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Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-evals-score

like 0

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action! —William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843 As Prescott makes clear in the passage above, an important reason for Cortes's military success was which of the following?

C

00042589c0f70124c82cc068acc8b7e70c4fc5fc3317efc4ef2feaa00ab64b11

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key factors mentioned by Prescott that contributed to Cortes's success. Prescott highlights several factors, including the diverse and seemingly inadequate forces Cortes commanded, but also emphasizes the importance of Cortes's leadership in unifying these disparate elements. ## Step 2: Analyze each option in relation to the passage. Option A, "The advantage of superior numbers," is not explicitly mentioned as a factor in Cortes's success. Instead, Prescott emphasizes the diversity and potential for conflict within Cortes's forces. Option B, "The superior military skill of mercenaries," is also not explicitly mentioned as a primary factor. Prescott does mention the presence of mercenaries but focuses more on the unifying leadership of Cortes rather than their individual skills. Option D, "Effective use of European artillery," is not mentioned at all in the passage provided. ## Step 3: Identify the most relevant factor mentioned by Prescott. Prescott specifically highlights the ability of Cortes to unite a diverse and potentially divisive group of men under a single command, despite their differences in race, language, and interests. This unifying leadership is presented as a key factor in Cortes's success. ## Step 4: Select the answer that best corresponds to the information provided by Prescott. Given the emphasis on Cortes's leadership in uniting his diverse forces, the most appropriate answer is the one that corresponds to this concept. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…" Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652 Consistent with the excerpt above, Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636 for advocating

A

7a93ce86fb1b9d4508a236300542bb948b443697581b6400d962b6970030c9c9

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of the excerpt The excerpt from Roger Williams' work, "The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's," suggests that he is advocating for the separation of church and state. This is inferred from his statement that it is against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths, tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground. ## Step 2: Identify the historical significance of Roger Williams' views Roger Williams was a key figure in the history of religious freedom in America. His views on the separation of church and state were significant because they were ahead of his time and influenced the development of religious freedom in the United States. ## Step 3: Relate Roger Williams' views to the options provided Option A, the separation of church and state, directly corresponds with the views expressed in the excerpt. Options B, women's suffrage, and D, the export of tobacco, are not related to the excerpt's content. Option C, bigamy, is also unrelated to the excerpt's context. ## Step 4: Choose the correct answer based on the analysis Given the analysis, the correct answer is the one that corresponds with the views expressed in the excerpt. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing…the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack….The attack yesterday…has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas….As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, December 8, 1941 Which of the following was the most immediate consequence of the events described in the excerpt above?

A

16d9a6f07dbef5d0848f74f44f62982e05111fa039c66ace31b8f9635c722939

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the immediate consequence of the events described in the excerpt. The excerpt describes the sudden and deliberate attack by Japan on the United States, which resulted in severe damage to American naval and military forces, loss of many American lives, and American ships being torpedoed on the high seas. ## Step 2: Analyze the options provided in relation to the immediate consequence. Option A, Trade embargoes with Japan extending up through the 1980s, is a consequence that occurred later in time and is not directly related to the immediate aftermath of the attack. Option B, The Battle of Normandy, is a significant event of World War II, but it is not directly related to the immediate consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Option C, The internment of Japanese-Americans, is a consequence that occurred later in time and is not directly related to the immediate aftermath of the attack. Option D, The bombing of Nagasaki, is a significant event of World War II, but it is not directly related to the immediate consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor. ## Step 3: Determine the most immediate consequence of the events described in the excerpt. Given the analysis, the most immediate consequence of the events described in the excerpt is not explicitly listed among the options provided. However, based on the context, the most immediate consequence would be the immediate response to the attack, which is not explicitly stated in the options provided. Since the options provided do not directly relate to the immediate consequence of the attack, we can infer that the correct answer is not listed. However, based on the context, the most immediate consequence would be the response to the attack, which would likely include measures for defense and potentially the mobilization of military resources. The final answer is: $\boxed{A}$<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure. "This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 Progressive Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy in Latin America was best characterized by his

D

6404ef8b318d03c075cc8265dd497fc1d5951a911e6ce0d9752d2e71febde8bc

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understanding the context of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy in Latin America Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy in Latin America refers to his approach towards dealing with European nations and newly independent nations in the region during his presidency. ## Step 2: Examining the options provided Option A refers to the repudiation of the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy of the United States that stated that the United States would not tolerate further European colonization in the Americas. However, this does not accurately describe Roosevelt's policy, which was more about asserting American influence and protecting American interests. ## Step 3: Considering the implications of each option Option B suggests that Roosevelt believed European nations had the right to protect their economic interests in any remaining colonies throughout the region. This is not consistent with Roosevelt's policy, which aimed to assert American influence and protect American interests in the region. ## Step 4: Analyzing the options in light of Roosevelt's policy Option C, recognition of the sovereignty of newly independent nations in the Western hemisphere, does not accurately describe Roosevelt's policy, which was more about asserting American influence and protecting American interests. ## Step 5: Identifying the correct answer Option D, belief that the United States had an obligation to protect security and stability by assuming a protective role throughout the Western hemisphere, most closely aligns with Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy, which aimed to assert American influence and protect American interests in the region. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "The power . . . given to the commanding officer over all the people of each district is that of an absolute monarch. His mere will is to take the place of all law. . . . It reduces the whole population of the ten states—all persons, of every color, sex, and condition, and every stranger within their limits—to the most abject and degrading slavery." The excerpt from the presidential veto message above is from

D

43d4d18aeb2718fbf2a6e74ea239ec1a983ae0e36c4087ba0bc4d6062db7fc20

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key elements of the excerpt The excerpt describes a commanding officer with absolute power over the population, reducing them to "abject and degrading slavery". ## Step 2: Consider the historical context of the excerpt The excerpt mentions the commanding officer's power over all people, regardless of color, sex, or condition, and every stranger within the limits. This suggests a situation where racial or ethnic minorities are being targeted or oppressed. ## Step 3: Analyze the language and tone of the excerpt The language used is strong and derogatory, with words like "abject" and "degrading slavery", indicating a deep-seated opposition to the described power structure. ## Step 4: Look for connections to notable historical events or figures The excerpt's mention of absolute power and its impact on racial and ethnic minorities suggests a connection to the slavery or racism debates in American history. ## Step 5: Consider the presidential vetoes listed in the options Option C, President Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States, does not seem directly related to the themes of absolute power and racial oppression. ## Step 6: Evaluate the relevance of each option Option A (Thomas Jefferson's veto of the Alien and Sedition Acts) and Option B (James Monroe's veto of an act for the preservation and repair of the Cumberland Road) do not seem directly relevant to the themes of absolute power and racial oppression. Option D (Andrew Johnson's veto of one of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867) might be relevant, but the context does not seem to fit the description given. ## Step 7: Choose the most likely option Given the strong language and themes of absolute power and racial oppression, the excerpt is most likely from President Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States, as this veto was notable for its strong language and its impact on racial and ethnic minorities. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "The only force which is strong enough to break down social convention is economic necessity. . . . The economic necessity which has forced women out of the home and into the world of business has completely annihilated the old idea that a woman should eat only in the privacy of her household or in the homes of her friends, has created the absolutely new social phenomenon of women eating in public, unescorted by men, by the tens of thousands, and has given rise to a wholly new phase of the restaurant business." —The New York Times, October 15, 1905 The scenario described in the passage above is most directly reflected in the ideas of which of the following?

B

745ee246e7f20ba69dfacf09d9fa041d498b173dd09068123c26364f84056eec

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the context of the passage The passage describes how economic necessity has led to significant changes in societal norms, particularly regarding women's roles and their ability to eat in public without male accompaniment. This shift is linked to the growth of the restaurant industry. ## Step 2: Identify key elements of the scenario The scenario focuses on the empowerment of women through economic necessity, allowing them to participate in public spaces without traditional restrictions, and the subsequent impact on the restaurant industry. ## Step 3: Compare the scenario with the given options - A. Civil Rights Act of 1964: This act aimed to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and other areas. While it does touch on issues of equality, it does not directly address the specific scenario of women eating in public due to economic necessity. - B. Equal Rights Amendment: This amendment aimed to guarantee equal rights for men and women under the law. While it aligns with the spirit of the scenario, it was proposed but not ratified at the time the passage was written, and it doesn't specifically address the economic aspect. - C. Pure Food and Drug Act: This act focused on food and drug safety, not directly related to the empowerment of women or the growth of the restaurant industry due to economic necessity. - D. Interstate Commerce Act: This act aimed to regulate interstate commerce, which could be seen as related to economic activity, but it does not directly address the social and cultural changes described in the scenario. ## Step 4: Determine the best answer based on the comparison Given the focus on economic necessity and its impact on societal norms and business, the scenario is most directly reflected in the ideas of economic empowerment and the subsequent cultural and business changes. Among the options provided, none directly addresses the exact scenario described. However, considering the spirit of the passage and the options given, the most closely related concept would be one that touches on the empowerment of women and economic activity, which aligns more closely with the spirit of the Equal Rights Amendment, even though it was proposed after the passage was written. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization….The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor." Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1964 Johnson's Great Society most represented an extension of which of the following initiatives?

A

11a381d74ab112f7eaf1040f348f937debb5ee3e84f64e8221d80307e4535229

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of Johnson's Great Society Johnson's Great Society was a set of domestic policy initiatives introduced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. It aimed to address poverty, racial injustice, and other social issues in the United States. ## Step 2: Identify the key elements of the New Deal The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It included measures such as relief programs, infrastructure projects, and regulations to stabilize the economy. ## Step 3: Compare the goals of the New Deal and Johnson's Great Society While both initiatives aimed to address social and economic issues, the New Deal was primarily focused on relief and recovery from the Great Depression, whereas Johnson's Great Society was more focused on long-term social and economic development. ## Step 4: Consider the relationship between the New Deal and Johnson's Great Society Given the similarities in their goals of addressing social and economic issues, it is reasonable to consider the New Deal as an inspiration or extension of Johnson's initiatives. ## Step 5: Evaluate the other options The Square Deal, the Truman Doctrine, and the Monroe Doctrine are not directly related to domestic policy initiatives or social and economic development, making them less likely options. ## Step 6: Choose the most appropriate answer Based on the analysis, the New Deal is the most relevant and accurate extension of Johnson's Great Society. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. The man who mounted the steps of the Capitol, March 4, 1801, to claim the place of an equal between Pitt and Bonaparte, possessed a character which showed itself in acts; but person and manner can be known only by contemporaries, and the liveliest description was worth less than a moment of personal contact. Jefferson was very tall, six feet two-and-a-half inches in height; sandy-complexioned; shy in manner, seeming cold; awkward in attitude, and with little in his bearing that suggested command.… His skin was thin, peeling from his face on exposure to the sun, giving it a tettered appearance. This sandy face, with hazel eyes and sunny aspect; this loose, shackling person; this rambling and often brilliant conversation, belonged to the controlling influences of American history, more necessary to the story than three-fourths of the official papers, which only hid the truth. Jefferson's personality during these eight years appeared to be the government, and impressed itself, like that of Bonaparte, although by a different process, on the mind of the nation. In the village simplicity of Washington, he was more than a king, for he was alone in social as well as in political pre-eminence. Except the British Legation, no house in Washington was open to general society; the whole mass of politicians, even the Federalists, were dependent on Jefferson and "The Palace" for amusement; and if they refused to go there, they "lived like bears, brutalized and stupefied." —Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1889 Although Jefferson believed that government should be small and limited, once in office he

D

e45609edaa22655e41804a009d44b1bd219303e2d2383e0424283101065018dd

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the context of the quote The quote by Henry Adams describes Thomas Jefferson's personality and its impact on American history during his administration. It highlights Jefferson's unique character, his social and political pre-eminence, and how he was perceived by his contemporaries. ## Step 2: Consider Jefferson's political beliefs Jefferson was known for his strong beliefs in limited government and individual rights. However, the question asks about his actions once in office. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options based on historical evidence Option A (created a spoils system that bloated the size of the bureaucracy) and Option B (laid the foundations of the welfare state) do not align with Jefferson's political beliefs. Option C (called for an ambitious program of road building and public works) might seem plausible, but it does not accurately represent Jefferson's policies. Option D (vigorously exercised federal power in foreign affairs) aligns with Jefferson's expansion of federal power, particularly in the Louisiana Purchase and his handling of foreign affairs. ## Step 4: Choose the best answer based on historical evidence Given Jefferson's expansion of federal power, especially in foreign affairs, as described in the quote and historical records, the best answer is D. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. Our leaders talk about stopping aggression from the north, but this was a struggle among groups of Vietnamese until we intervened. We seem bent upon saving the Vietnamese from Ho Chi Minh even if we have to kill them and demolish their country to do it. As the native people survey bombed-out villages, women and children burned by napalm, rice crops destroyed and cities overrun with our military personnel, they are doubtless saying secretly of the Vietcong guerillas and of the American forces, "A plague on both your houses." … Stop the bombing, north and south, end search and destroy offensive sweeps, and confine our military action to holding operations on the ground. Bombing the north has failed to halt or seriously check the flow of troops to the south and may, in fact, have prompted a much greater war effort by Hanoi. —Senator George McGovern, "The Lessons of Vietnam," April 25, 1967 Political discord during the Vietnam War most closely resembled the political dissensions during which of the following?

C

cdfc4ec36809486cd1b87aa0dfb3b5fed43ef94bd63304366082bd6796cc224d

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key aspects of the Vietnam War's political discord. The Vietnam War was characterized by strong opposition to the war effort, with many arguing that the war was not necessary or that it was being mishandled. This opposition was fueled by the growing number of American casualties, the destruction caused by the war, and the perception that the war was not being effectively won. ## Step 2: Compare the Vietnam War to the options provided. The Spanish-American War (A) was a relatively minor conflict that did not generate significant domestic opposition. The Mexican War (B) was also not particularly contentious, and while there were some criticisms of the war, they were not as widespread as those during the Vietnam War. World War I (C) and World War II (D) were both major conflicts that generated significant domestic support, with World War II being one of the most popular wars in American history. ## Step 3: Determine which war's political discord most closely resembles the Vietnam War. Based on the comparison, the political discord during the Vietnam War most closely resembles that during World War II, as both wars generated significant opposition and criticism from the American public. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action! —William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843 Prescott's interpretation of the conquest of Mexico resembles which contemporary nineteenth-century American political movement?

A

ed3e863b69f6f045a6ab08f467573fb4043c37324ec3ba0d3aeace8a5d41eee8

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key elements of Prescott's interpretation of the conquest of Mexico. Prescott describes Cortes as a man with a spirit of knight-errantry who achieves a vast enterprise with inadequate resources, leading a motley congregation of mercenaries and natives who are sworn enemies but are united under his leadership. ## Step 2: Consider the contemporary American political movements and their ideologies. - Manifest Destiny was a doctrine that emerged in the mid-19th century, advocating for the expansion of the United States across North America. - Southern secessionism was a movement that sought to establish the Southern states as an independent nation, primarily driven by opposition to abolitionism and federal power. - Abolitionism was a movement to end slavery, primarily in the North. - Know-Nothingism was a movement that emerged in the mid-19th century, primarily in the North, advocating for restrictions on immigration and naturalization. ## Step 3: Analyze the similarities between Prescott's interpretation and the contemporary American political movements. Prescott's description of Cortes' conquest as a grand, expansionist venture, achieved against the odds, resonates with the ideology of Manifest Destiny, which also emphasized expansion and the idea that the United States was destined to expand its territory. ## Step 4: Determine the best answer based on the analysis. The description of Cortes' conquest as a grand, expansionist venture, achieved against the odds, most closely aligns with the ideology of Manifest Destiny. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action! —William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843 Given the perspective of the passage above, William Hickling Prescott believed which of the following about the conquest of the Aztec Empire?

D

bfd87e2152d7d97715e654e150b6e7ae7f4cf7a4c9253d36e97c00bbf5a5ee5d

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the passage to understand William Hickling Prescott's perspective on the conquest of the Aztec Empire. The passage describes Hernando Cortes as a man of adventurous spirit and a great general who achieved a vast enterprise with seemingly inadequate resources. It highlights the diversity and potential conflicts within his army but emphasizes their ability to work together and follow Cortes' leadership. ## Step 2: Identify the key aspects of Prescott's perspective on the conquest. Prescott does not explicitly express negative emotions towards the conquest, such as racism or atrocity. Instead, he focuses on Cortes' leadership and the resources available to him. There is no mention of Cortes being motivated solely by a desire for wealth, as the passage suggests a broader ambition for conquest. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options based on Prescott's perspective. Option A (The actions of Hernando Cortes were irrational) is not supported by the passage, as Cortes is described as a clever and successful general. Option B (The conquest of Mexico was a racist atrocity) is not mentioned in the passage, and Prescott's tone does not suggest such a view. Option C (Cortes was chiefly motivated by a desire for wealth) is not accurate, as the passage implies a more complex motivation. Option D (The Aztec Empire had to give way to the superior civilization of Spain) is the most aligned with Prescott's perspective, as he describes the conquest as a successful achievement by Cortes, implying a view of Spanish superiority. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 In the excerpt above, the reference to "the sanctions of a more erroneous religious belief" most probably refers to

A

1dbc7112d9be3b9ef8fb0d82bb766de24c557dee16d2a5fa1fc7054c14a712fb

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the context of the excerpt The excerpt is from South Carolina's declaration of secession from the United States, specifically from March 4, 1861 (not 1860, as mentioned in the question). ## Step 2: Understand the reference to "the sanctions of a more erroneous religious belief" The reference is likely related to the justification of slavery, as the excerpt discusses the consequences of the Republican party's policies on slavery. ## Step 3: Analyze the options Option A refers to Southern Baptist justification of slavery on the grounds of white racial superiority, which aligns with the context of the excerpt. Option B is incorrect because it refers to Puritan abolition of slavery in New England states, which is not relevant to the excerpt. Option C is incorrect because it refers to Jewish acceptance of slavery in the Torah, which is not relevant to the excerpt. Option D is incorrect because it refers to Christian abolitionist rejection of slavery on moral grounds, which is not relevant to the excerpt. ## Step 4: Choose the correct answer Based on the analysis, the reference to "the sanctions of a more erroneous religious belief" most probably refers to Southern Baptist justification of slavery on the grounds of white racial superiority. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. BECAUSE no People can be truly happy, though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understanding of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind.… —William Penn, Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories, October 28, 1701 William Penn was a member of which of the following persecuted religious groups?

C

b20023fe8465fec56c826970a95388939771e42886e9a8f739aeeeb641760031

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key elements in the quote The quote mentions "One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World" and that people should be allowed to live quietly under the government without being molested because of their "conscientious Persuasion or Practice". ## Step 2: Understand the historical context The quote is from William Penn's Charter of Privileges, which was granted to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories in 1701. This was a significant document in American history, as it established religious freedom in the colony. ## Step 3: Consider William Penn's background William Penn was a member of the Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. The Quakers were a religious group that emerged in the mid-17th century, known for their pacifism, simplicity, and emphasis on inner spiritual experience. ## Step 4: Analyze the quote in light of Quaker beliefs The quote's emphasis on individual conscience and the freedom to worship as one sees fit is consistent with Quaker teachings. Quakers believed in the importance of individual spiritual experience and the need for people to follow their consciences in matters of faith. ## Step 5: Eliminate incorrect options A. Roman Catholics - While Catholics were also seeking religious freedom, there is no direct connection to William Penn's quote. B. Puritans - Puritans were a different religious group that sought to "purify" the Church of England, which is not directly related to William Penn's quote. D. Anglicans - Anglicans were part of the established Church of England, which is not consistent with William Penn's emphasis on individual freedom of worship. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places." Frederick Douglass, 1857 In his opinion on the case Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld the sentiment above by stating that

D

401ca64699dd876505bf4c94a3a5a023dda7941335851229b3f0d6b9f0e12ad0

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of the question The question refers to a quote from Frederick Douglass in 1857, highlighting the organized support of slavery in the United States, including state governments, churches, and the federal government. ## Step 2: Identify the key point of Chief Justice Roger Taney's opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford The key point of Taney's opinion was that Congress had no right to regulate slavery in United States territories, as slavery was protected by the Constitution. ## Step 3: Compare Taney's opinion with the options provided Option D directly corresponds with Taney's opinion, which was that Congress had no right to regulate slavery in United States territories. ## Step 4: Eliminate other options as incorrect Option A is incorrect because Taney's opinion did not mention separate but equal facilities. Option B is incorrect because Taney's opinion did not discuss corporate rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Option C is incorrect because Taney's opinion did not address school prayer or separation of church and state. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the secession of South Carolina?

C

6e3e5c550ce19db4999db2efadd72e35bfc7b275c90753d3782a855aea25c7e2

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of South Carolina's secession South Carolina seceded from the United States in 1861, declaring its independence and resuming its position as a separate and independent state. This was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Civil War. ## Step 2: Identify the immediate consequences of secession The immediate consequences of South Carolina's secession would likely include reactions from other Southern states, the federal government, and the formation of the Confederate States of America. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options provided Option A mentions Southern Democrats appealing to Congress to stop military action, but this is not directly related to the immediate consequences of secession. Option B refers to the Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued by Lincoln in 1863, after the war had begun. Option D mentions Jefferson Davis, who was the President of the Confederate States of America, but the statement is incorrect as Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate forces before Davis was president. Option C, however, mentions other Southern states seceding and forming the Confederacy, which is a direct consequence of South Carolina's secession. ## Step 4: Choose the best answer Based on the evaluation of the options, the best answer is C. Other Southern states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederacy, as a direct consequence of South Carolina's secession. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not? During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, "Logan is the friend of the white man." I had even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked; murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one. —Address attributed to Logan, an Indian leader, 1774 A sympathetic reader of Logan's Address in the early years of the United States would be most likely to support which of the following Indian policies?

B

a4fb59f7bcea565f88bc6b01a468e9658c87a740afe790a0588494badc6cdfb1

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the context of Logan's Address Logan's Address is a speech attributed to Logan, an Indian leader, in 1774, where he describes the brutal treatment of his family and the loss of his loved ones at the hands of American colonists. He expresses his desire for revenge but also mentions his desire for peace and the importance of maintaining a sense of dignity and respect for his people. ## Step 2: Identify the tone and message of Logan's Address The tone of the speech is one of sorrow, anger, and resilience. Logan emphasizes the importance of his people's dignity, their right to their land, and their desire for peace. However, he also makes it clear that he will not be treated with disrespect and that his people will not be pushed around. ## Step 3: Consider the options in light of Logan's Address Option A (Exterminating all Indians) is the opposite of what Logan's Address suggests. Logan's speech is about the importance of his people's survival and dignity, not about their extinction. Option B (Respecting Indian territory and sovereignty) aligns with the message of Logan's Address, where he emphasizes the importance of his people's land and their right to govern themselves. Option C (Encouraging Indians to migrate to Canada and Mexico) is not mentioned in Logan's Address and would not be a policy supported by the speech. Option D (Building reservations and encouraging Indians to change their ways) is also not mentioned in Logan's Address and could be seen as a way of diminishing the importance of Indian self-governance and dignity. ## Step 4: Choose the best answer based on the analysis Given the tone and message of Logan's Address, the best answer is B (Respecting Indian territory and sovereignty). This option aligns with the importance of maintaining Indian dignity, land rights, and self-governance that Logan emphasizes in his speech. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires. "Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity." Populist Party Platform, 1892 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above about political parties are most similar to those expressed by

C

872f63308739f72528af1edb80a96031ff0eba97e0ca00284b47c6c1d268a440

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key themes in the Populist Party Platform excerpt The excerpt from the Populist Party Platform highlights the party's opposition to the control of both major political parties by special interests, advocating for the restoration of government power to the "plain people" and aligning with the principles of the National Constitution to promote justice, domestic tranquility, and liberty. ## Step 2: Compare the Populist Party Platform themes with the given options - A. George McGovern, Democratic Party, 1972: While McGovern was known for his anti-war and anti-nuclear policies, there is no direct comparison to the Populist Party's focus on returning power to the "plain people." - B. Theodore Roosevelt, Progressive Party, 1912: As a leader of the Progressive Party, Roosevelt's platform emphasized trust-busting, conservation, and direct democracy, which aligns with the Populist Party's ideals of limiting special interests and promoting the common good. - C. Andrew Jackson, Democratic Party, 1829: Jackson's presidency was marked by his opposition to the Second Bank of the United States and his support for states' rights, but his platform does not directly address the return of power to the "plain people." - D. H. Ross Perot, Reform Party, 1996: Perot's Reform Party emphasized the need for electoral reform and a balanced budget, but his platform does not explicitly focus on returning power to the "plain people" or limiting special interests in the same way as the Populist Party. ## Step 3: Determine the best match for the Populist Party Platform themes Based on the comparison, Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party platform in 1912 most closely aligns with the Populist Party's sentiments about returning power to the "plain people" and limiting the influence of special interests. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_us_history

This question refers to the following information. "Since the foundations of the American commonwealth were laid in colonial times over 300 years ago, vigorous complaint and more or less bitter persecution have been aimed at newcomers to our shores. Also the congressional reports of about 1840 are full of abuse of English, Scotch, Welsh immigrants as paupers, criminals, and so forth. Old citizens in Detroit of Irish and German descent have told me of the fierce tirades and propaganda directed against the great waves of Irish and Germans who came over from 1840 on for a few decades to escape civil, racial, and religious persecution in their native lands. The "Know-Nothings," lineal ancestors of the Ku-Klux Klan, bitterly denounced the Irish and Germans as mongrels, scum, foreigners, and a menace to our institutions, much as other great branches of the Caucasian race of glorious history and antecedents are berated to-day….But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers…..In this bill we find racial discrimination at its worst—a deliberate attempt to go back 84 years in our census taken every 10 years so that a blow may be aimed at peoples of eastern and southern Europe, particularly at our recent allies in the Great War—Poland and Italy." Robert H. Clancy, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1924 What best accounts for the sharp increase of immigrants during the period 1880–1910?

A

2f945c70481326f0957066f5af2dfa3a106fb14a6e3c1316f0207d6e20d58b35

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the context of the question. The question refers to a historical context of immigration to the United States, specifically the period of 1880-1910. ## Step 2: Analyze the options provided. Option A suggests that many Southern and Eastern Europeans sought financial gain and political freedom in America. Option B implies that Irish farmers were forced to leave due to agricultural disasters. Option C suggests that Germans were seeking ways to avoid military conscription. Option D states that the United States welcomed immigrants by providing housing and employment. ## Step 3: Evaluate the historical context. During the period of 1880-1910, there was a significant influx of immigrants to the United States, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. This period saw the arrival of millions of immigrants, including Italians, Jews, Greeks, and others, who were seeking escape from poverty, persecution, or economic hardship in their home countries. ## Step 4: Select the most plausible explanation. Given the historical context, the most plausible explanation for the sharp increase of immigrants during this period is that many Southern and Eastern Europeans turned to America for financial gain and political freedom. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. He contains all works and desires and all perfumes and all tastes. He enfolds the whole universe and in silence is loving to all. This is the Spirit that is in my heart, this is Brahman. To him I shall come when I go beyond this life, and to him will come he who has faith and doubts not. —The Upanishads, India, c. 1000 BCE Based on the quotation, what is true of Brahman?

A

92cd2fabe3fc08b375c02eacba7afaf9362eed48b97747179c2d4882dc8840c3

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key characteristics of Brahman as described in the quotation. The quotation describes Brahman as containing all works and desires, all perfumes and all tastes, and as the Spirit that is in the heart of the speaker. It also states that Brahman is found everywhere and in everything, and that to him the speaker and those with faith and no doubts will come when they die. ## Step 2: Analyze the options given in light of the characteristics identified in Step 1. Option A states that Brahman is found everywhere and contained in everything, which aligns with the description of Brahman as containing all works and desires, and as the Spirit that is in the heart of the speaker. Options B, C, and D do not align with the characteristics of Brahman as described in the quotation. ## Step 3: Choose the option that best aligns with the characteristics of Brahman as described in the quotation. Based on the analysis in Step 2, the option that best aligns with the characteristics of Brahman as described in the quotation is A. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "Purusa-Sukta" Purusa is the lord of the immortals, who grow by means of [ritual] food. When the gods performed a sacrifice with the offering Purusa, spring was its clarified butter, summer the kindling, autumn the oblation. It was Purusa, born in the beginning, which they sprinkled on the sacred grass as a sacrifice. It made the beasts of the air, the forest and the village. From that sacrifice completely offered, the mantras [Rig Veda] and the songs [Samaveda] were born. The sacrificial formulae [Yajurveda] were born from it. From it the horses were born and all that have cutting teeth in both jaws. The cows were born from it, also. From it were born goats and sheep. When they divided Purusa, how many ways did they apportion him? What was his mouth? What were his arms? What were his thighs, his feet declared to be? His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were the Rajanaya [Ksatriya], his thighs the Vaisya; from his feet the Sudra was born. Thus, they fashioned the worlds. The gods sacrificed with the sacrifice to the sacrifice. These were the first rites. —Hymns excerpted and adapted from the Rig Veda, oldest surviving literary work, India, 1500–1000 BCE Which element of the Hindu religion can this passage be used to explain?

C

05144f219f5a194c379710d3118392c76c1f84d970dae6145c5b0a1bfa1734fc

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the passage to understand its main themes and elements. The passage describes Purusa, the lord of the immortals, and how he was sacrificed to create the world and all living beings. It highlights the importance of sacrifice in the Hindu religion. ## Step 2: Identify the key elements mentioned in the passage that relate to the Hindu religion. The passage mentions the sacrifice of Purusa, the creation of the world and living beings, and the division of Purusa's body into different castes. This suggests a strong emphasis on sacrifice and the creation myths of the Hindu religion. ## Step 3: Compare the passage with the options provided to determine the best answer. Option A mentions faith as the requirement for salvation, which is not directly related to the passage. Option B highlights environmental stewardship, which is not mentioned in the passage. Option D discusses karma and right actions, which is also not directly related to the passage. Option C, however, directly addresses the importance of sacrifice to the gods, which is a central theme in the passage. ## Step 4: Select the best answer based on the analysis. The passage clearly emphasizes the significance of sacrifice in the Hindu religion, making option C the most suitable answer. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct. —Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s What was the likely cause of women not wearing the veil?

B

e6a5754332ce07766ea21ff9047f3cfd99be2034d2268b711db89c725698a98f

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understanding the context The text describes a society in West Africa during the 1300s, specifically in the region of modern-day Mali, where the author, Ibn Battuta, observed certain customs and traditions. One of the observations is that women in this society do not wear veils. ## Step 2: Analyzing the options Option A suggests that the women were rebelling against the oppression of women in Islam. However, the text does not indicate any resistance or opposition to Islamic teachings. Instead, it states that they are "Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Quran by heart." Option B proposes that it was a continuation of a preexisting cultural pattern. This option seems plausible, as the text does not suggest any significant departure from traditional practices in the region. Option C suggests that the women were prevented from veiling themselves as sexual objects. This interpretation is not supported by the text, which does not mention anything about the women being treated as mere objects. Option D suggests that the climate of Mali makes veiling women impractical. While the climate of a region could potentially affect the practicality of veiling, the text does not provide any information that suggests this as the reason for the lack of veiling. ## Step 3: Drawing a conclusion Based on the analysis, the most plausible explanation is that the lack of veiling among women was a continuation of a preexisting cultural pattern. This is because the text does not suggest any significant departure from traditional practices in the region, and it does not provide any information that suggests a practical or practicality-based reason for the lack of veiling. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "MAHATMA GANDHI'S MESSAGE. REMAIN NON-VIOLENT The following message was sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Waltair:— Maulana Mohamed AH was arrested at Waltair under sections 107 and 108 to be called upon to give security, to be of good behaviour for one year. The place and date of trial is unknown. The Begum Saheba and Mr. Hayat were permitted to see him after arrest. He and I were going to address a meeting outside the station. He was arrested. I continued going to the meeting and addressed them. There is no cause for sorrow, but every cause for congratulation. There should be no hartal. Perfect peace and calmness should be observed. I regard the arrest as a prelude to Swaraj and the redress of the Khilafat and the Punjab wrongs, if we can remain non-violent. Retain Hindu-Muslim Unity despite the madness of some Moplahs, and fulfil the Swadeshi programme. I hope every Indian, man or woman, will completely boycott foreign cloth and take up spinning or weaving during every spare minute. By striving like the Maulana, be insistent on religious and national rights. Let us earn imprisonment. I am conscious of the Maulana's innocence and I am sure the imprisonment of the innocent will enable the nation to reach the cherished goal." Mohandas Gandhi, The Pilgrims' March, 1921 Which of the following historical developments most assisted the ultimate success of the boycott mentioned in the fifth paragraph?

D

d515f269cd6c41bbe799d9e982082d422b8dfc0f9b15ae3ef3b556b297661ad6

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the context of the question The question is asking about the historical development that most assisted the ultimate success of the boycott mentioned in the fifth paragraph of Mahatma Gandhi's message. ## Step 2: Analyze the options given Option A refers to pressure from the Soviet Union, which is not directly related to the Indian independence movement or the context of Gandhi's message. Option B, the Great Depression, is also not directly related as it primarily affected Western economies and was not a direct factor in the Indian independence movement. Option C, decolonization in Africa, is also not directly related as the Indian independence movement was primarily focused on India's independence from British rule, not directly related to Africa's decolonization process. Option D, World War II, is the most relevant as it created a significant shift in the balance of power globally, making it easier for India to gain independence from British rule. ## Step 3: Determine the most relevant historical development Given the context of Gandhi's message and the options provided, the most relevant historical development that assisted the ultimate success of the boycott mentioned is World War II. This is because the war effort required significant resources and manpower from colonial powers, creating an opportunity for nationalist movements like the Indian independence movement to gain momentum and eventually succeed in gaining independence. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed. Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States whether they be capitalist, socialist or have a mixed economy. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State with its own interests in mind. The issue is not what return the foreign investor receives on his investments…The question is one of power. A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny." Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, 1965 Which of the following would most directly result from the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph?

D

6bd0c1dda9fdd902419d05a876ce7ac8103ceb62da0b1888d9120659cca4e30c

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understanding the context of foreign investment mentioned in the text. The text discusses the concept of non-alignment and the issue of neo-colonialism, highlighting the importance of foreign investment from capitalist countries being invested in accordance with a national plan that serves the interests of the non-aligned State. ## Step 2: Identifying the implications of foreign investment on the non-aligned State. The text emphasizes that the issue at hand is one of power, suggesting that the control over investments should be within the national plan of the non-aligned State. This implies that the primary concern is not the return on investment for foreign investors but rather maintaining control over one's own destiny. ## Step 3: Analyzing the options provided to determine the most direct result of foreign investment. Option A refers to the establishment of formal control over previous colonies by colonial powers, which is not directly related to the context of foreign investment mentioned in the text. Option B mentions the establishment of successful democratic regimes in targets of foreign investment, which is also not directly related. Option C discusses the development of globalization and the spread of culture through consumerism, which is not directly relevant to the context. Option D mentions the reduction of political instability and unrest in former colonies, which could be seen as a potential benefit of foreign investment when managed properly within a national plan. ## Step 4: Selecting the most appropriate answer based on the analysis. Given the context and analysis, the most direct result from the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the text would be related to the management of investment within a national plan to achieve national interests, which could potentially lead to a reduction in political instability and unrest if managed effectively. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness… To the house where those who enter do not come out, Along the road of no return, To the house where those who dwell, do without light, Where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay… Where light cannot be seen. They dwell in the dark, And upon the door and bolt, there lies dust. from Tablet VII, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumeria, ca. 2100 B.C.E. Truth is good and its worth is lasting. It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator, Whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished. It lies as a path in front of even him who knows nothing. Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port… Those whom the gods guide cannot lose themselves. Those to whom they forbid passage will not be able to cross the river of life. from The Maxims of Ptahhotep, Egypt, ca. 2400 B.C.E. The above texts are best understood in the context of which of the following?

C

09589029f87d3c4aa30bfcb56fef73257abebf734ff0b1cf7d8cc353ef4def2f

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyzing the context of the given texts The texts provided are from ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian sources, including the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Maxims of Ptahhotep. These texts contain themes related to morality, the nature of truth, and the consequences of one's actions. ## Step 2: Identifying the common thread among the texts All the texts mention the concept of truth, morality, and the consequences of one's actions. They also touch on the idea of a path or a road that one must follow, whether it be the path of truth or the path of wrongdoing. ## Step 3: Relating the concepts to the given options Option A, the use of religion to justify gender relations, does not seem directly related to the concepts presented in the texts. Option D, the use of religion to explain social hierarchy, also does not seem to be the primary focus of the texts. Option B, the use of religion to enforce legal norms, is more relevant as the texts do touch on the consequences of one's actions and the importance of following the path of truth. ## Step 4: Selecting the most appropriate option Given the analysis, the most appropriate option is B, the use of religion to enforce legal norms. This is because the texts do discuss the importance of following certain norms and the consequences of not doing so, which aligns with the idea of using religion to enforce legal norms. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on. A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day. "Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen, And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west. On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us. When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest. The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean, But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest. In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han, There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest. Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow, The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess. It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters: They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed. "But sir, though it's good of you to ask, Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task. We can only shake our heads. Take this winter: The Shanxi troops were never sent home. The District Officers are demanding the land tax, But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone! I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now, It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry And live with the neighbors next door. But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie." Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E. The poem provides evidence of which of the following as a major cause of later Tang decline?

A

6fe16f773cd59f9e364f333f4087a83a3449a26762317eff02df15abe0ba7043

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the context of the poem The poem, "Ballad of the Army Carts," by Du Fu, provides a glimpse into the lives of soldiers during the Tang dynasty. The poem highlights the harsh conditions, the impact of war on families, and the struggles of soldiers. ## Step 2: Analyze the content of the poem The poem specifically mentions the soldiers being sent to garrisons in the west, the difficulties they face, and the impact on their families. It also touches upon the issue of taxation and the struggle to make a living. ## Step 3: Relate the poem's content to the decline of the Tang dynasty The poem provides evidence of the struggles and difficulties faced by the common people during the Tang dynasty. This suggests that the decline of the Tang dynasty was not solely due to external factors but also internal issues such as poverty, inequality, and poor governance. ## Step 4: Evaluate the options Option A, discontent among the peasantry due to oppressive taxation, is supported by the poem's mention of the struggle to pay land tax and the difficulty of making a living. Option B, foreign invasion of the Tang heartlands, is not directly supported by the poem. Option C, the spread of Buddhism and Taoism as a reaction to state-sponsored Confucianism, is not relevant to the poem's content. Option D, an ineffective bureaucracy and poor leadership, is a possible cause of decline but is not directly supported by the poem. ## Step 5: Choose the best answer Based on the analysis, the best answer is A. Discontent among the peasantry due to oppressive taxation is a major cause of later Tang decline as supported by the poem. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. Source 1: "Moreover, Sir, in our Kingdoms there is another great inconvenience which is of little service to God, and this is that many of our people, keenly desirous as they are of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and very often it happens that they kidnap even noblemen and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the white men who are in our kingdoms." Letter from King Afonso I of Kongo to King John III of Portugal, 1526 Source 2: "This expedition has cost us much: it would be unreasonable to send it home with empty hands. Although our [principal] wish is to serve God and the pleasure of the king of Kongo, none the less you will make him understand—as though speaking in our name—what he should do to fill the ships, whether with slaves, or copper, or ivory." Instructions from King Manuel of Portugal to his envoy in Kongo, 1512 The tone of the first letter best reflects which of the following developments in early modern Africa?

B

6e5358d71678746626cde29b05d02dcdbab3fd17d2c532ed4361d46d64c78ce4

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the tone of the first letter The tone of the first letter is one of complaint and frustration, with the king of Kongo expressing his concern about the seizure of his people by the Portuguese. ## Step 2: Identify the key issues mentioned in the first letter The key issues mentioned in the first letter are the seizure of people, including noblemen and relatives, and the subsequent sale of these individuals to white men. ## Step 3: Consider the context of the first letter The first letter was written in 1526, during a period of increasing European involvement in Africa, particularly by the Portuguese. ## Step 4: Evaluate the options in relation to the first letter Option A (A growing dependence on trade with Europe for manufactured goods) is not directly related to the concerns expressed in the first letter. Option B (Vigorous resistance to European expeditions of conquest) is a possible interpretation, but the tone of the letter suggests more of a complaint than resistance. Option C (The establishment of Portuguese trading posts along the coastline) is not mentioned in the first letter. Option D (The consolidation of states along the Atlantic coast of Africa) is not directly related to the concerns expressed in the first letter. ## Step 5: Choose the best answer Based on the analysis, the tone of the first letter best reflects a growing dependence on trade with Europe for manufactured goods, as the king of Kongo is keenly desirous of the wares and things of the Portuguese Kingdoms, suggesting a desire for trade and a dependence on it. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. Source 1: "The Sovereign Congress of Venezuela, to which authority the people of the Republic of the New Granada have voluntarily stood by. Considering: 1. "That united in a single Republic, the provinces of Venezuela and the New Granada have all proportions and ways to elevate themselves to a higher grade of power and prosperity. 2. "That constituted in separate republics, for any more stronger the ties that these have united them, so far from taking advantages of so many advantages, they would hardly consolidate and make respect their sovereignty. 3. "That these truths, highly penetrated by superior talented men and of an enlightened patriotism, had moved the governments of both republics to convene in a reunion that the vicissitudes of wars decreed and decree the following fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia: ARTICLE 1. The Republics of Venezuela and New Granada are from this day on united in a single one under the glorious title of Republic of Colombia…. ARTICLE 4. The Executive Power of the Republic will be vested on the President and in case of his defect a Vice President and his replacement will be appointed interimly by the acting Congress." Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia, passed by the Congress of Angostura convened by Simon Bolivar, 1819 Source 2: "IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY TRINITY. TITLE 1 - Of the Empire of Brazil, its Territories, Government, dynasty, and Religion. Art. 1. The EMPIRE of Brazil is the political association for all Brazilian citizens. These will form a free and independent nation, and will not form any other union or federation, which may cause it to lose its own Independence. Art. 2. Its territory is divided into provinces in the form in which it currently finds itself; these may be subdivided, as is required for the good of the state. Art. 3. Its government is a Hereditary Monarchy, constitutional, and Representative. Art. 4. The prevailing dynasty is that of the Lord Dom Pedro I, the sitting Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil. Art. 5. The Catholic Apostolic Roman Religion will continue to be the religion of the Empire. Followers of all other religions are allowed to worship within their households, or particular houses for that intent, so long as there is nothing indicating this on the exterior of the Temple." Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, March 25, 1824 Which of the following is most directly responsible for creating the constitutions above?

B

7926bb91392daf66cd3bafd969f4f70c5f47f297bce8d71acebf7102cc07da0e

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the context of the constitutions The constitutions mentioned are from Venezuela (Source 1) and Brazil (Source 2), both of which were formerly colonized by European powers. The Fundamental Law Establishing Gran Colombia (Source 1) was passed in 1819, and the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil (Source 2) was established in 1824. ## Step 2: Consider the role of colonial powers in shaping independence movements Colonial powers often laid the groundwork for independence movements by establishing systems of governance, laws, and institutions that could be adapted and modified by local leaders. This could include the creation of constitutions or fundamental laws that outlined the structure and powers of government. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options given Option D, "Colonial powers preparing their colonies for independence," is the most direct explanation for why the constitutions mentioned were created. The process of preparing colonies for independence often involved establishing systems of governance that could be adapted by local leaders as they sought independence. The best answer is 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D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. Is it not unity alone that can weld us into an effective force, capable of creating our own progress and making our valuable contribution to world peace? Which independent African state will claim that its financial structure and banking institutions are fully harnessed to its national development? Which will claim that its material resources and human energies are available for its own national aspirations? We are fast learning that political independence is not enough to rid us of the consequences of colonial rule. We have been too busy nursing our separate states to understand fully the basic need for union, rooted in common purpose, common planning and common endeavour. Ghana's president, Kwame Nkrumah, addressing the Organization of African Unity, 1963 Which of the following factors was most important in preventing the fulfillment of the political dreams described in the passage?

A

6402946c2e8a0e99e1ab78bc2015e1b7a0c98acd304ba3c6c8efb78ae24cb497

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the context of the passage The passage discusses the importance of unity among African states for their political and economic development, highlighting the limitations of political independence alone. ## Step 2: Identify the factors preventing unity and development The passage suggests that a lack of common purpose, common planning, and common endeavor among African states hinders their ability to create their own progress and contribute to world peace. ## Step 3: Consider the options provided Option A (A lack of common ethnicity, language, or religion) is not explicitly mentioned in the passage as a hindrance to unity and development. Option B (The spread of communism throughout the continent) is not mentioned at all. Option C (Armed intervention on the part of the Cold War superpowers) is not mentioned. Option D (Africa's shortage of natural resources) is not mentioned as a factor hindering unity and development. ## Step 4: Determine the most important factor preventing fulfillment of political dreams The passage implies that the lack of unity and common endeavor among African states is the primary hindrance to their political and economic development. However, it does not explicitly mention a lack of common ethnicity, language, or religion as a factor. The passage focuses on the need for unity and common endeavor, rather than specific ethnic, linguistic, or religious differences. ## Step 5: Choose the best answer Given the information provided and the analysis above, the most appropriate answer is not explicitly listed. However, based on the passage's focus on the need for unity and common endeavor, the lack of common purpose, common planning, and common endeavor could be inferred as the most important factor. Since this is not explicitly listed, and considering the options provided, the most accurate answer based on the given choices would be a lack of common purpose, common planning, and common endeavor, which is not listed. Therefore, the best answer, given the options provided, is not directly supported by the passage's content, but based on the context and analysis, a lack of common purpose, planning, and endeavor could be inferred as the most important factor. Since this is not an option, and following the format strictly for the conclusion: The best answer is A.<|eot_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]. That quantum jump would have to be made before the various scientific, technological, agricultural, and industrial revolutions on which our post-quantum-leap world rests. It could only be accomplished by exploiting the ecosystems, mineral resources, and human assets of whole continents outside the lands of the society making the jump. Western Europe did just that by means of its brutality and guns and, more important, by geographical and ecological luck." Copyright © 2015 Cambridge University Press. Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004 Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following contributed LEAST to Western European global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E.?

C

c80f5c064edb64eb5801c23892658163f76b50ffff498a3fe83816f1be97c80c

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key factors that contributed to Western European global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E. The question asks us to determine which of the following contributed least to Western European global hegemony during this period. To answer this, we need to consider the factors that are commonly cited as contributing to Western European dominance during this time. ## Step 2: Analyze each option in relation to Western European global hegemony. Option A: The exchange of food sources between the Americas and Europe. This is a significant contribution as it allowed for population growth and increased food availability, which in turn enabled European powers to expand their empires and establish trade networks. Option B: Refining gunpowder technologies. Gunpowder was a key factor in the military conquests and expansion of European empires during this period. Its refinement contributed significantly to Western European global hegemony. Option C: The development and application of steam-powered technologies. While significant, the impact of steam-powered technologies during this period was not as direct or widespread as the other factors listed. However, it still contributed to European industrialization and economic growth. Option D: The implementation of joint-stock companies. This was a crucial innovation in European trade and commerce, enabling the formation of large companies that could engage in long-distance trade and exploration. ## Step 3: Determine which option contributed least to Western European global hegemony. Given the analysis, the development and application of steam-powered technologies (Option C) contributed least to Western European global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E. compared to the direct impacts of the other options on expansion, trade, and military conquest. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty." Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819 The passage is best understood in the context of which of the following political movements?

B

9e6a27a6fcec0d246585132eb352be12f07d774f0e703787ea8337a8f99ef95c

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key themes and tone of the passage The passage discusses the complexities of being a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards, struggling with disputes over ownership and maintaining oneself in a country against opposition. It highlights the difficulties of achieving liberty due to a lack of civic knowledge and the potential for perverted training to lead to the loss of liberty. ## Step 2: Analyze the historical context of the passage The passage is attributed to Simón de Bolívar, who was a key figure in the fight for independence in South America. The language and tone suggest a historical context of struggle for self-governance and the challenges faced by those seeking independence. ## Step 3: Consider the geographical and cultural context The mention of "we are not Europeans; we are not Indians" and "we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards" suggests a context of the Americas, specifically the region colonized by Spain. This aligns with the fight for independence in South America. ## Step 4: Evaluate the options given Option A (The fight for workers' rights in Central America) does not align with the tone and content of the passage, which focuses on broader political and cultural struggles rather than specific worker rights. Option C (The fight for economic justice in the Caribbean) is also not directly relevant, as the passage does not specifically address economic justice in the Caribbean. Option D (The fight for political autonomy in the Philippines) is incorrect due to the geographical and cultural context of the passage, which is clearly South American rather than Filipino. ## Step 5: Choose the most appropriate answer based on the analysis Given the analysis, the passage is best understood in the context of the fight for independence in South America, which aligns with the historical figure mentioned (Simón de Bolívar) and the geographical and cultural context described. The best answer is B.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

B

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793). Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity. What was the impact of European demand for Chinese goods?

C

fedbb8b3543adf805c2d40507e77fe89a537920229be2d8701480e141484f2c7

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of the question The question refers to a passage from a Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys in 1793. The emperor's response indicates that he is not interested in European goods or trading and values loyalty and submission to the Chinese throne. ## Step 2: Analyze the impact of European demand for Chinese goods Based on the passage, it is clear that the European demand for Chinese goods did not influence the Chinese emperor's decision to trade or accept European goods. Instead, the emperor emphasized the importance of loyalty and submission to the Chinese throne. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options Option A, "The Portuguese increased their international power and prestige," is not relevant to the passage, which does not mention the Portuguese. Option B, "The British shifted their focus for trade and colonization to Japan," is also not relevant, as the passage does not mention Japan. Option D, "The British sought control of the Malacca Strait," is not supported by the passage, which does not mention the Malacca Strait. ## Step 4: Choose the correct answer Option C, "The bulk of the world's silver supply moved to China," is not directly supported by the passage, but it is the most relevant option, as it is known that the Chinese economy was heavily influenced by the influx of silver from the New World during the 16th century. However, the passage does not explicitly mention silver. Since the passage does not provide a clear answer, we must look at the implications of the Chinese emperor's response. ## Step 5: Consider the implications of the Chinese emperor's response The Chinese emperor's response implies that the European demand for Chinese goods did not influence the Chinese economy or trade decisions. This suggests that the European demand for Chinese goods did not have a significant impact on the global economy or trade patterns. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China… When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…" Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E. The observations expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence for which of the following in Yuan China?

A

0eb9b5043841d86154f08ef37400d591e942dbeb4e2fbe1dc88f597ac083f063

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key aspects of the excerpt The excerpt describes the author's observations of the city of Hangzhou in Yuan China, highlighting the presence of various ethnic and religious groups, including Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Turks, who are treated with honor and respect by the local authorities. ## Step 2: Analyze the significance of the observations The observations suggest that these groups are not only tolerated but also valued and integrated into the city's social and economic fabric. This is evident in the description of the Muslim community, which is said to be "made much of" by the King of China and is treated with honor. ## Step 3: Consider the historical context of Yuan China During the Yuan dynasty, which was a Mongol dynasty that ruled China, there was a significant influx of Muslim and other ethnic groups into China, particularly in the southern province of Jiangnan, where Hangzhou is located. This period was marked by relative religious tolerance and cultural exchange. ## Step 4: Evaluate the options in light of the analysis Option A, "Policies of religious toleration", is the most plausible explanation for the observations expressed in the excerpt. The description of the various ethnic and religious groups living together in harmony and being valued by the local authorities suggests a policy of religious toleration. Option B, "Institutionalization of foreigners as provincial administrators", is not directly supported by the excerpt, which focuses more on the social and cultural aspects of the Muslim community rather than their administrative roles. Option C, "Mongol assimilation into Chinese culture", is not directly supported by the excerpt, which does not suggest a process of assimilation but rather a coexistence of different cultural and ethnic groups. Option D, "Military pressures from internal unrest", is not supported by the excerpt, which does not mention any signs of conflict or instability. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers." Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961 Which of the following explains why Nkrumah feels Africa must "avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity"?

A

2219689bd6e36f643c96829988360a30884013671914ceb7445990ddf0506773

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the main idea of Nkrumah's statement Nkrumah is emphasizing the importance of African unity to achieve greater respect and influence in the world. ## Step 2: Analyze the given options in relation to Nkrumah's main idea Option A suggests that African nations will not achieve independence without unity. This aligns with Nkrumah's idea of a unified Africa being more influential and respected globally. ## Step 3: Eliminate options that do not directly relate to Nkrumah's main idea Options B, C, and D do not directly relate to the concept of African unity and its impact on the world's perception of Africa. ## Step 4: Choose the most relevant option Option A is the most relevant to Nkrumah's statement as it directly addresses the concept of unity and its relation to independence and global influence. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955 Literacy Rate 1897 24% 1917 45% 1926 56% 1937 75% 1939 81.10% 1955 99.90% Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education A historian sympathetic to Soviet communism would most likely use the chart as evidence to support which of the following propositions?

D

4f7a58e75dbc2e54df37760008196e3355a94c257a2868dd34691b7893f1f328

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context and purpose of the chart The chart shows a significant increase in literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union over the years from 1897 to 1955. This increase is substantial, with literacy rates rising from 24% to 99.90% over the period. ## Step 2: Consider the perspective of a historian sympathetic to Soviet communism A historian sympathetic to Soviet communism would likely view the Soviet era as a positive period in Russian history, focusing on the achievements and advancements made during this time. They would aim to support the idea that the Soviet regime was beneficial for Russia. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options in light of the historian's perspective Option A suggests that the ideals of the Russian Revolution were betrayed, which would not be a positive view. Option B focuses on military preparedness, which is not directly related to the literacy rates. Option C compares the Soviet Union to China, which is not relevant to the context of the chart. Option D acknowledges the abuses of Lenin and Stalin but highlights the significant achievements of the Soviet regime, which aligns with the historian's sympathetic view. ## Step 4: Choose the most appropriate option Given the historian's sympathetic view of Soviet communism, the most appropriate option is D. This option acknowledges the potential flaws of the regime but emphasizes the significant achievements, which aligns with the historian's positive perspective. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "Upon their arrival they were honorably and graciously received by the grand Khan, in a full assembly of his principal officers. When they drew nigh to his person, they paid their respects by prostrating themselves on the floor. He immediately commanded them to rise, and to relate to him the circumstances of their travels, with all that had taken place in their negotiation with his holiness the pope. To their narrative, which they gave in the regular order of events, and delivered in perspicuous language, he listened with attentive silence. The letters and the presents from pope Gregory were then laid before him, and, upon hearing the former read, he bestowed much commendation on the fidelity, the zeal, and the diligence of his ambassadors; and receiving with due reverence the oil from the holy sepulchre, he gave directions that it should be preserved with religious care. Upon his observing Marco Polo, and inquiring who he was, Nicolo made answer, This is your servant, and my son; upon which the grand Khan replied, "He is welcome, and it pleases me much," and he caused him to be enrolled amongst his attendants of honor. And on account of their return he made a great feast and rejoicing; and as long as the said brothers and Marco remained in the court of the grand Khan, they were honored even above his own courtiers. Marco was held in high estimation and respect by all belonging to the court. He learnt in a short time and adopted the manners of the Tartars, and acquired a proficiency in four different languages, which he became qualified to read and write." Marco Polo's Travels, ca. 1300 C.E. The encounter described in the account above illustrates which of the following?

D

f3ad9d9866b8fe7fd4311d6569fda277337ca721efa4e9bf5199a9c4eb0b40f5

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key elements of the encounter described in the account. The encounter involves the grand Khan, his officers, two Christian brothers (Nicolo and Maffino), and a young man named Marco Polo. The grand Khan is receptive to the visitors, listens attentively to their narrative, and is pleased to meet Marco Polo, even going so far as to cause him to be enrolled amongst his attendants of honor. ## Step 2: Consider the historical context and the implications of the encounter. Given the time period mentioned (ca. 1300 C.E.) and the description of the encounter, it suggests a meeting between European Christian representatives and a high-ranking official of the Mongol Empire, which was known for its tolerance and curiosity about other cultures. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options provided in light of the analysis. Option A refers to the Ottoman Empire, which did not exist during the time period mentioned. Option B is too specific and does not accurately describe the encounter. Option C is not supported by the account, which suggests a positive and cooperative encounter. Option D, "Amiable cultural exchange between Europe and Asia," seems most fitting as it accurately captures the essence of the encounter described. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty." Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819 Simón de Bolívar, the author of the passage, accomplished which of the following?

A

7b9eeefdcfe591c32b5ec880c8134fda9df33c63ce4f4f4d715bfbd63529522a

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key aspects of Simón de Bolívar's message Simón de Bolívar's message to the Congress of Angostura in 1819 highlights the complexities and challenges faced by the newly independent Latin American states. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the rule of law, the practice of virtue, and the distinction between force and proper morals in maintaining liberty. ## Step 2: Analyze the historical context of Simón de Bolívar's message During the early 19th century, Latin America was in the process of gaining independence from Spain. Simón de Bolívar played a crucial role in many of these independence movements, particularly in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, and Bolivia. ## Step 3: Examine the significance of Bolívar's message in the context of Latin American independence Bolívar's message was a call to action for the newly independent nations, urging them to establish strong foundations for their future, based on principles of justice, morality, and the rule of law. This message was significant because it recognized the unique challenges faced by these nations, including the need to balance their desire for independence with the responsibility to establish a just and fair society. ## Step 4: Determine the most significant achievement of Bolívar in the context of Latin American history Given the context of Bolívar's message and his role in the Latin American independence movements, his most significant achievement was the promotion of independence and the establishment of a unified Venezuela and Colombia, laying the groundwork for a unified Latin America. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year…. And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden. And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute. There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians." Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610 Which of the following changes to the Spanish policies towards Native Americans occurred on account of the practices described in the passage?

C

b5fb3bff3378ae0d5a37047681b7a592b3a13a8f42d195624647b7d8e822c8f3

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the passage to identify the key issues with Spanish policies towards Native Americans. The passage describes the harsh treatment of Indians in the mines, including physical punishment, death, and exploitation through unfair labor practices. It also mentions the lack of oversight and the complicity of colonial officials in these abuses. ## Step 2: Consider the options provided to determine which change to Spanish policies is most likely a result of the practices described in the passage. Option A refers to the replacement of native laborers with African slaves, which is not directly mentioned in the passage. Option B mentions the foundation of viceroyalties, which is a broader administrative change that does not directly address the specific issues of Native American treatment. Option D mentions the enfranchisement of all natives, which is not mentioned in the passage. ## Step 3: Identify the correct answer based on the analysis. The passage suggests that the practices described were not adequately addressed by existing policies or officials. Therefore, the most likely change to Spanish policies that would occur in response to these practices would be the promulgation of royal decrees insisting on more humane treatment of the natives. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. That day the Reverend Xuanzang was chosen from among all the monks. He had been a monk from infancy, and ever since birth he had eaten vegetarian food and observed the prohibitions. His maternal grandfather was an imperial commander, Yin Kaishan. His father Chen Guangrui had come top in the Palace Examination and had been appointed a grand secretary in the Imperial Library. Xuanzang, however, had no interest in honour and glory, and his only joy was to cultivate Nirvana. His virtue was great; of the thousand sutras and ten thousand holy books there was not a single one that he did not know. … He looked to the West and prayed, "I am the believer Chen Xuanzang sent on imperial orders to fetch the scriptures. If I am fated to have a disciple, may I be able to unseal the golden words and release the divine Monkey King to come with me to the Vulture Peak. If I am not fated to have a disciple, and this monkey is an evil monster who has deceived me and will do me no good, then may I be unable to remove the seal." When he had prayed he bowed again. From Wu Chengen, Journey to the West, ca. 1590s In which of the following ways does the excerpt above most complicate historians' understanding of the career of the Chinese monk and traveler Xuanzang?

A

4294fd3bc865e36456b424bf6317b39fad81a930750074ac40297ebe5a3aa5d3

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the question and options The question asks how the excerpt complicates historians' understanding of Xuanzang's career. We need to consider how the excerpt's content and style might affect historians' perceptions. ## Step 2: Consider the content and style of the excerpt The excerpt is a fictionalized account of Xuanzang's life, featuring fantastical elements like a dialogue with a monkey king and a magical seal. This suggests that the excerpt is not a straightforward historical account. ## Step 3: Evaluate the options Option A states that the excerpt highly fictionalizes the story of Xuanzang's accomplishments. This is consistent with the excerpt's content and style, which feature fantastical elements and a narrative that is not strictly historical. Option B suggests that the excerpt was written long after Xuanzang's time period. While this is true, it does not directly address how the excerpt complicates historians' understanding of Xuanzang's career. Option C implies that the excerpt casts doubt on Xuanzang's actual existence. However, the excerpt does not question Xuanzang's existence but rather offers a fictionalized account of his life. Option D claims that the excerpt is widely considered a forgery. There is no evidence to support this claim, and the excerpt is generally considered a product of the 16th century, likely based on earlier sources. ## Step 4: Choose the best answer Given the analysis, the excerpt most complicates historians' understanding of Xuanzang's career by highly fictionalizing his story. This is consistent with the excerpt's content and style, which feature fantastical elements and a narrative that is not strictly historical. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct. —Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s The most likely source of Islam in Mali came from

C

30ab87854f5b9a360487790ee6503f63dc9c88ba9664ca75de093e701111781e

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the key aspects of the question The question asks for the most likely source of Islam in Mali, given the description of a Muslim community in the region during the 1300s. ## Step 2: Analyze the description of the Muslim community The community is described as being Muslim, keeping to prayers, studying Islamic jurisprudence, and learning the Quran by heart. This suggests that they were a well-established Muslim community. ## Step 3: Consider the options provided Option A mentions wandering Berber mystics, option B mentions conquering Mughal armies, option C mentions contact with Muslim trade caravans, and option D mentions pilgrims to Islamic shrines in Ethiopia. ## Step 4: Evaluate the likelihood of each option Option A is unlikely because there is no evidence of Berber mystics being a significant source of Islam in West Africa during this period. Option B is also unlikely because Mughal armies were based in India and did not conquer West Africa during the 1300s. Option D is unlikely because there is no evidence of significant Islamic pilgrimage to Ethiopia during this period. ## Step 5: Choose the most likely option Option C, contact with Muslim trade caravans, is the most likely source of Islam in Mali. This is because Muslim trade caravans were a common feature of West African trade networks during the Middle Ages, and they would have brought Islamic teachings and practices to the region. The best answer is C.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

C

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty." Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819 The author of this text expresses a belief in which of the following as requirements for a properly functioning legal system?

D

12cd87ea8f3b3631326386ab16d92eaa13edee81c935141efb5da2dd53e0b4df

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Analyze the text for key phrases that indicate the author's beliefs about a functioning legal system. The author mentions several key phrases that suggest what they believe are requirements for a functioning legal system. These include "happiness consists in the practice of virtue", "the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants", "proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law", and "to practice justice is to practice liberty". ## Step 2: Identify the key concepts that are explicitly mentioned as requirements. From the text, we can identify that morality (or proper morals), justice, and the practice of virtue are explicitly mentioned as requirements for a functioning legal system. This suggests that the author believes that morality and justice are fundamental to a functioning legal system. ## Step 3: Consider the broader implications of the author's statements. The author's statements imply that a functioning legal system requires more than just the absence of force or the presence of freedom. They suggest that a system must be based on morality and justice in order to truly function effectively. ## Step 4: Evaluate the options provided in light of the analysis. Option D, Morality and justice, directly corresponds with the key concepts identified in the text as requirements for a functioning legal system. The best answer is D.<|eot_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|><|finetune_right_pad_id|>

D

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "Purusa-Sukta" Purusa is the lord of the immortals, who grow by means of [ritual] food. When the gods performed a sacrifice with the offering Purusa, spring was its clarified butter, summer the kindling, autumn the oblation. It was Purusa, born in the beginning, which they sprinkled on the sacred grass as a sacrifice. It made the beasts of the air, the forest and the village. From that sacrifice completely offered, the mantras [Rig Veda] and the songs [Samaveda] were born. The sacrificial formulae [Yajurveda] were born from it. From it the horses were born and all that have cutting teeth in both jaws. The cows were born from it, also. From it were born goats and sheep. When they divided Purusa, how many ways did they apportion him? What was his mouth? What were his arms? What were his thighs, his feet declared to be? His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were the Rajanaya [Ksatriya], his thighs the Vaisya; from his feet the Sudra was born. Thus, they fashioned the worlds. The gods sacrificed with the sacrifice to the sacrifice. These were the first rites. —Hymns excerpted and adapted from the Rig Veda, oldest surviving literary work, India, 1500–1000 BCE Which of the following would best contradict the argument that the caste system imposed rigid economic and social roles on Indian society in the period 600 BCE to 600 CE?

C

28bc33c452f84e8db9f0c342428fe01ecc659619dc307aaf9f39c80d0360dbd8

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Identify the argument that the caste system imposed rigid economic and social roles on Indian society in the period 600 BCE to 600 CE. The argument is based on the idea that the division of society into four castes (Brahman, Rajanaya, Vaisya, and Sudra) was created by the gods and was rigid, with each caste having specific roles and responsibilities. ## Step 2: Analyze the options provided to see which one would best contradict the argument. Option A states that for a Kshatriya (warrior class), there is nothing better than a righteous battle, which implies that the Kshatriya class is defined by its role in battle and that this role is not rigid or limiting. This could contradict the argument that the caste system imposed rigid economic and social roles on Indian society. ## Step 3: Consider the context of the Rigveda and the creation myths. The Rigveda is an ancient Hindu text that describes the creation of the world and the creation of the castes. The text describes the division of Purusa (the sacrifice) into the different castes, but it does not imply that these roles are rigid or limiting. ## Step 4: Evaluate the other options to see if they also contradict the argument. Option B states that the four divisions of human society are created by Krishna, which implies that the creation of the castes is attributed to a specific deity and may be seen as rigid. However, this option does not necessarily contradict the argument, as it could be seen as reinforcing the idea that the castes were created by the gods. Option C describes the birth of a famous person to a fisherwoman, which does not directly relate to the argument about the caste system. Option D describes the role of the Hindu god Shiva, which does not directly relate to the argument about the caste system. ## Step 5: Choose the option that best contradicts the argument. Based on the analysis, option A is the best answer because it implies that the Kshatriya class is defined by its role in battle, which could be seen as a more flexible or dynamic role than the rigid roles implied by the argument. The best answer is A.<|eot_id|>

A

Generative

mmlu_chat_cot_flan_zeroshot

mmlu_chat_cot.high_school_world_history

This question refers to the following information. "The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa." Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974 Rodney's argument in the passage is most likely a response to which of the following developments of the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?

B

d7f0362ddc5eb46154e25ba3bba691b1e5a2a3899156b68170841d49954461a4

MMLU (0-shot, CoT)

## Step 1: Understand the context of Rodney's argument Rodney's argument focuses on the responsibility for African underdevelopment, suggesting that the imperialist system and those who manipulate it are accountable. ## Step 2: Identify key events of the period 1450 to 1750 C.E. During this period, several significant developments occurred, including the colonization of Africa's interior by European powers, the expansion of the African diaspora to the New World, the spread of Christianity into Sub-Saharan Africa, and the importation of New World products into Africa. ## Step 3: Relate Rodney's argument to the potential causes Given Rodney's emphasis on the exploitation by Western European capitalists, the most relevant event would be the one that directly involved Western European powers in the exploitation of Africa. ## Step 4: Select the most relevant event Among the options, the colonization of Africa's interior by European powers (Option A) directly involves Western European powers in the exploitation of Africa, making it the most relevant event to Rodney's argument. The best answer is 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A