapy sessions. Tony describes a dream where a bird steals his penis — Melfi extrapolates from this to reveal that Tony projected his love for his family onto the family of ducks living in his back pool and this brings him to tears, to his consternation. She tells him that their flight from the pool sparked his panic attack through the overwhelming fear of somehow losing his own family.
In the episode " 46 Long " they continue discussing Tony's mother and her difficulties living alone. Tony admits that he feels guilty because his mother could not be allowed to live with his family. We learn that he has been left to care for his mother alone by his sisters. When Dr. Melfi asks him to remember good experiences from his childhood he has difficulty. He also shows that he blames Carmela for preventing his mother from living with them. Later they discuss Livia's car accident and Melfi suggests depression may have contributed to the accident - Tony misunderstands her and becomes angry. Tony has a panic attack while visiting his mother's home after she moves to Green Grove. In a later session Dr. Melfi pushes Tony to admit he has feelings of anger towards his mother and he again storms out. During this episode Tony introduces the concept of him acting like the sad clown - happy on the outside but sad on the inside.
In " Denial, Anger, Acceptance " Tony discusses Jackie's cancer with Dr. Melfi. She tries to use it as an example of Tony's negative thinking contributing to his depression. Tony becomes angry and storms out because he feels she is trying to trick him and manipulate his thoughts using the pictures that decorate her office. After Jackie worsens and Tony is called a Frankenstein by a business associate he returns to therapy to discuss these things with Dr. Melfi — she asks him if he feels like a monster.
In " Fortunate Son " Tony discusses a childhood memory of an early panic attack. He saw his father and uncle mutilate Mr. Satriale, the local butcher, and later fainted at a family dinner made with free meat from Satriale's shop. Dr. Melfi makes a connection between meat and Tony's panic attacks and also explores his mother's attitude to the fruits of his father's labor.
Later Dr. Melfi tries prescribing Lithium as a mood stabilizer. In the episode " Isabella " Tony sinks into a severe depressive episode and experiences hallucinations — he sees a beautiful Italian woman named Isabella in his neighbor's garden. Tony sees Isabella several times during the episode and later learns that she never existed. Melfi theorizes that Isabella was an idealized maternal figure that Tony's subconscious produced because of he was deeply upset at his own mother's actions at the time.
In " I Dream of Jeannie Cusamano " Tony abruptly ends his therapy and persuades Dr. Melfi to go into hiding when he discovers that his Uncle Junior has found out about their sessions.
The relationship between Tony and Dr. Melfi has been up-and-down, with Tony reaching a level of comfort with Dr. Melfi that he has never experienced with anyone else before, not even his wife. This closeness leads Tony to have something of a "crush" on Dr. Melfi, something that is unattainable. However, the "prying" from Dr. Melfi is uncomfortable for Tony and he often turns sarcastic and antagonistic towards her, leading to an ongoing strain in their relationship. In the episode when Tony's sister, Janice, goes back to Seattle, it is revealed during a rushed conversation between Janice and Tony that their mother suffers from narcissistic personality disorder.
During the episode " The Second Coming ", aired in part II of season six, Melfi's own therapist suggests to her that her work with Tony could be considered enabling toward Tony's sociopathic tendencies. Finally, in the penultimate episode of the series, " The Blue Comet ", Melfi severs her relationship with Tony as his therapist after reading research recommended by her own therapist that sociopaths can use talk therapy to actually improve their skills in manipulating others and using what is learned in therapy to become more capable criminals.
Shootings
In the first season, Tony is attacked by William Johnson "Petite" Clayborn and Rasheen Ray, two thugs sent by Donnie Paduana under orders to execute Tony. Tony sustains some injury to his ear which is partially shot off, and minor bruises and cuts from crashing his vehicle. One of the two assailants, Clayborn, is shot dead by Ray in an attempt to kill Tony, and Ray is left bruised but runs off.
In the premiere of the sixth season, " Members Only ", Junior Soprano, suffering from dementia, believes Tony to be "Little Pussy" Malanga and shoots him in the abdomen. He manages to dial 911 but loses consciousness before being able to tell the operator what happened.
The second episode of the sixth season, " Join the Club " reveals Tony is currently in a medically-induced coma in the hospital. In the second and third episode the viewer sees Tony in a dream-like state, eventually arriving at what could be purgatory, where he is greeted by a man who takes the physical form of his late cousin Tony Blundetto . The shadowy figure in the doorway of the house has the profile of his mother, Livia, who is dead. The voice of a younger version of his daughter calls him back. At the end of the third episode he awakes from his coma in a confused but stable state.
By the fourth episode Tony is mobile and fully aware and has regained his voice but is still recovering. Tony's attitude to life has been changed by his near death experience. He has yet to discuss his experiences while unconscious with anyone close to him. However, in the Season 6 episode " Kaisha ", he admits to Phil Leotardo (who had just suffered a heart attack), that while he was in a coma, he went to a place, but he knows he never wants to go back there. He talks philosophy with John Schwinn, another patient at the hospital, and mentions that while in the coma he had the experience of being drawn towards somewhere he did not want to go and narrowly avoiding it.
In the sixth episode of season 6, part 2, " Kennedy and Heidi ", Tony sustains minor injuries in a car accident that seriously injures his nephew Christopher Moltisanti (whom Tony killed by suffocation while Christopher succumbed to his injuries). Tony was on bed rest for a few days and quickly recovered. Nonetheless, this gave his family quite a scare and a painful memory of his nearly fatal shooting the previous year.
Dreams
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The musical Oliver was based on a novel by which author? | HBO: The Sopranos: About the Show
About
Series Information
Called "the television landmark that leaves other landmarks in the dust," by the Washington Post, the first part of Season Six was hailed as a masterpiece by critics. In those episodes, Tony Soprano faced new challenges as his life grew increasingly more complicated. Back together with Carmela, he faced the reality that their kids were no longer children, and yet not grown. And with Johnny Sack in prison, the always-tense relations between the New Jersey and New York families were strained even further.
As Season Six continues, he'll be facing new stresses, including life-altering decisions at home, pressure from the law, and trouble on the job that leaves no one - no one - above suspicion.
Creator David Chase's drama series stars three-time Emmy® winners James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano and Edie Falco as Tony's wife Carmela, plus Lorraine Bracco as therapist Dr. Jennifer Melfi, Emmy® winner Michael Imperioli as Tony's nephew Christopher Moltisanti, and Dominic Chianese as Uncle Junior. Also on hand for Season six are regulars Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr., Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano, Tony Sirico as Paulie Walnuts, and Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante.
Aida Turturro, who plays Tony's sister Janice, returned to the show as a series regular, as well as Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby "Bacala" Baccalieri, John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco, and Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack.
Other Season Six cast members of The Sopranos are Ray Abruzzo as Carmine, Frank Vincent as Phil Leotardo, Peter Bogdanovich as Dr. Elliot Kupferberg, Vincent Pastore as "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero, Joe Gannascoli as Vito Spatafore, Max Casella as Benny, Lenny Venito as Murmur, Carl Capotoro as Little Paulie, Dan Grimaldi as Patsy, Katherine Narducci as Charmaine Bucco, Sharon Angela as Rosalie Aprile, Maureen Van Zandt as Gabrielle Dante and Toni Kalem as Angie Bompensiero.
Guest stars for the sixth season include Daniel Baldwin, Sydney Pollack, Nancy Sinatra, Jonathan LaPaglia, David Margulies, Geraldo Rivera, Ken Leung, Frank John Hughes, Jerry Adler, Tim Daly, Frankie Valli, Hal Holbrook, Ben Kingsley, Julianna Margulies, Treach, Ron Leibman, Elizabeth Bracco and Lord Jamar.
The Sopranos is a production of HBO Original Programming, Brad Grey Television and Chase Films; executive producers, David Chase, Brad Grey, Ilene S. Landress, Terence Winter; co-executive producers, Henry J. Bronchtein and Matthew Weiner; supervising producers, Diane Frolov & Andrew Schneider; producers, Martin Bruestle and Gianna Smart.
Watch The Sopranos
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What were the names of the two mascots for the 2012 Olympics? | London 2012 Olympic mascots: Meet Wenlock and Mandeville | Daily Mail Online
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They only have one pair of eyes between them and look like Sonic the Hedgehog crossed with a character from the Disney film Monsters Inc.
But you had better get used to these strange blob-like creatures because Wenlock and Mandeville, as they are known, are the mascots for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics respectively, and will be all over Britain for the next two years.
Following the ridicule over the £400,000 Olympic logo, their creators will be hoping that Wenlock and Mandeville get a more favourable reception - even though they too carry the much-mocked 2012 image.
Blobs: Wenlock, named after the Shropshire town, and Mandeville after the hospital are the 2012 London Olympics mascots
New mascots: The Olympic mascot Wenlock, left, and the Paralympic mascot Mandeville are unveiled in East London today. They were created from 'two drops of steel from the Olympic Stadium'
Mayor of London Boris Johnson said they were a 'solid coalition', adding: 'It's hard to imagine a mascot more in tune with the times.'
However, the duo, launched with much fanfare last night on BBC1's The One Show, require a certain amount of explanation before they begin to make any sense.
First, the names, which might ring a few geographical bells: Wenlock is named after the Shropshire town of Much Wenlock where, in the mid-19th century, the Wenlock Games became the inspiration for the modern Olympic movement.
Mandeville's name is derived from Stoke Mandeville, in Buckinghamshire, home to Stoke Mandeville Hospital.
In the 1940s, Dr Ludwig Guttmann came to the hospital to set up a spinal unit.
Inspiration: Wenlock copies Usain Bolt's famous pose in a four-minute animation which explains the story of the duo
Testing his skills: Wenlock tries gymnastics, inspired by Beth Tweddle
Looking for ways to inspire the soldiers in his care he established the Stoke Mandeville Games, widely recognised as a forerunner to the modern Paralympics.
The characters are said to have been fashioned from the last drops of steel left over from the final support girder of the Olympic stadium in Stratford, East London.
The one-eyed figures were created by London-based creative agency Iris, whose clients include Wonderbra and Argos.
The duo have been given their own story, written by author Michael Morpurgo which has been turned into an animated film.
They also get their own website, and even individual Twitter and Facebook pages.
Built to impress: Wenlock and Mandeville's design features include cameras for eyes and the Olympic colours
Futuristic: Wenlock and Mandeville give each other a high five
Inspiration? Mike from Monsters Inc., left, and Sonic the Hedgehog
PREVIOUS MASCOTS
WALDI - Munich 1972. The colourful dachshund was the first Olympic mascot.
SCHNEEMANN - Innsbruck 1976. The toy version of the Winter Games' snowman is now a sought-after collectors item.
MISHA - Moscow 1980. Mikhail Potapych Toptygin, or Misha the bear, was created by children's illustrator Victor Chizikov.
COBI - Barcelona 1992. The surreal dog took a while for Spaniards to get used to.
IZZY - Atlanta 1996. The name for Izzy came from the phrase 'Whatizit?' because no one seemed to know exactly what Izzy really was
OLLIE, SYD & MILLIE - Sydney 2000. A kookaburra, platypus and echidna who represented earth, air and water.
FUWA - Beijing 2008. There were five mascots, collectively called Fuwa, for the Beijing Games. They were Beibei the fish, Jingjing the panda, Huanhuan the Olympic flame, Yingying the Tibetan antelope and Nini the swallow
Organisers would not comment on the cost of creating the mascots, which they hope will generate up to £70million through merchandising.
But it is said to have been kept to just 'a few thousand pounds' with the help of sponsors.
Stephen Bayley, founder of the Design Museum, believes his daughter summed the mascots up perfectly when she referred to them as 'rubbish earrings'.
He said: 'The logo was hideous enough but now we have these ridiculous, infantile mascots. Who is to blame for this I ask you?
'Given the economic predicament that Britain is in at the minute, what right do they have to throw their money at such hideous creatures? They are atrocious.'
London 2012 chairman Lord Coe said the mascots had been created for children and he hoped they would inspire young people to take up sport.
'By linking young people to the values of sport, Wenlock and Mandeville will help inspire kids to strive to be the best they can be,' he said.
He said that although the designs were bold, that it was a 'tangible project' with a back story that children would love.
'We've always been open about this: we wanted to do things differently in London.'
Appealing: Wenlock and Mandeville strike a Usain Bolt pose with pupils at St Paul's Whitechapel School
Fun fitness: The mascots encourage the children to jump around and show that exercise can be as good as playtime
| Wenlock and Mandeville |
Name both of the Bay City Roller's UK number ones (point for each)? | brandchannel: Great Britain Names New Mascot for London 2012 Olympics
Great Britain Names New Mascot for London 2012 Olympics
Posted
by Mark J. Miller
Remember when the Olympics were all about international fellowship and goodwill to your fellow man? Those were the days!
Team Great Britain re-introduced its mascot for the Olympics this week, a lion named Pride, that will find its way onto hundreds of products before the Games kick off next summer.
Of course, the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games themselves already have two one-eyed mascots : Wenlock and Mandeville, modeled after two drops of steel, supposedly from the last girder of London’s new Olympic Stadium.
If you don’t think drops of steel are cuddly enough, Pride may be your man. The Guardian reports that the new lion in town who has a Union Jack-colored mane was inspired by the lion mascot of the 1966 World Cup, which was held in (and won by) England, the very cool World Cup Willie.
Pride made his first appearance on the scene, by the way, when British Olympians made their way to Beijing in 2008, though his mane wasn’t quite so colorful then.[more]
More to the point, though, is that with the introduction of Pride came the unveiling of “a vast range of licensed Team GB merchandise ,” the Guardian notes. From the usual T-shirts and stuffed animals to scooters and bedspreads, one can easily find a way to show off a little Pride if you’ve got a few extra Euros to unload.
The Guardian predicts that by the time the Games get started, “around 10,000 different London 2012 merchandise items will be on sale in the UK from around 30,000 retailers” and that “more than £1bn-worth of merchandise will be sold.” That’s $1.6 billion worth of gear.
Jonathan Edwards, the British triple jumper has brought home a gold and a silver from two different Olympics, said that showing some consumer confidence may help some British athletes win. “Having seen first-hand at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games the impact that visible home support can have on an athlete, this new range is a great way for fans to show their support for Team GB,” said Edwards, who is also a member of the London organizing committee board, according to the Guardian.
(And the love of our fellow man will run high, too, right?)
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What is the collective noun for hamsters? | What is a group of hamsters called?
What is a group of hamsters called?
Collective Noun for Hamsters
The collective noun for hamsters is the word you would use to describe a group of hamsters.
We have identified the following word(s) that you could call a group of hamsters:
horde
Used in a sentence, you could say "Look at the horde of hamsters", where "horde" is the collective noun that means group.
As you can see, you simply substitute the word "group" with one of the collective nouns on our list above when describing a group of hamsters.
| Horde |
Who was known as the demon barber of Fleet Street? | The Hamster Collective - The World's Greatest Collection of Funny Hamster Photos, Video, Advice, and More. Join Us On The Wheel to Nowhere!
Posted by hamster | Posted in fun photos , hamster information , hamsters | Posted on 16-09-2011
Fun fact for the day: A group of hamsters is called a horde! Also:
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What was author Barbara Cartland's favourite colour? | Barbara Cartland Facts
Barbara Cartland Facts
Barbara Cartland Facts
Barbara Cartland was an English writer best known for her romantic novels, and for having written more than 700 books in her lifetime. She was born Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland on July 9th, 1901 in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, to Major Bertram Cartland, a British army officer, and Mary Hamilton Scobell. She had two younger brothers Ronald and Anthony. Her father died in World War I on a Flanders battlefield, and her mother supported the family by opening a dress shop in London. Barbara was educated at The Alice Ottley School, then Malvern Girls' College, and finally Abbey House, before becoming a reporter and romance novelist.
Interesting Barbara Cartland Facts:
Following graduation from Abbey House, Barbara Cartland worked as a gossip columnist for the Daily Express.
Barbara Cartland's first published novel was Jigsaw (1922) which was published while she worked as a gossip columnist.
Barbara Cartland wrote and produced plays in the 1920. One play titled Blood Money (1926) was banned by Lord Chamberlain's Office because it was too racy.
Barbara Cartland married a British Army officer named Alexander George McCorquodale in 1927. He was from Scotland and was a printing fortune heir. They divorced in 1933. She had one child with him, a daughter named Raine.
Barbara Cartland married Hugh McCorquodale, her first husband's cousin, in 1936. She had two sons with him named Ian and Glen.
Barbara Cartland wrote so many books that in 1976 she was entered into the Guinness Book of Records for having the most books published in one year.
Barbara Cartland was averaging 23 books each year by the 1970s. She was known to dictate her novels.
Although a large percentage of her work was dedicated to romance novels, Barbara Cartland also wrote music, plays, poems, magazine articles, and an operetta.
Barbara Cartland's romance novels were often Victorian-era romance from the 19th century, although some of her earlier work was very racy for its time.
Barbara Cartland wrote a total of 723 novels in her lifetime. Her novels have been translated into more than 36 languages and have sold more than 2 billion copies.
Barbara Cartland is considered to be one of the 20th century's most prolific and commercially successful best-selling authors.
Barbara Cartland had royal connections. Diana, Princess of Wales was her step-granddaughter.
In 1953 Barbara Cartland was invested as a Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Buckingham Palace for her services with the St. John Ambulance Brigade.
Barbara Cartland was invested in 1991 by Queen Elizabeth II as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. This honor was given to her because of her literary, political, and social contributions over 70 years.
Vogue magazine referred to Barbara Cartland as "the true Queen of Romance."
Barbara Cartland became known for wearing her favorite color, pink, especially as pink dresses and plumed hats.
Barbara Cartland died on May 21st, 2000 at the age of 98. She was laid to rest under a tree on her private estate. The tree had been planted by Queen Elizabeth I.
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Which British prime minister was known as Sunny Jim? | Sex, lies and cream teas: The colourful life of Barbara Cartland is being turned into a TV drama, but would she approve? | Daily Mail Online
Sex, lies and cream teas: The colourful life of Barbara Cartland is being turned into a TV drama, but would she approve?
comments
One thing always baffled me about Barbara Cartland: whether or not she believed her own publicity.
She was, in her lifetime, which ended in May 2000, a genuinely iconic figure who was instantly recognisable across the globe.
The media hung on her every word, even if it was manifestly ludicrous - especially if it was manifestly ludicrous. She was utterly, impossibly unique.
Tough cookie: Dame Barbara, who was the most prolific novellist in history with more than 600 novels, was also a shrewd operator
The only question was whether this very public persona was the real Barbara Cartland, or yet another creation of her vivid imagination.
The basic facts are not in dispute.
She was born in 1901 and died 14 months shy of her 100th birthday, thus failing to quite match the grand innings of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who was Dame Barbara's near contemporary and who Cartland would rather liked to have been.
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During this time, Dame Barbara became the most prolific novelist in history, selling an estimated one billion books, most of them romantic novels with a historical setting.
In later life she took to piling on cakes of white make-up and dressing entirely in pink.
She was a household name, famous for pithy comments on manners and morals mostly of a traditional, sexist and, frankly, snobbish nature.
The Barbara Cartland she wanted everyone to believe in was a pretty, daffy powder-puff of a gal who span compelling yarns about dashing heroes and innocent virginal heroines.
She wanted us all to think she was an ingenue from one of her own novels. And there were many hundreds of these.
Dame Ba pictured with her son Guy McCorquodale, whom she doted on
By the time I embarked on her biography in 1992, she had published around 660. By the time I had finished a year or so later, she had written - or dictated - another 20 or so. Nobody except her was keeping count.
Apart from the romantic novels, she wrote a few relatively serious books at the start of her career.
The novellist at the age of 34 in 1935
She also did a stint as a gossip columnist for the Daily Express, where she became a favourite of the proprietor, Lord Beaverbrook, and through him, of Winston Churchill and F.E. Smith.
There were flirtations with racing cars and gliders, and an eccentric but successful campaign to establish a wartime wardrobe of wedding-dresses for our gals in battle dress.
She also championed the unlikely cause of the Romany travellers. They loved her.
Beneath her colourful exterior, however, she wasn't a bit like the innocent flapper of her own creation.
The true Cartland was a consummate confidence trickster and a tough customer, but she did not want her public to know this.
And she did a good job of hiding it. She managed to pull the wool over a great many eyes, including, it could be argued, her own.
The first time I visited her, way back in the late Sixties, she was in the early years of her pink period.
We had lunch - sorry, luncheon - and she gave me a wrapped book, which turned out to be Barbara Cartland's Etiquette Handbook.
I spent days wondering what faux-pas I had committed. I never found out and I dared not ask.
Newspapers dealing in obituaries received a similar gift after her passing: a pink-bound volume composed by herself and entitled How I Wish To Be Remembered.
Like her romantic novels, her own version of her life and ancestry was full of fantasy and make-believe - although, as with her novels, it contained the odd grain of truth.
Home from home: Dame Ba and her son Ian standing in a well in the grounds of her home near Hatfield
Thus when she wrote in a book that Napoleon was short and extremely ambitious, she wasn't entirely wrong.
Her men were always experienced and dashing, her women beautiful and innocent. But then, life was like that, wasn't it?
Well, no, not really. But the Dame didn't care and, if necessary, she would argue her corner with huge conviction and negligible evidence.
She once told me poker-faced, for example, that a distant ancestor with a fancy French name, Thomas de Scobenhull, had been High Sheriff of Devon in 1032. Even I knew that the Normans hadn't arrived until 1066.
I questioned her and she told me not to be silly. Of course it was true, she insisted - hers was the oldest recorded family in British history.
I consulted the historian Maurice Keen, who was once my university medieval history tutor. The verdict: it was piffle.
No one, not even Dame Ba, could trace their ancestors back that far and, of course, no one with a French name set up shop on British soil before the Norman Conquest. She had invented it.
My negotiations with Dame Ba about my biography of her were long and entertaining. But she was most concerned about my prose style.
'What are we going to do about your paragraphs?' she asked, crossly.
'They're far too long. Dear Lord Beaverbrook always told me to make my paragraphs as short as possible. We must shorten them.'
Drama: Anne Reid plays Barbara Cartland in the BBC series Men Are Wonderful
As a remedy, I suggested I ought to get down to some serious reading of her books.
'Oh you don't want to read them,' she said. 'They're all the same.'
While I was writing the biography, I would turn up at her country home, Camfield Place in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, mainly for tea, which was sumptuous but heavy on cream and cholesterol.
The queen of romantic fiction at her investiture in 1991
I don't, however, recall the honey which she maintained, unconvincingly, was the key to a long life and a steady hand. Perhaps she kept that to herself.
Dame Ba would pour tea from a heavy silver pot with never a tremor despite her advancing years.
She was very proud of her unshaking grasp, her remarkable complexion and her firm and peachy chest, which she once revealed to me by proudly raising her top in an unexpected and triumphant gesture.
Later, she complained that I had hidden a tape recorder under the cushions and claimed never to have met me.
Consistency was never one of her strong suits and she was very much used to having her way.
She was a terrific gossip, especially when the Duke and Duchess of Windsor were concerned.
I didn't see how she could have known such intimate anatomical details about them but she loved describing them in considerable and confidential detail.
Dame Ba had also been very fond of Lord Mountbatten but she was implacably and correctly loyal to his memory.
One of Lord Louis's daughters even told me there were rumours the relationship had been romantic and was possibly leading towards the altar - a rumour that Cartland herself vigorously denied.
But while many people loved Dame Ba, they often felt embarrassed about doing so.
This was particularly true of her brother Ronald, who she adored and who was killed at Dunkirk. He had been a very promising Member of Parliament and one of Winston Churchill's band of non-appeasers.
Lord Deedes, the former Daily Telegraph editor and Cabinet minister, who was almost as individual and iconic as the Dame herself, had been very taken with Ronald. He particularly admired his shoes, which were always highly polished.
Despite this, Deedes also took care to make himself scarce when Barbara was around.
Dame Ba was very fond of the colour pink and her pet Pekinese Mai Mai
He found her embarrassing. Or perhaps, more accurately, he realised other people found her embarrassing.
Making a friend of her was a liability and, especially in politics, an impediment.
Similarly, when her daughter Raine married 'Johnny', the Earl Spencer, father of Diana, Princess of Wales, Dame Ba became the Princess's step-grandmother.
But she relished the role rather more than Diana or family, and wasn't even invited to the royal nuptials in St Paul's Cathedral.
Barbara was a consummate professional and attached enormous importance to appearances. To her, good behaviour mattered and she always gave one a little present when one left.
She once introduced me at the Indian High Commission as the 'young man (she was consummate with the flattery, which was always blindingly obvious but never failed to charm) who is writing a book about me'.
She spent several moments brushing down my jacket, straightening my tie and re-arranging my hair.
Another moment I savoured was her appearance 'In the psychiatrist's chair' with the famous Irish radio shrink Anthony Clare. Clare wanted to know if it was true that there had been an erosion of the class system.
'Of course,' answered the Dame, barely fluttering one of those preposterous eyelashes. '
Otherwise, do you really imagine I'd be sitting here talking to someone like you?'
She always took telephone calls from hacks and she always gave them the quotes they wanted - perfectly sub-edited.
I remember the Mail's Nigel Dempster calling once when I was at Camfield Place for tea. He had some inane query about women riding side-saddle.
She gave him the three succinct sentences he needed straight off the cuff without a moment of hesitation and they duly appeared word-for-word as she had uttered them in his column the following morning.
She simply adored men and much preferred their company to women - hence her rather scratchy relationship with her daughter Raine and her overcosy, obsessive indulgence of her sons.
Indeed, the new BBC docu-drama on Dame Ba, Men Are Wonderful, focuses on two of her favourite men, Mountbatten and brother Ronald.
Sir Max Hastings, the military historian, former newspaper editor and country-pursuits enthusiast, used to be one of her favourites - but their relationship didn't run smoothly.
On one occasion, Hastings went shooting at her estate.
The Dame gave strict instructions to the guns, and in particular warned them that she had a treasured pet duck which was completely out of bounds and should not under any circumstances be shot.
Hastings, returning at dusk, saw the duck and, characteristically, I think, shot it. Later, over tea, Dame Ba's man came in with the dead duck on a silver salver.
Advancing on the hapless editor, the flunky said, Jeeves-like: 'Your bird, I believe, sir.'
Dame Barbara never forgave Hastings and he never again darkened her doors.
She never forgave me, either. When I had finished my book I wrapped it in pink paper, decorated it with dried flowers and sent it off to her.
Back it came and I breathed a sigh of relief. No worries.
Then I started to read and was pulled up short when I found gushing judgments to the effect that Dame Ba was stunningly beautiful, aristocratic, dripping with hereditary diamonds and generally the most wonderful woman never to win a Nobel Prize or be crowned Miss World.
I couldn't believe it. I had never written such stuff.
Then I looked again and realised that the typeface on this and similar pages was different from my own.
She had simply laid down on her chaise-longue and dictated some corrective pages and then interleaved them with mine.
After I had caught her out trying to insert new self-congratulatory pages into my typescript, there was much huffing and puffing - and then silence.
She retired from the hurlyburly and retreated to the chaise-longue, where in short order she dictated yet another self-serving volume of autobiography.
This was rushed out and actually beat my own effort into the shops.
Mine was serialised here in the Mail and won a wonderful review from, among others, the novelist Elizabeth Buchan.
But hers came out first and, characteristically, conned a number of supposedly hard-nosed critics into thinking it was the real thing, and they reviewed it accordingly.
We never spoke again after falling out over my entirely friendly but accurate biography. The truth, as far as she was concerned, was tiresome, unpalatable and bad PR.
She once said that if I wrote anything 'disagreeable' - a favourite Cartland word - she would come back and haunt me.
She hasn't. And I'm almost sorry. Part of me would quite enjoy waking in the middle of the night and finding Dame Barbara at the end of the bed, wreathed in pink and smiling pseudoseraphically.
In life she had the knack of turning up unexpectedly in her white Rolls-Royce, making impossible demands concerning wedding dresses, the rights of gipsies or how she wanted to be remembered.
She would make a marvellous ghost.
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What was the name of the woman in the Australian dingo baby case? | Australian Coroner Agrees Dingo Took Baby in 1980 Case - ABC News
ABC News
Australian Coroner Agrees Dingo Took Baby in 1980 Case
By CAMERON BROCK
WATCH Coroner Says Dingo Did Take the Baby
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One of the most highly publicized missing-child cases in history, which led to a mother's wrongful imprisonment, has finally come to an end after an Australian coroner officially ruled that a dingo killed the woman's baby.
Lindy Chamberlain has been haunted for 32 years by public doubt of her version of events about how her 9-week-old daughter, Azaria, died. Chamberlain shocked the world when she reported that the infant had been snatched by a dingo, a wild dog that lives mostly in the Australian outback.
"We're relieved and delighted to come to the end of this saga," Chamberlain said Monday. Her former husband, and Azaria's father, Michael, added, "this battle to get to the legal truth of what happened to Azaria has taken too long."
Coroner Elizabeth Morris said, "Please accept my sincere apology on the death of your special and loved daughter and sister Azaria. I am so sorry for your loss. Time does not remove the pain and sadness of death of a child."
There have been 27 dingo attacks on humans, three of them fatal, since Azaria's death in 1980.But such fatal attacks by the dogs who frequent the Uluru camp areas were unheard of before the 1980 case.
Plausibility is crucial for testimonial evidence in Australian courts, and because nothing like it had ever happened, the judge was hard pressed to accept the dingo story. Thanks to the awareness created by her case, the story of what happened to Azaria Chamberlain now fits that requirement, according to the coroners office.
On Aug. 17, 1980, Chamberlain and her now ex-husband took their three children camping to Uluru, then known as Ayers Rock, in the Australian desert. After Chamberlain put the newborn to sleep in a bassinet in the couple's tent, she returned to a nearby barbecue area with friends. Soon after, witnesses heard a "menacing growl" and a baby crying. The mother of three ran back to the tent, she says, and saw a dingo dragging her daughter away.
The initial coroner's inquiry found that the Chamberlain family had no responsibility in Azaria's death; but for many, their story was just too unbelievable.
In October of 1982, amid rumors the Chamberlains sacrificed their daughter in a religious ceremony, the case was re-opened; and Lindy was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison.
It wasn't until four years later, when a child's jacket was found in a dingo den, that Chamberlain was re-tried and acquitted. Eventually, the family faded into obscurity while their story would become a joke and punch line in movies and TV shows.
Meryl Streep portrayed Lindy Chamberlain in the 1988 film "A Cry in the Dark," and was nominated for an Oscar for the role.
Now, after Monday's ruling, the Chamberlains can finally end their three-decade fight to have Azaria's cause of death officially recognized on her death certificate.
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What is the closest mainland county to the Isle of Wight? | Australian dingo baby case to be reopened | Australia news | The Guardian
Australia news
Australian dingo baby case to be reopened
Father of Azaria Chamberlain who disappeared in 1980 'confident' new inquiry will officially rule a dingo took his daughter
The tent from where Azaria Chamberlain went missing at a campsite near Uluru in Northern Territory, Australia. Photograph: AAP/EPA
Associated Press
Monday 19 December 2011 03.45 EST
First published on Monday 19 December 2011 03.45 EST
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This article is 5 years old
The father of a baby who infamously vanished in the Australian outback more than 30 years said he is confident a new inquiry into the tragedy will officially rule that a dingo took his daughter.
The disappearance of nine-week-old Azaria Chamberlain on 17 August 1980, from a campsite near Uluru (Ayers Rock) divided Australians with some believing a native dog known as a dingo killed her and others who thought she was murdered by her mother, Lindy Chamberlain.
Northern Territory coroner Elizabeth Morris announced on Sunday that a fourth inquest into the tragedy will begin in February to review the open finding of the third inquest that in 1995 failed to determine a cause of death.
The tragedy and the legal drama that ensued became the subject of the 1988 movie A Cry in the Dark with Meryl Streep earning an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Lindy Chamberlain, who has since remarried and taken the name Chamberlain-Creighton.
Chamberlain-Creighton received a life sentence for her daughter's murder and spent four years in prison in the 1980s before the conviction was overturned.
Morris said in statement that she would examine new evidence provided by Azaria's parents that dingoes attack children.
Michael Chamberlain, who was given a suspended sentence in 1982 for being his wife's accessory in his daughter's murder but has since been cleared of any crime, said he is confident that the legal process would turn full circle by reaching the same conclusion as the original coroner Denis Barritt did in 1981 – that a dingo took the baby.
"I don't think people open inquests without thinking there's good reason for it and that means there'd have to be a change from the status quo of the open finding that was in 1995," Chamberlain told The Associated Press.
"It's now looking at dingoes, not people, as to the cause of death," he added.
But Chamberlain said he was prepared to ask the Northern Territory supreme court to overturn the 1995 coroner's finding if Morris had not agreed to reopen the case.
"I am pleasantly surprised and very grateful that at long last there's a meaningful attempt … to determine the proper cause and truth about how my daughter died," he added.
John Lawrence, a senior lawyer involved in a separate federal government inquiry that in 1987 exonerated both parents over the tragedy, agreed that the new inquest would be a final legal chapter that concluded a dingo was responsible.
Previous inquiries were provided with no record of dingoes ever attacking children. But in 2001, a nine-year-old boy was mauled to death on Fraser Island, the last wild habitat of purebred dingoes off eastern Australia, and two girls aged three and four have since survived dingo attacks on the same island.
"I think that the void will be filled by the new evidence on the dingo," Lawrence told Australian Broadcasting Corp radio.
"The inquest will come to a conclusion very much similar to Mr Barritt's … and that should really put it to bed," he added.
Chamberlain-Creighton could not be immediately contacted for comment on Monday.
But last year on the 30th anniversary of Azaria's disappearance, she pleaded in an open letter posted on her website for her daughter's death certificate to state that a dingo was to blame.
"She deserves justice," Chamberlain-Creighton wrote.
John Bryson, a lawyer who wrote the definitive book about the tragedy Evil Angels upon which the 1988 movie was based, said the new inquest showed that the Northern Territory legal establishment was moving beyond lingering biases against the parents.
"They're entitled to their verdict," Bryson said of the parents. "They've been through a nightmare."
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In which country would you find the region of Assam? | Tea Time: All About Assam Tea | Serious Eats
Tea Time: All About Assam Tea
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[Photos: Liz Clayton]
From the most tea-producing region in the most tea-producing country in the world comes Assam tea, a sultry, malty black tea among India's most famous. Discovered in the early 1800s growing wild in the tropically warm and wet Assam region at the edge of the eastern Himalayan mountains, this indigenous tea (the varietal name is Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is versatile enough to have been planted throughout Asia, proving extremely prolific, easy to grow, and able to be harvested frequently.
Assam tea was brought to the world beyond India by Scottish explorer-turned-tea-planter Robert Bruce (not to be confused with Robert The Bruce), who in the 1820s engendered friendship with Assam tea gardeners and exported seeds to the East India Company in Calcutta for their identification as a newly discovered varietal. Bruce's efforts would slowly launch a botanical shift of permanent significance to the tea trade, as India would eventually eclipse China in worldwide tea production in direct result of this discovery.
Though modern-day Assam tea largely ends up as mass-market, crush-tear-curl leaf style, "probably tastes better with milk in it" kind of teas, there are high grade Assams that are worth seeking out—the leaves from the second flush of harvest are most esteemed—and a cup from the hugely productive region is a necessary point in any tea exploration (though due to the political climate, you will likely wish to visit vicariously).
Plagued not only by political but environmental instability, Assam's tea production currently strains against recent rising temperatures and lowering rainfalls, which are slowly shifting the flavor profile of the teas iconic to the region. For now, the tea is still identified as a brisk and strong, bready and smooth tea that may err towards astringency in a lower quality, or poorly steeped, cup. Like some other black teas, many enjoy Assam as an alternative to coffee, citing its "bold", direct, malty flavors as just the kick of intensity they prefer. One will often find teas like English Breakfast or other morning-suggested teas to be comprised of Assam.
How to Steep Assam Tea
Tea
Select a high grade Assam tea for your first cup—look for whole leaves with golden tips—and dispense a tablespoon of tea per 8 ounces of water. Avoid constraining vessels, like tea balls or small infuser baskets, to allow the leaves to fully develop flavor during steeping.
Water
Like other black teas, Assam prefers a higher brewing temperature to extract the best essences of the darkly fired leaves. Bring your good quality water to a boil and be ready to infuse your tea straight off the boil.
Time
Overinfusing an Assam can lend your tea an unpleasant bitterness that eclipses its spectrum of malty, raisin-sweet flavors. Take care not to oversteep and begin with an experimental time of 3 minutes, increasing if you find you're not extracting enough character from the leaves.
Besides breakfast time, Assam teas are also an excellent base for chai, as its intense flavors are not drowned out by the milk and sweet spices characteristic of chai preparation. For these same reasons, Assam makes an ideal companion to milk and sugar, for those who take them. Experiment with your own taste preferences as you explore one of the tea world's most historically significant plants.
About the author: Liz Clayton drinks, photographs and writes about coffee and tea all over the world, though she pretends to live in Brooklyn, New York. She is bad at keeping up her coffee-world blog at .
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The Canadian city of Victoria can be found on which island? | 10 Attractive Places In Assam That Will Keep You Spellbound – Trans India Travels
Complete Guide to Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Assam
If you are looking for variety while choosing your holiday destination, Assam could be the perfect spot. Be it the natural scenery or culture of the people of Assam, you are sure to be awed by the variety and color Assam has to offer. People belonging to various cultures and races live here. The land has people following various faiths. Assam is home for various crafts as well. Though the picturesque state has so much to offer, ensure that you do not miss the top 10 places to visit in Assam.
1. Kaziranga National Park
Photo by rajkumar1220, CC BY 2.0
Kaziranga National Park has been declared a World Heritage Site. The park is spread over 430 sq. kms and you will find various wild species such as tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, Indian bison, sambar, deer and many more. If you love birds, you need to be here during winter as migratory birds are seen in great numbers. You could go round the park in a jeep or car. If you fancy elephant ride, you are most welcome. The nearest cities from Kaziranga National Park are Jorhat and Tezpur .
2. Agnigarh Hill
Photo by Anupom007bora
Agnigarh hill is situated in Tezpur in Assam. As per Hindu mythology, a fortress was built here by King Banasura with a view to isolate his daughter Usha. The legend further goes to say that the place derived the name owing to the fire that surrounded the fortress always to avoid movement in and out of the place. The word Agni means fire.
3. Kamakhya Temple
Photo by Kunal Dalui, CC BY-SA 3.0
Kamakhya Temple is located on Nilachal Hill, Guwahati top at an altitude of 800 feet above sea level. River Brahmaputra flows on the northern side of the hill. The temple is over 2200 years old. Apart from its rich cultural heritage, Kamakhya is beauty personified. It offers a stunning view of rivers and hills. Whatever faith one follows in life, being at this location would make one experience divinity.
4. Dibru Saikhowa National Park
Photo by Rubul Deka, CC BY 2.0
Dibru Saikhowa National Park is situated in Tinsukia in Assam. It owns the credit of being one among the major biodiversity hotspots of the world and one among the largest parks in Assam . The park is a blend of deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests and swamp surface making it bio-diverse. You will find many rare wildlife species here and feral horses are one of the most famous species seen here.
5. Orang National Park
Photo by Wikimedia Commons , CC BY-SA 2.0
Orang National Park is situated on the northern banks of the river Brahmaputra. It is the only National Park in the country , which was created naturally. The tribes who lived there had abandoned 78.81-sq.km area. Some of the animals found here include royal Bengal tiger, one horned rhinoceros, leopard, elephant and many more. The place offers great delight to bird watchers as one could find various local birds and migratory birds here.
6. Haflong Lake
Haflong Lake is situated at the centre of Haflong hill town, which is famously called the ‘Switzerland of the East’. The picturesque landscape with blue hills, large and beautiful lakes, enthralling streams, waterfalls and abundance of pineapple trees and orange trees earns the title for Haflong town. Haflong Lake is one among the two lakes of the town. It is situated at an altitude of 1683 feet above MSL and no wonder you will find clouds and mists touching your arms as they gently move away. The beauty not only enthralls you but also offers various water sports and hence both your body and mind are rejuvenated.
Photo by Subhashish Panigrahi, CC BY-SA 3.0
Asia’s first oil refinery, which is the second in world, is in Digboi. The oil town not only has refinery, which is over 100 years old but also has number of tea gardens. The place with misty blue hills offers various attractions including Digboi Oil Refinery, Ridge Point and Digboi Centenary Museum. From Ridge Point, you could have a stunning view of snow-clad mountains of eastern Himalayas. Digboi Centenary Museum gives you an insight into the history of the town.
Photo by Sardar Hironjyoti Beshra, CC BY-SA 3.0
Diphu is situated in Karbi Anglong district in Assam. The town has various tourist attractions. If you love nature, you would love Arboretum, which is located near Diphu. The 13-hectare lush greenery offers spectacular views, which soothes your mind. Botanical Garden, which is a 5 km distance from Diphu, houses a variety of species of trees and plants. Boating facilities are available here. If you are keen to learn about the cultural past of the town, you need to visit District Museum. The museum was founded in 1886 and it displays artifacts that have archaeological importance and represent the culture of the land. You could find hunting tools used by the tribes here.
9. Umrangshu
Like most of the towns in Assam, Umrangshu is a picturesque beauty with beautiful hills and lush greenery. You would love your journey if you go trekking from Haflong Hill to Umrangshu. If you are planning a perfect holiday in a serene atmosphere that elevates your spirits, you cannot choose a better place than Umrangshu. Nature has blessed certain places on earth abundantly, but Umrangshu gains prominence as it remains untouched by the modern world in the name of so-called civilization. Garampani, the hot spring here attracts many tourists for its medicinal value. Kapili Hydel Power Plant is situated near the border and it is a famous tourist spot being the first of its kind here.
10. Cruise on River Brahmaputra
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Who was the first husband of Nigella Lawson? | The triumph and tragedy of Nigella
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CELEBRITY chef Nigella Lawson's life began in affluent surroundings in London. She was the daughter of Nigel Lawson, a senior politician in Margaret Thatcher's government, and Vanessa Lawson, who was an heiress to the Lyons Corner House food and hospitality empire.
Nigella with her father, mother and sister. Picture: REX.Source:Supplied
She was a shy, intelligent child who struggled with schooling. "I was just difficult, disruptive, good at school work, but rude, I suspect, and too highly-strung," she said.
She finally secured a place at Oxford University where she studied Medieval and Modern Languages. She became the deputy literary editor of The Sunday Times in 1986.
Nigella Lawson in 2003.Source:Supplied
She was unlucky in love throughout her life. The first instance being in 1988 when her boyfriend, Geoffrey Robertson QC, left her for Aussie author of Puberty Blues, Kathy Lette.
Lette was quoted as spitefully saying: "There's so much pressure to rush home and prepare a dinner party. My preferred recipe is to roast a domestic goddess, slowly, on a spit."
Geoffrey Robertson QC left Nigella for author Kathy Lette.Source:News Limited
Nigella then met John Diamond, who became her husband in 1992. The couple had two children.
Nigella Lawson and John Diamond with their two children.Source:AAP
In a devastating blow after her mother's death from liver cancer at 48, Diamond was diagnosed with throat cancer. It was just five years into their marriage. Tragically, in 1993 she also lost her sister to breast cancer, and Diamond followed in 2001 after a four year battle.
Nigella with her first husband, columnist and author John Diamond a year before his death.Source:AAP
Diamond was considered a major player in the career of Nigella. He encouraged his wife to write and shaped her image makeover - helping turn her into the sensuous culinary goddess she's known as today. She released her first book in 1998, the bestseller titled How to Eat.
Kitchen goddess Nigella Lawson in her prime.Source:AAP
In 2000, Nigella's career was at its peak. She released How to be a Domestic Goddess to mass acclaim. Diamond passed away in 2001 as she was in the middle of her next success, the filming of the cooking show Nigella Bites. She took a two-week break. "I took a fortnight off. I'm not a great believer in breaks," she said at the time.
Nigella Lawson in the 2001 TV show "Nigella Bi...Source:News Limited
One of the last things Diamond said to Nigella was: "How proud I am of you and what you have become. The great thing about us is that we have made us who we are."
John Diamond just months before his death.Source:News Limited
As her fame continued to rise, she became known as the chef who brought the heat to the kitchen, with her vuluptuous size-16 frame and beautiful face. Nigella was voted as one of People's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2002.
Nigella making a spaghetti.Source:Supplied
"I love food and I love cooking so therefore I never deprive myself. Thinness is fantastic for clothes, but I don't do fashion," she said about her figure.
Nigella Lawson shows off her famous curves.Source:AAP
Nine months after the death of her first husband, Diamond, she controversially moved in with art collector Charles Saatchi. He had divorced his second wife two years earlier. Nigella and Saatchi married in 2003.
Nigella and Saatchi in happier times.Source:Splash News Australia
Saatchi was never interested in her cooking like her late husband Diamond was.
"I'm sure it's fantastic, but a bit wasted on me. I like toast with Dairylea, followed by Weetabix for supper. It drives Nigella to distraction, frankly... But the children love her cooking, and our friends seem to look forward to it," he said.
Nigella's second husband Charles...Source:AAP
In what the photographer called '27 minutes of madness', the truth about her turmultuous relationship with Saatchi started to seep out in June this year. Saatchi was photographed grabbing Nigella's throat at her favourite Mayfair restaurant, Scott's.
Sunday People front page of Nigella Lawson being grabbed by the throat by husband Charles Saatchi. Photo: Jean Paul/The Peopl...Source:News Limited
— SDM Pic Desk (@SDMPicDesk) June 17, 2013
He called it a "playful tiff" but then announced via the media he would be divorcing Nigella after ten years of marriage. He said she didn't stand up for him after the incident and he had "clearly been a disappointment to Nigella during the last year or so".
Nigella during the court proceedings.Source:AAP
Nigella made no public comment after the shocking incident that made international headlines, but court documents show she was the one who actually filed for divorce. She cited unreasonable behaviour. They settled out of court.
Nigella is accused of being a drug addict.Source:Getty Images
Now, details of the volatile relationship between the couple and the infamous neck 'throttle' are beginning to emerge. Both Nigella and Saatchi are giving evidence at the trial of two former assistants accused of fraud. The Italian-born sisters are said to have spent more than $1.3 million, using credit cards given to them by the couple.
Saatchi says he was trying to make Nigella 'focus' on him, not ...Source:AAP
In court, Nigella described Saatchi as "brilliant but brutal" and admitted a history of drug use - which she attributed to hard times in her life. She denied she was a drug addict but said she had taken cocaine seven times in her life. Once with Saatchi when she felt she was the victim of "acts of intimate terrorism" due to his emotional abuse, and six times with Diamond after his cancer diagnosis.
Shocking details of the volatile have emerged.Source:Getty Images
In 2010, Nigella said of their fiery relationship: "I'll go quiet when he explodes, and then I am a nest of horrible festeringness."
Nigella Lawson and Charles Saatchi during seemingly happier times. Picture: Milan MarkSource:News Limited
She said contrary to reports, there had not been an argument about drug use when Saatchi grabbed her neck, but instead a customer had walked past with a baby in a stroller.
Nigella recounted: "I said 'I'm so looking forward to having grandchildren.'
"He grabbed me by the throat and said 'I'm the only person you should be concerned with, I am the only person that should give you pleasure,'" a court heard.
Nigella Lawson accused of being 'off her head on drugs'. ...Source:Splash News Australia
During the court proceedings, Nigella denied claims by the Italian sisters that the infamous assault was when Saatchi discovered she had authorised the women to spend the $1.3 million. It was claimed she had done so as she was scared of her husband or due to her cocaine abuse.
Italian sisters Francesca, left, and Elisabetta Grillo, right, accused of committing fraud.Source:AP
Nigella said she had endured a long summer of bullying and abuse at the hands of her husband, after the incident, who she said was out to "destroy" her and her credibility.
Nigella in 2010.Source:AAP
The turbulent times of the woman once dubbed "the queen of food porn", continue to intrigue the world. Will Nigella rise from her place of despair to once again dominate the kitchen? Only time will tell.
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What is dried in an oast-house? | How Charles Saatchi wooed Nigella Lawson before her husband died of cancer | Daily Mail Online
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What year followed 325 BC? | ALEXANDER THE GREAT - IMPACT OF THE 325 BC TSUNAMI IN THE NORTH ARABIAN SEA UPON HIS FLEET = DR. GEORGE PARARAS-CARAYANNIS
Web
www.tsunamisociety.org
ALEXANDER THE GREAT - IMPACT OF THE 325 BC TSUNAMI IN THE NORTH ARABIAN SEA UPON HIS FLEET
George Pararas-Carayannis
Copyright © 2006. All Rights Reserved
Introduction
According to ancient texts, in 325 BC or 326 BC, a large earthquake along the Makran coast in the North Arabian Sea generated a destructive tsunami which destroyed part of Alexander the Great's fleet. The following is an evaluation of this event as deduced from historical records and current geophysical understanding of the seismo-tectonics of the Makran Subduction Zone - a source region of large earthquakes and tsunamis, recently and in the past.
Historic Records Supporting the Tsunami
There are Greek, Indian and Sri Lankan accounts which support that an earthquake and a tsunami occurred in the South Asian region around 325 - 326 B.C. However, the reports and dates on this event are somewhat conflicting as to whether it occurred in 325 BC or 326 BC. The author of the present article is attempting to reconcile the time discrepancies and may revise the year of the event. According to the Sri Lanka records, the reported tsunami was the same that destroyed the ancient city of Kalyani Kanika and other townships along the Eastern Seaboard of the island. However, the dates do not match, since the tsunami in Sri Lanka is purported to have occurred at the time of King Kelanitissa - in the 2nd Century BC.
Similarly, the account by Nearchus of Crete, Arrian of Nicomedia, and Plutarch are not clear as to a tsunami and what exactly happened to the Greek fleet following the India campaign. Probably many other hardships and losses during the arduous journey of the fleet on its way back to Mesopotamia overshadowed the destruction and damage caused by the tsunami. Unusually destructive waves were probably attributed to monsoons, since there was no understanding of the relationship between earthquakes and tsunamis at that time. Also, all unusual extreme phenomena of nature were thought to be acts of gods, as it will be illustrated later with the account of a tsunami by Diodorus Siculus.
Nearchus' and Arrian's "Indike" Accounts - Nearchus of Crete was Alexander's admiral in command of the fleet back to Mesopotamia. He wrote a book about the naval expedition, which was also to be a voyage of discovery. Unfortunately, Nearchus' book "Indike" - which described the journey back to Babylonia - was lost. However, some of its contents are known from another book - also named "Indike" - written by Arrian (Arrianos of Nicomedia). The account of Alexander's fleet voyage is based primarily on Arrian's writings - which probably may have abbreviated Nearchus' account. Arrian min his "indike", does not specifically mention any earthquake or tsunami event. Unfortunately, Nearchus original account could not be located.
Plutarch's Account - A good historical account of Alexander the Great's Asian conquest and the fleet's voyage back can be found in the works of Plutarch (79 AD), entitled "Alexander". Plutarch's accounts provide good information on Alexander's conquest of Asia and India, but very little information about the fleet's journey in the Northern Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. He does not mention anything about earthquakes or tsunamis.
Sri Lanka and Indian Records - According to historical records (Fernando, 2005) (Mahawamsa) a town named Kalyani Kanika, in Sri Lanka, and several other townships in the Eastern Seaboard were inundated or destroyed by tsunami waves in the time of King Kelanitissa. Also provided in these records is an account of Viharamahadevi, the daughter of King Kelanitissa. Viharamahadevi was set afloat at sea in Kalyani Kanika presumambly to appease the Gods who were angry. However, sea currents, brought her back to shore, landing her in Kirinda.
Also, ancient Indian legends refer that Poompuhar, a port city located at the confluence of river Kaveri and the Bay of Bengal in the Thanjavur District in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu - once known as Kaveripattinam - was washed away by a tsunami around A.D. 500. According to the legend, goddess Manimekhalai was angry at the Chola King and caused the city to be swallowed up by the sea. However, a tsunami in this region of the Bay of Bengal must have had a source in the Andaman Islands or the near Sumatra rather than in the Makran region in the North Arabian Sea.
Brief Summary of Alexander's India Campaign
According to Plutarch (79 AD), after defeating the Persians, A lexander the Great continued his conquest of Asia by turning south into Arachosia (southeast Persia) and then continuing north into Afghanistan where he founded cities to serve as army garrisons and centers of his administration. Subsequently, he entered Bactria and Sogdiana, and marched his armies as far as the Jaxartes River. After two years in this region, , Alexander and his army crossed the Hindu Kush mountain region (present Pakistan) and begun the conquest of India during 327-326 BC.
Construction of Fleet - Journey on River Indus - There were several battles during the India campaign. Although victorious, after the June 326 BC battle of Hydaspes - near the northernmost of the five great tributaries of the Indus River - Alexander was pressured by his generals to end his Asian conquest and to return to Babylonia.
Although Alexander was extremely disappointed, he accepted to retun but persuaded his generals to travel south down the rivers Hydaspes and Indus so that they could reach the ocean.
The Athenian type of trireme that served as Alexander's flagship, "Olympias", named after his mother.
Subsequently, Alexander ordered that 30 oared galleys (Athenian triremes) and other ships be built to so they could sail down the Indus River in support of the ongoing Indian campaign before transport part of his army back to Babylonia. A total of 800 ships were built at Hydaspes. In command of the newly constructed fleet, he appointed Nearchus of Crete, who had been the satrap of Lycia and Pamphylia (in Asia Minor), after the Sogdian campaign, and one of his two commanders of the Shield bearers, a heavy infantry unit, before the battle of Hydaspes. Also, Nearchus had considerable naval experience, since he had made a exploration voyage along the Persian Gulf. Onesicritus was appointed to be captain of Alexander's own ship.
The fleet sailed down the river and into the Indus, with half of the forces on the ships and the other half marching in three columns down the two banks, leaded by Craterus, Haphesteion and Alexander himshelf. In June, Alexander sent a third of his army under the command of Craterus, back to Carmania over a northern land route. The size of the returning army is estimated at 75,000 men. Even with a third of the soldiers leaving for Carmania, based on Plutarch's account, Alexander's army in India still amounted to about 140,000 foot soldiers and 15,000 cavalrymen.
Alexander's India Campaign along the Indus River Valley (map of Livius.org)
The remaimder of the India Campaign and the fleet's journey down the Indus River took approximately seven months, during which Alexander conquered what is now the Punjab state. In the summer of 325 BC, the fleet and the bulk of the army reached Patala, the present city of Bahmanabad, about 75 km northeast of present Hyderabad - at the top of what was then the Indus delta. There he built a harbor and explored both arms of the Indus River, which then ran into the Rann of Kutch. According to Plutarch Alexander also traveled further down to Indus to an offshore island. He describes such a voyage and the appointment of Nearchus as commander of Alexander's fleet, as follows:
"His (Alexander's) voyage down the rivers took up seven months' time, and when he came to the sea, he sailed to an island which he himself called Scillustis, others Psiltucis, where going ashore, he sacrificed, and made what observations he could as to the nature of the sea and the sea-coast. Then having besought the gods that no other man might ever go beyond the bounds of this expedition, he ordered his fleet, of which he made Nearchus admiral and Onesicritus pilot, to sail round about, keeping the Indian shore on the right hand, _"
The island of Scillustis or Psiltucis near the mouth of the Indus River mentioned by Plutarch must have been a deltaic sand island which no longer exists due to extensive sedimentation and shoreline changes.
A portion of Alexander's army continued on land southeast of the Indus River and fought several squirmishes before regrouping at Patala for the journey back to Carmania, across the dangerous Gedrosian Desert.
Sea and Land Routes of Alexander's Army and Fleet
Alexander's Army Return Via the Southern Land Route - In August 325 BC, Alexander with about 135,000 foot soldiers and cavalry men left Patala towards Carmania, for the long and difficult march back homeward, through the harsh Gedrosian desert (Arrian, 135-37 A.D.) - which was part of the ancient Achaemenid empire (present region of Baluchistan region in Iran). Apparently, only one fourth of the army survived the march back. Plutarch describes Alexander's difficult journey via the southern land route and the hardships the army endured as follows:
" and (Alexander) returned himself by land through the country of the Orites (mountain people) , where he was reduced to great straits for want of provisions, and lost a vast number of his men, so that of an army of one hundred and twenty thousand foot and fifteen thousand horse, he scarcely brought back above a fourth part out of India, they were so diminished by disease, ill diet, and the scorching heats, but most by famine. For their march was through an uncultivated country whose inhabitants fared hardly, possessing only a few sheep, and those of a wretched kind, whose flesh was rank and unsavoury,."
The Fleet's Journey to the Indus delta/Kutch region - Chronology of Events
On 15 September 325 BC, following the departure of the bulk of army via the southern land route, the Greek fleet of 150 ships under Nearchus' command, set out to sea for Carmania and Babylonia with the remaining army which had dwindled to about 17,000 - 20,000 men.
Arrian's Chronology of the Greek Fleet Sailing from the Port of Alexander. Written by Arrian in the Ionian dialect - in the style of historian Herodotos.
However, September was too early in the season for the journey west as the summer monsoon winds blow in this region from a southwest direction from May through October. It is possible that Nearchus received false information from the natives who were anxious to see Alexander's ships leave. Almost immediately after sailing from Patala, the ships encountered adverse winds. It took almost a week to reach the Erythraean Sea (the Indian Ocean). Subsequently, the fleet headed west towards Morontobara (present Karachi) through the lagoon between the mouths of rivers Indus and Hab (the ancient shoreline was different than the present shoreline - see diagram on change).
The above stated chronology of events has been somewhat reconciled with the ancient records as to the month but not the year. A late September departure is supported by Arrian's account (see ancient Greek text on the timing of the fleet's departure from the Port of Alexander at the delta of the Indus river). Specifically Arrian states that soon as the strong summer (seasonal monsoon) sea winds (that make sailing impossible) stopped, the Greek fleet set sail. As for the date and month, he states that the journey begun during the time that " Kifisodoros" was the ruler of Athens ( on the second year of his rule, following the 114th Olympic Games held in 326 BC), and more specifically on the 20th of the month known as "Voidromonas" ( the third month of the Attica calendar - 15 September to 15 October, according to the Athenian calendar, but also known as "Yperveretaios" according to the Macedonian and Asian calendars. Arrian further specifies that the year was the 11th of Alexander's reign, which would make it 326 B.C. .Thus the Greek fleet's journey, according to Arrian, lasted from September 326 to February 325 B.C.
EVALUATION OF THE TSUNAMI OF 325 BC
Partial Destruction of the Greek Fleet by the 325 BC Tsunami
Renewed southwest monsoons and dwindling food and water supplies slowed the fleet's progress - forcing Nearchus to seek safe anchorage for the ships and to establish a fortified shore camp for about 24 days, while waiting for better weather conditions.
From Plutarch's description and timing it can be safely concluded that the camp was established just south of the Hab river (south of present Karachi), designated "Port of Alexander". Upon establishing this camp, the soldiers were forced to hunt and fish for food and to drink briny water.
The most likely location of the Greek fleet in late October /early November 325 BC when the fleet was struck by the tsunami generated by a large earthquake in the Makran Subduction Zone.
It was probably at this time and at this location - in late October / early November 325 BC - that the large earthquake and tsunami occurred near the Indus delta/Kutch region where the fleet had taken refuge. According to Lietzin (1974), the earthquake had large magnitude and massive waves destroyed a good part of Alexander's fleet. Also, according to Sri Lankan texts, a destructive tsunami struck the east side of the island. However, no details are available as to the exact date of the event, the location of Alexander's fleet at that time, or the extent of the losses.
Location and Magnitude of the 325 BC Tsunamigenic Earthquake
In all probability, the earthquake of 325 BC occurred along the Makran coast (of present southern Pakistan) and generated a destructive tsunami. The earthquake must have been very similar to the Makran earthquake of 1945, which generated a destructive tsunami along coastal areas of India, Pakistan, Iran and Oman. Although infrequently, the Makran subduction zone in the Northern Arabian Sea is capable of generating such tsunamigenic earthquakes that can have an upper limit of moment magnitude (Mw) of as much as 8 (Pararas-Carayannis, 2005a, b, 2006).
There is no information in the historical records about the intensity of the 325 BC earthquake from which a magnitude can be estimated, but since it was widely reported and a tsunami purportedly caused destruction as far away as eastern Sri Lanka, it can be assumed that it must have been as great as that of 1945.
Another possibility is that the 325 BC earthquake occurred in the Gujarat region, where large events are also known to occur - particularly along the Kutch Graben region or even near the Bombay graben. However, none of the recent earthquakes that have occurred along the Kutch Graben region have generated destructive tsunamis (Pararas-Carayannis, 2001). It is possible that an earthquake in the Guajarat region could have triggered an underwater landslide and a local tsunami, but such an event would not have the azimuthal concentration of energy to cause destruction on the east coast of Sri Lanka. More than likely, the large earthquake reported in the ancient texts originated along the Makran subduction zone - a region which is capable of generating destructive tsunamis (Pararas-Carayannis, 2005a,b, 2006).
The Indus delta/Kutch region in the Guajarat region of India - east of the Makran Subduction Zone - is a region that has produced numerous destructive earthquakes in recent times, including a devastating earthquake in 2001 (Pararas-Carayannis, 2001).
Scenario of the 325 BC Tsunami
It is not known with any certainty if the tsunami of 325 BC struck the Greek fleet while at anchor, or while out at sea. None of the ancient texts provide information about losses or extent of damage. However, based on Plutarch's and other historical accounts, and from current knowledge of the sesimo-tectonics of the region, the chronology of the journey of Alexander's fleet and the possible impact of the 325 BC tsunami can be evaluated.
The timing of the large earthquake was critical to the fate of the fleet. What saved the Greek fleet from more extensive destruction was its location when the tsunamigenic earthquake occurred. It is believed that the earthquake occurred along the Makran Subduction Zone in late October or early November of 325 BC, when the ships were still in the Indus delta/Kutch region - near the delta of river Hab (just south of present Karachi). According to Plutarch, the Greek ships did not set sail from the estuary between the mouths of rivers Indus and Hab until early November, when the southwest monsoons subsided.
Location of Alexander's Fleet in late October / early November 325 BC.
The delay in the fleet's departure due to the adverse winds was a blessing in disguise and probably saved most of the ships from total destruction. If the earthquake had occurred later in November after the fleet had left Morontobara (Karachi), or when the fleet was sailing along the Makran coast (southern Pakistan) near Bagisara (present Ormara), there could have been total destruction.
Not only the timing of the earthquake but the orientation of the tsunami generating area were critical to the fate of the Greek fleet. The tsunami generating area along the Makran Subduction Zone would have an east-west orientation. Therefore, the azimuthal propagation of the tsunami energy was greater to the north and to the south - and much less to the east or west. Thus the tsunami waves were very large in height along the entire Makran region as well as along the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka, as the tsunami wave energy refracted in deeper water. Immediately to the east, where the Greek fleet was located, the waves were not as high or as destructive. Apparently, the destruction must have been partial and most of the ships were able to make repairs and continue the journey west.
The Makran Accretionary Front and Tectonic Subduction Zone in the Northern Arabian Sea, marking the convergence boundary of the Oman oceanic lithosphere and the Iranian microplate - a region of large but infrequent tsunamigenic earthquakes (map modified after, Mokhtari and Farahbod, 2005)
The impact of the 325 BC tsunami in the region was probably very similar to what happened with the 1945 Makran event (Pararas-Carayannis 2005, 2006). The maximum run up height of the 1945 tsunami was 13 m (40 feet), along the Makran coast. The waves destroyed fishing villages, caused great damage to port facilities and killed more than 4,000 people. However to the east the waves were significantly lower. In 1945, Karachi was struck by waves of only about 2 meters (6.5 feet) in height. Therefore, Alexander's fleet - which in late October / early November 325 BC was still located east of the delta of river Hab - must have been impacted by similar waves of about 2 meters, thus limiting the damage.
The Fleet's Journey after the 325 BC Tsunami
With no opposing winds during the monsoon transitional period in November of 325 BC, the ships were able to make significant progress westward. According to Arrian (based on Nearchus account), after leaving the Indus delta/Kutch region, the Greek fleet continued the difficult journey, first to Morontobara or Woman's Harbor (present Karachi) near the mouth of the Hab river, then through the Sonmiani Bay, along the Makran coast. One night, the Greek ships camped near the battlefield on the coast where Leonnatus, one of Alexander's generals, had defeated the native population, the Oreitans ('Mountain people'). He had left a large food deposit for Nearchus' men - enough to last for ten days. With renewed supplies and favorable winds the ships reached the Hingol River and then continued to Bagisara (present Ormara) - where the 325 BC tsunami probably must have had its maximum impact earlier in late October / early November.
A Greek trireme under sail
The fleet made significant progress westward when the northeast (winter) monsoons picked up in early December, thus reaching rapidly Colta (Ras Sakani), Calima (Kalat) and an island called Carnine (Astola). After provisioning there, the fleet continued and passed Cysa (near present Pasni) and Mosarna (near Ras Shahid). At Mosarna, a Gedrosian pilot joined them, and in two days led the ships to what is now modern Gwadar, where According to Arrian's account) they Greek army was delighted to see date palms and gardens. Three days later, Nearchus' men reached Cyisa, a town near modern Chah Bahar and and raided it for supplies. Afterwards, they anchored near a promontory dedicated to the Sun, which was called Bageia (dwelling of the gods') by the local natives - which is probably the presetn day Ra's Kûh Lab. Other places mentioned by Nearchus account of the voyage - as conveyed by Arrian of Nicomedia - such as Talmena, Canasis, Canate, Taa or Dagaseira cannot be identified. However Dagaseira may be the present town of Jask, in Southern Iran.
After the long and arduous journey, the fleet finally reached the Carmania region and was subsequently reunited with the rest of Alexander's army at Harmozeia (modern Mînab). Harmozeia (near the Strait of Hormuz), was one of the largest ports in the Persian Gulf in ancient times.
The coastline along the Northern Arabian Sea
Finally, sometime in January 324 BC, Alexander's fleet reached safely the mouth of the Tigris River in Mesopotamia. However, Plutarch, Arrian and none of the ancient historians give any information as to how many ships of Alexander's fleet survived the long journey along what were-until-then, uncharted waters. It is believed that Nearchus provided the first navigational charts for this region.
Tsunami Occurrence Elsewhere in Alexander's Empire
Although there is no specific accounting in ancient texts of the tsunami along the Makran region, it is interesting to note that besides Alexander the Great's fleet, Julius Caesar's Roman fleet also sustained damage from unusual wave conditions (not a tsunami) and tidal phenomena in 55 AD. Caesar was forced to retreat from the shores of England after suffering damage to his fleet when he anchored the Roman fleet in bays that had extensive tidal ranges and unusually large waves.
There is a record of a tsunami elsewhere in Alexander's Empire. The following account of a tsunami is given by the ancient historian, Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicely). Diodorus - in his rather allegorical narrative below - includes a sea-monster in his account of the tsunami wave that flooded the harbor of Alexandria. Of course, the event is attributed to god Poseidon who was believed to be the originator of earthquakes and tsunamis:
"As the Macedonian construction came within range of their missiles, portents were sent by the gods to them in their danger. Out of the sea a tidal wave tossed a sea-monster of incredible size into the midst of the Macedonian operations. It crashed into the mole but did it no harm, remained resting a portion of its body against it for a long time and then swam off into the sea again. This strange event threw both sides into superstition, each imagining that the portent signified that Poseidon would come to their aid, for they were swayed by their own interest in the matter".
Conclusions
Although infrequently, large magnitude earthquakes occur along the Makran region of Southern Pakistan and the Indus delta/Kutch region. Earthquakes, involving thrust motions along the Makran subduction zone are known to generate destructive tsunamis. Destructive tsunami waves can be generated also by underwater landslides in the region because of extensive sediment accumulation along the deltas of major rivers. Large earthquakes near the Kutch Graben can trigger such underwater tsunamigenic landslides.
Ancient texts support that a large earthquake and tsunami occurred in 325 BC. Since Alexander the Great's fleet spent considerable time that year in the Indus delta/Kutch and the Makran regions (India in ancient times), it is very possible that the fleet sustained damage from the tsunami, but managed to make repairs and continue west towards Babylonia. In all probability, the tsunami originated along the Makran Subduction Zone - the same source area that produced the great Makran earthquake and tsunami of 1945. Based on ancient records and current geophysical knowledge, it is believed that the 325 BC earthquake occurred in late October but more likely in early November. At that time, Alexabder's fleet was either at anchor at the estuary near the delta of river Hab, or had just set out to sea.
The source area of the 325 BC tsunami along the Makran region had an east west orientation - similar to that of 1945. The azimuthal propagation of the tsunami energy was greater to the north and to the south. Since the Greek fleet was still in the Indus delta/Kutch region - to the east of the generating area near the mouth of Hab River - it is estimated that it was struck by waves that were about 2 meters in height. The wave heights of the 1945 tsunami were significantly lower to the east. In 1945, Karachi was struck by waves that were only 2 meters (6.5 feet) high. However, along the Makran coast, the 1945 waves reached a maximum run up height of 13 m (40 feet), destroyed fishing villages, caused great damage to port facilities and killed more than 4,000 people. We can conclude that the 325 BC tsunami had similar wave heights.
The timing of the 325 BC tsunamigenic earthquake and the location of Alexander's fleet were critical. If the earthquake had occurred later in November of 325 BC, after the fleet had left Morontobara (Karachi), or when it was near Bagisara (present Ormara), the outcome could have been disastrous. The delay due to adverse monsoon winds probably saved Alexander's fleet from total tsunami destruction.
REFERENCES
Arrian of Nicomedia", 135-137 A.D. Indikê, appendix to Anabasis. One of seven books of the history of Alexander's march into Asia - The fleet's journey is based primarily on the Indikê by Alexander's fleet-commander Nearchus. (The first chapters are derived from Megasthenes, a Greek envoy who visited Patna.)
Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.)
Fernando, A.D.N.,2005. Tsunamis, earthquakes, their intensity and periodicity. Online edition of the Island of Sri Lanka
http://servesrilanka.blogspot.com/2005/03/tsunamis-earthquakes-their-intensity.html
Gopala Pillai, N., 1937. Skanda: The Alexander Romancein India. Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Conference_, Vol. IX (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1937), pp. 955-997
Mokhtari, M., Farahbod, A.M. 2005. Tsunami Occurrence in the Makran Region, Tsunami Seminar, Tehran, 26th February 2005
Nearchus of Crete, 325 BC. Indike in classical' Greek. Nearchus of Crete. http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nearchus/nearchus.html
Pararas-Carayannis, G. 2001. The Earthquake of 25 January in Guajarat, India.
| 324 BC |
Hippocrates was known as the Greek what? | ALEXANDER THE GREAT - IMPACT OF THE 325 BC TSUNAMI IN THE NORTH ARABIAN SEA UPON HIS FLEET = DR. GEORGE PARARAS-CARAYANNIS
Web
www.tsunamisociety.org
ALEXANDER THE GREAT - IMPACT OF THE 325 BC TSUNAMI IN THE NORTH ARABIAN SEA UPON HIS FLEET
George Pararas-Carayannis
Copyright © 2006. All Rights Reserved
Introduction
According to ancient texts, in 325 BC or 326 BC, a large earthquake along the Makran coast in the North Arabian Sea generated a destructive tsunami which destroyed part of Alexander the Great's fleet. The following is an evaluation of this event as deduced from historical records and current geophysical understanding of the seismo-tectonics of the Makran Subduction Zone - a source region of large earthquakes and tsunamis, recently and in the past.
Historic Records Supporting the Tsunami
There are Greek, Indian and Sri Lankan accounts which support that an earthquake and a tsunami occurred in the South Asian region around 325 - 326 B.C. However, the reports and dates on this event are somewhat conflicting as to whether it occurred in 325 BC or 326 BC. The author of the present article is attempting to reconcile the time discrepancies and may revise the year of the event. According to the Sri Lanka records, the reported tsunami was the same that destroyed the ancient city of Kalyani Kanika and other townships along the Eastern Seaboard of the island. However, the dates do not match, since the tsunami in Sri Lanka is purported to have occurred at the time of King Kelanitissa - in the 2nd Century BC.
Similarly, the account by Nearchus of Crete, Arrian of Nicomedia, and Plutarch are not clear as to a tsunami and what exactly happened to the Greek fleet following the India campaign. Probably many other hardships and losses during the arduous journey of the fleet on its way back to Mesopotamia overshadowed the destruction and damage caused by the tsunami. Unusually destructive waves were probably attributed to monsoons, since there was no understanding of the relationship between earthquakes and tsunamis at that time. Also, all unusual extreme phenomena of nature were thought to be acts of gods, as it will be illustrated later with the account of a tsunami by Diodorus Siculus.
Nearchus' and Arrian's "Indike" Accounts - Nearchus of Crete was Alexander's admiral in command of the fleet back to Mesopotamia. He wrote a book about the naval expedition, which was also to be a voyage of discovery. Unfortunately, Nearchus' book "Indike" - which described the journey back to Babylonia - was lost. However, some of its contents are known from another book - also named "Indike" - written by Arrian (Arrianos of Nicomedia). The account of Alexander's fleet voyage is based primarily on Arrian's writings - which probably may have abbreviated Nearchus' account. Arrian min his "indike", does not specifically mention any earthquake or tsunami event. Unfortunately, Nearchus original account could not be located.
Plutarch's Account - A good historical account of Alexander the Great's Asian conquest and the fleet's voyage back can be found in the works of Plutarch (79 AD), entitled "Alexander". Plutarch's accounts provide good information on Alexander's conquest of Asia and India, but very little information about the fleet's journey in the Northern Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. He does not mention anything about earthquakes or tsunamis.
Sri Lanka and Indian Records - According to historical records (Fernando, 2005) (Mahawamsa) a town named Kalyani Kanika, in Sri Lanka, and several other townships in the Eastern Seaboard were inundated or destroyed by tsunami waves in the time of King Kelanitissa. Also provided in these records is an account of Viharamahadevi, the daughter of King Kelanitissa. Viharamahadevi was set afloat at sea in Kalyani Kanika presumambly to appease the Gods who were angry. However, sea currents, brought her back to shore, landing her in Kirinda.
Also, ancient Indian legends refer that Poompuhar, a port city located at the confluence of river Kaveri and the Bay of Bengal in the Thanjavur District in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu - once known as Kaveripattinam - was washed away by a tsunami around A.D. 500. According to the legend, goddess Manimekhalai was angry at the Chola King and caused the city to be swallowed up by the sea. However, a tsunami in this region of the Bay of Bengal must have had a source in the Andaman Islands or the near Sumatra rather than in the Makran region in the North Arabian Sea.
Brief Summary of Alexander's India Campaign
According to Plutarch (79 AD), after defeating the Persians, A lexander the Great continued his conquest of Asia by turning south into Arachosia (southeast Persia) and then continuing north into Afghanistan where he founded cities to serve as army garrisons and centers of his administration. Subsequently, he entered Bactria and Sogdiana, and marched his armies as far as the Jaxartes River. After two years in this region, , Alexander and his army crossed the Hindu Kush mountain region (present Pakistan) and begun the conquest of India during 327-326 BC.
Construction of Fleet - Journey on River Indus - There were several battles during the India campaign. Although victorious, after the June 326 BC battle of Hydaspes - near the northernmost of the five great tributaries of the Indus River - Alexander was pressured by his generals to end his Asian conquest and to return to Babylonia.
Although Alexander was extremely disappointed, he accepted to retun but persuaded his generals to travel south down the rivers Hydaspes and Indus so that they could reach the ocean.
The Athenian type of trireme that served as Alexander's flagship, "Olympias", named after his mother.
Subsequently, Alexander ordered that 30 oared galleys (Athenian triremes) and other ships be built to so they could sail down the Indus River in support of the ongoing Indian campaign before transport part of his army back to Babylonia. A total of 800 ships were built at Hydaspes. In command of the newly constructed fleet, he appointed Nearchus of Crete, who had been the satrap of Lycia and Pamphylia (in Asia Minor), after the Sogdian campaign, and one of his two commanders of the Shield bearers, a heavy infantry unit, before the battle of Hydaspes. Also, Nearchus had considerable naval experience, since he had made a exploration voyage along the Persian Gulf. Onesicritus was appointed to be captain of Alexander's own ship.
The fleet sailed down the river and into the Indus, with half of the forces on the ships and the other half marching in three columns down the two banks, leaded by Craterus, Haphesteion and Alexander himshelf. In June, Alexander sent a third of his army under the command of Craterus, back to Carmania over a northern land route. The size of the returning army is estimated at 75,000 men. Even with a third of the soldiers leaving for Carmania, based on Plutarch's account, Alexander's army in India still amounted to about 140,000 foot soldiers and 15,000 cavalrymen.
Alexander's India Campaign along the Indus River Valley (map of Livius.org)
The remaimder of the India Campaign and the fleet's journey down the Indus River took approximately seven months, during which Alexander conquered what is now the Punjab state. In the summer of 325 BC, the fleet and the bulk of the army reached Patala, the present city of Bahmanabad, about 75 km northeast of present Hyderabad - at the top of what was then the Indus delta. There he built a harbor and explored both arms of the Indus River, which then ran into the Rann of Kutch. According to Plutarch Alexander also traveled further down to Indus to an offshore island. He describes such a voyage and the appointment of Nearchus as commander of Alexander's fleet, as follows:
"His (Alexander's) voyage down the rivers took up seven months' time, and when he came to the sea, he sailed to an island which he himself called Scillustis, others Psiltucis, where going ashore, he sacrificed, and made what observations he could as to the nature of the sea and the sea-coast. Then having besought the gods that no other man might ever go beyond the bounds of this expedition, he ordered his fleet, of which he made Nearchus admiral and Onesicritus pilot, to sail round about, keeping the Indian shore on the right hand, _"
The island of Scillustis or Psiltucis near the mouth of the Indus River mentioned by Plutarch must have been a deltaic sand island which no longer exists due to extensive sedimentation and shoreline changes.
A portion of Alexander's army continued on land southeast of the Indus River and fought several squirmishes before regrouping at Patala for the journey back to Carmania, across the dangerous Gedrosian Desert.
Sea and Land Routes of Alexander's Army and Fleet
Alexander's Army Return Via the Southern Land Route - In August 325 BC, Alexander with about 135,000 foot soldiers and cavalry men left Patala towards Carmania, for the long and difficult march back homeward, through the harsh Gedrosian desert (Arrian, 135-37 A.D.) - which was part of the ancient Achaemenid empire (present region of Baluchistan region in Iran). Apparently, only one fourth of the army survived the march back. Plutarch describes Alexander's difficult journey via the southern land route and the hardships the army endured as follows:
" and (Alexander) returned himself by land through the country of the Orites (mountain people) , where he was reduced to great straits for want of provisions, and lost a vast number of his men, so that of an army of one hundred and twenty thousand foot and fifteen thousand horse, he scarcely brought back above a fourth part out of India, they were so diminished by disease, ill diet, and the scorching heats, but most by famine. For their march was through an uncultivated country whose inhabitants fared hardly, possessing only a few sheep, and those of a wretched kind, whose flesh was rank and unsavoury,."
The Fleet's Journey to the Indus delta/Kutch region - Chronology of Events
On 15 September 325 BC, following the departure of the bulk of army via the southern land route, the Greek fleet of 150 ships under Nearchus' command, set out to sea for Carmania and Babylonia with the remaining army which had dwindled to about 17,000 - 20,000 men.
Arrian's Chronology of the Greek Fleet Sailing from the Port of Alexander. Written by Arrian in the Ionian dialect - in the style of historian Herodotos.
However, September was too early in the season for the journey west as the summer monsoon winds blow in this region from a southwest direction from May through October. It is possible that Nearchus received false information from the natives who were anxious to see Alexander's ships leave. Almost immediately after sailing from Patala, the ships encountered adverse winds. It took almost a week to reach the Erythraean Sea (the Indian Ocean). Subsequently, the fleet headed west towards Morontobara (present Karachi) through the lagoon between the mouths of rivers Indus and Hab (the ancient shoreline was different than the present shoreline - see diagram on change).
The above stated chronology of events has been somewhat reconciled with the ancient records as to the month but not the year. A late September departure is supported by Arrian's account (see ancient Greek text on the timing of the fleet's departure from the Port of Alexander at the delta of the Indus river). Specifically Arrian states that soon as the strong summer (seasonal monsoon) sea winds (that make sailing impossible) stopped, the Greek fleet set sail. As for the date and month, he states that the journey begun during the time that " Kifisodoros" was the ruler of Athens ( on the second year of his rule, following the 114th Olympic Games held in 326 BC), and more specifically on the 20th of the month known as "Voidromonas" ( the third month of the Attica calendar - 15 September to 15 October, according to the Athenian calendar, but also known as "Yperveretaios" according to the Macedonian and Asian calendars. Arrian further specifies that the year was the 11th of Alexander's reign, which would make it 326 B.C. .Thus the Greek fleet's journey, according to Arrian, lasted from September 326 to February 325 B.C.
EVALUATION OF THE TSUNAMI OF 325 BC
Partial Destruction of the Greek Fleet by the 325 BC Tsunami
Renewed southwest monsoons and dwindling food and water supplies slowed the fleet's progress - forcing Nearchus to seek safe anchorage for the ships and to establish a fortified shore camp for about 24 days, while waiting for better weather conditions.
From Plutarch's description and timing it can be safely concluded that the camp was established just south of the Hab river (south of present Karachi), designated "Port of Alexander". Upon establishing this camp, the soldiers were forced to hunt and fish for food and to drink briny water.
The most likely location of the Greek fleet in late October /early November 325 BC when the fleet was struck by the tsunami generated by a large earthquake in the Makran Subduction Zone.
It was probably at this time and at this location - in late October / early November 325 BC - that the large earthquake and tsunami occurred near the Indus delta/Kutch region where the fleet had taken refuge. According to Lietzin (1974), the earthquake had large magnitude and massive waves destroyed a good part of Alexander's fleet. Also, according to Sri Lankan texts, a destructive tsunami struck the east side of the island. However, no details are available as to the exact date of the event, the location of Alexander's fleet at that time, or the extent of the losses.
Location and Magnitude of the 325 BC Tsunamigenic Earthquake
In all probability, the earthquake of 325 BC occurred along the Makran coast (of present southern Pakistan) and generated a destructive tsunami. The earthquake must have been very similar to the Makran earthquake of 1945, which generated a destructive tsunami along coastal areas of India, Pakistan, Iran and Oman. Although infrequently, the Makran subduction zone in the Northern Arabian Sea is capable of generating such tsunamigenic earthquakes that can have an upper limit of moment magnitude (Mw) of as much as 8 (Pararas-Carayannis, 2005a, b, 2006).
There is no information in the historical records about the intensity of the 325 BC earthquake from which a magnitude can be estimated, but since it was widely reported and a tsunami purportedly caused destruction as far away as eastern Sri Lanka, it can be assumed that it must have been as great as that of 1945.
Another possibility is that the 325 BC earthquake occurred in the Gujarat region, where large events are also known to occur - particularly along the Kutch Graben region or even near the Bombay graben. However, none of the recent earthquakes that have occurred along the Kutch Graben region have generated destructive tsunamis (Pararas-Carayannis, 2001). It is possible that an earthquake in the Guajarat region could have triggered an underwater landslide and a local tsunami, but such an event would not have the azimuthal concentration of energy to cause destruction on the east coast of Sri Lanka. More than likely, the large earthquake reported in the ancient texts originated along the Makran subduction zone - a region which is capable of generating destructive tsunamis (Pararas-Carayannis, 2005a,b, 2006).
The Indus delta/Kutch region in the Guajarat region of India - east of the Makran Subduction Zone - is a region that has produced numerous destructive earthquakes in recent times, including a devastating earthquake in 2001 (Pararas-Carayannis, 2001).
Scenario of the 325 BC Tsunami
It is not known with any certainty if the tsunami of 325 BC struck the Greek fleet while at anchor, or while out at sea. None of the ancient texts provide information about losses or extent of damage. However, based on Plutarch's and other historical accounts, and from current knowledge of the sesimo-tectonics of the region, the chronology of the journey of Alexander's fleet and the possible impact of the 325 BC tsunami can be evaluated.
The timing of the large earthquake was critical to the fate of the fleet. What saved the Greek fleet from more extensive destruction was its location when the tsunamigenic earthquake occurred. It is believed that the earthquake occurred along the Makran Subduction Zone in late October or early November of 325 BC, when the ships were still in the Indus delta/Kutch region - near the delta of river Hab (just south of present Karachi). According to Plutarch, the Greek ships did not set sail from the estuary between the mouths of rivers Indus and Hab until early November, when the southwest monsoons subsided.
Location of Alexander's Fleet in late October / early November 325 BC.
The delay in the fleet's departure due to the adverse winds was a blessing in disguise and probably saved most of the ships from total destruction. If the earthquake had occurred later in November after the fleet had left Morontobara (Karachi), or when the fleet was sailing along the Makran coast (southern Pakistan) near Bagisara (present Ormara), there could have been total destruction.
Not only the timing of the earthquake but the orientation of the tsunami generating area were critical to the fate of the Greek fleet. The tsunami generating area along the Makran Subduction Zone would have an east-west orientation. Therefore, the azimuthal propagation of the tsunami energy was greater to the north and to the south - and much less to the east or west. Thus the tsunami waves were very large in height along the entire Makran region as well as along the southwestern coasts of India and Sri Lanka, as the tsunami wave energy refracted in deeper water. Immediately to the east, where the Greek fleet was located, the waves were not as high or as destructive. Apparently, the destruction must have been partial and most of the ships were able to make repairs and continue the journey west.
The Makran Accretionary Front and Tectonic Subduction Zone in the Northern Arabian Sea, marking the convergence boundary of the Oman oceanic lithosphere and the Iranian microplate - a region of large but infrequent tsunamigenic earthquakes (map modified after, Mokhtari and Farahbod, 2005)
The impact of the 325 BC tsunami in the region was probably very similar to what happened with the 1945 Makran event (Pararas-Carayannis 2005, 2006). The maximum run up height of the 1945 tsunami was 13 m (40 feet), along the Makran coast. The waves destroyed fishing villages, caused great damage to port facilities and killed more than 4,000 people. However to the east the waves were significantly lower. In 1945, Karachi was struck by waves of only about 2 meters (6.5 feet) in height. Therefore, Alexander's fleet - which in late October / early November 325 BC was still located east of the delta of river Hab - must have been impacted by similar waves of about 2 meters, thus limiting the damage.
The Fleet's Journey after the 325 BC Tsunami
With no opposing winds during the monsoon transitional period in November of 325 BC, the ships were able to make significant progress westward. According to Arrian (based on Nearchus account), after leaving the Indus delta/Kutch region, the Greek fleet continued the difficult journey, first to Morontobara or Woman's Harbor (present Karachi) near the mouth of the Hab river, then through the Sonmiani Bay, along the Makran coast. One night, the Greek ships camped near the battlefield on the coast where Leonnatus, one of Alexander's generals, had defeated the native population, the Oreitans ('Mountain people'). He had left a large food deposit for Nearchus' men - enough to last for ten days. With renewed supplies and favorable winds the ships reached the Hingol River and then continued to Bagisara (present Ormara) - where the 325 BC tsunami probably must have had its maximum impact earlier in late October / early November.
A Greek trireme under sail
The fleet made significant progress westward when the northeast (winter) monsoons picked up in early December, thus reaching rapidly Colta (Ras Sakani), Calima (Kalat) and an island called Carnine (Astola). After provisioning there, the fleet continued and passed Cysa (near present Pasni) and Mosarna (near Ras Shahid). At Mosarna, a Gedrosian pilot joined them, and in two days led the ships to what is now modern Gwadar, where According to Arrian's account) they Greek army was delighted to see date palms and gardens. Three days later, Nearchus' men reached Cyisa, a town near modern Chah Bahar and and raided it for supplies. Afterwards, they anchored near a promontory dedicated to the Sun, which was called Bageia (dwelling of the gods') by the local natives - which is probably the presetn day Ra's Kûh Lab. Other places mentioned by Nearchus account of the voyage - as conveyed by Arrian of Nicomedia - such as Talmena, Canasis, Canate, Taa or Dagaseira cannot be identified. However Dagaseira may be the present town of Jask, in Southern Iran.
After the long and arduous journey, the fleet finally reached the Carmania region and was subsequently reunited with the rest of Alexander's army at Harmozeia (modern Mînab). Harmozeia (near the Strait of Hormuz), was one of the largest ports in the Persian Gulf in ancient times.
The coastline along the Northern Arabian Sea
Finally, sometime in January 324 BC, Alexander's fleet reached safely the mouth of the Tigris River in Mesopotamia. However, Plutarch, Arrian and none of the ancient historians give any information as to how many ships of Alexander's fleet survived the long journey along what were-until-then, uncharted waters. It is believed that Nearchus provided the first navigational charts for this region.
Tsunami Occurrence Elsewhere in Alexander's Empire
Although there is no specific accounting in ancient texts of the tsunami along the Makran region, it is interesting to note that besides Alexander the Great's fleet, Julius Caesar's Roman fleet also sustained damage from unusual wave conditions (not a tsunami) and tidal phenomena in 55 AD. Caesar was forced to retreat from the shores of England after suffering damage to his fleet when he anchored the Roman fleet in bays that had extensive tidal ranges and unusually large waves.
There is a record of a tsunami elsewhere in Alexander's Empire. The following account of a tsunami is given by the ancient historian, Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicely). Diodorus - in his rather allegorical narrative below - includes a sea-monster in his account of the tsunami wave that flooded the harbor of Alexandria. Of course, the event is attributed to god Poseidon who was believed to be the originator of earthquakes and tsunamis:
"As the Macedonian construction came within range of their missiles, portents were sent by the gods to them in their danger. Out of the sea a tidal wave tossed a sea-monster of incredible size into the midst of the Macedonian operations. It crashed into the mole but did it no harm, remained resting a portion of its body against it for a long time and then swam off into the sea again. This strange event threw both sides into superstition, each imagining that the portent signified that Poseidon would come to their aid, for they were swayed by their own interest in the matter".
Conclusions
Although infrequently, large magnitude earthquakes occur along the Makran region of Southern Pakistan and the Indus delta/Kutch region. Earthquakes, involving thrust motions along the Makran subduction zone are known to generate destructive tsunamis. Destructive tsunami waves can be generated also by underwater landslides in the region because of extensive sediment accumulation along the deltas of major rivers. Large earthquakes near the Kutch Graben can trigger such underwater tsunamigenic landslides.
Ancient texts support that a large earthquake and tsunami occurred in 325 BC. Since Alexander the Great's fleet spent considerable time that year in the Indus delta/Kutch and the Makran regions (India in ancient times), it is very possible that the fleet sustained damage from the tsunami, but managed to make repairs and continue west towards Babylonia. In all probability, the tsunami originated along the Makran Subduction Zone - the same source area that produced the great Makran earthquake and tsunami of 1945. Based on ancient records and current geophysical knowledge, it is believed that the 325 BC earthquake occurred in late October but more likely in early November. At that time, Alexabder's fleet was either at anchor at the estuary near the delta of river Hab, or had just set out to sea.
The source area of the 325 BC tsunami along the Makran region had an east west orientation - similar to that of 1945. The azimuthal propagation of the tsunami energy was greater to the north and to the south. Since the Greek fleet was still in the Indus delta/Kutch region - to the east of the generating area near the mouth of Hab River - it is estimated that it was struck by waves that were about 2 meters in height. The wave heights of the 1945 tsunami were significantly lower to the east. In 1945, Karachi was struck by waves that were only 2 meters (6.5 feet) high. However, along the Makran coast, the 1945 waves reached a maximum run up height of 13 m (40 feet), destroyed fishing villages, caused great damage to port facilities and killed more than 4,000 people. We can conclude that the 325 BC tsunami had similar wave heights.
The timing of the 325 BC tsunamigenic earthquake and the location of Alexander's fleet were critical. If the earthquake had occurred later in November of 325 BC, after the fleet had left Morontobara (Karachi), or when it was near Bagisara (present Ormara), the outcome could have been disastrous. The delay due to adverse monsoon winds probably saved Alexander's fleet from total tsunami destruction.
REFERENCES
Arrian of Nicomedia", 135-137 A.D. Indikê, appendix to Anabasis. One of seven books of the history of Alexander's march into Asia - The fleet's journey is based primarily on the Indikê by Alexander's fleet-commander Nearchus. (The first chapters are derived from Megasthenes, a Greek envoy who visited Patna.)
Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.)
Fernando, A.D.N.,2005. Tsunamis, earthquakes, their intensity and periodicity. Online edition of the Island of Sri Lanka
http://servesrilanka.blogspot.com/2005/03/tsunamis-earthquakes-their-intensity.html
Gopala Pillai, N., 1937. Skanda: The Alexander Romancein India. Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Conference_, Vol. IX (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1937), pp. 955-997
Mokhtari, M., Farahbod, A.M. 2005. Tsunami Occurrence in the Makran Region, Tsunami Seminar, Tehran, 26th February 2005
Nearchus of Crete, 325 BC. Indike in classical' Greek. Nearchus of Crete. http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nearchus/nearchus.html
Pararas-Carayannis, G. 2001. The Earthquake of 25 January in Guajarat, India.
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What was the Roman name for 'Bath'? | Images of the Baths at Bath, England. Digital Imaging Project: Art historical images of European and North American architecture and sculpture from classical Greek to Post-modern. Scanned from slides taken on site by Mary Ann Sullivan, Bluffton College.
Roman Baths
1st century C. E.
Bath owes its origin and ultimately its name to the springs which produce about five hundred thousand gallons of water a day at 120 degrees Fahrenheit. During the first century C. E. the Romans turned this backward village into a fashionable spa dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva, from which the city took its Roman name: Aquae Sulis. Near the hot spring which feeds the baths there was a temple dedicated to Sulis Minerva where pilgrims came to pray to that goddess when seeking cures, before bathing in the sacred waters.
| Aquae Sulis |
Which American President was the teddy bear named after? | Roman Baths - Historic Site in Bath, Central Bath - Visit Bath
Seniors & FT Students Saver Ticket to Roman Baths, Fashion Museum & Victoria Art Gallery
£18.50 per ticket
Admission Charges include the use of a hand held audioguide. Audioguides are available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Japanese and Mandarin, with the four newest additions being Dutch, Korean, Polish and Portuguese. British Sign Language handset available. If you are a hearing aid user, you can benefit from the 'T' switch attachment on the audio guide. We can also provide a printed copy of the audio tour text.
Saver Tickets are valid for 14 days.
Group rates are available for groups of 20+
About
Bath was founded upon natural hot springs with the steaming water playing a key role throughout its history. Lying in the heart of the city the Roman Baths were constructed around 70 AD as a grand bathing and socialising complex. It is now one of the best preserved Roman remains in the world.
1,170,000 litres of steaming spring water reaching 46 °C still fill the bathing site every single day. The Romans believed that this was the mystical work of the Gods but we now know that the water source, which comes from the King’s Spring, fell as rain water around 10,000 BC.
Visit The Great Bath, the magnificent epicentre to the complex and walk on the ancient pavements as the Romans did 2,000 years ago. The Great Bath that lies below street level can also be viewed from the Terrace, which is adorned with statues and shadowed by the great Abbey. Other chambers to explore include the remains of the ancient heated rooms and changing rooms as well as tepid and plunge pools.
Be sure to pick up an audio guide and listen to fascinating commentary as you slowly make your way around the site. These are available in 12 different languages, with special guides for children. A special English speaking audio guide narrated by Bill Bryson is also available and offers witty thoughts and observations on all things Roman.
Not only can you walk among the extensive ruins but you can also explore many treasures in the interactive museum with visual snippets that transport you back to Roman times and the lives of the Aquae Sulis people.
The Romans built a temple high over the courtyard in honour of the goddess Sulis Minerva. Brave visitors can stand before the fearsome Gorgon’s head carved into the pediment, with an animation to show a reconstructed version of how it would have appeared in Roman times. You can also meet Roman costumed characters and listen to their ancient stories from 10am – 5pm every day.
During July and August the Roman Baths are open until 10pm, illuminated by torch light. The flickering torches cast shadows on the ancient pavements and create a beautifully romantic and magical atmosphere to explore by moon light.
After your exploration we invite you to take a sip of the spa water in the Pump Room, which is included in the admission price. Containing 42 minerals and believed to have healing powers this is a unique opportunity to get a real taste (literally!) of Roman Bath. If that doesn’t quite take your fancy then opt for afternoon tea in the Pump Room restaurant accompanied by music from the Pump Room Trio.
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In which US State would you find the 'Bonneville Salt Flats'? | Bonneville Salt Flats
Bonneville Salt Flats
Kevin B. Hallaran
Utah History Encyclopedia
The Bonneville Salt Flats of the western Great Salt Lake Desert were formed through the evaporation of the Pleistocene-era Lake Bonneville. The salt flats are actually the bed of that once massive lake which rivaled in size present Lake Michigan. The flats are composed mainly of potash salts ranging in thickness from less than one inch to six feet.
In 1827, trapper, trader, explorer, and frontiersman Jedediah Smith was perhaps the first white man to cross the salt flats in 1827 while returning from his first expedition to California. Six years later, Joseph Reddeford Walker, another trapper, mapped and explored the areas around the Great Salt Lake and crossed the northern perimeter of the flats while in the employ of Captain Benjamin L. E. Bonneville. It is from Benjamin Bonneville that the salt flats and prehistoric lake derive their name, although it is unlikely that Bonneville himself ever saw the flats.
The Bonneville Salt Flats is part of the Great Salt Lake desert, shown here
Racing on the Salt Flats, 1940s, with Ab Jenkins' Mormon Meteor III
In 1845, John C. Fremont and his expedition crossed through the very heart of the salt flats in an effort to find a shorter overland route to the Pacific. In the following year, Fremont's route across the flats would come to be known as the Hastings Cutoff.
The Cutoff, promoted by Lansford Hastings as a faster and easier route to California, proved to be just the opposite for the ill-fated Donner-Reed party of 1846. A factor contributing to the Donner-Reed tragedy in the Sierra Nevadas was the delay the party experienced on the salt flats when their wagons became mired in the mud found just below the thin salt crust. Abandoned wagon parts from the party were present on the flats well into the 1930s, and the wheel tracks of their wagons were still visible in 1986 when archaeologists examined several sites associated with the party.
The tragedy of the Donner-Reed Party inhibited extensive use of the Hastings Cutoff as an overland migration trail. The salt flats did, however, yield scientific information to the expeditions of Captain Howard Stansbury in 1849 and of Captain J.H. Simpson in 1859, both with the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers.
Fifty years after the Donner-Reed party slogged their way across the flats, the area's first use as raceway was conceived by publisher William Randolph Hearst in a publicity stunt. Hearst hired William Rishel of Cheyenne, Wyoming, to attempt a crossing on bicycle. Rishel completed the journey, crossing the salt flats in 22 hours.
Early attempts to promote automobile racing failed until 1925 when Ab Jenkins, driving a Studebaker, beat a special excursion train by ten minutes in a race across the flats. Since that time the Bonneville Salt Flats have attracted racers from throughout the world and have become the site of numerous land speed records. Their attraction for these racers is due to the hard, flat surface expanse - in an area so flat that from certain perspectives the curvature of the earth can actually be seen.
See: Paul Clifton, The Fastest Men on Earth (1966); Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt Lake (1986).
| Utah |
What was Judy Garland's real name? | Beautiful Utah: Bonneville Salt Flats | The Huffington Post
Beautiful Utah: Bonneville Salt Flats
07/15/2015 12:03 pm ET | Updated Jul 12, 2016
Kevin Richberg Travel Writer/Documentary Filmmaker
Imagine a perfectly flat veneer of pure white salt as far as the eye can see, in every direction. These otherworldly super-strange environments exist in only a handful of places on Earth; they're called salt flats (or salt pans), the leftover remnants of extinct seas.
In Western Utah, along Interstate-80 just before the Nevada State line, are the Bonneville Salt Flats , a 40 sq. mile ultra flat pan of salt. Everyday visitors have access to a world so strange, it can shock your sense of reality.
Lake of Salt
The surface in this image is solid, and you can walk out onto the salt pan, as far as the Silver Island Mountains if you want. Bonneville is public land, managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management.
Wet Winter
The flats go through seasonal changes where rainwater pools over the surface of the flats (winter/spring) creating a mirror-like shallow pool which eventually evaporates, leaving a reconstituted perfectly flat summertime salt-surface (pictured here).
Walking on Salt
The experience of walking onto a solid salt surface is certainly unique. To some it can feel like a crust of 'ice' that could break at any time, and to others it's a crunchy surface of blinding light (bring your sunglasses on a clear sunny day).
Sodium Chloride
The white surface of Bonneville is made up of 90% NaCl (sodium chloride), with the remaining 10% consisting of ionic salts of potassium, magnesium, and lithium. What does this mean? It means that the same salt on your dining room table, the salt you put on your fries, is basically what constitutes the Bonneville Salt Flats.
Speed
The Salt Flats are home to the Bonneville Speedway on the western edge of the pan. This speedway holds several unique distinctions: multiple land speed records have been achieved by motor vehicles racing through the flats, SpeedWeek is an annual event where drivers compete in high-speed contests in multiple categories, and has been in use for over a 100 years, since the first land speed records were set there in 1912.
New Track
Each year the courses for the Bonneville Speedway are prepared anew on the reconstituted salt, usually a 10 mile straight track, and a 10-12 mile oval track.
Life and Death
All life needs a measure of 'salts' to survive, but an extreme excess, means certain death. Plants (only the hardiest of the hardy) can be found at the periphery of the flats where enough soil is mixed with the salt to allow them to survive. In the center of the flats nothing can possibly grow, the solid crust of salt simply won't allow it.
Rest Stop
The easiest way to get access to the flats is from a clearly marked "Rest Area" off I-80, 10 miles to the east of the Utah-Nevada state line. There's a pullover stop on both sides of the interstate, however the images for this piece (and the best views of the flats) are from the north side. If you're traveling east, never fear, simply park on the south side pullover and follow the trail to the north side.
Clean Soles
There's a 'foot wash' at the Bonneville Flats rest area for visitors to use once their playtime on the salt pan is finished. Make sure you use it! Salt has a tendency to find its way into and onto everything, and your electronics definitely don't want to have anything to do with the flats, the salt, or the residues on your shoes.
Hiking a Nonexistent Trail
Hiking out onto the flats is a special, surreal experience; just remember to keep a GPS handy to find your way back, and definitely bring enough water for a day's use. Bonneville is a high desert environment and temperatures in the summer can easily reach 100°F. Overnight camping on the flats themselves is prohibited, but there are nearby campsites for those who wish to stay in the area.
Lake Bonneville
15,000 years ago the area around Bonneville would have comprised an enormous lake (approximately the size of modern day Lake Michigan) encompassing the I-80 corridor and the current borders of Great Salt Lake. Lake Bonneville shrank, evaporated, and dried over time to the landscape we see today. The Great Salt Lake remains as the only remnant of Lake Bonneville, a super-salty body of water with dimensions that vary considerably through the seasons.
Metaphor
If you're traveling west along I-80 you'll see a tall, odd sculpture (it can look like an enormous bizarre telephone pole from a distance) to the north of the interstate just before you reach the flats. Swedish artist Karl Momen created Metaphor: The Tree of Life in 1986 and later donated it to the state of Utah. I'm a huge fan of public art, and it doesn't come in forms more isolated and unique than The Tree of Life. A fence surrounds the sculpture to prevent vandalism, and birds have been known to build huge nests between the balls.
Endorheic Basin
If you want to drop some trivia at your next cocktail party, you can talk about the Great Basin of the United States. Bonneville sits at the eastern heart of the Great Basin; scientists call this an endorheic basin, a vast area with no drainage to the ocean. This means that all the precipitation which falls in the area of the Great Basin equilibrates through seasonal evaporation. What comes down, simply goes back up again. The Great Basin is vast, it's the largest continuous endorheic basin in North America, covering half of Utah, pieces of Oregon and California, and almost all of Nevada. The two major American cities in the Basin are Salt Lake City on the eastern fringe, and Reno on the western fringe.
The Bonneville Salt Flats
So if you find yourself on a road trip across Interstate 80, or if you need a fun and freaky getaway from Salt Lake City, make a stop at the Bonneville Salt Flats. You can't possibly miss them; even if you forget you read this piece, seeing the flats as you drive by will instantly bring back the memory. Check an online calendar for events taking place at the speedway.
Photographs taken by Kevin Richberg on July 4th, 2015 at the Bonneville Salt Flats outside Wendover, Utah.
Follow Kevin Richberg on Twitter: www.twitter.com/KevinRichberg
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What is the name of the plain intelligent girl in glasses in Scooby Doo? | Velma Dinkley | Scoobypedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
Velma Dinkley [1] is the bespectacled resident genius of Mystery Inc. , often being the one to decipher the clues and solve the crimes.
Contents
[ show ]
Physical appearance
Velma is a Caucasian female with chin-length auburn hair. She has freckles, and initially was depicted as more heavyset compared to the thinner frame on Daphne Blake . While somewhat obscured by her fashion choices, Velma can be seen to have a slightly wider waist and her facial shape is more circular/square compared to the ovular shape Daphne has as an adult.
She is always seen wearing thick-framed, square glasses (a running theme is that Velma often loses them, after which she can be seen crawling on the floor looking for them saying, "My glasses. I can't find my glasses."). She normally wears an orange sweater, with a red skirt, knee length orange socks and black Mary Jane shoes. Her clothes didn't change much from show to show being almost the same.
Personality
She has a fascination with mysteries (her younger sister Madelyn said that she was "born with a mystery book in her hand". [2] At times she be competitive with other people who are very intelligent like she is. [3]
She is sharp-witted and sometimes sarcastic, not lost on others. [4] She also seems to love secrecy, and has a bit of slyness in her character, as she was the only gang member to actually perpetrate a hoax, albeit for a noble reason, as she was helping Omar Karam protect Cleopatra 's riches. [5] In the same case, she was also overly-caring of the gang, as she wanted to protect them from harm's way, despite everything they've been through. [5]
When she found some unappetizing chicken at the Addams Family mansion , she said "it's time to start my diet". While this may be an excuse, the phrasing "my" rather than "a" implies that she may diet regularly, perhaps self-conscious of her weight. [6]
Skills and abilities
Velma knows Morse Code, which she claims to have learned in Girl Scouts.[ citation needed ]
Physical
As a young child, she knew martial arts. [7]
She has above-average grip and core strength, as in a sea episode she was able to dangle on a very wide pipe (bigger objects are more difficult to grip than smaller diameter bars) and hold her legs out straight in front of her (90 degree bend in hips) to avoid hitting a monster as it ran past her through a doorway.
Velma is also incredibly strong in her shoulder overhead pressing muscles (trapezius, deltoids). She was able to simultaneously life two female wrestlers (who tend to be heavier than normal women due to the extra muscle) and throw them through the air above her head level, one per hand. She claimed the move was called the " Flying Dinkley ". [8]
History
For a complete list of Velma's family, look here . For other relatives, look here .
Romantic interests
Beau Neville : A detective investigating the Moonscar Island disappearances. Initially, he and Velma very much disliked each other, but by the end of their stay, they seemed to be getting along very well, especially when he said that he wanted to write detective novels. Although she made it clear that it was detective novels she liked, and not a particular detective himself. ( Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island )
Ben Ravencroft : An author famous for horror stories. He initially appeared kind and a bit shy, and he and Velma may have developed feelings for each other. But once she saw the greedy, cruel, power-hungry person he was, she became genuinely angry and did everything she could to stop him. ( Scooby-Doo and the Witch's Ghost )
Assistant research scientist: The first time Mystery Inc. broke up, she put her I.Q. to the test by becoming an assistant research scientist at NASA . ( TNSDMysteries : Happy Birthday, Scooby-Doo , A Night Louse at the White House )
Bookshop proprietor: The second time Mystery Inc. broke up, she opened up a mystery-themed bookshop . When the gang reunited for tour in Louisiana , she apparently still owned it, but inevitably the gang took up all of her time, and she likely sold it as it was never mentioned again. ( Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island )
Behind-the-scenes
Insert details here.
Voices of Velma
Nicole Jaffe was the original voice of Velma, and portrayed the character in both Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969-72) and The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1972-74). Jaffe married and retired from acting in 1974, and when Scooby-Doo resumed production in 1976, Patricia Stevens was brought in as Jaffe's replacement. Stevens was replaced by Marla Frumkin mid-way through the 1979-80 season of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979-1980). Frumkin voiced the character in four more episodes of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo before Velma was dropped from the series. Velma later returned as a semi regular character in four episodes of The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries , with Frumkin again voicing the character.
Christina Lange voiced preadolescent Velma in A Pup Named Scooby-Doo from 1988 to 1991, and B.J. Ward voiced the character in several direct-to-video films from 1997 until 2002. Mindy Cohn , formerly a lead actress on the 1980s TV sitcom, The Facts of Life, has voiced Velma from 2002 to the present; with the exception of two direct-to-video films in 2003 in which Jaffe returned to voice Velma. In Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire her singing voice is provided by Bets Malone in the song, Done With Monsters and its reprise .
In other languages
Current (since the 90s); before 2006, she was credited as Agata Gawrońska.
Notes/trivia
The junior-high school aged, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo version of Velma was animated with a rapid walk similar to that of Marvin the Martian. She was also drawn with glasses somewhat as large as her head. This younger Velma always carried a suitcase with her (compact size) that holds a very advanced computer.
In the Johnny Bravo episode, Bravo Dooby-Doo , the Scooby-Doo cast meet Johnny, with Velma briefly developing a crush on him, but changed her mind by the episode's end. Also in Bravo Dooby-Doo, homage is paid to Velma's catchphrase, "Jinkies!" When Johnny and the gang are being chased by the evil gardener, Johnny exclaims, "Jinkies," then wonders, "Jinkies... Jinkies. Hey, isn't that a breakfast cereal or something?". He also paraphrases another catch phrase, when, after a collision, both Velma's and Johnny's glasses are knocked off. As they search around for them, Velma says her signature phrase, "My glasses! I can't see without my glasses!" while Johnny laments, "My glasses! I can't be seen without my glasses!"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? tried to add interests and phobias that were neither mentioned before or after the series aired:
Velma is a huge a fan of ice hockey, knowing most of the game strategies (she discusses a few of them with Brett Hull ). She even gets to play for the United States team in the finals. [9]
She conquered her extreme phobia of clowns during the Menacing Metallic Clown case. [10]
She is the only member of Mystery Inc. to be the monster during a case, albeit for a noble reason. [5]
Gallery
| Velma |
What flavouring is added to brandy and egg yolks to make advocaat? | Scooby Doo cast and crew. Info about the cast.
The casting!
If you are a Scooby fan, I know you have probably hit many sites that explain how the series came about. So, I will not bore you with the long story of how Fred Silverman created a show called Mystery's Five. And how he could not sell the show until by chance, he heard the lyrics to a Frank Sinatra song. In that song, Frank sings, "Scooby-dooby-doo." He changed the name, made the dog the star, and the rest, as they say, is history!
One of the best things about the series is the magical casting and the interaction between the characters. Lets take a look at who made up the cast, and why it turned out so magical.
How could this be called a Scooby Site without paying homage to Scooby Doo himself. Scooby's voice was provided by Don Messick. (pictured at left) Don provided the voice for Scooby right up until his death on October 24, 1997. Originally under the "Mystery's Five" script, "the dog" was just a tag along. I think we can all agree that the promotion of Scooby to lead character was the key factor in a thirty years and counting success story!
Now, for the humans!
Before we get into the cast, there's one person behind the scenes that needs some recognition. Pictured here is Iwao Takamoto, who Hanna Barbera snatched away from Disney! He was the art director for the series and was responsible for the look from top to bottom. His work was well ahead of his time, and without him, the show may not have become the hit it did!
The first two members of the cast can be considered to be a pair of "All American" kids.
The type of kids that every parent wants to have!
First there's Freddy. His voice was provided by Frank Welker, who did a lot of work for Hanna-Barbera. I can't help but wonder if this was Fred Silverman's alter ego. A nice clean cut boy. He was the voice of reason. A responsible guy, someone you could trust. I guess that's why he always drove. Every story needs someone to play the "normal" guy, and in Scooby Doo, this was Freddy's part. One other note- Frank Welker had a bit part in "The Trouble With Girls." This is the movie that Nicole Jaffe (Velma #1) was in. Click on the picture of Nicole to see pictures of Frank in this movie as well.
Then there's Daphne. The other half of the "normal" pair. Again, a kid every parent would love to have! Probably would have been prom queen, if she wasn't off chasing mysteries. Her dad had the bucks to fund all of the gangs adventures. (He also paid for theMystery Machine.) Somewhat accident prone, but not a glamor ditz!
She had a mind and she could use it. Her voice was provided by Heather North (right). That's the best picture I could find of her for now. Pat Stevens (Velma #2) has said that appropriately enough, Heather North, was "blond and very pretty" in real life.
For the feature films, Daphne was played by Mary Kay Bergman (Right) There is a sad note to this as Mary has passed away. Click on her picture for more information.
The next two members of the cast were the oddballs. What can I say!
Without them, life would be like a diet of white bread!
Shaggy! Probably the kid every parent hopes they won't have, but defiantly the kind of kid most kids would like to be! He is the anti-Freddy. He is a good soul, just a bit of a hippy. Eating and hanging out with Scooby are his favorite activities. Ironically, his voice was supplied by top 40's DJ Casey Kasem! Shaggy does not pretend to be brave or smart. He just goes along with the gang. (I suspect he is the one who painted the Mystery Machine!) Pat Stevens (Velma #2) worked with Casey Kasem, who provided the hippie lingo for Shaggy during the entire run of the series. "(Kasem) was great," she said. "He really took it seriously. If Shaggy was going to fall off a cliff, he would want to know if it was a long cliff or a short cliff so he could adjust his scream."
And then there's Velma! She is probably the most misunderstood and underappreciated member of the whole gang! Her voice was originally supplied by Nicole Jaffe. (Click on the picture of Nicole to see some more shots of her and Frank as well as more information about her.) Velma is just plain brilliant! She has super-human intelligence, but she is not a nerd. (A nerd is smart, but usually lacks common sense and generally does not interact well with people, neither is true about Velma.) In fact, she would be the perfect girl if it wasn't for two little problems. One, her sense of style is only about one point above Shaggy's. And.... Two, those glasses!
From 1974 to 1979 Pat Stevens took over the role of Velma (See the Bloopers Page). She loved playing the part up until Velma got cut from the show and Scrappy-Doo was added. She is pictured here from a 1998 interview. She now teaches "Advanced Acting 401" and is happy to hear that Scooby-Doo lives on! "I never thought it would have turned into what it is today," she said. Stevens remains amazed at the overwhelming popularity of the show. The major reason Stevens landed the job was because her natural voice bore such a liking to the previous actress's intentional inflection. She immediately blended into the ongoing series. Stevens said many people ask her what it was like to be the voice of the "nerdier" of the two female characters on the show, her competitor being the sexy redheaded-ditz Daphne. "I always tried to beat them to it by saying I was the smart one," she said. "I always valued brains." Hey Pat, are you squinting in this picture?
(Note: After hearing Nicole Jaffe's voice in "The Trouble With Girls",
I tend to believe the voice we heard was Nicole's natural voice!)
Pat Stevens comments come from October 98 interview. See Legal Disclaimer for credits.
The recent Velma, Betty Jean Ward (Velma #3), might feel more at home with opera glasses than optical. She has a long list of show credits behind her name including a one woman show called "Stand Up Opera." Her cartoon voices include everything from Betty Rubble to Judy Jetson. Betty took over the voice of Velma during the parody "Bravo-Dooby-Doo." Warner Brothers liked it, and she has remained on for both Zombie Island and Witch's Ghost.
By the way, her husband is Gordon Hunt (Hellen Hunt's dad). He was the one who hired Pat Stevens to voice Velma #2. Hey, that makes Velma Hellen Hunt's step-mom!
As Linda Cardellini played in the Live Action movie and is covered elsewhere on the site,
we'll jump right to Velma #5-
Mindy Cohn has taken over the role of Velma for the new series "What's New Scooby Doo" Born in 1966, she is known to many from her role on the TV show The Facts of Life. Her voice probably fits the part better then Pat and B.J. due to it's squeaky quality! Time will tell if she fills the role but judging by the show's so far, she is off to a good start! Mindy is also nearsighted, which helps give her a little insight into the role.
She's Back!
In addition to giving Velma a studious look, the glasses serve as her Achillea's heel. There are actually only a handful of shows in which Velma loses her glasses, but when she does, the glasses aren't the only thing that's lost! Without them, her intelligence and common sense go out the window. The super-human is gone, replace by a bumbling idiot, just like the rest of us! Indeed, she seems to go into denial about the reality around her. In the adjacent shots, Velma loses her glasses while driving an electric car. Scooby is the passenger. Although she is blind as a bat, she drives with confidence! Scooby is not so sure...
In this sequence, taken from "Jeepers, It's the Creeper", Velma takes a wrong turn and ends up cornered by the Creeper. Caught off guard, she says "You wouldn't hit a girl with glasses!" The Creeper responds by grabbing the glasses off of her face. This is one of the few scenes where Velma actually becomes aggressive, kicking the Creeper and grabbing her glasses back!
Velma is nearsighted. When you are nearsighted, you wear glasses with lenses that make everything small. Farsighted people wear lenses that make everything big. This fact was not overlooked by the animator who drew this scene for "The Witch's Ghost" in which Velma picks up the wrong pair of glasses after a fall. (Notice the large eyes, in uncharacteristic wire rim frames!)
Back to The Hub (to explore more of Velma's site, as well as links)
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What according to the Buggles killed the radio star? | Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979 - YouTube
Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979
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Uploaded on Jan 16, 2008
Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979
I heard you on the wireless back in 52
lying awake intent a tuning in on you
if I was young it didn't stop you coming through
They took the credit for your second symphony
re-written by machine and new technology
and now I understand the problems you can see
Oh oh -- I met your children
oh oh -- what did you tell them
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
pictures came and broke your heart
we can't rewind we've gone too far
And now we meet in an abandoned studio
we hear the playback and it seems so long ago
and you remember the jingle used to go
Oh oh -- you were the first one
oh oh -- you were the last one
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
in my mind and in my car
we can't rewind we've gone too far
Video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
in my mind and in my car
we can't rewind we've gone too far
(Instrumental)
Video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
In my mind and in my car
we can't rewind we've gone too far
pictures came and broke your heart
look I'll play my VCR
Oh radio star
Video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
Video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
video killed the radio star
Category
| Video |
What would an American call a waistcoat? | The Buggles — Video Killed the Radio Star — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm
electronic
"Video Killed the Radio Star" is a song written by Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes and Bruce Woolley in 1978. It was first recorded by Bruce Woolley and The Camera Club (with Thomas Dolby on keyboards) for their album English Garden, and later by British group The Buggles, consisting of Horn and Downes. The track was recorded and mixed in 1979, released as their debut single on 7 September 1979 by Island Records, and included on their first album The Age… read more
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What was the nickname of the character Roland Cartwright in the TV series London's Burning? | Roland 'Vaseline' Cartwright | London's Burning Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Roland Oliver Cartwright, nicknamed "Vaseline", was a Firefighter at Blackwall Fire Station from the pilot movie through series 2 .
Biography
Edit
Vaseline, so called because he was slippery and a womanizer, had three wives (each named Marion) and numerous mistresses and was always moonlighting in secondary jobs. In the movie he was portrayed as bigoted and misogynistic, particularly in his attitudes to Ethnic and Josie Ingham , although he became more of a likeable rogue during the series.
By the time of the pilot movie Vaseline had already been married twice. A day after his divorce from Marion 2 came through he married Marion 3 (despite Marion 2 gatecrashing the wedding). He and Marion 3 bickered constantly, as she rarely knew where he was or what he was doing. He once didn't return home for two days and when he finally did she caught him disposing of a condom wrapper. Vaseline had a son with Marion 3, who they named Damien, which most of the watch thought appropriate given that Damien was the name of the Devil's son in The Omen.
Once on a shout Vaseline's boots caught fire because they were covered in fertilizer: he had been using them for gardening. On another shout, he accidentally ran over a cat they had just rescued. He did some work for a builder named Big Eddie, but after accepting an advance on his pay he didn't return, so the irate builder came to the station looking for him and had to be dealt with by George. Over Christmas he moonlighted as a chauffeur for George 's brother-in-law Cyril, and accidentally crashed the car into the living room of a nearby house. He also worked in a wine bar, which he described as being like "a squirrel in a nut factory", given the number of young and attractive women who frequented it.
A serial womanizer, Vaseline chatted up a prostitute Blue Watch had just rescued from a lift . While on duty he tried to sneak off to the car park with her but kept getting interrupted by the bells, so she walked out on him. In hospital having his burnt feet treated, he tried to chat up one of the nurses (also called Marion); Marion 3 then appeared and attacked the nurse who was giving him a bed bath and had to be escorted out. He did some gardening for a posh woman, and ended up sleeping with her.
To Vaseline's horror his first wife Marion then turned up claiming he owed her money, and Marion 3 allowed her to stay. The two continually ganged up on him and at one point he got into bed with Marion 1 by mistake, and she blackmailed him into staying. He told Bayleaf : "Marion 3 thinks I'm giving Marion 1 one too!" They also made him babysit his son while they went out and to his surprise he enjoyed it. When Sicknote cajoled everyone into attending his performance of The Student Prince, Vaseline sent the two Marions while he babysitted again.
While the pump crew were checking fire hydrants along the Surrey docks, a nearby van fell into the Thames . Vaseline, Bayleaf and George dived in to rescue the driver, but Vaseline did not resurface; his BA set had malfunctioned underwater, drowning him. At his funeral, Josie revealed that Marion 1 was also pregnant, to the amusement of the watch.
| Vaseline |
Where was the wartime seat of the Petain government of France? | E44 Blackwall - About London's Burning
About London's Burning
games
E44 Blackwall
London's Burning was first introduced as a TV movie in 1986. It was written by Jack Rosenthal and was sure to be a hit.
We were introduced to the men and women of the Blue Watch at east London's Blackwall Fire Station: Station Officer Sidney Tate
Sub Officer John Hallam
Fireman 'Rambo' Bains
Fireman 'Ethnic' Lewis
Firewoman Josie Ingham Two years later in 1988, the first series began and London's Burning continued until 2002. Characters changed over the years and the Blue Watch faced a variety of shouts - some easy, some difficult. Some personal lives were even hotter than the fires. We witnesed the deaths of Ethnic, Vaseline, John Hallam, Nick Georgiadis, Sicknote Joe Walker and Recall as well as fire fighters being promoted and or transfered elsewhere or out of the Brigade all together. London's Burning was one of the most watched programmes at its peak, but ratings fell to around five million in its last year, after the series changed to a more serialised format.
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What did Ken Dodd begin his career in entertainment as? | Ken Dodd Biography
Look at it My Way
Pictorial Journey through his career.
This is NOT a Biography but a lovely collection of pictures from when Ken started in 1954 to the present day.
Click Picture to buy your copy TOADY !
Ken Dodd Ken Dodd was Born on the 8th November 1927,
In an old Farm House on the outskirts of Liverpool. A Village called, Knottyash.
Son of a Coal Merchant, Arthur Dodd and his loving Mother, Sarah Dodd.
He went to the Knottyash School, and sang in the local church choir of St. Johns Church, Knottyash. At the age of Seven, was dared by his School chums to ride his bike with his eyes shut..... And he did. For about 10 feet and the bike hit the kerb. As did the young Doddy, open mouthed onto the tarmac. Resulting in his Famous Teeth you see today.
It was around this time he became interested in showbiz. After seeing an advert in a comic, " Fool Your Teachers, Amaze Your Friends - Send 6d in Stamps and Become a Ventriloquist ! " And he Promptly sent off for the book. Not long after, His Father bought him a Ventriloquist's dummy and Doddy called it Charlie Brown. He started entertaining at the local orphanage, then at various other local community functions.
At 14yrs. He Left the High Holt Grammar School, and went into his Dad's Coal business. Though by his early 20's had branched out on his own. Selling Pots, Pans, and Brushes. And invented his own version of Softsoap for the Liverpool Housewives. He worked hard by day, selling his wares round the streets of Liverpool. And by night, became a regular and very popular performer on ' The Club's ' Circuit as " Professor Yaffle Chuckabutty. Operatic Tenor and Sausage-Knotter.
He Got his big break at the age of 27. In September 1954 he apeared at the Nottingham Playhouse.
A nervous young man, he sat in a local Milk Bar for most of the Afternoon going over and over his lines before going to the theatre. Although he can't remember much of the actual act of that night. He did recal.,, " Well at least they didn't boo me off. " But there wasn't much fear of that, as Dodd's act went from strength to strength. Eventually Topping the bill at Blackpool in 1958 !
And in the late 1950's came to little guys we all came to love.,,
The Diddymen
The Diddymen of Knottyash Work the Broken Biscuit Repair Works, the Jam Butty Mines, The Moggy Ranch and the Treacle Wells. A very industrious town indeed.
Ken Also started to work in radio with the BBC. " The Ken Dodd Show " and " Ken Dodd's Laughter Show " Were all extremely popular productions.
Television also beckoned and in the late 50's the Ken Dodd Show was broadcast Live from the Opera House in Blackpool. Other Series followed. The Ken Dodd Show : Doddy's Music Box : The Good Old Days : Ken Dodd's World Of Laughter. and of Cousre, Ken Dodd and the Diddymen.
Ken entered hit the big time in 1965 with THE longest ever run at the London Palladium. 42 Weeks to be exact. Which broke all box office records. And for which he was awarded a gold watch by the manager.
At the same time Ken began his singing career Before 1964's 'Tears' on EMI's Columbia label, Ken had a big 'hit' in 1960, with his first ever 45 rpm single 'Love is Like a Violin'on EMI's 'rival' label, Decca,and he followed it up with 'Once in Every Lifetime' in 1961. The record numbers are Decca F 11248 and F11355.
His now famous theme tune "Happiness" Was Released in 1964.
However, his biggest hit though was "Tears" also in 1964. Which sold over 2 Million copies, earning doddy 2 gold discs. And the next year. "Promises, 1966."
It was the 1960's that also saw Ken entered into the guiness book of records; for the Longest Joke Telling session EVER. 1,500 jokes in 3 and a half Hours. People were queing up at the theatre in Liverpool, and going into the theatre in relays to hear him.
Although Ken isn't on the telly as much as he used to be, Ken Still give marathon performances. All over the U.K. Tourdates can be found at our link(Above)And is currently doing around 4 shows a week at various locations accross England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland.
Be warned, if a Show Starts at 7.30pm,,... You'll be lucky if you get out by midnight !!!
In 1996 his Very Popular,
" An Audiance With Ken Dodd "
was filmed and released on Video. Then 2 Years later in 1998 the
"Ken Dodd Live Laughter Tour"
was released.
And most recently the Video,
" Another Audience With Ken Dodd "
Was released in 2002.
Various Cd's and taped are still available for those interested.
And a Cassette Tape of the Diddymen is available.
But only if you go to one of the Live Happiness Shows !
I do hope you have found this interesting.
And we will be trying to updating the pages regularly.
If you would like to contribute a Story about our Doddy, send it to us at.
| Ventriloquism |
What drink is added to brandy to make a Brandy Manhattan cocktail? | Ken Dodd - Liverpool In A Nutshell
Ken Dodd
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Ken Dodd
One of Liverpool’s most-cherished sons, Kenneth Arthur Dodd was born in November 1927 in the Knotty Ash area of the city. Throughout his illustrious career, Dodd has been known for his charismatic and often flamboyant on-stage persona, leading to him becoming one of the most popular comedians of the 20th century, and nothing short of a national treasure.
Famed for his trademark outlandish, red, frizzy hair and distinctive, protruding teeth, Ken has risen from the Liverpool comedy circuit to national (and even international) recognition. Throughout a glittering career lasting over 50 years in showbiz, Ken Dodd continues to put Liverpool on the map as one of Europe’s leading cities for the arts and entertainment.
Indeed, since his first show in Nottingham back in 1954, he has gone on to sell over 100 million records of his own brand of comedy music, in addition to notable appearances on stage and on Television as one of the front-running British comedians of our time.
His much-celebrated stand-up routine was based on quick fire one-liners and memorable gags, with Ken setting a world record for the longest ever continuous joke telling session, covering over 1,500 jokes in a set lasting a little over 3 and a half hours. Not one to ever rest on his laurels, Ken also holds several other world and UK records for his performances over the last 50 or so years.
From a working class background, Ken Dodd showed a keen interest in entertaining throughout his early life, with his first foray into showbiz as a ventriloquist seeing him work with local community projects and small events. However, it was until he was in his mid-twenties that Ken would find his permanent home, as a stand-up comedian topping the bill at comedy shows in Liverpool and beyond.
In the late 80s, Dodd rose to even greater fame off the back of a much publicized tax-evasion case, where he was charged (and later acquitted) with attempting to cover up his financial affairs from the then Inland Revenue for the alleged purposes of avoiding a hefty tax bill. Not one to shy away from the limelight, Dodd turned his high profile trial into material for his future shows, and leveraged the heightened publicity to send his already much-celebrated career stratospheric.
While Ken Dodd’s career has understandably slowed down in later years as he moves into semi-retirement, he still nonetheless makes occasional appearances on TV and in stand-up, with his performance at the Glasgow Pavilion in April 2009 a sell-out show. And with inside sources reporting a cameo role in BBC1 soap Eastenders over the coming year, it looks like Ken will be back on our screens before too long.
Ken Dodd has received various honours in recognition of his long, successful career, and the often understated impact he’s had on British culture over the last 50 years. Having been honoured both by The University of Chester, Liverpool John Moores University and even the Queen, Ken Dodd is one of Liverpool’s most successful stand-up comedians, and a character that continues to entertain fans worldwide to this day.
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In which road do Watford play their home games? | [VIDEO] Manchester City Vs Watford Live Stream: Watch The Game Online - Hollywood Life
Game Changer: How The English Premier League Came To Dominate The World
Manchester City and Watford will go head-to-head in the Vicarage Road stadium in Watford. The game will start at 12:30 p.m. ET. Don’t miss it! CLICK TO WATCH THE LIVE STREAM OF THE GAME!
Manchester City is currently third in the Premier League standings, behind Arsenal and Leicester City. Watford is in ninth place. Manchester City is definitely going to want to beat Watford to stay at the top of the rankings.
Unfortunately, Watford will be playing without defender Nathan Ake, who starts a three-game ban. Tommie Hoban and Joel Ekstrand will also not be playing due to past injuries. Oh no!
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What is the more common name for diazepam? | Watford 1-2 Manchester United - BBC Sport
Watford 1-2 Manchester United
Memphis Depay volleyed in his fifth goal of the season in all competitions
Troy Deeney's last-minute own goal gave injury-hit Manchester United victory over Watford at Vicarage Road.
Deeney looked to have earned a point for the Hornets with a late penalty, but then slid home a Bastian Schweinsteiger cross.
Memphis Depay - starting a Premier League match for the first time since 4 October - netted United's opener, volleying home an Ander Herrera cross.
Odion Ighalo and Etienne Capoue fired off target for the home side.
But, with just four minutes left, they made a breakthrough when Deeney smashed home after Marcos Rojo clumsily brought down Ighalo.
The drama in an end-to-end second half was not over, though, as United pushed for a winner.
They got their reward as Jesse Lingard's ball across the box fell to Schweinsteiger, who slid it back across goal and Deeney bundled home.
How did Depay do?
Very well. United's injury problems up front - with both Wayne Rooney and Anthony Martial out - meant Depay was given his first league start since the drubbing at Arsenal on 4 October.
Manager Louis van Gaal has said he expects more from his fellow Dutchman, and his faith here was rewarded.
Depay sweetly struck the opener, showing calmness and composure to guide Herrera's cross into the roof of the net.
Depay (7) finished off a swift United move for the opener
Full of confidence, he tested Heurelho Gomes with a low drive shortly afterwards, and sent another two efforts wide of goal.
Rooney has been entrusted with leading the line for the Red Devils this season, but he has scored just twice in the league, a tally now matched by Depay.
Should he be fit, the captain will surely be restored to the side for Wednesday's home Champions League game against PSV Eindhoven, but where?
On this showing, it may be better to leave a confident Depay up front against his old side, playing Rooney in the number 10 role, particularly as Herrera went off injured.
United finally concede
United were in control for much of the game, and finished with 56.7% possession, but should have put the game to bed early on. Lingard was twice thwarted by Gomes when through on goal and the industrious Morgan Schneiderlin firing narrowly over.
Watford grew into the game and forwards Deeney and Ighalo caused them some problems in the second half.
They found visiting goalkeeper David de Gea in fine form, though, and it took a penalty for them to get past the Spaniard.
De Gea - playing against a side managed by Quique Sanchez Flores, who gave him his debut for Atletico Madrid - made five crucial saves, including a stunning reaction stop from Almen Abdi's deflected strike.
Deeney's spot-kick ended United's run of 641 minutes without conceding.
Watford should be fine, if they finish chances
The Hornets may have lost back-to-back league games for the first time this season, but they posed a real threat to title-chasing United.
Having been tipped for an immediate return to the Championship, they are seven points above the relegation zone after 13 games and showed their fighting spirit.
Spaniard Flores took over in the summer and has put together a well-drilled side who are organised and work hard for each other.
The introduction of midfielder Nathan Ake at half-time provided them with more bite, as the on-loan Chelsea man made six tackles, more than any other player on the pitch despite playing only 45 minutes.
They do not concede many goals - just 14 in the league so far this season - but with only 12 scored at the other end, they will need to be more clinical if they are to remain in the top flight.
Man of the match - Memphis Depay
An impressive return to the first team for the Dutchman - but can he maintain his good form?
What they said
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Watford Deserved a draw - Quique Flores
Watford manager Quique Sanchez Flores: "We deserved a draw in the second half. It was difficult to play with the wind in the first half, same for them in the second half, but this is football.
"We tried in the first half but we could not. At half-time we had to forget and play a match for 45 minutes."
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Manchester United boss Van Gaal says his side showed "amazing spirit"
Manchester United boss Louis van Gaal: "It was a short time to play after the penalty but you have seen also the spirit of my team. It was amazing because even after the penalty we gave another injection into the game. In five minutes we had possibilities and scored a goal, that was the consequence of the spirit.
"I am very happy for Bastian Schweinsteiger. He needed a goal, he got it and Memphis Depay also scored a beautiful goal. I am a happy coach."
The stats you need to know
Watford conceded in the first half of a game at Vicarage Road for the first time since January 2015 (against Blackpool)
Ander Herrera has had a hand in four goals in his past six Premier League appearances (two goals, two assists)
Memphis Depay had 67 touches - Wayne Rooney has had more in only one of his 11 Premier League appearances this season (68 at Arsenal)
What next?
Watford travel to bottom side Aston Villa next Saturday, while United play PSV Eindhoven in the Champions League on Wednesday.
2 Nyom Substituted for Paredes at 69'minutes
15 Cathcart
23 Watson Booked at 68mins
22 Abdi
7 Jurado Substituted for Aké at 45'minutes
24 Ighalo
18 Young Booked at 74mins
4 Jones Substituted for McNair at 69'minutes
12 Smalling
8 Mata Substituted for Pereira at 79'minutes
21 Herrera Substituted for Rojo at 25'minutes
35 Lingard Booked at 75mins
7 Depay
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If dogs are canine what are wasps? | What to Do When a Wasp or Bee Stings Your Dog | Hill's Pet
Pet Care Center
Dogs are curious. They love to run and chase things including insects, which in some cases protect themselves by stinging the dog.
Multiple stings are dangerous. Most of the time, an insect sting is just painful and irritating for your dog. Getting stung several times, or stung inside the mouth or throat, is dangerous and requires a trip to the veterinarian.
Bee and wasp stings are poisons. The two most common types of stinging insects are bees and wasps. It’s not the small puncture wound that causes the sting's pain, but the small amount of poison that is injected.
A bee’s stinger is barbed and designed to lodge in the skin, killing the bee when the stinger detaches from the body
Wasp stingers are not barbed but are more painful, and if provoked these insects can sting multiple times
Most of the time dogs get stung on their faces from investigating a stinging insect too closely. A sting on your dog’s sensitive nose is particularly painful. Some dogs may even get stung on the tongue or inside their mouth or throat if they try to bite or catch an insect. These stings can be dangerous., The subsequent swelling can close your dog’s throat and block his airway.
Watch for allergic reactions. A severe reaction can be caused by a large number of stings or by an allergic reaction. Signs of a reaction include:
General weakness
Difficulty breathing
A large amount of swelling extending away from the sting site
If your dog is having a severe reaction, you need to take the dog to a vet immediately.
A simple sting can be safely left alone. It should be bothersome only temporarily. If a stinger is still present, try to remove it by scraping it with a fingernail or a rigid piece of cardboard. Avoid using tweezers or forceps to remove it unless absolutely necessary as this may force more venom out of the stinger.
Administer a remedy for the pain. Applying a weak mixture of water and baking soda to the affected area will help reduce the pain. You can also wrap ice or an icepack in a towel and apply it to the wound to reduce swelling and pain.
Maintain a watchful eye on your dog. Observe your dog closely after the sting incident to ensure an allergic reaction doesn’t develop. If several days pass and the swelling doesn't go down, notify your veterinarian.
Read more Hill’s dog care tips and discover how to choose the right Hill’s® Science Diet® dog food to meet your dog’s specific needs.
Related Pet Care Articles
| Wasp |
What was Mozart's favourite instrument? | What to Do When Your Kitty or Puppy Gets a Bee Sting
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Dogs can be trained to fetch slippers and race through tunnels in agility classes , but it's next to impossible to teach them to stay clear of bees, wasps and hornets.
That's because dogs and cats investigate the world using their noses and paws — the two prime targets of insect stings.
We spoke to Dr. Arnold Plotnick, DVM , of Manhattan Cat Specialists in New York City, and Dr. Paul Richieri, DVM , owner of the Melrose Veterinary Hospital in California, about what you should do if your dog or cat does suffer an unfortunate sting — and how you can reduce the risk of a bite in your backyard.
How to Handle a Bee Sting
In most cases, there will be mild swelling and tenderness where the dog or cat was stung, usually on the face or paws, says Dr. Richieri, adding, “if it is swollen and a little puffy, it is a localized reaction to the sting.”
To stop the venom from spreading, try to remove the stinger as quickly as possible.
“The stinger can pulsate venom into a dog or cat for up to two to three minutes after being separated from the bee,” Dr. Plotnick explains. “Removal of the stinger should be done using a credit card to scrape it out. Do not try to squeeze the stinger out with your fingers or use tweezers because the venom sac may rupture, further exposing the pet to more venom.”
Monitor your pet to make sure that the swelling does not increase or spread. And contact your veterinarian, who will most likely advise you to give your pet Benadryl (diphenhydramine), an over-the-counter antihistamine. Your vet needs to instruct you on the correct dosage, based on your pet's weight. You also need to make sure that the product contains only diphenhydramine.
To reduce the swelling, apply a cold compress. You can run a washcloth under some cool tap water and then wrap it around or press it onto the site of the sting.
How to Know When Your Pet Needs Emergency Care
Some dogs and cats may be allergic to bee stings, and they can go into anaphylactic shock (and even die) if they don’t receive immediate veterinary attention.
“If your dog gets stung by a bee and starts vomiting within five to 10 minutes and his gums become pale, that’s when you know they are going into anaphylactic shock,” Dr. Richieri says. “At our clinic, we see one or two dogs a week with severe reactions, and we treat them with IV fluids to prevent shock and give steroids and Benadryl injections into the bloodstream immediately. They normally need to stay at the clinic for 48 hours before we determine if they are healthy enough to go home.”
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What is the pasta that is made in very thin strips called (little worms)? | Types Of Pasta - Different Types Of Pasta, List of Italian Pasta Types
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Types Of Pasta
Pasta is the term used to describe Italian variants of noodles, made from dough of flour and water, with or without eggs. It is boiled before consumption and is usually prepared with various sauces. Pasta is basically available in two basic styles i.e. dried and fresh. Within these two styles, there are many types of the Italian food. One of the most popular Italian dishes, consumed throughout the world, pasta can be divided into different types, on the basis of its shape. In fact, it is believed that there are as many as 350 different shapes, and thus types, of pasta. In the following lines, we have mentioned the basic categories of pasta and also provided a list of the most famous Italian pasta types.
Long Form Pasta (Strand Pasta)
The long form pasta is thin, long and cylindrical in shape, something that you can twist around your fork. Available in variety of widths, right from the thinnest angel hair to the plumpest bucatin, it can be round or flat, solid or hollow. Ribbon pasta, a sub-category of long form pasta, can be distinguished by flat cuts
Short Form Pasta
As opposed to strand pasta, short form pasta is small in size. It can be sub-categorized into tubular pasta, shaped pasta and stuffed pasta. Tubular pasta can be of any size, being or ridged, straight-cut or diagonally cut. The twisted or curled varieties of pasta are included in shaped pasta. Stuffed pasta, as the name suggests, is hollow and has stuffing inside.
Acomo Pepe (tiny, bead-shaped pasta)
Bucatini (thick, hollow straws of pasta)
Bumbola (bee-shaped pasta)
Cannelloni (meat-filled tubes of pasta)
Capelli d'angelo (Angel Hair pasta - thinnest long shape pasta)
Capellini (very thin, round pasta strands)
Conchiglie (seashell-shaped pasta)
Cavatappi (tubular, corkscrew or spiral shaped pasta)
Cresti di gallo (curved-shape pasta, brown in color)
Ditali/ditalini (Short pasta tubes, similar to macaroni)
Farfalle (medium-size pasta, with crimped center & pinked edges; bow tie shape)
Fettucine (flat, wide pasta strands)
Fusilli (hollow, corkscrew or spiral shaped pasta)
Gemelli (medium-sized pasta, like two short pieces of tubular spaghetti twisted together)
Gnocchi (small dumplings, made from potato, flour or semolina)
I gomiti (short and curved, tubular pasta with semi-circle shape)
Lasagne (ripple-edged strips, about 2-1/4-inches wide and 10-inches long)
Linguine (narrow, flat pasta)
Lumaconi (big pasta shells, often used for fillings)
Mostaccioli (diagonally cut, tubular-shaped pasta)
Macaroni (long or short cut, pasta tubes)
Orecchiette (small, ear-shaped pasta)
Orzo (pasta usually used in soups)
Penne rigate (diagonally cut, tubular-shaped pasta with ridged surface)
P (fat hollow strands)
Perciatelli (fat, hollow pasta strands)
Radiatore (short, chunky, ruffled-shaped pasta)
Ricciolini (two-inch pasta strips, twisted gently)
Rotelle (corkscrew or spiral shaped pasta)
Rravioli (pasta cushions, filled with meat or spinach)
Rigatoni (large, ribbed tubes)
Rotini (corkscrew or spiral shaped pasta, about 1-1/2-inches long)
Spaghetti (round, thin pasta strands)
Tagliatelle (thin strips of ribbon pasta)
Tortellini (little pasta 'hats' with meat filling)
Trenette (long, narrow strips of pasta)
Vermicelli (round, thin pasta strands - thinner than spaghetti)
Ziti riigati (medium-sized tubular pasta, slightly curved)
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In the American sitcom Cheers what was the name of Norm's wife? | home
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long pasta
spaghetti: "little strings", long, thin strands of dried pasta. The standard against which others strands are compared.
spaghettini: thinner spaghetti (but not as thin as angel hair)
spaghettone: big spaghetti.
capellini tangelo (capelin): angel hairs: the thinnest and most delicate of the spaghetti family. Sometimes an egg pasta.
linguine: little tongues: narrow flat strands of dried pasta (usually). Sometimes a fresh pasta of the same size and shape can be call linguine.
bucatini: pierced pasta. Slightly thicker than spaghetti with a hole in the center. Sometimes called perciatelli.
vermicelli: also very thin and fine spaghetti. This term is used mostly in southern Italy.
bigoli: a whole wheat thicker than spaghetti pasta, common in Venice and the Veneto.
perciatelli: same as bucatini.
pici (or pinci): this is a hand-rolled pasta, primarily from the Montalcino and Pienza region. It resembles a slightly thick spaghetti, and generally comes in nests. Ideal for lamb and boar ragus.
tubes
penne: quills. The basic tubular pasta. About 5/16 inch in diameter, and about one-inch long, cut on the diagonal. Can be smooth (lisce) or with ridges (rigate).
garganelli: see under fresh pasta, although commercially one can sometimes get a maccheroni version.
elicoidali (a helix): these are tubes with ridges that have been cut squared off, not on the diagonal. The ridges curve around the tube in a raveling sort of way. Larger than penne.
cavatappi: not very common, but a great sauce coverer.. Really larger fusilli (see above) with holes in the middle, therefore qualifying as tubes.
maccheroni: now sort of an all-purpose general name for dried pasta.
chifferi: a maccheroni in sort of a half-moon shape, or an elbow. About one-inch long.
rigatoni: big penne, ribbed. Generally slightly curved. Large, fat and generally quite chewy.
rigatoncini: slightly smaller rigatoni.
millerighe: (thousand lines) bigger than rigatoni, more ridges, generally a little flatter tube, and straight.
ziti: (bridegrooms) these are smaller versions of rigatoni, about two inches long, and a staple of Naples.
paccheri: a tube pasta, wide and short. About 3/4 inches in diameter and 3/4 inches in length. Made with durum. A special favorite is paccheri di Gragnano, from what is reputably the premier durum flour pasta making village (near Napoli). Popular as a pasta with seafood and garlic.
mezze maniche: (striped sleeves) a pasta very similar to paccheri (see above): same size and shape, but generally made from regular flour and is usually found in the north -- Bologna, Genoa, etc.
special shapes
fusilli: short spiral strands of pasta that resemble a corkscrew. They also seem to be shaped like a metal spring. Fusilli lunghi are long strands of the same.
trofie or troffie: a Genoese home-made pasta that sort of resembles a corkscrew. Made by holding a two inch length of pasta under your fingertips, rolling it, and then hold both ends and twist it.
troffiette: these are really Genoese gnocchi, made with semolina flour, not potato. They have the twisted, squiggle-like shape.
conchiglie: shells, pure and simple. All kinds of base: tomato, spinach, etc. And can be small to fairly large.
farfalle: bow ties. Easily identified.
lumache (snails): these are curled pastas, not quite tubes, that resemble snails
orecchiette ( little ears): tiny ridged, pinched pasta discs. The little discs are pressed in the making by a thumb to create a little hollow, a perfect shape to gather in the sauce. A classic pasta of Apulia.
ditallini: "little toes", very short tube-shaped macaroni. Used often in soups.
strozzapreti: (priest stranglers) a tightly rolled length of pasta, about two inches, with a twisted shape
gemelli: (twins) looks similar to strozzapreti, but are generally doubled strands, short and thick pasta, that are twisted together to look like spirals
cavatelli: narrow small strips of pasta, with a slit in the middle, giving it a shell-type shape
gnocchetti rigati: This is dried pasta, created to look like a small gnocchi, with the ridges
gramigna: (grass) narrow, curly small length of pasta with a hole in the middle.
maltagliati: these are really left over scraps of pasta (poorly cut) that can be used in soups, etc.
rotini: little spirals or twists of pasta
pinci: handmade pasta (without eggs), made by rolling out a little piece of pasta until it becomes a long, thin string, of about 8 inches
sedanini: little celery stalks one-inch-long maccheroni with a slight bend that resembles celery stalks
pastina: tiny specs of pasta, like rice, used in soups
corzetti: thin, hand-stamped (generally) wafers, or discs, found mostly in Genoa, and named after old Genovese stamped money pieces. Made from white, whole wheat or chestnut flour.
gigli, campanelle, riccioli: flower-shaped small tubes of pasta. Gigli means lilies. A pasta good with hearty, chunky dishes.
ziti: a fatter form of penne, a thick, long, hollow pasta shape. Because of their length they are usually cut into four-inch long pieces. Found in Sicily and southern Italy.
zucchette: (little hats) a Pugliese or Sicilian pasta that is rounded, and hollow inside, like a cup or a hat. Ribbed. About 3/4 inch high. Very unusual shape: captures tomato sauce well.
anellini: little circles of dried pasta, about 1/2 inch in diameter. Used similar to ditalini.
radiatori: you guessed it -- radiators! Semolina pasta about 7/8 inch long in the shape of coils, or radiators.
casarecci: shaped like a very narrow, twisted and rolled tube. About 1 1/2 inches long. Turned on end it looks like a tiny "s". Best with meat sauce.
fresh pasta, ribbons
tagliatelle: (from the verb "to cut"): the standard flat ribbon fresh egg pasta, the basic food of Bologna. This pasta should be 1/4 inch wide.
fettuccine: really the same as tagliatelle, most often associated with Rome. The name is better known in the U.S. probably because of the Roman association. Some purists say the fettuccine should actually be slightly narrower than tagliatelle, say one-fifth inch wide. Whatever.
tagliolini: a narrower version of tagliatelle. How about 1/10 to 1/12 inch wide.
tajarin: Piedmont dialect for tagliolini.
trenette: this is the Ligurian version of tagliatelle. Generally thinner. The classic pasta for pesto. Trenette has been commercialized sometimes into a pure macaroni (non-egg) pasta. The authentic trenette is fresh.
tonnarelli: a squared off version of thin tagliatelle, generally Roman. Similar to maccheroni alla chitarra.
pappardelle: the widest tagliatelle. Can be anywhere from1/2 inch to an inch, but generally about 3/4 inch in width and about six inches long. Has to be hand cut.
garganelli: not a ribbon, but generally a fresh egg pasta. It is a one and one-half inch square of pasta, rolled up into a tube, one corner down to the far corner, and rolled over a comb or comb-like machine that creates grooves to hold the sauce better.
scialatielli: a flat, egg pasta, slightly thicker than spaghetti, made usually with durum flour, especially popular in Rome and the south.
strascinati: this is a fresh pasta from the Puglia region made generally with flour and lard and water. It is a small sausage-type shape, commonly called leaves. The leaf structure is imprinted by "dragging" the disc across a rough instrument called a cavarola.
fresh pasta, stuffed
ravioli: a name given to many flat-shaped pastas, almost generic. The basic shape is square, and they can be small: raviolini; or large squares: raviolone. They take a wide variety of stuffings.
agnolotti: Piedmont-style ravioli. Mostly stuffed with meat. Mostly squares but can be half-moon shaped.
cansonei: "little britches", mostly found around Bergamo, generally stuffed with sausage, bread and parmesan.
capellacci: "big hats", generally large, flat ravioli found in Ferrara. Generally stuffed with pumpkin.
pansoti: "pot-bellied", large, egg-rich, thickly stuffed ravioli from Liguria. Stuffed with herbs, egg and cheese.
tortelli: "little cakes", fat, long ravioli, generally filled with ricotta and spinach. Tortelli di zucca are a traditional dish in Lombardy, filled with yellow squash and crushed almond cookies, and served with butter and parmesan.
mezzalune: ravioli not in squares but in a half-moon shape.
tortellini: the classic stuffed pasta from Bologna. Made from circles of pasta, filled, and then folded over and wrapped around the finger. Exquisite.
cappelletti: "little hats", same as tortellini, except made from squares of pasta, filled, folded over and wrapped around the finger. The square shape allows for a piece of the folded-over pasta to stick up and out as if it were a bishop's hat.
tortelloni: just like cappelletti, made from squares of pasta, but larger pieces.
culingiones: an oval, stuffed pasta which is the ravioli style in Sardinia.
others:
lasagne: large, flat egg pasta that is used to create a layered, baked dish, with a variety of stuffings, such as vegetarian or ragu between the pasta layers.
cannelloni: "large tubes", flat sheets of pasta, like lasagna, about four inches long, that are filled with a variety of stuffings, and then rolled up into open-ended cylinders.
maltagliati: "badly cut" flat egg pasta that can be almost any shape. Generally it consists of the left-over edges or pieces of pasta after the sheet is cut into something like ravioli. Used in soups, but also in some creative dishes.
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Who had a number one in 1999 with We're Going To Ibiza? | Vengaboys - We're Going to Ibiza (HD) - YouTube
Vengaboys - We're Going to Ibiza (HD)
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Published on Apr 11, 2012
Vengaboys are a Eurodance pop group based in Amsterdam.
"We're Going to Ibiza", a remake of Typically Tropical's 1975 number 1 hit "Barbados", it reached the top slot in September 1999.
Their debut LP spent 30 consecutive weeks on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified gold (500,000 units) in November 1999. "The Party Album!" was once again released under a new name, this time known as "Greatest Hits - Part 1", which featured five new songs.
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Which obstacle in the Grand National is named after a horse? | Vengaboys - We're Going to Ibiza! - YouTube
Vengaboys - We're Going to Ibiza!
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Uploaded on Nov 16, 2009
Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza!
Lyrics: We're Going To Ibiza
Hello Party People!
This Is Captain Kim Speaking
Welcome Aboard Venga Airways
After Take Off Will Pump Up The Soundsystem
Cause We're Going To Ibiza!
I Don't Wanna Be A Busdriver
All My Life
I'm Gonna Pack My Bags And Leave This Town
Grab A Flight
Fly Away On Venga Airways
Fly Me High
I Look Up At The Sky
And I See The Clouds
I Looked Down At The Ground
And I See The Rainbow Down The Drain
Fly Away On Venga Airways
Fly Me High
Whoah! We're Going To Ibiza
Whoah! Back To The Island
Whoah! We're Gonna Have A Party
Whoah! In The Mediterranean Sea
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Far Away From This Big Town
And The Rain
It's Really Very Nice To Be
Home Again
Fly Away On Venga Airways
Fly Me High, Ibiza Skyyyyyyyyyy
Whoah! We're Going To Ibiza
Whoah! Back To The Island
Whoah! We're Gonna Have A Party
Whoah! In The Mediterranean Sea
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Ioh Ioh, Oh We Oh, Oh We Oh
Thank You For Flying Venga Airways
We Are Now Approaching Ibiza Airport
As You Can See The Sky Is Blue
And The Beach Is Waiting For You
Whoah! We're Going to Ibiza
Whoah! Back To The Island
Whoah! We're Gonna Have A Party
Whoah! In The Mediterranean Sea
Whoah! We're Going To Ibiza
Whoah! Back To The Island
Whoah! We're Gonna Have A Party
Whoah! In The Mediterranean Sea
Whoah! We're Going To Ibiza
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If you had your vas deferens cut, what operation would you have had? | Vasectomy Procedure, Effects, Risks, Effectiveness, and More
A vasectomy is considered a permanent method of birth control . A vasectomy prevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates.
During a vasectomy, the vas deferens from each testicle is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed. This prevents sperm from mixing with the semen that is ejaculated from the penis . An egg cannot be fertilized when there are no sperm in the semen. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but the sperm are reabsorbed by the body. (This also happens to sperm that are not ejaculated after a while, regardless of whether you have had a vasectomy.) Because the tubes are blocked before the seminal vesicles and prostate , you still ejaculate about the same amount of fluid.
It usually takes several months after a vasectomy for all remaining sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed. You must use another method of birth control until you have a semen sample tested and it shows a zero sperm count . Otherwise, you can still get your partner pregnant .
What happens
During a vasectomy:
Your testicles and scrotum are cleaned with an antiseptic and possibly shaved.
You may be given an oral or intravenous (IV) medicine to reduce anxiety and make you sleepy. If you do take this medicine, you may not remember much about the procedure.
Each vas deferens is located by touch.
A local anesthetic is injected into the area.
Your doctor makes one or two small openings in your scrotum. Through an opening, the two vas deferens tubes are cut. The two ends of the vas deferens are tied, stitched, or sealed. Electrocautery may be used to seal the ends with heat. Scar tissue from the surgery helps block the tubes.
The vas deferens is then replaced inside the scrotum and the skin is closed with stitches that dissolve and do not have to be removed.
The procedure takes about 20 to 30 minutes and can be done in an office or clinic. It may be done by a family medicine doctor , a urologist , or a general surgeon .
No-scalpel vasectomy is a technique that uses a small clamp with pointed ends. Instead of using a scalpel to cut the skin, the clamp is poked through the skin of the scrotum and then opened. The benefits of this procedure include less bleeding, a smaller hole in the skin, and fewer complications. No-scalpel vasectomy is as effective as traditional vasectomy. 1
In the Vasclip implant procedure, the vas deferens is locked closed with a device called a Vasclip. The vas deferens is not cut, sutured, or cauterized (sealed by burning), which possibly reduces the potential for pain and complications. Some studies show that clipping is not as effective as other methods of sealing off the vas deferens. 1
What To Expect After Surgery
Your scrotum will be numb for 1 to 2 hours after a vasectomy. Apply cold packs to the area and lie on your back as much as possible for the rest of the day. Wearing snug underwear or a jockstrap will help ease discomfort and protect the area.
You may have some swelling and minor pain in your scrotum for several days after the surgery. Unless your work is strenuous, you will be able to return to work in 1 or 2 days. Avoid heavy lifting for a week.
You can resume sexual intercourse as soon as you are comfortable, usually in about a week. But you can still get your partner pregnant until your sperm count is zero. You must use another method of birth control until you have a follow-up sperm count test 2 months after the vasectomy (or after 10 to 20 ejaculations over a shorter period of time). Once your sperm count is zero, no other birth control method is necessary.
Most men go back to the doctor's office to have their sperm count checked. But there is also a home test available.
A vasectomy will not interfere with your sex drive , ability to have erections, sensation of orgasm, or ability to ejaculate. You may have occasional mild aching in your testicles during sexual arousal for a few months after the surgery.
Why It Is Done
A vasectomy is a permanent method of birth control. Only consider this method when you are sure that you do not want to have a child in the future.
How Well It Works
Vasectomy is a very effective (99.85%) birth control method. Only 1 to 2 women out of 1,000 will have an unplanned pregnancy in the first year after their partners have had a vasectomy. 2
Risk of failure
Pregnancy may occur after vasectomy because of:
Failure to use another birth control method until the sperm count is confirmed to be zero. It usually takes 10 to 20 ejaculations to completely clear sperm from the semen.
Spontaneous reconnection of a vas deferens or an opening in one end that allows sperm to mix with the semen again. This is very rare.
Risks
The risk of complications after a vasectomy is very low. Complications may include:
Bleeding under the skin, which may cause swelling or bruising.
Infection at the site of the incision. In rare instances, an infection develops inside the scrotum.
Sperm leaking from a vas deferens into the tissue around it and forming a small lump (sperm granuloma). This condition is usually not painful, and it can be treated with rest and pain medicine. Surgery may be needed to remove the granuloma.
Inflammation of the tubes that move sperm from the testicles (congestive epididymitis ).
In rare cases, the vas deferens growing back together (recanalization) so the man becomes fertile again.
What To Think About
Advantages
Vasectomy is a permanent method of birth control. Once your semen does not contain sperm, you do not need to worry about using other birth control methods.
Vasectomy is a safer, cheaper procedure that causes fewer complications than tubal ligation in women. 1
Although vasectomy is expensive, it is a one-time cost and is often covered by medical insurance . The cost of other methods, such as birth control pills or condoms and spermicide , is likely to be greater over time.
Disadvantages
A vasectomy does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . Condoms are the most effective method for preventing STIs. To protect yourself and your partner from STIs, use a condom every time you have sex .
Other considerations
If you are considering a vasectomy, be absolutely certain that you will never want to father a child.
A vasectomy is not usually recommended for men who are considering banking sperm in case they decide later to have children. Discuss other options with your partner and your health professional.
Surgery to reconnect the vas deferens ( vasectomy reversal ) is available. But the reversal procedure is difficult. Sometimes a doctor can remove sperm from the testicle in men who have had a vasectomy or a reversal that didn't work. The sperm can then be used for in vitro fertilization . Both vasectomy reversal and sperm retrieval can be expensive, may not be covered by insurance , and may not always work.
Studies looking at whether having a vasectomy increases the risk of prostate cancer have had mixed results, but there may be a very small risk. This is something to think about as you think about the possible risks and benefits of having a vasectomy.
Some doctors or health insurance plans may require a waiting period from the time you request a vasectomy and the time the procedure is done. This time allows you to be certain about your decision.
Researchers are studying other male birth control methods, such as reversible vasectomy or hormonal methods. Reversible vasectomy involves plugging the vas deferens and then removing the plug when birth control is no longer wanted. Hormonal methods include pills or injections that the man would use to prevent sperm production. So far, no new method has been shown to be effective enough, with low side effects, to be marketed for men.
Complete the surgery information form (PDF) (What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.
References
Citations
Roncari D, Jou MY (2011). Female and male sterilization. In RA Hatcher, et al., eds., Contraceptive Technology, 20th rev. ed., pp. 435-482. New York: Ardent Media.
Trussell J, Guthrie KA (2011). Choosing a contraceptive: Efficacy, safety, and personal considerations. In RA Hatcher et al., eds., Contraceptive Technology, 20th ed., pp. 45-74. Atlanta: Ardent Media.
Credits
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What male first name beginning with V means flourishing? | Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal | Andrology Australia
Is vasectomy right for me?
Vasectomy may be right for you if:
you and your partner are sure you have completed your family
you want to take responsibility for family planning
you want an effective, permanent method of contraception that does not need ongoing treatment.
Vasectomy may not be right for you if you are:
relatively young and do not have any children
not in a relationship, or you have recently separated or divorced
having relationship or marriage problems.
What are the risks of vasectomy operations?
Vasectomy is safe but carries a small risk (less than one in 20) of infection or bleeding.
A small proportion of men have long-term pain or discomfort in the scrotum and some have pain with ejaculation; it can’t be predicted before the vasectomy which men will have ongoing pain. Some medicines can help with pain or, in very rare cases, other surgery is needed.
There is no evidence that vasectomy increases the risk of other health problems. A recent study suggested that there may be a link between vasectomy and a small increased risk of prostate cancer but several other studies have shown no link with prostate cancer and further research is needed.
Why is it important to think about sperm storage?
Even though only a small fraction of men who undergo vasectomy want another child, some men store sperm before a vasectomy “just in case”. This may prevent the need for a vasectomy reversal in the future; however, when using stored sperm, the female partner will still need some form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to fall pregnant. There are also costs involved with sperm storage.
Vasectomy reversal
What is a vasectomy reversal?
About three percent of men who have had a vasectomy will think about having more children, for reasons such as a new relationship, either by having a vasectomy reversal or by using assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Vasectomy reversal involves re-joining the cut ends of the vas deferens usually by microsurgery (using an operating microscope). The operation is much more complex than the original vasectomy and is usually done under general anaesthetic by a specialist and can take several hours.
How successful is a vasectomy reversal?
In 60-90% of vasectomy reversals, sperm return to the ejaculate. The chance is lower if:
there has been a long time between the vasectomy and the reversal; after 10-15 years, the chances fall significantly
a large amount of vas deferens was removed originally, or it was cut near the epididymis
other blockages have developed in the epididymis.
Even after technically successful surgery, pregnancy is not guaranteed. After vasectomy reversal, only about 40-70% of couples achieve a pregnancy over the next 2-3 years of regular sex. The chance of pregnancy is lower when the woman is older or has other fertility issues. Sperm problems may contribute if there is a lower sperm count, poorer sperm function if the epididymis has been damaged, or because of sperm antibodies which may develop.
What are sperm antibodies?
Sperm antibodies happen when the immune system reacts to the man’s own sperm as if it were foreign tissue. About four in five men develop sperm antibodies after vasectomy.
How is vasectomy reversal affected by sperm antibodies?
In most men sperm antibodies do not cause any problems and will not affect the chance of a pregnancy, so testing for sperm antibodies is not needed before a vasectomy reversal.
However, in a few men, sperm antibodies can interfere with the ability of sperm to swim, and to attach to and penetrate (get into) the egg. This can stop fertilisation happening, even if the vas deferens is successfully re-joined.
When is ART used after vasectomy?
Men who have had a vasectomy reversal but their partner has been unable to become pregnant can seek ART. Some couples decide not to have a vasectomy reversal and go straight to ART depending on the couple’s individual circumstances. Sometimes the choice is easy but often it needs in-depth discussion with a specialist to decide what is best. Factors that affect this choice include:
the time since vasectomy and the type of original surgery
the age and fertility of the female partner
the couple’s desire to have only one or many children
the availability and cost of surgical and ART services.
How is ART used after vasectomy?
Sperm can be collected from the epididymis or testis using a fine needle under local anaesthetic. These sperm can then be injected one by one into eggs collected from the female partner in an ART process called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The success of treatment depends mainly on the age and health of the female partner. For women in their 30s, pregnancy rates around 40% per cycle are typical.
Last modified: April 29, 2015
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A regatta is a boat race, where was the original regatta? | Regatta | Define Regatta at Dictionary.com
regatta
[ri-gat-uh, -gah-tuh] /rɪˈgæt ə, -ˈgɑ tə/
Spell
a boat race, as of rowboats, yachts, or other vessels.
2.
an organized series of such races.
3.
(originally) a gondola race in Venice.
4.
a strong, striped cotton fabric that is of twill weave.
Origin of regatta
Venetian
1645-1655
1645-55; < Upper Italian (Venetian) regatta, regata, perhaps ≪ Vulgar Latin *recaptāre to contend, equivalent to *re- re- + *captāre to try to seize; see catch
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for regatta
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Historical Examples
There also was the regatta (I am not sure if it continues)—a great spectacle that could not be surpassed by any in Europe.
East of Suez Frederic Courtland Penfield
I myself was bitten once by the regatta Bacteria, and very painful it was.
The cottage belonged to the victor in the regatta, who himself conducted the visitor to his dwelling.
Vivian Grey Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli
No boat-race or regatta ever began at the time appointed for the start.
A Mortal Antipathy Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
Thus when the regatta day came there was a vast concourse of people to witness the contest.
British Dictionary definitions for regatta
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an organized series of races of yachts, rowing boats, etc
Word Origin
C17: from obsolete Italian (Venetian dialect) rigatta contest, of obscure origin
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for regatta
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n.
1650s, name of a boat race among gondoliers held on the Grand Canal in Venice, from Italian (Venetian dialect) regatta, literally "contention for mastery," from rigattare "to compete, haggle, sell at retail." [Klein's sources, however, suggest a source in Italian riga "row, rank," from a Germanic source and related to English row (v.).] The general meaning of "boat race, yacht race" is usually considered to have begun with a race on the Thames by that name June 23, 1775 (cf. OED), but there is evidence that it was used as early as 1768.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Who designed Liz Hurley's famous safety pin dress? | RBR: History « New Hampshire Boat Museum
History of the Wolfeboro Vintage Race Boat Regatta
by Donnie McLean
It all started at a Halloween costume party in 1999 as a small group of “vintage and antique boat” friends sat around discussing the boating season that had just come to a close and of plans for the next year’s schedule of fun things to do.
We talked about regattas we had been to in the past and those in the future we wanted to participate in. Several of us had recently been to a big regatta in Canada, and most were planning to go to Clayton, New York for the “Antique Race Boat Regatta” in August the next year. As we relived the events we’d been to and talked more about those we would go to, the banter took on a little more serious tone…Why not have a regatta of our own at home, on beautiful Wolfeboro Bay?
The event would be (and to this day still is) presented by the New Hampshire Boat Museum, and run under the auspices of the American Power Boat Association’s Vintage and Historic division, who’s mission it is to preserve vintage and historic race boats and to demonstrate with them at events intended to recreate race boat regattas from years gone by.
What made our idea even better was that Lake Winnipesaukee had been very active with boat racing in the early days with boats of all kinds including the big triple cockpit Gar Wood, Hacker Craft and Chris Craft boats. In fact, in the late 1920’s, Sam Dunsford, a local man, commissioned John Hacker to design and build a Gold Cup race boat to be named Scotty. Scotty was delivered to Wolfeboro by rail ultimately being received at the Goodhue and Hawkins Navy Yard. Scotty survives to this day in Wolfeboro and can be seen at the New Hampshire Boat Museum’s 2013 exhibit on the history of race boating on Lake Winnipesaukee.
Those at the party basically formed a committee on the spot and planned a real meeting to work out the details for what would be the first regatta presented by the New Hampshire Boat Museum. Our first meeting was held at Kathy and Hank Why’s house. In fact all planning sessions for the first three regattas were held at Hank’s.
Members of that first committee were Hank Why, Gerry Davidson, Geoff Magnuson, Shaun Berry, Bill John, and Donnie McLean. Through the years members have come and gone but half of the original group continues to help steer the event with a committee that has grown to double the size of the first one.
One of the first things to do was to choose a name so we could start with permits from the town and begin publicizing what would be the “Wolfeboro Vintage Race Boat Regatta”. We learned quickly that running a successful event required a lot from everyone and an additional one hundred or so volunteers to do the job right.
The regatta in Clayton, New York is held every other year, and we had planned our first one for mid-September 2000, just a month after Clayton’s that same year. We held our second Wolfeboro Vintage Race Boat Regatta a year later in September 2001 but planned to continue from there with regattas every other year to be on Clayton’s “off year” and to prevent wearing out our welcome with the town or with the large group of people needed to make an event like this happen.
The Wolfeboro Regatta was almost immediately recognized as a premier event among many events each year, in part for the great location and also for being very well organized. Since those early years, participation has grown so much that we’ve had to be careful to not overburden the venue with to many boats. We have participants that consistently come from as far away as South Florida, the upper Midwest United States and Canada.
Held in a beautiful location, presented by the New Hampshire Boat Museum, and enjoyed by thousands of spectators and hundreds of participants through the years, the 2013 Wolfeboro Vintage Race Boat regatta marks the 13th anniversary and the 8th running of a great event.
Please make your plans to join us September 12-14, 2013 in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire for one of the best exhibitions of vintage race boats you may ever see. Spectators and participants please call us at 603-569-4554 for more information!
SCOTTY TOO & SCOTTY TWO THE FIRE STILL BURNS
by Mark Mason
Sam Dunsford must have loved boats because he surrounded himself with boats. Runabouts, Fast boats, Commuter boats, Speedboats. He raced boats. He built one of the greatest boathouses here at Winter Harbor, as a home for his boats. Dunsford had Michigan designer, John Hacker, create two Gold Cup race boats. This first SCOTTY, did not turn well due to hull problems and she came in a disappointing second. Her Packard engine was removed to power a second boat, named SCOTTY TOO. Both boats were built in the 1929-1930 period. Today Mark Howard owns Dunsford’s first SCOTTY, a cigar shaped beauty. Sam Dunsford, the consummate sportsman, stopped mid race in the 1929 Gold Cup, to aid other racers in an accident.
Bill Marriott began coming to Lake Winnipesaukee in the 1930s when he was very young. His family’s cottage was very close to SCOTTY’s boathouse. Bill saw Sam racing and testing SCOTTY TOO each summer. Bill would occasionally row over to Dunsford’s and look up under the doors at SCOTTY TOO hanging in the hoist.
During one of SCOTTY TOO’s last runs after WWII, Dunsford arranged for teenager Bill Marriott to have a ride that would kindle a fire and love for speed, and for SCOTTY TOO, that still burns today.
After Dunsford’s passing, his caretaker Elmer Folsom, inherited all the boats in the boathouse and eventually sold them off one by one. A legendary early collector here at the Lake, Sam Rogers, purchased both of the Scotties. Sam then sold SCOTTY TOO to Ted Larter of Dunstable, Massachusetts circa 1968, who ran her with a succession of modern V8 engines.
In the early 1980’s a major restoration of SCOTTY TOO was done, much of which was accomplished by vintage raceboat expert Mark Mason, who by that time had restored or owned four 1920’s Gold Cup racers. Mason had found a 1918 Hispano-Suiza H3 engine in a tobacco field in Kentucky, where it had lain outdoors for 45 years. He made the purchase for Ted Larter, who commissioned him to rebuild the engine for the restored SCOTTY TOO. Some people thought the behemoth engine (1127 cubic inches) was too powerful for the hull, but Larter had acquired historic installation drawings for the Hisso, and letters between John Hacker and Sam Dunsford, showing their plan to power SCOTTY TOO with this exact engine. When SCOTTY TOO again hit the water the Hispano engine was an overwhelming success. She ran across the water like a scalded cat.
Mason moved to Winnipesaukee in 1985 and opened his shop in Laconia, New England Boat & Motor, Inc. Mark and Bill Marriott met in the late 1980’s and began exchanging stories and boat rides. At some point Marriott asked Mark what had become of Sam Dunford’s SCOTTY TOO. Mason was asked to make a bid to purchase her from Ted Larter. That offer was refused Larter died in 1994.
A decade later, the Larter’s pulled SCOTTY TOO from a dusty barn and brought her to Mason’s shop in Laconia to be spruced up to run again. She ran on Winnipesaukee, out of Mason’s Hiawatha boathouse cottage for a couple weeks before being scheduled to ship to Larter’s boathouse on Lake George, NY. During this time, early one morning, Mason and owner Alan Larter took Bill Marriot for his second ride in SCOTTY TOO, separated by half a century. Several offers to purchase SCOTTY TOO followed, but the Larter family refused to sell what had become for them, a family treasure.
During 2009 Bill and Mark discussed building a reproduction, with the Larter’s blessings. Later that year a contract was signed with a targeted delivery date of Saturday July 30, 2011, the date of the Meredith Antique Boat Show. Those few that know will confirm that Saturday night the 31st, she was elegantly swinging in the hooks of Bill Marriott’s boathouse.
Mason has built many boats in his Laconia shop, but in recent years he has chosen to subcontract bare hull construction outside his shop. Mason selected Steve White and Brian Larkin of Brooklin Boatyard, on the Maine coast, to build the bare hull. It was then brought to Laconia for all mechanical work, wiring and enough detail to make a grown man cry. Mason and his crew found a 1918 Hispano-Suiza aircraft engine in Michigan. It was purchased, restored and marine converted. Foundry patterns were located for the exact V-Drive gearbox that has been running in SCOTTY TOO. A complete gearbox was built from scratch for the new boat.
The boat you see today is a very close duplicate of the original and even bears the original racing number G-27. Her name, pronounced the same as the original SCOTTY TOO, spelled with a twist…… SCOTTY TWO.
The Legend of “MISS AMERICA VII” By Jack Savage
Odd how serendipitous events from years ago guide our ambitions. Passion for classic boats is often stirred by some distant memory from our early years, some childhood resolution – when I grow up, I’m going to have a boat like that.
Such was the case for Geoffrey Magnuson, who vividly remembers being a teenager, watching with fascination a short film in the 1950s called “Faster and Faster.” In it, a twin engine, “Miss America’ leapt across the water, 24 cylinders of horsepower wrapped with just enough wood to call it a boat.
Fast forward four-plus decades to the New Hampshire Vintage Race Boat Regatta in Wolfeboro this past September. There was Jeff, joyously piloting his latest race replica, “Miss America VII”, around the 1.25 oval course marked out on Wolfeboro Bay.
The Regatta, staged by the Trustees of the New Hampshire Boat Museum, was held in conjunction with Wolfeboro’s annual Antique Boat & Car Rendezvous at the Town Docks. A veritable fleet of vintage raceboat replicas and originals gathered to run heats starting at 10 a.m., and thrilled the estimated 8,000 attendees with a day of mock racing.
It’s A Wonder
Magnuson brought three replicas and two restorations from his Blueberry Hill Racing Team to demonstrate for the crowd, including the V-bottom “Arab VI” and single-step hydroplane “Arab IV”, both of which have won the ACBS Wine Country Regatta race multiple times – the only truly competitive race for such boats in the United States. Also on hand from Magnuson were the three-point hydroplane “It’s A Wonder”, and V-bottomed “Flashback”.
“Miss America VII” was one in the line of famous “Miss America’s” financed and raced by Gar Wood and designed by Napoleon “Nap” Lisee. The original “Miss America” was built by Chris Smith and his sons in Algonac, Michigan, in the years before they decided turn to pleasure boating by starting a little company that would come to be called Chris-Craft.
Gar Wood would break with the Smiths, but Nap Lisee would end up continuing to work for the industrialist who made his fortune by inventing the hydraulic dump truck. Lisee is credited with more than 30 of the world’s finest race boats, including all 10 “Miss Americas”, all the “Miss Detroits”, all the “Baby Gars”, “Baby Americas” and “Gar Jrs”.
In many ways, “”Miss America VII” represents the most exciting elements of powerboat racing during the I920s. In 1928, Englishwoman Betty Carstairs challenged the Americans for the Harmsworth Trophy, bringing to Detroit the “Estelle II”. Carstairs had proven herself by winning the Duke of York’s Trophy in Newg against an international field in 1926. Gar Wood, while publicly expressing disappointment at being challenged by a woman, had the newly-built “Miss America VI” made ready. During testing less than three weeks before the race, however, and reportedly while under the full power of her twin 12-cylinder Packard engines capable of generating 2,200 horsepower, the 26-foot “Miss America VI” nose-dived and ended up at the bottom of the river. Wood escaped relatively unharmed, but mechanic Orlin Johnson suffered considerable injuries, including a broken jaw.
Wood was nothing if not a man of action. He arranged for the big Packard engines to be raised and rebuilt. A new 28-foot hull, “Miss America VII”, was built in less than three weeks. Presumably, Lisee felt two additional feet in length were needed to handle the considerable horsepower of the twin Packard engines. Wood was ready for his challenger by race day. The race itself was something of an anticlimax, as Carstairs and the “Estelle II” capsized on the first lap, leaving Wood with an easy victory. “Miss America VII” had defended the Harmsworth Trophy.
Less than a month later, on Oct. 1, 1928, “Miss America VII” was officially timed by the UIYA in the unlimited class at 92.82 mph. Like her “Miss America” ancestors, she was then a world record holder.
“Miss America VII’s” next challenge came in the spring of 1929 when Major Hane Segrave set out to capture world speed records on land and water. His 27 foot hydroplane, “Miss England”, took on “Miss America VII” in Miami, where she managed to outpace Gar Wood and his crew on the straights, but reportedly couldn’t maintain speed in the turns. “Miss America VII” was credited by press with a world-record speed of 94 mph. The boat would be joined by a nearly identical sister, “Miss America VIII”, in Detroit in the late summer of 1929. The two boats were there to fend off another challenge from the young Betty Carstairs, who had commissioned the construction of “Estelle IV”, initially equipped with three 12-cylinder engines that, in theory, could generate 1000 horsepower each. Engine trouble gave the Detroit Harmsworth race once again to Gar Wood, whose team finished first and second in the two “Miss Americas”.
“Miss America VII” and the older “Miss America V” then were taken to Venice for the Count Volpi Cup, open to an international field that included Segrave’s “Miss England”. There, in the rough waters of Venice, “Miss America VII” would meet her end- piloted by Gar Wood’s brother Phil with Orlin Johnson as mechanic, VII hit something and reportedly jumped 30 feet into the air before crashing. Phil Wood and Johnson were rescued by the crew of “Miss America V”. Johnson reportedly nearly died as a result of the crash. Ultimately, “Miss England” proved her superiority, and “Miss America VII” was finished. According to Magnuson, the boat was recovered, and the engines were salvaged while the hull was ultimately scrapped.
The story that made it into the contemporary press suggested that “Miss England” could better handle the choppy waters of the Venetian race course. Magnuson, having driven the “Miss America VII” replica and seen “Miss England”, doubts that conclusion given the considerable weight (more than 9,000 lbs.) of the “Miss America”. More likely, he posits, “Miss America VII” simple hit something floating in the water and went down, and “Miss England” was ultimately a faster boat than “Miss America V”, especially without Orlin Johnson in the mechanic’s seat.
Magnuson’s replica of “Miss America VII”, meticulously researched and built with plans lofted off the still-extant “Miss America VIII”, was launched 70 years later in July of 1999 for initial test runs on Lake Winnipesaukee. The hull is virtually identical in shape to the original 28-foot single-step hydroplane, built by Rich Woodman with double-planked mahogany sides and a marine plywood under mahogany bottom. Magnuson and collaborator Mark Mason installed twin Rolls-Royce Meteor 1650 cubic-inch twelve-cylinder engines, which generate about 60 percent of the horsepower of the original twin Packard twelve’s. Custom cam covers help the Rolls engines look the part, and Magnuson says that the replica, with help from a custom gearbox with overdrive from Mike Sage of S.C.S. Gear, can reach 75 mph, or about 80 percent of the original boat’s top speed.
No doubt, spurred by childhood memories and in the spirit of Gar Wood and his team, Magnuson will keep refining “Miss America VII”, always looking to go “faster and faster.”
Jack Savage is the author of “Chris Craft” a history of the world’s largest manufacturer of mahogany boats published by MBI Publishing, and lives in Middleton, NH.
Race Boat Regatta
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Who were the only female priests in the ancient Roman religion? | Religion
Roman Paganism
The religion of Rome
If anything, the Romans had a practical attitude to religion, as to most things, which perhaps explains why they themselves had difficulty in taking to the idea of a single, all-seeing, all-powerful god.
In so far as the Romans had a religion of their own, it was not based on any central belief, but on a mixture of fragmented rituals, taboos, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of sources.
To the Romans, religion was less a spiritual experience than a contractual relationship between mankind and the forces which were believed to control people's existence and well-being.
The result of such religious attitudes were two things: a state cult, the significant influence on political and military events of which outlasted the republic, and a private concern, in which the head of the family oversaw the domestic rituals and prayers in the same way as the representatives of the people performed the public ceremonials.
However, as circumstances and people's view of the world changed, individuals whose personal religious needs remained unsatisfied turned increasingly during the first century AD to the mysteries, which were of Greek origin, and to the cults of the east.
The origins of Roman Religion
Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Many also had their roots in old religions of the Etruscans or Latin tribes.
Often the the old Etruscan or Latin name survived but the deity over time became to be seen as the Greek god of equivalent or similar nature. And so it is that the Greek and Roman pantheon look very similar, but for different names.
An example of such mixed origins is the goddess Diana to whom the Roman king Servius Tullius built the temple on the Aventine Hill. Essentially she was an old Latin goddess from the earliest of times.
Before Servius Tullius moved the center of her worship to Rome, it was based at Aricia.
There in Aricia it was always a runaway slave who would act as her priest. He would win the right to hold office by killing his predecessor. To challenge him to a fight he would though first have to manage to break off a branch of a particular sacred tree; a tree on which the current priest naturally would keep a close eye. From such obscure beginnings Diana was moved to Rome, where she then gradually became identified with the Greek goddess Artemis.
It could even occur that a deity was worshipped, for reasons no-one really could remember. An example for such a deity is Furrina. A festival was held every year in her honour on 25 July. But by the middle of the first century BC there was no-one left who actually remember what she was actually goddess of.
Prayer and Sacrifice
Most form of religious activity required some kind of sacrifice. And prayer could be a confusing matter due to some gods having multiple names or their sex even being unknown. The practice of Roman religion was a confusing thing.
Prayer and Sacrifice
Omens and Superstitions
The Roman was by nature a very superstitious person. Emperors would tremble and even legions refuse to march if the omens were bad ones.
Omens and Superstitions
Religion in the Home
If the Roman state entertained temples and rituals for the benefit of the greater gods, then the Romans in the privacy of their own homes also worshipped their domestic deities.
Religion in the Home
Countryside Festivals
To the Roman peasant the world around simply abound with gods, spirits and omens. A multitude of festivals were held to appease the gods.
Country Festivals
The Religion of the State
The Roman state religion was in a way much the same in essence as that of the individual home, only on a much larger and more magnificent scale.
State religion looked after the home of the Roman people, as compared to the home of an individual household. Just as the wife was supposed to guard the hearth at home, then Rome had the Vestal Virgins guard the holy flame of Rome. And if a family worshipped its lares, then, after the fall of the republic, the Roman state had its deified past Caesars which it paid tribute to.
And if the worship of a private household took place under guidance of the father, then the religion of state was in control of the pontifex maximus.
The High Offices of State Religion
If the pontifex maximus was the head of Roman state religion, then much of its organization rested with four religious colleges, whose members were appointed for life and , with a few exceptions, were selected among distinguished politicians.
The highest of these bodies was the Pontifical College, which consisted of the rex sacrorum, pontifices, flamines and the vestal virgins.
Rex sacrorum, the king of rites, was an office created under the early republic as a substitute for royal authority over religious matters. Later he might still have been the highest dignitary at any ritual, even higher than the pontifex maximus, but it became a purely honorary post.
Sixteen pontifices (priests) oversaw the organization of religious events. They kept records of proper religious procedures and the dates of festivals and days of special religious significance.
The flamines acted as priests to individual gods: three for the major gods Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, and twelve for the lesser ones. These individual experts specialized in the knowledge of prayers and rituals specific to their particular deity.
The flamen dialis, the priest of Jupiter, was the most senior of the flamines. On certain occasions his status was equal to those of the pontifex maximus and the rex sacrorum.
Though the life of the flamen dialis was regulated by a whole host of strange rules.
Some of the rules surrounding the flamen dialis included.
He was not allowed to go out without his cap of office.
He was not allowed to ride a horse.
If a person was into the house of the flamen dialis in any form of fetters he was to be untied at once and the shackles pulled up through the skylight of the house's atrium on to the roof and then carried away.
Only a free man was allowed to cut the hair of the flamen dialis.
The flamen dialis would neither ever touch, nor mention a goat, uncooked meat, ivy, or beans.
For the flamen dialis divorce was not possible. His marriage could only be ended by death. Should his wife have died, he was obliged to resign.
The Vestal Virgins
There were six vestal virgins. All were traditionally chosen from old patrician families at a young age. They would serve ten years as novices, then ten performing the actual duties, followed by a final ten years of teaching the novices. They lived in a palatial building next to the small temple of Vesta at the Roman forum. Their foremost duty was to guard the sacred fire in the temple. Other duties included performing rituals and baking the sacred salt cake to be used at numerous ceremonies in the year.
Punishment for vestal virgins was enormously harsh. If they let the flame go out, they would be whipped. And as they had to remain virgins, their punishment for breaking their vow of chastity was to be walled up alive underground.
But the honour and privilege surrounding the vestal virgins was enormous. In fact any criminal who was condemned to death and saw a vestal virgin was automatically pardoned.
A situation which illustrates high sought after the post of vestal virgin was, is that of emperor Tiberius having to decide between two very evenly matched candidates in AD 19. He chose the daughter of one Domitius Pollio, instead of the daughter of a certain Fonteius Agrippa, explaining that he had decided so, as the latter father was divorced. However he assured the other girl of a dowry of no less than a million sesterces to console her.
Other Religious Offices
The college of Augurs consisted of fifteen members. Theirs was the tricky job of interpreting the manifold omens of public life (and no doubt of the private life of the powerful).
No doubt these consultants in matters of omens must have been exceptionally diplomatic in the interpretations required from them. Each of them carried as his insignia a long, crooked staff. With this he would mark a square space on the ground from which he would look out for auspicious omens.
The quindecemviri sacris faciundis were the fifteen members of a college for less clearly defined religious duties. Most notably they guarded the Sibylline Books and it was for them to consult these scriptures and interpret them when requested to do so by the senate. The Sibylline books being evidently understood as something foreign by the Romans, this college also was to oversee the worship of any foreign gods which were introduced to Rome.
Initially there was three members to the college of epulones (banqueting managers), though later their number was enlarged to seven. Their college was by far the newest, being founded only in 196 BC. The necessity for such a college obviously arose as the increasingly elaborate festivals required experts to oversee their organization.
The Festivals
There was not a month in the Roman calendar which did not have its religious festivals.
And the very earliest festivals of the Roman state were already celebrated with games.
The consualia (celebrating the festival of Consus and the famous 'rape of the Sabine women'), which was held on 21 August, also was the main event of the chariot racing year. It can hence hardly be a coincidence that the underground granary and shrine of Consus, where the opening ceremonies of the festival were held, was accessed from the very center isle of the Circus Maximus.
But apart from the consualia August, the sixth month of the old calendar, also had festivals in honour of the gods Hercules, Portunus, Vulcan, Volturnus and Diana.
Festivals could be somber, dignified occasions, as well as joyful events.
The parentilia in February was a period of nine days in which the families would worship their dead ancestors. During this time, no official business was conducted, all temples were closed and marriages were outlawed.
But also in February was the lupercalia, a festival of fertility, most likely connected with the god Faunus. Its ancient ritual went back to the more mythical times of Roman origin. Ceremonies began in the cave in which the legendary twins Romulus and Remus were believed to have been suckled by the wolf. In that cave a number of goats and a dog were sacrificed and their blood was daubed onto the faces of two young boys of patrician families. Dressed in goatskins and carrying strips of leather in their hands, the boys would then run a traditional course. Anyone along the way would be whipped with the leather strips. However, these lashings were said to increase fertility. Therefore women who sought to get pregnant would wait along the course, to be whipped by the boys as they passed.
The festival of Mars lasted from 1 to 19 March. Two separate teams of a dozen men would dress up in armour and helmet of ancient design and would then jump, leap and bound through the streets, beating their shields with their swords, shouting and chanting. The men were known as the salii, the 'jumpers'. Apart from their noisy parade through the streets, they would spend every evening feasting in a different house in the city.
The festival of Vesta took place in June and, lasting for a week, it was an altogether calmer affair. No official business took place and the temple of Vesta was opened to married women who could make sacrifices of food to the goddess. As a more bizarre part of this festival, all mill-donkeys were given a day of rest on 9 June, as well as being decorated with garlands and loaves of bread.
On 15 June the temple would be closed again, but for the vestal virgins and the Roman state would go about its normal affairs again.
The Foreign Cults
The survival of a religious faith depends on a continual renewal and affirmation of its beliefs, and sometimes on adapting its rituals to changes in social conditions and attitudes. To the Romans, the observance of religious rites was a public duty rather than a private impulse. their beliefs were founded on a variety of unconnected and often inconsistent mythological traditions, many of them derived from the Greek rather than Italian models.
Since Roman religion was not founded on some core belief which ruled out other religions, foreign religions found it relatively easy to establish themselves in the imperial capital itself. The first such foreign cult to make its way to Rome was the goddess Cybele around 204 BC.
From Egypt the worship of Isis and Osiris came to Rome at the beginning of the first century BC Cults such as those of Cybele or Isis and Bacchus were known as the 'mysteries', having secret rituals which were only known to those initiated into the faith.
During the reign of Julius Caesar Jews were granted freedom of worship in the city of Rome, in recognition of the Jewish forces which had helped him at Alexandria.
Also very well known is the cult of the Persian sun god Mythras which reached Rome during the first century AD and found great following among the army.
Traditional Roman religion was further undermined by the growing influence of Greek philosophy, particularly Stoicism, which suggested the idea of there being a single god.
The Beginnings of Christianity
The beginnings of Christianity are very blurry, as far as historical fact is concerned.
The birth date of Jesus himself is uncertain. (The idea of Jesus birth being the year AD 1, is due rather to a judgement made some 500 years after the even took place.)
Many point to the year 4 BC as the most likely date for Christ's birth, and yet that remains very uncertain. The year of his death is also not clearly established. It is assumed it took place between AD 26 and AD 36 (most likely though between AD 30 and AD 36), during the reign of Pontius Pilate as prefect of Judaea.
Historically speaking, Jesus of Nazareth was a charismatic Jewish leader, exorcist and religious teacher.To the Christians however he is the Messiah, the human personification of God.
Evidence of Jesus' life and effect in Palestine is very patchy. He was clearly not one of the militant Jewish zealots, and yet eventually the Roman rulers did perceive him as a security risk.
Roman power appointed the priests who were in charge of the religious sites of Palestine. And Jesus openly denounced these priests, so much is known. This indirect threat to Roman power, together with the Roman perception that Jesus was claiming to be the 'King of the Jews', was the reason for his condemnation. The Roman apparatus saw itself merely dealing with a minor problem which otherwise might have grown into a greater threat to their authority. So in essence, the reason for Jesus' crucifixion was politically motivated. However, his death was hardly noticed by Roman historians.
Jesus' death should have dealt a fatal blow to the memory of his teachings, were it not have been for the determination of his followers.
The most effective of these followers in spreading the new religious teachings was Paul of Tarsus, generally known as Saint Paul.
St Paul, who held Roman citizenship, is famed for his missionary voyages which took him from Palestine into the empire (Syria, Turkey, Greece and Italy) to spread his new religion to the non-Jews (for until then Christianity was generally understood to be a Jewish sect).
Though the actual definite outlines of the new religion of that day is largely unknown. Naturally, the general Christian ideals will have been preached, but few scriptures can possibly have been available.
Rome's Relationship with the early Christians
The Roman authorities hesitated for a long time over how to deal with this new cult. They largely appreciated this new religion as subversive and potentially dangerous.
For Christianity, with its insistence on only one god, seemed to threaten the principle of religious toleration which had guaranteed (religious) peace for so long among the people of the empire.
Most of all Christianity clashed with the official state religion of the empire, for Christians refused to perform Caesar worship. This, in the Roman mindset, demonstrated their disloyalty to their rulers.
Persecution of the Christians began with Nero's bloody repression of AD 64. This was only a rash an sporadic repression though it is perhaps the one which remains the most infamous of them all.
The first real recognition Christianity other than Nero's slaughter, was an inquiry by emperor Domitian who supposedly, upon hearing that the Christians refused to perform Caesar worship, sent investigators to Galilee to inquire on his family, about fifty years after the crucifixion.
They found some poor smallholders, including the great-nephew of Jesus, interrogated them and then released them without charge.
The fact however that the Roman emperor should take interest in this sect proves that by this time the Christians no longer merely represented an obscure little sect.
Towards the end of the first century the Christians appeared to sever all their ties with the Judaism and established itself independently.
Though with this separation form Judaism, Christianity emerged as a largely unknown religion to the Roman authorities. And Roman ignorance of this new cult bred suspicion. Rumours were abound about secretive Christian rituals; rumours of child sacrifice, incest and cannibalism.
Major revolts of the Jews in Judaea in the early second century led to great resentment of the Jews and of the Christians, who were still largely understood by the Romans to be a Jewish sect. The repressions which followed for both Christians and Jews were severe.
During the second century AD Christians were persecuted for their beliefs largely because these did not allow them to give the statutory reverence to the images of the gods and of the emperor. Also their act of worship transgressed the edict of Trajan, forbidding meetings of secret societies. To the government, it was civil disobedience. The Christians themselves meanwhile thought such edicts suppressed their freedom of worship. However, despite such differences, with emperor Trajan a period of toleration appeared to set in.
Pliny the Younger, as governor of Nithynia in AD 111, was so exercised by the troubles with the Christians that he wrote to Trajan asking for guidance on how to deal with them. Trajan, displaying considerable wisdom, replied:
' The actions you have taken, my dear Pliny, in investigating the cases of those brought before you as Christians, are correct. It is impossible to lay down a general rule which can apply to particular cases. Do not go looking for Christians. If they are brought before you and the charge is proven, they must be punished, provided that if someone denies they are Christian and gives proof of it, by offering reverence to our gods, they shall be acquitted on the grounds of repentance even if they have previously incurred suspicion. Anonymous written accusations shall be disregarded as evidence. They set a bad example which is contrary to the spirit of our times.' Christians were not actively sought out by a network of spies. Under his successor Hadrian which policy seemed to continue.
Also the fact hat Hadrian actively persecuted the Jews, but not the Christians shows that by that time the Romans were drawing a clear distinction between the two religions.
The great persecutions of AD 165-180 under Marcus Aurelius included the terrible acts committed upon the Christians of Lyons in AD 177. This period, far more than Nero's earlier rage, was which defined the Christian understanding of martyrdom.
Christianity is often portrayed as the religion of the poor and the slaves. This is not necessarily a true picture. From the beginning there appeared to have been wealthy and influential figures who at least sympathised with the Christians, even members of court.
And it appeared that Christianity maintained its appeal to such highly connected persons. Marcia, the concubine of the emperor Commodus, for example used her influence to achieve the release of Christian prisoners from the mines.
The Great Persecution - AD 303
Had Christianity generally grown and established some roots across the empire in the years following the persecution by Marcus Aurelius, then it had especially prospered from about AD 260 onwards enjoying widespread toleration by the Roman authorities.
But with the reign of Diocletian things would change. Towards the end of his long reign, Diocletian became ever more concerned about the high positions held by many Christians in Roman society and, particularly, the army.
On a visit to the Oracle of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus, he was advised by the pagan oracle to halt the rise of the Christians.
And so on 23 February AD 303, on the Roman day of the gods of boundaries, the terminalia, Diocletian enacted what was to become perhaps the greatest persecution of Christians under Roman rule.
Diocletian and, perhaps all the more viciously, his Caesar Galerius launched a serious purge against the sect which they saw as becoming far too powerful and hence, too dangerous.
In Rome, Syria, Egypt and Asia Minor (Turkey) the Christians suffered most. However, in the west, beyond the immediate grasp of the two persecutors things were far less ferocious.
Constantine the Great - Christianization of the Empire
The key moment in the establishment if Christianity as the predominant religion of the Roman empire, happened in AD 312 when emperor Constantine on the eve before battle against the rival emperor Maxentius had a vision of the sign of Christ (the so called chi-rho symbol) in a dream.
And Constantine was to have the symbol inscribed on his helmet and ordered all his soldiers (or at least those of his bodyguard) to point it on their shields.
It was after the crushing victory he inflicted on his opponent against overwhelming odds that Constantine declared he owed his victory to the god of the Christians.
However, Constantine's claim to conversion is not without controversy. There are many who see in his conversion rather the political realization of the potential power of Christianity instead of any celestial vision.
Constantine had inherited a very tolerant attitude towards Christians from his father, but for the years of his rule previous to that fateful night in AD 312 there was no definite indication of any gradual conversion towards the Christian faith. Although he did already have Christian bishops in his royal entourage before AD 312.
But however truthful his conversion might have been, it should change the fate of Christianity for good. In meetings with his rival emperor Licinius, Constantine secured religious tolerance towards Christians all over the empire.
Until AD 324 Constantine appeared to on purposely blur the distinction of which god it was he followed, the Christian god or pagan sun god Sol. Perhaps at this time he truly hadn't made up his mind yet.
Perhaps it was just that he felt his power was not yet established enough to confront the pagan majority of the empire with a Christian ruler.
However, substantial gestures were made toward the Christians very soon after the fateful Battle of the Milvian Bridge in AD 312. Already in AD 313 tax exemptions were granted to Christian clergy and money was granted to rebuild the major churches in Rome.
Also in AD 314 Constantine already engaged in a major meeting of bishops at Milan to deal with problems befalling the church in the 'Donatist schism'.
But once Constantine had defeated his last rival emperor Licinius in AD 324, the last of Constantine's restraint disappeared and a Christian emperor (or at least one who championed the Christian cause) ruled over the entire empire.
He built a vast new basilica church on the Vatican hill, where reputedly St Peter had been martyred. Other great churches were built by Constantine, such as the great St John Lateran in Rome or the reconstruction of the great church of Nicomedia which had been destroyed by Diocletian.
Apart from building great monuments to Christianity, Constantine now also became openly hostile toward the pagans. Even pagan sacrifice itself was forbidden. Pagan temples (except those of the previous official Roman state cult) had their treasures confiscated. These treasures were largely given to the Christian churches instead.
Some cults which were deemed sexually immoral by Christian standards were forbidden and their temples were razed.
Gruesomely brutal laws were introduced to enforce Christian sexual morality. Constantine was evidently not an emperor who had decided to gradually educate the people of his empire to this new religion.
Far more the empire was shocked into a new religious order.
But in the same year as Constantine achieved supremacy over the empire (and effectively over the Christian church) the Christian faith itself suffered a grave crisis. Arianism, a heresy which challenged the church's view of God (the father) and Jesus (the son), was creating a serious divide in the church.Constantine called the famous Council of Nicaea which decided the definition of the Christian deity as the Holy Trinity, God the father, God the son and God the Holy Spirit.
Had Christianity previously been unclear about its message then the Council of Nicaea (together with a later council at Constantinople in 381 AD) created a clearly defined core belief. However, the nature of its creation - a council - and the diplomatically sensitive way in defining the formula, to many suggests the creed of the Holy Trinity to be rather a political construct between theologians and politicians rather than anything achieved by divine inspiration.
It is hence often sought that the Council of Nicaea represents the Christian church becoming a more wordly institution, moving away from its innocent beginnings in its ascent to power.
The Christian church continued to grow and rise in importance under Constantine. Within his reign the cost of the church already became larger than the cost of the entire imperial civil service.
As for emperor Constantine; he bowed out in the same fashion in which he had lived, leaving it still unclear to historians today, if he truly had completely converted to Christianity, or not.
He was baptized on his deathbed. It was not an unusual practice for Christians of the day to leave their baptism for such a time. However, it still fails to answer completely to what point this was due to conviction and not for political purposes, considering the succession of his sons.
Christian Heresy
One of the primary problems of early Christianity was that of heresy.
Heresy as generally defined as a departure from the traditional Christian beliefs; the creation of new ideas, rituals and forms of worship within the Christian church. This was especially dangerous to a faith in which for a long time the rules as to what was the proper Christian belief remained very vague and open to interpretation.
The result of the definition of heresy was often bloody slaughter. Religious suppression against heretics became to any account just as brutal as some of the excesses of Roman emperors in suppressing the Christians.
Christian Heresy
Julian the Apostate
If Constantine's conversion of the empire had been harsh, it was irreversible.
when in AD 361 Julian ascended to the throne and officially renounced Christianity, he could do little to change the religious make-up of an empire in which Christinaity by then dominated.
Had under Constantine and his sons being a Christian almost been a pre-requisite for receiving any official position, then the enire working of the empire by now had been turned over to Christians.
It is unclear to what point the population had converted to Christianity (though the numbers will have been rising quickly), but it is clear that the institutions of empire must by the time Julian came to power have been dominated by Christians.
Hence a reverse was impossible, unless a pagan emperor of the drive and ruthlessness of Constantine would have emerged. Julian the Apostate was no such man. Far more does history paint him as a gentle intellectual, who simply tolerated Christianity in spite of his disagreement with it.
Christian teachers lost their jobs, as Julian argued that it made little sense for them to teach pagan texts of which they did not approve. Also some of the financial privileges which the church had enjoyed were now refused. But by no means could this have been seen as a renewal of Christian persecution.
In fact in the east of the empire Christian mobs ran riot and vandalized the pagan temples which Julian had re-instated.
Was Julian not a violent man of the likes of Constantine, then his response to these Christian outrages were never felt, as he already died in AD 363.
If his reign had a been a brief setback for Christianity, it had only provided further proof that Christianity was here to stay.
The Power of the Church
With the death of Julian the Apostate matters quickly returned to normal for the Christian church as it resumed its role as the religion of the power.
In AD 380 emperor Theodosius took the final step and made Christianity the official religion of state.
Severe punishments were introduced for people who disagreed with the official version of Christianity.
Furthermore, becoming a member of the clergy became a possible career for the educated classes, for the bishops were gaining ever more influence.
At the great council of Constantinople a further decision was reached which placed the bishopric of Rome above that of Constantinople.
This in effect confirmed the church's more political outlook, as until the prestige of the bishoprics had been ranked according to the church's apostolic history. And for that particular time preference for the bishop of Rome evidently appeared to be greater than for the bishop of Constantinople.
In AD 390 alas a massacre in Thessalonica revealed the new order to the world. After a massacre of some seven thousand people the emperor Theodosius was excommunicated and required to do penance for this crime. This did not mean that now the church was the highest authority in the empire, but it proved that now the church felt sufficiently confident to challenge the emperor himself on matters of moral authority.
| Vestal Virgin |
What is the title of the wife of a viceroy? | Virgin Vestals
Vestal Virgins
(6th Century B.C. - end of 4th Century A.D.)
Vestal virgins were women priestesses to the goddess of Hearth, Vesta, in Ancient Rome. The main duty they must perform was to guard the fire of Vesta. With this they would be endowed with many honors and rights that a normal female would not have at that time. These women were very powerful in the sense that people would respect them because of the mission they were chosen to take in life. Their vow of chastity and their vow of sustaining the fire, made them vital individuals in that ancient time in history.
The selection of a vestal virgin was a great honor because only six were chosen to sustain the flame at a time. Women that were chosen for this role were of wealth and when they are picked, they are a children. The high priest would choose out of a group of girls between the ages of six and ten. He once he chose the girls, they would leave their father�s house and be ruled by only the high priest and the Vesta, the goddess they devoted their life to. Once the young girls were committed to the priesthood, they would make a vow of celibacy. If they broke this vow they were punished by death. They were buried alive in a chamber with only a little bit of food and water to keep them alive for few days longer. There have been a few known vestals that have broken the vow; one would be Tiber, who gave birth to Romulus and Remus. The other reason of punishment is if they allowed for the fire to go out; this was a punishment by death as well, often by whipping. Even though they had restriction, these women were free of subservient restrictions to men. They lived and dined in nice surroundings and they had VIP admittances into public places like the theatre. They were required to serve thirty years if their life to the goddess of Vesta. The first ten years they were students, then the following they were in their service to the fire, and the last ten years they were the teachers. Once they completed their term, they were free to marry anyone they liked. The end to the Vestal Virgin happened when Emperor Theodosius came into power in A.D. 391. He let the fire out, and forbade any pagan worship.
The vestal virgins did serve a very important propose for Ancient Rome. They allowed families including the royal have the use of fire. They also set out a different life than the women of Rome at that time. They had more freedom of rights and they were worshipped themselves by the vows that they committed to. Even though they did have to take a vow of chastity, it offered them a life of freedom when they were done with their service. These women are a unique part of history that makes them an important role in the history of women.
Annotated Bibliography
Abbott, Elizabeth. History of Celibacy. Cambridge , MA : Da Capa Press, 2001.
Elizabeth Abbott is a Dean of Women at Trinity College in Toronto and she an experienced journalist with a doctrine degree in History. She has written this book that is dedicated to individuals that practice celibacy through out history. She covers information from Roman history about Vestal Virgins to today�s celibate athletes. When Abbott discusses the lives of Vestal Virgins she gives a good history of their profession and their promise of chastity. She also includes virgins that were caught not being celibate and their punishment by death. This book is a good source for young students who are interested in celebrant life throughout history and anyone who is interested in the celibate life of Vestal Virgins.
Baird, Rod. �Vestal Virgins.� Ancient Routes. (2001-2004) < http://www.ancientroute.com/religion/Relig-Subj/vestals.htm > (18 December 2005).
This website dedicated to discovering the ancient Mediterranean history and this site looks at this history from the beginning of writing to 400 B.C. which includes the fall of Roman, Christianity, and the beginning of the Islam Religion. To explore this site, Baird creates an �ancient trade route� to help the visit each page in chronological order of history. The page which is dedicated to the history vestals gives much information including the Goddess Vesta, the roles, rules, punishments, freedoms of a virgin vestal. This site is really good for a student to get information and photos on ancient roman history. There is not much historical analysis, but just facts of specific events and people in history.
Dashu, Max. �Roman Persecution: The Vestals.� The Suppressed Histories Archives Women in Global Perspectives. (2000) < http://www.suppressedhistories.net/secret_history/roman_persecution.html > (18 December 2005).
Max Dashu creates this website for the purpose to make her many historical Presentations that she gives all around the world, for everyone to see. She focuses on International history of Women. Going into depth about roles of reality, enslavement, politics, and society. When she discusses the history of Vestal Virgins, she explains the role of the vestal, but also different persecutions of individual virgins that took place in ancient Rome . This website is good for students that are in search to learn about the history of women in history. It provides information backed up by sources, photos, and links to other websites.
Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Frant Maureen B. �Vestal Virgins.� Women�s Life in Greece and Rome. (1992) < http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/wlgr/wlgr-religion408.shtml#ag > (18 December 2005).
This online source gives an outline of the events in the book Women�s Life in Greece and Rome . The events on this page are specifically pertained to the life of vestal virgins. The source explains why they have been picked and the duties that they need to perform daily throughout their service. They also inform the reader the process of their death punishment if they are caught in an act that is forbidden for them to do. This pages is a good source but is really only informational to the book. This may help a person who is looking for main points that pertain to Women�s Life in Greece and Rome.
Seindal, Rene. �Vestals: The Only Female Priesthood in Rome .� Roman Religion and Mythology Short Articles on Divinities, Myths and Religious Matters. (1999-2005) < http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/318_Vestals.html > (18 December 2005).
Rene Seindal who has studied and mastered in history, Italian, and computer science at the University of Copenhagen , has created this website as a hobby to share with anyone. This website is mainly dedicated to the different photos that have been taken in an assortment of places in Italy and Denmark . It also gives broad information of different Roman places, objects, and people that lived in the Mythology eras. This site would be great for anyone who wants to learn and view by pictures about the Roman mythology, including the life of Vestals.
Scheid, John. An Introduction to Roman Religion. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University press, 2003.
A respected author for Roman Religions, John Scheid is a professor at the College de France. An Introduction to Roman Religion gives an insight to Scheid idea of what the vital aspects of the Roman Religion. He has formed a variety of critical research of detailed ceremonies and customs of the many religions throughout the Roman History including the religious roles of vestal virgins. The translation, in which Janet Lloyd has been ably aided by Mary Beard, is beautifully clear. Janet Lloyd translates this great piece of useful source very comprehensible. This source can be great in any university and can also be used as a teaching tool because it covers the different custom and rituals that were performed in Roman history.
Staples, Ariadne. From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. London : Routledge, 1998.
Ariadne Staples observes in From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins how females in Roman history were recognized by them alone and by men they interact with. Women played vital roles by participating in roman religious rituals publicly. From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins contends that the religious ceremonial and the responsibility acted out by the roman females were imperative in centralizing them sexually. He goes into further detail that these sexual categories mesh into other Roman culture that includes politics and culture. Staples gives a great analysis of Roman society and the women that stand independent through its history.
Worsfold, T. Cato. History of the Vestal Virgins of Rome. Kessinger Publishing, 1942.
This book, History of the Vestal Virgins of Rome, by Cato Worsfold gives a great length of detail about the history of the Roman Vestal Virgins. He includes how they were formed and their importance in the Roman society. He goes into further detail about their rules and regulation and what would happen if they are broken; he mentions the symbol of their dress code and their life style. Lastly he explains the end of the Vestal Virgins in the Roman history. This is a great book for a student who is interested in learning an in depth biography of these specific women in history.
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On which river is Warsaw? | Vistula River | Wisla | Warsaw Life
58
The Wonderful Wisla
The longest river in Poland, the Vistula (Wisla) winds its way from the Beskidy mountains of southern Poland, through Krakow and Warsaw and up the the bay in Gdansk to the Baltic Sea. At 1,047 kilometers (678 miles) long and draining an area of 194,424 km (75,067 sq. miles), no wonder the Vistula has become the stuff of Polish legend .
While the written history of the Vistula is sketchy at best, speculative at worst, we do know that the origin of the river's name is probably Indo-European, though its current moniker is the Polonized version. In past times, the Vistula used to be connected to the Dnieper River, and through it to the Black Sea, where it was part of the Amber Road, an ancient river trade route from the Black Sea to the Baltic.
Today, it's part of the landscape of Poland's most important cities, and while it used to be a point of recreation for Poles young and old, we wouldn't recommend dipping even your toes in it today - the communist era has rendered it as dirty as the Hudson or Thames unfortunately. However, if you really want to explore Poland's mighty river up close, why not take a Vistula cruise , or check out the Vistula River Museum in Gdansk ?
Enjoyed it?
| Vistula |
In which of his operas did Rossini use the alpenhorn? | Warsaw River Cruises Europe - Viking River Cruises
Viking River Cruises
Grand Voyages
Page Warsaw River Cruises Europe - Viking River Cruises One of Europe’s most inspirational cities, Warsaw completely rebuilt its Old Town in its original medieval splendor after World War II. Today, it is a vibrant mix of old and new on Poland’s beautiful Vistula River. Top
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What was the real name of the WW 2 traitor Lord Haw Haw? | The Execution of Lord Haw Haw at Wandsworth Prison in 1946 « Another Nickel In The Machine
The Execution of Lord Haw Haw at Wandsworth Prison in 1946
William Joyce
William Joyce, the man with the famous nickname ‘Lord Haw Haw’, is Britain’s most well-known traitor, of relatively recent times anyway. He had a catchphrase as famous as any comedian’s and to cap it all he had a facial disfigurement in the form of a terrible scar that marked him as a ‘villainous traitor’ as if the words themselves were tattooed across his forehead. Saying all that, a lot of people have argued that he shouldn’t have been convicted of treason at all, let alone be executed for the crime.
On the cold and damp morning of 3 January 1946 a large but orderly crowd had formed outside the grim Victorian prison in Wandsworth. The main gates of London’s largest gaol are situated not more than a few hundred feet from the far more salubrious surroundings of Wandsworth Common in South West London.
Some people had come to protest at what they considered an unjust conviction, while others, ghoulishly and morbidly, wanted to be as close as they could, to what would turn out to be, the execution of the last person to be convicted of treason in this country.
Wandsworth Prison
William Joyce had woken early that morning and although he ate no breakfast he drank a cup of tea. At one minute to nine, an hour later than initially planned, the Governor of Wandsworth Prison came to the condemned man’s cell to inform him that his time had come.
The walk to the adjacent execution chamber was but a few yards but there was just enough time for Joyce to look down at his badly trembling knees and smile. Albert Pierrepoint, the practiced and experienced hangman, said the last words that Joyce would ever hear: ‘I think we’d better have this on, you know’ and placed a hood over the condemned man’s head followed immediately by the noose of the hanging rope.
A few seconds later the executioner pulled a lever which automatically opened the trap door beneath Joyce’s feet. Almost instantaneously Joyce’s spinal cord was ripped apart between the second and third vertebrae and the man known throughout the country as Lord Haw-Haw, was dead.
The gates of HMP Wandsworth around the time of William Joyce's execution
At about the same time as the hangman pulled his deadly lever a group of smartly dressed men in winter coats stepped away from the main crowd outside the gates of the prison and behind some nearby bushes, almost surreptitiously, were seen to raise their right arms in the ‘Heil Hitler!’ salute.
At eight minutes past nine a prison officer came out and pinned an official announcement that the hanging of the traitor William Joyce had taken place. At 1pm the BBC Home Service reported the execution and read out the last, unrepentant pronouncement from the dead man;
In death, as in this life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and in the hour of the greatest danger in the west may the Swastika be raised from the dust, crowned with the historic words ‘You have conquered nevertheless’. I am proud to die for my ideals; and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.
The official declaration of William Joyce's execution pinned on the gates of the prison
The official notice of execution being pinned on the gates of Wandsworth Prison
William Joyce had actually been born in Brooklyn, New York forty years previously to an English Protestant mother and an Irish Catholic father who had taken United States citizenship. A few years after the birth the family returned to Galway where William attended the Jesuit St Ignatius College from 1915 to 1921. William had always been precociously politically aware but both he and his father, rather unusually for Irish Catholics at the time, were both Unionists and openly supported British rule.
In fact Joyce later said that he had aided and ran with the infamous Black and Tans, the notoriously indisciplined and brutal British auxiliary force sent to Ireland after the First World War in an attempt to help put down Irish nationalism. Joyce actually became the target of an IRA assassination attempt in 1921 when he was just sixteen.
For his own safety William immediately left for England, and after a short stint in the British army (he was discharged when it was found he had lied about his age) he enrolled at Birkbeck College of the University of London where he gained a first but also developed an initial interest in Fascism.
In 1924, while stewarding a Conservative Party meeting at the Lambeth Baths in Battersea, a seventeen year old Joyce was attacked by an unprovoked gang in an adjacent alley-way and received a vicious and deep cut from a razor that sliced across his right cheek from behind the earlobe all the way to the corner of his mouth. After two weeks in hospital he was left with a terrible and disfiguring facial scar. Joyce was convinced that his attackers were ‘Jewish communists’ and the incident became a massive influence on the rest of his life.
The bandage was covering twenty six stiches, he remained in hospital for two weeks
In 1932 Joyce joined Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists and within a couple of years he was promoted to the BUF’s director of propaganda and not long after appointed deputy leader. Joyce was a gifted speaker and for a while became the star of the British fascist movement. He was instrumental in moving the union towards overt anti-semitism – something of which Mosley had always been relatively uncomfortable.
Joyce’s career with the British Union of Fascists only lasted five years when, with membership plummeting, a devastated Joyce was sacked from his paid position in the party by Mosley in 1937.
William Joyce, on the far left, with Oswald Mosley in 1934
In late August 1939, shortly before war was declared and probably tipped off by a friend in MI5 that he was about to be arrested, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany. Joyce struggled to find employment until he met fellow former-Mosleyite Dorothy Eckersley who got him recruited immediately for radio announcements and script writing at German radio’s English service in Berlin.
Crucially this was at a time when his British passport was still valid (although born in New York and brought up in Ireland Joyce had lied about his nationality to obtain a British passport – complications and niceties such as proving one’s identity with a birth certificate weren’t needed at the time) ostensibly to accompany Mosley abroad in 1935.
Dorothy Eckersley
The infamous nickname of ‘Lord Haw Haw’, associated with William Joyce to this day, was coined by a Daily Express journalist called Jonah Barrington. It’s not widely known but the title was actually meant for someone else completely – almost certainly a man called Norman Baillie-Stewart who had been broadcasting in Germany from just before the war. The nickname referenced Baillie-Stewart’s exaggeratedly aristocratic way of speaking. Barrington had written:
A gent I’d like to meet is moaning periodically from Zeesen [the site in Germany of the English transmitter]. He speaks English of the haw-haw, dammit-get-out-of-my-way variety, and his strong suit is gentlemanly indignation.
Norman Baillie-Stewart - the real Lord Haw Haw
Baillie-Stewart had already been convicted as a traitor by the United Kingdom for selling military secrets to Germany in the early thirties. He had the dubious distinction of being the last person in a long line of infamous people to have been imprisoned in the Tower of London for treason.
Late in 1939 when William Joyce had become the more prominent of the Nazi propaganda broadcasters, although at the time no one knew who he was, Barrington swapped the title over to Joyce.
Listening to Lord Haw Haw’s broadcasts (which famously always began with the words “Germany Calling, Germany Calling”) was officially discouraged, although incredibly about 60% of the population tuned in after the BBC news every night. The BBC’s output at the beginning of the war was said to have been exceedingly dreary (plus ca change) and the British public seemed to prefer being shocked rather than bored.
Lord Haw Haw’s over-the-top and sneering attacks on the British establishment were really enjoyed, but in an era of state censorship and restricted information, there was also a desire by listeners to hear what the other side was saying. At the start of the war, simply because there was more to brag about, the German news reports were considered, by some people, to contain slightly more truth than those of the BBC.
William and Margaret Joyce in Germany
As the tide turned in the latter stages of the war Joyce and his wife moved to Hamburg. On the 22nd April 1945 he wrote in his diary:
Has it all been worthwhile? I think not. National Socialism is a fine cause, but most of the Germans, not all, are bloody fools.
Eight days later, and on the very day that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in their Berlin Bunker, Joyce made his last drunken broadcast – the remains of his Irish accent can be heard through his slurring voice.
The actual microphone and a script used by Joyce for his German broadcasts
At the end of the war William and his wife Margaret fled to a town called Flensburg near the German/Denmark border and it was there, in a nearby wood, that Joyce was captured by two soldiers. They, like Joyce, were out looking for firewood. Joyce stopped to say hello and one of the soldiers asked “You wouldn’t by any chance be William Joyce, would you?”. To ‘prove’ otherwise, Joyce reached for his false passport and one of the soldiers, thinking he was reaching for a gun, shot him through the buttocks, leaving four wounds.
The arrest was utter poetic justice. The soldier who had shot the infamous broadcaster was called Geoffrey Perry, however, he had been born into a German jewish family as Hourst Pinschewer and had only arrived in England to escape from Hitler’s persecutions. So in the end a German Jew, who had become English had arrested an Irish/American who pretended to be English but had become German.
The Woods near the German/Denmark border where Joyce was shot and arrested
Margaret Joyce at her arrest in 1945
A well-guarded William Joyce after his arrest in Germany 1945
Back in London, he was charged at Bow Street Magistrates court and in the dock he quietly stated “I have heard the charge and take cognisance of it.” He was subsequently driven to Brixton Prison in a Black Maria and on arrival, he said “So this is Brixton.” “Yes,” retorted his guard, “not Belsen.”
The trial of William Joyce began on 17 september 1945 and for a short period of time, when his American nationality came to light, it seemed that he might be acquitted. “How could anyone be convicted of betraying a country that wasn’t his own?” It was argued. However, the Attorney General, Sir Hartley Shawcross, successfully argued that Joyce’s possession of a British passport (even if he had misrepresented himself to get it) entitled him to diplomatic protection in Germany and therefore he owed allegiance to the King at the time he started working for the Germans.
It was on this contrived technicality that Joyce was convicted of treason on 19th September 1945. The penalty of which, of course, was death.
Sir Hartley Shawcross, he later said that the trial of William Joyce was not one of which he was especially proud
A sizeable minority of the population were uncomfortable with the verdict mainly because of the nationality issue but also because he was alway seen as a bit of a joke-figure rather than someone trying to bring the country down. On Christmas day 1945 an accountant named Edgar Bray wrote to the King:
I know nothing about Joyce, and nothing about his Politics. I don’t know much about Law either, but I do know enough to be firmly convinced that we are proposing to hang Joyce for the crime of pretending to be an Englishman which crime, so far as I am aware, in no possible case carries a Capital penalty. It happens to be just our bad luck, that Joyce actually WAS an American, (and now IS a German subject), but that is no reason to hang him, because we are annoyed at our bad luck.
The historian AJP Taylor made the point that Joyce was essentially hanged for making a false statement on a passport – the usual penalty for which was a paltry fine of just two pounds.
Interior of Wandsworth Prison
| William Joyce |
Which film star was known as the million dollar mermaid? | William Joyce – Lord Haw Haw - Tribe Joyce
William Joyce – Lord Haw Haw
Jan 3rd, 1946 | By lozster | Category: Uncategorized
For other uses, see William Joyce (disambiguation) .
William Joyce
Joyce shortly after capture, 1945
Born
Brooklyn , New York City, United States
Died
Broadcasting German propaganda in World War II
Political party
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
William Joyce (24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw , was an Irish-American fascist politician and Nazi propaganda broadcaster to the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was controversially hanged for treason by the British as a result of his wartime activities, being taken to owe allegiance to the UK by his possession of a British passport, a document to which, ironically, he was not entitled.
Contents
[ edit ]Early life
Joyce was born on Herkimer Street in Brooklyn, New York , [2] to a Protestant mother and an Irish Catholic father who had taken United States citizenship. A few years after his birth, the family returned to Galway , Ireland. Joyce attended the Jesuit St Ignatius College in Galway from 1915 to 1921. Unusual for Irish Roman Catholics, both Joyce and his father were strongly Unionist . Joyce later said that he had aided the Black and Tans during the Irish War for Independence and had become a target of the Irish Republican Army . [3] [4]
Following what he alleged to be an assassination attempt in 1921 (which supposedly failed because he took a different route home from school), he left for England where he briefly attended King’s College School , Wimbledon , on a foreign exchange. His family followed him to England two years later. Joyce had relatives in Birkenhead , whom he visited on a few occasions. He joined the Royal Worcester Regiment in 1921 but was discharged when it was discovered that he had lied about his age. [5] He then applied to Birkbeck College of the University of London and to enter the Officer Training Corps . At Birkbeck, he worked hard and obtained a First Class degree. [6] He also developed an interest in fascism, and he worked with (but never joined) the British Fascisti of Rotha Lintorn-Orman .
In 1924, while stewarding a Conservative Party meeting, Joyce was attacked and received a deep razor slash that ran across his right cheek. It left a permanent scar which ran from the earlobe to the corner of the mouth. Joyce was convinced that his attackers were “Jewish communists”. It was an incident that had a marked bearing on his outlook.
[ edit ]British Union of Fascists
Flag of the British Union of Fascists
In 1932, Joyce joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) under Sir Oswald Mosley , and swiftly became a leading speaker, praised for his power of oratory. The journalist and novelist Cecil Roberts described a speech given by Joyce:
Thin, pale, intense, he had not been speaking many minutes before we were electrified by this man … so terrifying in its dynamic force, so vituperative, so vitriolic. [7]
In 1934, Joyce was promoted to the BUF’s director of propaganda and later appointed deputy leader. As well as being a gifted speaker, Joyce gained the reputation of a savage brawler. His violent rhetoric and willingness to physically confront anti-fascist elements head-on played no small part in further marginalizing the BUF. After the bloody debacle of the June 1934 Olympia rally, Joyce spearheaded the BUF’s policy shift from campaigning for economic revival through corporatism to a focus on antisemitism . He was instrumental in changing the name of the BUF to “British Union of Fascists and National Socialists” in 1936, and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to the London County Council . In 1936 Joyce lived for a year in Whitstable , where he owned a radio and electrical shop. [8] [9]
Between April 1934 and 1937, when Mosley sacked him, Joyce also served as Area Administrative Officer for the BUF West Sussex division. Joyce was supported in this role by Norah Elam as Sussex Women’s Organiser, with her partner Dudley Elam taking on the role of Sub-Branch Officer for Worthing . Under this regime, West Sussex was to become a hub of fascist activity, ranging from hosting Blackshirt summer camps to organising meetings and rallies, lunches etc. Norah Elam shared many speaking platforms with Joyce and worked on propaganda speeches for him. One area of particular concern that Joyce had her work on was the government’s India Bill (passed in 1935), designed to give a measure of autonomy to India , allowing freedom and the development of limited self-government. Joyce harboured a desire to become Viceroy of India under a Mosley administration should he ever head a BUF government, and is recorded as describing the backers of the bill as “feeble” and “one loathsome, fetid, purulent, tumid mass of hypocrisy, hiding behind Jewish Dictators”. [10] Unlike Joyce, the Elams did not escape detention under Defence Regulation 18B ; both were arrested on the same day as Mosley in May 1940. The relationship between Joyce and Norah Elam was evidence of the strange bedfellows that politics can bring together. Elam’s father had been an Irish Nationalist, while Joyce had been a Unionist and supporter of the Black and Tans . In later life, Elam reported that although she disliked Joyce, she believed that his execution by the British in 1946 was wrong, stating that he should not have been regarded as a traitor to England because he was not English, but Irish. [10]
Joyce was sacked from his paid position when Mosley drastically reduced the BUF staff shortly after the 1937 elections; upon which, Joyce promptly formed a breakaway organisation, the National Socialist League . After the departure of Joyce, the BUF turned its focus away from anti-Semitism and towards activism, opposing a war with Nazi Germany . Though Joyce had been deputy leader of the party from 1933 and an effective fighter and orator, Mosley snubbed him in his autobiography and later denounced him as a traitor because of his wartime activities.
Main article: Lord Haw-Haw
In late August 1939, shortly before war was declared, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany. Joyce had been tipped off that the British authorities intended to detain him under Defence Regulation 18B . Joyce became a naturalised German in 1940.
In Berlin, Joyce could not find employment until a chance meeting with fellow Mosleyite Dorothy Eckersley got him an audition at the Rundfunkhaus (“broadcasting house“). [11] Eckersley was the former wife or second wife [11] of the Chief Engineer of the British Broadcasting Corporation , Peter Eckersley . Despite having a heavy cold and almost losing his voice, he was recruited immediately for radio announcements and script writing at German radio’s English service. William Joyce replaced Wolf Mittler, to whom the name Lord Haw-Haw had originally been given. After the war Wolf Mittler became a prominent radio and TV journalist with the southern German Bayerischer Rundfunk.
The name “ Lord Haw-Haw of Zeesen ” was coined by the pseudonymous Daily Express radio critic Jonah Barrington in 1939, [12] but this referred initially to Wolf Mittler (or possibly Norman Baillie-Stewart ). When Joyce became the best-known propaganda broadcaster, the nickname was transferred to him. Joyce’s broadcasts initially came from studios in Berlin, later transferring (due to heavy Allied bombing) to Luxembourg and finally to Apen near Hamburg , and were relayed over a network of German-controlled radio stations that included Hamburg , Bremen , Luxembourg , Hilversum , Calais , Oslo and Zeesen. Joyce also broadcast on and wrote scripts for the German Büro Concordia organisation, which ran several black propaganda stations, many of which pretended to broadcast illegally from within Britain. [13] His role in writing the scripts increased as time passed, and the German radio capitalized on his public persona. Initially an anonymous broadcaster, Joyce eventually revealed his real name to his listeners, and would occasionally be announced as “William Joyce, otherwise known as Lord Haw-Haw”. [14] Urban legends soon circulated about Lord Haw-Haw, alleging that the broadcaster was well-informed about political and military events, to the point of near- omniscience . [15]
Although listening to his broadcasts was officially discouraged (but not illegal), many Britons did indeed tune in to them. At the height of his influence, in 1940, Joyce had an estimated 6 million regular and 18 million occasional listeners in the United Kingdom. [16]
The German broadcasts always began with the announcer’s words “Germany calling, Germany calling, Germany calling” (because of a nasal drawl this sounded like “Jairmany calling“). These broadcasts urged the British people to surrender, and were well known for their jeering, sarcastic and menacing tone. There was also a desire by civilian listeners to hear what the other side was saying, since information during wartime was strictly censored and restricted and at the start of the war it was possible for German broadcasts to be more informative than those of the BBC . This was a situation which was reversed towards the middle of the war, with German civilians tuning (usually secretly) to the BBC.[ citation needed ]
Joyce recorded his final broadcast on 30 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin . [17] Rambling and audibly drunk, [18] he chided Britain for pursuing the war beyond mere containment of Germany, and warned repeatedly of the “menace” of the Soviet Union . He signed off with a final defiant “Heil Hitler and farewell”. [19] There are conflicting accounts as to whether this last programme was actually transmitted, despite a tape being found in the Apen studios. [20] The next day Radio Hamburg was seized by British forces, who on 4 May used it to make a mock “Germany calling” broadcast denouncing Joyce. [21]
Besides broadcasting, Joyce’s duties included writing propaganda for distribution among British prisoners of war , whom he tried to recruit into the British Free Corps . He wrote a bookTwilight Over England promoted by the German Ministry of Propaganda , which unfavourably compared the evils of allegedly Jewish-dominated capitalist Britain with the alleged wonders of National Socialist Germany. Adolf Hitler awarded Joyce the War Merit Cross (First and Second Class) for his broadcasts, although they never met.
Scripts and the microphone used by Joyce were seized by soldier Cyril Millwood and have now come to light following the ex-soldier’s death. [22]
[ edit ]Capture and trial
At the end of the war, Joyce was captured by British forces at Flensburg , near the German border with Denmark. Spotting a dishevelled figure while resting from gathering firewood, intelligence soldiers – including a Jewish German, Geoffrey Perry (born Horst Pinschewer), who had left Germany before the war – engaged him in conversation in French and English. After they asked if he was Joyce, he reached for his pocket (actually reaching for a false passport); believing he was armed, they shot him through the buttocks , leaving four wounds. [23]
Two intelligence officers then drove him to a border post, and handed him to British military police . Joyce was then taken to London and tried at the Old Bailey on three counts of high treason :
William Joyce, on the 18th of September, 1939, and on other days between that day and the 29th of May, 1945, being a person owing allegiance to our Lord the King, and while a war was being carried on by the German Realm against our King, did traitorously adhere to the King’s enemies in Germany, by broadcasting propaganda.
William Joyce, on the 26th of September, 1940, being a person who owed allegiance as in the other count, adhered to the King’s enemies by purporting to become naturalized as a subject of Germany.
William Joyce, on 18 September 1939, and on other days between that day and the 2 July 1940, being a person owing allegiance to our Lord the King, and while a war was being carried on by the German Realm against our King, did traitorously adhere to the King’s enemies in Germany, by broadcasting propaganda. [24]
The only evidence offered that he had begun broadcasting from Germany while his British passport was valid was the testimony of a London police inspector who had questioned him before the war while he was an active member of the British Union of Fascists and claimed to have recognised his voice on a propaganda broadcast in the early weeks of the war (Joyce had previous convictions for assault and riotous assembly in the 1930s).
During the processing of the charges Joyce’s American nationality came to light, and it seemed that he would have to be acquitted, based upon a lack of jurisdiction; he could not be convicted of betraying a country that was not his own. He was acquitted of the first and second charges. However, the Attorney General , Sir Hartley Shawcross , successfully argued that Joyce’s possession of a British passport, even though he had mis-stated his nationality to get it, entitled him (until it expired) to British diplomatic protection in Germany and therefore he owed allegiance to the king at the time he commenced working for the Germans. It was on this basis that Joyce was convicted of the third charge and sentenced to death on 19 September 1945.
[ edit ]Appeal
His conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal on 1 November, and by the House of Lords (on a 4–1 vote) on 13 December.
In the appeal, Joyce argued that possession of a passport did not entitle him to the protection of the Crown, and therefore did not perpetuate his duty of allegiance once he left the country, but the House rejected this argument. Lord Porter ‘s dissenting opinion was based on his belief that whether Joyce’s duty of allegiance had terminated or not was a question of fact for the jury to decide, rather than a purely legal question for the judge.
Joyce also argued that jurisdiction had been wrongly assumed by the court in electing to try an alien for offences committed in a foreign country. This argument was also rejected, on the basis that a state may exercise such jurisdiction in the interests of its own security.
It is alleged that Joyce made a deal with his prosecutors not to reveal his links to MI5. In return, his wife Margaret, known to radio listeners as ‘Lady Haw-Haw’, was spared prosecution for high treason. [25]
[ edit ]Execution
He went to his death unrepentant and defiant:
In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and in the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words – “You have conquered nevertheless”. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.
Joyce was executed on 3 January 1946 at Wandsworth Prison , aged 39. He was the penultimate person to be hanged for a crime other than murder in the United Kingdom. The last was Theodore Schurch , executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville .[ citation needed ] In both cases the hangman was Albert Pierrepoint . Joyce chose to die in his mother’s faith, the Anglician faith. [26]
It is said that the scar on Joyce’s face split wide open because of the pressure applied to his head upon his drop from the gallows. [27]
As was customary for executed criminals, Joyce’s remains were buried in an unmarked grave within the walls of HMP Wandsworth. In 1976 they were exhumed and reinterred in the Protestant section of the New Cemetery in Bohermore in County Galway , Ireland. A Roman Catholic Tridentine Mass (in Latin) was celebrated at his reburial. [28]
[ edit ]Joyce’s family
Joyce had two daughters by his first wife, Hazel, who went on to marry Oswald Mosley ‘s bodyguard, Eric Piercey. One daughter, Heather Piercey (m. Vincenzo Iandolo 1955–72), spoke publicly of her father. [29]
[ edit ]Further reading
Haw-Haw: the tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce by Nigel Farndale (Macmillan, London, 2005)
The Trial of William Joyce ed. by C.E. Bechhofer Roberts [Old Bailey Trials series] (Jarrolds, London, 1946)
The Trial of William Joyce ed. by J.W. Hall [Notable British Trials series] (William Hodge and Company, London, 1946)
The Meaning of Treason by Dame Rebecca West (Macmillan, London, 1949)
Lord Haw-Haw and William Joyce by William Cole (Faber and Faber, London, 1964)
Hitler’s Englishman by Francis Selwyn (Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1987)
Renegades: Hitler’s Englishmen by Adrian Weale (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1994)
Germany Calling — a personal biography of William Joyce by Mary Kenny (New Island Books, Dublin, 2003)
[ edit ]External links
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Who wrote Your Cheatin' Heart? | Moe Bandy - Hank Williams, You Wrote My Life Lyrics | MetroLyrics
Hank Williams, You Wrote My Life Lyrics
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You wrote Your Cheatin' Heart about
A gal like my first ex-wife
You Moan The Blues for me and for you
Hank Williams, You Wrote My Life.
The Cold, Cold Heart and a doubtful mind
I have known a few myself
And the gal that loved me Half As Much
As she loved somebody else.
[Chorus]
I've heard that blue old whipporwill, too
And the Lonesome Whistle whine
I know that feel; so cold, so real
When The Blues Come Around at midnight.
We've never met, I know and yet
I know you well, My Friend
And if ever I, get to heaven on high
I hope you'll shake my hand.
[Chorus]
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Which former Welsh rugby international full back once won junior Wimbledon? | Your Cheatin' Heart: Hank Williams' Life Story - Hank Williams, Jr. & the Cheatin' Hearts | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Hank Williams, Jr. & the Cheatin' Hearts
Your Cheatin' Heart: Hank Williams' Life Story
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AllMusic Review by Richie Unterberger
When Hollywood made its biopic of the Hank Williams story in the mid-'60s, Your Cheatin' Heart, the vocals were supplied by a 15-year-old Hank Williams, Jr . (though George Hamilton played Williams in the film). Hank Jr . did a credible job, sounding older and more polished than you'd expect, considering his tender age, on Hank Sr . standards like "Your Cheatin' Heart," "I Saw the Light," "Cold, Cold Heart," and "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry." The arrangements are sometimes anachronistically modern, as though Hank Sr . was suddenly backed by Nashville Sound arrangements; listen to those sweet strings and backup vocals on "Cold Cold Heart," for instance, or the Boots Randolph -type sax on "Jambalaya." Rhino's 1998 CD reissue adds a heap of bonus tracks, including no less than 11 "unplugged" acoustic outtakes that are both truer to the spirit of the originals, and an interesting context in which to hear Hank Jr. 's emerging voice. There are also detailed, entertaining liner notes of the genesis of the film and Hank Jr. 's soundtrack contributions.
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What is the nearest large town to Ben Nevis? | Ben-Nevis.com
BEN NEVIS - 'The Ben'
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Ben Nevis (Scottish Gaelic: Beinn Nibheis) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William and is affectionately known as 'The Ben.'
Ben Nevis attracts an estimated 125,000 complete and a further 100,000 partial ascents per year, most of which are made by walkers using the well-constructed Mountain Track ( Pony Track ) from Glen Nevis on the south side of the mountain. For climbers and mountaineers the main attraction lies in the 600-metre (2,000 ft) high cliffs of the north face. Among the highest cliffs in the United Kingdom, they harbour some of the best scrambles and rock climbs at all levels of difficulty, and are one of the principal locations in the UK for ice climbing.
The summit, at 1,344.527m (4,411ft 2in) (or 1,345m on the new Ordnance Survey maps) above sea level, unusually for a mountain in Scotland, features the ruins of a building, an observatory , which was permanently staffed from 1883 until its closure in 1904.
The Origins of the Name
The name, 'Ben Nevis,' is from the Gaelic, 'Beinn Nibheis.' While 'beinn' is a common Gaelic word for 'mountain' the word 'nibheis' is understood to have several meanings and is commonly translated as 'malicious' or 'venomous' therefore giving the meaning of 'Venomous (or malicious) mountain.'
Another interpretation of the name Ben Nevis, is that it derives from beinn nèamh-bhathais, from the word nèamh meaning 'heavens (or clouds)' and bathais meaning 'top of a man's head.' This would therefore translate literally as, 'the mountain with its head in the clouds' although this is sometimes also given as the more poetic, 'mountain of heaven.'
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The nickname of Twickenham rugby ground is whose cabbage patch? | About Ben Nevis in Fort William Scotland
early winter morning at Tomacharich...
Ben Nevis from Loch Eil
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Loch Lochy and Ben Nevis
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About Ben Nevis in Fort William Scotland
This section of the Visit Fort William website is all about Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the British Isles which dominates the landscape of Fort William, outdoor capital of the UK. Ben Nevis, or the 'Ben' as it is fondly known locally, sits majestically at the head of Loch Linnhe, its presence obvious from all corners of Fort William and some parts of Lochaber.
Visit Fort William Ltd operates the Ben Nevis HDWebCam from Tomacharich , just outside Fort William town centre. The dramatic effect of Ben Nevis, Britain's highest mountain, is emphasised by the fact that it begins its rise from sea-level on the shores of Loch Linnhe, to tower 4,406ft (1,344m) above the town of Fort William, providing an almost paternal presence. If you like the view - clouds and weather permitting, why not stay there... check out Woodside B&B or Cedar Lodge for self catering in Fort William - which is where the camera is located.
What does 'Nevis' mean? The river and glen running past the mountain both carry the name, as does the remote sea loch at Knoydart, 40 miles to the west. In Gaelic the mountain's name, Beinn Nibheis, has been linked with Irish and Gaelic words meaning poisonous or terrible, implying a fairly ominous character.
Ben Nevis, although not as high as Alpine mountains, is positioned on a more northerly latitude and the climate can be considered similar to Arctic regions. While there may be a welcoming sea breeze on the shores of Loch Linnhe, 20-30 knots of chilling wind may be evident on the summit of the Ben. Many walkers/climbers find weather conditions changing within minutes - usually for the worse - as they work their way up the mountain. If you are planing to walk up the mountain footpath wtih friends or on your own, be warned that the mountain can be intolerant of inexperienced, ill-prepared walkers!
The good news is that guidance and information about walking up Ben Nevis is available by checking out our safety and common sense advice pages. You may like to consider the services and benefits of a guided walk up Ben Nevis, with a Ben Nevis mountain guide to provide a memorable and fun day out for you and your companions.
The Ben Nevis Observatory ruin is a fascinating story about the early days of meteorology in the UK. The Ben Nevis Race, and Three Peaks Race events are both very popular. Ben Nevis Distillery is both an important local business and place of interest for visitors.
Thousands of people walk up Ben Nevis every year and the vast majority do so in safety, taking common sense measures to make sure they stay safe while on the mountain. We hope you enjoy your own experience of walking up Ben Nevis and have a great time ! Please be considerate and not waste Police time by not walking up Ben Nevis when there is a severe weather forecast warning of gale-force winds and torrential rain. There's always another day to enjoy the experience safely and sensibly.
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Which English physician discovered the mechanism of blood circulation? | Harvey | Define Harvey at Dictionary.com
Harvey
William, 1578–1657, English physician: discoverer of the circulation of the blood.
2.
a city in NE Illinois, near Chicago.
3.
a male given name: from Germanic words meaning “army” and “battle.”.
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In one corner is movie mogul Harvey Weinstein and his Oscar-attracting independent studio, The Weinstein Co.
British Dictionary definitions for Harvey
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noun
1.
William. 1578–1657, English physician who discovered the mechanism of blood circulation, expounded in On the motion of the heart (1628)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
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Word Origin and History for Harvey
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masc. proper name introduced in England by Bretons at the Conquest; from Old French Hervé, Old Breton Aeruiu, Hærviu, literally "battle-worthy."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Harvey Har·vey (här'vē), William. 1578-1657.
English physician, anatomist, and physiologist who discovered the circulation of blood in the human body (1628).
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Harvey
(här'vē)
English physician and physiologist who in 1628 demonstrated the function of the heart and the circulation of blood throughout the human body.
Our Living Language : In the second century CE, the Greek physician Galen theorized that blood is created in the liver, passes once through the heart, and is then absorbed by bodily tissues. Galen's ideas were widely accepted in European medicine until 1628, when William Harvey published a book describing the circulation of blood throughout the body. Through his observations of human and animal dissections, Harvey saw that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other and that it flows through the lungs and returns to the heart to be pumped elsewhere. There was one missing part of the cycle: How did the blood pumped to distant body tissues get into the veins to be carried back to the heart? As an answer, Harvey offered his own, unproven theory, one that has since been shown to be true: blood passes from small, outlying arteries through tiny vessels called capillaries into the outlying veins. Harvey's views were so controversial at the time that many of his patients left his care, but his work became the basis for all modern research on the heart and blood vessels.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
| William Harvey |
Which playwright wrote Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Camino Real? | William Harvey (1579-1657), English physician who discovered the circulation of the blood
English physician who discovered the circulation of the blood
(1578-1657)
WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657), the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was the eldest son of Thomas Harvey, a prosperous Kentish yeoman, and was born at Folkestone on April 1, 1578. After passing through the grammar school of Canterbury, on the 31st of May 1593, having just entered his sixteenth year, he became a pensioner of Caius College. Cambridge; at nineteen he book his B.A. degree, and soon after, giving chosen the profession of medicine he went to study at Padua under Fabricus and Casserius (see ANATOMY, vol. i. pp. 809, 810). At the age of twenty-four Harvey became doctor of medicine, April 1602. Returning to England in the first year of James I., he settled in London; and two years later he married the daughter of Dr Lancelot Brown, who had been physician to Queen Elizabeth. In the same year Harvey became a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians, and was duly admitted a fellow (June 1607). In 1609 he obtained the reversion of the post of physician to St Bartholomews Hospital. His application was supported by the king himself and by Dr Atkins, the president of the college. On the death of Dr Wilkinson in the course of the same year he succeeded to the post. He was thrice censor of the college, and in 1615 was appointed Lumleian lecturer. In the following yearthe year of Shakespeares deathhe began his course of lecturers, and first brought forward his views upon the movements of the heart and blood.1 Meanwhile his practice increased, and he had the lord chancellor, Francis Bacon, and the earl of Arundel among his patients. In 1618 he was appointed physician extraordinary to James I., and on the next vacancy physician in ordinary to his successor. In 1628, the year of the publication of the Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, he was elected treasurer of the College of Physicians, but at the end of the following year he resigned the office, in order, by command of Charles I., to accompany the young duke of Lennox (James Stuart, afterwards duke of Richmond) on his travels. He appears to have visited Italy, and returned in 1632. Four years later he accompanied the earl of Arundel on his embassy to the emperor. He was eager in collecting objects of natural history, sometimes causing the earl anxiety for his safety by his execution in a country infested by robbers after the Thirty Years War. In a letter written in this journey, he says"By the way we could scarce see a dog, crow, kite, raven, or any bird, or anything to anatomize; only some few miserable people, the reliques of the war and the plague, whom famine had made anatomies before I came." Having returned to his practice in London at the close of the year 1636, he accompanied Charles I. in one of his journeys to Scotland (1639 or 1641). While at Edinburgh he visited the Bass Rock; he minutely described its abundant population of sea-fowl in his treatise De Generatione, and incidentally speaks of the then credited account of the solan goose growing on trees as a fable. He was in attendance on the king at the battle of Edgehill (October 1642). Where he withdrew under a hedge with the prince of Wales and the duke of York (then boys of twelve and ten years old), "and took out of his pocket a book and read. But he had not read very long before a bullet of a great gun grazed on the ground near him, which made him remove his station," as he afterward told Aubrey. After the indecisive battle, Harvey followed Charles I. to Oxford. "where," writes the same gossiping narrator, "I first saw him, but was then too young to be acquainted with so great a doctor. I remember he came several times to our college (Trinity) to George Bathurst, B.D., who had a hen to hatch eggs in his chamber, which they opened daily to see the progress and way of generation." In Oxford he remained three years, and there was some chance of his being superseded in his office at Sr Bartholomews Hospital, "because he hath withdrawn himself from his charge, and is retired to the party in arms against the Parliament." It was no doubt at this time that his lodging at Whitehall were searched, and not only the furniture seized but also invaluable manuscripts and anatomical preparations.2
While with the king at Oxford he was made warden of Merton College, but a year later, in 1646, that city surrendered to Fairfax, and Harvey returned to London. He was now sixty-eight years old, and having resigned his appointments and relinquished the cares of practice, lived in learned retirement with one or other of his brothers. It was in his brother Daniels house at Combe that Dr (afterwards Sir George) Ent, a faithful friend and disciple (1604-1689), visited him in 1650. "I found him," he says, "with a cheerful and sprightly countenance investigating, like Democritus, the nature of things. Asking if all were well with him"How can that be, he replied, when the state is so agitated with storms and I myself am yet in the open sea? And indeed, were not my mind solaced by my studies and the recollection of the observations I have formerly made, there is nothing which should make me desirous of a longer continuance. But thus employed, this obscure life and vacation from public cares which would disgust other minds is the medicine of mine." The work on which he had been chiefly engaged at Oxford, and indeed since the publication of his treatise on the circulation in 1628, was an investigation into the recondite but deeply interesting subject of generation. Charles I. had been an enlightened patron of Harveys studied, hat put the royal deer parks at Windsor and Hampton Court at his disposal, and had watched his demonstration of the growth of the chick with no less interest than the movements of the living heart. Harvey bad now collected a large number of observations, though he would probably have delayed their publication. But Ent succeeded in obtaining the manuscripts, with authority to print them or not as he should find the. "I went from him," he says, "like another Jason in possession of the golden fleece, and when I came home and perused the pieces singly, I was amazed that so vast a treasure should have been so long hidden." The result was the publication of the Exercitationes de Generatione (1651).
This was the last of Harveys labours. He had now reached his seventy-third year. His theory of the circulation had been opposed and defended, and was now generally accepted by the most eminent anatomists both at home and abroad. He was known and honoured throughtout Europe, and his own college erected a statue in his honour (1652), "viro monuments suis immortali." In 1654 he was elected to the highest post in his profession, that of president of the college; but the following day he met the assembled fellows, and declining the honour for himself on account of the infirmities of age, recommended the-election of the late president Dr Prujean. He accepted, however, the office of consilirius, which he again held in the two following years. He had already enriched the college with other gifts besides the honour of his name. He had raised for them "a noble building of Roman architecture (rustic work with Corinthian pilasters), comprising a great parlour or conversation room below and a library above;" he had furnished the library with books, and filled the museum with "simples and rarities," as well as with specimens of instruments used in the surgical and obstetric branches of medicine. At last he determined to give to his beloved college his paternal estate at Burmarsh in Kent. His wife had died some years before, his brothers were wealthy men, and he was childless, so that he was defrauding no heir when, in July 1656, he made the transfer of this property, then valued at £56 per annum, with provision for a salary to the college librarian and for the endowment of an annual oration, which is still given on the anniversary of the day. The orator, so Harvey orders in his deed of gift, is to exhort the fellows of the college "to search out and study the secrets of nature by way of experiment, and also fro the honour of the profession to continue mutual love and affection among themselves."
Harvey, like his contemporary and great successor Sydenham, was long afflicted with gout, but he preserved his activity of mind to an advanced age. In his eightieth year, on the 3d of June 1657,1 he was attacked by paralysis, and though deprived of speech was able to send for his nephews and distribute his watch, ring, and other personal trinkets among them. He died the same evening, "the palsy giving him an easy passport," and was buried with great honour in his brother Eliabs vault at Hempstead in Essex, "annorum et famae satur."
Aubrey, to whom we owe most of the minor particulars about Harvey which have been preserved, says"In person he was not tall, but of the lowest stature; round faced, olivaster complexion, little eyes, round, very black, full of spirits; his hair black as a raven, but quite white twenty years before he died." The best portrait of him extant is by Cornelius Jansen in the library of the College of Physicians, one of those rescued from the great fire, which destroyed their original hall in 1666. It has been, often engraved, and is prefixed to the fine edition of his works published in 1766.
Harveys Work on the Circulation.In estimating the character and value of the discovery announced in the Exercitatio de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, it is necessary to bear in mind the previous state of knowledge on the subject. Aristotle taught that in man and the higher animals the blood was elaborated from the food in the liver, thence carried to the heart, and sent by it through the veins over the body. His successors of the Alexandrian school of medicine, Erasistratus and Herophilus, further elaborated his system, and taught that, while the veins carried blood from the heart to the members, the arteries carried a subtle kind of air or spirit. For the practical physician only two changes had been made in this theory of the circulation between the Christian era and the 16th century. Galen has discovered that the arteries were not, as their name implies, merely air-pipes, but that they contained blood as well as vital air or spirit. And it had been gradually ascertained that the nerves (_____) which arose from the brain and conveyed "animal spirits" to the body were different from the tendons or sinews (_____) which attach muscles to bones. First, then, the physicians of the time of Linacre knew that the blood is not stagnant in the body. So did Shakespeare and Homer, and every augur who inspected the entrails of a victim, and every village barber who breathed a vein. Plato even used the expression GREEK. But no one had a conception of a continuous stream returning to its source (a circulation in the true sense of the word) either in the system or in the lungs. If they used the word circulation, as did Caesalpinus,2 it was as vaguely as the French policeman cries "Circulez." The movements of the blood were in fact though to be slow and irregular in direction as well as in speed, like the "circulation of air in a house, or the circulation of a crowd in the streets of a city. Secondly, they supposed that one kind of blood flowed from the liver to the right ventricle of the heart, and thence to the lungs and the general system by the veins, and that another kind flowed from the left ventricle to the lings and general system by the arteries. Thirdly, they supposed that the septum of the heart was pervious and allowed blood to pass directly from the right to the left side. Fourthly, they had no conception of the functions of the heart as the motor power of the movement of the blood. They doubted whether its substance was muscular; they supposed its pulsation to be due to expansion of the spirits it contained; they believed the only dynamic effect which it had on the blood to be sucking it in during its active diastole, and they supposed the chief use of its constant movements to be the due mixture of blood and spirits.
Of the great anatomists of the 16th century, Sylvius (In Hipp, et Gal. Phys. Partem Anatom, Isagoge) described the valves of the veins; Vesalius (De Humani Corporis Fabrica, 1542) ascertained that the septum between the right and left ventricles is complete, though he could not bring himself to deny the invisible pores which Galens system demanded. Servetus, in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553), goes somewhat further than his fellow-student Vesalius, and says"Paries ille medius non est aptus ad communicationem et elaborationem illam; licet aliquid resudare possit;" and, from this anatomical fact and the large size of the pulmonary arteries he concludes that there is a communication in the lungs by which blood passes from the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein"Eodem artificio quo in hepate fit transfusio a vena porta ad venam cavam propter sanguinem, fit etiam in pulmone transfusion a vena arteriosa ad arteriam venosam propter spiritum." The natural spirit of the left side and the vital spirit of the right side of the heart were therefore, he concluded, practically the same, and hence two instead of three distinct spiritus should be admitted. It seems doubtful whether even Servetus rightly conceived of the entire mass of the blood passing through the pulmonary artery and the lung. The transference of the spiritus to the lungs, and its return to the left ventricle as spiritus vitalis, was the function which he regarded as important. Indeed a true conception of the lesser circulation as a transference of the whole blood of the right side to the left was impossible until the corresponding transference in the greater or systemic circulation was discovered. Servatus, however, was the true predecessor of Harvey in physiology, and his claims to that honour are perfectly authentic and universally admitted.3
The way then to Harveys great work had been paved by the discovery of the valves in the veins, and by that of the lesser circulation,the former due to Sylvius and Fabricius, the latter to Servetus,but the significance of the valves was unsuspected, and the fact of even the pulmonary circulation was not generally admitted in its full meaning.
In his treatise Harvey proves (1) that it is the contraction, not the dilatation, of the heart which coincided with the pulse, and that the ventricles as true muscular sacs squeeze the blood which they contain into the aorta and pulmonary artery; (2) that the pulse is not produced by the arteries enlarging and so filling, but by the arteries being filled with blood and so enlarging; (3) that there are no pores in the septum of the heart, so that the whole blood in the right ventricle is sent to the lungs and round by the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, and also that the whole blood in the left ventricle is again sent into the arteries, round by the smaller veins into the venae cavae, and by them to the right ventricle againthus making a complete "circulation"; (4) that the blood in the arteries and that in the veins is the same blood; (5) that the action of the right and left sides of the heart, auricles, ventricles, and valves, is the same, the mechanism in both being for reception and propulsion of liquid and not of air, since the blood on the right side, though mixed with air, is still blood; (6) that the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not all used, but that most of it runs through into the veins; (7) that there is no to and fro undulation in the veins, but a constant stream from the distant parts towards the heart; (8) that the dynamical starling-point of the blood is the heart and not the liver.
The method by which Harvey arrived at his complete and almost faultless solution of the most fundamental and difficult problem in physiology has been often discussed, and is well worthy of attention. He begins his treatise by pointing out the many inconsistencies and defects in the Galenical theory, quoting the writings of Golden himself, of Fabricius, Columbus, and others, with great respect, but with unflinching criticism. For, in his own noble language, wise men must learn anatomy, not from the decrees of philosophers, but from the fabric of nature herself, "nec ita in verba jurare antiquitatis magistrate, ut veritatem amicam in apertis relinquant, et in conspectus omnium deserant." He had, as we know, not only furnished himself with all the knowledge that books and the instructions of the best anatomists if Italy could give, but, by a long series of dissections, had gained a far more complete knowledge of the comparative anatomy of the heart and vessels than any contemporarywe may almost say that any successor, until the times of Hunter and Meckel. Thus equipped he tells us that he began his investigations into the movements of the heart and blood by looking at themi.e., by seeing their action in living animals. After a modest preface, he heads his first chapter "Ex vivorum dissectione, quails sit cordis motus." He minutely describes what he saw and handled in dogs, pigs, serpents, frogs, and fishes, and even in slugs, oysters, lobsters, and insects, in the transparent minima squilla, "quae Anglice dicitur a shrimp," and lastly in the chick while still in the shell. In these investigation he used a perspicillum or simple lens. He particularly describes his observations and experiments on the ventricles, the auricles, the arteries, and the veins. He shows how the arrangement of the vessels in the foetus supports his theory. He adduces facts observed in disease as well as in health to prove the rapidity of the circulation. He explains how the mechanism of the valves in the veins is adapted, not, as Fabricius believed, to moderate the flow of blood from the heart, but to favour its flow to the heart. He estimates the capacity of each ventricle, and reckons the rate at which the whole mass of blood passes through it. He elaborately and clearly demonstrates the effect of obstruction of the blood-stream in arteries or in veins, by the forceps in the case of a snake, by a ligature on the arm of a man, and illustrates his argument by figures. He then sums up his conclusion thus:"Circulari quadam motu, in circuitu, agitari in animalibus sanguinem, et esse in perpetuo motu; et hanc esse actionem sive functionem cordis quam pulsu peragit; et omnino motus et pulsus cordis causam unam esse." Lastly, in the 15th, 16th, and 17th chapters, he adds certain confirmatory evidence, as the effect of position on the circulation, the absorption of animal poisons and of medicines applied externally, the muscular structure of the heart and the necessary working of its valves. The while treatise, which occupies only 67 pages of large print in the quarto edition of 1766, is model of accurate observation, patient accumulation of facts, ingenious experimentation, bold yet cautions hypothesis, and logical deduction.
In one point only was the demonstration of the circulation incomplete. Harvey could not discover the capillary channels by which the blood passes from the arteries to the veins. This gap in the circulation was supplied several years later by the great anatomist Malpighi, who in 1661 saw in the lungs of a frog, by the newly invented microscope, how the blood passes from the one set of vessels to the other. Harvey saw all hat could he, seen by the unaided eye in his observation on living animals; Malpighi, four years after Harveys death, by another observation on a living animal, completed the splendid chain of evidence. If this detracts from Harveys merit it leaves Servetus no merit at all. But in fact the existence of the channels first seen by Malpighi was as clearly pointed to by Harveys reasoning as the existence of Neptune by the calculations of Le Verrier and of Adams.
Harvey himself and all his contemporaries were well aware of the novelty and importance of his theory. He says in the admirable letter to Dr Argent, president of the College of Physicians, which follows the dedication of his treatise to Charles I., that he should not have ventured to publish "a book which alone asserts that the blood pursues its course and flows back again by a new path, contrary to the received doctrine taught so many ages by innumerable learned and illustrious men," if he had not set forth his theory for more than nine years in his college lectures, gradually brought it to perfection, and convinced his colleagues by actual demonstrations of the truth of what he advanced. He anticipates opposition, and even obloquy or loss, from the novelty of his views. These anticipations however, the event proved to have been groundless. If we are to credit Aubrey indeed, he found that after the publication of the De Motu "he fell mightily in his practice; twas believed by the vulgar that he was crackbrained, and all the physicians were against him." But the last assertion sook him, they must soon have returned, for Harvey left a handsome fortune. By his own profession the book was received as it deserved. So novel a doctrine was not to accepted without due demonstrations for years; they were already convinced of the truth of his theory, urged its publication, continued him in his lectureship, and paid him every honour in their power. Abroad the book was widely read and much canvassed. Few accepted the new theory; but no one dreamt of claiming the honour of it fro himself, nor for several years did any one pretend that it could be found in the works of previous authors. The first attack on it was a feeble tract by one Primerose, a pupil of Riolanus (Exerc. Et Animadv. In Libr. Harvei de Motu Cord. et Sang. 1630). Five years later Parisanus, an Italian physician, published his Lapis Lydius de Motu Cord. et Sang. (Venice, 1635), a still more bulky and futile performance. Primeroses attacks were "imbellia pleraque" and "sine ictu;" that of Parisanus "in quamplurimis turpius," according to the contemporary judgment of Vessling. Their dullness has protected them from further censure. Caspar Hoffmann, professor at Nuremberg, while admitting the truth of the lesser circulation in the full Harveian sense, denied the rest if the new doctrine. To with great consideration yet with modest dignity, beseeching him to convince himself by actual inspection of the truth of the facts in question. He concluded"I accept your censure in the candid and friendly spirit in which you say you wrote it; do you also the same to me, now that I have answered you in the same spirit." This letter is dated May 1636, and in that year Harvey passed through Nuremberg with the earl of Arundel, and visited Hoffmann. But he failed to convince him; "nec tamen valuit Harveius vel persuading the obstinate old Galenist to soften his opposition to the new doctrine, and thinks that his complete conversion might have been effected if he had but lived a little longer"nec dubito quin concessisset tandem in nostra castra." While in Italy the following year Harvey visited his old university of Padua, and demonstrated his views to Professor Vessling. A few months later this excellent anatomist wrote him a courteous and sensible letter, with certain objections to the new theory. The answer to this had not been preserved, but it convinced his candid opponent, who admitted the truth of the circulation in a second letter (both were published in 1640), and afterwards told a friend. "Harveium nostrum si audis, agnosces coelestem sanguinis et spiritus ingressum ex arteries per venas in dextrum cordis sinum." Meanwhile a greater convert, Descartes, in his Discours sur la Méthode (1637) had announced his adhesion to the new doctrine, and refers to "the English physician to whom belongs the honour of having of having first shown that the course of the blood in the body is nothing less than a kind of perpetual movement iin a circle. Wslaeus of Leyden, Regius of Utrecht, and Schlegel of Hamburg successively adopted the new physiology. Of these professors, Regius was mauled by the pertinacious Primerose and mauled him in return (Spongia qua eluuntur sordes quae Jac. Primirosius, &c., and Antidotum adv. Spongiam venenatam Henr. Regii). Descartes afterwards repeated Harveys vivisections, and, more convinced that ever, demolished an unlucky Professor Plempius of Louvain, who had written on the other side. Dr George Ent also published an Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinies in answer to Parisanus.
At last Riolan ventured to published his Enchiridium Anatomicum (1648), in which he attacks Harveys theory, and proposes one of his own. Riolan had accompanied the queen dowager of France (Maria de Medici) on a visit to her daughter at Whitehall, and had there met Harvey and discussed his theory. He was, in the opinion of the judicious Haller, "vir asper et in nuperos suosque coaevos immitis ac nemini parcens, nimis avidus suarum laudum praecox et se ipso fatente anatomicorum princes. Harvey replied to the Enchiridium with perfectly courteous language and perfectly conclusive arguments, in two letters De Circulatione Sanguinis, which were published at Cambridge in 1649, and are still well worth reading. He speaks here of the "circuitus sanguinis a me inventus." Riolan was convinced, but lived to see another professor of anatomy appointed in his own university who taught Harveys doctrines. Even in Italy, Trullius, professor of anatomy at Rome, expounded the new doctrine in 1651. But the most illustrious converts were Pecquest of Dippee, the discoverer of the thoracic duct, and of the true course of the lacteal vessels, and Thomas Bartholinus of Copenhagen, in his Anatome ex omnium Veterum Recentiorunque Observationibus, imprimis Institutionibus beati mei parentis Caspari Bartholini, ad Circulationem Harveianam et vasa lymphatica renovate (Leydem 1651). At last Plempius also retracted all his objections; for, as he candidly stated, "having opened the bodies of a few living dogs, I find that all Harveys statements are perfectly true." Hobbes of Malmesbury could thus say in the preface to his Elementa Philosophiae that his friend Harvey, "solus quod sciam, docriniam vonam superata invidia vivens stabilivit."
It has been made a reproach to Harvey that he failed to appreciate the importance of the discoveries of the lacteal and lumphatic vessels by Aselli, Pecquet, and Bartholinus. In three letters on the Darmstadt, one to Dr Morrison of Paris (1652) and two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt (1655), a correspondent of Bartholins, he discusses these observation, and shows himself unconvinced of their accuracy. He writes, however, with great moderation and reasonableness, and excuses himself from investigating the subject on the score of the infirmities of age; he was then above seventy-four. The following quotation shows the spirit of these letters:"Laudo equidem summopere Pecqueti aliorumque in indaganda veritate industriam singularem, nec dubito quin multa adhue in Democriti puteo abscondita sint, a venture seculi indefatigabili diligentia expromeda." Bartholin, though reasonably disappointed in not having Harveys concurrence, speaks of him with the utmost respect, and generously says that the glory of discovering the movements of the heart and of the blood was enough for one man.
Harveys Work on Generation.We have seen how Dr Ent persuaded his friend to publish this book in 1651. It is between five and six times as long as the Exerc. De Motu Cord. et Sung., and is followed by excursus De Partu, De Uteri Membranis, De Conceptione; but, though the fruit of as patient and extensive observations, its value is far inferior. The subject was far more abstruse, and in fact inaccessible to proper investigation without the aid of the microscope. And the field was almost untrodden since the days of Aristotle. Fabricius, Harveys masters, in his work De Formatione Ovi et Pulli (1621), had alone preceded him in modern times. Moreover, the seventy-one chapters which form the book lack the coordination so conspicuous in the earlier treatise, and some of them seem almost like detached chapters of a system which was never completed of finally revised.
Aristotle had believed that the male parent furnished the body of the future embryo, while the female only nourished and formed the seed; this is in fact the theory on which, in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, Apollo obtains the acquittal of Orestes. Galen taught almost as erroneously that each parent contributes seeds, the union or which produced the young animal. Harvey, after speaking with due honour of Aristotle and Fabricius, begins rightly "ab ovo"; for, as he remarks, "eggs cost little and are always and everywhere to be had," and moreover "almost all animals, even those which bring forth their young alive, and man himself, are produced from eggs" ("omnia omnino animalia, etiam viviparam atque hominem adeo ipsum, ex ovo progini"). This dictum, usually quoted as :omne vivum ex ovo," would alone stamp this work as worthy of the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, but it was a prevision of genius, and was not proved to be a fact until Von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827. Harvey proceeds with a careful anatomical description of the ovary and oviduct of the hen, describes the new-laid egg, and then gives an account of the appearance seen on the successive days of incubation, from the 1st to the 6th, the 10th, and the 14th, and lastly describes the process of hatching. He then comments upon and corrects the opinions of Aristotle and Fabricius, declares against spontaneous generation (though in one passage he seems to admit the current doctrine of production of worms by putrefaction as an exception), proves that there is no semen faemineum, that the chalazae of the hens egg are not the semen galli, and that both parents contribute to the formation of the egg. He describes accurately the first appearance of the ovarian ova as mere specks, their assumption of yelk, and afterwards of albumen. In chapter xlv. He describes two methods of production of the embryo from the ovum: one is metamorphosis, or the direct transformation of pre-existing material, as a worm from an egg, or butterfly from an Aurelia (chrysalis); the other is epigenesist, or development with addition of parts, the true generation observed in all higher animals. Chapters xlvi.-1. are devoted to the abstruse question of the efficient cause of generation, which after much discussion of the opinions of Aristotle and Sennertius, Harvey refers to the action of both parents as the efficient instruments of the first great cause.1 He then goes on to describe the order in which the several parts appear in the chick. He states that the punctum saliens or foetal heart is the first organ to be seen, and explains that the nutrition of the chick is not only effected by yelk conveyed directly into the midgut, as Aristotle taught, but also by absorption from yelk and white by the umbilical (omphalomeseraic) veins; on the fourth day of incubation appear two masses (which he eddly names vermiculus), one of which develops into three vesicles, to form the cerebrum, cerebellum, and eyes, the other into the breastbone and thorax; on the sixth or seventh day come the viscera, and lastly, the feathers and other external parts. Harvey points out how nearly this order of development in the chick agrees with what he had observed in mammalian and particularly in human embryos. He notes the bifid apex of the foetal heart in man and the equal thickness of the ventricles, the soft cartilages which represent the future bones, the large amount of liquor amnii and absence of placenta which characterize the foetus in the third months: in the fourth the position of the testes in the abdomen, an the uterus with its Fallopian tubes resembling the uterus bicornis of the sheep; the large thymus; the caecum, small as in the adult, not forming a second stomach as in the pig, the horse, and the hare; the lobulated kidneys, like those of the seal ("vitulo," sc. Marino) and porpoise, and the large suprarenal veins, not much smaller than those of the kidneys (li.-lvi). He failed, however, to trace the connexion of the urachus with the bladder. In the following chapters (lxiii.-lxvii.) he described the process of generation in the fallow deer or the roe. After again insisting that all animals arise from ova, that a "conception" is an internal egg and an egg an extruded conception, he goes on to describe the uterus of the doe, the process of impregnation, and the subsequent development of the foetus and its membranes, the punctum saliens, the cotyledons of the placenta, and the "uterine milk," to which Professor Turner has lately recalled attention. The treatise concludes with detached notes on the placenta, parturition, and allied subjects.
Harveys other Writing and Medical Practice.The remaining writings of Harvey which are extant are unimportant. A complete list of them will be found below, together with the titles of those which we know to be lost. Of these the most important were probably that on respiration, and the records of post-mortem examinations. From the following passage (De Partu, . 550) it seems that he had a notion of respiration being connected rather with the production of animals heat than, as then generally supposed, with the cooling of the blood. "Haec qui diligenter perpenderit, naturamque aeris diligenter introspexerit, facile opinor fatebitur eundem nec refrigerationis gratia nec in pabulum animalibus concede. Haec autem obiter duntaxat de respiratione diximus, proprio loco de eadem forsitan copiosius disceptaturi."
Of Harvey as a practicing physician we know very little. Aubrey tell us that "he paid his visits on horseback with a footcloth, his man following on foot, as the fashion then was." He adds"Though all of his profession would allow him to be an excellent anatomist. I never heard any that admired his therapeutic way. I knew several practitioners that would not have given threepence for one of his bills" (the apothecaries used to collect physicians prescriptions and sell of publish them to their own profit), "ad that a man could hardly tell by his bill what he did aim at." However this may have been,and rational therapeutics was impossible when the foundation-stone of physiology had only just been laid,we know that Harvey was an active practitioners, performing such important surgical operations as the removal of a breast, and he turned his obstetric experience to account in his book on generation. Some hood practical precepts as to the conduct of labour are quoted by Willoughby, a contemporary. He also took notes of the anatomy of disease; these unfortunately perished with his as a forerunner of Morgagni; for Harvey saw that pathology is but a branch of physiology, and like it must depend first on accurate anatomy. He speaks strongly to this purpose in his first epistle to Riolanus: "Sicut enim sanorum et boni habitus corporum dissection plurimum as philosophiam et rectam physiologiam facit, ita corporum morbosorum et cachecticorum inspection potissimum ad pathologiam philosophicam." The only specimen we have his observations in morbid anatomy is his account of the post-mortem examination made by order of the king on the body of the famous Thomas Parr, who died in 1635, at the reputed age of 152. Harvey insists on the value of physiological truths for there own sake, independently of their immediate utility; but he himself gives us an interesting example of the practical application of his theory of the circulation in the cure of a large tumour by tying the arteries which supplied it with blood (De Generat., Exerc. xix.).
The following is believed to a be a complete list of all the known writings of Harvey, published and unpublished:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordiset Sanguinis, 4to, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1628; Exercitationes duae Anatomicae de Circulatione Sanguinis, ad Johannem Riolanum, filium, Parisiensem, Cambridge, 1649; Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, quibus acced unt quaedam de Partu, de Membranis ac Humoribus Uteri, et de Conceptione, 4to, Lond., 1651; Anatomia Thomae Parr, first published in the treatise of Dr John Betts, De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis, Svo, Lond., 1669. Letter(1) to Caspar Hoffmann of Nuremberg, May 1636; (2) to Schlegel of Hamburg, April 1651; (3) three to Giovanni Nardi of Florence, July 1651, Dec. 1653. 1653, and Nov. 1655; (4) two to Dr Morrison of Paris, May 1652; (5) two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt, Feb 1654-5 and July 1655; (6) to Dr Vlackveld of Haarlem, May 1656. His letters to Hoffmann and Schlegel are on the circulation; those to Morrison, Horst, and Vlackveld refer to the discovery of the lacteals; the two to Nardi are short letters of friendship. All these letters were published by Sir George Ent in his collected works (Leyden, 1687). Of two MS. letters, one on official business to the secretary Dorchester was printed by Dr Aveling, with a facsimile of the crabbed handwriting (Memorials of Harvey, 1875), and the other, about a patient, appears in Dr Williss Life of Harvey, 1878. Praelectiones anatomicae universalis per me Gul. Harveium medium Londinensem, anat. Et chir, professorem, an. Dom, 1616, aetat. 37,MS notes of his Lumleian lectures in Latinare in the British Museum library; they are almost illegible, but were partly deciphered and photograph of one of the pages taken by Dr Sieveking; for an account of them see his Harveian Lecture for 1877. A second MS. has been discovered in the British Museum, entitled Gulielmus Harveius de Musculis, Motu Locali, &c., and an account of it was published by Dr George Paget (Notice of an unpublished MS. of Harvey, Lond., (1850). The following treatises, or notes towards them, were lost either in the pillaging of Harveys house, or perhaps in the fire of London, which destroyed the old College of PhysiciansA Treatise on Respiration, promised, and probably at least in part completed (pp. 82, 550, ed. 1766); Observationes de usu Lienis; Observationes de motu locali, perhaps identical with the above-mentioned manuscript; Tractatum physiologicum; Anatomia medicalis (apparently notes of morbid anatomy); De Generatione Insectorum. The fine 4to edition of Harveys Works published by the Royal College of Physicians in1766, was superintended by Dr Mark Akenside; it contains the two treatises, the account of the post-mortem examination of old Parr, and the six letters enumerated above. A translation of this volume by Dr Willis, with Harveys will, was published by the Sydenham Society, 8vo, Lond., 1649.
The following are the principal biographies of HarveyAubreys Letters of Eminent Persons, &c. (vol. ii., Lond., 1813), first published in 1685, the only contemporary account; in Bayles Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, 1698 and 1720 (Eng. Ed., 1738); in the Biographia Britannica, and in Aitkens Biographical Memoirs; the Latin Life by Dr Lawrence, prefixed to the college edition of Harveys Works in 1766; memoir in Lives of British Physicians, Lond., 1830; a Life by Dr Robert Willis, founded on that by Lawrence, and prefixed to his English edition of Harvey in 1847; the much enlarged Life by the same author, published in 1878; the biography by Dr Munk in the Roll of the College of Physicians, 2d. ed., vol. i., 1879.
The literature which has arisen on the great discovery of Harvey, on his methods and his merits, would fill a library. The most important contemporary writings have been mentioned above. The following list gives some of the most remarkable in modern times:the article in Bayles dictionary quoted above; Anatomincal Lectures, by Wm. Hunter, M.D., 1784; Sprengell, Geschichte der Arzneikunde, Halle, 1800, vol. iv.; Flourens, Histoire de la Circulation, 1854; Lewis, Physiology of Common Life, 1859, vol. i. pp. 291-345; Ceradini, La Scoperta della Circolazione del Sangue, Milan, 1876; Tollin, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs durch Michael Secret, Jena, 1876; Kirchner, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs, Berlin, 1878; Willis, in his life Life of Harvey; Wharton Jones, "Lecture on the Circulation of the Blood," Lancet for Oct. 25 and Nove. 1, 1879; an the Harveian Orations, especially those by Dr Sieveking, Dr Guy, and Prof. Rolleston. (P. H. P-.S)
Footnotes
FOOTNOTES (page 502)
(1) A venerable MS. Notebook in Harveys own crabbed handwriting was discovered only lately in the British Museum, with the title "Praelectiones anatomicae," &c. this, so far as it has been deciphered, contains the germs of his great discovery.
(2) "Ignoscant milhi niveae animae, si, summarum injuriarum memor, levem gemitum effudero. Doloris mihi haec causa est: cum, inter nuperos nostros tumultus et bella plusquam civilian, serenissimum regem (idque non solum senatus permissione sed et jussu) sequor, rapaces quaedam manus non modo aedium mearum supellectilem, omnem expilarunt, sed etiam, quae mihi causa gravior querimoniae, adversaria mea, multorum annorum laboribus parta, e museo meo summoverunt. Quo factum est ut observations plurimae, praesertim de generatione insectorum, cum republicae literariae (ausim dicere) detrimento, perierint."De Gen., Ex lxviii. To this loss Cowley refers
"O cursed war! who can forgive thee this?
Houses and towns may rise again,
And ten times easier tis
To rebuild Pauls than any work of his."
FOOTNOTES (page 503)
(1) This is the date usually given according to the college annals. Grangers Biographical History of England makes it June 30; Hamey, a contemporary, June 15; while Dr Lawrence, following the inscription on the tomb, gives June 3, 1658.
(2) Indeed the same word, GREEK, occurs in the Hippocratic writings, and was held by Van der Linder to prove that to the father of medicine himself, and not to Columbus or Caesalpinus, belonged the laurels of Harvey.
(3) Realdus Columbus (De Re Anatomica, 1559) formally denies the muscularity of the heart, yet correctly teaches that blood and spirits pass from the right to the left ventricle, not through the septum, but through the lungs, "quod nemo hactenus aut animadvertit aut scriptum reliquit." The fact that Harvey quotes Columbus and not Servetus is explained by the almost entire destruction of the writings of the latter, which are now among the rarest curiosities. The great anatomist Fabricius, Harveys teacher at Padua, described the valves of the veins more perfectly than had Sylvius. Ruini, in his treatise on the Anatomy and Diseases of the Horse (1590), taught that the left ventricle sends blood and vital spirits to all parts of the body except the lungsthe ordinary Galenical doctrine. Yet on the strength of this phrase Professor Ercolani has actually put up a tablet in the veterinary school at Bologna to Ruini as the discoverer of the circulation of the blood! The claims of Caesalpinus, a more plausible claimant to Harveys laurels, are scarcely better founded. In his Quaestiones Peripateticae (1571) he followed Servetus and Columbus in describing what we now know as the pulmonary "circulation" under that name, and this is the only foundation for the assertion (first made in Bayles dictionary) that Caesalpinus knew "the circulation of the blood." He is even behind Servetus, for he only allows part of the blood of the right ventricle to go round by this "circuits"; some, he conceives, passes through the hypothetical pores in the septum, and the rest by the superior cava to the head and arms, by the inferior to the rest by the superior cava to the head and arms, by the inferior to the rest of the body"Hanc esse venarum utilitatem ut omnes partes corporis sanguinem pro nutrimento deferant. Ex dextro ventr° cordis vena cava sanguinem crassiorem, in quo calor intensus est magis, ex altero autem ventr°, sanguinem temperatissimum ac sincerrissum habente, egreditur aorta." Caesalpinus seems to have had no original views on the subject; all that he writes is copied from Galen or from Servetus except some erroneous observations of his own. His greatest merit was as a botanist; and no claim to the "discovery of the circulation" was made by him or by his contemporaries. When it was made, Haller decided conclusively against it. The fact that an inscription was lately placed on the bust of Caesalpinus at Rome, which states that he preceded others in recognizing and demonstrating "the general circulation of the blood," is only a proof of the blindness of misplaced national vanity.
FOOTNOTES (page 505)
1 So in Exerc. Liv." "Superior itaque et divinior opiefx, quam est homo, videtur hominem fabricare et conservare, et nobillior artifex. Quam gallus, pullum ex ovo producere. Nempe agnoscimys Deum, Creatorem summum atque omnipotentem, in cunctorum animallium fabrics ubique praesentem esse, et in operibus suis quasi digito monstrari; cujus in procreatione pulli instrumenta sint gallus et gallina
Nee eniquam sane haec attributa convenient nisi omnipotenti rerum Principio, quocunque demum nominee idipsum appellare lubuerit; sive Montem divinam cum Aristotle, sive cum Platene Animal Mundi, aut cum allis Naturam naturantem. vei cum ethnicis Saturnum aut Iovem; vel potius (ut nos decet) Creatorem ac Patrem omnium quae in coelis et terries, a quo animalia corumque origins dependent, cujusque nutu sive effato flunt et generantur omnia
The above article was written by Philip H. Pye-Smith, M.D.: F.R.S.; Physician, Guy's Hospital, London; author of An Introduction to the Study of Diseases o the Skin, etc.
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Overview (4)
6' (1.83 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Robbie Williams was born in Stoke On Trent, England on February 13th, 1974. Having played in school productions of "Oliver" and, obviously showing a flair for entertaining, Williams' mother saw an advert for auditions to be in a new boy band which he applied for and, at age 16, was a member of Take That . After the incredible success of Take That and countless number one hits, Robbie Williams departed from the band in July, 1995. He started his solo career slowly with modest sales for his debut album "Life Thru A Lens" on Chrysalis Records. Record sales exploded after the single "Angels" was released for Christmas 1997 - a beautiful ballad, written within 20 minutes, which recently got voted the second best song of all times by British voters. Since then, Robbie has released 4 more original albums: "I've Been Expecting You", containing the hit singles "Millennium", "Strong", "No Regrets" and "She's the One", the follow up "Sing When Your Winning", where he dueted with Kylie Minogue , the million seller "Escapology" and the live album "What We Did Last Summer", which was recorded in front of 375,000 people at his legendary Knebworth performances. Additionally to his original albums, Williams also released an extremely successful cover album of classic swing songs ("Swing When Your Winning"), on which he dueted with actress Nicole Kidman on the Frank Sinatra cover "Something Stupid", which charted in at Number 1 in the UK, and with digitally added Frank Sinatra himself doing a duet. In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a new contract with EMI worth £80 Million. His "Greatest Hits" album was released in 2004 and his 6th album titled "Intensive Care" was released in 2005, which attracted healthy sales and good reception. His 7th album, "Rudebox", was released in 2006 receiving mixed reviews and average sales but was still Number 1 in 14 countries. He released the single "She's Madonna" in 2007. Williams spent 2008 and 2009 writing his next album, working with producer Trevor Horn . In October, 2009, his latest single "Bodies" was released, receiving positive reviews and good sales. The much expected comeback album "Reality Killed the Video Star" was released in November, 2009.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: aleisterw
Spouse (1)
( 7 August 2010 - present) (2 children)
Trade Mark (3)
Was engaged to Nicole Appleton
Singer
Exited Take That in 1995 due to his struggle with drugs. The band broke-up in 1996, but reunited in 2005, with Williams joining them in 2010. The band's first album after reuniting with Williams, Progress, became the fastest-selling album of the century on its first day of release, selling 235,000 copies in just one day, and the second fastest-selling album in history with 520,000 copies sold in its first week.
Had a UK #1 at the end of 2001 with "Somethin' Stupid" recorded as a duet with Nicole Kidman .
He recorded duets with Jane Horrocks ('That Old Black Magic', 'Things'), Rupert Everett ('They Can't Take That Away From Me'), Jonathan Wilkes ('Me And My Shadow'), Nicole Kidman ('Somethin' Stupid'), Kylie Minogue ( Rose Stone ('Revolution') and Jon Lovitz (Well Did You Evah?).
Voted the 17th worst Briton in Channel Four's poll of the 100 Worst Britons. [May 2003]
He is a fan of the rock band Queen . He worked with the band in 2001, when they re-recorded "We Are The Champions" for A Knight's Tale (2001). Furthermore, "Let Me Entertain You" was also the title of a Queen song (from their 1978 "Jazz" album), he does gigs in lots of places where Queen also performed (for instance Knebworth, Slane Castle and the Royal Albert Hall) and he performs Queen songs in his own shows.
Has won the award for Best British Male Solo Artist in Britain in 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2003. He has won 13 Brit Awards all together (including three while being member of Take That ).
Doesn't drive.
Parents: Janet and Peter Williams
Took part in the Band Aid 20 re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?". [November 2004]
Studied at Mill Hill Primary School and St Margaret Ward's RC School in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent.
Supporter of Port Vale Football Club.
Has a sister named Sally.
Won five Echo Awards in a row for "Best Male Artist international" from 2002 to 2006.
Lives in Beverly Hills, California and Wiltshire, London, United Kingdom.
Bought an undisclosed number of shares in his favorite football club Port Vale (February 2006).
Winner of four MTV European Music Awards for "Best Solo Artist" in 1998, 2001 and 2005 and "Best Song" in 2000 ("Rock DJ").
Godfather to his best mate's, Jonathan Wilkes , baby.
Good friends with sisters Kylie Minogue and Dannii Minogue . After a successful duet with Kylie, he wanted to do a duet also with Dannii.
His latest album "Rudebox" was chosen "Worst Album" in 2006 by the readers of "NME" magazine with the highest number of voters ever reached in that category (March 2007).
His cousin's brother-in-law is Simon Cowell .
First wanted to be an actor but saw a newspaper ad for a band member and was accepted into Take That .
Has won the award for Best British Male Solo Artist in Britain in 2003, 2002, 2001 and 1999. He has won 13 BRIT awards all together (including three while he was in Take That ).
Inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. [November 2004]
In February 2007, he was admitted to a US clinic for treatment for prescription drugs.
His last album "Rudebox" was number-one in fourteen countries including Argentina, Australia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain & Switzerland, and reaching number-two in the United World Chart selling 378,000 copies in its first week.
He has the distinction of having more number one albums than any other male, barring Elvis Presley.
He is one of the few pop acts to have been nominated for the Mercury Prize.
Made it to The Guinness Book of World Records when 1.6 million tickets were sold in a single day shortly after he announced his World Tour in 2006.
He appears in the list of the all-time Top 100 best albums in the United Kingdom six times, more than any other person or group and has been the recipient of many awards - including more BRIT and ECHO Awards than any other artist in history the Brit Awards 2005. He is the most successful male artist in the world, for the period 1998-2007, according to the United World Chart.
Founded L.A. Vale soccer team in 2005. with other celebrity friends after building his own soccer pitch at his home in Los Angeles. Now they play in LA Premier League.
Created a charity with the aid of Comic Relief that is set up in his home town entitled "Give It Sum", with its goal being to "improve local conditions and strengthen community life by giving money to those who are disadvantaged.".
British public voted his hit song "Angels" as the 'Best Single of the past Twenty Five Years' at the 2005 BRIT Awards.
In 2004 he was named the third most played artist on British radio over the past 20 years behind Elton John at number two and George Michael at number one.
Released his first live album 'Live at Knebworth' in 2003. The three shows attracted a total of 375,000 fans. It became the fastest and biggest selling live album ever in the United Kingdom. It has been certified 3x Platinum by the IFPI for shipments over 3 million copies, altogether, the album has sold over 3.5 million copies worldwide.
In September 2007, he recorded a cover of Lola (hit song of The Kinks ) to celebrate the 40th birthday of BBC Radio 1.
In his song "The Actor" from his album "Rudebox" he mentions actress like Marilyn Monroe , Katharine Hepburn , Jayne Mansfield , Judi Dench , Meryl Streep , Glenn Close , Brigitte Bardot , Hilary Swank and actors like David Niven , Ted Danson , Burt Reynolds and Joaquin Phoenix .
On August 13, 2007, a Dean Martin duets album was released, on which Williams sings "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone".
Is the artist that is featured the most times in the UK 'Now That's What I Call Music!' series. In the first 68 'Now!'s' he has appeared 29 times (including 4 times with Take That).
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What flower was named after the Duke of Cumberland? | William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (1721-65)
Biography
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William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (1721-65)
Cumberland was born on 15 April 1721 in London. He was the third son of George II and Caroline of Ansbach. He was created Duke of Cumberland in 1726. A soldier by profession, he fought in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48), becoming commander of the allied forces in 1745. He was defeated severely by France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe at the Battle of Fontenoy on 11 May 1745.
Later in 1745 Cumberland was recalled to England to oppose the invasion of England of the Jacobite forces under Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, grandson of the deposed king James II. Cumberland's army defeated the Scots at the Battle of Culloden Moor [1] in Inverness on 16 April 1746, at which about 1,000 Scots died. After the battle he was asked for orders: he wrote, "No quarter", on the back of a playing card (the nine of diamonds - still known as the 'curse of Scotland'). As a result of this action he was given the epithet "Butcher" Cumberland. A flower was named after him to mark his success at Culloden. In England it is known as the Sweet William; it is a fragrant plant named by the King after Culloden for his brother. In Scotland the name 'Stinking Billy' was applied to a weed by the Highland Scots - it is Ragwort which is smelly and poisonous to horses. They are different plants with different names but relate to the same battle and the same person [2] - the Duke of Cumberland, who remained in Scotland for three months after the battle, rounding up some 3,500 men and executing about 120. The English soldiers killed everyone they found, regardless of age or gender (see John Prebble's Culloden, Penguin, 1961)
Cumberland then returned to the European theatre of war. in July 1747 he lost the Battle of Langfeld to Saxe. During the Seven Years' War (1756-63) he was defeated by the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck in July 1757. Hastenbeck was in Hanover, one of George II 's possessions. Because he signed the Convention of Klosterzeven in September 1757, promising to evacuate Hanover, Cumberland was dismissed by his father who repudiated the agreement. Cumberland's refusal to serve as commander in chief unless William Pitt was dismissed as Secretary of State led to Pitt's fall in April 1757.
In 1765 the duke was asked by his nephew, King George III , to head a ministry, a rôle that he accepted. Cumberland appointed the second Marquis of Rockingham as First Lord of the Treasury. Cumberland became ill in the summer of 1765 and died from a brain-clot on 31 October of the same year.
[1] The battle of Culloden was not only English fighting but lowland Scots fought against Bonnie Prince Charlie. An example: many streets in the city of Glasgow and Edinburgh are named after Cumberland. On 15 December 1745 the young pretender demanded £15,000 Pounds from the burges and baillies of Glasgow. They negotiated and gave him £5,000-worth: nearly £¼ million today. Munroe's and Barrel's regiments were lowland Scots. The Glasgow regiment raised by Glasgow University was in charge of the baggage trains at the battle of Falkirk. The Jacobites stole the baggage train at Maggies Woods, Falkirk. (My thanks to Denis R Shovlin for this information) [back]
[2] My thanks to a gentleman called Colin, who sent this information. [back]
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What is the name of the bridge that connects Manhattan and Brooklyn? | Prince William County - Geography of Virginia
Prince William County
Prince William was formed in 1730 and named by the General Assembly after the second son of George II. Prince William was made the Duke of Cumberland in 1726 when he was five years old, so he was all of nine years old when honored by the name of the new county. Cumberland County and Cumberland Gap are also named after him.
King George II and his wife Caroline liked Prince William far better than his older brother Frederick, but Prince William still missed a chance at becoming king after his Frederick died in 1751. Instead, Parliament and the King's ministers chose the late Frederick's oldest son, George, to become King George III.
Since Fredericks son (Prince William's nephew) was only 13 years old at the time, his mother Augusta was prepared to serve as regent if necessary until the new Prince of Wales turned 18. However, George II lived nine more years until 1760, when young George III was crowned. His 39-year old uncle remained the Duke of Cumberland.
Prince William was trained initially to be Lord High Admiral of the British Navy, but he preferred the army. During the War of Austrian Succession on the continent, he was wounded in the Battle of Dettingen. Today's Episcopal Parish of Dettingen in Prince William County is named after that British victory. 1
In 1745, back in Britain, Prince William won a smashing victory at Culloden that stopped an uprising led by "Bonnie Prince Charlie" and his Scottish troops. This eliminated the threat from the rival House of Stuart (sons of King James II) to the legitimacy of the English kings from the German state of Hanover (the "House of Windsor"). Prince William treated the defeated Highlanders so harshly that he earned the name "Butcher of Culloden." In addition, the winning British called him "Sweet William," but the losers called him "Stinking Billy 2 ."
Prince William's military reputation was destroyed in one of the maneuverings during what the Virginians referred to as the French and Indian War. Prince William signed the Treaty of Kloster-Zeven in 1757 with the French, after his father King George II directed him to negotiate a way out of the situation without losing the English army on the continent - or losing the Hanover territory. The English Parliament was furious over the failure to fight and at least distract the French on the continent. Prince William ended up serving as his father's scapegoat and resigned in disgrace from the army 3 .
the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia shows the limited transportation network in Prince William County in 1755
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Which Scottish patriot was executed in 1305? | Wallace, William (1272?-1305) (DNB00) - Wikisource, the free online library
Wallace, William (1272?-1305) (DNB00)
731873 Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900 , Volume 59
Wallace, William (1272?-1305)Aeneas James George Mackay1899
WALLACE, Sir WILLIAM (1272?–1305), Scottish general and patriot, came of a family which had in the twelfth century become landowners in Scotland. The name Walays or Wallensis which Wallace himself used, and various other forms, of which le Waleis or Waleys are the commonest in both English and Scottish records of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, meant originally a Welshman in the language of their English-speaking neighbours both in England and Scotland. It was a surname of families of Cymric blood living on or near the borders of Wales and the south-western districts of Scotland, originally inhabited by the Cymric race of Celts, like the surnames of Inglis and Scot in the English and Scottish debatable and border land. The family from which William Wallace sprang probably came with the FitzAlans, the ancestors of the Stewarts, from Shropshire. To this connection Blind Harry refers in the somewhat obscure lines as to Malcolm, the father of William Wallace:
The secund O [i.e. grandson] he was of great Wallace,
The which Wallas full worthily that wrought
When Walter hyr of Waillis from Warrayn socht.
(O or Oye means grandson, but whether ‘the second O’ can mean descendant in the fourth degree is not certain.) The mother of Walter, the first Stewart, was a Warenne of Shropshire, and he may have wooed, as has been conjectured, a Welsh cousin with the aid of Richard Wallace, the great-great-grandfather of Malcolm Wallace. Ricardus Wallensis held lands in Kyle in Ayrshire under Walter, the first Steward, to whose charter in favour of the abbey of Paisley he was a witness in 1174. The lands still bear the name of Riccarton (Richard's town). A younger son of Richard held lands in Renfrewshire and Ayr under a second Walter the Steward early in the thirteenth century. He was succeeded by his son Adam, the father of Malcolm, the father of William Wallace. William Wallace's mother was Jean Crawford, daughter of Sir Reginald or Rainald Crawford of Corsbie, sheriff of Ayr. Malcolm Wallace towards the end of the thirteenth century held the five-pound land of Elderslie in the parish of Abbey in Renfrewshire under the family of Riccarton, as well as the lands of Auchenbothie in Ayrshire. Elderslie is about three miles from Paisley, and continued in the Wallace family down to 1789, though it reverted to the Riccarton branch owing to the failure of direct descendants of Malcolm Wallace.
Probably at Elderslie William Wallace was born; but there is little likelihood that an old yew in the garden, or the venerable oak which perished in the storm of February 1856, or even the small castellated house now demolished, to all of which his name was attached by tradition, existed in his lifetime. His father is said to have been knighted. Whether this is true or not, the family belonged to the class of small landed gentry which it is an exaggeration to call either of noble or of mean descent. William was the second son. His elder brother is called by Fordun Sir Andrew, but by others, including Blind Harry, Malcolm. Fordun says he was killed by fraud of the English. There is evidence that he was alive in 1299, so that his death cannot have been the cause, as has been suggested, of the rising of Wallace. Still it is evident that his family, as well as himself, were enemies of England. His younger brother John was executed in London in 1307, two years after Wallace met the same fate. Both William and a brother named Malcolm are described as knights in a letter of 1299 by Robert Hastings, sheriff of Roxburgh, to Edward I (Nat. MSS. of Scotland, ii. No. 8), which turns the balance in favour of Malcolm, and not Andrew, having been the name of the eldest brother.
The date of the birth of Wallace is unknown. His biographer, Blind Harry, who collected, nearly two centuries after, the tra- ditions of Scotland, but who had access to books now lost, unfortunately makes statements as to the age of Wallace which cannot be reconciled with one another. In the first book of his poem on Wallace Blind Harry represents him as a child when Scotland was lost in 1290, when Edward I took possession of it as arbiter of the disputed succession (i. line 145), and as eighteen years old at the date of his first alleged adventure when he slew the son of Selby, constable of Dundee, about 1291. So the former statement would place his birth about 1278, unless ‘child’ means, as it sometimes did, a youth. The latter would carry the birth of Wallace to 1272. But in the eleventh book Harry makes Wallace forty-five when he was sold to the English in 1305; his birth is thus thrown back to 1260. Nothing certain can be affirmed except that he was still young in 1297 when he first took arms against the English, and began in the neighbourhood of Dundee and Lanark his career as the deadliest foe of Edward I. He was educated first with an uncle Wallace, a priest at Dunnipace in Stirlingshire, from whom he learnt the Latin distich:
Dico tibi verum, libertas optima rerum;
Nunquam servili sub nexu vivito, fili.
and afterwards, when he took refuge with his mother at Kilspindie in the Carse of Gowrie, with another uncle, probably her brother, at the monastic school of Dundee. It was at this school he met John Blair, who became his chaplain, and ‘compiled in Dyte the Latin book of Wallace Life,’ according to Blind Harry, who frequently refers to Blair as his authority. Education with such masters and companions must have included Latin, and we need not be surprised that the few documents preserved which were issued in his name are in that language.
Apart from the copious narrative by Blind Harry of early adventures, consisting chiefly of the slaughter of Englishmen in single combat or against tremendous odds, by the almost superhuman strength with which Wallace is credited, his life can be traced only from 1297 to 1305. It was in the summer of the former year that Wallace first appeared on the historic scene. It was an opportune moment for a Scottish rising. Edward I had taken advantage of the dispute as to the succession to the Scottish throne to possess himself of the country. In 1296 he ravaged the country and made prisoner John de Baliol, at the time the occupant of the Scottish throne. John de Warenne (1231?–1304) [q. v.] was appointed guardian or ruler of Scotland as representative of the English king, with Hugh Cressingham [q. v.] as treasurer, and English sheriffs were set up in the southern shires and in Ayr and Lanark. Next year the English barons and clergy were in open or veiled revolt against Edward I while the English king was absorbed in preparations for the French war, to which he went in the end of August. The Scottish nobles were divided among themselves by jealousies and were restrained from declaring against the English rule by fear of the forfeiture of their English fiefs. In May 1297 Wallace, at the head of a small band of thirty men, burnt Lanark and slew Hezelrig the sheriff. Scottish tradition affirmed the daring deed was in retaliation for the execution by the sheriff of Marion Bradfute, heiress of Lamington, whom Wallace loved, upon a charge of concealing her lover, for whom she had refused the hand of the sheriff's son. This seems more like a dramatic than an historical plot. The oppressions and exactions of an officer who deemed Scotland a conquered country appear sufficient cause for Hezelrig's death. Whatever may have been the proximate cause, the boldness of its execution made Wallace's reputation. He is from this time a public robber and murderer in the eyes of the English king and English chroniclers, and a heaven-born leader in those of the Scottish people and their historians. The killing of Hezelrig was the only specific charge in his indictment at Westminster. Its date is made by Fordun the commencement of Wallace's military career. It is possible that the death of Hezelrig was not Wallace's first exploit, and that he had already engaged in a guerilla warfare against the English officers whom Edward I had intruded into the kingdom. The commons of Scotland, who only waited for a signal and a leader, now flocked to his standard. The conversion of an undisciplined multitude into a regular army, as described by Fordun, bears witness at once to the small beginnings and the military talent of Wallace. He took four men as a unit and appointed the fifth their officer; the tenth man was officer to every nine, the twentieth to every nineteen, and so on to every thousand, and he enforced absolute obedience to those officers by the penalty of death. He was chosen by acclamation commander of the whole forces, and claimed to act in behalf of his king, John de Baliol, Edward I's prisoner. But he showed wisdom by associating with himself, whenever possible, representatives of those barons who, encouraged by his success, supported him at least for a time. His first associate was William de Douglas ‘the Hardy’ [q. v.], who joined him in a rapid march on Scone, where the court of William de Ormesby [q. v.], the justiciar, was dispersed, much booty taken, and the justiciar saved his life only by flight. They then separated. Douglas recovered the strongholds of his native Annandale, where he took the castles of Sanquhar and Durisdeer, while Wallace overran the Lennox. It may have been at this time he expelled Antony Bek [q. v.], the warlike bishop of Durham, from the house of Wishart, the bishop of Glasgow, of which Bek had taken possession. Wallace put in force with all the stringency in his power the ordinance of the Scottish parliament of 1296, by which English clerks were banished from Scottish benefices—a necessary measure if Scotland was to be delivered from the English domination, for English priests and friars minor took an active part as envoys and spies throughout the war. In July 1297 the troops of Wallace and Douglas were reunited in Ayrshire. This was not a moment too soon, for Edward I's governor, Warenne, had sent his nephew Sir Henry Percy and Sir Henry Clifford, with the levy of the northern shires, to repress the Scottish rising. Collecting their forces in Cumberland in June, they had invaded Annandale, and, burning Lochmaben to save themselves from a night attack, advanced by Ayr to Irvine, where the Scots force was prepared to engage them. At Irvine Bruce, who had suddenly transferred his arms to the side of the Scottish patriots, again changed sides, and on 9 July, by a deed still extant (Calendar, No. 909), placed himself at the will of Edward. It is uncertain whether Wallace was present at Irvine; a fortnight later he had retired ‘with a great company’ into the forest of Selkirk, ‘like one who holds himself against your peace,’ writes Cressingham to Edward on 23 July (ib.), and neither Cressingham nor Percy dared follow him into the forest, whose natives were good archers and strenuous supporters of the Scottish cause. The absence of Warenne was made an excuse for the delay, which enabled Wallace to organise and increase his forces. Neither Warenne nor his deputies were capable generals, and they allowed Wallace to lay siege to Dundee, and to occupy a strong position on the north side of the Forth, near Cambuskenneth Abbey, in the beginning of September, threatening Stirling Castle, the key of the Highlands, before they advanced to meet him with fifty thousand foot and a thousand horse.
Wallace took up his position at the base of the Abbey Craig, the bold rock where his monument now stands, which faces Stirling. It commands a retreat to the Ochils inaccessible to cavalry, easily defensible by agile mountaineers against heavy-armed troops. On the plain below there is on the north side one of the many loops of the Forth as it winds through the carse land called the Links. The English lay between the river and the castle of Stirling. Attempts at mediation were made twice by the Steward and the Earl of Lennox, a third time by two friars minor. ‘Carry back this answer,’ said Wallace, according to Hemingburgh, who has left so clear an account of that memorable day: ‘we have not come for peace, but ready to fight to liberate our kingdom. Let them come on when they wish, and they will find us ready to fight them to their beards.’ He adds, ‘Wallace's force was only forty thousand foot and 180 horse.’ When this answer was reported, the opinions of the English leaders were divided. The wooden bridge over the Forth—probably not far from the present stone one—was so narrow that some who were there reported that if they had begun to cross at dawn and continued till noon, the greater part of the army would still remain behind. But, provoked by Wallace's challenge, the English leaders mounted the bridge. Marmaduke de Thweng [see under Thweng, Robert de] and the bearers of the standards crossed first. Thweng, by a brilliant dash, cut through the Scots force, attempting the manœuvre which, if Lundy's advice to cross by a neighbouring ford and take the Scots in the rear had been taken, might have succeeded. Thweng failed through want of support, and recrossed the bridge with his nephew. Few others had such good fortune. As they defiled two abreast over the bridge they were caught as in a net. Wallace's troops had descended from the Abbey Craig when he saw as many English as they could overcome had crossed. The defeat was signal and soon became general. No reinforcements could be sent over the bridge, now choked with the dead and wounded. The story that Wallace had, by loosening the wooden bolts which held one of its piers, broken it down, appears less likely, though there is evidence in the English accounts that the bridge had, soon after the battle, to be repaired. Some tried to swim the river and were drowned. A few Welsh foot escaped by swimming, but only a single knight. Five thousand foot and a hundred knights were slain. Among these was Cressingham the treasurer, whose skin was cut in strips, which the Scots divided as trophies. Wallace, says the ‘Chronicle of Lanercost,’ made a sword-belt out of one of the strips. English writers attribute the defeat to Cressingham's penuriousness as treasurer and folly as a general. Warenne was at least equally to blame. Nor is it fair to try to lessen the merit of Wallace. Where others had faltered or gone over to the enemy, he had almost alone kept alive the spirit of his countrymen. He selected the field of battle at the place and moment when a smaller force could engage a larger with best hopes of success, and had been in the thick of the fight. His colleague in the command was Andrew Moray, son of Sir Andrew Moray, then prisoner in the Tower [see under Murray or Moray, Sir Andrew, d. 1338].
Nothing succeeds like success. The Steward and Lennox aided Wallace in the pursuit of Warenne, but Wallace himself was now sole leader. His army grew by volunteers, but also by forced levies of all able-bodied men between sixteen and sixty. Bower, Fordun's continuator, probably a chaplain of Aberdeen, relates that the burgesses of that town having refused to obey Wallace, he marched north and hanged some of them as an example; and there is other evidence of his forcible methods, as in the petition for reparation to Edward of Michael de Miggel, who was twice captured and forced to join the troops of Wallace (Calendar, ii. 456). The castle of Dundee, probably by the aid of Scrymgeour, who was soon after made its constable, at once surrendered. Edinburgh and Roxburgh were taken. Henry de Haliburton recovered Berwick, but the castles of these towns were still held by English captains (Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 190). There is no specific mention of the fall of Stirling, which Warenne before his flight had committed to the custody of Marmaduke de Thweng, but we know that it passed into the hands of the Scots. Roxburgh and Haddington, and nearly all the great towns on the English side of the Forth, were burned (ib. p. 191). Scotland was free, and Wallace, still acting in the name of John de Baliol, crossed the border, and before 18 Oct. harried Northumberland, and afterwards marched through Westmoreland and Cumberland, wasting the country, but without taking any stronghold. At Hexham some Scottish lancers threatened to kill the few canons left in the convent unless they gave up their treasures. Wallace interposed, and asked one of them to celebrate mass. Before the host was elevated, he left the church to take off his armour, as was the pious custom, but some Scots lancers carried off the holy vessels while the priest was washing his hands in the vestry, so that the service could not be completed. Wallace ordered the sacrilegious soldiers to be sought for, but they were not to be found. He took the canons under his own special care, and on 7 Nov. issued letters of protection in his own name and that of Andrew Moray, as leaders of the army of Scotland in the name of Baliol. Their terms refute the calumny so often repeated, that Wallace was an indiscriminate persecutor of the clergy. Against English clerks who accepted Scottish benefices he was beyond doubt severe, nor could he always restrain his followers. But the man who had a chaplain as one of his friends, and was countenanced by the chief bishops of Scotland, Robert Wishart [q. v.] and William de Lamberton [q. v.], was not an enemy of the church of Rome or of Scotland, but of the churchmen of England and of Edward. On St. Martin's day, 11 Nov., he appeared before Carlisle, which was summoned to surrender in the name of William the Conqueror. The burghers prepared to defend it, and Wallace, declining a siege, wasted the forest of Inglewood, Cumberland, and ‘Allerdale,’ as far as Cockermouth. A snowstorm prevented him from ravaging the bishopric of Durham, whose deliverance was attributed to the protection of its patron, St. Cuthbert.
Wallace returned to Scotland about Christmas 1297, and, apart from a casual though possibly true reference to his being again in the forest of Selkirk, the next certain fact in his life is that he was at Torphichen in West Lothian on 29 March 1298. A grant of that date by Wallace has been preserved. He styles himself ‘Wilelmus Walays miles, Custos regni Scotiæ et ductor exercituum ejusdem nomine principis domini Johannis Dei gratia regis Scotiæ illustris de consensu communitatis ejusdem. … per consensum et assensum magnatum dicti regni,’ and confers on Alexander Skirmisher (Scrymgeour) six marks value of land in the territory of Dundee and the office of constable of that town in return for his homage to Baliol and faithful service in the army of Scotland as bearer of the king's standard. This document refutes the assertion made at the trial of Wallace that he had claimed the kingdom for himself. It also proves that after the death of Moray he acted as sole guardian, and probably also that some of the nobles were still on his side, and that he had been elected guardian, though the remark of Lord Hailes appears just that how he obtained the office will for ever remain problematical. John Major, who thinks he assumed it, states that there were families in his own time who held their lands by charters of Wallace, which indicates that his authority was recognised both then and afterwards as conferring a legal title. It was about this time, according to one of the 'Political Songs,' which describe so vividly the English popular view, that Wallace was knighted:
De prædone fit eques ut de corvo cignus;
Accipit indignus sedem cum non prope dignus
(Political Songs, p. 174).
Meanwhile Edward I, released from the war with France by a truce, returned to England on 11 March and pushed on the preparation for the renewal of war with Scotland which his son Prince Edward had already begun. Writs were issued for men and supplies, and a parliament was summoned to meet at York on 25 May. It sat till the 30th, but the Scots barons declined to attend, and the English estates, led by Bigod, demanded a confirmation of the charters. Edward promised to confirm them if he returned victorious from Scotland. It was about this time, according to some Scottish authorities, that Wallace next appeared in the forest of Black Irnside (the forest of the Alders), near Newburgh, on the shore of the Firth of Tay, and defeated Sir Aymer de Valence [see Aymer] on 12 June. English writers ignore this, and it may have taken place during his later guerilla war after his return from France. It would be, as Hailes observes, quite consistent with probability. It was a constant practice for the English in wars with Scotland to send ships with men and provisions to support their land forces, and Valence may have attempted a descent on Fife. Early in July Edward crossed the eastern Scottish border, and was at Roxburgh from 3 to 6 July, where he made a muster of his troops. They numbered three thousand armed horsemen, four thousand whose horses were not armed, and eighty thousand foot, almost all, says Hemingburgh, Irish and Welsh. A contingent from Gascony was sent to guard Berwick. Before the 21st he had reached Temple Liston, near Linlithgow. The king's forces were in want of supplies, and his Welsh troops mutinied. It was said they were likely to join the Scots if they saw it was the winning side. At this crisis a spy, sent by the Earl of March, announced that the Scots were in the forest of Falkirk, only six leagues off, and threatened a night attack. To put spirit into his men, Edward at once boldly declared that he would not wait for an attack. Undiscouraged by his horse accidentally breaking two of his ribs, he rode through Linlithgow at break of day. As the sun rose the English saw Scots lancers on the brow of a small hill near Falkirk prepared to fight. The foot were drawn up in four circles, called in Scots 'schiltrons' (an Anglo-Saxon term for shieldbands), which answered to the squares of later warfare, the lancers sitting or kneeling, with lances held obliquely, facing outwards. Between the schiltrons stood the archers, and behind them the horsemen. It was the natural formation to receive cavalry, the arm in which the Scots were weakest and the English strongest, for most of the Scottish barons had stayed away, and those present were not to be counted on. Jealousy against Wallace, always latent, broke out at this critical moment among his superiors in rank. According to the Scottish traditions and the chronicle of Fordun, Sir John Comyn the younger, Sir John Stewart, and Wallace disputed on the field who was to hold the supreme command. After mass Edward proposed that while the tents were being fixed the men and horses should be fed, for they had tasted nothing since three o'clock of the previous afternoon. But on some of his captains representing that this was not safe, as there was only a small stream between them and the Scots, he ordered an immediate charge in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The leaders of the first line, Bigod, Bohun, and the Earl of Lincoln, went straight at the enemy, but were obliged to turn to the west, as the ground was marshy. The second line, in which Robert Bruce is said to have fought, with the bishop of Durham at its head, avoided the marsh by going round to the east. The bishop, after the first blows, called a halt till the third line, commanded by the king, should come up, but was told by his impetuous followers that a mass and not a battle was a priest's business. They attacked at once the Scottish schiltrons, and the earls with the first line soon came to their aid. Edward's own line also advanced. There was a stout resistance by the Scottish lancers, but a flight of arrows and of stones, of which there were many on the hillside, broke the schiltrons, and the English cavalry, piercing the circles, made the victory complete. Sir John Stewart, who led the archers from Selkirk Forest, fell by accident from his horse, and was killed along with most of the archers. Although it has been denied that there was dissension on the Scottish side, there is sufficient evidence that Comyn would not fight. It is not quite so certain that Bruce fought for the English. The alleged conference across a stream between him and Wallace after the battle, related by Blind Harry, is very doubtful. There is clear proof, however, that Bruce at this point really sided with Edward. Hemingburgh's statement is that ‘the Scottish knights (equestres), when the English came up, fled without a blow, except a few who remained to draw up the schiltrons.’ Among these was Wallace, the real prompter and commander of the battle. His historic speech, ‘I haf brocht you to the ring, hop if you can,’ referring to a well-known dance (Matt. West. p. 451; Hailes, p. 259 n.), was probably meant to glance at the desertion of the knights, and to appeal to the infantry to fight though the knights had fled. The formation of foot soldiers in circles, with lances facing outwards round the whole circumference, though known before, had never been so complete in a Scottish army, and Bruce, if he fought that day with the English, learnt from Wallace a lesson he applied with better success at Bannockburn. The Scots were largely outnumbered. According to the most trustworthy accounts, they were only one-third of the English. But they had the advantage of the ground, and Edward had his own difficulties, if it be true, as stated by Robert de Brunne, that his Welsh troops declined to fight. His brilliant leadership and superior force in cavalry and archers won the day. The loss of upwards of a hundred horses shows that the victory was not bloodless, but only one knight of importance (homo valoris), Sir Brian de Jay, master of the Temple, lost his life. The slaughter of the Scots was by the lowest estimate ten thousand men, and of the leaders there fell Sir John Stewart, Sir John Graham of Dundaff, the fidus Achates of Wallace, and Macduff, the young earl of Fife, whose followers, like the men of Bute, the retainers of Stewart, perished to a man. Wallace retreated with the remnant of the army to Stirling, where he burnt both the town and the castle; but Edward followed on his steps and restored the castle.
From this date authentic evidence as to the life of Wallace, never so full as we could wish, becomes slender, and it is difficult to pick up the threads. After Edward quitted the field of Falkirk, Wallace is said to have returned to bury Graham in Falkirk churchyard. It is disputed whether he was present at the burning of the barns of Ayr, and indeed whether the burning took place after the battle of Falkirk; but this is a point chiefly of local interest. Shortly after Falkirk he gave up the office of guardian ‘at the water of Forth,’ possibly Stirling, and Comyn succeeded to that office. The statement of Blind Harry, which had been doubted, that he went to France to the court of Philip le Bel, probably in the following year, 1299, has been confirmed by documentary evidence; but the minstrel has himself to blame for the doubt by duplicating it, and making the first visit prior to the battle of Falkirk, and apparently after that of Stirling, a point in Wallace's life when there was neither time nor occasion for such a visit.
An important letter by Robert Hastings to Edward, dated 20 Aug. 1299, gives as of recent occurrence a spy's account of a dispute between the leading Scottish nobles in Selkirk Forest, caused by Sir David Graham's demand for Sir William Wallace's lands and goods, as he was going abroad without leave of the guardians. His brother, Sir Malcolm, interposed, and said ‘his brother's lands and goods could not be forfeited till it was found by a jury whether he went out of the kingdom for or against its profit.’ Sir Malcolm and Graham gave each other the lie, and both drew knives. A compromise was made by which Comyn, Bruce, and Lamberton, the bishop of St. Andrews, were to be joint guardians of the realm, while the bishop, as principal, was to have custody of the castles. It is plain the contest lay between the party of Comyn and the party of Bruce, and it deserves notice that Malcolm Wallace sided with the latter and with the bishop, who probably had already entered into a secret league with Bruce. What was decided as to Wallace's lands is not mentioned. On 24 Aug., St. Bartholomew's day, 1299, there is a casual notice that Wallace cut off the supplies from Stirling, then in the hands of an English garrison (Calendar, ii. No. 1949), but which surrendered in December to Sir John de Soulis [q. v.]
The anonymous author of the Cotton manuscript (Claudius D. vi. Brit. Mus.), who, though prejudiced against Wallace, appears to have had special sources of information, mentions in the same year (1299) that Wallace, with five soldiers, went to France to implore the aid of Philip le Bel against Edward, who had been released from his French difficulties by the treaty of Montreuil, and by his marriage, 10 Sept. 1299, to Philip's sister, and was now preparing to renew the war on Scotland. The temporary friendship between England and France led Philip to imprison Wallace when he came to Amiens, and to write to Edward that he would send Wallace to him. Edward answered with thanks, and the request that he would keep Wallace in custody. But Philip changed his mind, and on Monday after All Saints, 1 Nov. 1299 or 1300, probably the latter, there is a letter of introduction by him ‘to his lieges destined for the Roman court’ requesting them to get ‘the pope's favour for his beloved William Wallace, knight, in the matter which he wishes to forward with his holiness’ (National MSS. Scotland, i. No. lxxv.). Whether Wallace went to Rome in the year of the jubilee we do not know, but the internecine conflict between Edward and Wallace has left its reflection in the lines of Dante:
… the pride that thirsts for gain,
Which drives the Scot and Englishman so hard
That neither can within his land remain
(Paradiso, xix. 121).
Meantime the Scots had sent an embassy to Rome to combat the claim of Edward to the supremacy of Scotland. A long memorial entitled ‘Processus Baldredi Bisset, contra figmenta Regis Angliæ,’ has been preserved in Bower's continuation of Fordun. It can scarcely be doubted that the object of Wallace in wishing to visit Rome was to support this memorial. He received also letters of safe conduct from Haco, king of Norway, and from Baliol. These were once in a hanaper in the English exchequer, but now unfortunately lost; the description of them in the ‘Ancient Kalendar’ of Bishop Stapylton in 1323 is important, and has not been sufficiently noted (Palgrave, Kalendars, i. 134). Besides showing the support Wallace received, not only from Philip of France, but from the king of Norway, it appears from this brief entry that there had been both ordinances by and treaties between Wallace and certain of the Scottish nobles, now lost. Probably he never presented the letter at Rome, and deemed his presence in Scotland more important; nor is there any trace of his going to Norway. The next record of his name is a grant to his ‘chère valet,’ Edward de Keth, by Edward I, ‘of all goods he may gain from Monsieur Guillaume de Waleys, the king's enemy,’ by undated letters patent issued in or prior to 1303. It is remarkable that we have no certain evidence of his having been in Scotland between 1299 and 1303, so that it remains possible he may have gone to Rome or elsewhere.
Meanwhile Boniface had claimed the dominion of Scotland by a bull dated Anagni, 27 June 1300, to which the English barons replied in their famous letter of 1301 repudiating all interference by the pope in the temporal affairs of England. Boniface thereupon abandoned Scotland and the Scots, and on 13 Aug. 1302 wrote a letter to the Scottish bishops exhorting them to peace with Edward (Theiner, Nos. ccclxx. and ccclxxi.). Philip followed his example, and, securing terms for himself by the treaty of Amiens on 25 Nov. 1302, confirmed by that of Paris on 20 May 1303, made a separate and perpetual peace with England, in which Scotland was not included.
The war, however, still went on, though what part Wallace took in it is not known. There is no proof that he was at the battle of Roslin on 24 Feb. 1303, when Sir John Comyn defeated John de Segrave [q. v.], the English commander. Edward now resumed the war in person and with greater vigour. Bruce surrendered at Strathord on 9 Feb. 1304; Comyn and the principal barons submitted; and on 24 July Stirling fell. At this date at least, and probably for some time before, Wallace had been in arms, though not in command. His name occurs, with those of Sir John de Soulis, who had been assumed as an additional guardian of the kingdom—it is said at the instance of Baliol—Wishart, bishop of Glasgow and the Steward of Scotland, as specially excepted from the capitulation. ‘As for William Wallace, it is agreed,’ it ran, ‘that he shall render himself up at the will and mercy of our sovereign lord the king as it shall seem good to him’ (Ryley, Placita Parliamentaria, p. 370; Calendar, ii. Nos. 1444–5 and 1463). In a parliament of Edward at St. Andrews in the middle of Lent, Simon Fraser and William Wallace, and those who held the castle of Stirling against the king, were outlawed (Trivet, p. 378), from which it would appear that Wallace had not merely cut off supplies to Edward's troops, but taken part in the subsequent defence of Stirling.
The pursuit of Wallace proceeded with unremitting zeal, and has left many traces in the English records. A payment was made on 15 March 1303 in reimbursement of sums expended on certain Scottish lads who by order of the king had laid an ambuscade (ad insidiandum) for Wallace and Fraser, and other enemies of the king (Calendar, iv. 482). A similar payment was made on 10 Sept. 1303 for the loss of two horses in a raid against Wallace and Fraser (ib. p. 477), and for other horses lost in a foray against him near Irnside Forest (ib.) On 12 March 1304 Nicholas Oysel, the valet of the Earl of Ulster, received 40s. for bringing the news that Sir William Latimer, Sir John Segrave, and Sir Robert Clifford had discomfited Fraser and Wallace at Hopperew (ib. p. 474), and three days after 15s. was paid to John of Musselburgh for guiding Segrave and Clifford in a foray against Fraser and Wallace in Lothian (ib. p. 475). It was provided on 25 July after the capitulation of Strathord that Sir John Comyn, Alexander de Lindesay, David de Graham, and Simon Fraser were to have their sentences of exile or otherwise remitted if they took Wallace before the twentieth day after Christmas, and that the Steward, Sir John de Soulis, and Sir Ingram de Umfraville were not to have letters of safe conduct to enable them to return to the king's court till Wallace was captured (Calendar, ii. No. 1563; Palgrave, pp. cxxix, 276, 281). At last, on 28 Feb. 1305, the step seems to have been taken which led to his capture. Ralph de Haliburton, a Scottish prisoner in England, formerly a follower of Wallace, was released till three weeks after Easter day, 18 April, that he might be taken to Scotland to help the Scots employed to capture William Wallace. He had already been there on the same errand, and Mowbray, a Scottish knight, became surety for his return to London (Calendar, iv. p. 373; Ryley, Placita, p. 279). The actual captor, according to the English contemporary chroniclers Langtoft, Sir Thomas Gray in ‘Scala Chronica,’ and the ‘Chronicle of Lanercost,’ and the later but independent statements of Wyntoun and Bower, was Sir John de Menteith [q. v.] Menteith took him, says Langtoft, ‘through treason of Jack Short his man.’ Possibly Jack Short was a nickname for Ralph de Haliburton. Whether another statement, that he was surprised ‘by night his leman by,’ was scandal or fact, we have no means of knowing. Wyntoun, who wrote his ‘Chronicle’ in 1418, is apparently the first writer who states Glasgow as the place of the capture, but is supported by tradition. Hailes doubted if Menteith has been justly charged with being an accomplice in the treachery, for he was then sheriff of Dumbarton under Edward. He was at least handsomely rewarded for his share in the capture [see Mentieth, Sir John de]. The English chroniclers and records emphasise the fact that Wallace fell by the hands of his own countrymen. That some of them were always ready to thwart and even to betray him is a marked fact at various critical points of his life. He never had the willing support of the general body of the nobles. But the tempter and the paymaster was Edward, and the evidence shows the share the English king, who, like all the greatest rulers, did not overlook details, had in every measure taken to secure the person of his chief antagonist. The independence of which Wallace was the champion had come into sharp conflict with the imperialist aims of the greatest Plantagenet. The latter prevailed for the time, but the Scottish people inherited and handed down the spirit of Wallace. His example animated Bruce. His traditions grew till every part of Scotland claimed a share of them. His ‘life’ by Blind Harry became the secular bible of his countrymen, and echoes through their later history. It was one of the first books printed in Scotland, was expanded after the union in modern Scots homely couplets by Hamilton of Gilbertfield, and was concentrated in the poem of Burns, in which ‘Wallace’ is a synonym for liberty, ‘Edward’ for slavery.
Of the trial and execution of Wallace there is a contemporary account embodying the original commission for the trial and the sentence (Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II, Rolls Ser. p. 137, Stubbs's note, pp. 139–42). On 22 Aug. 1305 Wallace was brought to London, where he was met by a mob of men and women, and lodged in the houses of William de Leyre in the parish of All Saints, Fenchurch Street. Leyre was a former sheriff, and these houses were probably used as a prison. He was in custody of John de Segrave, to whom he had been delivered by Sir John Menteith. On the following day, Monday the 23rd, he was taken on horseback by Sir John and his brother, Sir Geoffrey Segrave, the mayor, Sir John Blunt, the sheriffs and aldermen, to the great hall of Westminster. He was placed on a scaffold at the south end with a laurel crown on his head, in mockery of what was said to have been his boast that he would wear a crown in that hall. Peter Malory (the justiciar of England), Segrave, Blunt (the mayor), and two others had been appointed justices for his trial. Malory, when the court met, charged Wallace with being a traitor to King Edward and with other crimes. He answered that he had never been a traitor to the king of England, which was true, for, unlike so many Scottish nobles and bishops, he had never taken any oath of allegiance, but confessed the other charges. Sentence was given on the same day by Segrave, in terms of which the substance reflects light upon his life. It ran thus: ‘William Wallace, a Scot and of Scottish descent, having been taken prisoner for sedition, homicides, depredations, fires, and felonies, and after our lord the king had conquered Scotland, forfeited Baliol, and subjugated all Scotsmen to his dominion as their king, and had received the oath of homage and fealty of prelates, earls, barons, and others, and proclaimed his peace, and appointed his officers to keep it through all Scotland. You, the said William Wallace, oblivious of your fealty and allegiance, did, (1) along with an immense number of felons, rise in arms and attack the king's officers and slay Sir William Hezelrig, sheriff of Lanark, when he was holding a court for the pleas of the king; (2) did with your armed adherents attack villages, towns, and castles, and issue brieves as if a superior through all Scotland, and hold parliaments and assemblies, and, not content with so great wickedness and sedition, did counsel all the prelates, earls, and barons of your party to submit to the dominion of the king of France, and to aid in the destruction of the realm of England; (3) did with your accomplices invade the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, burning and killing “every one who used the English tongue,” sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun; and (4) when the king had invaded Scotland with his great army, restored peace, and defeated you, carrying your standard against him in mortal war, and offered you mercy if you surrendered, you did despise his offer, and were outlawed in his court as a thief and felon according to the laws of England and Scotland; and considering that it is contrary to the laws of England that any outlaw should be allowed to answer in his defence, your sentence is that for your sedition and making war against the king, you shall be carried from Westminster to the Tower, and from the Tower to Aldgate, and so through the city to the Elms at Smithfield, and for your robberies, homicides, and felonies in England and Scotland you shall be there hanged and drawn, and as an outlaw beheaded, and afterwards for your burning churches and relics your heart, liver, lungs, and entrails from which your wicked thoughts came shall be burned, and finally, because your sedition, depredations, fires, and homicides were not only against the king, but against the people of England and Scotland, your head shall be placed on London Bridge in sight both of land and water travellers, and your quarters hung on gibbets at New Castle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth, to the terror of all who pass by.’ The ‘Chronicle of Lanercost’ varies the list by substituting Aberdeen for Stirling, but the official sentence is a preferable authority. It was the ordinary sentence for treason, and shows the character attributed to the life of Wallace as seen by Edward and his justices. Wallace was, as he said, an enemy, not a traitor. He had never taken an oath to Edward. He had never claimed royal authority for himself, but acted in the name of Baliol as his king, as was known to Segrave and the other justices by the documents taken from his person. He had never recognised Baliol's deposition by Edward. He had never asked Scotland to acknowledge the lordship of Philip, but he had asked that king to aid Scotland. He had been cruel in war, but so far as we know he had shown more reverence to the church as the church than Edward. In another respect the sentence is remarkable in relation to a disputed point in English and Scottish history, and its bearing on the position of Wallace. Edward does not claim dominion over Scotland as of ancient right, or by the submission of the Scottish competitors and estates at Norham, but in plain words as a conqueror. It followed, though this flaw in their logic escaped Malory and the justices, that Wallace was not a rebel, but one who had fought against the conqueror of his country. The law of war had not perhaps advanced far in the fourteenth century, but the difference between a rebel and an enemy was known. The trial, one of the first in the great hall of Westminster, is also proof that Wallace was treated as no ordinary enemy. In a sense, the view of Lingard, repudiated by Scottish historians, is true: the fame of Wallace has been increased by the circumstances of his trial and execution, for they wrote in indelible characters in the annals of England and its capital what might otherwise have been deemed the exaggeration of the Scottish people.
In the records of Scotland and England and the contemporary chronicles he stands out boldly as the chief champion of the Scottish nation in the struggle for independence, and the chief enemy of Edward in the premature attempt to unite Britain under one sceptre. His name has become one of the great names of history. He was a general who knew how to discipline men and to rouse their enthusiasm; a statesman, if we may trust indications few but pregnant, who, had more time been granted and better support given him by the nobles, might have restored a nation and created a state. He lost his life, as he had taken the lives of many, in the stern game of war. The natural hatred of the English people and their king was the measure of the natural affection of his own people. The latter has been lasting.
There is no authentic portrait. Blind Harry gives a description of his personal appearance, which he strangely says was sent to Scotland from France by a herald. It runs:
His lymmys gret, with stalward paiss [pace] and sound,
His braunys [muscles] hard, his armes gret and round;
His handis maid rycht lik till a pawmer [palmer],
Off manlik mak, with naless gret and cler;
Proportionyt lang and fayr was his wesage;
Rycht sad of spech, and abill in curage;
Braid breyst and heych, with sturdy crag and gret;
His lyppys round, his noys was squar and tret;
Bowand bron haryt, on browis and breis lycht;
[i.e. Wavy brown hair on brows and eyebrows light];
Cler aspre eyn, lik dyamondis brycht.
Wndyr the chyn, on the left syd was seyn,
Be hurt, a wain; his colour was sangweyn.
Woundis he had in mony diuers place,
Bot fair and weill kepyt was his face.
[The sources of the life of Wallace are numerous but meagre. Of the contemporary English chronicles, Hemingburgh, Langtoft, the Scala Chronica, the Flores Historiarum of Matthew of Westminster, and the Chronicle of Lanercost are the most important. The political poems of Edward I, edited by Wright for the Camden Society, show the popular as distinguished from the ecclesiastical view, which agrees as to Wallace's, but differs widely as to Edward I's, character. There is no contemporary Scottish chronicle, but Wyntoun's Chronicle was written before 1424, and book viii. chap. 20, which refers to the capture of Wallace by Sir John Menteith, is part of the portion of Wyntoun which he found written and adopted (book viii. chap. 19). It may not improbably be by a contemporary. The addition by Bower to the Scotichronicon of Fordun was written before 1447. The records are to be found in Sir F. Palgrave's Documents illustrative of the History of Scotland, and Kalendars and Inventories of His Majesty's Exchequer, vol. i.; Joseph Stevenson's Wallace Papers (Maitland Club), 1842, and Documents illustrative of the History of Scotland (1286–1306); and the Calendar of Documents edited by Mr. Joseph Bain for the Lord Clerk Register, vols. ii. and iv. For Blind Harry's account of Wallace see Henry the Minstrel. A Latin poem ‘Valliados libris tribus opus inchoatum,’ by Patrick Panter, professor of divinity at St. Andrews, was published in 1633. W. Hamilton of Gilbertfield's Wallace (1722) is a modernised edition of Blind Harry, and became a favourite chap-book. The best editions of Blind Harry are Dr. Jamieson's (1820) and that edited for the Scottish Text Society by Mr. James Moir of Aberdeen. There are several modern lives, of which the only ones deserving mention are the Life of Wallace by David Carrick (3rd ed. London, 1840), the Memoir by P. F. Tytler in the Scottish Worthies (2nd ed. London, 1845), a Memoir by Mr. James Moir (1886), and an instructive Life by A. W. Murison (Famous Scots Series, 1898), who has attempted the difficult, and well-nigh impossible, task of weaving together the anecdotes of Blind Harry and authentic facts. The third marquis of Bute published two lectures—(1) The Early Life of Wallace, 1876; (2) The Burning of the Barns of Ayr, 1878. English historians seldom write of him without prejudice, but Mr. C. H. Pearson's History of England is an exception. Robert Benton Seeley [q. v.], author of the Greatest of the Plantagenets, compares him to Nana Sahib, rivalling Matthew of Westminster, who compared him to ‘Herod, Nero, and the accursed Ham.’ Scottish historians can scarcely avoid partiality. The fairest account of Wallace's part in the war of independence is by R. Pauli in his Geschichte Englands. Tytler, in his History of Scotland, is fuller than Hill Burton as to Wallace, and in general trustworthy. Hailes's Annals is not so satisfactory as usual. The numerous poems and novels on Wallace do not aid history; but Miss Porter's Scottish Chiefs (London, 1810), and Wallace, a Tragedy, by Professor Robert Buchanan (Glasgow, 1856), deserve notice for their spirit. There is a Bibliotheca Wallasiana appended to the anonymous Life of Wallace (Glasgow, 1858). The Life itself is mainly taken from Carrick's Memoir.]
| William Wallace |
Which Victorian murderer was known as The Staffordshire Poisoner? | Historical Figures: William Wallace | Historical Figures | History | Yesterday Channel
> Historical Figures: William Wallace
Historical Figures: William Wallace
Hollywood is no stranger to fictionalising historical events. In 1995 actor/director Mel Gibson brought to life Scottish hero William Wallace in the film Braveheart, the story of one man taking on the might of the English. It won five Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director, but how accurate was this tale of love, revenge and freedom?
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The Real William Wallace
There is no doubt that the inspiration for Braveheart actually existed. Executed on 23rd August 1305 AD, Wallace was a knight and Scottish patriot who did lead a resistance against the English occupation of Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
There still remains uncertain about the date and place of his birth. Some say it was 1270, other historians believe it to be 1276. Likewise tradition has always held that he was born in Elderslie, near Johnstone in Renfrewshire, but recently it has been claimed that he came from the village of Ellerslie in Ayrshire.
Blue Blood
Traditionally Wallace has been depicted as the epitome of 'the common man' taking arms against an oppressive regime, in this instance that of English King Edward I, known as "Longshanks" on account of his impressive physical stature.
This notion of lowering the status of Wallace was used especially when comparing him to his countryman and future king Robert The Bruce, who came from upper nobility and was depicted in the film as Wallace's brother in arms.
In fact Wallace's family were minor nobles descending from "Richard Wallace the Welshman", a landowner who was an early member of the House of Stuart. Wallace was also therefore educated, allegedly being taught Latin by two uncles who had become priests. It makes more sense then that this relative nobility and education would allow Wallace to lead men into battle against the English.
No Kilts!
This inaccurate status of commoner can be seen in the way Gibson dressed his version of Wallace. The film portrays Wallace and his fellow Lowland men as fighting on foot wearing kilts, whereas any historian will tell you that Lowlanders did not wear kilts.
In fact, the military appearance of Scottish knights and feudal lords such as Wallace would have been about the same as their English counterparts. When it came to battle they would have also been on horseback, wearing chain mail stockings to protect the legs and a long mail shirt, over which they would sport a surcoat displaying their own coat of arms.
William Wallace memorial plaque in London
Was Wallace Braveheart?
Perhaps the most obvious historical inaccuracy of Gibson's film is the fact that Wallace was never referred to as Braveheart! The term referred to Robert the Bruce and it stems from the fact that after his death his heart was carried on a crusade against the Moors by Sir James Douglas.
Douglas himself was killed in 1330 in an ambush whilst carrying the heart and is said to have thrown the casket containing Bruce's heart ahead of him shouting "Onward braveheart, Douglas shall follow thee or die."
Hostile relations?
The film clearly depicts England as the villain of the piece, with King Edward a scheming monarch prepared to murder his own family to get what he wants. In particular the film declares that Scotland was already under English occupation by 1280, even though we know that England first invaded Scotland in 1296, after the outbreak of the First War of Scottish Independence. For three generations prior to that the two countries had lived in peace.
When it comes to hostile rivalry it's also worth pointing out that contrary to Braveheart, Wallace and Robert The Bruce weren't allies. They never actually met and were bitter enemies fighting on different sides.
The reality is that Wallace was fiercely loyal to King John Balliol, who ascended to the throne of Scotland in a ceremony sanctioned by Edward Longshanks at on 30th November, 1292.
Bruce on the other hand came from a rival clan to Balliol and was therefore was a direct competitor to the newly-crowned Scottish king. Seeing himself as equally entitled to the throne of Scotland he upheld his own different claim, which is why Robert the Bruce did not fight with Wallace at any point in history.
Great Warrior?
Gibson based his film on The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie, by the 15th century minstrel, Blind Harry, which as you can probably tell by now does not stand up to historical scrutiny.
Blind Harry's poem tells of alleged skirmishes against the English, but the fact of the matter is this: when it comes to Wallace's military activity, there is no concrete documentation of anything Wallace did prior to 1297. The first concrete evidence we have is that forces of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge on September 11th of that year.
Like any great battle story, the winning side were heavily outnumbered and in the six months following Stirling Bridge, Wallace led a raid into northern England to show Edward that Scotland also had enough might not to be walked over.
In Gibson's film, Wallace not only invades northern England but his forces capture the city of York. This is completely untrue as he simply did not possess the capability to take any fortified city. In fact, Wallace got nowhere near York!
Defeat and Death
One thing the film got right was that Wallace was finally defeated at the Battle of Falkirk and was executed by order of Edward. The battle took place on 22nd July 1298, when the English army invaded Scotland on April 1st in retaliation after the embarrassment of Stirling Bridge.
Wallace managed to evade capture by the English until 5th August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers near Glasgow.
Wallace was transported to London and tried for treason and murder. At the trial Wallace maintained that John Balliol was officially his king. Wallace was declared guilty and on 23rd August Wallace was hung, drawn and quartered at Smithfield and his head was placed on a pike at London Bridge.
The final lie of the film is that it suggests Wallace was the father of the future Edward III. The reality is that Edward's mother Isabella of France was ten at the time of Wallace's death and never met him!
What is true is that regardless of the fictional accounts, William Wallace will always live on in the hearts and minds of Scots as a hero and noble figure of historical pride. In this sense Wallace the symbol is arguably more important than Wallace the man!
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Who are the only sisters to have played each other in a Wimbledon singles final? | History - 2000s - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
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2000: Venus Williams v Lindsay Davenport
A decade of Williams dominance began on 8 July 2000, when elder sister Venus defeated defending champion Lindsay Davenport 6-3, 7-6(3). The win came two days after 20-year-old Venus had defeated her then 18-year-old sister Serena in the semis, and 10 months after Serena had won the US Open. The Williamses thus became the first sisters in the Open era to win Grand Slam titles.
Though many suspected that the American siblings would be a force to be reckoned with over the coming years, few could have predicted just how the first 10 years of the new millennium would belong to the Williamses, with SW19 proving to be a particularly happy hunting ground. Venus’s win over Davenport, which came thanks to a combination of powerful services and groundstrokes, crisp volleys and tireless running, which made her opponent look decidedly flat-footed, was the first of five titles on Wimbledon’s lawns to go with the US Open titles which she won in 2000 and 2001.
Only Maria Sharapova in 2004 and Amelie Mauresmo in 2006 managed to break the Williams hegemony during that magical decade.
2000: Pat Rafter v Andre Agassi
Andre Agassi versus Pat Rafter was always a good one for the fans to watch. The American was one of the best returners in the game and wore out a path along the baseline, while the Aussie was an attacker who felt most at home at the net.
In the space of 12 months they played three Grand Slam five-setters between June 2000 and June 2001, two of them at Wimbledon (where they had already met twice, Agassi winning in 1993 and 1999). All of them were classics, none more so than at The Championships 2000. Rafter parlayed his serve-and-volley to a one-set lead, but Agassi found his range on his passing shots to level at one-all. Errors in the American’s game again handed Rafter the advantage but Agassi could never be counted out over the Grand Slam distance and duly fought back to take it to a fifth set.
The match went down in the annals as a classic, primarily due to the number of rallies it contained. Though the Australian tried to keep the points short on his own service, he managed to disrupt Agassi with his returning game full of heavy slice from the baseline. The American cracked first, and Rafter found himself in his first Wimbledon final.
2000: Pete Sampras wins seventh title
Wimbledon was where Pete Sampras felt most at home and none but the most foolish were prepared to write him off. Having battled tendonitis in his right knee on his way to the final, the American was left to face Australia’s Pat Rafter for his seventh Wimbledon title and his record-breaking 13th Grand Slam trophy.
Sampras stumbled through the first set tiebreak, offering it up with a double fault but then sniffed the scent of blood as Rafter blew a 4-1 lead in the second. At a set apiece, Sampras, at last, began to settle and as the night drew in, he closed out his emotional 6-7, 7-6, 6-4, 6-2 victory. He burst into tears and then ran for the back of the stands to find his parents, Sam and Georgia, who had flown in overnight to see their son make history.
It was Sampras's last great moment at the All England Club. Two lean and title-free years later, he was rewriting the record books again, winning his 14th grand slam title at the US Open by beating Agassi. That, he thought, was enough and with nothing left to achieve and no prospect of bettering those last two grand slam triumphs, he called it a day. History could take care of itself from now on.
2001: Tim Henman v Goran Ivanisevic
Friday 6 July
Croat Goran Ivanisevic had started The Championships as a wild card, but the tennis he went on to produce defied his world ranking of No.125. The day’s first semi-final was a marathon and when rain brought a halt to the Henman-Ivanisevic clash after just three sets at 6.18pm, it was the Briton who was in charge. Although Ivanisevic had clinched a tight opening set 7-5, Henman hit back to nick the second on a tie-break before racing through the third by ‘bageling’ Ivanisevic in just 15 minutes. With Henman up 2-1 in the fourth when play was abandoned for the day, the Oxfordshire star was within touching distance of a place in the final.
Saturday 7 July
A full night’s sleep had given Ivanisevic the chance to gather his thoughts and he quickly put the disastrous third set behind him. Ultimately, a fourth-set tiebreak was required and when Tiger Tim opened up a 3-1 lead, once more, things were looking good for the Henmaniacs. Croatia’s finest had other ideas however, and despite standing two points from defeat, Ivanisevic fought his way out of the breaker to force a deciding set. The two men played another five games and with the wild card up 3-2 in the fifth rain brought another premature end to the day’s drama at 6.29 pm. The match would go into a third day.
Sunday 8 July
Both men knew it would be decided by one thing – guts – and so it proved. Henman had a brief window of opportunity when Ivanisevic trailed 0-30 on serve at 3-3, but the outsider blasted his way out of trouble, broke in the very next game and served out the match to complete a memorable 7-5, 6-7(6), 0-6, 7-6, 6-3 victory exactly 45 hours and nine minutes after it had begun on the Friday.
2001: Goran Ivanisevic v Pat Rafter
In what was arguably the feel-good tennis final of all time, the charismatic Croat Goran Ivanisevic defeated the equally regarded Australian Pat Rafter in an epic five-set, three-hour-one-minute final, with Centre Court inhabited by an ecstatic corner of Bedlam.
The three-times beaten finalist had been given a wildcard as a gesture of goodwill for what he once did; he was 125 in the world and two months off his 30th birthday. A string of early exits and a lingering left shoulder problem provoked talk of imminent retirement and a career without a Grand Slam.
The crowd, on People's Monday, cried, cheered, roared and chanted as Ivanisevic, like a gentle giant, stood with his arms aloft on top of a television commentary box to cast his shadow over his kingdom; acknowledging the ovation, capturing the moment with his mind's eye.
Rafter, himself troubled by injury and losing a second successive final, was a gallant loser and recognised the Centre Court happening described by Ivanisevic as a time when "everybody was going nuts". The third seed said: "I don't think Wimbledon has seen anything like it and I don't know whether it will again."
2001: Pete Sampras v Roger Federer
We did not realise it at the time, but this was a changing of the guard. Pete Sampras – a seven-time champion unbeaten in 31 matches dating back to 1996 – was defeated by Roger Federer, who would go on to win six Wimbledon titles himself.
Sampras had already walked on egg shells earlier in the tournament, taking five sets to overcome British wildcard Barry Cowan in the second round. Federer meanwhile was only 19 but already one for the future, having won the Hopman Cup (alongside Martina Hingis) and Milan already in 2001 and reached the quarter-finals of the French Open a few weeks prior to Wimbledon.
Federer’s serving, movement and attacking mentality were Sampras-esque throughout a match which ebbed and flowed for five sets and in an ironic twist, it would be the only time the two greats faced each other on tour.
He and Federer would meet again in SW19 however, when the latter sealed his 15th Grand Slam win on Centre Court in 2009, taking Sampras’ record in the process.
2002: Pete Sampras v George Bastl
The graveyard of champions earned its sobriquet over the years, and never more so than in 2002. Previous Wimbledon winners to have lost on Court No.2 included John McEnroe, Virginia Wade, Jimmy Connors, Pat Cash, Andre Agassi, Richard Krajicek and Lleyton Hewitt, and then in 2002 came the biggest of them all. Pete Sampras was feeling out of sorts, hounded by the press who wanted to be the first to hear about his impending (according to them at least) retirement.
He took to the court to face George Bastl, a Swiss player for whom the word “journeyman” was invented. He was 145 in the world, only in the tournament as a lucky loser and had set up this second-round clash by defeating another lucky loser a few days earlier.
Two months later, Pistol Pete would go on to capture his 14th and final Grand Slam title at the US Open but in between times, Bastl recorded the greatest win of his career, downing Sampras 6-3, 6-2, 4-6, 3-6, 6-4 in what would be the American’s last ever match at Wimbledon. The Swiss then lost 6-2, 6-2, 6-2 to David Nalbandian in the next round, and like Sampras, he never won another match in SW19.
2003: Lleyton Hewitt v Ivo Karlovic
To crow, along the lines of “how the mighty are fallen”, would be terribly unfair. Lleyton Hewitt was a mere 22 years old and he found himself up against a 6’10” Croat who would go on to carve himself a niche as one of the hardest servers in the game. But when the title-holder crashed out in the opening round of the 2003 Championships to an unknown qualifier ranked 203 in the world, there was more than enough Schadenfreude to go round.
Hewitt was unlucky enough to come up against a young Ivo Karlovic at a time when the grass was fast and aces rained down. He had, the previous year, been lucky enough to peak early in his career, during the "interregnum" between the Pete Sampras and the Roger Federer eras to secure his second Grand Slam title. He made the most of the period of grace accorded to him by the waning of Sampras’s star prior to Federer’s ascension to greatness, winning the US Open in 2001 and the ATP end-of-season world tour finals in 2001 and 2002.
Only once in the history of The Championships had the defending men’s champion had lost in the opening round. At least 1966 winner Manuel Santana (who lost to Charlie Pasarell in the first round the following year) had some company in the record books.
2003: Martina Navratilova wins again
In 2003, 25 years after her first singles title (of nine), Martina Navratilova equalled the amazing Championships record of Billie Jean King with her 20th Wimbledon title, this one coming alongside Leander Paes in the mixed doubles. This historic moment came less than six months after she had achieved the "boxed set" of winning the singles, women’s doubles and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slams (something that eluded even Billie Jean), emulating Doris Hart and Margaret Court before her.
"All my titles here are special but the last one was eight years ago and I never thought I'd play again after that," said Navratilova after she and Paes defeated Andy Ram and Anastasia Rodionova 6-3, 6-3 in the final. The Czech-born American toyed with retirement but accepted a wildcard into the singles draw at The Championships the following year – a decision which attracted criticism both of Navratilova and the AELTC, which she summarily silenced with a 6-0, 6-1 win in the first round over Catalina Castano and by taking Gisela Dulko to three sets in the second round.
The win with Paes also took her overall Slam record to 58 wins, second only to Margaret Court’s 62, and she would go on to add another in 2006, when she partnered Bob Bryan to the US Open title a month before her 50th birthday.
2004: Maria Sharapova
If we take out Lottie Dodd, who was still 15 when she won at the tail-end of the 19th century, then only Martina Hingis, who was 16 years and nine months when she won in 1997, was younger than the six-foot Siberian champion.
Sharapova was a tender 17 years and 2 months when she arrived in SW19 in 2004, but she opened a few eyes when she won at the Priory Club in Edgbaston earlier in the month and was seeded No.13 for The Championships. Not that she was expected to win even after she defeated Lindsay Davenport in the semis – a certain Miss S.J. Williams was lying in wait in the final. Serena had won The Championships in 2002 and 2003 and had taken over from her sister Venus, who took the Wimbledon title in 2000 and 2001.
Only 30 minutes into the match however and the sibling domination was all but over. Sharapova took the opening set in half an hour. Serena managed an early break in the second set but the tide was not for turning. Sharapova won 6-1, 6-4, and with her triumph book-ended by Anastasia Myskina’s surprise win at the French and Svetlana Kuznetsova’s success at the US Open, it seemed as if a new Russian era of tennis was being ushered in. Instead it served to spur on the rivalries between the Williams sisters, Justine Henin, Amelie Mauresmo, Kim Clijsters and Sharapova herself in a brief golden age in the women’s game.
2004: Wimbledon the movie
There have been plenty of films about Wimbledon, but in 2004 there was one which is now filed not under sports documentaries but romantic comedies. “Wimbledon” is the story of a player ranked just outside the top 100 who gets a wildcard to The Championships and ends up winning the whole shebang (much a la Goran Ivanisevic in 2001).
The film features John McEnroe, Chris Evert, Mary Carillo and John Barrett in the commentary box, and while Kirsten Dunst cuts an unlikely figure on the baseline, Paul Bettany who plays the lead most certainly benefitted from the coaching of 1987 Wimbledon winner Pat Cash, who trained the actors in the art of swinging the catgut.
Plenty of local landmarks are featured including Heathrow airport, the Dorchester Hotel and the London Eye, but the most unmistakable images came from the All England Club, predominantly on the old and sadly now departed No.3 court where the fans were so close to the action.
2004: Todd Woodbridge
After six titles with the other “Woodie”, Todd Woodbridge bagged another hat-trick – this time alongside Jonas Bjorkman – and broke the Wimbledon record for men’s doubles titles. His ninth success, achieved in 2004, outshone the previous best of eight, which dated back a century, when "Big Do and Little Do" – brothers Reggie and Laurie Doherty – were at their peak.
SW19 was certainly a happy hunting ground for Woodbridge during his playing days. As a singles player, he defeated Sampras on the hallowed lawns in 1989 and even made the semis in 1997. Doubles was definitely his speciality however, and he secured every big trophy there was to win – all four Slams for a total of 16 Majors, the ATP World Tour Finals on two occasions and Olympic Gold in 1996.
Most of his success came as one half of the Woodies, but when Mark Woodforde retired in 2000, Woodbridge went on to secure four more Slams alongside Bjorkman, the last one coming at Wimbledon in 2004. The following year, with a record 83 ATP doubles titles to his name, Woodbridge announced his retirement – at Wimbledon, of course.
2005: Venus Williams and Lindsay Davenport
The longest women’s singles final in Wimbledon history saw Venus Williams win her third title, seeing off No.1 seed and 1999 champion Lindsay Davenport in two hours 45 minutes.
Davenport had defeated Dinara Safina, Kim Clijsters, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amelie Mauresmo en route to the final, while No.14 seed Venus had had to overcome Mary Pierce in the quarters and defending champion Maria Sharapova in the semis. Having taken such prominent scalps along the way, it was only fitting that the final was such a classic. Davenport edged the opener then broke Venus in the 11th game of the second set, giving the taller of the two lofty Americans the opportunity to serve for the title. Venus amazingly broke back to love to stay alive before dominating the tie-break to level the tie.
Davenport broke to lead 4-2 in the decider and stood at 40-15 on her own service. Undaunted, Venus broke back then levelled. Davenport went for treatment on her back before returning to carve out a match point on her opponent’s serve. Venus saved it and the match went into overtime. At 7-7 the elder of the two tennis-playing Williams sisters broke, and despite double-faulting on her first match point she took the second to emerge victorious 4-6, 7-6(4), 9-7 after a tie which, for once, actually deserved to be called an "epic".
2005: Stephen Huss and Wesley Moodie
Having played the grand total of one Challenger event together prior to the tournament, South African Wes Moodie and Australian Stephen Huss swept all before them at The Championships in 2005 and became the first ever qualifiers to win the men’s doubles.
The pairing formed just weeks before The Championships, but claimed plenty of notable scalps throughout the tournament. Todd Woodbridge, who had won his ninth Wimbledon men’s doubles title just 12 months earlier, was sent packing into retirement after he and Mahesh Bhupathi fell to the newcomers in the second round, then in the semis they defeated Jonas Bjorkman (who had partnered Woodbridge to victory in 2002, 2003 and 2004) and Max Mirnyi.
To cap things off in the final, they defeated the legendary Bryan brothers, perhaps the best doubles pairing of the decade, in four sets. For the two victors, this would prove to be the pinnacle of their careers. Huss did win in Beijing in 2008 alongside Ross Hutchins, while Moodie won at Queen’s in 2009 with Mikhail Youzhny. Grand Slam success however came along just this once.
2006: Agassi’s last match
Was it a changing of the guard? Not quite, but it was certainly symbolic. A balding, 36-year-old American was dispatched in straight sets by a Spaniard 16 years his junior, complete with flowing locks and a pirate’s bandana.
It was probably more ironic than symbolic. Back in the day, it was Andre Agassi who created a stir around his hair, his accessories and his return of service. And after 134 minutes of play followed by a far-from-traditional on-court interview, Agassi’s Wimbledon career was over, beaten by a young Rafael Nadal. As a 17-year-old prodigy from the Nick Bollettieri academy, he won a mere five games against Henri Leconte in his debut and vowed never to return. He finally came back in 1991 and the following year, despite a few warnings from umpires for some very un-Wimbledonesque language, he defeated Goran Ivanisevic in a five-set epic. His only disappointment that year was not being able to dance with ladies’ singles winner Steffi Graf at the Champions’ Ball, but that pleasure would come later.
Indeed, he would return alongside Stefanie Graf-Agassi in 2009 for the Centre Court celebration. In the intervening years he had won the US, Australian and French Opens to become the first man to win all four Grand Slams on three different surfaces. He had earned that on-court interview in 2006, and the showman and contrarian in him revelled in the fact that he had engineered a break with tradition “in the place that first taught me to respect the sport”, as he himself put it as he bowed out.
2007: Roger Federer v Rafael Nadal
It was not surprising that ‘The Ice Man’, Bjorn Borg, betrayed no emotion as he watched Roger Federer’s bid to equal his record of five successive Wimbledon titles.
The world No.1 was undefeated in 33 matches at the All England Club going into the final, but standing in his path was Rafael Nadal, who had beaten the Swiss in the French Open final just weeks before.
Having won the third set in a tie-breaker, the usually unflappable Federer became frustrated by his relentless opponent and a succession of Hawk-Eye’s calls that went against him. Nadal stormed into a 5-1 lead in the fourth but was then forced to call for the trainer to have his right knee taped. Inclement weather meant that the Majorcan had not had a day's rest since the start of the second week. Though Nadal won the fourth set 6-2, Federer could smell blood in the water. His mind was in total lock-down, focused on winning and winning alone, and he raced away to claim his fifth Wimbledon trophy 7-6(7), 4-6, 7-6(3), 2-6, 6-2 in 225 minutes.
2007: Equal prize money
After at least a year’s brouhaha during which Venus Williams, Billie Jean King and even then British Prime Minister Tony Blair added their two pennies’ worth on the subject, the All England Club decided in 2007 to award equal prize money to both men and women across the board, from the champions down to the first-round losers in all events.
The princely sum of £11,282,710 was split evenly, with winners Roger Federer and Venus Williams pocketing £700,000 each for their fortnight’s work. "Tennis is one of the few sports in which women and men compete in the same event at the same time," said Tim Phillips, Chairman of the All England Club.
"We believe our decision to offer equal prize money provides a boost for the game as a whole and recognises the enormous contribution that women players make to the game and to Wimbledon. We hope it will also encourage girls who want a career in sport to choose tennis as their best option. In short, good for tennis, good for women players and good for Wimbledon."
2007: Hawk-Eye
The 2007 Wimbledon Championships saw the All England Club deploy Hawk-Eye for the first time as electronic line-calling technology on Centre and No.1 courts.
The move followed successful testing to verify the accuracy of the system on grass as well as agreement of the protocol to be adopted when using the system – namely that Wimbledon would allow for three incorrect challenges in a set, an increase from the previous figure of two used at the US and Australian Opens.
Whilst the name "Hawk-Eye" has obvious connotations of pin-point vision, it actually comes from the system’s inventor, Dr Paul Hawkins, whose innovation was first used in the 2001 Ashes cricket series. It was used as part of television coverage for the Davis Cup in 2002, and debuted at a Grand Slam in Australia in 2003.
Hawk-Eye replaced the previous "Cyclops" system, which involved infra-red beams used to determine whether services were in or out.
2007: Jamie Murray
"Murray wins Wimbledon" is a headline British journalists have been dying to write for years now, but they already had such an opportunity in 2007. This was the year that Jamie Murray, elder brother of Andy, partnered soon-to-be singles world No.1 Jelena Jankovic to victory in the mixed doubles.
The success had the two vital ingredients for the UK tabloid press: a home-grown hero and a "leggy" (their words) partner who was happy to fuel the speculation that this was no mere on-court marriage of convenience – this was indeed a "love match". "When it was a breakpoint I was telling him if he got a good return he would get many kisses, but he kept putting it out," sighed Jelena in many a post-match press conference. When the pairing overcame Jonas Bjorkman and Alicia Molik in a three-set final, the fairytale was complete. They danced at the Champions’ Ball and there was even talk of Jelena being invited to spend Christmas up in Scotland with the Murrays.
Since then, things have cooled. Jelena is concentrating on her singles career, Jamie has married a waitress from Dunblane and the journos are still waiting to dust off their "Murray wins Wimbledon" headlines.
2008: Serena Williams v Venus Williams
From 2000-2010, the Williams sisters made SW19 their own back yard. Venus won five singles titles, Serena four. Four times they faced each other in the final, and on three of those occasions they then returned to Centre Court to contest – and win – the women’s doubles.
Beaten semi-finalist Elena Dementieva had fanned the flames of criticism over their seemingly dull previous finals, saying of the final: "For sure it's going to be a family decision."
If it was, then they certainly did an admirable cover-up job. Serena started the quicker and was a hair’s breadth away from a 4-1 lead when a net cord intervened. Venus powered back to take the first set with a run of five games out of six then breaking her own Wimbledon service record in the second set with a 129mph offering en route to a 7-5, 6-4 win.
Three hours later they were back on Centre Court, and this time neither sister would have to leave disappointed or metaphorically empty-handed. A 6-2, 6-2 win over Sam Stosur and Lisa Raymond gave the Williamses their third Wimbledon doubles title.
2008: Rafael Nadal v Roger Federer
It has been hailed as the greatest tennis match ever played, watched, or attended. At 9.15pm, in the gloaming of Centre Court, Rafael Nadal proverbially snatched the glinting gold Wimbledon trophy from under Roger Federer's nose for his first Wimbledon victory.
Flashbulbs exploded and reverberated around the court, Federer rooted to his chair in disbelief, Nadal, the happiest man on earth. He had conquered Wimbledon's grass, and one of its greatest champions. Spain's world No.2 won 6-4, 6-4, 6-7, 6-7, 9-7, to become the first man since Bjorn Borg in 1980 to do the French Open and Wimbledon double in the same summer. He was also the first Spaniard to win Wimbledon since Manuel Santana in 1966.
"It's impossible to explain what I felt in that moment but I'm very, very happy. It is a dream to play on this court, my favourite tournament, but to win I never imagined," Nadal said.
"I tried everything, got a little late, but look, Rafa is a deserving champion, he just played fantastic. The rain didn't make it easier but you have to expect the worst and he's the worst opponent on the best court," Federer said.
2008: Andy Murray v Richard Gasquet
Was this the moment when the British crowd finally decided that Andy Murray was "one of us"? The SW19 like nothing more than an epic fight-back from a local hero, and the Scotsman served one up at the end of "Manic Monday" – the mid-point of every Championships.
In 2008, it was former French prodigy Richard Gasquet, the No.8 seed, looking as if he would at last live up to the hype, taking the opening two sets 7-5, 6-3 against a man who had lost both of their previous encounters. These were the days when Murray, No.12 seed that year, lived and died by the drop-shot, and some of them were plain suicidal. He hung tough to take the third set to a tie-break and the tide had turned as just over half an hour later it was two sets all. The 22-year-old Gasquet seemed vanquished, but could Murray beat the clock?
The canny Frenchman took a comfort break to eat up an extra few minutes, but at 9.29pm in the SW19 twilight, Murray emerged victorious, 5-7, 3-6, 7-6(3), 6-2, 6-4. Alas, Rafael Nadal was lying in wait just over 36 hours later.
2008: Laura Robson
At the tender age of 14, Laura Robson became the first British player since Annabel Croft in 1985 to win the Wimbledon girls’ singles title, defeating Noppawan Lertcheewakarn 6-3, 3-6, 6-1. No.1 Court was packed to the rafters with fans looking to watch someone other than the Williams sisters (busy contesting the women’s singles and winning the women’s doubles on Centre Court that day) and desperate for some home-grown success.
Robson’s win over the no.3 seed (who would go on to capture the crown 12 months later) capped an amazing run. She defeated soon-to-be big names Melanie Oudin and Bojana Jovanovski in straight sets and then held her nerve despite the pressure of the expectant crowd to take glory in the final. Her win earned her a wildcard for the main draw the following year, which she made the most of, pushing one-time world No.5 Daniela Hantuchova before falling in three sets.
2009: Serena Williams v Elena Dementieva
After 10 days of watching Serena Williams sail majestically through the draw, her semi-final against Elena Dementieva was determined to throw a spanner in the works. Williams was forced to chase, scrap and battle for every point of her 6-7, 7-5, 8-6 win. It was the longest women’s semi-final in the Open era at Wimbledon.
Williams is used to this winning Grand Slam titles business – she had 10 of them already at the time and was about to go on and win her 11th.
The quality of the ball striking throughout the match was at times breath-taking from both women. Few can live with Williams from the baseline but Dementieva was giving as good as she got and moving her rival from corner to corner and then out into farthest reaches of Centre Court. The decider alone lasted more than an hour as first Dementieva held a match point and then, 23 minutes later, Williams got her racket on a match-winning opportunity.
When Dementieva’s final backhand sailed wide of the line, the crowd rose as one to applaud. They had not expected a spectacle like this.
2009: The 16-14 five-set final
Roger Federer became tennis's greatest men's champion, watched by a legion of champions, as he beat Andy Roddick 5-7 7-6 (8-6) 7-6 (7-5) 3-6 16-14 in 4hrs 16mins to claim his sixth Wimbledon crown. It was also a record 15th Grand Slam title for the Swiss master, overhauling the total of Pete Sampras who was in the Royal Box along with fellow legends Bjorn Borg and Rod Laver. It was a truly momentous climax to the 2009 Championships as the 27-year-old Swiss became the most successful man in the sport.
Sampras, previous holder of that title, had been an unannounced surprise visitor to Wimbledon – where he has not been seen since 2002. The American arrived three games into the contest, but then sat as enraptured as the rest of the crowd as the two gladiators battled through 77 games, the most seen at any Wimbledon final.
Federer's ace count passed the 50 mark and then, finally, it was Roddick who cracked in the 30th game of the set. Three mishits off the frame indicated he was fatigued and when Federer was offered the first Championship point he grabbed it eagerly, leaping into the air with joy as another Roddick mishit sailed long.
2009: The unveiling of the Centre Court roof
Over recent years, whenever play at The Championships was affected or even washed out entirely by rain it produced an inevitable outpouring of frustration.
So when, on the afternoon of 17 May 2009, Wimbledon finally unveiled its long-awaited Centre Court roof – three years in the assembly and nine long years in the planning - the timing proved to be perfect. As the 3,000-ton construction began its eight-minute closing procedure, the weather lent a helping hand by sprinkling on the proceedings.
A set of mixed doubles was played out between the husband and wife team of Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf took on Tim Henman and Kim Clijsters. Despite only having one Slam between them at the time compared with the 30 that their opponents could muster, Henman and Clijsters won 7-6. Agassi then edged Henman 6-4 before Clijsters defeated Graf by the same score. So impressive was the Belgian, who had retired from tennis in favour of marriage and motherhood, that then-chairman of Wimbledon, Tim Phillips, promptly offered her a wild card for the upcoming Championships.
This was politely declined – "hopefully, next year", she said – but this glittering day proved to be a defining moment for Clijsters, who resumed her career brilliantly and won the US Open a mere four months later.
2009: Dinara Safina v Amelie Mauresmo
History was finally made at 5.19pm on Monday 29 June 2009, when Amelie Mauresmo struck the first service under the cover of "5,200 square metres of a very strong, flexible, translucent waterproof material".
As the Centre Court crowd sat and stared at the skies on Monday, suddenly the roof started to move. At 4.39pm, the two halves of the structure started to roll towards the middle of the court to gasps and cheers from below. And then it stopped. "I hope someone’s kept the receipt," said one wag in the stands. Surely it cannot be broken? No, actually, the roof closes in the three stages with a slight pause between each phase. By 4.46pm the roof was finally shut and there was a huge round of applause. Outside, the drizzle had stopped.
At 5.11pm, the players returned to thunderous applause. Mauresmo, the first on court, could not take her eyes off the roof above her – and the floodlights that had now warmed up and were shining brightly – as she began her warm-up routine. Her opponent Dinara Safina meanwhile kept her eyes firmly fixed on the grass beneath her feet and tried not to let the moment of history distract her, on her way to victory and a place in the quarter-finals.
2009: Andy Murray v Stan Wawrinka
On 29 June 2009, the last match scheduled for the day on Centre Court was a fourth-round men’s singles tie featuring Andy Murray and Stanislas Wawrinka. The pair would have the honour of contesting the first competitive match to be played in its entirety under the Centre Court roof.
Some 50 feet below 3,000 tons of structural steel and Tenara architectural fibre, the lights illuminated the famous turf on an overcast evening and 15,000 spectators witnessed Dunblane-born Murray battle with high-calibre Swiss opponent Wawrinka.
Just as it looked as if this unique evening’s entertainment was coming to an end Wawrinka pounced at 5-5 in the fourth set to break and then serve out the set 7-5 to force a decider, breaking another record at The Championships with the contest destined to go on later than any other Wimbledon match.
Breaks were exchanged to open the fifth set but in the end it was Murray who emerged victorious, 2-6, 6-3, 6-3, 5-7, 6-3 ending it all on service at precisely 10.39 pm securing his place both in the quarter-finals and in a new chapter in Wimbledon Centre Court’s unrivalled history.
| Williams sisters |
Who was the female member of Britain's gang of four? | Top 10 greatest ladies matches - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
Top 10 greatest ladies matches
By Mark Hodgkinson
Re-live the 10 greatest ladies matches at Wimbledon...
Maria Sharapova becomes a superstar. One sunny afternoon in the summer of 2004, the 17-year-old Siberian became an international superstar, after beating Serena Williams in the Wimbledon final. With her photogenic looks, this was a tennis victory made in marketing men’s heaven, and she has gone on to become the world’s highest-earning sportswoman. Don’t for a moment think that Sharapova doesn’t have a sense of her own worth. She is very much a 21st century tennis player, a businesswoman as well as an athlete.
Jana Novotna wins at last. The Czech was a popular loser, but she was also a popular winner. In 1993, after losing the final to Steffi Graf, she famously sobbed on the shoulder of the Duchess of Kent, and she was denied for a second time in 1997 when losing to Martina Hingis. On that occasion, there were no tears staining the royal jacket, but the Duchess was moved to remark to the runner-up: “The third time will be third-time lucky.” A year later, Novotna beat Nathalie Tauziat and the Venus Rosewater Dish was hers. But there was another quiet word from the Duchess. “I was right,” the Duchess told her.
Billie Jean King thrashes Evonne Goolagong. Has anyone ever played better tennis in a Wimbledon final? The American won 20 Wimbledon titles, six of them in the singles competition between 1966 and 1975, but she probably never played better than when she beat Goolagong 6-0, 6-1.
Althea Gibson becomes Wimbledon's first black champion. The African-American is one of the most important figures in Wimbledon’s history, as she was the first black player, male or female, to win the title on the grass of SW19. Born in North Carolina, and raised in Harlem in North Carolina, she had it tough during her tennis education, as she was barred from whites-long clubs and competitions. But Gibson persevered with her tennis, and scored her first Wimbledon title in 1957 and then backed it up by winning again the next year. She lived in poverty for much of her old age, before dying in 2003. Venus and Serena Williams know that they owe much to Gibson.
Virginia Wade wins Wimbledon in front of the Queen. It’s the cardigan that most people remember, Wade having walked out to the 1977 final wearing a natty pink cardy with a monogrammed ‘VW’ on the front. She peeled that pink cardigan off, and then went out and beat Holland’s Betty Stove. It was quite a way to celebrate the Queen’s Silver Jubilee year, with the monarch in attendance that day in the Royal Box. Afterwards, the crowd sang ‘For she’s a jolly fellow’, and it wasn’t directed at Her Majesty, but at Wade. No British woman has won Wimbledon since, and Wade is as frustrated as anyone by that. British winners are as retro as Wade’s pink cardigan.
Serena and Venus contest the first all-Williams final in 2002. On four occasions, the sisters have played each other in the Wimbledon final - also in 2003, 2008 and 2009 - and the tennis has never been of the highest quality. There have also been ludicrous, completely unfounded allegations and conspiracy theories that their father Richard decides beforehand which of the sisters is to take her turn by winning the title. Perhaps people should simply appreciate how remarkable it is that one family could keep on providing both Wimbledon finalists.
Margaret Court beats Billie Jean King in an epic final. Described by commentator John Barrett as “one of the most dramatic finals ever seen at Wimbledon", the two serve-and-volleyers played for almost two-and-a-half hours. Court won 14-12, 11-9, a record number of games for a ladies’ final, and was almost too tired to celebrate.
Evonne Goolagong wins Wimbledon as a mother. An Australian of Aboriginal descent, Evonne Goolagong was the daughter of a sheep shearer, and her family lived in a tin shack in New South Wales. The Aboriginal community funded her early tennis career. "The people used to pitch in and pay for the petrol so I could play tournaments in Sydney. The town only had a population of 700 but they used to provide everything for me, including clothes, shoes and rackets," said Goolagong, who won her first Wimbledon title in 1971 and her second, when she was a mother, in 1980.
Venus Williams saves a match point. Lindsay Davenport fluffed her opportunity in the 2005 final, hitting a forehand in the net, and Venus went on to win the match. “This has special meaning as I wasn’t supposed to win,” said Williams, jumping repeatedly for joy, and almost dropping the trophy.
Maria Bueno thrills Wimbledon and then South America. The lithe and elegant Brazilian brought sex appeal to the Wimbledon lawns. All the men in the Centre Court crowd fell in love with Bueno after she won her first Wimbledon title in 1959, after which she was given a prize of a clothes voucher and then flown back in a presidential jet to a ticker-tape parade in Sao Paolo. In future years, she titillated Wimbledon by wearing a white dress with a pink lining, and also won two more titles, in 1960 and 1964.
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What is the correct name of the Rugby World Cup trophy? | Webb Ellis Cup | NZHistory, New Zealand history online
Webb Ellis Cup
The Webb Ellis Cup, trophy for the Rugby World Cup competition
The union that wins the Rugby World Cup final keeps the Webb Ellis Cup until the next tournament. At 38 cm high, the gilded silver trophy is similar in size to football’s FIFA World Cup. Both are dwarfed by the Bledisloe Cup, which is competed for annually by the All Blacks and the Wallabies, and by the Dave Gallaher Cup, which has been contested in recent years by New Zealand and France. The Six Nations Trophy is also large – it was designed to hold the contents of five bottles of champagne.
The Webb Ellis Cup was adapted from an existing model – a 1906 trophy based on a 1740 design. The satyr on one handle perhaps represents rugby’s traditionally macho culture. The nymph on the other handle looks pleased to be forever unattainable. The ball portrayed on the cup is nearly round, suggesting it may have begun life as a trophy for another code. The design was chosen at the royal jewellers in London in 1986 by the English chairman of the organising committee, John Kendall-Carpenter, and the then secretary of the IRFB. In August 2011 Kit McConnell, the IRB’s Head of Rugby World Cup, revealed that two versions of the trophy existed. Both had been acquired before the 1987 tournament and they were used interchangeably.
The Webb Ellis name was apparently insisted on by the home unions, anxious to show that a game slipping out of their control remained their intellectual property. It revived a tradition that William Webb Ellis invented rugby during a football match at Rugby School in 1823, defying convention by running forward with the ball in his hands. In reality, few sports have a single founder, let alone a moment of creation. Most evolve haphazardly over decades.
Webb Ellis was indeed a pupil at Rugby, but the version of football played at the public school did not become the basis of the sport that now bears its name until several decades later. And no such claim was made either by or for Webb Ellis while he was alive. The Old Rugbeian Society dismissed the story as unlikely in the 1890s, and no new evidence has emerged since. Some argued that the Webb Ellis Cup should be (as football’s Jules Rimet Trophy was) awarded forever to the first country to win it three times and replaced by a trophy called simply the Rugby World Cup. But when the All Blacks won the competition for a third time in 2015, no such action was takeb.
Other cups:
| Webb Ellis Cup |
What is the name of the high school in the TV series Glee? | Trophy Tour | Rugby World Cup | Land Rover Live
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The UK and Ireland leg of the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour encompassed 100 days, 300 events and 9,000 miles – that’s the length of 100,000 rugby pitches, travelled over the course of 1800 back-to-back matches.
Fans all over the UK have had a close-up view of the Webb Ellis Cup and met some of rugby’s biggest names during the tour, which engaged with over 100 clubs, organisations and rugby festivals from grassroots to elite level.
The Trophy was transported in the unique Rugby World Cup 2015 Defender – a specially-modified 110 Station Wagon with a trophy cabinet integrated into the rear of the vehicle. It took 6,000 hours to design at our Special Vehicle Operations base in the West Midlands, UK.
One of the first stops on the tour was at amateur club Highland RFC in Inverness, where former Scotland internationals Chris Paterson and Kelly Brown took coaching sessions with youth players, and Land Rover held auditions for young players to be official Rugby World Cup 2015 mascots.
The Webb Ellis Cup arrived back at Twickenham on 18 September for the Tournament’s opening ceremony.
RUGBY WORLD CUP 2015 TROPHY TOUR OF UK AND IRELAND
The Webb Ellis Cup has been carried around the UK and Ireland in a bespoke Defender, visiting over 100 clubs, organisations and rugby festivals, from grassroots to elite level.
RUGBY WORLD CUP 2015 ARRIVES IN LONDON
Land Rover reveals the Defender that will transport the Webb Ellis Cup on its 100 day Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour.
On the 22nd May the Rugby World Cup 2015 Defender emerged from a giant Rugby Ball which floated up the Thames to the world famous Tower Bridge. Constructed at a secret location, the 8.2 metre high ball floated 25 miles upriver, passing iconic London landmarks before docking at Butler's Wharf. Land Rover Ambassadors and Rugby World Cup 2003 Winners Martin Johnson and Lewis Moody brought the Webb Ellis Cup and the Rugby World Cup 2015 Defender together for the first time ahead of its tour of the UK and Ireland.
RUGBY WORLD CUP 2015 DEFENDER
Our Special Vehicle Operations team has provided the perfect vehicle for the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour.
RUGBY WORLD CUP TROPHY TOUR
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What was Harold Wilson's secretary's name before she took the title Lady Falkender? | Harold Wilson's former private secretary Lady Falkender and a 40-year silence in the Lords | Daily Mail Online
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Silence is golden: Former Prime Minister Harold Wilson with his secretary Marcia Williams
Harold Wilson’s former private secretary Baroness Falkender is marking 40 years in the House of Lords this July — not that it’s anything she wants to shout about.
For the 82-year-old has been as vocal as a Charlie Chaplin movie, making not a single verbal or written contribution to debates since becoming a Labour life peer in 1974.
However, silence has been lucrative for the former Marcia Williams, who claimed the £300 attendance allowance 66 times between October 2010 and the end of this March — totalling £19,800 — according to recent figures. She also claimed £3,998 for travel expenses in the same period.
Under House of Lords rules, members receive attendance allowance for carrying out ‘Parliamentary business’, but this can simply involve casting a vote and there is no requirement to make contributions to debates.
As Wilson’s private and political secretary throughout his tenures as Prime Minister in the Sixties and Seventies, Falkender was reputed to be the ‘most powerful woman in British politics’.
She allegedly wrote the so-called ‘Lavender List’ — Wilson’s Resignation Honours List written on lavender-coloured notepaper — a claim she has always denied.
During her time in the Lords, she has attended only one in nine votes — some 220 out of more than 1,800, and none in the past 18 months.
Perhaps she is too busy with her other activities. Falkender is a member of the British Screen Advisory Council, a lobbying organisation for the audiovisual industries, and a trustee of The Silver Trust, commissioning silver tableware to be available for government occasions.
However, Parliamentary officials say her conduct is within the rules. A House of Lords spokesman says: ‘The robust House of Lords’ Code of Conduct sets out the rules under which members must carry out their Parliamentary duties.
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‘A recent report from the independent Commissioner for Standards confirmed that to be eligible to claim the daily attendance allowance a member must both attend the House and undertake Parliamentary work.’
There is no precise definition of ‘Parliamentary duties’ — and the Lords will investigate Falkender’s conduct only if a formal complaint is made, the spokesman adds. Baroness Falkender was unavailable for comment.
Claims: Labour MP Chris Bryant (pictured) will make revelations about George Osborne's family
Labour MP Chris Bryant, who was at the Hay Festival promoting his book Parliament: The Biography, claims the next volume will contain political dynamite concerning Chancellor George Osborne.
‘In it, I will reveal how Osborne’s family bought the Baronetcy in the 17th century,’ Bryant tells me. ‘George denies it, but I’ve got the proof. He’s stuffed.’
George’s father Sir Peter Osborne is the 17th Baronet, a title dating from 1629.
After a surprise meeting with a well-wisher at the festival book signing, Bryant learned that his own great-grandfather was a Victorian hangman. The well-wisher turned out to be his second cousin, Hilary Watkins.
‘My relative showed me a sepia photo of our great-grandfather William Watkins who died in 1931. He was Cardiff’s Jailer and Executioner,’ revealed Welsh-born Chris.
‘I have no feelings about my ancestor’s job as Executioner. They were different times, so there’s nothing to say about it.’
But, surely, 1931 is closer to home than 1629?
More evidence for those convinced that the Dimbleby dynasty has a divine right to media domination: David and Jonathan’s nephew, Joe Dimbleby, has just been appointed editor of the shooting magazine Sporting Gun.
The son of sculptor Nicholas Dimbleby replaces Robin Scott, younger brother of another broadcasting figure, Selina Scott. Robin departs the editor’s chair after 27 years.
Despite the magazine’s offices being located in South London, he ran Sporting Gun from his home in Stamford, Lincolnshire, refusing to move to the capital on the grounds that it was best to edit a country magazine from the country.
Now Emma's a £30million graduate
Heading into the big wide world: But Emma Watson has already made her fortune
Fans could have been forgiven for thinking Harry Potter star Emma Watson had reprised her role as teen witch Hermione Granger after she was pictured in a Hogwarts-style cap and gown.
Watson was, in fact, graduating yesterday from a more tangible academic institution: Brown University.
The 24-year-old collected a bachelor’s degree in English literature, but while her fellow graduates now face the difficult prospect of finding gainful employment, lucky Emma will have no such worries.
In 2009, the year she enrolled at the Ivy League institution, Emma was named the highest-grossing actress of the decade by the Guinness Book of World Records. She is believed to be worth £30 million. It’s magic.
As the matriarchs of England queued to see TV chef Mary Berry at the Hay Festival, beer-swilling comic Johnny Vegas interrupted proceedings to demand a selfie with her.
It happened when both were placed on adjoining tables to sign their respective books, Mary Berry Cooks, and Becoming Johnny Vegas.
‘He rocked up, said he was a fan of Mary and demanded a selfie, which she obliged,’ said an organiser. ‘Mary didn’t bat an eyelid — I don’t think she knew who he was.’
| Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender |
Which English composer wrote A Sea Symphony and A London Symphony? | WORLD EXCLUSIVE: THE RESIGNATION OF HAROLD WILSON AND THE IDENTITY OF “FIFTH” ‘MAN’ IS REVEALED BY GIOVANNI DI STEFANO - Site news read more - OPCGLOBAL
WORLD EXCLUSIVE: THE RESIGNATION OF HAROLD WILSON AND THE IDENTITY OF “FIFTH” ‘MAN’ IS REVEALED BY GIOVANNI DI STEFANO
The Semper Occultus Secrets of Iraq by Giovanni Di Stefano
2012-09-29
WORLD EXCLUSIVE: THE RESIGNATION OF HAROLD WILSON AND THE IDENTITY OF “FIFTH” ‘MAN’ IS REVEALED BY GIOVANNI DI STEFANO
The question that everyone asked in the late 1960s and to date is who was the fifth man? In fact it was who the fourth man was? Then the name of Antony Blunt came to be aired and so the quest was for the fifth man.
Harold Wilson resigned suddenly from office on 16 March 1976, with effect from 5 April 1976. There has been much talk as to the reasons of his resignation. Was he the fifth man? Was he in a homosexual relationship with Jeremy Thorpe? Did he receive £1 million in diamonds from the South African government for turning a blind eye to apartheid? Was he in a sexual relationship with Marcia Williams his secretary?
Before one answers those questions and who was the fifth man, it is necessary to consider the background of Harold Wilson.
It is without doubt that the most senior Labour Politician on whom the Security Services held a file post-war was Harold Wilson.
In 1961, he sought to become Labour leader and challenged Hugh Gaitskell for the Labour leadership.
The file on Wilson was in fact opened in 1945, a few days after he became a Member of Parliament. Strangely enough, he became a Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Works immediately upon being elected. In 1947 at the tender age of only 31 he became the President of the Board of Trade and the youngest member of the Attlee Cabinet.
For reasons that were never quite explained and the obvious sensitivity of a file on a Minister, all documents and file title were under the pseudonym of “Norman John Worthington”.
A note on the file states the following: “The Security interest attaching to Wilson and justifying the opening of a PF derives from comments made about him by certain Communist members of the Civil Service which suggested an identity or similarity of political outlook.”
A further note on the file recorded from a Communist Civil Servant at the Ministry of Works stated the following regarding Wilson’s move to the Board of Trade in 1947: “He and I were getting, you know, quite a plot, but it has all gone West now.”
It was quite clear that Harold Wilson from an early age had Communist sympathies and this would be the cause of a number of investigations by the Security Services into him in later years.
Wilson was sacked from the Board of Trade in 1951 and left the Cabinet over a dispute involving defence expenditure. In October 1954, a year before Clement Attlee retired as Labour leader, the Security Services picked up on a conversation in the bugged King Street offices of the Communist Party of Great Britain. That conversation favoured Harold Wilson in taking over as Labour leader rather than Aneurin Bevan. In fact, neither took control of the Labour Party since that honour went to Hugh Gaitskell who would subsequently be murdered by the KGB on one of his trips to Moscow, allowing Harold Wilson to take the leadership.
Whilst Wilson was the President of the Board of Trade, he paid three official visits to Moscow alleging trade negotiations and even played a game of cricket with the then NKVD (KGB). His contacts in Russia increased whilst he was in opposition and from 1952 to 1959 he was a loosely defined economic consultant for Montague L Meyer Ltd, timber importers from the Soviet Union, and paid numerous visits to Moscow supposedly on timber business, but increasingly meeting Soviet leaders and establishing himself as the Labour Party’s main Soviet expert. The Security Service files note that in May 1953 the Daily Worker reported with their headlines that Wilson had “warm and friendly talks with Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister”. The Security Services followed his every move and recorded in the files.
On each of his trips, he was accompanied by a then beautiful blonde known as Marcia Williams, with whom he would have a relationship for the rest of his life.
Nevertheless the unexplained deaths, including that of Gaitskell, remain of some concern.
The hunt for what is now known as the “Magnificent Five” is something that occupied the Security Services for a number of years. Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross were all recruited at or very soon after leaving the University of Cambridge in the mid-1930s. Anthony Blunt was a treble agent and was certainly no traitor. Only HM the Queen and Harold Wilson knew this, but it would be some years before Blunt would be exposed by the media.
Whilst the Security Services and the media have made much about the hunt for the “Magnificent Five”, since 1948 over 30 high profile agents in MI5 and MI6 were effectively working for the Soviet Bloc countries. It was not until the spring of 1951 that the Security Services deciphered a 7-year old KGB telegram from Washington to Moscow that identified one of the “Magnificent Five”.
That person was Donald Maclean, who was ironically identified by Kim Philby, which allowed a good while to arrange the escape of Donald Maclean, but that discovery took the Security Services completely by surprise and from 1951, by which time Harold Wilson was well established, the Security Services began the most complex and longest drawn out investigation in its history, taking over 40 years to complete - and there is a suggestion that it has still not been completed. There are still double, treble and even double double agents within MI5 and MI6 with the focus now shifted more to the economics of the spy industry as opposed to the ideological principles adopted by agents post-war.
One has to remember that while most agents were recruited all had excellent backgrounds - and nearly all university degrees - with the bulk from the University of Cambridge.
But what the Security Services never banked upon was the possibility that any one of the magnificent 5, 6, 7 or 30 was anything other than male.
Much has been made of the relationship between Harold Wilson and Marcia Williams. Joe Haines, the press secretary during the Wilson government, stated publicly that there was a sexual relationship between Wilson and Williams. But there were also Security Services’ intercepts which show that Harold Wilson’s doctor suggested “disposing” of Williams because she kept threatening to destroy his premiership.
Marcia Williams’ incredible sway over Wilson has led to constant speculation that it could be only the result of a sexual relationship. Williams often boasted that she had enjoyed a sexual relationship with Harold Wilson. Covert surveillance and intercepts also show that Williams on one occasion, in 1974, summoned Mary Wilson, the PM’s wife, to tell her “I have only one thing to say to you. I went to bed with your husband six times in 1956, and it was not satisfactory.”
Wilson rewarded Williams with a peerage in 1974, not because of any sexual relationship that may or may not have occurred in 1956 in Moscow - more likely than not - but because he was aware that she was and remains a Soviet agent to this day. Wilson knew her political ideology and tendencies and whilst, over a period of time, the focus was on the sexual element of any relationship, it was a red herring. The fact that the Prime Minister knew she was an agent and did nothing about it from 1956 onwards was the real cause and reason for his ultimate resignation. It was only by rewarding her by a high-elevated office when Wilson realised that he was ill that Williams abated and has to this day remained the “mystery woman” of English politics. The murder plot against her was discussed three times after Harold Wilson had told his doctor that Williams had claimed to have had sex with the Prime Minister.
In 1975, Wilson’s second term in Downing Street went from bad to worse and from crisis to crisis, and many close to Wilson grew increasingly concerned at the effect Marcia Williams was having on him.
The idea of murdering Williams came to Wilson’s personal doctor, Joe Stone, when he heard that Williams was considering suing a newspaper, as she has done repeatedly over the years on allegations of sexual impropriety with Wilson. Dr Stone felt that Williams could not last in the witness box without the tranquillisers he prescribed for her and she kept in a locket around her neck. The Security Services were even consulted as to whether the locket could be taken when she was asleep and the tranquilliser substituted with a poison but Wilson did not authorise such.
Dr Stone according to Security Services’ files was utterly devoted to Wilson but loathed Marcia Williams with venom. His idea of “disposing of her” would take the weight of a potential blackmailer from Harold Wilson. In fact, Stone was ideally suited because had the Security Services been authorised at substituting a tranquilliser with a poison it would have been Dr Stone that would have signed the death certificate.
Security Services’ intercepts at 10 Downing Street also show that a similar suggestion was made to Bernard Donoghue, the Head of Wilson’s Policy Unit. The matter was finally put to bed when Wilson, Dr Stone and Donoghue were on an official visit to Bonn and the three decided that they would never mention such a plan again
Marcia Williams is still in the House of Lords and she has always rejected any claims of a sexual relationship with Wilson and has also rejected claims that she used her position to undermine him.
She divorced her husband Ed Williams in 1961, and in the late 1960s had two children by the political editor of the Daily Mail, Walter Terry, but nothing much is heard of them today. There was a suggestion that Terry assumed paternity but that they were really the children of Harold Wilson.
When Wilson lost office in 1970, Marcia Williams seized all of his papers and it was her brother, Tony Field, who helped Harold Wilson break into her garage to recover them.
Mary Wilson was born in 1916 and has outlived her husband by coming up to 20 years. As a wife she never complained and was devoted to her husband during his period of illness and subsequent death. One factor, however, stands alone. Some of the responsibility for all the nonsense that has been written about Harold Wilson and especially the sexual innuendos is primarily because Mary Wilson adamantly refuses to take on her husband’s detractors. Today she is an intensely private woman who despises the cult of personality that has infested modern politics. Like Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, Mary Wilson does not believe in letting her emotions show.
She is no Sally Bercow, and lives alone in a Westminster flat observing the world through eyes that have lost none of their sharpness.
Mary Wilson is a poet and as a political wife she has never given a full-blown newspaper interview. When Harold Wilson died and was buried in his favoured Scilly Islands, she wrote a special poem for her husband.
The Security Services’ files state that Kagan was hauled in to be interviewed by a K5 Counterespionage Operations officer in November 1971 for questioning, where Kagan admitted that he had seen Vaygauskas weekly, on occasions with Harold Wilson, since 1964, and further that the meetings attended by Wilson were also “attended by Marcia Williams.”
Kagan was subsequently re-interviewed as the procedure requires by K5B/1 Counter-Espionage intelligence officer Tony Brooks, and Kagan admitted in the debriefing that Vaygauskas had asked him (Kagan) and Wilson to use influence with the Jewish community in Britain to call off the then demonstrations and media campaign against trials of Russian Jews in what was then Leningrad.
Brooks made the following note in the Security Service files: “I thanked Kagan for telling me this, as it was a first class example of the KGB exploiting him as an agent of influence.”
During the debriefing session, Kagan also confirmed that Vaygauskas had been collecting “dirt” on people in public life and that Kagan had provided him with “a great deal”. One of the pieces of “dirt” that is maintained in the Security Services’ file was that Harold Wilson was having an extra-marital affair with a female member of staff, not Marcia Williams.
The Security Services files show that Marcia Williams was furious when she discovered that Wilson was involved romantically with a member of his secretarial support staff as she felt it could compromise his position.
In October 1972, Wilson, being concerned that the Security Services were building a file on him, requested a meeting with both MI5 and MI6 to discuss Kagan. A young MI6 officer that had recently been engaged by the Security Services, in May of 1972, was given the task of meeting with the then Prime Minister in the House of Commons. Normally, a request from the Prime Minister for a meeting with the Security Services would have attracted the attention only of the Director General or the Deputy Director General. In this case, however, it was the young officer who made the following note in the Security Services file: “Seems clear that Kagan was being used unconsciously by Vaygauskas to supply items of news or scandal as a medium for obtaining access to the famous. Kagan accepts this. Wilson said Kagan has two main faults; (1) can’t stop gossiping (2) chasing loose women. Wilson added Kagan was a sharp, Jewish businessman and he [Wilson] wished he would stick to his business. Wilson asked if it would help if he was to have a word with Kagan and warn him about Russians. I said that I thought that it would be a good thing because nobody’s secrets could be safe when they are in the hands of a man as scheming as Kagan.”
Wilson also asked the MI6 officer to send Security Services’ technicians to investigate the television set in 10 Downing Street because of his concern that it could be used for a “technical attack” by a hostile intelligence service.
The officer noted in the file: “This enabled me to mention the case of a Lithuanian employed in the electrical department in the House of Commons, who had been introduced to Vaygauskas by Kagan. Wilson was terrified by this information but I assured him that it was under investigation.”
Despite the youth of the MI6 officer, the notation on the file concludes: “The PM is obviously under no illusions about Kagan’s honesty.”
Immediately after the interview with the MI6 officer, Wilson summoned Sir Philip Allen from the Home Office. Allen noted in an inter-departmental memorandum to the Security Services that, despite being well aware of Kagan’s dishonesty and indiscretion, Wilson continued to be his friend to the end.
John Allen, the Director of Counter-Intelligence, concluded that Kagan was clearly a target of the highest importance for the KGB. Even after Kagan was jailed for fraud in 1980, Wilson maintained his friendship with him. On a number of occasions, after Kagan was released from jail, both Wilson and Kagan entertained members of the Soviet Trade Delegation in the House of Lords.
Even as late as 1986, a number of British Embassies complained to the Foreign Office security department regarding Wilson’s personal involvement in companies that had “dodgy reputations”.
Kagan was, however, of mild interest to the Security Services compared with another of Wilson’s friends, Rudi Sternberg, who, like Kagan, had made a fortune out of trade with the Soviet Union and had received a knighthood in 1970, on Harold Wilson’s recommendation.
The Security Services’ files on Sternberg have the following annotation on how Sternberg had made his money: “By methods which seem frequently to have been on the fringe of respectability.”
In 1961, Sternberg led a committee of Members of Parliament and Peers to the Leipzig Trade Fair, to the great satisfaction of what was the East German Communist Regime not recognised in the West. Sternberg drove around Leipzig in a Rolls Royce flying the Union Jack, which acutely embarrassed the British government.
In May 1974, the then private secretary of Wilson, Robert Armstrong, asked the Director General of MI5, Sir Michael Hanley, whether there was “anything we ought to know about Sternberg”. The Security Service files show that Hanley replied: “There is a measure of interest taken in him by the Soviet Bloc intelligence services.”
MI6 strongly advised that Sternberg should not be given access to any information classified “confidential or above”.
Notwithstanding the opposition from a number of people, including Robert Armstrong, Sternberg received the peerage that he so desperately sought in the 1975 New Year’s Honours List and was elevated as Lord Plurenden. The Security Services’ files note that this “caused particular offence since it was well known that Sternberg had contributed generously to Wilson’s office expenses during his period in opposition.”
Little known is also the fact that now emerges reviewing the security Services’ files that Sternberg was connected with a Swiss bank which became insolvent and that Harold Wilson had maintained an account at that bank which included monies that he acquired from the sale of diamonds he had received from the South African government.
Although Robert Armstrong made Wilson withdraw a proportion of the money, so that not all was lost, nevertheless no-one ever challenged why the Prime Minister held an account in Switzerland, certainly tax free and potentially a criminal offence.
The Security Service interceptions of a number of Labour MPs and Wilson’s assistants show that when Wilson announced his attention to make Sternberg a Lord, “a shocked Foreign Office official protested to Joe Haines, the press secretary of Harold Wilson, asking Haines to tackle Wilson about it, especially about Sternberg being a Soviet spy.”
Intercepts at various locations do confirm that Haines tackled Wilson on this topic, to which Wilson replied that Sternberg was a double agent.
Yet another of Wilson’s disreputable business friends that made their fortunes from the Soviet trade was Harry Kissin, who had also financed Wilson’s private office whilst in opposition. Kissin, in fact, was a major confidante of Wilson during his final term. The Security Services advised the Foreign Office that Kissin was “obviously not a man to be trusted with confidences”.
The same young MI6 officer who had interviewed Wilson was assigned to survey Harry Kissin. One of many Kissin’s indiscretions was to use prostitutes corruptly. By this time the young MI6 officer was considered as reliable by the Security Services and the following annotation from the officer’s report is contained in the files: “When Kissin comes to a brothel looking for pleasure (always two girls at a time) he invariably uses the telephone in his Rolls Royce to establish that the talent at his disposal has already arrived.”
Kissin also employed prostitutes to entertain foreign contacts. In August 1968, according to an MI5 agent report, he sought “a fashionable tart to be nice to one of his business friends, and she was reported to have been nice to him also, shortly afterwards”.
Kissin also had prostitutes to entertain Asian contacts as well as a Senior Diplomat form India, where he had business interests.
There was more than sufficient evidence to show that Kissin passed on confidential information acquired during his conversations with Harold Wilson to at least one call girl agency whose owner, Jack Donniger, was subsequently told to leave England. The Security Services helped him buy a brothel in the Philippines. This was in exchange for Donniger and his girls being debriefed.
Kissin also boasted to a prostitute (Lindsay HG) in September 1973 that he was contributing money to Wilson to boost the Liberal Party Alliance and thus kill off wavering Tory support before the next election. Debriefing of Lindsay HG also showed that Kissin had told her that Wilson was ill. When Wilson returned to office in February 1974, nobody was surprised that Kissin was indeed nominated a Lord, despite vociferous opposition from all around.
Telephone intercepts of the new Lord Kissin of Camden showed that he received congratulations from one of the brothels he frequented, and he promised that he would call around for a champagne celebration. Further telephone intercepts show that the same brothel called him on a further four occasions complaining that he had not kept his word and visited with champagne.
He continued to use call girls and prostitutes to entertain his foreign contacts as well as himself, and to talk indiscreetly to prostitutes about his confidential conversations with Harold Wilson.
One of the conversations with prostitute Mary H involved John Stonehouse and the role he played in the ‘Great Train Robbery’ in the UK in 1963.
Wilson, notwithstanding all, continued to meet with Kissin regularly. On one occasion in 1975, MI5 intercepts, recording the conversation between Kissin and Wilson, reported the following:
“Wilson: There are only 3 people listening, you me and MI5.”
Lord Kissin died in 1997, aged 85.
Robert Kissin, 65, the son of Lord Kissin, followed in his father's commodity trading footsteps and, in 2010, was identified by US diplomats as the man at the centre of one of America's worst recent corruption scandals, in which bribes of US$4 million were reportedly handed over in the ex-Soviet state of Kazakhstan. The cash was moved through a Barclays bank account set up in London on behalf of an offshore shell company registered in the Isle of Man, where true ownerships are easier to conceal. The money was designed to help Texas oil services company, Baker Hughes, make corrupt payments to Kazakh state oil chiefs in return for a lucrative USD$219m contract, according to the company's subsequent admissions.
The file on Harold Wilson was indeed actively maintained by MI5 and MI6 and contained all his contacts with communists, KGB officers and other Russians. It also contained the known KGB agents that Wilson had elevated to the House of Lords and, of course, Marcia Williams. A month after Wilson’s premiership expired, the Director General of the Security Services instructed that the index card referring to the file on Harold Wilson must be removed from the registry’s central index, with the result, of course, that anyone wanting to find a file on Wilson would find no trace of one.
The file on Wilson was known only to the Director General, the Director of covert surveillance, the young MI6 officer that had interviewed him in 1972, and the then legal advisor to the Security Services, Bernard Sheldon. But even those other than the Director General requiring access could only do so with the express and written permission of the Director General. The decision to retain the file was approved as a matter of law by Bernard Sheldon, but whether contents of the file have ever been used to undermine Wilson’s position is unknown.
There is no doubt that, whatever Wilson’s main aim in appointing Soviet agents to the House of Lords was, if he appointed so many, then Marcia Williams might well have remained undiscovered. Wilson was also preoccupied in the belief that his former Security Advisor, George Wigg, was behind press attacks on Marcia Williams. Without informing the Security Services, Wilson hired private detectives to put Wigg under surveillance. His protection of Marcia Williams knew no boundaries. One evening in the middle of May 1974, with the Ulster crisis on the top agenda, Wilson had a private dinner with George Wigg, leaving behind in 10 Downing Street, top military personnel and ministers, who were discussing the total collapse of civil order and authority in Northern Ireland. To the dinner, Wilson took with him information on Wigg’s mistress and second family, collected by private detectives, and threatened to expose Wigg if he did not leave Marcia Williams alone.
Soviet spies were not limited to those appointed to the House of Lords by Wilson. Each and every Director General of both MI5 and MI6 have been suspected of being Soviet agents and, in a proportion of the cases, this proved to be true.
It is without a doubt that the affair Wilson had with a member of his support secretarial staff had a considerable bearing on the influence that Marcia Williams had on him. Wilson was now guarding a number of private secrets, which contributed to his state of mind. Whilst Mary Wilson may well have turned a blind eye to the transgressions of her husband with Marcia Williams, Marcia Williams was certainly never going to turn a blind eye to the indiscretions of Harold Wilson with a secretary.
When he could stand it no more, and with the constant pressure from Marcia Williams, to the end he protected her, by resigning from office and ensuring her safety and security - not because they were lovers, but because he had known since the 1950s that she was a Soviet agent.
Throughout his political career, Wilson never gave regard to himself and always thought that he would be exposed or that he would be removed from office because of the clearly obvious and daring appointments to the House of Lords. Today, any Prime Minister appointing known agents to the House of Lords would have a different fate. The Security Services were always of the opinion that Wilson’s appointments were a form of ‘political suicide’ in order to exit the scene.
Quite apart from lowering his gravitas on each and every controversial appointment, Wilson’s stature on the international scene increased.
It may be because all of those around him that counted were in fact Soviet agents, and that the hunt for the “Magnificent Five” should more properly have been entitled the “Magnificent Multitude”
Giovanni Di Stefano
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Which William is associated with the abolition of slavery? | William Wilberforce: A Biography - Stephen Tomkins - Google Books
William Wilberforce: A Biography
0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/William_Wilberforce.html?id=VCkXAQAAIAAJ
William Wilberforce's name will forever be associated with the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. This lively biography includes primary documentation about the experience of slaves and slave traders. Drawing on his experience as a journalist and a church historian, Tomkins' book traces Wilberforce's early years as the son of a wealthy merchant family in Hull and his dissolute life in Cambridge. Following his work as an MP under Pitt and his evangelical conversion, he became a campaigner for public morality and led the parliamentary movement for the abolition of slavery. The book covers the formation of the "Clapham Sect" and the passing of the Anti-Slave trade act, up to Wilberforce's death just 3 days after the final reading of the Emancipation Bill.
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Gambling ana Government z7 4 True Christianity
36
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abolition bill abolition campaign abolition committee abolitionists Addington African anti-abolitionists Anti-Slavery argued Babington became better Britain British brought Buxton called Caribbean Catholic Catholic emancipation Christianity Clapham Sect Clarkson colonies colonists debate defeated Dundas Edward Eliot election emancipation Equiano evangelical felt France freedom French friends gave George gradual abolition Granville Sharp Grenville Hannah Hansard Henry Thornton House of Commons Hull human India inquiry insisted Isaac Milner island Jamaica January John king Liverpool London Lords Macaulay Middle Passage Milner motion Napoleon negroes never Newton Olaudah Equiano parliament parliamentary passed peace persuaded petitions Pitt Pitt's plantations political prime minister proposed protested Prussia Quakers radical Ramsay reform religion religious reported revolution seemed session Sierra Leone slave ship slave trade slavery Society speech spent spiritual Stephen sugar Thomas Thomas Babington Macaulay told took Vol IB votes William Wilberforce Wimbledon wrote Yorkshire Zachary Macaulay
About the author (2007)
Stephen Tomkins has a PhD in Church History at London Bible College and is a contributing editor to the Ship of Fools website. He is the author of John Wesley, Paul and his World, and A Short History of Christianity.
| William Wilberforce |
Who was Mary Arden's famous son? | William Wilberforce: Christian Abolitionist, Reformer, Statesman | Grace Communion International
Grace Communion International
William Wilberforce: Christian Abolitionist, Reformer, Statesman
2007, 2015
“God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners,” said William Wilberforce (1759-1833), the man who would be the driving force in the ultimate end of slavery in the British Empire. When Wilberforce was born, English sailors were raiding the African coast, capturing tens of thousands of Africans yearly and shipping them across the Atlantic into slavery. An estimated one in four died in route.
The economies of the British colonies depended on the slave trade. A promoter of the West Indies trade wrote, “The impossibility of doing without slaves in the West Indies will always prevent this traffic being dropped.”
As a young man, Wilberforce wasn’t aware of the horrors of the slave trade. After attending St. John’s College, Cambridge, he decided on a political career. At age 21, he won a seat in the House of Commons from his hometown, Hull. Small and frail, Wilberforce suffered throughout his life from various ailments, sometimes being bedridden for weeks and on several occasions at death’s door.
Conversion to Christ
In 1784, at age 25, Wilberforce became an evangelical Christian within the Anglican Church. He questioned whether he could pursue politics and remain a Christian. Wilberforce’s spiritual mentor was evangelical minister John Newton (1725-1807), writer of “Amazing Grace,” and former slave trader captain. He encouraged him to remain in politics, saying, “It is hoped and believed that the Lord has raised you up for the good of his church and the good of the nation.”
Once Wilberforce learned of the evils of the slave trade, he devoted his life to its abolition. He wrote: “So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the Trade’s wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for abolition.” In 1787, abolitionists Sir Charles and Lady Middleton persuaded Wilberforce to use his political influence as a Member of Parliament to legislate against the slave trade. He joined the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, allying himself with such abolitionists as Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846).
Wilberforce became associated with the “Clapham Sect” called “the Saints.” Members were Christ-centered, Anglican evangelicals, influential in government and business. The group included such abolitionist luminaries as Granville Sharp, Zachary Macaulay, Hannah More and Thomas Clarkson. Wilberforce became the parliamentary “lightning rod” and team-building leader of this group of Christian reformers. John Venn, rector of Clapham parish church, was their chaplain.
The struggle and victory
In May 1788, Wilberforce introduced a 12-point motion to Parliament to abolish the slave trade. The motion was defeated as planters, businessmen, ship owners, traditionalists, MPs and the Crown opposed him.
The abolitionists, having to decide whether to attack the slavery institution or the slave trade, chose the latter course. Wilberforce educated himself on its evils and gave his first parliamentary speech in May 1789, a three-and-a-half-hour marathon. “I have proved that, upon every ground, total abolition [of the trade] ought to take place,” he told Parliament. But legislators were unswayed and buried his motion in committee for two years. Then, in 1791, the bill to abolish the slave trade was put to a vote in Commons and defeated by a landslide, 163 to 88.
Wilberforce now understood that the struggle would be long and bitter. He unsuccessfully reintroduced abolition bills regularly during the 1790s. The early years of the new century were also quite bleak for the abolitionists, as all legislation introduced in Parliament against the slave trade failed to win passage. Eventually, the tide turned.
On February 23, 1807, Parliament voted in favor of Wilberforce’s Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. Passing overwhelmingly, first in Lords and then in Commons by nearly an 18 to 1 margin, the bill received Royal Assent and became law on March 25, 1807. Through the efforts of Wilberforce, members of the Clapham Sect and others, the slave trade was declared illegal in the British Empire. Wilberforce wept for joy. Eighteen years he had fought the good fight in Parliament.
The struggle was not over, however. Although the slave trade was illegal, it still flourished, and slavery itself remained in the British colonies. Some abolitionists argued that the only way to stop slavery was to make the institution illegal. Wilberforce was convinced of this, but also correctly understood there was little political will for emancipation at the time. He also feared that a sudden abolition of slavery would be disastrous for both slaves and society.
Wilberforce decided legislation was needed to plug holes in the anti-slave trade law. He pushed for a Slave Registration Bill with other abolitionists, arguing that if a slave was registered, authorities could prove whether the slave was recently transported from Africa. The measure was not executed or enforced.
Finally, Wilberforce joined the campaign to end the institution of slavery, but his health was deteriorating. Unable to campaign as vigorously as he had against the slave trade, in 1821 he offered leadership of the parliamentary anti-slavery crusade to Thomas Fowell Buxton (1786-1845), an MP, abolitionist, social reformer and fellow evangelical.
In March 1825, at age 66, failing health forced Wilberforce’s retirement from Parliament. His last public appearance for the abolition cause was at a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1830. While Buxton, Clarkson and others were equally important to the abolitionist cause, Wilberforce had played the key role, as team builder and inspirational, visionary leader.
Near death, on July 26, 1833, Wilberforce received wonderful news. The Slavery Abolition Bill ending slavery throughout the British Empire had passed the Commons, with passage assured in Lords. All slaves throughout the Empire would be freed and plantation owners would be compensated. Wilberforce said, “Thank God that I have lived to witness a day in which England is willing to give twenty millions sterling for the abolition of slavery.”
Three days later, Wilberforce died.
The Slavery Abolition Bill became law August 29, 1833, and came into force a year later, abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire. On July 31, 1834, one year after Wilberforce’s death, 800,000 slaves, chiefly in the British West Indies, were “free at last.”
A generation later, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in states that had rebelled against the Union. With the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 6, 1865, the institution of slavery in America came to an end.
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By what name is 'William Michael Albert Broad' better known? | Billy Idol music - Listen Free on Jango || Pictures, Videos, Albums, Bio, Fans
Biography Read More
William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), better known by his stage name Billy Idol, is an English rock musician. He first achieved fame in the punk rock era as a member of the band Generation X. He then embarked on a successful solo career, aided by a series of stylish music videos, making him one of the first MTV stars. Idol continues to tour with guitarist Steve Stevens and has a worldwide fan base....
Biography from Wikipedia
| Billy Idol |
Who played Keith Partridge in 'The Partridge Family'? | Top 10 Billy Idol Songs
Top 10 Billy Idol Songs
By Ken Kelley November 30, 2012 12:00 PM
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Paul Natkin, Getty Images
There’s little question to the influence that Billy Idol had upon rock music in the early ’80’s. Along with Duran Duran and Michael Jackson, the man born William Michael Albert Broad was one of the many reasons why video killed the radio star. From his snarling, cocky looks to his raspy gin-soaked vocals, Idol was the quintessential 80’s rock star. Let’s take a look at Billy Idol’s Top 10 Songs. We’re certain that by the end of the list, you’ll be crying for “More, more, more”
10
While Idol’s output in the 90’s didn’t quite match the brilliance of his work the prior decade, “Cradle of Love” was a pleasant exception to the rule. Although the song was not one of Idol’s hardest-hitting singles, the first entry in our list Top 10 Billy Idol Songs still boasted much of the take-no-prisoners approach and surprising sophistication that fueled his success in the prior decade.
Perhaps eager to prove that he was capable of more than a ‘Rebel Yell’, the heavily synthesized “To Be a Lover” put Steve Stevens’ typically powerful guitar on the back burner. Is it coincidence that echoes of the Doors run through this track when just a few years later Idol would appear in Oliver Stone’s biopic on the band? We’ll let you decide.
Compared to other tracks listed here in our Top 10 Billy Idol Songs, this track is perhaps one of the most laid-back. Set to a slinky bass line and an unforgettable synth refrain, the machismo that Idol would come to be known for with his Rebel Yell album was kept at a steady simmer instead of being allowed to boil over.
Much like “Eyes Without a Face,” “Catch My Fall” served to show that Idol could branch out in unexpected directions. With a chorus buoyed by a memorable saxophone accompaniment, the song helps illustrate that Idol was always much more than a punk rocker with a sneer in his voice.
When it came to the singles released from the Rebel Yell LP, “Eyes Without a Face” stood out for a couple of reasons. Although the song still bares some of Idol’s attitude, the laid-back electronic-influenced arrangement lets Idol’s vocals remain front and center. Well, except for the famous and riff-tastic mid-song “Hanging out by the state line / Turning holy water into wine” section, of course.
An infectious mix of pure unadulterated rock n roll, “Flesh for Fantasy” also nods rather heavily toward Idol’s New Wave history. The two styles meld seamlessly and flawlessly, with Idol’s almost inquisitive vocals during the song’s verses contrasting nicely to when he truly and confidently cuts loose in the song’s chorus.
Idol’s cover of this Tommy James & the Shondelles hit was a runaway success story … when given a second chance. Idol had initially covered the song on his 1981 debut EP Don’t Stop, but it was the live version contained on ‘Vital Idol’ combined with an energetic video that helped make the song such a smash.
Driven by a dominant bass-line with subtle electronic elements, the verses contained in this 1982 hit are comprised of a series of rhetorical questions, brought to a surprising close when Idol sings “Hey little sister shot gun!. Idol’s anguished cry of “start again” is arguably the song’s most memorable moment.
Was it just a coincidence that after leaving Generation X that Idol would launch his solo career with the same song that was Generation X’s final single? No matter who was behind the decision, this track is one of Idol’s strongest and lands in second place in our list of Top 10 Billy Idol Songs. The song perhaps one of the best examples of Idol’s ability to meld rock with an undercurrent of dance music. Somehow in doing so he came up with a style that could appeal to the punks as easily as it could new wave fans.
It should be little surprise to anyone that the lead-off and title track from Billy Idol’s 1983 record would assume the No. 1 position in our countdown of Top 10 Billy Idol Songs. One of Idol’s most energetic singles, the song actually fell shy of hitting the Top 40 upon initial release but remains one of his most enduring and popular hits. The song’s iconic chorus is perhaps one of his — and indeed, the decade’s — finest fist-pumping moments ever.
Top 100 Classic Rock Songs
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'We Didn't Start the Fire' was a 1989 hit for which singer? | Billy Joel - Songwriter, Singer - Biography.com
Billy Joel
Singer Billy Joel topped the charts in the 1970s and '80s with hits like "Piano Man," "Uptown Girl" and "We Didn't Start the Fire."
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Famous Singers
quotes
“[Music is] an explosive expression of humanity. It's something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we're from, everyone loves music.”
Billy Joel
Synopsis
Born on May 9, 1949, in New York, Billy Joel bounced back after a disappointing first album, Cold Spring Harbor (1971), with 1973's Piano Man, featuring hits like "Piano Man" and "Captain Jack." He went on to make successful albums like Streetlife Serenade (1974), The Stranger (1977) and 52nd Street (1978). In the 1980s, Joel married supermodel Christie Brinkley, and topped the musical charts with "Uptown Girl" and "We Didn't Start the Fire." By 1999, his worldwide song sales had topped $100 million, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Several years later, in 2013, he received the Kennedy Center Honors.
Early Life
Singer-songwriter William Martin "Billy" Joel was born in the Bronx, New York, on May 9, 1949, to Howard and Rosalind Joel. Shortly after he was born, the family moved to a section of America's famous "first suburb," Levittown on Long Island. Although his father was an accomplished classical pianist, it was Joel's mother who pushed the young boy to study piano. He began playing at the age of four and showed an immediate aptitude for the instrument. By the time he was 16, Billy Joel was already a pro, having joined his third band before he could drive.
Early Career
It wasn't long before the artist, inspired by the Beatles' iconic Ed Sullivan Show performance, committed heart and soul to a life in music. He dropped out of high school to pursue a performing career, devoting himself to creating his first solo album Cold Spring Harbor, which was released in 1971. The terms of Joel's contract with Family Productions turned out to be onerous and the artist was unhappy with the quality of the album they released. It wasn't a commercial success.
Disillusioned with trying to make it as a rock star, Joel moved to Los Angeles to fly under the radar for a while. In early 1972, he got a gig working as a lounge pianist under the pseudonym Bill Martin. His time playing at The Executive Room on Wilshire Boulevard would later be immortalized in his song "Piano Man," which describes a no-name lounge's down-and-out patrons.
By late 1972, an underground recording of Joel's "Captain Jack" had been released on the East Coast and was garnering positive attention. Executives from Columbia Records sought out the lounge player and gave Joel a second chance to become a rock star.
Career Breakthrough
With the momentum of a Top 20 single ("Piano Man") to his name, Joel began recording new songs and albums, coming out with Streetlife Serenade in 1974. Many of his songs related to a growing frustration with the music industry and Hollywood, foreshadowing his exit from Los Angeles in 1976. As the years passed, Joel's style began to evolve, showing his range from pop to the bluesy-jazz stylings that are now closely associated with his name. The Stranger (1977) was Joel's first major commercial breakthrough, landing him four songs in the Top 25 of the U.S. Billboard charts. By 1981, Joel had collected a slew of awards, including a Grammy for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance and a People's Choice Award.
Awards and Achievements
Through the 1980s, Joel would be crowned a hit-maker with smashes such as "Tell Her About It," "Uptown Girl," "Innocent Man" and "The Longest Time." He would release two volumes of Greatest Hits and become the first American performer to unleash a full-scale rock production in the Soviet Union. While churning out hits, Joel would also frequent the benefit circuit, performing with stars such as Cyndi Lauper and John Mellencamp to raise money for various causes.
In 1989, on the heels of the successful single "We Didn't Start the Fire," Joel was presented with the Grammy Legend Award. His professional success continued unabated into the early 1990s, although his personal life became somewhat dramatic. After the release of River of Dreams (1994), Joel slowed his studio recordings but continued to tour alone and in combination with fellow artists such as Elton John. In 1999, the worldwide sales of his songs passed the 100 million mark. Also that year, Joel was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by his idol, Ray Charles. Several years later, in 2013, Joel received the Kennedy Center Honors.
Later Career
In the early 2000s, Joel found himself in and out of rehab, struggling with an ongoing alcohol addiction. In 2007, Joel released the single "All My Life," his first song with original lyrics in 13 years. Though semi-retired in terms of recording new pop songs, Joel has continued to tour and branch out as an artist. He has composed a number of classical songs and even reworked older ballads with an orchestral backing.
Throughout the years, Joel's songs have acted as personal and cultural touchstones for millions of people, mirroring his own goal of writing songs that "meant something during the time in which I lived... and transcended that time."
When Joel's residency at Madison Square Garden was announced in 2013, his devoted fans proved how much the singer's music resonated with them. As the first music franchise in MSG's history, Joel broke records; his monthly concerts have sold out every time, and as of October 2015, he has grossed over $46 million in sales.
Personal Life
In 1982, Joel split with his first wife, Elizabeth Weber Small, who had been his partner since 1973. In 1984, Joel would famously meet and marry supermodel Christie Brinkley. Soon after, their daughter Alexa Ray (named after Ray Charles) was born on December 29, 1985.
Joel divorced Brinkley in 1993. In 2004, he married the television personality and journalist Katie Lee. They would eventually divorce after five years of marriage.
In 2015, Billy Joel and his girlfriend of six years, Alexis Roderick, announced they were expecting a baby together. That summer, Joel and Roderick tied the knot at the couple's annual Fourth of July party at his Long Island estate. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo presided over the nuptials. Their daughter Della Rose Joel was born on August 12, 2015.
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| Billy Joel |
'Poetry In Motion' was the only No. 1 hit for which singer? | We Didn't Start the Fire (Facts) History Summary from 1949-1989 by Ron Kurtus - Lessons Learned from History: School for Champions
This lesson lists those people and events and gives a short explanation of their role in history.
1949
Harry Truman
Harry S Truman became U.S. President when President Roosevelt died in 1945. He was responsible for dropping the atomic bombs on Japan and ending World War II. Truman initiated the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the war.
He started his second term in 1949, defeating Thomas Dewey. A famous picture shows him smiling and holding up the Chicago Tribune newspaper with the headline "Dewey Defeats Truman".
During his second term, he brought the United States into the Korean War.
Doris Day
Doris Day was born in 1924. She started singing and touring with the Les Brown Band at age 16. She made her first movie in 1948 and soon became a popular movie star and singer.
Red China
Communists took control of China after a struggle that started before World War II and renamed the country the People's Republic of China. It was called Red China by the United States to indicate they were Communists.
Red China entered the Korean War in the 1950s, when it looked like the U.N. forces would defeat Communist North Korea.
Johnnie Ray
Partially deaf singer, whose song Cry was a number-one hit. Ray actually cried in performing the song. He was a top star in 1949 and 1950 with his other hit songs The Little White Cloud that Cried and Walking in the Rain.
South Pacific
South Pacific was a highly popular Broadway musical and hit movie.
Walter Winchell
Walter Winchell was a top gossip reporter, whose newspaper column and radio show could make or break a celebrity.
Joe DiMaggio
Joe DiMaggio was a popular baseball player for the New York Yankees. In 1941, he set a Major League record of hitting safely in 56 straight games. He was affectionately known as "Joltin' Joe" and "The Yankee Clipper" until he retired in 1952. DiMaggio married actress Marilyn Monroe in 1954, but the marriage lasted only 9 months.
In the 1980s, he became known as "Mr. Coffee" because of his TV ads for that brand of coffee maker. He was also mentioned in the song Mrs. Robinson by Simon and Garfunkel.
1950
Joe McCarthy
Joe McCarthy was a Senator from Wisconsin. He was best known for his work chairing the Senate Committee on Government Operations, which focused on suspected communists in the government. He even investigated the Voice of America,
He was known for his brutal interrogations of suspects, resulting in ruining the lives of both guilty and innocent people. It was later noted that McCarthy would be careful not to interrogate suspects who might resist his efforts. Usually, he picked on people with weak personalities.
While investigating possible communists in the U.S. Army, the Army's attorney general Joseph Welch responded to McCarthy's interrogation of a young soldier. He told McCarthy, "Let us not assassinate this lad further, senator. You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?" Since the hearings were broadcast on national television, millions realized that these interrogations were not right. The hearings soon ending and McCarthy was left in disfavor.
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon was a member of the House of Representatives from California when he became involved in the trial of Alger Hiss, who was accused of being a Communist and a spy. Nixon presented evidence that help prove Hiss guilty in 1950. This advanced Nixon's political career, and he soon ran for the Senate and won. Nixon later became Vice-President under President Dwight Eisenhower. Years later, he became President of the United States.
Studebaker
Studebaker was a popular car in 1950. The styling consisted of a torpedo front end and read window. People joked that the car looked like it was going backwards. The company went out of business in 1966.
Television
Television became popular in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Most large cities had only one station. Sets in those days had 10 inch screens and were in black and white. Color was introduced in 1951, but it was years later until color television became universally popular.
North Korea / South Korea
Korea was split into north and south after World War II. North Korea became established as a Communist dictatorship by Soviet Union and Red China, after Japan was defeated.
In 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea, starting the Korean War. The United Nations entered the war to defend South Korea. The Soviet Union made the mistake of walking out on the U.N. vote, allowing the measure to pass. Since declaring war was not acceptable without the approval of Congress, President Harry S. Truman declared the fighting a "police action" to allow the entry of American troops. The war resulted in a stalemate, and Korea is still divided to this day.
Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe was a popular "sex symbol" movie star. She was married to baseball hero Joe Dimaggio and later author Arthur Miller. She also was rumored to have relationships with President John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy, as well as mafia boss Joe Gianconna. She died under suspicious circumstances.
1951
Rosenbergs
The Rosenbergs were a husband and wife who were arrested and executed for selling secrets of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
H-bomb
The hydrogen bomb was developed under the guidance of Dr. Edward Teller. It was many times more powerful than an atomic bomb and in fact required an atomic bomb to detonate. The United States exploded the first H-bomb and a few years later the Soviet Union then exploded their version of the bomb.
Sugar Ray
Sugar Ray Robinson was the middle-weight boxing champion of the world. At the time considered pound-for-pound the best boxer ever. He was also highly personable and popular.
Panmunjom
Panmunjom, Korea is where negotiations between the United Nations—led by the United States—and the Communist North Koreans to end the Korean War took place. The separation between North Korea and South Korea was originally the 38th Parallel, but the new truce decided on a boundary between the countries that was more defensible. The countries also exchanged prisoners-of-war as a result of the Panmunjom negotiations.
Brando
Marlon Brando became a top movie actor. He was famous for his brooding and mumbling acting style. He received an Academy Award for his role in "On the Waterfront" that brought him to be a top box-office draw. Many years later, he starred in the "Godfather" movie.
The King and I
The King and I was a popular Broadway play and later turned into a movie starring Yul Brunner and Deborah Kerr.
The Catcher in the Rye
The Catcher in the Rye was an extreme popular book among teens, as it epitomized their attitudes and feelings.
1952
Eisenhower
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower ("Ike") had been Supreme Commander in the World War II fight against the Nazis. He later became a popular president of the United States. "I like Ike" was the motto of his followers.
Vaccine
The vaccine to the dreaded disease polio was discovered by Jonas Salk and distributed to the world.
England's got a new Queen
On February 6, 1952, Queen Elizabeth 2 ascended to the throne upon the death of her father, King George 6. Her coronation didn't take place until June 2, 1953. This was a great event, not only in Britain but in all the countries of the British Commonwealth. It was also big news in the United States and many other countries as well. Filmed documentaries of the event circulated in Commonwealth countries for a long time after the event and every school child was taken to organized cinema screenings in school time.
(Thanks to Jim Cable of New Zealand for his input)
Marciano
Rocky Marciano was the heavyweight boxing champion of the world. He retired undefeated.
Liberace
Liberace was a popular pianist and entertainer, who had his own TV show in the 1950s. He was known for wearing sequined tuxedos and having a candelabrum on his piano. He is credited with advising singer Elvis Presley to also wear "fancy clothes" during his performances. Women adored Liberace, because of his sweet smile and wavy hair.
Santayana good-bye
Famed philosopher George Santayana died in 1952
1953
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union. He was a harsh leader who had millions of his people executed or sent to labor camps in Siberia. On his way to political power, he changed his name to Stalin, which means "steel" in Russian.
Malenkov
Georgy Malenkov was a Soviet politician and Communist Party leader, and a close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. He briefly became leader of the USSR (March 1953-February 1955) after Stalin's death.
Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib. He was considered one of the more influential Arab leaders in history.
Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was the most prolific Russian composer, pianist and conductor of the twentieth century. His works include such widely heard works ballets from Romeo and Juliet and Peter and the Wolf. He died in 1953.
Rockefeller
Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller were grandsons of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller.
In 1953, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Nelson as chair of the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization. He served as Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He was the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977.
Also in 1953, Winthrop Rockefeller—who was known as a playboy and hard drinker—moved from Florida and New York to Arkansas. It was jokingly said he moved there because he loved playing the banjo. Winthrop became Governor of Arkansas in 1966 and was said to be a great influence on future Arkansas Governor and U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Winthrop was probably the Rockefeller that Billy Joel was referring to, since his playboy antics were more in the news than things that Nelson was doing.
Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller were the only brothers in U.S. history to serve as governors at the same time until the late 1990s when George W. Bush and Jeb Bush became governors or their states.
Campanella
Roy Campanella was the all-star catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team. His career was cut short by a paralyzing car accident.
Communist bloc
USSR and their satellite countries formed what was called the Communist bloc.
1954
Roy Cohn
Roy Cohn was the advisor to Senator Joseph McCarthy during the McCarthy Hearings on Communists in the movie industry and government.
Juan Perón
Juan Perón was a popular leader in Argentina, elected first in 1946 and then again in 1952. Perón pursued social policies aimed at empowering the working class. His wife Evita was known for helping the poor. He was strongly anti-American and anti-British, confiscating much of the British and American-owned assets in Argentina. In 1955, he was overthrown by a military coup. It wasn't until 1973 that he returned to power. He died shortly afterward in 1974.
Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini was a world-famous conductor, considered to have been one of the greatest classical conductors of all time. On April 4, 1954, while conducting a radio broadcast of the NBC Symphony at Carnegie Hall in New York, Toscanini suffered a memory lapse during the performance. That was the last time he conducted live in public. He died at the age of 89 in 1957.
Dacron
A new wonder-material Dacron hit the market.
Dien Bien Phu falls
The French lose control over Indo-China—now known as Vietnam—with the fall of the city Dien Bien Phu
Rock Around the Clock
Bill Haley and the Comets came out with what was considered the first rock-and-roll hit song, Rock Around the Clock. It was the theme music for the popular movie Blackboard Jungle.
1955
Einstein
Albert Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity in 1903 and was considered one the world's smartest scientists. He became a popular figure in the later years of his life. He died in 1955.
James Dean
James Dean was a movie star who became a symbol of young people for his role in the movie Rebel Without a Cause.
After completing his next movie Giant, Dean decided to drive his new 1955 Porsche Spyder to Salinas, California to enter in a sports car race there. His mechanic rode with him. On the way there, Dean's car was struck by another vehicle which crossed the centerline. James Dean was the only one killed in the accident. The driver of the other car had minor injuries, while the mechanic was thrown from the car and suffered some broken bones.
Brooklyn's got a winning team
The Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team finally won the World Series over the New York Yankees. They later moved to Los Angeles.
Davy Crockett
Actor Fess Parker starred in the highly popular TV series Davy Crockett. The novelty song The Ballad of Davy Crockett became the number-one song in 1955. Coonskin caps—like Davy Crockett wore—also became popular among young boys.
In the late 1950s, the U.S. military created what they called the M-29 Davy Crockett weapons system. This was a tactical nuclear recoilless gun, intended to fire at enemy troops in the case of war with the Soviet Union. They probably gave it that name as a result of the television series.
Peter Pan
Peter Pan was a top Broadway play starring Mary Martin, who flew through the air as Peter Pan.
Elvis Presley
Singer Elvis Presley became a national phenomenon with such number-one hit songs as Heartbreak Hotel, Don't Be Cruel and Hound Dog. He was called "Elvis the Pelvis" because of the way he shook his hips while dancing. Many religious leaders and school officials banned his songs, which only made them more popular. He later went on to be nicknamed "The King" as the most popular singer ever.
Disneyland
Disneyland opened in 1955 in Anaheim, California. It was a theme park, developed by Walt Disney and based around his cartoon characters. It was designated as a place for family entertainment.
An interesting and little-known fact is that although Disney forbade the serving of alcoholic beverages in Disneyland, he had a private suite in the park where bartenders would serve drinks to his personal guests.
1956
Brigitte Bardot was a popular French "sex-kitten" movie star.
Budapest
Anti-communist riots took part in Budapest, Hungary. Soviet troops put down the revolt and arrested many Hungarians, especially students.
Alabama
In Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, African-American Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the "colored section" to a white passenger, after the "white section" was filled, as was the law at that time. She was then arrested for her act of defiance. That arrest resulted in demonstrations and a boycott of Montgomery buses by African-Americans that lasted until December 1956.
Since the boycott was costing downtown stores and white businesses considerable money, negotiations were made to stop the action. But it took a Supreme Court ruling in November 1956 that segregation on transportation is unconstitutional to finally integrate the buses.
This event was also a starting point for the Civil Rights movement of Martin Luther King and others.
Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev emerged as a leader in the Soviet Union after the death of dictator Josef Stalin. In 1956, he advocated reform and indirectly criticized Stalin and his methods. He became the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1974.
Princess Grace
Actress Grace Kelly left Hollywood to marry Prince Ranier of Monaco. She then attained the title of Princess Grace.
Peyton Place
The book Peyton Place became the number-1 best-seller. Teens often marked the "good parts" in the book, as they passed it among each other.
The book is quite tame according to today's standards.
Trouble in the Suez
After Britain and the USA withdrew their financial support for the Egyptian Aswan dam project, General Nasser nationalized the important Suez Canal. Egypt was then invaded by British, French and Israeli forces. Under pressure from the United States the invaders left Egypt and a UN emergency force was sent to Egypt.
1957
Little Rock
Nine African-American students enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the students. The crisis gained world-wide attention.
Pasternak
Boris Pasternak was a Russian poet and writer. He is best known in the West for his monumental novel on Soviet Russia, Doctor Zhivago. The book was also made into an award-winning movie.
Although he was celebrated in Russia as a great poet, his book was banned in the Soviet Union for many years.
Mickey Mantle
Mickey Mantle was a great baseball player for the New York Yankee team. He batted both left- and right-handed, hit at a leading batting average, as well as led the league in home runs.
In 1957, he was voted the most valuable player (MVP) for the second consecutive year.
Kerouac
Jack Kerouac was the author of the best-selling book On the Road, which epitomized the Beat Generation of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Upon achieving fame, Kerouac became a serious alcoholic and died at an early age.
Sputnik
Sputnik was the name of the first orbiting satellite sent into space by the USSR. Turmoil over its launch in the United States initiated the race for supremacy in space.
Chou En-Lai
Chou En-Lai (Zhou Enlai) was the Premier and Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (also called Red China by Western journalists). He was a popular and practical administrator during the "Great Leap Forward" of 1958 and later pushed for modernization to undo damage caused by the "Cultural Revolution" of 1966 to 1976. Zhou was largely responsible for the re-establishment of contacts with the West during the Nixon presidency.
Bridge on the River Kwai
The Bridge on the River Kwai was a 1957 Academy Award winning movie about a World War II Japanese prisoner-of-war camp.
1958
Lebanon
U.S. President Eisenhower ordered U.S. Marines into Lebanon at the request of Lebanese President Chamoun to help stop riots that were occurring in the country.
Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle returned to power as the leader of France.
California baseball
The Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team moved to Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Giants moved to San Francisco.
Starkweather homicide
Charles Starkweather was a serial killer who made the news 1958 because of his gruesome murders. Starkweather and his girlfriend, Caril Fugate, went on a killing spree of 11 to 15 people over a span of a month and a half. They were captured and he was executed in 1959.
Children of Thalidomide
Thalidomide was a medication intended for pregnant women to combat morning sickness and as an aid to help them sleep. Unfortunately, inadequate tests were performed to assess the drug's safety. Between 1957 and 1962, children of women who took the drug thalidomide during pregnancy were born with severe deformities, including only stubs for arms. Because of this tragedy, the drug was taken off the market in 1962. Of the 10,000 children born with birth defects, only 5000 lived beyond childhood.
After years of research on the uses of thalidomide, it was allowed to be used to prevent nausea in chemotherapy patients, as well as treating painful skin conditions. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted approval for thalidomide in special cases.
1959
Buddy Holly
Buddy Holly was a popular singer and leader of the Crickets rock group. He was killed in a plane crash, along with singers The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens. In 1971, the hit song American Pie referred to his death in the line "...the day the music died."
Ben Hur
Ben Hur was a spectacular movie starring Charlton Heston. It was set around the time of Christ.
Space Monkey
Starting in 1948. a number of monkeys had been sent into space in various rockets, but unfortunately all died during their flights. It wasn't until 1959 that Able, a rhesus monkey, and Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey, became the first monkeys to successfully travel in space and successfully return to Earth.
The most famous "space monkey" was Ham, who was sent up in an American space satellite for a suborbital flight, as a prelude to sending a man in space. Ham was not really a monkey, but a chimpanzee. The actual year he went into space was 1961.
Note: He was a mean little guy who would often try to bite the workers who put him in the space capsule.
Mafia
Mafia leaders met in upstate New York to get better organized.
Hula Hoops
Hula Hoops became a national fad. Everywhere, you would see children and even adults trying to spin the large plastic hoop around their waist. TV celebrities would also display their skills with the hoop. The fad peaked and died out quickly.
Castro
Fidel Castro had been a wealthy lawyer, advocating social justice and protesting the influence of the United States in Cuba. He became involved in political activism and led the revolution to overthrow Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. He was then sworn in as the Prime Minister of Cuba. Moving toward Communism, he alienated the United States.
Castro was also known for his long-winded speeches.
(See Fidel Castro's 1960 Address to the U.N. General Assembly ).
Edsel is a no-go
Ford Motor Company came out with a new car, the Edsel. The car was named after Edsel Ford, who was Henry Ford's son. The car was to fit in between the Ford and Mercury, but it was the wrong car at the wrong time and lasted only a few years until it was discontinued.
1960
U-2
The United States had been sending the secret U-2 high-flying spy plane over the Soviet Union to take pictures and gather information, when one was shot down by a Russian missile. The pilot Francis Gary Powers was taken prisoner and later released in an exchange for a Soviet spy who had been arrested in the U.S.
An interesting note is that Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald was stationed at the military base where Powers' U-2 took off for the flight. No connection was ever made, but it did seem suspicious,
Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee was the first President of South Korea, serving from 1948 to 1960. His method of rule became unpopular, and he was forced to resign by a student-led democratic movement.
Payola
Many disk jockeys were exposed for taking bribes to pay certain songs on the radio, thus biasing the record sales. Top national disk jockey Allen Freed was convicted of payola. American Bandstand TV dance show host Dick Clark was accused of payola but found innocent.
Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960. He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963.
Chubby Checker
Singer Chubby Checker came out with the song The Twist, which started a national dance sensation. Soon, not only teens but also adults where doing the twist. The dance was responsible for popularizing "fast dancing" or rock-and-roll among adults. Chubby Checker's name was a spin-off of the name of the popular rock singer Fats Domino.
Psycho
Psycho was a thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. A young woman, Marion Crane—played by Janet Leigh—steals some money from work and leaves town, getting a room at the Bates Motel. A shy man, Norman Bates—played by Anthony Perkins—runs the motel with his domineering mother.
The most memorable scene is when the character Marion is stabbed to death while taking a shower, apparently by the mother. But in the end, it was Norman who was "psycho" and took on the character of the mother to kill women who stopped at the motel.
Belgians in the Congo
The country of Belgian Congo gained independence from Belgium in 1960 to become simply the Congo. For the next several there was civil strife, resulting in 100,000 deaths, as Congolese political parties fought for power.
1961
Famous author Ernest Hemingway committed suicide.
Eichmann
Former Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was arrested in Argentina and brought to Israel, where he was convicted of war crimes and executed.
Stranger in a Strange Land
Stranger in a Strange Land was an award-winning fictional book by Robert A. Heinlein about Valentine Michael Smith, who was born during the first manned mission to Mars and was the only survivor. He is raised by Martians, and when he arrived on Earth he had no knowledge of anything about the planet or its cultures. In fact, he had never even seen a woman. But he was the legal heir to an enormous financial empire. He then explored human morality and the meanings of love and founded his own church, preaching free love. Many young rebels of the 1960s selected Stranger as their counterculture bible.
Dylan
Singer Bob Dylan led the folk music craze.
Berlin
The Soviets erected the Berlin Wall, dividing the city into the Russian-controlled part and the area controlled by the U.S., British and French.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
In 1960, the Eisenhower Administration created a plan to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba. In April of 1961, newly-elected President John F. Kennedy allowed the attack on Cuba. Armed Cuban exiles sailed from Florida and landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Because of poor planning by Kennedy, as well as spies and U.S. government leaks, Castro was ready for the attack. The exiles were all either captured or killed. President Kennedy was greatly criticized for the failure of the mission.
1962
The movie Lawrence of Arabia starring Peter O'Toole won the Academy Awards.
British Beatle-mania
British rock group the Beatles took over the music scene, with numerous hit records on the Top-40 charts.
Ole Miss
University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) admitted its first black or African-American student, James Meredith, with U.S. Marshals enforcing the rules to integrate the school.
John Glenn
John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962. He had previously been a U.S. Marine test pilot, but in 1959 he was assigned to NASA as one of the original group of Mercury astronauts. After he piloted the first American manned orbital mission aboard the Friendship 7 spacecraft, he was considered and American hero and given a tickertape parade. He later become a U.S. Senator.
Liston beats Patterson
Boxer Sonny Liston easily defeated Heavyweight Champion Floyd Patterson to gain the title. Liston was a large, mean-looking boxer that struck fear in the hearts of his opponents. He was finally defeated by Cassius Clay, who after the fight changed his name to Muhammad Ali
1963
Pope Paul
Pope Paul VI was pope—or leader—of the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978. He followed Pope John and completed the implementation of the goals of the Second Vatican Council. He became the first pope to visit six continents, but he also known to be an indecisive leader. His views were important to the world's Catholics.
Malcolm X
Malcolm X came into the news when he preached separation of the races as part of the Black Muslim teachings. His real name was Malcolm Little, and he was the son of a lay Baptist minister. His family had been harassed by white-supremacists a number of times. Apparently, three of Malcolm's uncles and his father were killed by white men. After his mother was institutionalized as insane, Malcolm grew up in foster homes. He was discouraged in school from wanting to be a lawyer, because his white teacher said it wasn't a realistic goal for black people.
He quit school and drifted through menial jobs, until he was arrested for burglary and sent to prison for 10 years. There, Little became a voracious reader and soon converted to the Islam religion. After leaving prison, he worked for the Nation of Islam—also called the Black Muslims in the popular press.
He dropped his "slave name" and changed his name to Malcolm X. A compelling public speaker, Malcolm X gained publicity for the Nation of Islam and their concepts that whites were "devils" and that separatism was the best for his people. In 1963, he commented that he was not sad that President Kennedy was assassinated. This brought outrage from most of the white public. But he also started to separate from the Nation of Islam and its radical views.
He moved toward orthodox Islam and started to champion economic and social equality for blacks. This brought about respectability among all races, but then members of the Nation of Islam made death threats to Malcolm X for separating from their movement. Then in February 1965, he was assassinated. Three members for the Nation of Islam were arrested and convicted of the murder.
British politician sex
A sex scandal rocked British Parliament. Secretary of State for War John Profumo was highly respected and married, but after it was discovered that he had a several week affair with a showgirl named Christine Keeler, he was forced to resign. Not only did he lie to the House of Commons about the affair, but is was also found out that Keeler had also had a relationship with a senior naval attaché at the Soviet Embassy in London.
JFK blown away
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963. Kennedy was riding in an open-top automobile in a presidential motorcade when Lee Harvey Oswald shot him through the head with a sniper rifle from a sixth floor window of a nearby building. Oswald was arrested eighty minutes later after killing a Dallas police officer. He was captured hiding in a movie theatre. He claimed he was innocent of killing Kennedy and was being set up as a patsy. Later, it was found that he confessed his guilt to his brother, who visited him in jail. Oswald was killed two days later as he was being transported to the Dallas Country Jail. Nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot Oswald in front of police officers and a national television news audience.
1964 to 1989
Note: Billy Joel didn't put the following events quite in order by year. So we couldn't separate them out easily.
Birth control
Birth Control became an issue with the advent of the birth control pill. Later, abortion was legalized.
Ho Chi-Minh
Ho Chi-Minh was the leader of the Communist North Vietnamese, who first fought the French and then the Americans.
Richard Nixon back again
After losing the election for President to John F. Kennedy in 1960 and then losing his bid to be Governor of California in 1962, former Vice President Richard Nixon fought back to regain prominence in national politics. One interesting thing he did was to be a guest on the popular television comedy show Laugh-In. Nixon repeated the show's running gag-line, "Sock it to me" a number of times. It gave the impression that he was not such a dour person after all. Nixon was elected President in 1968.
Moon shot
The United States landed the first man on the moon.
Woodstock
A farmer in the Woodstock area of New York state donated his land for a rock concert. Surprisingly, 600,000 rock fans showed up, making it the biggest rock concert ever held.
Watergate
Supporters and staff of U.S. President Richard Nixon were accused of breaking into the Democratic headquarters in the Watergate hotel. Nixon tried to cover up the fact and soon he forced to resign from office because of that cover up. Several of his staff members were sent to prison as a result of the affair.
Punk Rock
Punk rock hits the music scene with such groups as the Sex Pistols, who would spit at the audience.
Begin
Begin was Prime Minister of Israel.
Reagan
Former movie actor Ronald Reagan became President of the United States.
Palestine
Palestinians protested unfair treatment by the Israelis.
Terror on the airlines
Numerous airline hijackings were in the news.
Ayatollah's in Iran
The Shah of Iran—who was supported by the United States—was overthrown and Ayatollah Khomeini took over the country. Hostages were taken at the US embassy in Tehran and finally released 444 days later.
Russians in Afghanistan
The Soviet Union entered Afghanistan to "protect" Communist interests in the country. Rebels were supported by the United States, and finally after a long, costly war, the Soviets were forced to withdraw from the country. Ironically, the Afghan rebels later used the arms supplied by the U.S. to fight the Americans.
Wheel of Fortune
The Wheel of Fortune TV show became a favorite.
Sally Ride
Sally Ride became the first American woman in space as a member of the Space Shuttle crew in 1983. Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union was the very first woman in space in 1963, orbiting the Earth 48 times.
Heavy metal, suicide
One viewpoint is that Billy Joel had two topics here: Heavy Metal, where heavy metal rock comes on the music scene, and Suicide, where the suicide rate among young people seemed to be rising.
(Billy Joel's website states: "heavy metsl, suicide")
However in the 1980s, there were lawsuits against heavy metal groups of Ozzy Osbourne and Judas Priest, claiming that their lyrics encouraged and caused some young people to commit suicide.
(Wikipedia has the lyrics without the comma))
Foreign debts
Foreign debts were causing an increase in inflation, as well as a burden on American taxpayers.
Homeless Vets
Many veterans of the Vietnam conflict became homeless. A major problem with them was drug addiction or alcoholism.
AIDS
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) disease started to spread throughout the world.
Crack
A potent form of the highly addictive drug cocaine called "crack" or "rock" had been rapidly spreading in the United States, especially in troubled neighborhoods.
Bernie Goetz
Bernie Goetz was a New Yorker who was concerned about crime in the city. After he got on a subway in the afternoon, four African-American youths approached Goetz and demanded $5 from him. He pulled out a gun and shot all four. Then he shot one of the youths again, as he lay on the floor, severing the spinal cord and paralyzing him.
Goetz escaped but later turned himself in. Many N.Y. citizens deemed him a hero. The case brought about the debate as to whether people have the right to take the law into their own hands. Goetz was convicted only of illegal possession of firearms and sentenced to 8 months in prison. Afterwards, the youth he paralyzed sued and won a $43 million judgment.
Hypodermics on the shore
News reports showed how hundreds of carelessly discarded hypodermic needles had washed up on the New Jersey shoreline.
China's Under Martial Law
In June 1989, thousands of protesters marched in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. Many were killed and China went under martial law until order was restored.
Rock and Roller Cola Wars
Pepsi and Coke battle for supremacy in the marketplace. Each hired musicians to promote their drink. Coke hired Paula Abdul, while Pepsi had Michael Jackson. They then started to try to outdo each other by getting other musicians and celebrities to help promote their drinks.
Summary
This gives you a good overview of what happened during that time period.
Your character is important is how people see you
Resources and references
(Thanks to Justin Moore for contributing some of the facts.)
The following are some resources on this topic.
MP3 audio
We Didn't Start The Fire - MP3 (Remastered by Columbia Records 2014) $0.99
Websites
| i don't know |
The Wombles had two hits in 1974. The title of one is 'Banana Rock' what's the title of their other hit? | Remember You're A Womble: The Wombles: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads
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Popular Albums
Original Release Date: 17 Jun. 2011
Release Date: 21 Jun. 2011
Label: Dramatico
Record Company Required Metadata: Music file metadata contains unique purchase identifier. Learn more .
Total Length: 32:32
By Frederick Harrison on 20 Jun. 2011
Format: Audio CD
Having established the Wombles as a chart act with their charming and catchy first single, the "Wombling Song" Mike Batt knew that the follow up would be crucial, as would every subsequent single. Rather than return to the gentle chamber pop of the first album, Mike kicked the music up several notches and cast the net wide as regarded musical styles, refusing to play it safe and stick to a set and predictable formula.
Thus the three singles taken from this album ("Remember You're A Womble", "Banana Rock", "Minuetto Allegretto") all differed from each other as regards musical style yet were easily identifiable as the Wombles - especially through the lyrics. The remaining tracks that made up the album were no less ambitious - one of which was "Wombling Summer Party", a spot-on Beach Boys pastiche that was edited for a single release and gave the Wombles their sole Hot 100 hit in the US and Canada.
By the end of 1974 the Wombles had become the top selling singles act in the UK according to Music Week - and deservedly so. Think of this album as the Fab Fur's equivalent of the Beatle's Revolver or Rubber Soul and you're on the right track. Other influences include the Kinks, Small Faces, Hollies, and Herman's Hermits - and Freddie & the Dreamers for their Top of the Pops appearances.
After having Bernard Cribbins introduce Orinoco live on the Cilla Black show to plug the "Wombling Song", Batt received a request from Top of the Pops for an appearance by the Wombles and thus the "group" moved from their stop-motion TV show to live television, and from children's novelty act to pop sensations.
| minuetto allegretto |
Which singer/comedian once compered Buddy Holly's British tour? | Remember You're A Womble: The Wombles: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads
TITLE added to MP3 Basket
Remember You're A Womble
MP3 Download, 21 Jun 2011
"Please retry"
from £4.96 6 Used from £4.96
Buy the CD album for £10.08 and get the MP3 version for FREE. Does not apply to gift orders.
Provided by Amazon EU Sàrl. See Terms and Conditions for important information about costs that may apply for the MP3 version in case of returns and cancellations. Complete your purchase of the CD album to save the MP3 version to your Amazon music library.
Your Amazon Music account is currently associated with a different marketplace. To enjoy Prime Music, go to Your Music Library and transfer your account to Amazon.co.uk (UK).
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Sold by Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use .
Popular Albums
Original Release Date: 17 Jun. 2011
Release Date: 21 Jun. 2011
Label: Dramatico
Record Company Required Metadata: Music file metadata contains unique purchase identifier. Learn more .
Total Length: 32:32
By Frederick Harrison on 20 Jun. 2011
Format: Audio CD
Having established the Wombles as a chart act with their charming and catchy first single, the "Wombling Song" Mike Batt knew that the follow up would be crucial, as would every subsequent single. Rather than return to the gentle chamber pop of the first album, Mike kicked the music up several notches and cast the net wide as regarded musical styles, refusing to play it safe and stick to a set and predictable formula.
Thus the three singles taken from this album ("Remember You're A Womble", "Banana Rock", "Minuetto Allegretto") all differed from each other as regards musical style yet were easily identifiable as the Wombles - especially through the lyrics. The remaining tracks that made up the album were no less ambitious - one of which was "Wombling Summer Party", a spot-on Beach Boys pastiche that was edited for a single release and gave the Wombles their sole Hot 100 hit in the US and Canada.
By the end of 1974 the Wombles had become the top selling singles act in the UK according to Music Week - and deservedly so. Think of this album as the Fab Fur's equivalent of the Beatle's Revolver or Rubber Soul and you're on the right track. Other influences include the Kinks, Small Faces, Hollies, and Herman's Hermits - and Freddie & the Dreamers for their Top of the Pops appearances.
After having Bernard Cribbins introduce Orinoco live on the Cilla Black show to plug the "Wombling Song", Batt received a request from Top of the Pops for an appearance by the Wombles and thus the "group" moved from their stop-motion TV show to live television, and from children's novelty act to pop sensations.
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Which 'Dr. Hook' member wore the eye patch? | Where Are They Now? Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show
Where are they Now?
Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show
With smart-aleck hits and stage antics that included dressing up as their own opening acts, Dr. Hook and the Medecine Show gladly assumed the role of the clown princes of Seventies pop. Their off-center, sardonic approach to music making kept Hook and his cronies on the charts for over ten years, netting them thirty-five gold and platinum records.
The band's loopy stagecraft took shape in the rowdy bars near a bus station in Union City, New Jersey, where New Jersey Native Dennis Locorriere and Southern honky-tonk veteran Ray Sawyer hooked up in 1968 (Sawyer's eye patch, the result of an injury received in a car accident in 1967, inspired the band's name). They got their start singing one of cartoonist-songwriter Shel Silverstein's songs for Dustin Hoffman's 1970 movie Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying All Those Terrible Things About Me?, and it was Silverstein's mock ballad "Sylvia's Mother" that first put the motley band on the charts in 1972.
The following February, another of Silverstein's musical satires, "The Cover of Rolling Stone," put Dr. Hook back in the Top Ten, and by March the band was on the cover of the magazine. "The only thing I regret is that when we got on the cover," says Locorriere, "we were a bunch of assholes and we had nothing to say."
By 1974, though, the group's nonchalance about business matters led to bankruptcy. "If we were in the black when we finished a tour, we'd party into the red," says Locorriere. Although the band, which had shorted its name to Dr. Hook, staged a comeback in 1976 with a Top Ten remake of Sam Cooke's "Once Sixteen," both Sawyer and Locorrier feel that the band's original spirit had been lost. "Our music got real safe in the late Seventies," says Locorriere. "We were on Solid Gold until you wanted to puke. And we started to hate our albums."
Their hitmaking continued through this period, but Sawyer finally left in disgust in 1983. "I became a product with a patch and a hat," he says. The band did a few more tours to pay back bills before packing it in in 1985. "Everybody knew it was time to do something else," says Locorriere. "When we started to play clubs where our picture and Chubby Checker's were in the lobby, I would think, 'Is he coming back or are we on our way out?' "
Now living in Nashville with his son Jessejames, Locorriere, 38, retired from music for a while but resurfaced recently as a backup singer on Randy Travis's album Always and Forever. Sawyer, 50, plays clubs in the U.S. and Canada with an R&B oriented band and has opened in Las Vegas for longtime friend Mel Tillis. Sawyer, his wife, Linda, and their two children live near Nashville.
Although Locorriere has fond memores of Dr. Hook, he's not about to hit the comeback trail. "We could probably still be gigging somewhere," he says, "whether it was in a club or on this tour with the Turtles. But we're semilegendary, and I'd like to keep it there."
- David Browne
| Ray Sawyer |
Who had a hit in 1983 with 'It's Raining Men'? | Dr. Hook & Medicine Show - Sylvia's Mother - Acoustic Cover by Jogo1209 - YouTube
Dr. Hook & Medicine Show - Sylvia's Mother - Acoustic Cover by Jogo1209
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Published on Feb 12, 2013
The band had two lead singers: Ray Sawyer (with the eye patch) and Dennis Locorriere. It was Locorriere, then 20 years old, who sang on this one, delivering the vocal with sincere sorrow. Many of Shel Silverstein's songs for the band were works of comedy ("Roland the Roadie and Gertrude the Groupie," "The Cover Of Rolling Stone), and Dr. Hook had a bawdy stage show that wasn't to be taken seriously, so not everyone picked up that this was a serious song about heartbreak. "A surprising number of people thought it was a parody but I always saw it as a truly heartbreaking story and I did my best to portray the anxiety and sadness that I knew that poor guy in the phone booth would be feeling," Locorriere told us. Dr. Hook's next single, "Carry Me, Carrie," was another serious heartbreak song written by Silverstein.
Sylvia's Mother was the group's first hit song. It was written by Shel Silverstein and was highly successful in the United States, reaching #5 on the Billboard singles chart, as well as #1 in Ireland and #2 in the United Kingdom.
It was covered also by country singer Bobby Bare in 1972
Please read the whole, very interesting story about the real Sylvia here:
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Who had their biggest British hit with 'Don't Leave Me This Way' in 1986? | Top 100 Songs of 1986
Top 100 Songs of 1986
Derived from Billboard's Hottest Hot 100 Hits
The Bangles; "Greatest Love Of All," Whitney Houston; "The Next Time I Fall," Peter Cetera
1. "That's What Friends Are For".....Dionne & Friends
2. "Walk Like An Egyptian".....Bangles
3. "On My Own".....Patti Labelle & Michael McDonald
4. "The Way It Is".....Bruce Hornsby & The Range
5. "You Give Love A Bad Name".....Bon Jovi
6. "Greatest Love Of All".....Whitney Houston
7. "There'll Be Sad Songs".....Billy Ocean
8. "How Will I Know".....Whitney Houston
9. "Kyrie".....Mr. Mister
11. "The Next Time I Fall".....Peter Cetera & Amy Grant
12. "Burning Heart".....Survivor
13. "Stuck With You".....Huey Lewis & The News
14. "When I Think Of You".....Janet Jackson
15. "Rock Me Amadeus".....Falco
16. "West End Girls".....Pet Shop Boys
17. "Sledgehammer".....Peter Gabriel
21. "Glory Of Love".....Peter Cetera
22. "Everybody Have Fun Tonight".....Wang Chung
23. "Friends And Lovers".....Gloria Loring & Carl Anderson
24. "Conga".....Miami Sound Machine
27. "Addicted To Love".....Robert Palmer
28. "I Can't Wait".....Nu Shooz
29. "What Have You Done For Me Lately".....Janet Jackson
30. "Venus".....Bananarama
32. "Take My Breath Away".....Berlin
33. "These Dreams".....Heart
34. "Holding Back The Years".....Simply Red
35. "Walk Of Life".....Dire Straits
36. "Dancing On The Ceiling".....Lionel Richie
37. "Amanda".....Boston
40. "Talk To Me".....Stevie Nicks
41. "Mad About You".....Belinda Carlisle
42. "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)".....Glass Tiger
43. "When The Going Gets Tough".....Billy Ocean
44. "Why Can't This Be Love".....Van Halen
45. "Danger Zone".....Kenny Loggins
46. "Crush On You".....The Jets
47. "Hip To Be Square".....Huey Lewis & The News
48. "Manic Monday".....Bangles
50. "If You Leave".....Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
"Everybody Have Fun Tonight," Wang Chung; "Danger Zone,"Kenny Loggins; "No One To Blame," Howard Jones
51. "Word Up".....Cameo
53. "No One Is To Blame".....Howard Jones
54. "To Be A Lover".....Billy Idol
55. "Throwing It All Away".....Genesis
56. "Your Love".....The Outfield
57. "Something About You".....Level 42
58. "Let's Go All The Way".....Sly Fox
59. "Tonight She Comes".....The Cars
60. "Typical Male".....Tina Turner
62. "R.O.C.K. In The USA".....John Cougar Mellencamp
63. "I Didn't Mean To Turn You On".....Robert Palmer
64. "Who's Johnny".....El DeBarge
65. "Two Of Hearts".....Stacey Q
67. "Stand By Me".....Ben E. King
68. "We Don't Have To Take Our Clothes Off".....Jermaine Stewart
69. "Take Me Home Tonight".....Eddie Money
70. "Sweet Freedom".....Michael McDonald
72. "Words Get In The Way".....Miami Sound Machine
73. "Love Touch".....Rod Stewart
74. "All I Need Is A Miracle".....Mike + The Mechanics
75. "Rumors".....Times Social Club
76. "Silent Running".....Mike + The Mechanics
77. "All Cried Out".....Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam w/ Full Force
78. "Don't Get Me Wrong".....Pretenders
79. "Baby Love".....Regina
80. "Spies Like Us".....Paul McCartney
81. "True Blue".....Madonna
82. "Living In America".....James Brown
83. "Take Me Home".....Phil Collins
84. "Dreamtime".....Daryl Hall
85. "Bad Boy".....Miami Sound Machine
86. "Heartbeat".....Don Johnson
88. "King For A Day".....Thompson Twins
89. "A Different Corner".....George Michael
90. "Love Will Conquer All".....Lionel Richie
91. "Life In A Northern Town".....The Dream Academy
92. "Go Home".....Stevie Wonder
94. "Your Wildest Dreams".....The Moody Blues
95. "Is It Love".....Mr. Mister
96. "You Should Be Mine".....Jeffrey Osborne
97. "Harlem Shuffle".....Rolling Stones
100. "The Rain".....Oran "Juice" Jones
"Word Up," Cameo; "Let's Go All The Way," Sly Fox
1986's Number Ones
(Includes the date the song reached the top of Billboard's Hot 100, and the duration of its stay there.)
"That's What Friends Are For," Dionne and Friends
18 January 1986/4 weeks
Originally penned by Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager and recorded by Rod Stewart for the 1982 film Night Shift, this song was presented to Warwick three years later. Warwick and Stevie Wonder were in the studio recording the song as a duet when Sager got the idea to donate the proceeds to AmFar (American Foundation for AIDS Research); Gladys Knight and Elton John were brought on board virtually at the last minute.
"How Will I Know," Whitney Houston
15 February 1986/2 weeks
Songwriters George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam were signed to A&M Records as Boy Meets Girl when they were asked to submit songs for Janet Jackson. Jackson passed on "How Will I Know," but execs at Arista snapped it up for Whitney Houston's debut album as a likely pop crossover hit. Whitney's mother Cissy sang backing vocals, and the song knocked Houston's first cousin Dionne Warwick out of the # 1 spot -- only the third time in the rock era that an artist succeeded a blood relative at the top of the Hot 100.
"Kyrie," Mr. Mister
1 March 1986/2 weeks
Mr. Mister's second # 1 single (the first being "Broken Wings"), "Kyrie" was written a year before it was recorded, while the band was on tour with Adam Ant. Kyrie eleison is Greek for "Lord have mercy."
"Sara," Starship
15 March 1986/1 week
Originally named Jefferson Airplane, this band was formed in 1965 and, in the mid-Seventies was reincarnated as Jefferson Starship. The departure of Paul Kantner in 1984 led to a third name change. In all that time, the band never had a # 1 hit, until Knee Deep in the Hoopla produced two -- this one and "We Built This City."
"These Dreams," Heart
22 March 1986/1 week
After eight albums without a Top 10 hit, Heart was willing to listen to producer Ron Nevison's ideas for crafting a commercial record. For the first time, most of the songs on a Heart album were written by outsiders, in this case Martin Page and Bernie Taupin (who also wrote "We Built This City"). Heart had three consecutive Top 10 hits off the album (Heart), and "These Dreams" was the group's first # 1. It was dedicated to a fan who died of cancer at the age of 21.
"Rock Me Amadeus," Falco
29 March 1986/3 weeks
The Austrian musical prodigy was inspired to write a song about Wolfgang Mozart after watching Milo Forman's film Amadeus. Falco wrote "Der Kommissar" in 1981, which became an American chart hit for the British band After the Fire. "Rock Me Amadeus" was followed by another Top 20 song for Falco, "Vienna Calling."
"Kiss," Prince
19 April 1986/2 week
When "Kiss" hit the top of the Hot 100, Prince became the fifth songwriter to hold that chart's top two positions simultaneously; # 2 that week was "Manic Monday," performed by The Bangles but written by "Christopher" -- one of several Prince pseudonyms.
"Addicted To Love," Robert Palmer
3 May 1986/1 week
This was Palmer's first # 1 hit -- and it was almost a duet with Chaka Khan. They recorded the song together, but later her management decided against the project and her vocals were erased. The lyrics, according to Palmer (who wrote the tune), address the problems of an addictive personality.
"West End Girls," Pet Shop Boys
10 May 1986/1 week
This song became a hit in 1984 in Belgium and France, but failed to chart in Britain. The following year, the Pet Shop Boys (Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe), went back to the studio and recorded a new version, which soared to the top of the charts in both the UK and the U.S.
"Greatest Love Of All," Whitney Houston
17 May 1986/3 weeks
Originally written for a film about Muhammad Ali entitled The Greatest, this song was one of those performed by Houston during her audition for Clive Davis, president of Arista Records. It was done by George Benson on the soundtrack and issued as a single, but did not chart. On the B side of Houston's "You Give Good Love," the tune was never pegged as a single, but extensive radio airplay changed all that -- and Houston had three # 1 songs from her debut album, a first for a female solo artist.
"Live To Tell," Madonna
7 June 1986/1 week
Written by Patrick Leonard -- musical director for the Virgin tour -- and Madonna, this song was intended initially for the soundtrack of a movie called Fire With Fire. But Paramount Pictures passed on the tune, and Madonna arranged for it to be included in the score of boyfriend Sean Penn's film, At Close Range. "Live To Tell" was the fifth single to hit # 1 without being available on an album, and was Madonna's second chart-topper from a movie (the first being "Crazy For You" from Vision Quest.)
"On My Own," Patti LaBelle & Michael McDonald
14 June 1986/2 weeks
Another # 1 hit from the songwriting team of Burt Bacharach and wife Carole Bayer Sager. After Patti LaBelle's producer Richard Perry failed to cut a track he liked, Bacharach and Sager produced it themselves. After LaBelle put her vocals on, Sager thought it would be a perfect song for a duet. Warner Brothers allowed Michael McDonald to add his vocals since "On My Own" wasn't intended as a single. Both the vocals and the subsequent video were done without LaBelle and McDonald ever actually working together.
"There'll Be Sad Songs (To Make You Cry)," Billy Ocean
5 July 1986/1 week
Released before Ocean's second Jive Records album, Love Zone, reached the record stores, this tune became the artist's fifth Top 5 single in 20 months, and his second chart-topper -- the first being "Caribbean Queen" in 1984. With his collaborators Barry Eastmond and Wayne Brathwaite, Ocean wrote eight of the nine tracks on the album; four of them became Top 20 songs.
"Holding Back The Years," Simply Red
12 July 1986/1 week
Mick Hucknall wrote this song when he was 19 -- seven years before it became a chart-topper. Though the band's soulful sound did not endear it to the British press, Simply Red impressed people in the American soul music scene; the band was asked to open for James Brown, and Diana Ross requested that Hucknall write a song for her next album.
"Invisible Touch," Genesis
19 July 1986/1 week
Incredibly, past and present members of Genesis accounted for seven of the Hot 100 songs in the last week of July, 1986, as either artists or producers. Aside from "Invisible Touch" there was Peter Gabriel's "Sledgehammer" and the Phil Collins-produced hit "No One Is To Blame" by Howard Jones, there was Collins' "Take Me Home" and Mike Rutherford's two singles, "All I Need Is A Miracle" and "Taken In." The seventh was Steve Hackett and GTR's "When The Heart Rules The Mind." The Invisible Touch album produced five Top 10 songs, including two # 3's ("Tonight, Tonight, Tonight" and "In Too Deep") and two # 4's ("Throwing It All Away" and "Land Of Confusion").
"Sledgehammer," Peter Gabriel
26 July 1986/1 week
Written, according to Gabriel, as a salute to the '60s soul that had so inspired him as a teenager, "Sledgehammer" featured a brass section led by Wayne Jackson, whom Gabriel had seen perform, twenty years earlier, in South London's Ram Jam Club. Gabriel decided that very night that he "wanted to be a musician for life."
"Glory Of Love," Peter Cetera
2 August 1986/2 weeks
Peter Cetera had been with Chicago for 18 years, and penned both the band's chart-toppers ("If You Leave Me Now" and "Hard To Say I'm Sorry"), when he set out on a solo career. His wife Diane Nini helped him finish "Glory Of Love," which was chosen for The Karate Kid II soundtrack.
"Papa Don't Preach," Madonna
16 August 1986/2 weeks
Madonna knew she had a controversial song on her hands with "Papa Don't Preach," the story of an unwed and pregnant teenager, and she was right. The Pro-Life League adopted the song as its anthem, while pro-choice advocates criticized the artist for its message. Co-writer Brian Elliot commented that if Madonna influenced young girls to keep their babies, what was so bad about that?
"Higher Love," Steve Winwood
30 August 1986/1 week
Winwood and songwriter Will Jennings had collaborated on four songs for the former's second solo album, Arc of a Diver (1980), including the # 7 hit "While You See A Chance." On Back in the High Life, the two men wrote five of the eight tracks, including this, the first single. Chaka Khan provided backing vocals, while her drummer, John Robinson, provided the distinctive acoustic drums.
"Venus," Bananarama
6 September 1986/1 week
The original version, by the Dutch group Shocking Blue, was a # 1 hit in 1970, and it was one of the songs Siobahn Fahey, Keren Wood and Sarah Dallin would perform when they first started rehearsing together. The song was produced by the hitmakers Matt Aitkin, Mike Stock and Pete Waterman, who had produced hits by Dead or Alive and Rick Astley. "Venus" was only the fourth song of the rock era to be # 1 twice by two different artists.
"Take My Breath Away," Berlin
13 September 1986/1 week
This song won an Oscar for Best Original Song, and was the second tune written by Giorgio Morodor and Tom Whitlock for the film Top Gun. (The other was "Danger Zone," performed by Kenny Loggins; it peaked at # 2 on the Hot 100.) "Take My Breath Away" was Berlin's only hit song -- the group was always more interested in doing more album-oriented rock.
"Stuck With You," Huey Lewis and the News
20 September 1986/3 weeks
After the huge success of their Sports album, Huey Lewis and the News felt intense pressure to come up with another hit or two. After listening to six months worth of work on new material, manager Bob Brown told the group that they still didn't have that hit song. Lead guitarist Chris Hayes went home and wrote the music for "Stuck With You" in just a few hours, and the News had another chart-topper on their hands.
"When I Think Of You," Janet Jackson
11 October 1986/2 weeks
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, formerly of the Time (until Prince fired them), had written the tunes used on Janet Jackson's Control album even before they were signed on to produce it. The songs had originally been intended for the debut solo effort of Atlantic Starr vocalist Sharon Bryant. But Bryant thought the tracks weren't right for her. The first five singles from Control made it into the Top Five. Janet and Michael Jackson became the first siblings to both have solo # 1 singles.
"True Colors," Cyndi Lauper
25 October 1986/2 weeks
Lauper's first album had produced four consecutive Top Five songs in 1984, so the pressure was on when she went into the studio to create her sophomore album, True Colors. Written by the team of Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg, who had penned Madonna's # 1, "Like A Virgin," "True Colors" was the only song on the album that Lauper didn't have a hand in writing. Kelly and Steinberg had previously pitched the tune to Kenny Rogers and Anne Murray.
"Amanda," Boston
8 November 1986/2 weeks
It took Boston six years to complete their third album, Third Stage -- so long, in fact, that CBS (which owned Epic Records) sued the band for breach of contract. A bootleg version of "Amanda" -- which was actually written by the band's founder, Tom Scholz, in 1980 -- circulated two or three years before the album was released.
"Human," Human League
22 November 1986/1 week
Dissatisfied after working for nine months with British producer Colin Thurston, Human League switched to Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (see "When I Think Of You," above). Band member Phil Oakey wrote six of the ten songs on the Crash album, but it was Jimmy and Terry who penned "Human" -- a song that gave Human League their second chart-topper, four years after the first #1, "Don't You Want Me."
"You Give Love A Bad Name," Bon Jovi
29 November 1986/1 week
For their third album, Slippery When Wet, the New Jersey-based band turned to Loverboy producer Bruce Fairbairn and songwriter Desmond Child, who collaborated with band members Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora to pen this, the first release from the album, and the group's first chart-topper.
"The Next Time I Fall," Peter Cetera & Amy Grant
6 December 1986/1 week
Peter Cetera had two # 1 hits with his first two singles as a post-Chicago solo artist, the second this ballad written by Bobby Caldwell and Paul Gordon. The decision to make it a duet with Christian singer Amy Grant was a calculated career move that paid off, big time -- and launched Grant as a viable pop artist.
"The Way It Is," Bruce Hornsby and the Range
13 December 1986/1 week
Bruce Hornsby never thought his music would interest the major record labels. And he didn't thnk "The Way It Is," one of the four songs on the demo tape that sold RCA on the band, was hit single material. He was wrong on both counts. In fact, though the band would have great success throughout the late Eighties, this would be their only chart-topper.
"Walk Like An Egyptian," Bangles
20 December 1986/4 weeks
The third release from the Different Light album became, according to Billboard, the # 1 single for the year 1987. It was also the girl band's first of two chart-toppers. (The other was "Eternal Flame.")
1986's Top 50 in the UK
* Number One songs
The Communards, Mel & Kim, Berlin
1. "Don't Leave Me This Way," The Communards*
2. "Every Loser Wins," Nick Berry*
3. "I Want To Wake Up With You," Boris Gardiner*
4. "Living Doll," Cliff Richard & The Young Ones*
5. "Chain Reaction," Diana Ross*
6. "The Lady In Red," Chris De Burgh*
7. "When The Going Gets Tough (The Tough Get Going)," Billy Ocean*
8. "Papa Don't Preach," Madonna*
9. "Take My Breath Away," Berlin*
10. ""So Macho"/"Cruising," Sinitta
12. "A Different Corner," George Michael*
13. "Rock Me Amadeus," Falco*
14. "We Don't Have To," Jermaine Stewart
15. "Spirit In The Sky," Dr & The Medics*
16. "The Final Countdown," Europe*
17. ""Real Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town)," Jackie Wilson*
18. "Rain Or Shine," Five Star
19. "Caravan Of Love," The Housemartins*
20. "The Chicken Song," Spitting Image*
21. "The Sun Always Shines on T.V.," a-ha*
22. "On My Own," Patti LaBelle * Michael McDonald
23. "Walk Like An Egyptian," The Bangles
24. "In The Army Now," Status Quo
25. "Lesson In Love," Level 42
26. "Glory Of Love," Peter Cetera
27. "The Edge Of Heaven," Wham!*
28. "Sledgehammer," Peter Gabriel
29. "All I Ask Of You," Cliff Richard & Sarah Brightman
30. "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)," Samantha Fox
31. "Wonderful World," Sam Cooke
32. "A Kind Of Magic," Queen
33. "Holding Back The Years," Simply Red
34. "You Keep Me Hangin' On," Kim Wilde
35. "Let's Go All The Way," Sly Fox
36. "Word Up," Cameo
37. "Manic Monday," The Bangles
38. "I Can't Wait," Nu Shooz
39. "My Favourite Waste Of Time," Owen Paul
40. "You Can Call Me Al," Paul Simon
41. "Livin' On A Prayer," Bon Jovi
42. "Sometimes," Erasure
43. "Showing Out," Mel & Kim
44. "I Just Died In Your Arms," Cutting Crew
45. "You To Me Are Everything," The Real Thing
46. "Happy Hour," The Housemartins
47. "Starting Together," Su Pollard
48. "Thorn In My Side," The Eurythmics
49. "The Walk Of Life," Dire Straits
50. "Borderline," Madonna
| The Communards |
On which London street would you find the famous 'Harrods' store? | Print Comments3
EXCLUSIVE / British embassy staff in Brussels are planning a Brexit bash the night of the 23 June referendum. EurActiv.com has had an exclusive peek at the party playlist, which includes The Final Countdown by Swedish hair metal headbangers Europe.
Diplomats will dance the night away to a series of cheesy themed songs, including floor-filling classics such as Rick Astley’s immortal 1987 hit Never Gonna Give You Up.
In the song, Astley – currently top of the UK album charts – croons, “Never gonna give you up, never gonna let you down/ Never gonna run around and desert you/Never gonna make you cry, never gonna say goodbye/ Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you.”
Recently knighted Ambassador Sir Ivan Rogers will serve up drinks in the bar of the UK Permanent Representation to the EU as the results roll in. The staff boozer has a door painted to look like Number 10 Downing Street.
Unsurprisingly many of the chosen songs are British classics, such as the Human League’s Don’t You Want Me Baby? and Don’t Look Back In Anger, by swaggering Britpop behemoths Oasis.
The Clash’s Should I Stay or Should I Go? and Will Young’s Leave Right Now show that the civil servants have tastes that range from punk rock to Pop Idol winners – and that the playlist has songs for both Leave and Remain.
Clash singer Joe Strummer shouts, “Should I stay or should I go now?/If I go there will be trouble/ And if I stay it will be double.”
Young plaintively wails, “ Think I’d better leave right now/ Before I fall any deeper/ I think I’d better leave right now/ Feeling weaker and weaker.”
Brit boybands Take That and East 17, make the top ten with their chart-topping anthems Never Forget and Stay Another Day, along with Gloria Gaynor’s perennial disco fave, I will Survive.
Beyoncé’s Irreplaceable, which includes the line, “Don’t you ever get to thinking you’re irreplaceable” and Shakespeare’s Sister’s tearjerker Stay With Me fill out the list.
Only staff are allowed to attend the shindig, which is a chance for hard-working diplomats to blow off steam after months of working on Prime Minister David Cameron’s EU reform deal.
One source said, “If it turns out to be Brexit, this place will go into overdrive on Friday. We will be incredibly busy for a long time.
“The referendum party is a good way to relieve the tension and thank people for their hard work.”
There are a string of Brexit parties being held across the bars of Brussels to mark the historic night, which some fear could spell the beginning of the end of the EU.
A surprising omission from the playlist is Brussels icon Jacques Brel’s Ne Me Quitte Pas – but it could be the chanson was deemed too depressing for a party…
Far more cheerful and rousing are Haddaway’s Please Don’t Go, and the 1986 hit from the Communards, Don’t Leave Me This Way.
Astley and Brexit
It is also not the first time that Rick Astley has found himself embroiled in the referendum campaign.
Pro-EU internet prankster Mario Van Poppel snapped up the voteleave.com website name, forcing the campaign to register voteleavetakecontol.org.
Anyone visiting voteleave.com is ‘rick-rolled’ – redirected to a video of Rick Astley singing his iconic song.
EurActiv has asked Astley for comment.
@rickastley Dear Rick. I work for a website in Brussels. We wondered if you were Remain or Leave in the referendum? Thanks.
— James Crisp (@JamesCrisp6) June 20, 2016
Brexit party playlist
Leave Right Now – Will Young
Never Gonna Give You Up – Rick Astley
Don’t Look Back in Anger – Oasis
Irreplaceable – Beyoncé
I Will Survive – Gloria Gaynor
Stay Another Day – East 17
Should I Stay Or Should I Go? – The Clash
Stay with Me – Shakespeare’s Sister
Don’t You Want Me? – Human League
Don’t Leave Me This Way – The Communards
Please Don’t Go – Haddaway
Background
23 June: Referendum on Britain's continued membership of the European Union
28-29 June: EU summit in Brussels
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On which London street would you find the Selfridges store? | Our Stores | London - Selfridges | Shop Online
It’s shopping, but not as you know it. Discover one-of-a-kind experiences, world-class dining and luxury brands at the department store that started it all, Selfridges Oxford Street, London.
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What is the name of the lake in London's Hyde Park? | Top 10 London Department Stores - Things To Do - visitlondon.com
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From Harrods to Harvey Nichols, Selfridges to Liberty, department stores are a London speciality.
Stocking everything from footwear to furnishings, clothes to caviar, cosmetics to bridal wear, London's department stores offer a convenient one-stop shop with a wide range of products and brands under one roof.
Most London department stores also have cafes, restaurants or bars – perfect when you need to recharge your batteries after an extended shopping session. Some even offer you the chance to unwind with a luxurious spa or beauty treatment.
For more top places to shop in London, take a look at our guide to London's best shopping destinations .
Personal shopper services are becoming ever more common for both women and men, and they're not just for clothes either. Simply contact the store directly and make an appointment if you'd like some expert help finding that perfect purchase.
Debenhams
Recently treated to a £25m makeover, Debenhams' Oxford Street flagship stocks affordable ranges from a number of British designers, including Jasper Conran and H! by Henry Holland. The seven-floor store has a gorgeous beauty hall, a hip homeware department and a stylish menswear floor.
Fenwick of Bond Street
Established in 1891 as a hair accessories boutique, Fenwick is now home to five floors of luxury retail on one of London's chicest streets. Choose from designer clothing, homewares, bags, shoes, fashion, jewellery and more. The cosmetic department is an oasis of exclusive products and Carluccio's cafe is the ideal place to relax.
Fortnum & Mason
The quintessential English store, Fortnum & Mason has been selling food, luggage, homewares and clothes to London's finest since 1707. The official grocer to the Queen, the beautiful store has four restaurants and sells the most indulgent foodstuffs. If you want specialist teas or exquisite hampers, this is the place to go.
Harrods
Established in 1849 as a humble grocery store, today Harrods has seven floors and 330 departments dedicated to the finest products in food, fashion, homeware, technology and more, plus 20 restaurants and specialist services. Make sure you check out the Egyptian Hall, Salon de Parfums and the Pet Department. At night, the store is illuminated by 11,500 light bulbs.
Harvey Nichols
A must for any fashionista, Harvey Nichols brings together an impressive range of designers from around the world and supplies an elite clientele with fine clothes, accessories, cosmetics, food and shoes. D&G, Space NK, Burberry and Jimmy Choo are just a few of the high-end labels you can find here.
House of Fraser
One of the best-known names on Oxford Street, House of Fraser is renowned for its designer brands and exclusive collections – it's the place to go for a little bit of luxury, whatever your budget. Browse through top brands including DKNY, Max Mara and Ted Baker then indulge in various beauty treatments. And don't miss the Tea Terrace.
John Lewis
A much-loved chain of department stores, John Lewis has a large branch on Oxford Street, stocking nearly half a million products from buttons to beds and cushions to cufflinks. The store boasts seven floors of fashion, beauty and technology products, as well as a new interactive home section and three restaurants.
| i don't know |
And in which gardens will you find the Albert Memorial? | The Albert Memorial - Kensington Gardens - The Royal Parks
The Albert Memorial
The Albert Memorial
The Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens is one of London's most ornate monuments. It commemorates the death of Prince Albert in 1861 of typhoid.
The Albert Memorial is located in Kensington Gardens on Albert Memorial Road opposite the Royal Albert Hall.
It is one of London's most ornate monuments, designed by George Gilbert Scott.
Unveiled in 1872, The Albert Memorial commemorates the death of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, who died of typhoid fever at the age of 42.
Influenced by the series of 13th Century Eleanor Crosses (Charing Cross perhaps being the most famous) and other statues in Edinburgh and Manchester, the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens is one of the grandest high-Victorian gothic extravaganzas anywhere.
Officially titled the Prince Consort National Memorial, it celebrates Victorian achievement and Prince Albert's passions and interests.
The memorial shows Prince Albert holding the catalogue of the Great Exhibition, held in Hyde Park in 1851, which he inspired and helped to organise.
Marble figures representing Europe, Asia, Africa and America stand at each corner of the memorial, and higher up are further figures representing manufacture, commerce, agriculture and engineering. Yet further up, near the top, are gilded bronze statues of the angels and virtues.
All around the base of the memorial the Parnassus frieze depicts celebrated painters, poets sculptors, musicians and architects, reflecting Albert's enthusiasm for the arts. There are 187 exquisitely carved figures in the frieze.
| Kensington Gardens |
Where in London can you find the 'Rosetta Stone'? | Kensington Gardens - Kensington Gardens - The Royal Parks
About Kensington Gardens
Every year millions of Londoners and tourists visit Kensington Gardens, one of the capital's eight Royal Parks. Kensington Palace , the Italian Gardens , Albert Memorial , Peter Pan Statue and the Serpentine Galleries are all located within its 265 acres.
Planted with formal avenues of magnificent trees and ornamental flower beds, the gardens are also home to the popular Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground .
0300 061 2000
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Which London street is traditionally associated with newspapers? | Read All About It! - London Explorers (London, England) | Meetup
Read All About It!
St Paul's tube station , exit St Paul's wait outside station
Join us for a tour exploring some of the fascinating history around one of the most famous streets in the world: Fleet Street, which has been associated with printing, especially of newspapers, for over 300 years.
We will dodge in and out of small alleyways to learn about the long-term associations of the area with the spread of news, including the infamous 'St Paul's walk' and the influential 'Broadsides'. We'll see where the man with possibly the most suitable name ever started printing (clue: it's not Caxton) and trace it's development over time - why is UPPER CASE so-called for example. We'll hear stories about the press barons who made this area one of the busiest in London & visit the church that inspired the wedding cake. Oh, and we'll also see a very fine cat indeed!
We will finish the walk near one of the oldest pubs in London where journalists used to administer a 'truth drug' to encourage their sources to talk. There are also many other places of refreshment nearby and easy access to buses and trains.
Please check weather and travel on the day.
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Your organizer's refund policy for Read All About It!
Refunds are not offered for this Meetup.
Contact
We're about:
Social Networking · Road Cycling · Hiking · New In Town · Fitness · Outdoors · Camping · Exercise · Walking · Pubs and Bars · Mountain Biking · Sports and Recreation · Photography · Urban Photography · History Walks · Day Trips
×
Welcome to London Explorers a walking social group aiming to do a wide range of guided walks across London and further afield exploring other fantastic British towns and countryside.
Most of our walks start at a convenient tube or railway station and aim to get the best deals on any group save tickets for trains and try when possible to look for free car parking giving you as many travel options as possible.
All our walks are well researched, leaving you free to relax and enjoy the lovely scenery or urban views in the company of other like-minded individuals and of course you will be keeping fit. Most walks end with a well-deserved pub stop with a strong social ethos.
Most of the London guides have done professional guiding courses such as the Islington and Clerkenwell Guiding Diploma or City of London Guiding Certificate, some have both or others even.
The walks are very varied from just a couple of miles covering historical sights to longer urban or country walks of over over ten miles and are either just a couple of hours or longer day trips mainly at the weekend but also some during the week or evening.
We are enthusiastic about photography and encourage photographs walking at a leisurely pace but also sometimes with harder faster and longer walks.
We are twined with another country hiking group Chiltern Explorers and often do events together. Chiltern explorers is based to the west of London in the gorgeous Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and also does a wide range of weekends away to other UK National Parks and other AONBs.
Chiltern Explorers is unusual for many outdoor meetup groups in that it currently only arranges the walks and leaves the accommodation up to the members giving members the option to go on the days they want and stay according to their budget, many members also car share for trips away. The weekends have a good social atmosphere and comradery.
The London walks have covered such diverse subjects as Jack the Ripper, James Bond, Sherlock Holmes, Wren Churches, Fryscrapers and Walkie-Scorchies, London Parks and Canals amongst many other themed walks.
The country walks have covered the Chiltern and Surrey hills, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head and the Lake District amongst many others.
I hope you decide to join us!
| Fleet Street |
Which London Street is known for it's diamond trade? | Read All About It! - London Explorers (London, England) | Meetup
Read All About It!
St Paul's tube station , exit St Paul's wait outside station
Join us for a tour exploring some of the fascinating history around one of the most famous streets in the world: Fleet Street, which has been associated with printing, especially of newspapers, for over 300 years.
We will dodge in and out of small alleyways to learn about the long-term associations of the area with the spread of news, including the infamous 'St Paul's walk' and the influential 'Broadsides'. We'll see where the man with possibly the most suitable name ever started printing (clue: it's not Caxton) and trace it's development over time - why is UPPER CASE so-called for example. We'll hear stories about the press barons who made this area one of the busiest in London & visit the church that inspired the wedding cake. Oh, and we'll also see a very fine cat indeed!
We will finish the walk near one of the oldest pubs in London where journalists used to administer a 'truth drug' to encourage their sources to talk. There are also many other places of refreshment nearby and easy access to buses and trains.
Please check weather and travel on the day.
Join or login to comment.
Hit enter to add your reply
Your organizer's refund policy for Read All About It!
Refunds are not offered for this Meetup.
Contact
We're about:
Social Networking · Road Cycling · Hiking · New In Town · Fitness · Outdoors · Camping · Exercise · Walking · Pubs and Bars · Mountain Biking · Sports and Recreation · Photography · Urban Photography · History Walks · Day Trips
×
Welcome to London Explorers a walking social group aiming to do a wide range of guided walks across London and further afield exploring other fantastic British towns and countryside.
Most of our walks start at a convenient tube or railway station and aim to get the best deals on any group save tickets for trains and try when possible to look for free car parking giving you as many travel options as possible.
All our walks are well researched, leaving you free to relax and enjoy the lovely scenery or urban views in the company of other like-minded individuals and of course you will be keeping fit. Most walks end with a well-deserved pub stop with a strong social ethos.
Most of the London guides have done professional guiding courses such as the Islington and Clerkenwell Guiding Diploma or City of London Guiding Certificate, some have both or others even.
The walks are very varied from just a couple of miles covering historical sights to longer urban or country walks of over over ten miles and are either just a couple of hours or longer day trips mainly at the weekend but also some during the week or evening.
We are enthusiastic about photography and encourage photographs walking at a leisurely pace but also sometimes with harder faster and longer walks.
We are twined with another country hiking group Chiltern Explorers and often do events together. Chiltern explorers is based to the west of London in the gorgeous Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and also does a wide range of weekends away to other UK National Parks and other AONBs.
Chiltern Explorers is unusual for many outdoor meetup groups in that it currently only arranges the walks and leaves the accommodation up to the members giving members the option to go on the days they want and stay according to their budget, many members also car share for trips away. The weekends have a good social atmosphere and comradery.
The London walks have covered such diverse subjects as Jack the Ripper, James Bond, Sherlock Holmes, Wren Churches, Fryscrapers and Walkie-Scorchies, London Parks and Canals amongst many other themed walks.
The country walks have covered the Chiltern and Surrey hills, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head and the Lake District amongst many others.
I hope you decide to join us!
| i don't know |
Madame Tussaud's and it's neighbour the London Planetarium are to be found on which London Street? | Madame Tussauds
Madame Tussauds
Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LR
Now playing in Madame Tussauds
Why should you visit Madame Tussauds, London?
Madame Tussauds is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities.
Marie Tussaud, born Anna Maria Grosholtz (1761–1850) was born in Strasbourg, France. Her mother worked as a housekeeper for Dr. Philippe Curtius in Bern, Switzerland, who was a physician skilled in wax modelling. Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modelling.
Tussaud created her first wax figure, of Voltaire, in 1777. Other famous people she modelled at that time include Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Benjamin Franklin. During the French Revolution she modelled many prominent victims. In her memoirs she claims that she would search through corpses to find the decapitated heads of executed citizens, from which she would make death masks. Following the doctor's death in 1794, she inherited his vast collection of wax models and spent the next 33 years travelling around Europe. Her marriage to François Tussaud in 1795 lent a new name to the show – Madame Tussauds. In 1802, she went to London. As a result of the Franco-British war, she was unable to return to France, so she travelled throughout Great Britain and Ireland exhibiting her collection. For a time, it was displayed at the Lyceum Theatre. From 1831 she took a series of short leases on the "Baker Street Bazaar" (on the west side of Baker Street between Dorset Street and King Street) - which featured in the Druce Portland Case sequence of trials of 1898-1907. This became Tussaud's first permanent home in 1836.
By 1835 Marie had settled down in Baker Street, London, and opened a museum.
One of the main attractions of her museum was the Chamber of Horrors. This part of the exhibition included victims of the French Revolution and newly created figures of murderers and other criminals. The name is often credited to a contributor to Punch in 1845, but Marie appears to have originated it herself, using it in advertising as early as 1843.
Other famous people were added to the exhibition, including Horatio Nelson, and Sir Walter Scott. Some of the sculptures done by Marie Tussaud herself still exist. The gallery originally contained some 400 different figures, but fire damage in 1925, coupled with German bombs in 1941, has rendered most of these older models defunct. The casts themselves have survived (allowing the historical waxworks to be remade) – and these can be seen in the museum's history exhibit. The oldest figure on display is that of Madame du Barry. Other ancient faces from the time of Tussaud include Robespierre, George III and Benjamin Franklin. In 1842, she made a self portrait which is now on display at the entrance of her museum. She died in her sleep on 15 April 1850.
By 1883 the restricted space and rising cost of the Baker Street site prompted her grandson (Joseph Randall) to commission the building at its current location on Marylebone Road. The new exhibition galleries were opened on 14 July 1884 and were a great success.However, the building costs, falling so soon after buying out his cousin Louisa's half share in the business in 1881, meant the business was under-funded. A limited company was formed in 1888 to attract fresh capital but had to be dissolved after disagreements between the family shareholders, and in February 1889 Tussaud's was sold to a group of businessmen lead by Edwin Josiah Poyser. Edward White, an artist dismissed by the new owners to save money, allegedly sent a parcel bomb to John Theodore Tussaud in June 1889 in revenge.
Madame Tussaud's wax museum has now grown to become a major tourist attraction in London, incorporating (until recently) the London Planetarium in its west wing. It has expanded and will expand with branches in Amsterdam, Bangkok, Berlin, Dubai, Hamburg, Hollywood, Hong Kong, Las Vegas, New York City, Shanghai, Vienna and Washington, D.C.. Today's wax figures at Tussauds include historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and famous murderers.
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| Marylebone Road |
Who, traditionally, lives at 'Lambeth Palace'? | Madame Tussauds London - Wax Museum | London Beep
Home » General » Madame Tussauds London – Wax Museum
Madame Tussauds London – Wax Museum
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When we talk about London then we never miss out talking about the famous “Madame Tussauds London”. This place is a form of museum is known as being one of the main attractions of the tourists as well. For the readers we would like to mention that this place is all set in Central London housed in the form London Planetarium. It is all known all over the world for the sake of creating the wax statues of all the famous celebrities that looks like real. One of its famous houses of attractions are Chamber of Horrors. Madame Tussauds London was started with the wax statue of Marie Tussauds on Marylebone Road in the year 1884 that gives rise to the establishment of Madame Tussauds. Nevertheless Madame Tussauds is not counted amongst the Wonders of World but still it has earned equal fame and attention of the people all over the world. No doubt that this place is dream to watch by every single person!
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Main Branches of Madame Tussauds London
Madame Tussauds London has almost 9 branches that are placed in various cities of London adding with Amsterdam, Bangkok, Berlin, Hong Kong, Shanghai, New York, Las Vegas, Hollywood and Washington, D.C., and Vienna and Blackpool. Blackpool brand was opened in Spring in the year 2011. Madame Tussauds London is basically known as being the part of Merlin Entertainments group that is all owned and supervised by London Eye, the Dungeons, Sea Life Centres, Blackpool Tower and Legoland Discovery Centre all along with the theme parks including Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures and Thorpe Park in the place of UK, and Gardaland in Italy. If you are planning out to visit London then don’t ever miss the golden chance of visiting Madame Tussauds London!
What Is Inside Madame Tussauds London?
Madame Tussauds London museum is all divided into several sections. Each single section is organized in eye catching way. In the first section you will be finding the wax statue of popular celebrities such as Angeline Jolie, Brad Pitt, Nicole Kidman, Morgan Freeman, Johnny Depp, Leonardi diCaprio and so many more. In the list of Hollywood celebrities we have the name of well known Bollywood celebrities as well. Rest of the sections of the museum are added with Warhol’s women, directors, athletes, royalty, writers, scientists, painters, musicians, singers, politicians and even serial killers. Apart from it the place is even all included with the entertainment sources as well such as a sit-down ride called the Spirit of London. This ride will be going to take you all through the London’s history. The ride will going to starts during the Tudor times and ends in the year 1980s. You will even be taken to the Marvel Super Heroes 4D such as Wolverine, Iron Man, the Incredible Hulk, Spiderman and Nick Fury.
Madame Tussauds London Opening Times:
You will be going to find Madame Tussauds London as open for the public seven days a week and 365 days in a year. But let us tell you one thing that this place has some of their specific timings for the visitors to visit this place. If we talk about the normal timings then it is all open from 09:30 – 17:30. Unless the peak opening hours are 09:00 – 18:00! Peak timings are normally set for every weekend and UK school holidays.
For getting into further details about the Madame Tussauds London timings you are all free to visit up with their website www.madametussauds.com/London. On the Christmas happenings the timings for Madame Tussauds London are from 09:00 – 14:30, Boxing Day timings are:00 – 18:00 and New Years Day timings are 10:30 – 18:00.
Cheap Hotels Near Madame Tussauds London
Madame Tussauds London is known out to be one of the main attractions of the visitors and tourists from all over the world since the last 2 centuries. It started off with the wax statue of Marie Tussauds who was a Frenchwoman from Strasbourg, France. The place was first exhibit out in the year 1835. This museum has opened up with its major branches all over the major cities of London.
Following is the list of some of the famous and yet cheap hotels near Madame Tussauds London:
1) Georgian Hotel
3) Oxford Street- Marylebone GG Apartment
4) 146 Suites
14) Hamiltons Hotel and many more
Madame Tussauds London Vouchers
There are many people who find the biggest trouble in grabbing with the Madame Tussauds London vouchers. In the year 2014 there are many new faces that will be interacting with the visitors at Madame Tussauds London such as great Bobby Moore alongside Mo Farah, Usain Bolt, and Jessica Ennis-Hill. At this place you can even get the chance to be treated like the famous and rich person just at the cost of £8.50 in Clubcard vouchers. By the way of this voucher you would be able to take fun from the London 14 interactive areas all along with the superb Marvel Super Heroes 4D movie experience as well as the original Madame Tussauds London incredible history in the company of over 300 stunning. There are two simple steps for getting Madame Tussauds London vouchers:
1. You firstly have to select down the amount of the tokens that you will be using up. If in case you made any sort of changed in the left over from your Clubcard vouchers it will be added back into your Clubcard Account.
2. All the details about the token such as how you can make the use of it within 5 days will be given out at the time when your order will be placed.
Madame Tussauds London List Of Wax Figures
As we mentioned in the very beginning that Madame Tussauds London is all filled with the wax statues of the famous Bollywood, Hollywood celebrities alongside with the personalities of Warhol’s women, directors, athletes, royalty, writers, scientists, painters, musicians, singers, politicians and even serial killers. Below is the list of all those prominent wax statues that are placed inside Madame Tussauds London:
List of Hollywood Celebrities
Few of the lucky Hollywood celebrities with wax statues are:
1. Angelina Jolie
9) Sachin Tendulkar
Interesting Facts About Madame Tussauds London
Do you know that why “Madame Tussauds London” have grabbed the heights of fame and attention in just least time period? What is so special about this place? Have you ever thought about the interesting facts of this place? Well if not then its time to think about it once again! Below we will be sharing with some of the interesting facts related with Madame Tussauds London! Catch them now:
1. The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall:
In Madame Tussauds London you will be finding the wax statue of Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall as well. This was the very first wax statue of Madame Tussauds London that was made from Carbon Neutral Figure in the year 1989. But then later in the year 207 it was recycled up. The production process of this museum made the use of wax that was made from clay and beeswax containing organic pigments. They made the use of planted three trees to rub out the remaining carbon footprint. This gives out the real effect to the whole statue.
2. David Beckham:
Apart from it Madame Tussauds London is even added with the wax statue of famous footballer David Beckham as well. In the year 2002 his statue was installed in the museum at the time of his high range of popularity during 2002 Football World Cup. His figure was all placed in the empty ‘fourth plinth’ in London’s Trafalgar Square. Some of the local authorities order to remove away the statue just for the reason that he was not that much famous to be the part of Madame Tussads London! But this statue was never removed because David became so famous and wanted after Football World Cup 2002.
3. Jonny Wilkinson
Madame Tussauds London returns back to the place of Trafalgar Square’s spare plinth at the happening of the eve of the England’s big Rugby World Cup Final in October in the year 2007. The wax statue of hotshot kicker Jonny Wilkinson was showcased at 6am and by midday it had grabbed by over two-mile traffic on the surrounding roads.
4. Bollywood Star, Shah Rukh Khan
Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan statue was placed in Madame Tussauds London after traveling down from Bradford shortly after ‘King Khan’s’ launch in April in the year 2007. His statue is added with the diamond ring that he is wearing in his finger.
5. Lost Property at Madame Tussauds London
Since the last few years there are many lost property items that are found inside Madame Tussauds London. This property has been left behind by the visitors including with the one false leg and 123 pairs of false teeth.
6. Hair-Raising Matters
For the information of the readers we would like to mention that real texture of hairs have been used up on the figures for the sake of beards, moustaches and eyebrows. They are made perfect after the shampooing and styling. In the year 1996 shocked staff came into consideration that Hitler’s hair are growing and this came to know that this is because of the use of real hairs. After it the hairs used on the figures was even undertaken with trimming as well.
7. John George Haigh
John George Haigh who is known as being the “acid bath murderer” even visited the place of Chamber of Horrors just one day before he was going to be arrested for the murder of six young women. From Madame Tussauds he went into the same clothes from his death cell at Wandsworth Prison.
Popular Attractions Near Madame Tussauds London
Do you know that what major places are present all around Madame Tussauds London? There are majority of the people that not just visit Madame Tussauds to catch the wax statues but are even interested to grab its surrounding places as well. Well if not then read out the below list because you will come to know what which popular places are found near Madame Tussauds London:
Attraction # 1 : The Auditorium (previously London Planetarium):
On the very first we have The Auditorium! This place was even known by the name of London Planetarium in the past. This place is set on the place of Marylebone Road, London. It was adjacent to Madame Tussauds. It is owned by the same company. It is known out to be one of the famous London landmarks. It is all engaged in offering the shows relating to the space and astronomy
Attraction # 2 : The Sherlock Holmes Museum:
On the second we have Sherlock Holmes Museum! This museum is all based on the private sector and is run by London. This place is all dedicated to the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. It was opened in the year 1990. It is situated in Baker Street.
Attraction # 5 : Royal Academy of Music Museum:
Royal Academy of Music Museum as previously known as York Gate Collections is one of the famous attractive places near Madamme Tussauds. This place is all interlinked with the musical instruments and artefactual and research centre of the Royal Academy of Music in London England.
Attraction # 4: Everyman Baker Street:
Everyman Baker Street is named as one of the famous streets that are all surrounded by the hotels and shopping centers.
Attraction # 5 : The Wallace Collection:
Wallace Collection is one of the popular museums in London. It is all involved out in serving with the world-famous range of fine and decorative arts from the 15th to the 19th centuries by means of large holdings of French 18th-century paintings, furniture, arms & armor, porcelain and Old Master paintings. This museum is divided into 25 galleries. It was established in the year 1897 from the private collection that was mainly created by Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertfort
Attraction # 6 : Open Air Theatre Regents Park:
This place is marked out to be the award-winning Regent’s Park Open Air Theatre in London. It is all involved out in serving out with the cultural hub in the good-looking surroundings of a Royal Park.
Attraction # 7 : Regents Park – Famous Streets in London
Regents Park is marked out to be the western suburb of Sydney. It is all state of New South Wales, Australia almost 22 kilometers west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Auburn Council.
Attraction # 8 : Selfridges, Oxford Street:
This place is near the Madame Tussauds in Oxford Street, London, England. This place was designed by Daniel Burnham for Harry Gordon Selfridge. It was opened in the year 1909. It is the headquarter of Selfridge & Co. department stores in the midst of 540,000 square feet (50,000 m2) of selling space. This store is the second largest retail premises in the United Kingdom. It is known out to be one of the biggest department stores in Europe, Harrods.
Attraction # 9 : University of Westminster:
University of Westminster is named as one of the best universities in London that is set up near Madame Tussauds! This university is ranked amongst the top universities of London involved out in giving the best services of education and facilities.
Restaurants Near Madame Tussauds London
If you get tired from visiting Madame Tussauds London then just hold on! This place is all surrounded with some of the popular restaurants whose delicious food will simply going to force you to get over with mouth-watering. Let’s check out the list of some of the well known restaurants near Madame Tussauds London:
Restaurant # 1 : Getti: This restaurant is all based on Italian food items.
Location: 42 Marylebone High Street W1U 5HD
Restaurant # 2 : Pizza Express: This restaurant is all serving with Pizzeria food items.
Location: 133 Baker Street W1U 6SF
Restaurant # 3 : Langan’s Bistro: This restaurant is all based with the British food items.
Location: 26 Devonshire Street W1G 6PH
Restaurant # 4 : Casa Becci: This restaurant is all based on Italian food items.
Location: 32 Paddington Street W1U 4HE
Restaurant # 5 : Pizza Hut: This restaurant is all based on Pizzeria food items.
Location: 187 Baker Street NW1 6UY
Restaurant # 6 : Odin’s: This restaurant is all based on delicious European food items.
Location: 27 Devonshire Street W1G 6PL
Restaurant # 7 : The Rajdoot: This restaurant is all catering with the Indian food items.
Location: 49 Paddington Street W1U 4HW
Restaurant # 8 : Zizzi: This restaurant is deals with Italian food items.
Location: 35-38 Paddington Street W1U 4HQ
Restaurant # 9 : Phoenix Palace: This restaurant is all filled with Italian food items.
Location: 3-5 Glentworth Street NW1 5PG
Restaurant # 10 : Le Jardin Restaurant & Bar: This restaurant will be providing with Chinese food items.
Location: 17 Nottingham Place W1U 5LG
Restaurant # 11 : Nambu-Tei: This restaurant is all based on Italian food items.
Location: 209 Baker Street NW1 6UY
Restaurant # 12 : Cinnamon Spice: This restaurant is best in serving with Japanese food items.
Location: 12-14 Glentworth Street NW1 5PG
Restaurant # 13 : Base: This restaurant is all based on Indian tasty food items.
Location: 195 Baker Street NW1 6UY
Restaurant # 14 : ASK: This restaurant is all based on French food items.
Location: 197 Baker Street NW1 6UY
Restaurant # 15 : Bombay Spice: This restaurant is excellent for the Italian food items.
Location: 50 Paddington Street W1U 4HP
Restaurant # 1 6 : Din Restaurant and Cafe: This restaurant is all based on Indian food items.
Location: 25 Melcombe Street NW1 6AG
Restaurant # 1 7: The Real Greek Souvlaki & Bar: This restaurant serves with the Mediterreanan food items.
Location: 56 Paddington Street W1U 4HY
Restaurant # 1 8 : Nando’s Chickenland: This restaurant is covered with Greek food items.
Location: 113 Baker Street W1U 6RS
Restaurant # 19 : Gourmet Burger Kitchen: This restaurant is all based on Portugese food items.
Location: 102 Baker Street W1U 6TL
Restaurant # 20 : Lulivo: This restaurant is all based on American food items.
Location: 194 Baker Street NW1 5RT
Clubs, Bars And Pubs Near Madame Tussauds London
1. The Metropolitan Bar: This bar is all involved out in serving as inns and public houses.
Location: Marylebone Road NW1 5LA
2. The Globe Tavern: This bar is all serving as inns and public houses.
Location: 43-47 Marylebone Road NW1 5JY
3. The Volunteer: This place deals with the as being the inns and public houses.
Location: 245-247 Baker Street NW1 6XE
4. Prince Regent: This place is acting as the inns and public houses for the peopele of London.
Location: 71 Marylebone High Street W1U 5JN
5. Playroom: This place is just acting as being the bar and pubs.
Location: 10 Paddington Street W1U 5QL
6. Vox: Vox is just acting out with the services of being the bars.
Location: 195 Great Portland Street W1 5PS
7. Coco Momo: Coco Momo is a form of bar place for the people.
Location: 79 Marylebone High Street W1U 5JZ
8. The Globe Tavern: Globe Tavern is serving with the inns and public houses.
Location: 43-47 Marylebone Road NW1 5JY
9. The Marylebone: This place is all known famous for being the public houses and inn.
Location: 93 Marylebone High Street W1U 4RE
10. The Beehive: In this place you will be finding the services of public houses and inns.
Location: 126 Crawford Street W1U 6BF
11. Allsop Arms: This place deals with the as being the inns and public houses.
Location: 137 Gloucester Place NW1 5AL
12. Inn 1888: This place performs the services of inns and public houses.
Location: 21 Devonshire Street W1G 6EP
13. Gunmakers: Gunmakers is the place of public houses and inns.
Location: 33 Aybrook Street W1U 4AP
14. The Swan & Edgar: This place deals with inns and public houses.
Location: 43 Linhope Street NW1 6HL
15. The Barley Mow: This place is for the public houses and inns.
Location: 8 Dorset Street W1U 6QW
16. Wood Marylebone: In this place you will be finding public houses and inns.
Location: 21 Balcombe Street NW1 6HE
17. Windsor Castle: Windsor Castle performs with the public houses and inns.
Location: 98 Park Road NW1 4SH
18. Thornbury Castle: This place deals with the as being the inns and public houses.
Location: 29A Enford Street W1H 1DN
19. The Angel In The Fields: This place is best for public houses and inns.
Location: 37 Thayer Street W1U 2QY
20. The Kings Head: Kings Head is famous for public houses and inns.
Location: 13 Westmoreland Street W1G 8PJ
Regions Near Madame Tussauds London
Some of the famous regions that are surrounded by Madame Tussauds London are:
1) Marylebone
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The Houses of Parliament and the London Eye are on the same side of the River Thames. True or false? | London Eye, Big Ben, Houses of Parliament Art at AllPosters.com
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Where in London can you find 'Nelson's Column'? | London Eye, Big Ben, Houses of Parliament Art at AllPosters.com
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By what name is the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster better known? | Westminster Abbey » Abbey History
Home > History > Abbey History
An architectural masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries, Westminster Abbey also presents a unique pageant of British history – the shrine of St Edward the Confessor, the tombs of kings and queens, and countless memorials to the famous and the great. It has been the setting for every Coronation since 1066 and for numerous other royal occasions, including sixteen royal weddings. Today it is still a church dedicated to regular worship and to the celebration of great events in the life of the nation. Neither a cathedral nor a parish church, Westminster Abbey (or the Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster to give it its correct title) is a "Royal Peculiar" under the jurisdiction of a Dean and Chapter, subject only to the Sovereign and not to any archbishop or bishop.
Westminster Abbey, a work of architectural genius, a place of daily worship , deploying the resources of high musical expertise, a burial place of kings, statesmen, poets, scientists, warriors and musicians, is the result of a process of development across the centuries, which represents the response of a monastery and later a post-Reformation church to the stimulus and challenge of its environment.
In the 1040s King Edward (later St Edward the Confessor ) established his royal palace by the banks of the river Thames on land known as Thorney Island. Close by was a small Benedictine monastery founded under the patronage of King Edgar and St Dunstan around 960 A.D. This monastery Edward chose to re-endow and greatly enlarge, building a large stone church in honour of St Peter the Apostle. This church became known as the "west minster" to distinguish it from St Paul's Cathedral (the east minster) in the City of London. Unfortunately, when the new church was consecrated on 28 December 1065 the King was too ill to attend and died a few days later. His mortal remains were entombed in front of the High Altar.
The only traces of Edward's monastery to be seen today are in the round arches and massive supporting columns of the undercroft and the Pyx Chamber in the cloisters. The undercroft was originally part of the domestic quarters of the monks. Among the most significant ceremonies that occurred in the Abbey at this period was the coronation of William the Conqueror on Christmas day 1066, and the "translation" or moving of King Edward's body to a new tomb a few years after his canonisation in 1161.
Edward's Abbey survived for two centuries until the middle of the 13th century when King Henry III decided to rebuild it in the new Gothic style of architecture. It was a great age for cathedrals: in France it saw the construction of Amiens, Evreux and Chartres and in England Canterbury, Winchester and Salisbury, to mention a few. Under the decree of the King of England, Westminster Abbey was designed to be not only a great monastery and place of worship, but also a place for the coronation and burial of monarchs. This church was consecrated on 13 October 1269. Unfortunately the king died before the nave could be completed so the older structure stood attached to the Gothic building for many years.
Every monarch since William the Conqueror has been crowned in the Abbey, with the exception of Edward V and Edward VIII who were never crowned. It was natural that Henry III should wish to translate the body of the saintly Edward the Confessor into a more magnificent tomb behind the High Altar. This shrine survives and around it are buried a cluster of medieval kings and their consorts including Henry III, Edward I and Eleanor of Castile , Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, Richard II and Anne of Bohemia and Henry V. The Abbey contains over 600 monuments and wall tablets – the most important collection of monumental sculpture anywhere in the country - and over three thousand people are buried here. Notable among these is the Unknown Warrior , whose grave, close to the west door, has become a place of pilgrimage. Heads of State who are visiting the country invariably come to lay a wreath at this grave.
A remarkable new addition to the Abbey was the glorious Lady chapel built by King Henry VII, first of the Tudor monarchs, which now bears his name. This has a spectacular fan-vaulted roof and the craftsmanship of Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiano can be seen in Henry's fine tomb. The chapel was consecrated on 19 February 1516. Since 1725 it has been associated with the Most Honourable Order of the Bath and the banners of the current Knights Grand Cross surround the walls. The Battle of Britain memorial window by Hugh Easton can be seen at the east end in the Royal Air Force chapel. A new stained glass window above this, by Alan Younger, and two flanking windows with a design in blue by Hughie O'Donoghue, give colour to this chapel.
Two centuries later in 1745 a further addition was made to the Abbey when the western towers (left unfinished from medieval times) were completed, to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. Little remains of the original medieval stained glass, once one of the Abbey's chief glories. The great west window and the rose window in the north transept date from the early 18th century but the remainder of the glass dates from the 19th century onwards.
History did not cease with the dissolution of the medieval monastery on 16 January 1540. The same year Henry VIII erected Westminster into a cathedral church with a bishop (Thomas Thirlby), a dean and twelve prebendaries. The bishopric was surrendered on 29 March 1550 and the diocese was re-united with London, Westminster being made by Act of Parliament a cathedral church in the diocese of London. Mary I restored the Benedictine monastery in 1556 under Abbot John Feckenham. But on the accession of Elizabeth I the religious houses revived by Mary were given by Parliament to the Crown and the Abbot and monks were removed in July 1559. Queen Elizabeth I , buried in the north aisle of Henry VII's chapel, refounded the Abbey by a charter dated 21 May 1560 as a Collegiate Church, a Royal Peculiar exempt from the jurisdiction of bishops and with the Sovereign as its Visitor. In place of the monastic community a collegiate body of a dean and prebendaries, minor canons and a lay staff was established and charged with the task of continuing the tradition of daily worship (for which a musical foundation of choristers, singing men and organist was provided) and with the education of forty Scholars who formed the nucleus of what is now Westminster School (one of the country's leading independent schools). In addition the Dean and Chapter were responsible for much of the civil government of Westminster, a role which was only fully relinquished in the early 20th century. Thus the Abbey was reshaped and newly patterned to discharge a distinctive yet worshipful role in a modern age.
Still today, a daily pattern of worship is offered to the Glory of God. Special services, representative of a wide spread of interest and social concern, are held regularly. Annual services include a thanksgiving for victory in the Battle of Britain, a service for Judges at the start of the legal year and a service to mark Commonwealth Day. In 1965-66 the Abbey celebrated the 900th anniversary of the consecration of King Edward's abbey, taking as its theme 'One People'. Such a theme seemed to be fitting for a church which, through a long history of involvement with the developing life of the British people, has become known throughout the world. In 2010 His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI became the first Pope to visit the Abbey.
See also the entries under Architecture, Abbots and Deans, Benedictine monastery, Coronation Chair, Famous People and Royals on our website.
The images show a reconstruction drawing of the Norman Abbey and Palace by Terry Ball and Richard Gem. St Edward is from a modern illuminated manuscript. Photos can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library.
For guidebooks see the Shop section on our website.
Further reading:
| Westminster Abbey |
What is the capital of Uruguay? | Westminster Abbey, London
Westminster Abbey, London
Westminster Palace became a World Heritage Site in 1987. Its proper name is The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, but it is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey. A mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, beside the Palace of Westminster. Traditionally kings and queens are crowned here, and buried here. It is neither a cathedral nor a parish church, Westminster Abbey is a “Royal Peculiar” under the jurisdiction of a Dean and Chapter, subject only to the Sovereign.
A shrine was is believed to have been sited in 616 on the present site, then known as Thorney Island, after a fisherman on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter. And there was a community of Benedictine monks before the first historic Abbey was built by King Edward the Confessor around 1045–1050. Apparently King Edward failed to keep a vow to go on a pilgrimage; the Pope agreed that he could redeem himself by building a church to St. Peter. It was consecrated on December 28, 1065, just after King Edward died and the coronation of his successor King Harold. This church was called the “west minster” to distinguish it from St Paul’s Cathedral (the "east minster") in the City of London.
The Abbot and monks became a powerful political force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest: the Abbot enjoyed a seat in the in the House of Lords as of right. Henry III rebuilt the Abbey in the Gothic style. The work continued between 1245-1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of King Richard II.
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary in 1503. This "Lady Chapel" has a wonderful fan-vaulted roof and the work of Italian sculptor Torrigiano can be seen in Henry VII's tomb. The banners of the Knights of the Order of the Bath, surround the walls, and there is a striking Battle of Britain window by Hugh Easton at the east end.
The Abbey was then seized by Henry VIII in 1534 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and closed in 1540, its royal connections saved it from the destruction suffered by most other English abbeys.
The Catholic Queen Mary was restored the abbey to the Benedictines, Queen Elizabeth I removed them in 1559. In 1579, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" — a church responsible directly to the sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop, and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter.
It suffered damage during the 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritans, but was again protected by its ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an state funeral there in 1658, but disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet. His head remaining there for many years
The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor. They were made from Portland stone, and were an early example of Gothic Revival design. The western towers had been unfinished from medieval times.
Little remains of the original medieval stained glass. The great west window and the rose window in the north transept date from the early 18th century but the remainder of the stained glass dates from the 19th century onwards. Further rebuilding occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.
Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. The first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated were translated here. The New English Bible was produced here in the 20th century.
Since 1066 all English kings and queens (except Lady Jane Grey, Edward V and Edward VIII, who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the Abbey. The Archbishop of Canterbury conducts the coronation ceremony. The new king or queen sits on St Edward's Chair in order to be crowned.
Although most kings and queens from the Middle Ages were buried here, Henry VIII and Charles I are buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and all monarchs since George II have been buried at Windsor.
In 2005 the original ancient burial tomb of Edward the Confessor was discovered, in front of the High Altar. A series of royal tombs dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries was also discovered using ground-penetrating radar.
Aristocrats were buried in side chapels and clergy were buried in the Cloisters. Geoffrey Chaucer was buried here as he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other poets were then buried around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried here. Subsequently it became an honour to be buried or memorialised here. Aristocrats and poets, military, politicians, scientists, doctors. The Abbey has around 600 monuments and tablets, and over three thousand people are buried here. They include the Unknown Warrior, whose grave, close to the west door, is a national monument to the fallen in war.
Notable people buried here. Wikipedia records this list
Nave
* Clement Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee
* Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts
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"Who uttered the 'famous' quotation ""We are not amused""?" | 'We are not amused' - the meaning and origin of this phrase
We are not amused
A quotation, attributed to Queen Victoria.
Origin
This supposed quotation was attributed to Queen Victoria by courtier Caroline Holland in Notebooks of a Spinster Lady, 1919. Holland attests that Victoria made the remark at Windsor Castle:
'There is a tale of the unfortunate equerry who ventured during dinner at Windsor to tell a story with a spice of scandal or impropriety in it. "We are not amused," said the Queen when he had finished.'
Holland doesn't claim to have been present at the dinner and is good enough to describe the account as a "tale', that is, her account has the same standing as "a man in the pub told me".
Despite the fact that in almost all of the photographs and paintings of her, Victoria provides a particularly po-faced demeanour, she had the reputation of being in private a very fun loving and amusing companion, especially in her youth and before the crown began to weigh heavily on her. In public it was another matter, as Victoria preferred to maintain what she saw as the dignity of her position by remaining sternly impassive. She did, of course, become considerably less fun-loving after the death of her husband and her persona in later life is well-documented as being dour and strait-laced .
As to whether she ever uttered the expression 'we are not amused', there's little convincing evidence that she did so with the intention of conveying the serious intent that we now ascribe to the phrase, although in the 1976 biography Victoria Was Amused, Alan Hardy makes the claim (again without offering explicit evidence) that Victoria did sometimes utter the expression ironically.
The evidence to support the idea that Queen Victoria originated this expression 'we are not amused' lies somewhere between thin and nonexistent.
| Queen Victoria |
In which Indian city can you find the 'Taj Mahal'? | 35 Times the Queen Was Not Amused
35 Times the Queen Was Not Amused
In honor of her 90th birthday.
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35 Photos
The line "We are not amused" is famously attributed to Queen Victoria, who, as legend has it, uttered the phrase after seeing a production of Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore...or, as other legends have it, dropped the quip after hearing the unfunny punch line of a guest's joke. And whether she said it or not, the line has become ingrained in our culture, and, at times, our faces―including the visage of Victoria's great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II, who turns 90 today.
So, to celebrate Queen Elizabeth's birthday, 35 times she was not amused―for, well, your amusement.
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Who was the first British female cabinet minister? | Chard Museum
Powered Flight First Woman Cabinet Minister Pioneers in Artifical Limbs Chards Pubs TimeTeam at Whitestaunton Manor
The Birthplace of the First Woman Cabinet Minister
Margaret Grace Bondfield was born in Chard, Somerset, in 1873. She went to school in the town but moved to Brighton in 1887 to be apprenticed to a Brighton draper. In 1894 she went to live with her brother Frank in London and again found work in a shop. Her experience of shop workers� working conditions led her to join the newly formed Shop Assistants� Union in which she was soon elected to the Union District Council.
In 1896 she was asked to carry out an investigation into the pay and conditions of shop workers and her report, published in 1898, was used by reformers and eventually led to the 1904 Shops Act. In 1910 the Liberal Government asked her to serve as a member of its Advisory Committee on the Health Insurance Bill
Her trades union activities grew and in 1923 Margaret Bondfield was elected first woman Chairman of the Trades Union Congress. In the same year she became one of the first women to enter the House of Commons when she was elected Labour MP for Northampton.
When Ramsay McDonald became Prime Minister for a second time in 1929 he appointed Margaret as his new Minister of Labour. She thus became the first woman to gain a place in the British Cabinet.
In the general election following the financial crisis of 1931, Margaret lost her Wallsend seat and never again sat in Parliament. Between 1939 and 1945 she was chairperson of the Women's Group on Public Welfare and spent much of the war years lecturing in the United States and Canada on behalf of the British government.
After the war she retired to Tunbridge Wells and later lived in a small house in Sanderstead, Surrey, where she died in 1953.
Margaret Grace Bondfield
Godworthy House, High Street, Chard, Somerset, TA20 1QB. Tel: 01460 65091. Email: [email protected] - Website by Bloobottle Studio
Accredited by Arts Council England No. 796. Registered Charity No. 270186
| Margaret Bondfield |
Which port stands at the mouth of the river Seine? | Who was the first female Cabinet minister?
Who was the first female Cabinet minister?
Sponsored by
Trailblazing: the impressive Margaret Bondfield Credit: Getty
8 June 2016 • 12:00am
The first female Cabinet minister
She’s a trailblazing female politician called Maggie. No, not that one…
On this day in 1929, Margaret Bondfield was appointed Britain’s first woman Cabinet minister.
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald made her Secretary of State for Labour.
But Bondfield, a former shop worker, wasn’t a minister for long. In 1931, she lost her seat – and dropped out of national politics.
A blue plaque in her home town of Chard, Somerset, reads: “Shop worker, Christian, socialist, trades unionist, she devoted her life to improving the lot of the downtrodden.”
However, she didn’t achieve enduring fame – unlike Barbara Castle, who ran the same ministry 40 years later.
Royal London has its roots in the community. Founded in 1861, it began with the aim of helping people avoid the stigma of a pauper’s grave.
It became a mutual life insurance company in 1908 before growing into the UK’s largest mutual life and pensions company.
Its founding principles are self-reliance, community and keeping members at the heart of all decisions.
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How much does ten gallons of water weigh in pounds? | How Much Does Water Weigh?
Home » Water » How Much Does Water Weigh?
How Much Does Water Weigh?
Posted by Staff Writer in Water
ANSWER:
A gallon of water at room temperature weighs 8.33 pounds.
Weight of Water per Gallon
The most widely accepted simple scientific answer to this question is that a gallon of room temperature water weighs 8.33 pounds. What’s more, if water is heated from room temperature, 70°F to its boiling point of 212°F, it will weigh 7.996 pounds, losing .333 pounds. [1]
Why Does Water Weigh Less When Heated?
The weight of water is determined by its density. Density is measured by dividing an object’s mass by its volume. When water is heated the hydrogen and oxygen molecules begin to vibrate more quickly and begin to move farther apart. Though almost negligible, this will increase its volume and decrease its density. [2]
Molecular Weight of Water
The weight of water can also be quantified by its molecular weight, the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a single molecule. The scientific elements table abbreviation for water – H2O – refers to the fact that a single molecule is made up of two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. Given that a molecule of hydrogen weighs 1.01 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) and one molecule of oxygen weighs 16 AMUs, the molecular weight of water is 18.02 AMUs. [3]
Formula: 2(1.01 AMU) +1(16 AMU)=18.02AMU
Note: For ease in understanding the concept, the atomic weights have been rounded. The standard atomic weight for hydrogen is 1.00794(2). The standard atomic weight for oxygen is 15.994(3) [4]
Quick Facts Water Chart
Source: US Department of Interior Geological Survey
Notes of Water Interest
Although waterbeds go in and out of vogue, there is no doubt that they represent one of the most common tactile household experiences of water weight. While a waterbed weighs less per square foot than a refrigerator, the amount of water contained in a king-size waterbed can produce a total weight of approximately 1,500 pounds. Anyone who has ever tried to move a fully filled waterbed without the proper assistance can attest to how cumbersome these items can be. [5]
Finally, the relative density of other physical objects is often filtered through the prism of whether or not they can sink or float in water. There is even a popular reoccurring feature on The Late Show, “Will It Float?”, wherein David Letterman and sidekick Paul Schaeffer try to guess whether or not a particular item will stay on top of the water surface or drop like a stone to the bottom.
[1] USGS Georgia Water Science Center
Water Properties: Water Science for Schools: Physical and Chemical Water Properties
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html
[3] Tro, Nivaldo J., and Don Neu.
Chemistry in Focus: a Molecular View of Our World.
4th ed. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2009. Page 100 Print.
[4] National Institute of Standards and Technology
Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&all=all&ascii=html&isotype=some
[5]”My Waterbed Shop – All your waterbed and air bed questions answered. .” Waterbeds – Shop Online For All Your Waterbed Needs Including Sheets, Mattresses And Heaters . N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2010. http://www.my-waterbed-shop.com/pillow.html#8.
Reference: Smithsonian Institute
Properties of Matter: Measuring Temperature by Degrees
http://www.propertiesofmatter.si.edu/Temp_by_Degrees.html
Glossary of Terms
Atomic Mass Unit: unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms, molecules, or nuclear particles that is equal to 1/12 of the atomic mass of the most abundant kind of carbon.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Cubic Foot: a unit of volume equal to a cube one foot long on each side.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Density: the degree of compactness of a substance.
Oxford Dictionary
Molecular Weight: the weight of a molecule, found by adding together the atomic masses of all the atoms it contains; relative molecular mass.
Cambridge Dictionary
Experts Opinion
“Most matter increases in volume when it gets hotter. For example, if an iron rod is heated, it will get longer and fatter and its density will decrease. This happens because the mass of the rod stays the same, but its volume increases. The increase in the volume of matter with increasing temperature is called expansion. When cooled down, most matter decreases in volume and increases in density. This decrease in volume is called contraction.”
Properties of Matter Smithsonian Institution National Science Resource Center
“The density of ice is about 90 percent that of water, but that can vary because ice can contain air, too. That means that about 10 percent of an ice cube (or iceberg) will be above the water line.”
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Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 jointly with F W de Klerk? | How Much Does Water Weigh?
Home » Water » How Much Does Water Weigh?
How Much Does Water Weigh?
Posted by Staff Writer in Water
ANSWER:
A gallon of water at room temperature weighs 8.33 pounds.
Weight of Water per Gallon
The most widely accepted simple scientific answer to this question is that a gallon of room temperature water weighs 8.33 pounds. What’s more, if water is heated from room temperature, 70°F to its boiling point of 212°F, it will weigh 7.996 pounds, losing .333 pounds. [1]
Why Does Water Weigh Less When Heated?
The weight of water is determined by its density. Density is measured by dividing an object’s mass by its volume. When water is heated the hydrogen and oxygen molecules begin to vibrate more quickly and begin to move farther apart. Though almost negligible, this will increase its volume and decrease its density. [2]
Molecular Weight of Water
The weight of water can also be quantified by its molecular weight, the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a single molecule. The scientific elements table abbreviation for water – H2O – refers to the fact that a single molecule is made up of two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. Given that a molecule of hydrogen weighs 1.01 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) and one molecule of oxygen weighs 16 AMUs, the molecular weight of water is 18.02 AMUs. [3]
Formula: 2(1.01 AMU) +1(16 AMU)=18.02AMU
Note: For ease in understanding the concept, the atomic weights have been rounded. The standard atomic weight for hydrogen is 1.00794(2). The standard atomic weight for oxygen is 15.994(3) [4]
Quick Facts Water Chart
Source: US Department of Interior Geological Survey
Notes of Water Interest
Although waterbeds go in and out of vogue, there is no doubt that they represent one of the most common tactile household experiences of water weight. While a waterbed weighs less per square foot than a refrigerator, the amount of water contained in a king-size waterbed can produce a total weight of approximately 1,500 pounds. Anyone who has ever tried to move a fully filled waterbed without the proper assistance can attest to how cumbersome these items can be. [5]
Finally, the relative density of other physical objects is often filtered through the prism of whether or not they can sink or float in water. There is even a popular reoccurring feature on The Late Show, “Will It Float?”, wherein David Letterman and sidekick Paul Schaeffer try to guess whether or not a particular item will stay on top of the water surface or drop like a stone to the bottom.
[1] USGS Georgia Water Science Center
Water Properties: Water Science for Schools: Physical and Chemical Water Properties
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html
[3] Tro, Nivaldo J., and Don Neu.
Chemistry in Focus: a Molecular View of Our World.
4th ed. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2009. Page 100 Print.
[4] National Institute of Standards and Technology
Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&all=all&ascii=html&isotype=some
[5]”My Waterbed Shop – All your waterbed and air bed questions answered. .” Waterbeds – Shop Online For All Your Waterbed Needs Including Sheets, Mattresses And Heaters . N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2010. http://www.my-waterbed-shop.com/pillow.html#8.
Reference: Smithsonian Institute
Properties of Matter: Measuring Temperature by Degrees
http://www.propertiesofmatter.si.edu/Temp_by_Degrees.html
Glossary of Terms
Atomic Mass Unit: unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms, molecules, or nuclear particles that is equal to 1/12 of the atomic mass of the most abundant kind of carbon.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Cubic Foot: a unit of volume equal to a cube one foot long on each side.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Density: the degree of compactness of a substance.
Oxford Dictionary
Molecular Weight: the weight of a molecule, found by adding together the atomic masses of all the atoms it contains; relative molecular mass.
Cambridge Dictionary
Experts Opinion
“Most matter increases in volume when it gets hotter. For example, if an iron rod is heated, it will get longer and fatter and its density will decrease. This happens because the mass of the rod stays the same, but its volume increases. The increase in the volume of matter with increasing temperature is called expansion. When cooled down, most matter decreases in volume and increases in density. This decrease in volume is called contraction.”
Properties of Matter Smithsonian Institution National Science Resource Center
“The density of ice is about 90 percent that of water, but that can vary because ice can contain air, too. That means that about 10 percent of an ice cube (or iceberg) will be above the water line.”
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London's first railway terminus opened on 20th July 1837. What was it called? | Rail Album - London & Birmingham Railway - Part 1
This map from 1850 shows the Camden locomotive depot. The two small rectangles either side of the main line are the winding engines that raised and lowered trains between there and Euston station. The canal is the Regents Canal.
The winding house under construction at Camden, and in the distance the large steam locomotive depot. Power for the incline to Euston was provided by two large beam engines located in the building under construction in the foreground. At the time this images was made the two tall chimneys that dominated this area and served the two winding engine boilers had yet to be finished.
Camden Town locomotive shed. The stub points in the foreground are clearly visible, along with the winding mechanism to operate them. The right-hand two tracks run between the two chimneys and then down the incline into Euston. The chimneys served the boilers of the winding engines that powered the incline. A locomotive looks as if it is waiting for its coaches to reach the top of the incline, where it will couple up and head for Birmingham.
Locomotive number 32 at the Camden Town shed. The man is operating the winding mechanism for changing the stub point. On stub points the whole pair of rails was moved to line up with one of the two routes, instead of using point blades. This technology was soon replaced by the use of point blades, but remarkably continued in use on railways serving the Welsh slate quarry industry into the 1960s. Note the railway track decoration on the building.
London & Birmingham Railway steam locomotive 32 was a "Bury" type 2-2-0 built by Mather Dixon & Co of Bath Street in Liverpool in 1837. The driving wheels were 5 ft 6 in diameter and the cylinders were 12 in diameter x 18 in long. The locomotive was still in use when the LNWR was formed in 1846, and was replaced in 1848 or 1849.
Part 1 (this page) Part 2 Part 3
| Euston |
Who/what was David Ben Gurion? | Euston railway station | UK Transport Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Template:Portal-inline Coordinates : 51°31′42″N 0°07′59″W / 51.5284°N 0.1331°W / 51.5284; -0.1331
Euston railway station or London Euston Template:IPAc-en is a central London railway terminus and one of 17 railway stations managed by Network Rail , and is the southern terminus of the West Coast Main Line . It is the main rail gateway from London to the West Midlands , the North West , North Wales and part of Scotland. Its most important long-distance destinations are Birmingham , Manchester (Piccadilly) , Liverpool and Glasgow .
It is connected to Euston tube station and near Euston Square tube station on the London Underground . It is a short walk from King's Cross Station , the southern terminus of the East Coast Main Line , and St Pancras International Station for Eurostar services to France and Belgium. These stations are all in Travelcard Zone 1 .
It has been the prime rail gateway from London to Ireland via Holyhead and ferry to Dún Laoghaire , for Dublin . Until the 1960s the station was a terminus of the most-frequented London to Belfast route via the WCML to Carlisle and the Beeching Axe -closed Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway to Stranraer .
Contents
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Euston was the first inter-city railway station in London. It opened on 20 July 1837 as the terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway . [4] The original building was demolished in the 1960s and replaced with the present one, built in the international modern style.
The site was selected in the early 1830s by George and Robert Stephenson , engineers of the London and Birmingham Railway. The area was then mostly farmland at the edge of the expanding city of London. The station was named after Euston Hall in Suffolk , the ancestral home of the Dukes of Grafton , who were the main landowners in the area. Objections to the station by local farmers meant that, when the Act authorising construction of the line was passed in 1833, the terminus was relocated to Chalk Farm . However, these objections were overcome, and in 1835 an Act authorising construction of the station at its originally planned site was passed, and construction went ahead. [4] [5]
The station and railway have been owned by the London and Birmingham Railway (1837–1845), the London and North Western Railway (1846–1922), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (1923–1947), British Railways (1948–1994), Railtrack (1994–2001) and Network Rail (2001–present)
Old building
File:Euston Arch 1896.jpg
The original station was built by William Cubitt . [6] It was designed by the classically trained architect Philip Hardwick [7] with a 200 ft (61 m)-long trainshed by structural engineer Charles Fox . Initially it had only two platforms, one for departures and one for arrivals. Also designed by Hardwick was a 72 ft (22 m)-high Doric propylaeum , the largest ever built, [8] erected at the entrance as a portico and which became known as the Euston Arch .
File:Euston Station (Great Hall).jpg
Until 1844 trains were pulled up the incline to Camden Town by cables because the London and Birmingham Railway's Act of Parliament prohibited the use of locomotives in the Euston area; this prohibition is said to have been in response to concerns of local prominent residents as to the noise and smoke emitted by locomotives toiling up the incline. [9]
The station grew rapidly over the following years as traffic increased. It was greatly expanded in the 1840s, with the opening in 1849 of the spectacular Great Hall, designed by Hardwick's son Philip Charles Hardwick in classical style. It was Category:Aldwych Branch The Short Streach Of Line Between Holborn And Aldwych Was Closed In 1994.The Line Was Due To be extended to Waterloo but never was.There will be a bit of Aldwych In My Website when added long, Category:Aldwych Branch The Short Streach Of Line Between Holborn And Aldwych Was Closed In 1994.The Line Was Due To be extended to Waterloo but never was.There will be a bit of Aldwych In My Website when added wide and Category:Aldwych Branch The Short Streach Of Line Between Holborn And Aldwych Was Closed In 1994.The Line Was Due To be extended to Waterloo but never was.There will be a bit of Aldwych In My Website when added high, with a coffered ceiling and a sweeping double flight of stairs leading to offices at its northern end. Architectural sculptor John Thomas contributed eight allegorical statues representing the cities served by the line. The station was on Drummond Street, further from Euston Road than the front of the modern complex, which now terminates at the side of the station, but then ran across the front. [10] A short road called Euston Grove ran from Euston Square towards the arch. Two hotels, the Euston Hotel and the Victoria Hotel, flanked the northern half of this approach.
As traffic grew, the station required further expansion. Two more platforms were added in the 1870s with new service roads and entrances, and four in the 1890s, bringing the total to 15, one of them reserved for parcels traffic. [4]
Apart from the lodges on Euston Road and statues now on the forecourt, few relics of the old station survive. The National Railway Museum 's collection at York includes a commemorative plaque and E.H. Bailey's statue of George Stephenson , both from the Great Hall; the entrance gates; and an 1846 turntable discovered during demolition.
File:Euston mainline stn platform 9 look south.JPG
In the early 1960s it was decided that a larger station was required. Because of the restricted layout of track and tunnels at the northern end, enlargement could be accomplished only by expanding southwards over the area occupied by the Great Hall and the Arch. [5] Amid much public outcry, the station building including the Arch was demolished in 1961-2 and replaced by a new building. Its opening in 1968 followed the electrification of the West Coast Main Line, and the new structure was intended to symbolise the coming of the "electric age". The station was built by Taylor Woodrow Construction Ltd [5] to a design by BR's architects in consultation with Richard Seifert & Partners , responsible for the second phase of the complex in the late 1970s.
The modern station is a long, low structure with a frontage of some Template:Convert/m . The second phase consists of a bus terminal and three low-rise office towers looking out on to Melton Street and Eversholt Street. The offices were occupied by British Rail, and then Railtrack, and finally Network Rail, which has now vacated all but a small portion of one of the towers. These buildings are in a functional style and the main facing material is polished dark stone, complemented by white tiles, exposed concrete and plain glazing. The station has a single large concourse, separate from the train shed. A few remnants of the older station remain: two Portland stone entrance lodges and a war memorial. A statue of Robert Stephenson by Carlo Marochetti , previously in the old ticket hall, stands in the forecourt.
There is a large statue by Eduardo Paolozzi named Piscator dedicated to German theatre director Erwin Piscator at the front of the courtyard. Other pieces of public art, including low stone benches by Paul de Monchaux around the courtyard, were commissioned by Network Rail in the 1990s.
The station has catering units and shops, a large ticket hall and an enclosed car park with over 200 spaces. [12]
The screening-off and positioning of platforms away from a spacious main concourse results in a waiting area that is protected from the elements, while areas in front of the inter-city platforms allow passengers to queue without obstructing passenger flow in the main body of the station. Passenger flow is further aided by the positioning of the main departure indicator board to encourage passengers to gather away from platform entrances, and by a walkway under the main concourse that provides a direct link from commuter platforms 8 to 11 to the Underground station.
The lack of daylight on the platforms compares unfavourably with the glazed trainshed roofs of traditional Victorian railway stations, but the use of the space above as a parcels depot [13] released the maximum possible space at ground level for platforms and passenger facilities.
The station has 18 platforms: platforms 8 to 11 are used primarily for London Overground and London Midland commuter services, and have automatic ticket gates. Two platforms are extra long in order to accommodate the 16-car Caledonian Sleeper.
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Euston's 1960s style of architecture has been described as "hideous", [14] "a dingy, grey, horizontal nothingness" [15] and a reflection of "the tawdry glamour of its time", entirely lacking in "the sense of occasion, of adventure, that the great Victorian termini gave to the traveller". [16] Writing in The Times , Richard Morrison stated that "even by the bleak standards of Sixties architecture, Euston is one of the nastiest concrete boxes in London: devoid of any decorative merit ; seemingly concocted to induce maximum angst among passengers; and a blight on surrounding streets. The design should never have left the drawing-board — if, indeed, it was ever on a drawing-board. It gives the impression of having been scribbled on the back of a soiled paper bag by a thuggish android with a grudge against humanity and a vampiric loathing of sunlight". [17] Michael Palin , explorer and travel writer, in his contribution to Great Railway Journeys titled "Confessions of a Trainspotter", likened it to "a great bath, full of smooth, slippery surfaces where people can be sloshed about efficiently".
File:Euston Station from above - 01.JPG
Access to parts of the station is difficult for the disabled . The ramps from the concourse down to platform level are too steep for unassisted wheelchairs, but the introduction of lifts in May 2010 made the taxi rank and underground station easily accessible from the concourse.
The demolition of the original Victorian station buildings in 1962 has been described as "one of the greatest acts of Post-War architectural vandalism in Britain" and is believed to have been approved by the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan ( Con ), who was the first of a line of Prime Ministers seeking to champion motorway building. The replacement trainshed has a low, flat roof, making no attempt to match the airy style of London's major 19th century trainsheds. The attempts made to preserve the earlier building, championed by the later Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman , led to the formation of The Victorian Society and heralded the modern conservation movement. [18] This movement saved the nearby high Gothic St Pancras Station when it was threatened with demolition by British Rail in 1966, ultimately leading to its renovation in 2007 as the terminus of the high-speed route to the Continent.
The demolition of the original building is often compared to the 1964 demolition of New York's Pennsylvania Station , which similarly alerted preservationists in that city to the importance of saving historic buildings.
1973 IRA attack
Edit
Extensive but superficial damage was caused by an IRA bomb that exploded close to a snack bar at approximately 13:10 on 10 September 1973, injuring eight people. The Metropolitan Police had received a three-minute warning but were unable to evacuate the station completely, but British Transport Police were able to evacuate much of the area just prior to the explosion, thereby reducing casualties. In 1974, the mentally-ill Judith Ward was convicted of this and other crimes despite the evidence against her being highly suspect. She was acquitted in 1992, and the actual culprit has not been apprehended. [19]
Privatisation
Edit
Ownership of the station transferred from British Rail to Railtrack plc in 1994, passing to Network Rail in 2002 following the failure of Railtrack.
In 2005 Network Rail was reported to have long-term aspirations to redevelop the station, removing the 1960s buildings and providing a great deal more commercial space by using the " air rights " above the platforms.
In December 2005 Network Rail announced plans to create a subway link to Euston Square tube station as part of the redevelopment, creating a direct link between the two stations, currently separated by a five-minute walk along Euston Road. [20]
2007 rebuilding announcement
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On 5 April 2007, British Land announced that it had won the tender to demolish and rebuild the station, spending some £250m of its overall redevelopment budget of £1bn for the area. The number of platforms will increase from 18 to 21. [21] Media reports in early 2008 hinted that the Arch could be rebuilt. [22]
Sydney & London Properties, project manager to the Euston Estate Limited Partnership, launched a Vision Masterplan in May 2008 with the aim of stimulating debate about the future of the station and the surrounding neighbourhood. [23]
2011 redesign announcement
In September 2011 plans for demolition were cancelled and Aedas was appointed to give the existing terminus a makeover instead. [24]
Usage
It is the sixth-busiest rail terminal in London by entries and exits. [25] [26] [27] [28]
High Speed 2
File:Euston High Speed 2.png
On 11 March 2010 the Secretary of State for Transport announced that Euston was the preferred southern terminus of the proposed High Speed 2 line to Birmingham and the north. [29] This would require expansion to the south and west to create new, sufficiently long platforms. These plans, if taken forward, would preclude the 2007 reconstruction from going ahead and would entail complete reconstruction, involving the demolition of 220 Camden Council flats, with half the station providing conventional rail services and the new half high-speed trains. The Command Paper suggests rebuilding the Arch and an artist's impression includes it. [30]
The station would have 24 platforms serving both high-speed and classic lines. These would be at a low level while the flats demolished by the extension would be replaced by significant building work above. The underground station would also be rebuilt and connected to Euston Square tube station . When High Speed 2 is extended beyond Birmingham, the Mayor's office believes it will be necessary to build the proposed Chelsea–Hackney line via Euston to relieve 10,000 extra passengers forecast to arrive during an average day. [31] [32] [33] [34]
In order to relieve pressure on Euston during and after the rebuilding for High Speed 2, HS2 Ltd has proposed the withdrawal of London Overground trains between Euston and Queen's Park , and the diversion on to Crossrail of eight London Midland trains per hour from Milton Keynes. [35]
Services
Four train operating companies use Euston:
Virgin Trains operates Intercity West Coast services from platforms 1-7 and 12-18 as follows (trains per hour):
3 to Birmingham New Street , with at least one extended to Wolverhampton , two per day of which are combined with Birmingham New Street to Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley trains
Highland sleeper to Aberdeen via Kirkcaldy and Dundee , Fort William via Dalmuir , and Inverness via Stirling and Perth .
Lowland sleeper to Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley via Carlisle .
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Main article: Euston tube station
Euston station is directly above and connected to Euston tube station, on the Victoria line and the Northern line (both Bank and Charing Cross branches) of the London Underground. Euston Square tube station on the Circle line , Hammersmith & City line and Metropolitan line is a five-minute walk away along Euston Road .
If High Speed 2 goes ahead, Transport for London (TfL) plans to change the safeguarded route for the proposed Chelsea–Hackney line to include Euston between Tottenham Court Road and King's Cross St Pancras. [36] As part of the rebuilding work for High Speed 2, it is proposed to integrate Euston and Euston Square into a single tube station. [32]
<tr style="text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: middle; border-left: 0px none; border-bottom: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid;">Terminus </td> <td rowspan="1" style="border-left: 0px none; border-bottom: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; width: 8px; background-color: #{{{{{system}}} color|{{{line}}}}}"></td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 0px none;">{{{{{system}}} lines|{{{line}}}}}</td> <td rowspan="1" style="border-left: 0px none; border-bottom: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; width: 8px; background-color: #{{{{{system}}} color|{{{line}}}}}"></td><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: middle; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid;">Terminus </td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; border-left: 0px none; border-bottom: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid;">
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Which British national newspaper went on sale for the first time on 7th October, 1986? | The History Place - This Month in History: October
October 2, 1975 - Japanese Emperor Hirohito made his first-ever visit to the White House .
Birthday - Indian political and spiritual leader Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948) was born in Porbandar, India. He achieved worldwide fame for his devout lifestyle and nonviolent resistance which ended British rule over India. He was assassinated by a religious fanatic in the garden of his home in New Delhi on January 30, 1948.
Birthday - American statesman Cordell Hull (1871-1955) was born in Pickett County, Tennessee. He served in both houses of Congress, as Secretary of State, and was instrumental in the establishment of the United Nations.
October 3
October 3, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation designating the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day.
October 3, 1929 - Yugoslavia became the official name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
October 3, 1932 - Iraq gained independence from Britain and joined the League of Nations.
October 3, 1974 - Frank Robinson was hired by the Cleveland Indians as baseball's first African American major league manager.
October 3, 1990 - After 45 years of Cold War division, East and West Germany were reunited as the Federal Republic of Germany.
October 4
October 4, 1582 - The Gregorian Calendar took effect in Catholic countries as Pope Gregory XIII issued a decree stating the day following Thursday, October 4, 1582, would be Friday, October 15, 1582, correcting a 10-day error accumulated by the Julian Calendar. Britain and the American colonies adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752.
October 4, 1830 - Belgium gained its independence, after having been a part of the Netherlands since 1815.
October 4, 1943 - The Island of Corsica became the first French territory in Europe freed from Nazi control as Free French troops liberated the city of Bastia.
October 4, 1957 - The Space Age began as the Russians launched the first satellite into orbit. Sputnik I weighed just 184 lbs. and transmitted a beeping radio signal for 21 days. The remarkable accomplishment by Soviet Russia sent a shockwave through the American political leadership resulting in U.S. efforts to be the first on the moon.
October 4, 1965 - Pope Paul VI became the first Pope to visit the U.S. and the first to address the United Nations.
October 4, 1993 - Russian tank-soldiers loyal to President Boris Yeltsin shelled the Russian White House, crushing a hard-line Communist rebellion. Yeltsin then fired Vice-president Alexander Rutskoi and jailed other opposition leaders.
Birthday - St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) was born in Assisi, Umbria, Italy (as Giovanni Francesco Bernardone). He renounced his family's wealth and founded the Friars Minor (Franciscan Order).
Birthday - Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) the 19th U.S. President was born in Delaware, Ohio. He served from March 4, 1877 to March 3, 1881. He was a Republican best known for his much-quoted statement, "He serves his party best who serves his country best."
Birthday - Artist Frederic Remington (1861-1909) was born in Canton, New York. He studied at Yale Art School then traveled extensively throughout the American West in the late 1800s sketching cowboys, Native Americans, frontiersmen, and soldiers. He also created lively sculptures featuring bucking broncos.
October 5 Return to Top of Page
October 5, 1813 - Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh was defeated and killed during the War of 1812. Regarded as one of the greatest American Indians, he was a powerful orator who defended his people against white settlement. When the War of 1812 broke out, he joined the British as a brigadier general and was killed at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario.
October 5, 1877 - Following a 1,700-mile retreat, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians surrendered to U.S. Cavalry troops at Bear's Paw near Chinook, Montana. "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever," he declared.
October 5, 1908 - Bulgaria proclaimed its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
October 5, 1910 - Portugal became a republic following a successful revolt against King Manuel II.
October 5, 1938 - Czech President Dr. Eduard Benes resigned and fled abroad amid threats from Adolf Hitler.
October 5, 1964 - The largest mass escape since the construction of the Berlin Wall occurred as 57 East German refugees escaped to West Berlin after tunneling beneath the wall.
October 5, 1986 - Former U.S. Marine Eugene Hasenfus was captured by Nicaraguan Sandinistas after a plane carrying arms for the Nicaraguan rebels (Contras) was shot down over Nicaragua. This marked the beginning of the "Iran-Contra" controversy resulting in Congressional hearings and a major scandal for the Reagan White House after it was revealed that money from the sale of arms to Iran was used to fund covert operations in Nicaragua.
Birthday - Theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) was born in East Windsor, Connecticut. He led the "Great Awakening" religious revival in the American colonies and later became president of Princeton.
Birthday - Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886) the 21st President of the U.S. was born in Fairfield, Vermont. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of James A. Garfield. He served from September 20, 1881 to March 3, 1885, but was not nominated by the Republican Party for a second term.
Birthday - "Father of the Space Age" Robert Goddard (1882-1945) was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. During his lifetime he was ridiculed by the public and the press over his idea of constructing a space flight machine. In 1926, he launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket on a farm near Auburn, Mass. In 1935, his liquid-fueled rocket surpassed the speed of sound. Other developments included a steering apparatus for rocket machines, staged rockets to reach high altitudes, rocket fuel pumps, and a self-cooling rocket motor.
Birthday - Czech playwright and political leader Vaclav Havel was born in Prague, October 5, 1936. He spent over 5 years in prison for speaking out against government abuses. He went on to lead the peaceful "velvet revolution" which ended Soviet-style Communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989.
October 6
October 6, 1927 - The first "talkie" opened in New York. The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson was the first full-length feature film using spoken dialogue.
October 6, 1928 - Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek became president of the Republic of China upon the introduction of a new constitution.
October 6, 1949 - "Tokyo Rose" (Iva Toguri d'Aquino) was sentenced in San Francisco to 10 years imprisonment and fined $10,000 for treason. She had broadcast music and Japanese propaganda to American troops in the Pacific during World War II. She was pardoned by President Gerald Ford in 1977.
October 6, 1973 - The Yom Kippur War started as Egypt and Syria launched attacks on Israeli positions on the East Bank of the Suez and the Golan Heights.
October 6, 1978 - Iranian religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini was granted asylum in France after being expelled from Iran for his opposition to the Shah.
October 6, 1981 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was assassinated in Cairo by Muslim fundamentalists while watching a military parade. He had shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Menachem Begin of Israel. He had signed an American-sponsored peace accord with Israel, but had been denounced by other Arab leaders.
Birthday - Engineer and inventor George Westinghouse (1846-1914) was born in Central Bridge, New York. He developed air brakes for trains and was later responsible for the adoption of alternating current (AC) systems for electric power transmission in the U.S. He was also the first employer to give his employees paid vacations.
Birthday - Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, October 6, 1914. He used Kon-Tiki and other primitive ocean-going vessels to prove the possibility of transoceanic contact between ancient, widely separated civilizations.
October 7
October 7, 1765 - The Stamp Act Congress convened in New York City with representatives from nine colonies meeting in protest to the British Stamp Act which imposed the first direct tax by the British Crown upon the American colonies.
October 7, 1940 - During World War II in Europe , German troops invaded Romania to take seize strategic oil fields.
October 7, 1949 - The German Democratic Republic came into existence in East Germany. Dominated by Soviet Russia, it lasted until German reunification in 1990.
October 7, 1985 - Palestinian terrorists seized the Italian passenger ship Achille Lauro carrying about 440 persons, threatening to blow it up if Israel did not free 50 Palestinian prisoners. Leon Klinghoffer, an elderly wheelchair-bound American, was murdered.
October 8
October 8, 1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago erupted. According to legend, it started when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern in her barn on DeKoven Street. Over 300 persons were killed and 90,000 were left homeless as the fire leveled 3.5 square miles, destroying 17,450 buildings. Financial losses totaled over $200 million.
October 8, 1918 - During World War I in the Argonne Forest in France, U.S. Sergeant Alvin C. York single-handedly took out a German machine-gun battalion, killing over a dozen and capturing 132. He was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the French Croix de Guerre.
October 8, 1993 - The U.N. General Assembly lifted economic sanctions against South Africa following the end of racial apartheid. The sanctions had been imposed since the 1960s.
October 8, 1996 - Palestinian President Yasser Arafat made his first public visit to Israel for talks with Israeli President Ezer Weizman at his private residence.
October 8, 1998 - The U.S. House of Representatives voted 258-176 to approve a resolution launching an impeachment inquiry of President Bill Clinton. It was only the third time in U.S. history the House launched a formal impeachment inquiry of a sitting president. (The other two: Andrew Johnson and Richard Nixon).
Birthday - American fighter pilot Ace Eddie Rickenbacker (1890-1973) was born in Columbus, Ohio. He commanded the first U.S. aero unit to take part in World War I and was credited with 26 victories, becoming America's leading Ace. He was awarded the Medal of Honor. He later got involved in auto racing and headed Eastern Air Lines from 1934-63.
October 9
October 9, 1962 - Uganda achieved independence after nearly 70 years of British rule.
October 9, 1970 - Cambodia declared itself the Khmer Republic following the abolishment of the monarchy by the legislature.
Birthday - John Lennon (1940-1980) was born in Liverpool, England. He was a member of The Beatles, an influential rock group which captivated audiences first in England and Germany, and later in America and throughout the world. He was murdered in New York City on December 8, 1980.
October 10 Return to Top of Page
October 10, 1954 - Ho Chi Minh entered Hanoi, Vietnam , after the withdrawal of French troops, in accordance with armistice terms ending the seven-year struggle between Communist Vietnamese and the French.
October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.
Birthday - Italian opera composer Giuseppi Verdi (1813-1901) was born in Le Roncole, Italy. His 26 operas include; Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata and Aida, and are among the most popular of all classical music performed today.
October 11
October 11, 1521 - King Henry VIII of England was given the title "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X following the publication of the King's book against Martin Luther.
October 11, 1899 - The Boer War began in South African between the British Empire and Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. The war ended in 1902 with the Treaty of Pretoria in which the Transvaal and Orange Free State became British colonies.
October 11, 1939 - Albert Einstein warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt that his theories could lead to Nazi Germany's development of an atomic bomb. Einstein suggested the U.S. develop its own bomb. This resulted in the top secret "Manhattan Project."
October 11, 1962 - The Second Vatican Council was opened in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by Pope John XXIII. Sessions were held in four successive autumns from 1962-65. Vatican II resulted in sweeping changes to the Catholic Church including the use of English and local native languages in the Mass instead of Latin, and openness and cooperation with other religions and denominations.
October 11, 1976 - The "Gang of Four," including the widow of Mao Zedong, was arrested in China, charged with plotting a coup. They were subsequently tried and convicted of various crimes against the state.
Birthday - Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was born in New York City. She was the wife of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd U.S. President. As First Lady, she led an unprecedented independent life, striving to improve the lives of people all over the world. In 1933, she became the first wife of a president to give her own news conference in the White House. She traveled extensively on her own and was affectionately called "First Lady of the world." She served as a U.S. delegate to the United Nations for many years and helped write the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
October 12
October 12, 1492 - After a 33-day voyage, Christopher Columbus made his first landfall in the New World in the Bahamas. He named the first land sighted as El Salvador, claiming it in the name of the Spanish Crown. Columbus was seeking a western sea route from Europe to Asia and believed he had found an island of the Indies. He thus called the first island natives he met, 'Indians.'
October 12, 1811 - Paraguay declared its independence from Spain and Argentina.
October 12, 1822 - Brazil became independent of Portugal.
October 12, 1960 - During a debate over colonialism in the United Nations, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev took off his shoe and pounded his desk repeatedly.
Birthday - British composer and conductor Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) was born in Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, England. He combined modern composition techniques with traditional English folk and Tudor music to create a uniquely British style. His major compositions include; Mass in G Minor, Fantasia on a Theme of Tallis and the opera The Pilgrim's Progress. He also composed nine symphonies, church and choral music, film and stage music and several operas.
October 13
October 13, 54 A.D. - Roman Emperor Claudius died after eating mushrooms poisoned by his wife, the Empress Agrippina.
October 13, 1775 - The United States Navy was born after the Second Continental Congress authorized the acquisition of a fleet of ships.
October 13, 1792 - The cornerstone of the White House was laid by George Washington. The building, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, is three stories tall with over 100 rooms, and was designed by James Hoban. In November of 1800, President John Adams and his family moved in. The building was first known as the "Presidential Palace," but acquired the name "White House" about 10 years after its completion. It was burned by British troops in 1814, then reconstructed, refurbished and reoccupied in 1817.
October 13, 1884 - Greenwich was established as the universal time from which standard times throughout the world are calculated.
October 13, 1943 - Italy declared war on its former Axis partner Germany after the downfall of Mussolini and collapse of his Fascist government.
October 13, 1990 - The first Russian Orthodox service in over 70 years was held in St. Basil's Cathedral, next to the Kremlin, in Red Square, Moscow.
Birthday - Molly Pitcher (1754-1832) was born near Trenton, New Jersey (as Mary Ludwig). She was a water carrier at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 during the American Revolution . After her husband, artilleryman John Hays, collapsed, she took his place at his cannon.
October 14
October 14, 1066 - The Norman Conquest began with the Battle of Hastings in which King Harold II of England, the last of the Saxon kings, was defeated and killed by William of Normandy's troops.
October 14, 1912 - Former President Theodore Roosevelt was shot by a fanatic while campaigning in Milwaukee. Roosevelt was saved by his thick overcoat, a glasses case and a folded speech in his breast pocket, all of which slowed the bullet. Although wounded, he insisted on making the speech with the bullet lodged in his chest and did not go to the hospital until the meeting ended. Roosevelt, a rugged outdoorsman, fully recovered in two weeks.
October 14, 1933 - Nazi Germany announced its withdrawal from the League of Nations and stated it would take no further part in the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
October 14, 1947 - U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager became the first man to break the sound barrier, flying in a rocket-powered research aircraft .
October 14, 1964 - Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He donated the $54,000 in prize money to the Civil Rights movement.
Birthday - Pennsylvania founder William Penn (1644-1718) was born in London. In 1681, he received a Royal charter with a large land grant in America from King Charles II. Penn, a Quaker, welcomed members of all religious faiths and established a democratic form of government in his province which measured over 50,000 square miles.
Birthday - Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) the 34th U.S. President was born in Denison, Texas. He served two terms as President, from January 20, 1953 to January 20, 1961. Nicknamed "Ike," he was a West Point graduate and career Army officer who became Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II. He held the rank of Five-star General of the Army.
October 15 Return to Top of Page
October 15, 1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte arrived on the Island of St. Helena beginning a British-imposed exile following his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
October 15, 1917 - World War I spy Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Vincennes Barracks, outside Paris.
October 15, 1945 - Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, was executed for collaborating with Nazi Germany during World War II.
October 15, 1946 - Nazi leader Hermann Goering committed suicide by swallowing poison in his Nuremberg prison cell just hours before his scheduled hanging for war crimes.
October 15, 1964 - Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev was deposed as First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.
October 15, 1991 - The U.S. Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court by a 52-48 vote following several days of tumultuous hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning sexual harassment charges made by a former aide. Thomas became the second African American to sit on the Court, replacing retired Justice Thurgood Marshall, an African American.
Birthday - German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was born in the Province of Saxony. Best known for stating, "God is dead," and for his prediction in the late 1800s, "There will be wars such as there have never been on Earth before." He eventually succumbed to mental illness.
Birthday - Lee Iacocca was born to Italian immigrant parents in Allentown, Pennsylvania, October 15, 1924 (as Lido Anthony Iacocca). Dubbed "America's first corporate folk hero," he was a mechanical engineer who became an automobile executive at Ford and later helped save Chrysler from bankruptcy. He also served as foundation chairman for the rehabilitation of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.
October 16
October 16, 1701 - Yale University was founded in Killingworth, Connecticut (as the Collegiate School of Connecticut). The school moved to New Haven in 1716. Two years later, the name was changed to Yale College to honor Elihu Yale, a philanthropist. In 1886, it became Yale University.
October 16, 1793 - Queen Marie Antoinette was beheaded during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution. She was the wife of King Louis XVI and had become the symbol of the people's hatred for the old regime due to her extravagance and frivolity. According to legend, she responded, "Let them eat cake," when told poor people had no bread.
October 16, 1853 - The Crimean War began after the Turkish Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia, Britain, France and portions of Italy allied with the Turks against Russia. It became the first war observed up close by newspaper reporters and photographers. One of the battles was immortalized in Tennyson's poem , The Charge of the Light Brigade. Amid poor sanitary conditions, disease killed many wounded French and British troops. British nurse Florence Nightingale then pioneered modern-style sanitation methods, saving many lives.
October 16, 1859 - Fanatical abolitionist John Brown seized the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry with about 20 followers. Three days later, Brown was captured and the insurrection was put down by U.S. Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee. Brown was convicted by the Commonwealth of Virginia of treason, murder, and inciting slaves to rebellion, and was hanged on December 2, 1859.
October 16, 1916 - The first birth control clinic in America was opened in Brooklyn, New York, by Margaret Sanger, a nurse who worked among the poor on the Lower East Side of New York City.
October 16, 1946 - Ten former Nazi leaders were hanged by the Allies following their conviction for war crimes at Nuremberg, Germany.
October 16, 1964 - China detonated its first nuclear bomb at the Lop Nor test site in Sinkiang.
October 16, 1978 - Cardinal Karol Wojtyla of Poland was elected Pope. He was the first non-Italian Pope chosen in 456 years and took the name John Paul II.
October 16, 1995 - The Million Man March took place in Washington, D.C., under the direction of Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, who delivered the main address to the gathering of African American males.
Birthday - American teacher and journalist Noah Webster (1758-1843) was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. His name became synonymous with "dictionary" after he compiled the first American dictionaries of the English language.
Birthday - Irish poet and playwright Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) was born in Dublin, Ireland. Best known for his comedies including; The Importance of Being Earnest. And his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray in which he wrote, "There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about and that is not being talked about."
Birthday - David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was born in Plonsk, Poland. He was largely responsible for founding the modern state of Israel in 1948 and is revered as "Father of the Nation."
Birthday - American playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) was born in New York City. He wrote more than 35 plays and was the first American dramatist awarded a Nobel Prize for literature. He also received four Pulitzers. His dramas, which dealt realistically with psychological and social problems, included; Beyond the Horizon, The Iceman Cometh, The Emperor Jones and Long Day's Journey into Night.
Birthday - American jurist William O. Douglas (1898-1980) was born in Maine, Minnesota. He served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court for 36 years and was also a world traveler, conservationist, outdoorsman and author.
October 17
October 17, 1777 - During the American Revolutionary War , British General John Burgoyne and his entire army of 5,700 men surrendered to American General Horatio Gates after the Battle of Saratoga, the first big American victory.
October 17-25, 1944 - The Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, took place off the Philippine Islands, during World War II in the Pacific . The battle involved 216 U.S. warships and 64 Japanese ships and resulted in the destruction of the Japanese Navy including the Japanese Battleship Musashi, one of the largest ever built.
Birthday - Pope John Paul I (1912-1978) was born in Forno di Canale, Italy (as Albino Luciani). He was elected the 263rd Pope of the Roman Catholic Church on September 28, 1978, but died in Rome just 34 days later.
October 18
October 18, 1685 - The Edict of Nantes was revoked by King Louis XIV of France thus depriving Protestant Huguenots of all religious and civil liberties previously granted to them by Henry IV in 1598.
October 18, 1945 - The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial began with indictments against 24 former Nazi leaders including Hermann Göring and Albert Speer. The trial lasted 10 months, with delivery of the judgment completed on October 1, 1946. Twelve Nazis were sentenced to death by hanging, three to life imprisonment, four to lesser prison terms, and three were acquitted.
October 19
October 19, 1781 - As their band played The World Turned Upside Down, the British Army marched out in formation and surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown. More than 7,000 British and Hessian troops, led by British General Lord Cornwallis, surrendered to General George Washington. The war between Britain and its American colonies was effectively ended. The final peace treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783.
October 19, 1960 - The U.S. embargo of Cuba began as the State Department prohibited shipment of all goods except medicine and food.
October 19, 1987 - "Black Monday" occurred on Wall Street as stocks plunged a record 508 points or 22.6 per cent, the largest one-day drop in stock market history.
October 19, 1990 - Beset by a seriously eroding economy, Soviet Russia's President Mikhail Gorbachev won parliamentary approval to switch to a market economy.
October 20 Return to Top of Page
October 20, 1818 - The U.S. and Britain agreed to set the U.S.- Canadian border at the 49th parallel.
October 20, 1935 - Mao Zedong's 6,000 mile "Long March" ended as his Communist forces arrived at Yanan, in northwest China, almost a year after fleeing Chiang Kai-shek's armies in the south.
October 20, 1944 - During World War II in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur set foot on Philippine soil for the first time since his escape in 1942, fulfilling his promise, "I shall return."
October 20, 1968 - Jacqueline Kennedy married multi-millionaire Greek businessman Aristotle Onassis, ending nearly five years of widowhood following the assassination of her first husband, President John F. Kennedy .
October 20, 1973 - The 'Saturday Night Massacre' occurred during the Watergate scandal as President Richard M. Nixon fired Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned. A firestorm of political protest erupted over the firings leading to widespread demands for Nixon's impeachment.
Birthday - British architect Christopher Wren (1632-1723) was born in Wiltshire, in southwestern England. Considered one of the greatest minds of his time, he designed St. Paul's Cathedral and 52 churches for the City of London. His secular buildings included the "new" wing of Hampton Court near London and Greenwich Hospital, now the Royal Naval College.
October 21
October 21, 1805 - The Battle of Trafalgar took place between the British Royal Navy and the combined French and Spanish fleets. The victorious British ended the threat of Napoleon's invasion of England. British naval hero Admiral Horatio Nelson was mortally wounded aboard his ship Victory.
October 21, 1879 - Thomas Edison successfully tested an electric incandescent lamp with a carbonized filament at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, keeping it lit for over 13 hours.
October 21, 1915 - The first transatlantic radio voice message was made by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company from Virginia to Paris.
October 21, 1944 - During World War II in Europe , American troops captured Aachen in western Germany after a week of hard fighting. It was the first large German city taken by the Allies.
October 21, 1967 - Thousands of anti-war protesters stormed the Pentagon during a rally against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. About 250 were arrested. No shots were fired, but demonstrators were struck with nightsticks and rifle butts.
Birthday - Jazz great Dizzy Gillespie (1917-1993) was born in Cheraw, South Carolina (as John Birks Gillespie). He was a trumpet player, composer, band leader and one of the founding fathers of modern jazz, known for his trademark puffed cheeks and bent trumpet.
October 22
October 22, 1962 - President John F. Kennedy appeared on television to inform Americans of the existence of Russian missiles in Cuba. The President demanded their removal and announced a naval "quarantine" of Cuba. Six days later, the Russians announced they would remove the weapons. In return, the U.S. later removed missiles from Turkey.
October 22, 1979 - The exiled Shah of Iran arrived in the United States for medical treatment. A few weeks later, Iranian militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage. They demanded the return of the Shah for trial. The U.S. refused. The Shah died of cancer in July of 1980. The hostages were freed in January of 1981.
Birthday - Hungarian composer Franz Liszt (1811-1886) was born in Raiding, Hungary. He was a brilliant pianist best known for Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, Liebestraum No. 3, and his Faust and Dante symphonies.
October 23
October 23, 1942 - British General Bernard Montgomery launched a major offensive against German forces under Erwin Rommel at El Alamein, Egypt.
October 23, 1956 - A Hungarian uprising against Communist rule began with students and workers demonstrating in Budapest. Soviet Russians responded by sending in tanks and put down the revolt after several days of bitter fighting.
October 23, 1983 - Terrorists drove a truck loaded with TNT into the U.S. and French headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon, exploding it and killing 241 U.S. Marines and 58 French paratroopers.
October 23, 1989 - Hungary declared itself a republic 33 years after Soviet Russian troops crushed a popular revolt against Communist rule.
October 23, 1990 - Ukrainian Prime Minister Vitaly Masol resigned after mass protests by students, becoming the first Soviet official of that rank to quit under public pressure.
October 24
October 24, 1861 - The first transcontinental telegram in America was sent from San Francisco to Washington, addressed to President Abraham Lincoln from the Chief Justice of California.
October 24, 1922 - The Irish Parliament voted to adopt a constitution for an Irish Free State, which formally came into existence in December.
October 24, 1929 - "Black Thursday" occurred in the New York Stock Exchange as nearly 13 million shares were sold in panic selling. Five days later "Black Tuesday" saw 16 million shares sold.
October 24, 1931 - Chicago gangster "Scarface" Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for Federal income tax evasion. In 1934, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison near San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939, suffering from syphilis. He retired to his mansion in Miami Beach where he died in 1947.
October 24, 1945 - The United Nations was founded.
October 24, 1980 - Communist authorities in Poland granted recognition to the trade union "Solidarity." It was subsequently outlawed in 1981 after the government imposed martial law. In 1989, it was re-legalized.
October 24, 1994 - For the first time in 25 years, British troops were absent from the streets of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, following cease-fires by Irish Republican Army (IRA) and pro-British forces.
October 25 Return to Top of Page
October 25, 1854 - During the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade occurred as Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians at Balaclava. Of 673 British cavalrymen taking part in the charge, 272 were killed. The Charge was later immortalized in the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson .
October 25, 1955 - Austria reassumed its sovereignty with the departure of the last Allied forces. The country had been occupied by the Nazis from 1938-45. After World War II, it was divided into four occupation zones by the U.S., Russia, Britain and France.
October 25-30, 1983 - The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the U.S. to restore "order and democracy." Over 2,000 Marines and Army Rangers seized control after a political coup the previous week had made the island a "Soviet-Cuban colony," according to President Ronald Reagan.
Birthday - Artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) was born in Malaga, Spain. He was an experimental painter and also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist.
October 26
October 26, 1881 - The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, occurred between the feuding Clanton and Earp families. Wyatt Earp, two of his brothers and "Doc" Holliday gunned down two Clantons and two others.
October 26, 1825 - The Erie Canal opened as the first major man-made waterway in America, linking Lake Erie with the Hudson River, bypassing the British-controlled lower St. Lawrence. The canal cost over $7 million and took eight years to complete.
October 26, 1951 - Winston Churchill became Britain's prime minister for a second time, following his Conservative Party's narrow victory in general elections. In his first term from 1940-45 he had guided Britain through its struggle against Nazi Germany.
October 26, 1955 - Ngo Dinh Diem proclaimed South Vietnam a republic and declared himself president.
Birthday - Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, October 26, 1947. She was First Lady from 1993-2001 during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton. In 2000, she became the only First Lady ever elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as a Democrat from New York. She was re-elected in 2006 and then began a presidential campaign, hoping to become America's first female president. She lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama who went on to win the general election and appointed her as U.S. Secretary of State in 2008.
October 27
October 27, 1787 - The first of 85 Federalist Papers appeared in print in a New York City newspaper. The essays argued for the adoption of the new U.S. Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay.
October 27, 1904 - The New York City subway began operating, running from City Hall to West 145th Street, the first underground and underwater rail system in the world.
October 27, 1978 - The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
Birthday - British navigator James Cook (1728-1779) was born in Yorkshire, England. He explored New Zealand, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Birthday - Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) the 26th U.S. President was born in New York City. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt served from September 14, 1901 to March 3, 1909. Best remembered for stating, "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
Birthday - Welsh poet and playwright Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) was born in Swansea, Wales. His works included; The World I Breathe, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, The Doctor and the Devil and the drama Under Milk Wood.
October 28
October 28, 1636 - Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in America, was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was named after John Harvard, a Puritan who donated his library and half of his estate. Distinguished alumni include; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Henry James, and NAACP founder W.E.B. Du Bois.
October 28, 1846 - The Donner Party departed Illinois heading for California. The group totaled 90 persons, including immigrants, families and businessmen, led by George and Jacob Donner. Tragedy later struck as they became stranded in snow in the Sierras where famine and cannibalism took its toll. There were 48 survivors by the end of their journey in April of 1847.
October 28, 1886 - The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. The statue was a gift from the people of France commemorating the French-American alliance during the American Revolutionary War . Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the entire structure stands 300 feet (92.9 meters) tall. The pedestal contains the words: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
October 28, 1918 - The Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, assembled from three provinces - Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia - which had been part of the former Austro-Hungarian empire.
October 28, 1918 - In the waning days of World War I , mutiny broke out in the German fleet at Kiel. Ships in port ran up the red flag of revolution. The uprising spread to Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, resulting in a general strike in Berlin which brought the government of Kaiser Wilhelm to a halt.
October 28, 1919 - Prohibition began in the U.S. with the passage of the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act by Congress. Sales of drinks containing more than one half of one percent of alcohol became illegal. Called a "noble experiment" by Herbert Hoover, prohibition last nearly 14 years and became highly profitable for organized crime which manufactured and sold liquor in saloons called speakeasies.
October 28, 1922 - Fascist blackshirts began their "March on Rome" from Naples which resulted in the formation of a dictatorship under Benito Mussolini.
October 28, 1949 - Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark.
October 28, 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope, taking the title John XXIII. Best known for undertaking the 21st Ecumenical Council (Vatican II).
October 28, 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis ended with the announcement by Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev that his Soviet government was halting construction of missile bases in Cuba and would remove the offensive missiles. President Kennedy immediately accepted the offer then lifted the U.S. naval blockade of Cuba.
October 28, 1971 - The British House of Commons voted 356-244 in favor of joining the European Economic Community.
Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%.
Birthday - Microsoft founder Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, October 28, 1955. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen, designing software for IBM computers. By 1980, Microsoft became the leading software company for IBM compatible computers. Gates became a billionaire by age 31 and remains one of the world's wealthiest individuals.
October 29
October 29, 1618 - British explorer Sir Walter Raleigh was executed in London for treason on orders from King James I.
October 29, 1929 - The stock market crashed as over 16 million shares were dumped amid tumbling prices. The Great Depression followed in America, lasting until the outbreak of World War II.
Birthday - Nazi propaganda minister Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) was born in Rheydt, near Dusseldorf, Germany. Considered a master propagandist, he controlled all Nazi newspapers, radio and film production. He was a virulent anti-Semite who advocated the extermination of the Jews. Devoted to Hitler until the end, he died at Hitler's Berlin bunker in 1945 after poisoning his six children.
October 30
October 30, 1905 - To counter the spread of revolutionary movements in Russia, Czar Nicholas II took a step toward constitutional government by allowing for an elected parliament (Duma) with legislative powers and guaranteeing civil liberties.
October 30, 1938 - The War of the Worlds radio broadcast panicked millions of Americans. Actor Orson Welles and the Mercury Players dramatized the story by H.G. Wells depicting a Martian invasion of New Jersey. Their script utilized simulated radio news bulletins which many listeners thought were real.
October 30, 1990 - For the first time since the Ice Age, Great Britain was connected with the European continent, via a new rail tunnel under the English Channel.
Birthday - John Adams (1735-1826) the 2nd U.S. President was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801. He had been George Washington's vice president, and was the father of John Quincy Adams, the 6th President. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as Thomas Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of adoption of the Declaration of Independence.
Birthday - Emily Post (1872-1960) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She wrote influential books on etiquette and a syndicated newspaper column giving advice on manners in specific situations.
Birthday - Admiral William "Bull" Halsey (1882-1959) was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was the American fleet commander during World War II in the Pacific and played a leading role in the defeat of the Japanese. In 1942, he launched the Doolittle Raid, the first air raid on Japan. From 1942-44, he coordinated successful attacks on the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. In 1944, he led the U.S. fleet to victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history.
October 31
October 31st - Halloween or All Hallow's Eve, an ancient celebration combining the Christian festival of All Saints with Pagan autumn festivals.
October 31, 1517 - Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg's palace church, denouncing the selling of papal indulgences and questioning various ecclesiastical practices. This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
October 31, 1940 - The Battle of Britain concluded. Beginning on July 10, 1940, German bombers and fighters had attacked coastal targets, airfields, London and other cities, as a prelude to a Nazi invasion of England. British pilots in Spitfires and Hurricanes shot down over 1,700 German aircraft while losing 915 fighters. "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few," declared Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
October 31, 1941 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial was completed after 14 years of work. The memorial contains 60-foot-tall sculptures of the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt - representing America's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation.
October 31, 1950 - Earl Lloyd became the first African American to play in a National Basketball Association (NBA) game when he took the floor for the Washington Capitols in Rochester, New York.
October 31, 1952 - The U.S. detonated its first hydrogen bomb at the Elugelab Atoll in the Eniwetok Proving Grounds in the Pacific Marshall Islands.
October 31, 1961 - The body of Joseph Stalin was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and reburied within the Kremlin walls among the graves of lesser Soviet heroes. This occurred as part of Russia's de-Stalinization program under his successor Nikita Khrushchev. Stalin's name was also removed from public buildings, streets, and factories. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.
October 31, 1968 - During the Vietnam War , President Lyndon Johnson ordered a halt of American bombing of North Vietnam.
October 31, 1984 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by three Sikh members of her bodyguard while walking in the garden of her New Delhi home.
Birthday - Chinese soldier and statesman Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) was born in Chekiang. Educated at the Wampoa Military Academy, he led the KMT (nationalist) forces in the struggle against the Communist army led by Mao Zedong.
(Photo and picture credits: Library of Congress and U.S. National Archives)
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The population of Malta is reputed to be descended from which ancient people? | What Happened on October 1st This Day in History
October 1st
What Happened on the day you were born on This day in History
Japan 1964 Japan High Speed Trains 1st October, 1964: The Shinkansen ( Bullet Train ) network of high-speed railway lines in Japan opens to co-incide with the Tokyo Olympics with the first trains traveling at 210 km/h (130 mph). The current models can achieve speeds in excess of 300 MPH.
Germany 1946 Germany War Crimes Oct. 1st, 1946: Twelve high ranking Nazis are sentenced to death by the International War Crimes Tribunal in Nuremberg including Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi minister of foreign affairs. Hermann Goering, founder of the Gestapo and chief of the German air force. Wilhelm Frick, minister of the interior. Seven others, including Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's former deputy, were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life. Three others were acquitted.
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U.S. 1908 U.S.A. Ford Model T Oct. 1st, 1908: The Ford Model T was introduced to the public, and was the first car that was affordable and reliable for the ordinary citizen of the United States. Known as the "Tin Lizzie," . The Tin Lizzie was the first car built using mass production methods and when first introduced cost $850 seating two people, and by the time it was discontinued in 1927, nearly 15,000,000 Model T's had been sold.
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U.S. 1910 U.S.A. Los Angeles Times Oct. 1st, 1910: The Los Angeles Times building is bombed with dynamite , causing the death of twenty one people. Union organizers were believed to be responsible due to the ongoing fight between the publisher and local unions.
Syria 1918 Syria Lawrence of Arabia Oct. 1st, 1918: Arab and British forces commanded by Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus from Turkish forces .
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1921 Ireland Negotiations Saturday, 1st October, 1921: Negotiations are to start in London again between Eamonn De Valera ( Sinn Feine ) and Lloyd George concerning the future of Ireland . Great Britain have repeatedly said they would prefer to fight with Ireland than give the full independence Ireland wants because Great Britain would feel vulnerable with Ireland not still a member of the British Empire. Both sides would prefer a compromise than a fight so it is hoped that this meeting can provide a solution that all will be happy with.
Russia 1933 Soviet Union Religion Oct. 1st, 1933: Since the communist revolution in the Soviet Union the state has been trying to suppress religion due to it's anti god idealism, but small protestant groups in rural areas continue to survive as martyrs to their faith.
Spain 1936 Spain Franco Oct. 1st, 1936: General Francisco Franco is named head of the rebel Nationalist government in Spain
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U.S. 1937 U.S.A. Marihuana ( Marijuana ) Tax Act 1st October, 1937: The US House of Representatives passed The Marihuana Tax Act, Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551 the bill was an important bill on the path that led to the criminalization of cannabis.
It stipulated that pot could not be sold without a license and licenses were never issued.
Canada 1942 Canada Wheat Harvest Oct. 1st, 1942: As the Wheat Harvest comes to an end the United States and Canada now have enough wheat to feed the free world due to the best crop seen in modern times, bread will be in plentiful supply throughout the free world.
Italy 1943 World War II Allies Naples Oct. 1st, 1943: Allies marched into Naples as part of the Italian offensive on the road to Rome.
UK 1946 UK Mensa Created Oct. 1st, 1946: Mensa the well known high-IQ society is formed which is non political and free from all social distinctions (racial, religious, etc.). The society is created by Roland Berrill and Dr. Lancelot Ware, the only qualification for membership being a high IQ in the top 98th percentile, membership is estimated to be over 100,000 worldwide. Over the years Mensa has attracted some surprising members including boxers, actors and actresses, writers, politicians and inventors.
Taiwan 1949 Republic of China Taiwan Island Of Formosa 1st October, 1949: Following the communist revolution led by Mao Tse Tung in China, the defeated Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan and took control of the island of Formosa. By the end of the year the Chinese Nationalist government moved from the Chinese mainland to Formosa.
U.S. 1954 U.S.A. Oppenheimer Oct. 1st, 1954: Dr J Robert Oppenheimer the controversial nuclear scientist has been re-elected as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University New Jersey.
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UK 1957 UK Asian Flu Oct. 1st, 1957 : Following on from the many thousands killed during the world wide Asian Flu pandemic around the globe with estimates that as many as 60,000 deaths recorded in the United States alone. The British Health Service is making available a free vaccine which requires two injections within a three week period to provide protection. The numbers of units is not yet sufficient for all, all medical staff will receive first priority followed by the elderly, young children and those with heart or lung disease.
U.S. 1962 U.S.A. Segregation Oct. 1st, 1962: James Meredith registered at the University of Mississippi accompanied by 400 U.S. deputy marshals and 1000 troops to guard the campus from further trouble. Meredith broke the school's 110 year history of segregation by being the first African-American student to attend classes at the University of Mississippi. Two days prior to his registration, rioting broke out at the University, resulting in 75 injured and 2 deaths.
U.S. 1962 U.S.A. First Broadcast Of The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson 1st October, 1962: The late night talk show "The Tonight Show" starring Johnny Carson is broadcast for the first time from New York City by NBC, he retired from the show in 1992 when the current presenter Jay Leno started as the presenter.
U.S. 1966 U.S.A. First Loss Of A DC9 Oct. 1st, 1966: The first major DC9 accident occurs when a DC9 built by Douglas crashes. West Coast Airlines Flight 956 travelling between Seattle, Washington and San Francisco, California crashes in an unpopulated section of the Mount Hood National Forest with the loss of life for all 13 passengers and 5 crew members.
China 1968 China Purge Oct. 1st, 1968: Red China is now celebrating 20 years of rule by Mao Tse-tung and insists the purge of enemies to his rule will continue, it is now 2 years since the Great Cultural Revolution started which set out to purge and purify the 17 million members of the party, it is estimated 500,000 people were in the Heavenly Peace Square in Peking to celebrate 20 years of Mao Tse-tung rule.
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Egypt 1970 Egypt Mourners Crushed To Death During President Abdel Nasser's Funeral Oct. 1st, 1970: The Funeral Procession for President Abdel Nasser on the streets of Cairo turns from a solemn occasion to a tragedy as dozens of mourners are crushed to death due to the large numbers ( estimated that five million mourners lined the streets ) of grief-stricken Egyptians who wished to pay their respect to the dead President.
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U.S. 1971 U.S.A. Walt Disney World Resort Opens 1st October, 1971 : Walt Disney World Resort Opens in Orlando Florida, the resort opened with the Magic Kingdom theme park featuring the Cinderella Castle at it's center and has since added Epcot and the others. The project had begun way back in 1959 after the success of Disneyland in California ( opened 1955 ) , and because he did not want land speculators to realize what he was up to he bought land through dummy corporations 27,400 acres in the area. The Walt Disney World Resort is not actually in Orlando as it is outside city limits.
Philippines 1975 Philippines Muhammad Ali Oct. 1st, 1975: Muhammad Ali beat Joe Fraser in the 14th round with a technical knockout in what was considered to be one of the greatest boxing matches in history on their third and final fight and is often known as the "Thrilla in Manilla" match.
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U.S. 1976 U.S.A. Swine Flu Fever Oct. 1st, 1976: The largest immunization program in US history starts today as Americans throughout the nation roll up their sleeves for shots to stop the new deadly disease of Swine Flu Fever which is expected to appear later in the winter. This flu is closely related to the flu strain outbreak in 1918 - 1919 that killed over 500,000 Americans
Canada 1976 Canada CN Tower Official Opening 1st October, 1976: The CN tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada the worlds tallest free standing structure Height with Antenna/Spire 1,815.4 ft, on land in the world officially opens. The construction of the tower had started in February 1973 and opened to the public on June 26, More News and Events From 1976 . It held the title for over 30 years until the Burj Dubai in the United Arab Emirates overtakes it.
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U.S. 1982 U.S.A. Cyanide Poisoning Oct. 1st, 1982: The 7th and final victim from cyanide poisoning from laced Tylenol capsules dies. The crime of the laced capsules in Chicago Suburbs was never solved but did change the way many pills and other foodstuff is protected to stop tampering.
U.S. 1982 U.S.A. Epcot Opens Oct. 1st, 1982: EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) theme park opens at Walt Disney World, Florida, Epcot is the second Disney park to open in Florida and features international culture and a number of future world pavilions each featuring innovations and applications of technology. The World Showcase features pavilions representing eleven countries from around the world including culture, history, foods and shops selling some of the goods you would find in each country.
U.S. 1985 U.S.A. Aids 1st October, 1985: The public health service agency has issued a master plan to combat the spread of Aids and has stated that an Aids vaccine is unlikely to be available till 1990. In other parts of the plan they have concluded the only way to stop the spread is through education for the most at risk groups .
UK 1985 United Kingdom Riots Oct. 1st, 1985: In the second night of race riots in Toxteth and Peckham, police in riot gear have closed off areas of Liverpool and London in an effort to contain continued outbreaks of violence and vandalism with gangs of youths throwing petrol bombs and setting shops alight.
U.S. 1987 U.S.A. Earthquake Oct. 1st, 1987: A 6.1 magnitude earthquake hits Whittier, California, killing 6 people and injuring 100 more .
Russia 1988 Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev 1st October, 1988: Mikhail Gorbachev names himself head of the Supreme Soviet.
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Denmark 1989 Denmark Registered Partnership 1st October, 1989: Denmark become the first country in the world to enact a law "Registered Partnership" which grants same sex couples nearly all of the rights and responsibilities of marriage.
U.S. 1992 U.S.A. Ross Perot Oct. 1st, 1992: Ross Perot has formally announced he will run in the upcoming presidential race against Bill Clinton and President Bush , he has stated the reason he is running is the government is in a mess and neither party has addressed the needs and concerns of the ordinary voter . His meagre standing in the latest polls may well mean he can not win but his entry will effect the race for the Presidency.
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U.S. 1993 U.S.A. Polly Klaas Oct. 1st, 1993 : Polly Klaas ( 12 ) is kidnapped at knifepoint from her Petaluma, Calif., home during a slumber party and later raped and murdered. Her grandfather Joe Klaas was a strong advocate of California Proposition 66 to "fix the flaw in the law" of the Three strikes law known as "habitual offender laws" which requires state courts to hand down a mandatory and extended period of incarceration to persons who have been convicted of a serious criminal offense on three or more separate occasions.
U.S. 1997 U.S.A. Fen-phen Withdrawn Oct. 1st, 1997 : Following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) request for the withdrawal of Fen-phen from the market due to problems identified with valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, American Home Products ( Wyeth ) withdraws the anti-obesity medication from the market. Currently more than 50,000 product liability lawsuits had been filed by alleged Fen-phen victims with estimates of total liability in excess of $10 billion.
Peru 1998 Peru Protests Over third term for President Alberto Fujimori Oct. 1st, 1998 : Trade Unions have called a one day strike in protest at President Alberto Fujimori plans to stand for election for a third term. Many of those protesting have also stormed the presidential palace in the capital, Lima, Peru where soldiers and police fire shots into the air to disperse the several hundred protesters.
U.S. 2004 U.S.A. Bush - Kerry Debate Oct. 1st, 2004 : The long awaited debate between President George W Bush and the democratic challenger John Kerry ended as a dead heat with no real new words by either candidate and neither making bad mistakes in what could appear to be a well rehearsed TV show, not a debate for the most powerful job on earth.
Indonesia 2005 Bali Suicide Bombers 1st October, 2005: Suicide bombers strike three restaurants in two tourist areas on the Indonesian island of Bali killing 22
UK 2006 UK New Minimum Wage Oct. 1st, 2006: New Minimum wages come into effect in the UK
16 to 17 years old £3.30
18 to 21 years old £4.45
Over 21 years old £5.35 equiv to US $10.03
The US federal minimum wage in 2007 is $5.85 but does range up to $7.80 ( Oregon Current Highest ) depending on State Laws.
This Day In History For Tomorrow October 2nd Day After October 3rd Or You Can Use the link to this Month at the top of the page to find the day or month you are looking for
Thailand 2006 Thailand Interim Prime Minister Oct. 1st, 2006: Surayud Chulanont, a retired general, was chosen to be Thailand’s interim prime minister by coup leaders.
United States 2007 United States Sub Prime Losses 1st October, 2007: Major Financial Institutions including Citigroup, Credit Suisse and Swiss Bank UBS report lower earnings due to US sub-prime mortgage market losses .
Yemen 2007 Yemen Volcano Eruption Oct. 1st, 2007: A volcano erupted on the small al-Tair island of Yemen in the Red Sea, killing a total of eight people..
Indonesia 2009 Indonesia Earthquake Sumatra Oct. 1st, 2009: A second Earthquake on the Island of Sumatra registering 6.8 follows the first quake of 7.6 close to the Sumatran city of Padang. The death toll so far is in excess of 1,000 with more than 3,000 who are still trapped under rubble. International efforts are underway with Rescue teams from several countries on route to the Island with specialist equipment, medical supplies and food and shelter. The quakes close to the city of Pedang have caused wide scale devistation but concerns for those in outlying areas are growing because many of these areas are cut off and difficult to access.
Australia 2011 Australia Plane Crashes Into Ferris Wheel Near Sydney Oct. 1st, 2011 : A small Cheetah S200 plane crashed into a Ferris wheel leaving four people trapped. Two men on the plane and two Ferris wheel passengers were stuck for a while before a crane was used to rescue them.
Libya 2011 Libya Sirte heavy fighting 1st October, 2011 : In the Libyan City of Sirte where many believe Muammar Gaddafi is hiding heavy fighting for control of the city continues between rebels and forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.
China
2012 China Tourist Bus Fire in China
1st October, 2012 : Six people died after a tourist bus caught fire in Tianjin near Beijing, China. The bus ran into a truck and caught on fire, five of the deaths were German tourists.
United States
2013 United States US Government Shuts Down
1st October, 2013 : The United States government stopped all non-essential functions after Congress failed to reach a deal on the budget. The shut down meant that national parks and museums would be closed and hundreds of thousands of workers would not be able to go to work.
South Korea
2013 South Korea Military Parade in South Korea
1st October, 2013 : South Korea holds one of its biggest military parades in nearly ten years according to officials, amid tensions with North Korea. The parade displayed large weapons like torpedoes and cruise missiles. The parade was meant as a celebration of South Korea's armed forces and their 65th anniversary.
Born This day in History 1st October
Celebrating Birthday's Today
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In the Vietnam War, what was the name of the North Vietnam communist forces? | Vietnam War History - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com
Vietnam War History
A+E Networks
Introduction
The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The war began in 1954 (though conflict in the region stretched back to the mid-1940s), after the rise to power of Ho Chi Minh and his communist Viet Minh party in North Vietnam, and continued against the backdrop of an intense Cold War between two global superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people (including 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War; more than half were Vietnamese civilians. By 1969, at the peak of U.S. involvement in the war, more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were involved in the Vietnam conflict. Growing opposition to the war in the United States led to bitter divisions among Americans, both before and after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. In 1975, communist forces seized control of Saigon, ending the Vietnam War, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year.
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Roots of the Vietnam War
During World War II , Japan invaded and occupied Vietnam, a nation on the eastern edge of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia that had been under French administration since the late 19th century. Inspired by Chinese and Soviet communism, Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet Minh, or the League for the Independence of Vietnam, to fight both Japan and the French colonial administration. Japan withdrew its forces in 1945, leaving the French-educated Emperor Bao Dai in control of an independent Vietnam. Ho’s Viet Minh forces rose up immediately, seizing the northern city of Hanoi and declaring a Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with Ho as president.
Did You Know?
According to a survey by the Veterans Administration, some 500,000 of the 3 million troops who served in Vietnam suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, and rates of divorce, suicide, alcoholism and drug addiction were markedly higher among veterans.
Seeking to regain control of the region, France backed Bao and set up the state of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in July 1949, with Saigon as its capital. Armed conflict continued until a decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 ended in French defeat by Viet Minh forces. The subsequent treaty negotiations at Geneva split Vietnam along the latitude known as the 17th parallel (with Ho in control in the North and Bao in the South) and called for nationwide elections for reunification to be held in 1956. In 1955, however, the strongly anti-communist Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN).
Vietnam War: U.S. Intervention Begins
With the Cold War intensifying, the United States hardened its policies against any allies of the Soviet Union, and by 1955 President Dwight D. Eisenhower had pledged his firm support to Diem and South Vietnam. With training and equipment from American military and police, Diem’s security forces cracked down on Viet Minh sympathizers in the south, whom he derisively called Viet Cong (or Vietnamese Communist), arresting some 100,000 people, many of whom were tortured and executed. By 1957, the Viet Cong and other opponents of Diem’s repressive regime began fighting back with attacks on government officials and other targets, and by 1959 they had begun engaging South Vietnamese Army forces in firefights.
In December 1960, Diem’s opponents within South Vietnam–both communist and non-communist–formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to organize resistance to the regime. Though the NLF claimed to be autonomous and that most of its members were non-Communist, many in Washington assumed it was a puppet of Hanoi. A team sent by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to report on conditions in South Vietnam advised a build-up of American military, economic and technical aid in order to help confront the Viet Cong threat. Working under the “domino theory,” which held that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many would follow, Kennedy increased U.S. aid, though he stopped short of committing to a large-scale military intervention. By 1962, the U.S. military presence in South Vietnam had reached some 9,000 troops, compared with fewer than 800 during the 1950s.
Vietnam War Escalates
A coup by some of his own generals succeeded in toppling and killing Diem and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, in November 1963, three weeks before Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas . The ensuing political instability in South Vietnam persuaded Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson , and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to further increase U.S. military and economic support. The following August, after DRV torpedo boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson ordered the retaliatory bombing of military targets in North Vietnam. Congress soon passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave Johnson broad war-making powers, and U.S. planes began regular bombing raids, codenamed Operation Rolling Thunder , the following February.
In March 1965, Johnson made the decision–with solid support from the American public–to send U.S. combat forces into battle in Vietnam. By June, 82,000 combat troops were stationed in Vietnam, and General William Westmoreland was calling for 175,000 more by the end of 1965 to shore up the struggling South Vietnamese army. Despite the concerns of some of his advisers about this escalation, and about the entire war effort as well as a growing anti-war movement in the U.S., Johnson authorized the immediate dispatch of 100,000 troops at the end of July 1965 and another 100,000 in 1966. In addition to the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand also committed troops to fight in South Vietnam (albeit on a much smaller scale).
Strategy of Attrition in Vietnam
In contrast to the air attacks on North Vietnam, the U.S.-South Vietnamese war effort in the south was fought on the ground, largely under the command of General Westmoreland, in coordination with the government of General Nguyen Van Thieu in Saigon. In general, U.S. military forces in the region pursued a policy of attrition, aiming to kill as many enemy troops as possible rather than trying to secure territory. By 1966, large areas of South Vietnam had been designated as “free-fire zones,” from which all innocent civilians were supposed to have evacuated and only enemy remained. Heavy bombing by B-52 aircraft or shelling made these zones uninhabitable, as refugees poured into camps in designated safe areas near Saigon and other cities. Even as the body count (at times exaggerated by U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities) mounted steadily, DRV and Viet Cong troops refused to stop fighting, encouraged by the fact that they could easily reoccupy lost territory. Meanwhile, supported by aid from China and the Soviet Union, North Vietnam strengthened its air defenses.
By November 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam was approaching 500,000, and U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust their government’s reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washington’s claims that the war was being won. The later years of the war saw increased physical and psychological deterioration among American soldiers, including drug use, mutinies and attacks by soldiers against officers and noncommissioned officers.
Bombarded by horrific images of the war on their televisions, Americans on the home front turned against the war as well: In October 1967, some 35,000 demonstrators staged a mass antiwar protest outside the Pentagon . Opponents of the war argued that civilians, not enemy combatants, were the primary victims and that the United States was supporting a corrupt dictatorship in Saigon.
Impact of the Tet Offensive on Vietnam War
By the end of 1967, Hanoi’s communist leadership was growing impatient as well, and sought to strike a decisive blow aimed at forcing the better-supplied United States to give up hopes of success. On January 31, 1968, some 70,000 DRV forces under General Vo Nguyen Giap launched the Tet offensive (named for the lunar new year), a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam. Though taken by surprise, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces managed to strike back quickly, and the communists were unable to hold any of the targets for more than a day or two. Reports of the attacks stunned the U.S. public, however, especially after news broke that Westmoreland had requested an additional 200,000 troops. With his approval ratings dropping in an election year, Johnson called a halt to bombing in much of North Vietnam in March (though bombings continued in the south) and promised to dedicate the rest of his term to seeking peace rather than reelection.
Johnson’s new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. Despite the later inclusion of the South Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front (the political arm of the Viet Cong) the dialogue soon reached an impasse, and after an election campaign marred by violence, Republican Richard M. Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey to win the White House.
Vietnam War Ends: From Vietnamization to Withdrawal
Nixon sought to deflate the antiwar movement by appealing to a “silent majority” of Americans who he believed supported the war effort. In an attempt to limit the volume of American casualties, he announced a program of withdrawing troops, increasing aerial and artillery bombardment and giving South Vietnamese control over ground operations. In addition to this policy, which he called “ Vietnamization ,” Nixon continued public peace talks in Paris, adding higher-level secret talks conducted by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger beginning in the spring of 1968. The North Vietnamese continued to insist on complete U.S. withdrawal as a condition of peace, however, and the next few years would bring even more carnage, including the horrifying revelation that U.S. soldiers had massacred more than 400 unarmed civilians in the village of My Lai in March 1968.
Anti-war protests continued to build as the conflict wore on. In 1968 and 1969, there were hundreds of anti-war marches and gatherings throughout the country. On November 15, 1969, the largest anti-war protest in American history took place in Washington, D.C. , as over 250,000 Americans gathered peacefully, calling for withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. The anti-war movement, which was particularly strong on college campuses, divided Americans bitterly. For some young people, the war symbolized a form of unchecked authority they had come to resent. For other Americans, opposing the government was considered unpatriotic and treasonous.
As the first U.S. troops were withdrawn, those who remained became increasingly angry and frustrated, exacerbating problems with morale and leadership. Tens of thousands of soldiers received dishonorable discharges for desertion, and about 500,000 American men from 1965-73 became “draft dodgers,” with many fleeing to Canada to evade conscription. Nixon ended draft calls in 1972, and instituted an all-volunteer army the following year.
In 1970, a joint U.S-South Vietnamese operation invaded Cambodia, hoping to wipe out DRV supply bases there. The South Vietnamese then led their own invasion of Laos, which was pushed back by North Vietnam. The invasion of these countries, in violation of international law, sparked a new wave of protests on college campuses across America, including two at Kent State in Ohio and Jackson State in Mississippi during which National Guardsmen and police killed a total of six student protesters. By the end of June 1972, however, after another failed offensive into South Vietnam, Hanoi was finally willing to compromise. Kissinger and North Vietnamese representatives drafted a peace agreement by early fall, but leaders in Saigon rejected it, and in December Nixon authorized a number of bombing raids against targets in Hanoi and Haiphong. Known as the Christmas Bombings, the raids drew international condemnation.
Legacy of the Vietnam War
In January 1973, the United States and North Korea concluded a final peace agreement, ending open hostilities between the two nations. War between North and South Vietnam continued, however, until April 30, 1975, when DRV forces captured Saigon, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City (Ho himself died in 1969). The long conflict had affected an immense majority of the country’s population; in eight years of warfare, an estimated 2 million Vietnamese died, while 3 million were wounded and another 12 million became refugees. War had decimated the country’s infrastructure and economy, and reconstruction proceeded slowly. In 1976, Vietnam was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, though sporadic violence continued over the next 15 years, including conflicts with neighboring China and Cambodia. Under a broad free market policy put in place in 1986, the economy began to improve, boosted by oil export revenues and an influx of foreign capital. Trade and diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the U.S. were resumed in the 1990s.
In the United States, the effects of the Vietnam War would linger long after the last troops returned home in 1973. The nation spent more than $120 billion on the conflict in Vietnam from 1965-73; this massive spending led to widespread inflation, exacerbated by a worldwide oil crisis in 1973 and skyrocketing fuel prices. Psychologically, the effects ran even deeper. The war had pierced the myth of American invincibility, and had bitterly divided the nation. Many returning veterans faced negative reactions from both opponents of the war (who viewed them as having killed innocent civilians) and its supporters (who saw them as having lost the war), along with physical damage including the effects of exposure to the harmful chemical herbicide Agent Orange , millions of gallons of which had been dumped by U.S. planes on the dense forests of Vietnam. In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. On it were inscribed the names of 57,939 American armed forces killed or missing during the war; later additions brought that total to 58,200.
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Mother Teresa received the Order of Merit from whose hands in 1983? | Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian
Milestones: 1961–1968
U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968
In late January, 1968, during the lunar new year (or “Tet”) holiday, North Vietnamese and communist Viet Cong forces launched a coordinated attack against a number of targets in South Vietnam. The U.S. and South Vietnamese militaries sustained heavy losses before finally repelling the communist assault. The Tet Offensive played an important role in weakening U.S. public support for the war in Vietnam.
U.S. Captain Franklin Eller coordinates with military command during the Tet Offensive
Ho Chi Minh and leaders in Hanoi planned the Tet Offensive in the hopes of achieving a decisive victory that would end the grinding conflict that frustrated military leaders on both sides. A successful attack on major cities might force the United States to negotiate or perhaps even to withdraw. At the very least, the North Vietnamese hoped it would serve to stop the ongoing escalation of guerilla attacks and bombing in the North. Hanoi selected the Tet holiday to strike because it was traditionally a time of truce, and because Vietnamese traveling to spend the festival with their relatives provided cover for the movement of South Vietnamese National Liberation Forces (NLF) who supported the communist forces.
The first phase of the assault began on January 30 and 31, when NLF forces simultaneously attacked a number of targets, mostly populated areas and places with heavy U.S. troop presence. The strikes on the major cities of Huế and Saigon had a strong psychological impact, as they showed that the NLF troops were not as weak as the Johnson Administration had previously claimed. The NLF even managed to breach the outer walls of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. Although the first phase of the offensive became the most famous, a second phase also launched simultaneous assaults on smaller cities and towns on May 4 and stretched into June. A third phase began in August and lasted six weeks. In the months that followed, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces retook the towns that the NLF had secured over the course of the offensive, but they incurred heavy military and civilian casualties in the process.
At the end of the Tet Offensive, both sides had endured losses, and both sides claimed victory. The U.S. and South Vietnamese military response almost completely eliminated the NLF forces and regained all of the lost territory. At the same time, the Tet Offensive weakened domestic support for the Johnson Administration as the vivid reporting on the Tet Offensive by the U.S. media made clear to the American public that an overall victory in Vietnam was not imminent.
The aftermath of Tet brought public discussions about de-escalation, but not before U.S. generals asked for additional troops for a wide-scale “accelerated pacification program.” Believing that the U.S. was in a position to defeat the North, these military leaders sought to press for a U.S.-South Vietnam offensive. Johnson and others, however, read the situation differently. Johnson announced that the bombing of North Vietnam would cease above the 20th parallel and placed a limit on U.S. troops in South Vietnam. Johnson also attempted to set parameters for peace talks, but it would be several more years before these came to fruition. Within the United States, protests against continued involvement in Vietnam intensified. On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced that he would not seek a second term as president. The job of finding a way out of Vietnam was left to the next U.S. president, Richard Nixon.
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