question
stringlengths 2
1.01k
| answer
stringlengths 1
3.75k
| passage
listlengths 1
10
| data_type
stringclasses 17
values | cot
stringlengths 4
1.16k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him? | Diana DeGarmo | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage – which she accepted.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else? | Goodwill Ambassadors | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who helped write the song "No Boundaries"? | DioGuardi | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed]",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected? | object-oriented language | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields. The term \"object-relational impedance mismatch\" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as object-relational mappings (ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police? | Patrick Colquhoun | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was \"perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution.\" Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached \"the greatest degree of perfection\" in his estimation.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent? | Halakhic | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought? | 2 December | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
For how long did the Paris Commune exist? | two months | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How many suites does the Sheraton have? | 10 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use? | the laser | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit? | $100 million | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece? | a broadband connection | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use, with the gap closing rapidly in recent years. The percentage of households with access to the Internet more than doubled between 2006 and 2013, from 23% to 56% respectively (compared with an EU average of 49% and 79%). At the same time, there has been a massive increase in the proportion of households with a broadband connection, from 4% in 2006 to 55% in 2013 (compared with an EU average of 30% and 76%). However, Greece also has the EU's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet: 36% in 2013, down from 65% in 2006 (compared with an EU average of 21% and 42%).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What does 'pygidium' mean? | little tail | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning \"in front of\" and στομα meaning \"mouth\") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning \"little tail\") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning \"around\" and στομα meaning \"mouth\"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges? | Virtual photons | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system? | five | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who was scientific ringing pioneered by? | Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against? | Basic Award Fund | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of £28.1 million, with a turnover of £120.5 million and a profit of £28.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of £30 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Beyonce's first album by herself was called what? | Dangerously in Love | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty? | impose sanctions or go to war | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search? | telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National? | October 2006 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How many segments make up an insects abdomen? | 11–12 segments | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven? | Joseph Cinqué | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See \"Museums\" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Which empire sent the Han gifts? | Parthian | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced? | only for scientific or research purposes | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species, while allowing economic development that may harm (\"take\") the species.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling | ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar? | a ribbon | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new \"File History\" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What happens to multiple cup winners? | the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London. Under the original rules, the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final, the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock (who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
In what year was phonautograms patented? | 1857 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed? | Antarctic Peninsula | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? | eight | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16–21% in overall viewer numbers and 24–27% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18-49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks? | take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what? | programs | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the term for the head of China's government? | Premier of the State Council | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the Irish term for prime minister? | Taoiseach | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the last period of Buddhism? | Esoteric Buddhism | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools? | United States | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation? | Sticky & Sweet Tour | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "\"4 Minutes\" was released as the album's lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Madonna's 37th top-ten hit on the chart—it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits. In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; \"4 Minutes\" becoming her thirteenth. At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna received her fifth Artist of the Year trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan, the most for any artist. To further promote the album, Madonna embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour; her first major venture with Live Nation. With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour; it was later surpassed by Roger Waters' The Wall Live. It was extended to the next year, adding new European dates, and after it ended, the total gross was $408 million.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty? | the line of Mongol rulers in China | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\".",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the longest standing alliance in the world? | Portugal made an alliance with England | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the prognosis for asthma? | generally good | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is Atlantic City known for? | Gambling Capital of the East Coast | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Atlantic City is considered as the \"Gambling Capital of the East Coast,\" and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
After being interrupted, where do 24th and 25th Streets continue from? | Fifth Avenue | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "24th Street is in two parts. 24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue, because of Madison Square Park. 25th Street, which is in three parts, starts at FDR Drive, is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, and ends at Madison. Then West 24th and 25th Streets continue from Fifth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue (25th) or Twelfth Avenue (24th).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur? | municipalities | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer? | snacks | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What do the treaties defend against? | prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories. | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released? | Shirley Bassey | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\". The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film, which went unused.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent? | Catholics | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What was the name of the Royal Charter? | Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to \"George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses\" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
WHy did King louis approve the privilege? | in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: \"urzędy ziemskie\") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans? | agriculture and fishing. | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal? | carmine | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
About how many private schools does New York have? | 900 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians? | 25.5% | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population can speak Russian. Command of Russian language, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians (primarily being replaced by the command of English). For example, if 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claim to speak some Russian, then among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian has fallen to 19% (which is about one-third the percentage of those who claim to have command of English in the same age group).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Directive 10/2 called for actions against who? | the USSR | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against \"hostile foreign states or groups\" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was quite unique; Frank Wisner, the head of the OPC, answered not to the CIA Director, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC, and the OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees? | He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression? | enjoyment | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem? | 1662 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the term for understanding? | prajñā | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure? | CCIRC | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight? | heavily laden aircraft | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City? | 500 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw? | Napoleon | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis? | inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author." | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be \"produced by using the earliest \"good\" print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\" But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, \"we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints.\"",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What was stated in the press conference? | that earthquake prediction was a global issue | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin? | start of World War II, | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth? | Sir Patrick Abercrombie | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951–57 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What did Chaucer call the area in 1391? | pol antartik | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior? | religious ostracism | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common? | a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong? | pluralism | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model? | shyness | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Which industries does West Park give priority to? | electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of software industry. Located on both sides of the \"Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou\" golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting at industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. The West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What was Gaddafi's ethnicity? | Bedouin | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards \"Islamic socialism\", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a \"Popular Revolution\" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who tried to stop the rally? | Authorities | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as \"Bloody Thursday,\" local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century? | Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is another popular madonlin tuning? | C-G-C-G | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What year did Greece fall back into recession? | 2015 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of −0.3% in 2008, −4.3% in 2009, −5.5% in 2010, −9.1% in 2011, −7.3% in 2012 and −3.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached €356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to €280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre? | Writing's on the Wall | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release. It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015. It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release; although criticised for its length, lack of screen time for new characters, and writing, it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography. The theme song, \"Writing's on the Wall\", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category. As of 20 February 2016[update], Spectre has grossed over $879 million worldwide.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
The founding fathers had faith in what military groups? | local militia | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? | mixed | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who created the argument for deep time? | geologist James Hutton | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Château de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees? | 9th century | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley? | Anahat | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha, from the University of Maryland, formed in 2001. Also, Dil se, another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley, hosts the \"Anahat\" competition at the University of California, Berkeley annually. Maize Mirchi, the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\", an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence? | depression of the Renaissance | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Are students taught Spanish in american schools? | More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol? | Jessica Sanchez | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Which district surrounds Columbia University? | Morningside Heights | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Which state borders Tennessee to the east? | North Carolina | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Tennessee (i/tɛnᵻˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 601,222. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 653,450.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter? | palatal | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including ⟨g⟩ in place of the insular G, ⟨s⟩ for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨r⟩. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ by placing dots above the palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The letter wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨w⟩, but æsc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What are the two top types of NPOs? | membership and board-only | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as \"members\"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who are usually included the group comparsa? | notable men from the community | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Comparsas are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups \"of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration\". One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. \"On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can\".",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away? | December 2011 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the name of the college in Cork? | University College Cork | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city, which contains the Cork Public Museum. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sundays Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What is the philosophy of dualism? | Viśiṣṭādvaita | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy? | textile manufacturing | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Who provided the Armenians with supplies? | Moscow | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
What are setae? | bristles | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast (\"hair-forming\") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae (\"bristles\") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what? | factual knowledge | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded? | 1880 | [
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
]
| squad_v2 | none |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.