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stringlengths 12
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| article
stringclasses 481
values | is_paraphrase
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class label 10
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listlengths 1
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listlengths 0
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free hits
|
After how many metres can the ball go in when taking a free hit?
|
Field hockey
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
9,
10
] |
[
"Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit).",
"The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against.",
"The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, you must flick or scoop to lift from a free hit.",
"(In previous rules versions hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit prohibited).",
"Opponents must move from the ball when a free hit is awarded.",
"A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when the free-hit is taken.",
"As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker.",
"These free hits are taken in line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play).",
"When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle everyone including the person taking the penalty must be five metres from the circle and everyone apart from the person taking the free hit must be five metres away from the ball.",
"When taking an attacking free hit the ball may not be hit straight into the circle if you are within your attacking 23 metre area (25 yard area).",
"It must travel 5 metres before going in."
] |
[
2,
5
] |
Main Street, U.S.A.
|
Where are names of influential Disney people displayed at parks?
|
Magic Kingdom
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
14
] |
[
"Symbolically, Main Street, U.S.A. represents the park's \"opening credits,\" where guests pass under the train station (the opening curtain,) then view the names of key personnel along the windows of the buildings' upper floors.",
"Many windows bear the name of a fictional business, such as \"Seven Summits Expeditions, Frank G. Wells President\", with each representing a tribute to significant people connected to the Disney company and the development of the Walt Disney World Resort.",
"It features stylistic influences from around the country.",
"Taking its inspiration from New England to Missouri, this design is most noticeable in the four corners in the middle of Main Street, where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style.",
"There is no opera house as there is at Disneyland; instead, there is the Town Square Theater.",
"Also, this is where Christopher George Weaver, the \"mayor\" of Main Street U.S.A., and one of the park's most important figures, resides.",
"Main Street is lined with shops selling merchandise and food.",
"The decor is early-20th century small-town America, inspired by Walt Disney's childhood and the film \"Lady and the Tramp\".",
"City Hall contains the Guest Relations lobby, where cast members provide information and assistance.",
"A working barber shop gives haircuts for a fee.",
"The Emporium carries a wide variety of Disney souvenirs such as plush toys, collectible pins and Mickey-ear hats.",
"Tony’s Town Square Restaurant and The Plaza Restaurant are table-service locations.",
"At the end of Main Street is Casey's Corner, where guests enjoy traditional American ballpark fare including hot dogs and fries while watching old cartoons on the bleachers.",
"The Main Street Confectionary sells sweets priced by their weight, such as candied apples, crisped rice treats, chocolates, cookies and fudge.",
"Most windows bear the name of people who were influential at Disney parks.",
"An example of a classic Main Street, U.S.A. attraction is the narrow gauge Walt Disney World Railroad, which transports guest throughout the park, making stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, and Frontierland.",
"The railroad's previous stop at Mickey's Toontown Fair was replaced by the Fantasyland stop in 2012.",
"Main Street, U.S.A. also has the Main Street Vehicles attraction, which includes a narrow gauge tramway with horse-drawn streetcars, and several old-fashioned motor vehicles.",
"In the distance beyond the end of Main Street stands Cinderella Castle.",
"Though only 189 feet (55m) tall, it benefits from a technique known as forced perspective.",
"The second stories of all the buildings along Main Street are shorter than the first stories, and the third stories are even shorter than the second, and the top windows of the castle are much smaller than they appear.",
"The resulting visual effect is that the buildings appear to be larger and taller than they really are.",
"The park contains two additional tributes: the \"Partners\" statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse in front of Cinderella Castle and the \"Sharing the Magic\" statue of Roy O. Disney sitting with Minnie Mouse in the Town Square section of Main Street, U.S.A.",
"Both were sculpted by veteran Imagineer Blaine Gibson.",
"In 2012, Disney replaced the shop in the Firehouse with a sign up for the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom game."
] |
[
4
] |
History
|
When did de Gondi purchase the seigneury of Versailles?
|
Palace of Versailles
| false | 2TRAVEL
|
[
1
] |
[
"The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is in a document dated 1038, relating to the village of Versailles.",
"In 1575, the seigneury of Versailles was bought by Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine, who invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles.",
"Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624.",
"Eight years later, Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château.",
"This structure would become the core of the new palace.",
"Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world.",
"Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles.",
"The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.",
"After the disgrace of Nicolas Fouquet in 1661, Louis confiscated Fouquet's estate and employed the talents of Le Vau, Le Nôtre, and Le Brun, who all had worked on Fouquet's grand château Vaux-le-Vicomte, for his building campaigns at Versailles and elsewhere.",
"For Versailles, there were four distinct building campaigns."
] |
[
2
] |
Estonia – the first demonstrations
|
What colors are on the Estonian flag?
|
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
7
] |
[
"In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia.",
"Signatures were collected and in Tartu, students assembled in the university's main hall to express their lack of confidence in the government.",
"At the 1st May 1987 demonstration, young people showed up bearing banners and slogans, despite a ban against such actions.",
"On 15 August 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson.",
"In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia to make the transition to autonomy.",
"Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (A Self-Managing Estonia) became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means \"miracle\".",
"On 21 October, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence took place in Võru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia.",
"For the first time in years, the blue, black and white national tricolor was publicly visible."
] |
[
0
] |
Abstract
|
Who was the co-writer and producer of "All I Want For Christamas Is You"?
|
All I Want for Christmas Is You
| false | 0MUSIC
|
[
2
] |
[
"\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" is a song originally performed by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey.",
"It was released by Columbia Records in 1994 as the lead single from her fourth studio album, \"Merry Christmas\".",
"Carey co-wrote and co-produced the song with Walter Afanasieff.",
"An uptempo love song, the instrumentation includes bell chimes and heavy back-up vocals, as well as use of synthesizers.",
"The song's lyrics declare that the protagonist does not care about Christmas presents or lights; all she wants for Christmas is to be united with her lover for the holidays.",
"Two music videos were commissioned for the song, both being filmed during the month of December 1993.",
"The song's primary music video features grainy home footage of Carey, her dogs and family during the holiday season, as well as Carey dressed in a Santa suit frolicking on a snowy mountainside.",
"Then husband Tommy Mottola makes a cameo appearance as Santa Claus, bringing Carey a gift and leaving on a red sleigh.",
"The second video was filmed in black and white format, and features Carey dressed in 1960s style, while paying homage to The Ronettes, alongside back up singers and male dancers.",
"Carey performed \"All I Want for Christmas is You\" during a slew of live television appearances and tours throughout her career.",
"She first sang it live during the Japanese leg of her Daydream World Tour (1996), Butterfly World Tour (1998) and (2003–04), as well as the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade in 2004 and 2010.",
"Both live appearances were aired on ABC.",
"So So Def released a remix version in 2000, and a dance mix in 2009.",
"In 2010, Carey re-recorded the song for her second holiday album, \"Merry Christmas II You\", titled \"All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive)\".",
"In 2011, Carey re-recorded the song as duet with Justin Bieber, titled \"All I Want for Christmas for You (SuperFestive!)\".",
"The song has also been covered by many artists over the years, including Demi Lovato, Shania Twain, Michael Bublé, The Cheetah Girls, Cee Lo Green with Big Time Rush, Lady Antebellum, Nota, Miley Cyrus, The Electrical Fire, Atomic Tom, John Mayer and \"Glee\"'s Amber Riley.",
"Critically, \"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" has been lauded, with \"The New Yorker\" calling it \"one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon\".",
"The song was commercially successful, reaching the No.",
"2 position on the singles charts of Australia, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and the top 10 in several other countries.",
"It became the nineteenth-best-selling digital single of the 20th century, the highest-charting entry by a female or holiday song on the list.",
"\"The Daily Telegraph\" hailed \"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" as the most popular and most played Christmas song of the decade in the United Kingdom.",
"\"Rolling Stone\" ranked it fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a \"holiday standard.\"",
"With global sales of over 14 million copies, the song remains Carey's biggest international hit and one of the best-selling singles of all time."
] |
[
3
] |
Medicine and materials
|
What stimulants are derived from plants that have proven popular?
|
Botany
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
6
] |
[
"Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism.",
"Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock.",
"Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.",
"Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants.",
"Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products.",
"For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.",
"Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco.",
"Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).",
"Plants can synthesise useful coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce Lincoln green, indoxyl, source of the blue dye indigo traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments gamboge and rose madder.",
"Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.",
"Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder.",
"Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock.",
"Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton.",
"Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel."
] |
[
0
] |
Upper lot
|
How much time does the Studio Tour take?
|
Universal Studios Hollywood
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
5
] |
[
"The Upper lot is home to a variety of family based shows.",
"It is also home to many dining and merchandise shops as well as the park's entrance.",
"For older guests the park offers \"Universal's House of Horrors\", a year-round haunted house.",
"The Upper lot is home to all of the park's 5 shows including \"The Blues Brothers Revue\", the \"Universal's Animal Actors Show\", the \"Special Effects Stage\", \"\" and \"Shrek 4-D\", a 3-D film which features additional immerse features.",
"There are 2 rides located on the upper lot which include: the \"Studio Tour\" and the \"The Simpsons Ride\" are offered.",
"The \"Studio Tour\" is a 45 minute ride which uses tram vehicles to take the visitors to the theme park's back-lot.",
"The tour is the signature ride at the theme park and the wait time varies by day and seasons.",
"The wait time ranges from 5–80 minutes, depending on the amount of visitors.",
"The tour includes:, the world's largest 3-D experience.",
"The tram closes earlier than other shows and rides at the park.",
"The trams depart the station and pass directly under the \"Starway\".",
"After passing the starway, the tram arrives at the lower lot and passes through the stages where film productions take place.",
"When filming occurs, the ride operator will notify visitors.",
"The tram then takes the guests to Courthouse Square section and then other buildings in the backlot.",
"Afterwards, the tram enters a tunnel leading to the attraction: King Kong 360 3D.",
"After King Kong 360 3D, the tram travels through sets from Jurassic park and encounter Dilophosauruses.",
"Following that, the tram travels to the Flash Flood attraction (it is to be noted guests on the left side of the tram usually get wet).",
"The tram continues to attraction, and Bates motel from Psycho.",
"The Simpsons Ride is a family simulator ride located next to the entrance to the Studio Tour ride.",
"The ride contains 24 vehicles, where each vehicles seats 8 guests.",
"The ride lasts for 4 minutes.",
"None of the rides at the Upper lot have single rider lines.",
"There are several themed retail outlets located near their respective rides in the Upper lot.",
"For the Simpsons merchandise is offered at the Kwik-E-Mart."
] |
[
5
] |
Track listings
|
Does a dubstep remix for "Party Rock Anthem" exist?
|
Party Rock Anthem
| true | 0MUSIC
|
[
18
] |
[
";Download",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" – 4:28",
";CD single",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Album Version) – 4:23",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Audiobot Remix) – 6:01",
";Remixes",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 3:25",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 5:49",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Benny Benassi Radio Edit) – 3:36",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Benny Benassi Club Mix) – 6:17",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Christopher Lawrence Radio Edit) – 3:38",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Christopher Lawrence Club Mix) – 7:11",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Arion Dubstep Remix) – 3:23",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Russ Chimes Dub) – 6:25",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Alesso Remix) – 5:49",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Avollo Remix) - 6.17",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (DJ Enferno Remix) – 4:52",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Kim Fai Remix) – 6:53",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Millions Like Us Dubstep Remix) – 4:38",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Alyn's Goin Hard Remix) – 4:20",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (Mt Parahaki Dubstep Remix) – 4:22",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" (DJ Bent Dutch Remix) - 5:54"
] |
[] |
Composition and lyrical interpretation
|
What comparison of the song's chorus did Andrew Unterberger make?
|
We Are Young
| true | 0MUSIC
|
[
8
] |
[
"",
"\"We Are Young\" is a power ballad that combines the genres of indie pop, alternative rock, and power pop.",
"The song is written in the key of F major, based almost entirely on the 50s progression (I vi IV V) with the exception of its bridge, and follows a tempo of 116 beats per minute, changing to 92 bpm from the pre chorus to the end.",
"The song has a slow hip hop groove from the first chorus onward, and the song in its entirety is in common time.",
"The instrumentation of the original mix session consists of drums, bass guitar, synth bass, electric guitars, synths, piano, horns and other brass, and a hugh amount of vocal tracks, as well as the rough mix and two reference tracks, by Queen and Kanye West, that are both muted in the final master.",
"In the song, \"careful arrangements layer sharp, bright piano melodies with big, booming drums and multiple vocal harmonies.\"",
"Ruess shifts from \"vulnerable verbal tumbling in the song's sonically sparse intro to the grandiose declaration, 'Tonight, we are young / So let's set the world on fire / We can burn brighter than the sun' in the massive chorus.\"",
"According to \"Spin\", the song incorporates a \"marrying fist-pump stadium rock to the prim indie-pop of Grizzly Bear's \"Two Weeks,\" keeping the deliberate beats and soaring melodies but replacing choirboy primness with a percussive whomp.\"",
"Andrew Unterberger of \"Popdust\" compared the song's chorus to that of Pat Benatar's \"Love Is a Battlefield\" and Supergrass' \"Alright,\" and noted that nearly every word in the chorus is imbued with maximum passion and importance.",
"Tim Jonze Guardian.co.uk described the chorus as anthemic and compared it to work done by Arcade Fire and stated that the lyrics were \"life-affirming and fit for a teen movie soundtrack.",
"\"Lead singer Nate Ruess says the lyrics were inspired by one specific night, after \"my worst drinking night of all time.\"",
"Ruess told \"Rolling Stone\" that he was kicked out of a taxi cab for puking all over it.",
"\"The cabbie was demanding all this money, and all I could do was stand on the corner with my head against the wall.",
"It took me another day before I was a functioning adult and could actually write down the verses,\" he said."
] |
[
0
] |
Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia)
|
Who did contestants have to perform in front of in order to receive their next clue?
|
The Amazing Race 21
| false | 1TV
|
[
14
] |
[
"Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia).",
"Airdate: November 11, 2012",
" Istanbul (Istanbul Atatürk Airport) to Moscow, Russia (Sheremetyevo International Airport)",
"Moscow (Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park) ",
"Moscow (Moskvoretsky Bridge)",
" Moscow (Russian State Library \"or\" Trud sports complex)",
"Moscow (Luzhkov Bridge – Trees of Love) ",
"Moscow (Bolshoi Theatre) ",
"The Leg's Detour options were Alphabetized and Synchronized.",
"In Alphabetized, teams went to the Russian State Library and were given a list of books by author, title, and year.",
"They had to use the paper card catalog system, in Russian, to locate four of the books on the list.",
"Once they thought they had the correct location in the stacks, a librarian would direct them to the proper room to allow the team to get the books.",
"Teams then checked their retrieved books with the head librarian to get their next clue.",
"In Synchronized, teams participated in a synchronized swimming routine with six other swimmers of the Russian national developmental team.",
"After practicing the routine, they performed it for a judge – who would either pass them and give them their next clue, or would require the teams to practice more.",
"In both detours, there was a time limit depending on the operating hours of each facility; if they were unable to complete either task before the facilities closed, they would incur a 4 hour penalty (with the Synchronize detour operating longer than the Alphabetize Detour).",
"In the Roadblock, one team member had to select one of the marked Trees of Love – trees covered in padlocks – and unlock 10 of the locks with the provided set of keys to free a banner held to the tree.",
"Once they freed the banner and unfolded it, they would find the next clue concealed inside.",
"Additional tasks",
"The clue from the Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park directed teams to obtain their next clue from Ivan the Terrible's two guards at the Moskvoretsky Most, neighboring the Kremlin.",
"The clue given to teams at the end of the Roadblock was a 100 ruble banknote; teams were left to figure out that their next destination was the building depicted on the reverse of the note: the Bolshoi Theatre."
] |
[
3
] |
Abstract
|
Electromagnetic force plays a major role in what?
|
Electromagnetism
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
5
] |
[
"Electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.",
"This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors.",
"The word \"electromagnetism\" is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, \"ēlektron\", \"amber\", and μαγνήτης, \"magnetic\", from \"magnítis líthos\" (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means \"magnesian stone\", a type of iron ore.",
"The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.",
"During the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force.",
"The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.",
"Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter.",
"Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.",
"This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.",
"There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field.",
"In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.",
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the \"medium\" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905."
] |
[
0
] |
Tourism in recent years
|
How do I get to Devil's Pool?
|
Victoria Falls
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
6
] |
[
"By the end of the 1990s almost 300,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade.",
"Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach.",
"The two countries permit tourists to make day trips from each side and visas can be obtained at the border posts.",
"Costs vary from US$45-US$80 (as of 01 December 2013).",
"Visitors with single entry visas will need to purchase a visa each time they cross the border.",
"Regular changes in visa regulations mean visitors should check the rules before crossing the border.",
"A famous feature is the naturally formed Devil's Pool, near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side.",
"When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls.",
"Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier.",
"The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there.",
"However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased.",
"In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while the Zambian side was at near-capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$630 per night.",
"The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls' status as a World Heritage Site.",
"In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern."
] |
[
5
] |
Abstract
|
Do dairy products yield high energy?
|
Dairy product
| false | 9FOOD
|
[
1
] |
[
"A dairy product is food produced from the milk of mammals.",
"Dairy products are usually high energy-yielding food products.",
"A production plant for the processing of milk is called a dairy or a dairy factory.",
"Apart from breastfed infants, the human consumption of dairy products is sourced primarily from the milk of cows, yet goats, sheep, yaks, horses, camels, and other mammals are other sources of dairy products consumed by humans.",
"Dairy products are commonly found in European, Middle Eastern, and Indian cuisine, whereas aside from Mongolian cuisine they are little-known in traditional Asian cuisine."
] |
[] |
Movement
|
How many body lengths per second can swimming bacteria travel?
|
Bacteria
| false | 8SCIENCE
|
[
1
] |
[
"Many bacteria can move using a variety of mechanisms: flagella are used for swimming through fluids; bacterial gliding and twitching motility move bacteria across surfaces; and changes of buoyancy allow vertical motion.",
"Swimming bacteria frequently move near 10 body lengths per second and a few as fast as 100.",
"This makes them at least as fast as fish, on a relative scale.",
"In bacterial gliding and twitching motility, bacteria use their type IV pili as a grappling hook, repeatedly extending it, anchoring it and then retracting it with remarkable force (>80 pN).",
"Flagella are semi-rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship.",
"Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat, paddle-like, forms appropriate at human-size scale.",
"Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous).",
"The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly.",
"The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.",
"This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.",
"Many bacteria (such as \"E. coli\") have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling.",
"The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three-dimensional random walk.",
"(See external links below for link to videos.)",
"The flagella of a unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, are found between two membranes in the periplasmic space.",
"They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.",
"Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes: these include chemotaxis, phototaxis, energy taxis, and magnetotaxis.",
"In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores.",
"The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike \"E. coli\", which is motile in liquid or solid media.",
"Several \"Listeria\" and \"Shigella\" species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton, which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell.",
"By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells, they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell's cytoplasm."
] |
[
5
] |
Nonfood uses
|
What items can be made from a coconut shell?
|
Fruit
| true | 9FOOD
|
[
12
] |
[
"Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible.",
"Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed.",
"Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.",
"Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugs morphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthesized.",
"Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.",
"Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.",
"Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g.",
"walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.",
"Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes.",
"Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween.",
"The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.",
"Coir is a fiber from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants.",
"The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.",
"Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings."
] |
[
0
] |
Evolution of life
|
What lived on earth 3,000,000,000 years ago?
|
Evolution
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
1
] |
[
" of life.",
"Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.",
"*</ref> No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.",
"The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.",
"The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.",
"The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.",
"Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.",
"*</ref>The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.",
"The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.",
"Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.",
"Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.",
"Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.",
"*</ref>About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.",
"Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.",
"Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from \"reptile\"-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.",
"However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes."
] |
[
0
] |
Arts
|
At the beginning of the 20th century, who was one of the world's leading opera singers?
|
Australia
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
11
] |
[
"Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the cave paintings, rock engravings and body painting of its Indigenous peoples.",
"The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally, through ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories.",
"From the time of European settlement, a theme in Australian art has been the natural landscape, seen for example in the works of Albert Namatjira, Arthur Streeton and others associated with the Heidelberg School, and Arthur Boyd.",
"The country's landscape remains a source of inspiration for Australian modernist artists; it has been depicted in acclaimed works by the likes of Sidney Nolan, Fred Williams, Sydney Long, and Clifton Pugh.",
"Australian artists influenced by modern American and European art include cubist Grace Crowley, surrealist James Gleeson, and pop artist Martin Sharp.",
"Contemporary Indigenous Australian art is the only art movement of international significance to emerge from Australia and \"the last great art movement of the 20th century\"; its exponents have included Emily Kngwarreye.",
"Art critic Robert Hughes has written several influential books about Australian history and art, and was described as the \"world's most famous art critic\" by \"The New York Times\".",
"The National Gallery of Australia and state galleries maintain Australian and overseas collections.",
"Australia has one of the world's highest attendances of art galleries and museums per head of population—far more than Britain or America.",
"Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.",
"There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well-known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.",
"At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers.",
"Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies.",
"Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.",
"Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson, Henry Lawson, and Dorothea Mackellar captured the experience of the Australian bush.",
"The character of the nation's colonial past, as represented in early literature, is popular with modern Australians.",
"In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first Australian to have achieved this.",
"Australian winners of the Man Booker Prize have included Peter Carey and Thomas Keneally; David Williamson, David Malouf, and J. M. Coetzee, who recently became an Australian citizen, are also renowned writers, and Les Murray is regarded as \"one of the leading poets of his generation\"."
] |
[
3
] |
Territorial disputes
|
China has been negotiating the specifics of its disputed borders since what year?
|
China
| true | 5COUNTRY
|
[
1
] |
[
"In addition to claiming all of Taiwan, China has been involved in a number of other international territorial disputes.",
"Since the 1990s, China has been involved in negotiations to resolve its disputed land borders, including a disputed border with India and an undefined border with Bhutan.",
"China is additionally involved in multilateral disputes over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as the Senkaku Islands and the Scarborough Shoal."
] |
[
0
] |
Critical response
|
What is the Rotten Tomatoes score for "Gravity"?
|
Gravity (film)
| true | 6MOVIES
|
[
2
] |
[
"",
"\"Gravity\" had its world premiere at the 70th Venice International Film Festival on August 28, 2013, where it received universal acclaim from critics and audiences who praised the acting, direction, screenplay, cinematography, visual effects, production design, the use of 3D, and Steven Price's musical score.",
"Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 97% based on reviews from 295 critics, with a \"Certified Fresh\" rating and an average score of 9.1/10.",
"The site's consensus states: \"Alfonso Cuarón's \"Gravity\" is an eerie, tense sci-fi thriller that's masterfully directed and visually stunning\".",
"On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 96 based on 49 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".",
"In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave \"Gravity\" an average grade of A- on an A+ to F scale.",
"Matt Zoller Seitz, writing on RogerEbert.com, gave four stars out of four, calling it \"a huge and technically dazzling film and that the film's panoramas of astronauts tumbling against starfields and floating through space station interiors are at once informative and lovely\".",
"Justin Chang writing for \"Variety\" said that the film \"restores a sense of wonder, terror and possibility to the big screen that should inspire awe among critics and audiences worldwide\".",
"Richard Corliss of \"Time\" said, \"Cuarón shows things that cannot be but, miraculously, are, in the fearful, beautiful reality of the space world above our world.",
"If the film past is dead, \"Gravity\" shows us the glory of cinema's future.",
"It thrills on so many levels.",
"And because Cuarón is a movie visionary of the highest order, you truly can't beat the view.\"",
"He praised Cuarón for \" daringly and dexterously with point-of-view: at one moment you're inside Ryan's helmet as she surveys the bleak silence, then in a subtle shift you're outside to gauge her reaction.",
"The 3-D effects, added in post-production, provide their own extraterrestrial startle: a hailstorm of debris hurtles at you, as do a space traveler's thoughts at the realization of being truly alone in the universe.",
"\"Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" gave the film a maximum of four stars, stating that the film was \"more than a movie.",
"It's some kind of miracle.\"",
"A. O. Scott writing for \"The New York Times\" highlighted the use of 3-D which he said, \"surpasses even what James Cameron accomplished in the flight sequences of \"Avatar\"\".",
"Scott also said that the film \"in a little more than 90 minutes rewrites the rules of cinema as we have known them\".",
"Some critics have compared \"Gravity\" with other notable films set in space.",
"Lindsey Webber of Vulture.com said the choice of Ed Harris for the voice of Mission Control is a reference to \"Apollo 13\".",
"\"Gravity\" references other films, including \"Alien\", and \"\".",
"James Cameron praised the film and stated, \"I think it's the best space photography ever done, I think it's the best space film ever done, and it's the movie I've been hungry to see for an awful long time\".",
"Quentin Tarantino said it was one of his top ten movies of 2013.",
"\"Empire\", \"Time\" and \"Total Film\" ranked the film as the best of 2013."
] |
[
0
] |
Etymology and discovery
|
In what form did Einstein theorize radiation existed?
|
Quantum
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
7
] |
[
"The word \"quantum\" comes from the Latin \"quantus\", for \"how much\".",
"\"Quanta\", short for \"quanta of electricity\" (electrons) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.",
"However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.",
"It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis.",
"Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists.",
"Helmholtz used \"quantum\" with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word \"quantum\" can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841.",
"Max Planck used \"quanta\" to mean \"quanta of matter and electricity\", gas, and heat.",
"In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term \"quanta of electricity\", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called \"quanta of light\" (\"Lightquanta\").",
"The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation.",
"By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called \"bundles\" or \"energy elements\", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated.",
"On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.",
"As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of \"h\", known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro–Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society.",
"After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery."
] |
[
0
] |
Premier events
|
When was the tiering system introduced to women's tennis?
|
Tennis
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
7
] |
[
"Women's tournament structure.",
"Premier events.",
"Premier events for women form the most prestigious level of events on the Women's Tennis Association Tour after the Grand Slam tournaments.",
"These events offer the largest rewards in terms of points and prize money.",
"Within the Premier category are Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and Premier tournaments.",
"The Premier events were introduced in 2009 replacing the previous Tier I and II tournament categories.",
"Currently four tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are Premier 5, and twelve tournaments are Premier.",
"The first tiering system in women's tennis was introduced in 1988.",
"At the time of its creation, only two tournaments, the Lipton International Players Championships in Florida and the German Open in Berlin, comprised the Tier I category."
] |
[
2
] |
Abstract
|
What is the difference between astronomy and cosmology?
|
Astronomy
| false | 8SCIENCE
|
[
1
] |
[
"Astronomy is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects (such as moons, planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic background radiation.",
"A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.",
"Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.",
"Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky.",
"However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.",
"Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.",
"During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.",
"Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics.",
"Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.",
"The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.",
"Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.",
"Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries.",
"Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.",
"Although the two fields share a common origin they are now entirely distinct."
] |
[
0
] |
RNA genomes
|
Is there genetic information in RNA?
|
RNA
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
1
] |
[
" genomes.",
"Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information.",
"RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins.",
"The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell.",
"Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase."
] |
[] |
Kata
|
How does a karateka attain a formal rank?
|
Karate
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
6
] |
[
"Kata (型:かた) means literally \"shape\" or \"model.\"",
"Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures.",
"These postures are based on idealized combat applications.",
"The applications applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a Bunkai.",
"The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used.",
"Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.",
"To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level.",
"The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used.",
"Requirements for examinations vary among schools."
] |
[
5
] |
Home media
|
Which news anchor was featured in the CNN special after Blackfish?
|
Blackfish (film)
| true | 6MOVIES
|
[
4
] |
[
"",
"\"Blackfish\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 26, 2013 in the UK (Region 2, PAL).",
"Its US release was on November 12, 2013.",
"The documentary was broadcast on CNN on October 24, 2013.",
"After the broadcast, CNN aired an Anderson Cooper special with Jack Hanna, Gabriela Cowperthwaite, Naomi Rose and Jack Hurley.",
"This was followed by a special edition of \"Crossfire\" with \"Blackfish\" associate producer Tim Zimmermann debating Grey Stafford, a conservationist, zoologist, and member of the International Marine Animal Trainers Association.",
"The documentary aired on BBC Four in the UK on November 21, 2013 as part of the \"Storyville\" documentary series."
] |
[] |
Abstract
|
What is another name for popcorn?
|
Popcorn
| true | 9FOOD
|
[
0
] |
[
"Popcorn, also known as popping corn, is a type of corn (maize, \"Zea mays var.",
"everta\") that expands from the kernel and puffs up when heated.",
"Popcorn is able to pop because, like amaranth grain, sorghum, quinoa, and millet, its kernels have a hard moisture-sealed hull and a dense starchy interior.",
"Pressure builds inside the kernel, and a small explosion (or \"pop\") is the end result.",
"Some strains of corn are now cultivated specifically as popping corns.",
"There are various techniques for popping corn.",
"Along with prepackaged popcorn, which is generally intended to be prepared in a microwave oven, there are small home appliances for popping corn.",
"These methods require the use of minimally processed popping corn.",
"A larger-scale, commercial popcorn machine was invented by Charles Cretors in the late 19th century.",
"Unpopped popcorn is considered nonperishable and will last indefinitely if stored in ideal conditions.",
"Depending on how it is prepared and cooked, some consider popcorn to be a health food, while others caution against it for a variety of reasons.",
"Popcorn can also have non-food applications, ranging from holiday decorations to packaging materials."
] |
[
0
] |
Release-1
|
When was the CD and cassette reissue through DCC Compact Classics?
|
The Terminator
| false | 6MOVIES
|
[
1
] |
[
"The soundtrack album was originally released through Enigma Records.",
"It was followed by a CD and cassette reissue on July 1, 1991 through DCC Compact Classics.",
"A remastered edition entitled \"The Definitive Edition\" was released on August 22, 1995 through Edel AG.",
"This edition contained a 73-minute running time and included a bonus track the \"Judgement Day Remix\" of \"Theme from The Terminator.\"",
"The liner notes of the album contained extensive annotations for each track."
] |
[
2
] |
Planned film
|
What date did writer Michael Chabon sign on to write the film's script?
|
Magic Kingdom
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
5
] |
[
"In 2010, director Jon Favreau and Walt Disney Pictures had a plan to produce and release a film concerning a family at Disneyland which finds the theme park characters and attractions coming to life.",
"Favreau, who said \"the Disney iconography was probably the first set of archetypes that I was exposed to\" and that Disney movies and attractions \"made a deep impression on me as a child\", noted that, \"When I first heard about the ['Magic Kingdom' film] project, I was on my way to visit Disneyland with my family.",
"I took notes and had no problem filling a book with all the ideas that this concept offered, even on first blush.",
"\"Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film.",
"Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.",
"On June 20, 2011, novelist Michael Chabon signed on to write the film's script."
] |
[
0
] |
Ecology
|
How many types of shrubs can be found near Mount Rushmore?
|
Mount Rushmore
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
11
] |
[
"The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota.",
"Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain.",
"Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.",
"Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.",
"The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area.",
"In addition, several species of snakes inhabit the region.",
"Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.",
"Mountain goats are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here.",
"They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to Custer State Park in 1924 but later escaped.",
"At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the Ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun.",
"Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood.",
"Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore.",
"There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet.",
"Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.",
"However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.",
"The area receives about of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life.",
"Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff.",
"Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals.",
"In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.",
"Through the study of tree rings, it has been determined that forest fires have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples.",
"Large conflagrations are not common.",
"Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.",
"The area is a climax community.",
"Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest."
] |
[
5
] |
War of the Third Coalition 1805
|
What treaty did Austria sign in the War of the Third Coalition?
|
Napoleonic Wars
| false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
17
] |
[
"Britain gathered together allies to form the Third Coalition against France.",
"In response, Napoleon seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain, and massed 180,000 effectives at Boulogne.",
"However, before he could invade, he needed to achieve naval superiority—or at least to pull the British fleet away from the English Channel.",
"A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the West Indies failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve turned back after an indecisive action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805.",
"The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in Cádiz until he left for Naples on 19 October; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October (the British commander, Lord Nelson, died in the battle).",
"Napoleon would never again have the opportunity to challenge the British at sea, nor to threaten an invasion.",
"He again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent.",
"The French army left Boulogne and moved towards Austria.",
"In April 1805, Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the Batavian Republic (roughly present-day Netherlands) and the Swiss Confederation (Switzerland).",
"Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of Genoa and the proclamation of Napoleon as King of Italy on 17 March 1805.",
"Sweden, which had already agreed to lease Swedish Pomerania as a military base for British troops against France, formally entered the coalition on 9 August.",
"The Austrians began the war by invading Bavaria with an army of about 70,000 under Karl Mack von Leiberich, and the French army marched out from Boulogne in late July 1805 to confront them.",
"At Ulm (25 September – 20 October) Napoleon surrounded Mack's army, forcing its surrender without significant losses.",
"With the main Austrian army north of the Alps defeated (another army under Archduke Charles manoeuvred inconclusively against André Masséna's French army in Italy), Napoleon occupied Vienna.",
"Far from his supply lines, he faced a larger Austro-Russian army under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov, with the Emperor Alexander I of Russia personally present.",
"On 2 December, Napoleon crushed the joint Austro-Russian army in Moravia at Austerlitz (usually considered his greatest victory).",
"He inflicted a total of 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force.",
"Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg (26 December 1805) and left the Coalition.",
"The Treaty required the Austrians to give up Venetia to the French-dominated Kingdom of Italy and the Tyrol to Bavaria.",
"With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued.",
"Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play."
] |
[
0
] |
New LED illumination
|
What did the Rijksmuseum do on October 26, 2011?
|
The Night Watch
| false | 3ART
|
[
0
] |
[
"On 26 October 2011, the Rijksmuseum unveiled new, sustainable LED lighting for \"The Night Watch\".",
"With new technology, it is the first time LED lighting has been able to render the fine nuances of the painting's complex color palette.",
"The lighting was developed by Philips Lighting and was inaugurated by Rijksmuseum Director Wim Pijbes and Philips President and CEO Frans van Houten.",
"Rogier van der Heide, Chief Design Officer at Philips Lighting, was responsible for creating the system.",
"The new illumination uses LED lights with a color temperature of 3,200 kelvins, similar to warm-white light sources like tungsten halogen.",
"It has a color rendering index of over 90, which makes it suitable for the illumination of artifacts such as \"The Night Watch\".",
"Using the new LED lighting, the museum saves 80% on energy and offers the painting a safer environment due to the absence of UV radiation and heat."
] |
[
0
] |
Abstract
|
What is involved in the study of Quantum mechanics?
|
Quantum mechanics
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
0
] |
[
"Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics which deals with physical phenomena at nanoscopic scales where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.",
"It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the \"quantum realm\" of atomic and subatomic length scales.",
"Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of much of the dual \"particle-like\" and \"wave-like\" behavior and interactions of energy and matter.",
"Quantum mechanics provides a substantially useful framework for many features of the modern periodic table of elements including the behavior of atoms during chemical bonding and has played a significant role in the development of many modern technologies.",
"In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic (see macroscopic quantum phenomena) and emerge at only extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies or temperatures (such as in the use of superconducting magnets).",
"For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized.",
"In contrast, the angular momentum of an unbound electron is not quantized.",
"In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons, electrons, and other atomic-scale objects.",
"The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract.",
"A mathematical function, the wavefunction, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle.",
"Mathematical manipulations of the wavefunction usually involve bra–ket notation which requires an understanding of complex numbers and linear functionals.",
"The wavefunction formulation treats the particle as a quantum harmonic oscillator, and the mathematics is akin to that describing acoustic resonance.",
"Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics.",
"For instance, in a quantum mechanical model the lowest energy state of a system, the ground state, is non-zero as opposed to a more \"traditional\" ground state with zero kinetic energy (all particles at rest).",
"Instead of a traditional static, unchanging zero energy state, quantum mechanics allows for far more dynamic, chaotic possibilities, according to John Wheeler.",
"The earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th century.",
"About this time, the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light (as updated by Einstein) first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation, respectively.",
"Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid-1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan, (matrix mechanics); Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrödinger (wave mechanics); and Wolfgang Pauli and Satyendra Nath Bose (statistics of subatomic particles).",
"Moreover, the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted.",
"By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of David Hilbert, Paul Dirac and John von Neumann with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer.",
"Quantum mechanics has since permeated throughout many aspects of 20th-century physics and other disciplines including quantum chemistry, quantum electronics, quantum optics, and quantum information science.",
"Much 19th-century physics has been re-evaluated as the \"classical limit\" of quantum mechanics and its more advanced developments in terms of quantum field theory, string theory, and speculative quantum gravity theories.",
"The name \"quantum mechanics\" derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in \"discrete\" amounts (Latin \"quanta\"), and not in a continuous (\"cf.\"",
"analog) way."
] |
[
0
] |
Current status
|
Is the theory of relativity complete?
|
General relativity
| false | 8SCIENCE
|
[
1
] |
[
"General relativity has emerged as a highly successful model of gravitation and cosmology, which has so far passed many unambiguous observational and experimental tests.",
"However, there are strong indications the theory is incomplete.",
"The problem of quantum gravity and the question of the reality of spacetime singularities remain open.",
"Observational data that is taken as evidence for dark energy and dark matter could indicate the need for new physics.",
"Even taken as is, general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration.",
"Mathematical relativists seek to understand the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and increasingly powerful computer simulations (such as those describing merging black holes) are run.",
"The race for the first direct detection of gravitational waves continues, in the hope of creating opportunities to test the theory's validity for much stronger gravitational fields than has been possible to date.",
"More than ninety years after its publication, general relativity remains a highly active area of research."
] |
[] |
Description and rules
|
What is the goal of the game?
|
Netball
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
0
] |
[
"The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition.",
"Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring.",
"The goal rings are in diameter and sit atop -high goal posts that have no backboards.",
"A -radius semi-circular \"shooting circle\" is an area at each end of the court.",
"The goal posts are located within the shooting circle.",
"Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.",
"The netball court is long, wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds.",
"The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures in circumference, and weighs .",
"A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.",
"Each team is allowed seven players on the court.",
"Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court.",
"A \"bib\" worn by each player contains a two letter abbreviation of indicating this position.",
"Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal.",
"Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals.",
"Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.",
"At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court.",
"These \"centre passes\" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal.",
"When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass.",
"The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.",
"The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court.",
"Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time.",
"It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.",
"Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play.",
"When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball.",
"If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.",
"If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal."
] |
[
0
] |
Composition
|
Which music genres would 'We Found Love' fall into?
|
We Found Love
| false | 0MUSIC
|
[
1
] |
[
"",
"\"We Found Love\" is an electro house and dance-pop song.",
"It also displays elements of Europop, pop, techno, trance, and Eurodisco.",
"According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com, the song is written in the key of E♭ minor and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute.",
"The instrumentation of \"We Found Love\" consists of alarm bells, a keyboard, repetitive pumped-up synthesizers and 4/4 beats.",
"Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans one octave, from the lower note of C♯4 to the higher note of C♯5.",
"Priya Elan of \"NME\" commented that Rihanna sounds \"extremely relaxed\" and Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected.",
"Leah Collins of \"The Vancouver Sun\" wrote that Rihanna's vocals on \"We Found Love\" were similar to her own ones on \"Fly\".",
"According to Elan, the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from \"Only Girl (In the World)\" and the melody is similar to that of \"Complicated\", a track included in Rihanna's 2010 studio album \"Loud\".",
"Similarly, Michael Cragg of \"The Guardian\" noted that \"We Found Love\" is in the same vein as \"Only Girl (In the World)\", with regard to its dance beat.",
"The lyrical content of the song is spare and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song's hook line, \"We found love in a hopeless place\".",
"Jody Rosen of \"Rolling Stone\" described it as \"half-baked romantic\".",
"Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings, \"Yellow diamonds in the light / And we’re standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive.\"",
"Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris's riff, before they join on the second chorus.",
"The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song.",
"In the second verse, she sings: \"Shine a light through an open door / Love and life are real divine / Turn away cause I need you more / Feel the heartbeat in my mind / It’s the way I’m feeling I just can’t deny / But I’ve gotta let it go\"."
] |
[] |
Funeral
|
In what city did the state funeral of John F. Kennedy take place and when?
|
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
0
] |
[
"The state funeral took place in Washington, DC during the three days that followed the assassination.",
"The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington, D.C. and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours.",
"On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state.",
"Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.",
"Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25.",
"After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late President was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia."
] |
[
2,
0
] |
Axis attack on the USSR (1941)
|
When was the directive to prepare to invade the Soviet Union issued?
|
World War II
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
8
] |
[
"Axis attack on the USSR (1941).",
"With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations.",
"With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia, the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941.",
"By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, amassing forces on the Soviet border.",
"Hitler believed that Britain's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later.",
"He accordingly decided to try to strengthen Germany's relations with the Soviets, or failing that, to attack and eliminate them as a factor.",
"In November 1940 negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact.",
"The Soviets showed some interest, but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable.",
"On 18 December 1940 Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.",
"On 22 June 1941, Germany, Italy and Romania invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them.",
"They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary.",
"The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region, Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line, from the Caspian to the White Seas.",
"Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate Communism, generate \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\") by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.",
"Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, \"Barbarossa\" forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence.",
"During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel.",
"By the middle of August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre, and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad.",
"The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov) possible.",
"The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy.",
"In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran's oil fields.",
"In August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter.",
"By October, when Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved, with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing, a major offensive against Moscow had been renewed.",
"After two months of fierce battles, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive.",
"Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential.",
"The \"blitzkrieg\" phase of the war in Europe had ended.",
"By early December, freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops.",
"This, as well as intelligence data that established a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East sufficient to prevent any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army, allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops west."
] |
[
2
] |
Mounted archery
|
What type of bow is more useful when on horseback?
|
Archery
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
2
] |
[
"Central Asian tribesmen (after the domestication of the horse) and American Plains Indians (after gaining access to horses) became extremely adept at archery on horseback.",
"Lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia.",
"Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the composite bow enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons.",
"Empires throughout the Eurasian landmass often strongly associated their respective \"barbarian\" counterparts with the usage of the bow and arrow, to the point where powerful states like the Han Dynasty referred to their neighbours, the Xiong-nu, as \"Those Who Draw the Bow\" For example, Xiong-nu mounted bowmen made them more than a match for the Han military, and their threat was at least partially responsible for Chinese expansion into the Ordos region, to create a stronger, more powerful buffer zone against them.",
"It is possible that \"barbarian\" peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their \"civilized\" counterparts—the Xiong-nu and the Han being one example.",
"Similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups."
] |
[
2,
0
] |
Tea trade to 1767
|
Where was most illicit tea sold?
|
Boston Tea Party
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
8
] |
[
"As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.",
"In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.",
"When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.",
"The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.",
"British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.",
"Until 1767, the East India Company paid an \"ad valorem\" tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.",
"Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain.",
"These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into Holland was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.",
"The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.",
"In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.",
"To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.",
"Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies."
] |
[
4
] |
Tumbler
|
Who started the process of designing the Tumbler
|
Batman Begins
| false | 6MOVIES
|
[
0
] |
[
"Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing.",
"Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine.",
"Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months.",
"Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.",
"The Styrofoam model was used to create a steel \"test frame\", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over , go from 0 to in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to .",
"On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt.",
"The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44\" tall, 18.5\" wide, mounted on a 16.5\" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks.",
"The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.",
"With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build.",
"Two of the four cars were specialized versions.",
"One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air.",
"The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks.",
"The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body.",
"The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.",
"The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler.",
"The cockpit was over-sized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior.",
"In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler.",
"This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings.",
"However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence."
] |
[
3
] |
Abstract
|
What was Vincent Van Gogh's date of birth?
|
Vincent van Gogh
| true | 3ART
|
[
0
] |
[
"Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.",
"After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found).",
"His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.",
"Van Gogh began to draw as a child, and he continued to draw throughout the years that led up to his decision to become an artist.",
"He did not begin painting until his late twenties, completing many of his best-known works during the last two years of his life.",
"In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints.",
"His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes, portraits and paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.",
"Van Gogh spent his early adulthood working for a firm of art dealers, traveling between The Hague, London and Paris, after which he taught for a time in England at Isleworth and Ramsgate.",
"One of his early aspirations was to become a pastor and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining region in Belgium where he began to sketch people from the local community.",
"In 1885, he painted his first major work \"The Potato Eaters\".",
"His palette at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work.",
"In March 1886, he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists.",
"Later, he moved to the south of France and was influenced by the strong sunlight he found there.",
"His work grew brighter in color, and he developed the unique and highly recognizable style that became fully realized during his stay in Arles in 1888.",
"The extent to which his mental health affected his painting has been a subject of speculation since his death.",
"Despite a widespread tendency to romanticize his ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his bouts of illness.",
"According to art critic Robert Hughes, Van Gogh's late works show an artist at the height of his ability, completely in control and \"longing for concision and grace.\""
] |
[
0
] |
Abstract
|
In which year did the film "The Graduate" release in?
|
Fight Club
| false | 6MOVIES
|
[
9
] |
[
"Fight Club is a 1999 American film based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.",
"The film was directed by David Fincher and stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter.",
"Norton plays the unnamed protagonist, an \"everyman\" who is discontented with his white-collar job.",
"He forms a \"fight club\" with soap maker Tyler Durden, played by Pitt, and they are joined by men who also want to fight recreationally.",
"The narrator becomes embroiled in a relationship with Durden and a dissolute woman, Marla Singer, played by Bonham Carter.",
"Palahniuk's novel was optioned by 20th Century Fox producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation.",
"Fincher was one of four directors the producers considered.",
"They hired him because of his enthusiasm for the film.",
"Fincher developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry.",
"The director and the cast compared the film to \"Rebel Without a Cause\" (1955) and \"The Graduate\" (1967).",
"Fincher intended \"Fight Club\"s violence to serve as a metaphor for the conflict between a generation of young people and the value system of advertising.",
"The director copied the homoerotic overtones from Palahniuk's novel to make audiences uncomfortable and keep them from anticipating the twist ending.",
"Studio executives did not like the film and they restructured Fincher's intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses.",
"\"Fight Club\" failed to meet the studio's expectations at the box office and received polarized reactions from critics.",
"It was cited as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1999.",
"However, the film over the years found critical and commercial success with its DVD release, which established \"Fight Club\" as a cult film."
] |
[] |
Introduction
|
Why can gravitational waves be of interest to cosmologists?
|
Gravitational wave
| false | 8SCIENCE
|
[
19
] |
[
"In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime.",
"This curvature is caused by the presence of mass.",
"Generally, the more mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime will be at the boundary of this volume.",
"As objects with mass move around in spacetime, the curvature changes to reflect the changed locations of those objects.",
"In certain circumstances, accelerating objects generate changes in this curvature, which propagate outwards at the speed of light in a wave-like manner.",
"These propagating phenomena are known as gravitational waves.",
"As a gravitational wave passes a distant observer, that observer will find spacetime distorted by the effects of strain.",
"Distances between free objects increase and decrease rhythmically as the wave passes, at a frequency corresponding to that of the wave.",
"This occurs despite such free objects never being subjected to an unbalanced force.",
"The magnitude of this effect decreases inversely with distance from the source.",
"Inspiralling binary neutron stars are predicted to be a powerful source of gravitational waves as they coalesce, due to the very large acceleration of their masses as they orbit close to one another.",
"However, due to the astronomical distances to these sources the effects when measured on Earth are predicted to be very small, having strains of less than 1 part in 1020.",
"Scientists are attempting to demonstrate the existence of these waves with ever more sensitive detectors.",
"The current most sensitive measurement is about one part in (as of 2012) provided by the LIGO and VIRGO observatories.",
"The lack of detection in these observatories provides an upper limit on the frequency of such powerful sources.",
"A space based observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is currently under development by ESA.",
"Gravitational waves should penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot.",
"It is hypothesized that they will be able to provide observers on Earth with information about black holes and other exotic objects in the distant Universe.",
"Such systems cannot be observed with more traditional means such as optical telescopes and radio telescopes.",
"In particular, gravitational waves could be of interest to cosmologists as they offer a possible way of observing the very early universe.",
"This is not possible with conventional astronomy, since before recombination the universe was opaque to electromagnetic radiation.",
"Precise measurements of gravitational waves will also allow scientists to test the general theory of relativity more thoroughly.",
"In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency.",
"However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency.",
"Stephen W. Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could be plausibly detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz."
] |
[
1
] |
Cubism
|
who made Analytic Cubism?
|
Pablo Picasso
| true | 3ART
|
[
0
] |
[
"Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours.",
"Both artists took apart objects and \"analyzed\" them in terms of their shapes.",
"Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities.",
"Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.",
"In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry, and Gertrude Stein.",
"Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the \"Mona Lisa\" from the Louvre in 1911.",
"Apollinaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated."
] |
[
3
] |
Nitrogen narcosis
|
How did Cousteau decribe it?
|
Scuba diving
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
9
] |
[
"Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in consciousness producing a state similar to alcohol intoxication in divers who breathe high pressure gas at depth.",
"The mechanism is similar to that of nitrous oxide, or \"laughing gas,\" administered as anesthesia.",
"Being \"narced\" can impair judgment and make diving very dangerous.",
"Narcosis starts to affect some divers at 66 feet (20 m).",
"At this depth, narcosis manifests itself as a slight giddiness.",
"The effects increase drastically with the increase in depth.",
"Almost all divers are able to notice the effects by 132 feet (40 meters).",
"At these depths divers may feel euphoria, anxiety, loss of coordination and lack of concentration.",
"At extreme depths, hallucinogenic reaction and tunnel vision can occur.",
"Jacques Cousteau famously described it as the \"rapture of the deep\".",
"Nitrogen narcosis occurs quickly and the symptoms typically disappear during the ascent, so that divers often fail to realize they were ever affected.",
"It affects individual divers at varying depths and conditions, and can even vary from dive to dive under identical conditions.",
"However, diving with trimix or heliox dramatically reduces the effects of inert gas narcosis."
] |
[
5
] |
Season 3
|
How does the season begin on Barney?
|
How I Met Your Mother
| false | 1TV
|
[
0
] |
[
"Barney begins the season with the word, \"-dary!\"",
"Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend, Gael (Enrique Iglesias), and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend, while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other.",
"Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own, falling in love with a place they cannot afford.",
"Robin learns of Lily's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands, and forces Lily to tell Marshall.",
"Despite this, they are able to finally secure their dream apartment, only to discover it's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought (the floor is tilted).",
"Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving, which Marshall dubs \"Slapsgiving.",
"\"Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella.",
"He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party where his future wife was, although they did not meet.",
"Ted attempts to woo Stella (Sarah Chalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo.",
"This culminates in a memorable \"two-minute date,\" which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes.",
"Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney.",
"Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up.",
"His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.",
"In the season finale, Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital, Subsequently Barney gets hit by a bus on the way to visit him and ends up receiving treatment in the same hospital.",
"Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship.",
"It is revealed Barney has true feelings for Robin, while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade."
] |
[
5
] |
Aftermath
|
In what year did the Germans fight against the Soviet Union in Case Blue?
|
Operation Barbarossa
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
2
] |
[
"With the failure of the Battle of Moscow, all German plans of a quick defeat of the Soviet Union had to be revised.",
"The Soviet counteroffensives in the winter of 1941 caused heavy casualties on both sides, but ultimately eliminated the German threat to Moscow.",
"Nevertheless, despite this setback, the Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the loss of large parts of its army, allowing the Germans to mount another large-scale offensive in the summer of 1942, called Case Blue, now directed towards the oil fields of Baku.",
"This offensive failed just as \"Barbarossa\" had: the Germans again conquered vast amounts of no-mans-land, but they had again failed to achieve their ultimate goals when they were defeated at Stalingrad.",
"By then, the Soviet war economy was fully operational, so the Soviet Union was able to simply outproduce the Germans, who were not prepared for a long war of attrition.",
"As a result, the Germans' last all-out offensive in 1943 at the battle of Kursk failed.",
"After three years of constant warfare, the Germans were exhausted; thus the Soviets were finally able to defeat the Germans decisively in Operation \"Bagration\" during the summer of 1944.",
"This led to a chain of Soviet victories which pushed the Germans back to Berlin in just one year, leading to the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945."
] |
[
0
] |
Synopsis
|
What were the years that Sound City Studios was open?
|
Sound City (film)
| true | 6MOVIES
|
[
3
] |
[
"Sound City Studios was located in the San Fernando Valley, amidst rows of dilapidated warehouses.",
"The little-known recording studio housed a unique analog Neve recording console and had a reputation for recording drums.",
"Artists such as Nirvana, Kyuss, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fleetwood Mac, Neil Young, Rick Springfield, Tom Petty and Slipknot recorded groundbreaking music at the studio.",
"The film tells the story of the studio from its early days in 1969 until its closing in 2011.",
"It then follows Dave Grohl's purchase of the studio's custom analog Neve console, which he moved to his personal studio, Studio 606.",
"Rupert Neve is an English engineer who founded Neve Electronics in 1961, designed and manufactured the Neve 8028, \"one of four in the world\", and is interviewed by Grohl in the film.",
"Famous musicians who recorded at Sound City reunite at Studio 606 for a jam session and to make an album of \"all-new all-original songs, each one composed and recorded exclusively for the film within its own 24-hour session on that console.\"",
"It also shows album covers by some bands: Red Hot Chili Peppers's \"One Hot Minute\", Nirvana's \"Incesticide\" and \"Nevermind\", Rage Against The Machine's self-titled album and many others."
] |
[
0
] |
Bacterial viruses
|
What do restriction endonuclease enzymes do?
|
Virus
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
6
] |
[
"Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.",
"These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.",
"Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.",
"These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.",
"Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.",
"The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.",
"These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.",
"Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.",
"This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection."
] |
[
0
] |
Architecture
|
What structure did Michelangelo create a wooden moden for, but never complete?
|
Michelangelo
| true | 3ART
|
[
0
] |
[
"Michelangelo's architectural commissions included a number that were not realised, notably the facade for Brunelleschi's Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, for which Michelangelo had a wooden model constructed, but which remains to this day unfinished rough brick.",
"At the same church, Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) commissioned him to design the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici.",
"Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library, for which Michelangelo also designed the extraordinary vestibule with columns recessed into niches, and a staircase that appears to spill out of the library like a flow of lava, according to Pevsner, \"...revealing Mannerism in its most sublime architectural form.",
"\"In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for the Farnese Palace.",
"In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's Basilica, begun to a design by Bramante, and with several intermediate designs by several architects.",
"Michelangelo returned to Bramante's design, retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole.",
"Although the late 16th-century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile, the dome of Michelangelo's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product, as completed by Giacomo della Porta is more so."
] |
[
0
] |
Boxer rankings
|
What diferent organizations give rakings to profeshional boxers?
|
Boxing
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
1,
2,
3,
4
] |
[
"There are various organizations and websites, that rank boxers in both weight class and pound-for-pound manner.",
" BoxRec (ratings)",
" The Ring (ratings)",
" ESPN (ratings)",
" Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (Ratings)"
] |
[
0
] |
Criticism of Secret Service
|
Who was it that ordered Dallas police to do things differently when Kennedy was assassinated?
|
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
3
] |
[
"Sgt.",
"Davis, of the Dallas Police Department, believed he had prepared stringent security precautions, in an attempt to prevent demonstrations like those marking the Adlai Stevenson visit from happening again.",
"The previous month, Stevenson, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was assaulted by an anti-UN demonstrator.",
"But Winston Lawson of the Secret Service, who was in charge of the planning, told the Dallas Police not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car.",
"This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries.",
"Police Chief Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, they might have been able to stop the assassin before he fired a second shot, because they carried submachine guns and rifles.",
"An investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that \"the Secret Service was deficient in the performance of its duties.\"",
"The HSCA stated:",
"That President Kennedy had not received adequate protection in Dallas.",
"That the Secret Service possessed information that was not properly analyzed, investigated, or used by the Secret Service in connection with the President's trip to Dallas.",
"That the Secret Service agents in the motorcade were inadequately prepared to protect the President from a sniper.",
"The HSCA specifically noted:No actions were taken by the agent in the right front seat of the Presidential limousine [ Roy Kellerman ] to cover the President with his body, although it would have been consistent with Secret Service procedure for him to have done so.",
"The primary function of the agent was to remain at all times in close proximity to the President in the event of such emergencies."
] |
[
2,
3
] |
Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications
|
When was the statue of Liberty founded as a UNESCO World Heritaige Site?
|
Statue of Liberty
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
11
] |
[
"There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.",
"A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie (\"Cie\" is the French abbreviation analogous to \"Co.\").",
"A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors \"the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship.\"",
"There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.",
"The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.",
"In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of \"The New Colossus\" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet.",
"Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base.",
"It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.",
"A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty.",
"Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel—are depicted.",
"They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.",
"In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.",
"The UNESCO \"Statement of Significance\" describes the statue as a \"masterpiece of the human spirit\" that \"endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity.\""
] |
[
2
] |
Monetarist
|
What caused the Great Depression?
|
Great Depression
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
2,
3,
5,
6
] |
[
"Monetarists, including Milton Friedman, argue that the Great Depression was mainly caused by monetary contraction, the consequence of poor policy-making by the American Federal Reserve System and continued crisis in the banking system.",
"In this view, the Federal Reserve, by not acting, allowed the money supply as measured by the M2 to shrink by one-third from 1929–1933, thereby transforming a normal recession into the Great Depression.",
"Friedman argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would have been just another recession.",
"The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the New York Bank of the United States – which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed.",
"He claimed that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.",
"With significantly less money to go around, businessmen could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing.",
"This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York branch.",
"One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was regulation.",
"At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued.",
"By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession.",
"This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes.",
"A \"promise of gold\" is not as good as \"gold in the hand\", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding.",
"During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold.",
"Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit.",
"On April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold."
] |
[
0
] |
Moseley's 1913 experiment
|
What scientist invested heavily in chemistry research in 1913?
|
Atomic number
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
0
] |
[
"The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.",
"Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of \"Z\".",
"To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (\"Z\" = 13) to gold (\"Z\" = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.",
"The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.",
"This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e.",
"the element number \"Z\".",
"Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time."
] |
[
0
] |
Critical
|
When was Chasing Cars nominated for a Grammy Award?
|
Chasing Cars
| false | 0MUSIC
|
[
0
] |
[
"The song was nominated for a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, as well as for a 2007 BRIT Award for Best British Single.",
"In 2007, \"Chasing Cars\" was voted number 1 in the Top 500 Songs: The Words Behind the Music, on Bristol's GWR FM (and other stations in The One Network).",
"Music's Adam Webb, however had mixed feelings for the single, when he awarded it 5 stars out of 10, saying it was a \"misguided attempt to recreate its breast-beating slo-motion scarf-waving formula.\"",
"Further, he made comparisons of the song to Hollywood soundtracks, which in his words are \"about as subtle as a rhino and too overt to be truly affecting.",
"\"\"Billboard\" magazine's Sven Phillip found the song the only one on the album \"not to be missed\".",
"He called it a \"catchy, colossal ballad that succeeds without any fireworks\".UK music licensing body PPL announced in December 2009 that \"Chasing Cars\" was the most played song of the decade."
] |
[
2
] |
Sports
|
Where is Muay thai native to?
|
Thailand
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
1
] |
[
"Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, , lit.",
"\"Thai boxing\") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport.",
"It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.",
"Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball.",
"Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side.",
"It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also.",
"A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.",
"Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world.",
"Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.",
"The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force.",
"Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.",
"Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf.",
"The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year.",
"The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club.",
"Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level.",
"The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 Asean Basketball League Championship.",
"The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.",
"Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure.",
"The success in sports like weightlifting and Taekwondo at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand."
] |
[
4
] |
References in fiction
|
What year was the movie "Girl with a Pearl Earring" produced?
|
Girl with a Pearl Earring
| true | 3ART
|
[
3
] |
[
"Tracy Chevalier wrote a historical novel, also entitled \"Girl with a Pearl Earring\" (1999), fictionalizing the circumstances of the painting's creation.",
"In the novel, Johannes Vermeer becomes close with a fictional servant named Griet (based on Chevalier's close friend Georgia Kendall), whom he hires as an assistant and has sit for him as a painting model while wearing his wife's pearl earrings.",
"The novel inspired a 2003 film and 2008 play of the same name.",
"The 2003 film stars Scarlett Johansson as the girl with the pearl earring, Griet.",
"Johansson was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role."
] |
[
0
] |
Specialties
|
"Medicine" is defined by what?
|
Medicine
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
5
] |
[
"In the broadest meaning of \"medicine\", there are many different specialties.",
"In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which have its own entrance examination.",
"These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term \"Royal\".",
"The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.",
"Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: \"Medicine\" and \"Surgery.\"",
"\"Medicine\" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine.",
"In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland.",
"\"Surgery\" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS).",
"At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia.",
"Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA)."
] |
[
0
] |
Administrative divisions
|
When were the arrondissements abolished?
|
France
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
11
] |
[
"France is divided into 27 administrative regions, 22 in metropolitan France (including the territorial collectivity of Corsica), and five located overseas.",
"The regions are further subdivided into 101 departments, which are numbered mainly alphabetically.",
"This number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates amongst others.",
"The 101 departments are subdivided into 341 arrondissements which are, in turn, subdivided into 4,051 cantons.",
"These cantons are then divided into 36,697 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council.",
"There are 2,588 intercommunal entities grouping 33,414 of the 36,697 communes (i.e.",
"91.1% of all the communes).",
"Three communes, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.",
"The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they possess local assemblies as well as an executive.",
"Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions.",
"However, this was not always the case.",
"Until 1940, the arrondissements were territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and definitely abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946."
] |
[
2
] |
July Crisis
|
On what date did Britain declare war on Germany following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral?
|
World War I
| false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
15
] |
[
"The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain which was called the July Crisis.",
"Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia.",
"When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.",
"Strachan argues, \"Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful.",
"Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning\".",
"The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria-Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégé, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later, 29 July.",
"Germany mobilised on 30 July, and Russia responded by declaring a full mobilisation that same day.",
"Germany imposed an ultimatum on Russia, through its ambassador in Berlin, to demobilise within 12 hours or face war.",
"Russia responded by offering to negotiate the terms of a demobilisation.",
"However, Germany refused to negotiate, declaring war against Russia on 1 August 1914.",
"Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, relied on a quick, massive invasion of France to eliminate the threat on the West, before turning east against Russia.",
"Simultaneously with its mobilisation against Russia, therefore, the German government issued demands that France remain neutral.",
"The French cabinet resisted military pressure to commence immediate mobilisation, and ordered its troops to withdraw from the border to avoid any incident.",
"Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France.",
"On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well.",
"Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an \"unsatisfactory reply\" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral."
] |
[
0
] |
Public health and safety
|
What percentage of adults smoke in South Korea?
|
South Korea
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
4
] |
[
"Although life expectancy has increased significantly since 1950, South Korea faces a number of important health-care issues.",
"Foremost is the impact of environmental pollution on an increasingly urbanized population.",
"According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, chronic diseases account for the majority of diseases in South Korea, a condition exacerbated by the health care system's focus on treatment rather than prevention.",
"The incidence of chronic disease in South Korea hovers around 24 percent.",
"Approximately 33 percent of all adults smoke.",
"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rate of prevalence at the end of 2003 was less than 0.1 percent.",
"In 2001 central government expenditures on health care accounted for about 6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).",
"The suicide rate in the nation was 26 per 100,000 in 2008, the highest in the industrialized world.",
"Young South Korean males were found to be the tallest in all of East Asia, resulting from healthy living conditions, economic development and changes in food culture.",
"Based on the Asia-Pacific Advisory Committee on Influenza (APACI), South Korea ranked the highest of influenza vaccination in Asia with 311 vaccines per 1,000 people.",
"South Korea has the highest suicide rate in the developed world."
] |
[
0
] |
Geography
|
What else contributed to the creation of the Black sea besides fault lines in Turkey?
|
Turkey
| true | 5COUNTRY
|
[
16
] |
[
"Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country.",
"Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.",
"European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.",
"The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.",
"It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.",
"Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area.",
"The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.",
"Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.",
"The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria.",
"The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.",
"Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.",
"Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean.",
"The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt.",
"This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area.",
"As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.",
"Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.",
"The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea.",
"There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999."
] |
[
0
] |
Host range
|
What are by far the largest abundant biological entities on Earth and outnumber all the others put together?
|
Virus
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
0
] |
[
"Viruses are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and they outnumber all the others put together.",
"They infect all types of cellular life including animals, plants, bacteria and fungi.",
"However, different types of viruses can infect only a limited range of hosts and many are species-specific.",
"Some, such as smallpox virus for example, can infect only one species – in this case humans, and are said to have a narrow host range.",
"Other viruses, such as rabies virus, can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range.",
"The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals, and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans.",
"The host range of some bacteriophages is limited to a single strain of bacteria and they can be used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections by a method called phage typing."
] |
[
0
] |
Health
|
How many private hospitals are there in Hong Kong?
|
Hong Kong
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
0
] |
[
"There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.",
"There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.",
"The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.",
"According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancy of any country or territory in the world.",
"As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.",
"There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.",
"Both have links with public sector hospitals.",
"With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK).",
"However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.",
"Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private.",
"This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups.",
"Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news."
] |
[
5
] |
Persons of color
|
Which group was there no systematic program for their elimination?
|
The Holocaust
| false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
3
] |
[
"The number of black people in Germany when the Nazis came to power is variously estimated at 5,000–25,000.",
"It is not clear whether these figures included Asians.",
"According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., \"The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder.",
"However, there was no systematic program for their elimination as there was for Jews and other groups.\"",
"Meanwhile, Afrikaaners, Berbers, Iranians and Pre-Partition Indians were classified as Aryans, so not persecuted (see main article).",
"Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that Turkic peoples, Arabs and South Asians were recruited by the German military due to the shortage of manpower."
] |
[] |
Entropy and thermodynamics
|
In what year did Strominger and Vafa show their black hle theory?
|
Black hole
| false | 8SCIENCE
|
[
17
] |
[
"Open questions.",
"Entropy and thermodynamics.",
"In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge.",
"This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease.",
"As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy.",
"If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe.",
"Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.",
"The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature.",
"This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink.",
"The radiation, however also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing.",
"This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.",
"One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system.",
"This odd property led Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.",
"Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying.",
"In statistical mechanics, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities (such as mass, charge, pressure, etc.).",
"Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes.",
"Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity.",
"In 1995, Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.",
"Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity."
] |
[
0
] |
Food security
|
By what percentage is the maize crop in Souther Africa going to decrease by 2030?
|
Global warming
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
0
] |
[
"Under present trends, by 2030, maize production in Southern Africa could decrease by up to 30%, while rice, millet and maize in South Asia could decrease by up to 10%.",
"By 2080, yields in developing countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could see a drop of 30% to 40%.",
"By 2100, while the population of three billion is expected to double, rice and maize yields in the tropics are expected to decrease by 20–40% because of higher temperatures without accounting for the decrease in yields as a result of soil moisture and water supplies stressed by rising temperatures.",
"Future warming of around (by 2100, relative to 1990–2000) could result in increased crop yields in mid- and high-latitude areas, but in low-latitude areas, yields could decline, increasing the risk of malnutrition.",
"A similar regional pattern of net benefits and costs could occur for economic (market-sector) effects.",
"Warming above could result in crop yields falling in temperate regions, leading to a reduction in global food production."
] |
[
0
] |
Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings)
|
External forcings consist of what?
|
Global warming
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
3
] |
[
"Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings).",
"The climate system can respond to changes in \"external forcings.\"",
"External forcings can \"push\" the climate in the direction of warming or cooling.",
"Examples of external forcings include changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun.",
"Orbital cycles vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and at present are in an overall cooling trend which would be expected to lead towards an ice age, but the 20th century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden rise in global temperatures."
] |
[
0
] |
Plot
|
How did the boys manage to make money?
|
The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
| false | 6MOVIES
|
[
2,
3,
4
] |
[
"The film follows the lives of Arbor and Swifty, teenage boys growing up in an impoverished area of Bradford, northern England.",
"Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention.",
"When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal.",
"They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities proves quite lucrative.",
"They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten.",
"Kitten owns a horse and competes in amateur harness racing.",
"Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses.",
"Kitten also lets the boys borrow the horse and a cart to collect scrap metal.",
"Arbor is jealous of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty.",
"Arbor decides to steal a piece of scrap from Kitten and sell it, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield.",
"The plan ends up backfiring, Arbor is refused at the other dealer and unsuccessfully makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him.",
"Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss.",
"The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire, and when Swifty goes to cut the wire, he is electrocuted and killed.",
"Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame.",
"He sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house until, after several rejections, she allows him to hug her and share their pain.",
"In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty loved."
] |
[
5
] |
Drive hunt captures
|
What is the name of Seaworld's spokesperson?
|
SeaWorld
| false | 2TRAVEL
|
[
0
] |
[
"In response to criticism leveled at SeaWorld and other marine parks by the award-winning documentary film \"The Cove\" which accuses them of obtaining dolphins obtained in drive hunts, SeaWorld spokesperson Fred Jacobs stated that, \"We think we're being unfairly criticized for something we're opposed to.\"",
"He adds that, \"SeaWorld opposes the dolphin hunts documented in \"The Cove\".",
"We do not purchase any animals from these hunts.",
"More than 80 percent of the marine mammals in our care were born in our parks.",
"We haven't collected a dolphin from the wild in decades.\"",
"Since 1993 there have been no permits issued to facilities in the United States to import dolphins acquired through drive hunt methods.",
"Marilee Menard, the executive director of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums, has also stated that she believes that \"The Cove\" filmmakers are \"misrepresenting that the majority of zoos and aquariums with dolphins around the world are taking these animals.\""
] |
[
0
] |
Ethnicity
|
What percentage of the population is of the Viet or Kinh ethnic group?
|
Vietnam
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
0
] |
[
"According to the 2009 census, the dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constituted nearly 73.6 million people, or 85.8% of the population.",
"The Kinh population is concentrated mainly in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country.",
"A largely homogeneous social and ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.",
"However, Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic minority groups, including the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nùng.",
"Many ethnic minorities – such as the Muong, who are closely related to the Kinh – dwell in the highlands, which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.",
"Before the Vietnam War, the population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar (including over 40 tribal groups); however, Ngô Đình Diệm's South Vietnamese government enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.",
"The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders.",
"As Sino-Vietnamese relations soured in 1978 and 1979, some 450,000 Hoa left Vietnam."
] |
[
0
] |
Health
|
How much did Germany spend of its GDP on health care in 2005?
|
Germany
| true | 5COUNTRY
|
[
7
] |
[
"Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating back to Bismarck's social legislation in 1883.",
"He stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible to ensure access by those who are in need, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with smallest no political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions deems feasible procedures.",
"Since then there have been many reforms and provisions to ensure a balanced health care system.",
"Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute.",
"Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract.",
"Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.",
"According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded .",
"In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care.",
"Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births)., the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%., about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).",
"This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers."
] |
[
5
] |
Production
|
What company produced "Love The Way You Lie" by Eminem?
|
Love the Way You Lie
| false | 0MUSIC
|
[
18
] |
[
"Music video.",
"The music video for \"Love the Way You Lie\" was Eminem's third to be directed by the American filmmaker Joseph Kahn.",
"Despite having planned to shoot a feature film and stop directing pop videos, Kahn chose to work on \"Love the Way You Lie\" because, according to him, the song discusses an important topic.",
"This was an opportunity for him to direct a video for Eminem without the comedic themes of their previous collaborations.",
"For the video, Kahn considered the British actor Dominic Monaghan as a co-star for his versatility, which he thought would help him play an antagonist.",
"Kahn cast the American actress Megan Fox, which he had presumed would be almost impossible because of her popularity with directors.",
"Fox, a fan of Eminem, accepted the role unhesitatingly.",
"Rosenberg gave Kahn one day to write a treatment, which Kahn finished in forty-five minutes.",
"He filmed Eminem's and Rihanna's parts on July 20, 2010; scenes with Fox and Monaghan were shot three days later.",
"By July 24, 2010, they had finished the shoot.",
"Kahn confirmed the completion of the director's cut the next day.",
"He said Fox's involvement made the video powerful, commenting for \"Vibe\":We wanted to make a specific story about two people—Meg and Dom—not a video that was representative of all couples or all domestic violence situations.",
"I'm not saying that all couples fight this way.",
"I just want people just to be able to identify with the characters and recognize that they've seen relationships like this where two people are together that are completely wrong for each other and things spiral out of control.",
"... Megan was the key to this video.",
"...",
"I'll tell you as a director the reason why and Monaghan's scenes in the video feel so real is because in the moment they were real.",
"Monaghan told MTV he thought the couple represents Eminem and Scott.",
"The clip was produced by Kathy Angstadt and Maryann Tanedo of HSI Productions.",
"Shortly before its release, Eminem reported in a press statement: \"Joseph and I worked pretty closely together to make sure we got this right\".",
"He said the difficult topic resulted in a powerful video because of the contributions of Rihanna, Fox and Monaghan.",
"Fox donated her appearance fee to the Soujourn House, a battered women's shelter.",
"On August 5, 2010, the video premiered on MTV and the music video website Vevo."
] |
[
0
] |
Health
|
How much has life expectancy grown since 1960?
|
Belgium
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
2
] |
[
"The Belgians are known to enjoy good health.",
"According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.",
"Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year.",
"Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).",
"Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.",
"Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation.",
"Health insurance is compulsory.",
"Health care is delivered by a mostly private system of independent medical practitioners and hospitals.",
"Most of the time each provided service is directly paid by the patient and reimbursed later on by health insurance companies.",
"Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the three Communities and the three Regions, i.e.",
"six distinct Ministries (the Flemish Community and Region have merged)."
] |
[
5
] |
Critical reaction
|
In which year was the movie Rio Bravo created?
|
The Avengers (2012 film)
| true | 6MOVIES
|
[
23
] |
[
"Critical reaction.",
"Todd McCarthy of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" gave a positive review of the film, remarking, \"It's clamorous, the save-the-world story is one everyone's seen time and again, and the characters have been around for more than half a century in 500 comic book issues.",
"But Whedon and his cohorts have managed to stir all the personalities and ingredients together so that the resulting dish, however familiar, is irresistibly tasty again.\"",
"To \"Rolling Stone\" journalist Peter Travers, the film epitomized an exceptional blockbuster.",
"\"It's also the blockbuster,\" Travers said, \"I saw in my head when I imagined a movie that brought together the idols of the Marvel world in one shiny, stupendously exciting package.",
"It's \"Transformers\" with a brain, a heart and a working sense of humor.\"",
"Justin Chang of \"Variety\" wrote, \"Like a superior, state-of-the-art model built from reconstituted parts, Joss Whedon's buoyant, witty and robustly entertaining superhero smash-up is escapism of a sophisticated order, boasting a tonal assurance and rich reserves of humor that offset the potentially lumbering and unavoidably formulaic aspects of this 143-minute team-origin story.\"",
"Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" complimented the film's frenetic pace, while Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" commented that it \"provides its fans with exactly what they desire.",
"Whether it is exactly what they deserve is arguable\".",
"Conversely, A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" believed that \"while \"The Avengers\" is hardly worth raging about, its failures are significant and dispiriting.",
"The light, amusing bits cannot overcome the grinding, hectic emptiness, the bloated cynicism that is less a shortcoming of this particular film than a feature of the genre.",
"\"The performances of several cast members was a frequent topic in the critiques.",
"In particular, Mark Ruffalo's portrayal of Dr. Bruce Banner/the Hulk was well-received by commentators.",
"Joe Neumaier opined that his performance was superior to the rest of the cast; \"Ruffalo is the revelation, turning Banner into a wry reservoir of calm ready to become a volcano.\"",
"Similarly, \"The New Yorker\" Anthony Lane proclaimed Ruffalo's acting to be one of the film's highlights—alongside Downey.",
"\"The Village Voice\" Karina Longworth concluded: \"Ruffalo successfully refreshes the Hulk myth, playing Banner as an adorably bashful nerd-genius who, in contrast to the preening hunks on the team, knows better than to draw attention to himself.\"",
"Travers asserted that the actor resonated a \"scruffy warmth and humor\" vibe, while Turan felt that he surpassed predecessors Edward Norton and Eric Bana in playing the character.",
"Owen Gleiberman of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that \"the smartest thing the filmmakers did was to get Mark Ruffalo to play Bruce Banner as a man so sensitive that he's at war, every moment, with himself.",
"(The film finally solves the Hulk problem: He's a lot more fun in small doses.",
")\"Referring to Downey, Joe Morgenstein of \"The Wall Street Journal\"—despite complimenting Downey's performance—favored his work in \"Iron Man\" over his acting in \"The Avengers\": \"His Iron Man is certainly a team player, but Mr. Downey comes to the party with two insuperable superpowers: a character of established sophistication—the industrialist/inventor Tony Stark, a sharp-tongued man of the world—and his own quicksilver presence that finds its finest expression in self-irony.\"",
"Neumaier praised Evans, stating that he accurately conveyed his character's internal conflicts.",
"Commentators appreciated the character development and dialogue.",
"Associated Press reviewer Christy Lemire wrote that the script \"sparkles as brightly as the special effects; these people may be wearing ridiculous costumes but they're well fleshed-out underneath.\"",
"Scott suggested that certain parts of the film permeated a charm that he felt was similar to the western film \"Rio Bravo\" (1959).",
"Longworth felt that while Whedon's script demonstrated the backstory of the characters, the film does not explore it \"in a substantive way\"."
] |
[] |
Chinese Civil War and SEATO
|
In what year did the Liberation Army defeat the KMT?
|
Cold War
| false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
0
] |
[
"In 1949, Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's United States-backed Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People's Republic of China.",
"According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad, the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-Shek, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China.",
"Moreover, his party was weakened in the war against Japanese.",
"Meanwhile the Communists told different groups, such as peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese nationalism.",
"Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan.",
"Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand the containment policy.",
"In NSC-68, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense.",
"United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe's colonial empires in South-East Asia and elsewhere.",
"In the early 1950s (a period sometimes known as the \"Pactomania\"), the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines (notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long-term military bases."
] |
[
0
] |
Health benefits
|
What do coffee extracts inhibit?
|
Coffee
| false | 9FOOD
|
[
14
] |
[
"According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.",
"They say the study showed that drinking coffee \"had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.",
"\"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.",
"The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.",
"Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.",
"The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.",
"Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.",
"Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.",
"A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.",
"Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.",
"In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.",
"A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.",
"It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.",
"Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.",
"Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome."
] |
[
0
] |
Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle
|
What year was "Rules of Eglinton Castle and Cassioburry Croquet" published?
|
Croquet
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
4
] |
[
"The earliest known reference to croquet in Scotland is the booklet \"The Game of Croquet, its Laws and Regulations\" which was published in the mid-1860s for the proprietor of Eglinton Castle, the Earl of Eglinton.",
"On the page facing the title page is a picture of Eglinton Castle with a game of \"croquet\" in full swing.",
"The croquet lawn existed on the northern terrace, between Eglinton Castle and the Lugton Water.",
"The 13th Earl developed a variation on croquet named Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle croquet, which had small bells on the eight hoops \"to ring the changes\", two pegs, a double hoop with a bell and two tunnels for the ball to pass through.",
"In 1865 the 'Rules of the Eglinton Castle and Cassiobury Croquet' was published by Edmund Routledge.",
"Several incomplete sets of this form of croquet are known to exist, and one complete set is still used for demonstration games in the West of Scotland.",
"It is not known why the earl named the game thus."
] |
[
0
] |
Composition and structure
|
Who sings the opening vocals on "Hey Jude?"
|
Hey Jude
| false | 0MUSIC
|
[
1
] |
[
"",
"\"Hey Jude\" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano.",
"The patterns McCartney plays are based on three chords: F, C, and B-flat (I, V and IV); the second verse adds accompaniment by guitar and a single tambourine.",
"The main chord progression is \"flipped on its head\" for the coda since the C chord is replaced by E-flat.",
"Author Tim Riley notes, \"As Ringo offers a restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill, the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the \"pain\"').\"",
"At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase (\"Na-na-na na ...\") and plays a piano fill which leads to the next verse; the phrase McCartney sings serves to \"reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside.\"",
"Additional details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies that accompany the lead vocal, are added to sustain the interest of the listener throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song.",
"The verse-bridge structure of the song persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda.",
"During the coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase \"Na-na-na na\" followed by the words \"hey Jude\" until the song gradually fades out.",
"\"Time\" magazine described the coda as \"a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records.\"",
"Riley notes the repeated chord progression of the coda (I-VII-IV-I) \"answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges,\" for \"The flat seventh that pose dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it.\"",
"This three-chord refrain allows McCartney \"a bedding ... to leap about on vocally\", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song.",
"Riley concludes that the song \"becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda.\""
] |
[
3
] |
Variants and related activities
|
What is bog snorkelling?
|
Snorkeling
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
0
] |
[
"Bog snorkelling: An individual sport, popular in the United Kingdom and Australia.",
"Finswimming: An individual sport, the most popular competitive sport of CMAS, the only of this federation present in World Games.",
"Finswimmers use a slightly different snorkel, suited for hydrodynamics and speed.",
"Free-diving: Any form of diving without breathing apparatus, but often referring to competitive apnea as a sport.",
"Scuba diving: A form of untethered diving using a self-contained portable breathing apparatus, frequently as a pastime.",
"Spearfishing: Fishing with a spear often with snorkelling equipment, either for competitive sport or to obtain food.",
"Underwater hockey: A competitive team-sport played in swimming pools using snorkelling equipment, sticks and a puck.",
"Underwater rugby: A competitive team-sport played in deeper swimming pools using snorkelling equipment, baskets and a ball."
] |
[
0
] |
Abstract
|
Is the couple in The New Normal composed of two gay men or two lesbian women?
|
The New Normal (TV series)
| false | 1TV
|
[
2
] |
[
"The New Normal (TV series)The New Normal is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 10, 2012 to April 2, 2013.",
"The series was created and principally written by Ryan Murphy and Ali Adler.",
"The storyline follows wealthy same-sex couple Bryan (Andrew Rannells) and David (Justin Bartha), who are living in Los Angeles.",
"Deciding to have a child, they choose a surrogate mother, Goldie Clemmons (Georgia King), who moves into their home with her 9-year-old daughter Shania (Bebe Wood).",
"The series aired Tuesdays at 9:30 pm Eastern/8:30 pm Central after the new comedy series \"Go On\", as part of the 2012–13 United States network television schedule.",
"On October 2, 2012, NBC commissioned a full season of \"The New Normal\".",
"\"The New Normal\" was officially canceled on May 11, 2013."
] |
[] |
History
|
Competition for women in Olympic Weightlifting premiered in what year?
|
Olympic weightlifting
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
20
] |
[
"Competition among people concerning who can lift the heaviest weight has been recorded in diverse and ancient civilizations as early as the earliest known recordings of such human events, including those found in Egypt, China and in ancient Greece.",
"Today, the modern sport of weightlifting traces its origins to the European competitions of the 19th century.",
"The first male world champion was crowned in 1891.",
"Women's competition did not exist, and the weightlifters were not categorised by height or weight.",
"The first Olympic Games of 1896 included weightlifting in the Field event of the predecessor to today's Track and Field or Athletics event.",
"During the 1900 Olympic Games, there was no weightlifting event.",
"Weightlifting resumed as an event, again in Athletics, in 1904 but was omitted from the Games of 1908 and 1912.",
"These were the last Games until after the First World War.",
"In these early Games, a distinction was drawn between lifting with 'one hand' only and lifting with 'two hands'.",
"The winner of the 'one hand' competition in 1896 was Launceston Elliot, while the winner of the 'two hands' event was Viggo Jensen of Denmark.",
"In 1920, weightlifting returned to the Olympics and, for the first time, as an event in its own right.",
"At these Games, which took place in Antwerp, Belgium, fourteen nations competed.",
"The competition lifts were the 'one hand' snatch, the 'one hand' clean and jerk and the 'two hands' clean and jerk.",
"At the next Olympic Games, in Paris, France, in 1924, the 'two hands' press and the 'two hands' snatch were added to the programme, making a total of five lifts.",
"In the Olympic Games after 1920, instead of requiring all competitors to compete against each other regardless of size, weight classes were introduced and, by the 1932 Olympic Games, weightlifting was divided into five weight divisions.",
"In 1928, the sport dropped the 'one hand' exercises altogether leaving only the three remaining exercises: the clean and press, the snatch and the clean and jerk.",
"By 1972, the clean and press was discontinued because athletes started to push with legs and bend backwards instead of strictly pressing the weight overhead, and this left the sole elements of what is today's modern Olympic weightlifting programme – the snatch and the clean and jerk.",
"The snatch entails pulling with a very wide grip the barbell overhead without pressing out with the arms.",
"It is a very precise lift that can be nullified by a lack of balance of the athlete.",
"The clean and jerk is more forgiving using a narrower grip pull the bar to the shoulders and then using the strength of the legs push until arms reach full extension without a press out.",
"A competition for women was introduced at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.",
"As early as 1987, there were official world championships awarded to women weightlifters such as Karyn Marshall and Judy Glenney.",
"In 2011 the International Weightlifting Federation ruled that athletes could wear a full-body \"unitard\" under the customary weightlifting uniform.",
"Kulsoom Abdullah became the first woman to do so at the U.S. National Championships that year, and athletes are allowed to do so at the Olympics.",
"IWF rules previously stated that an athlete's knees and elbows must be visible so officials can determine if a lift is correctly executed."
] |
[
0
] |
Germany
|
What is the word used to call people who live in middle Germany?
|
Doughnut
| true | 9FOOD
|
[
3
] |
[
"In parts of Germany, the doughnut equivalents are called \"Berliner\" (sg.",
"and pl.",
"), but not in the capital city of Berlin itself and neighboring areas, where they are called \"Pfannkuchen\" (which is often found misleading by people in the rest of Germany, who use the word Pfannkuchen to describe a pancake, which is also the literal translation of it).",
"In middle Germany, they are called \"Kreppel\" or \"Pfannkuchen\".",
"In southern Germany, they are also called \"Krapfen\" and are especially popular during Carnival season (\"Karneval\"/\"Fasching\") in southern and middle Germany and on New Year's Eve in northern Germany.",
"\"Berliner\" do not have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid and usually filled with jam, while a ring-shaped variant called \"Kameruner\" is common in Berlin and eastern Germany.",
"\"Bismarcks\" and \"Berlin doughnuts\" are also found in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland and the U.S. Today, American style doughnuts are also available in Germany, but are less popular than their native counterparts."
] |
[
0,
3
] |
Abstract
|
Biochemists examine soil and fertilizer in which professional field?
|
Biochemistry
| true | 8SCIENCE
|
[
13
] |
[
"Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.",
"By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.",
"Over the last 40 years, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are engaged in biochemical research.",
"Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.",
"Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life.",
"Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.",
"Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.",
"The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions.",
"These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins.",
"The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism.",
"The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture.",
"In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease.",
"In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies.",
"In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control."
] |
[] |
Juice bar chains
|
What is the Juice Chain called?
|
Juice
| true | 9FOOD
|
[
3
] |
[
" Boost Juice Australia",
" Booster Juice",
" Jamba Juice",
" Orange Julius, an orange juice based drink and chain of stands"
] |
[
0
] |
Charity episodes
|
What year was "The Five Doctors" produced?
|
Doctor Who
| false | 1TV
|
[
0
] |
[
"In 1983, coinciding with the series' 20th anniversary, a charity special titled \"The Five Doctors\" was produced in aid of Children in Need, featuring three of the first five Doctors, a new actor to replace the deceased William Hartnell, and unused footage to represent Tom Baker.",
"This was a full-length, 90-minute film, the longest single episode of \"Doctor Who\" produced to date (the television movie ran slightly longer on broadcast where it included commercial breaks).",
"In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled \"Dimensions in Time\" was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions.",
"It also featured a crossover with the soap opera \"EastEnders\", the action taking place in the latter's Albert Square location and around Greenwich.",
"The special was one of several special 3D programmes the BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses.",
"In 1999, another special, \"Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death\", was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS.",
"An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased (the version released on video was split into only two episodes).",
"In the story, the Doctor (Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks.",
"During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.",
"The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series.",
"Since the return of \"Doctor Who\" in 2005, the franchise has produced two original \"mini-episodes\" to support Children in Need.",
"The first, aired in November 2005, was an which introduced David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor.",
"It was followed in November 2007 by \"Time Crash\", a 7-minute scene which featured the Tenth Doctor meeting the Fifth Doctor (played once again by Peter Davison).",
"A set of two mini-episodes, titled \"Space\" and \"Time\" respectively, were produced to support Comic Relief.",
"They were aired during the Comic Relief 2011 event.",
"During 2011 Children in Need, an exclusively-filmed segment showed the Doctor addressing the viewer, attempting to persuade them to purchase items of his clothing, which were going up for auction for Children in Need.",
"The 2012 edition of CiN featured the mini-episode \"The Great Detective\"."
] |
[
0
] |
Combined events
|
Which of the combined events are most common?
|
Track and field
| true | 4SPORT
|
[
1
] |
[
"Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score.",
"Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.",
"Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon.",
"Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table.",
"The Ancient Olympic pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the \"stadion\" race and wrestling) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games).",
"A men's decathlon was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics, albeit contested between five American and two British athletes."
] |
[] |
SeaWorld Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition
|
What remained of seaworld after it ended
|
SeaWorld
| false | 2TRAVEL
|
[
11,
12
] |
[
" Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition.",
"In February 2001, Anheuser-Busch sold the SeaWorld Ohio park to Six Flags, Inc., operators of neighboring \"Six Flags Ohio\" (Geauga Lake until the end of 1999, reverting to the \"Geauga Lake\" name in 2004).",
"Upon completion of the sale, the two parks were combined in spring 2001 as the so-called \"mega-park\" \"Six Flags Worlds Of Adventure\", which boasted its \"Three parks in one\" uniqueness: a waterpark, an amusement park, and a wildlife animal park - all included in one price of admission.",
"SeaWorld executives replied that their park had been sold because of the short season of the animal park, because of Northeastern Ohio's cold winter months, and also because they were not able to get the rights to build roller coasters like the other SeaWorld properties had been able to.",
"In March 2004, Six Flags, Inc., announced that it had sold \"Six Flags Worlds of Adventure\" to Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, the operators of the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.",
"Cedar Fair took the park back to its original \"Geauga Lake\" name, which had a history dating back to 1888.",
"Since the Six Flags company retained ownership of the animals, the majority of the animal portion of the park, including all of the exhibits and animal stadiums, was either emptied or fenced off for the 2004 season.",
"After a nearly season-long wait, the Cedar Fair company announced its plans for the non-operational side of the former SeaWorld Ohio/Six Flags Worlds of Adventure-Wildlife Side.",
"That entire portion of the land would become an immense waterpark, named \"Wildwater Kingdom\", opening in two phases, with the first phase in 2005, followed by the second phase in 2006.",
"This decision marked the end of the marine-life park permanently.",
"All of the animal stadiums and buildings were next torn down or converted into other venues.",
"Some of the SeaWorld property remained intact, albeit hidden or modified.",
"What remained included the former seal and sea lion area, the Ski Stadium (to be used in a Lumberjack show in 2006), the Aquarium (to be used for unknown purposes), and two movie theater houses/simulators, once housing 3D/4D movies.",
"The Ski Stadium was removed in off-season 2008 to make way for \"Coconut Cove\", a refreshment station/observation area.",
"All of these, except for Wildwater Kingdom, closed in 2007."
] |
[
0
] |
Prehistory
|
When are the fossils from Zhoukoudian from?
|
China
| true | 5COUNTRY
|
[
1
] |
[
"Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.",
"A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits hominid fossils dated at between 680,000 and 780,000 BCE.",
"The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of \"Homo erectus\" who used fire.",
"The Peking Man site has also yielded remains of \"Homo sapiens\" dating back to 18,000–11,000 BCE.",
"Some scholars assert that a form of proto-writing existed in China as early as 3000 BCE.",
"According to Chinese tradition, the first imperial dynasty was the Xia, which emerged around 2070 BCE.",
"However, the dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959.",
"It remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia Dynasty or of another culture from the same period."
] |
[
2
] |
Abstract
|
Which two regions are Belgium's largest?
|
Belgium
| true | 5COUNTRY
|
[
5
] |
[
"Belgium (; Dutch: \"België\"; French: \"Belgique\"; German: \"Belgien\"), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal monarchy in Western Europe.",
"It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters as well as those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.",
"Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 11 million people.",
"Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community (which constitutes about 59% of the population), and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population (which comprises 41% of all Belgians).",
"Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers that are officially recognized.",
"Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia.",
"The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region.",
"*A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia.",
"Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of government.",
"Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, which used to cover a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states.",
"The region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, which covered more or less the same area.",
"From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture.",
"From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands, the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers, causing it to be dubbed the \"Battlefield of Europe,\"*a reputation strengthened by both World Wars.",
"Upon its independence, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolutionand, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa.",
"The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Flemish and the Francophones fueled by differences in language and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia.",
"This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement, and several governmental crises, the most recent — from 2007 to 2011 — being the longest."
] |
[] |
Constituent states
|
How many districts is Germany divided into?
|
Germany
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
4
] |
[
"Germany comprises sixteen states which are collectively referred to as \"Länder\".",
"</ref>Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation.",
"Because of differences in size and population the subdivisions of these states vary, especially as between city states (\"Stadtstaaten\") and states with larger territories (\"Flächenländer\").",
"For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (\"Regierungsbezirke\").",
"Germany is divided into 403 districts (\"Kreise\") at a municipal level; these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts."
] |
[
5
] |
Launch and flight to lunar orbit
|
What was the landing side name for the Apollo 11 mission?
|
Apollo 11
| true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
10
] |
[
"Mission highlights.",
"Launch and flight to lunar orbit.",
"In addition to throngs of people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site, millions watched the event on television, with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary.",
"President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House.",
"A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time).",
"It entered orbit twelve minutes later.",
"After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC.",
"About 30 minutes later the command/service module pair separated from this last remaining Saturn V stage and docked with the Lunar Module still nestled in the Lunar Module Adaptor.",
"After the Lunar Module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the third stage booster flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into heliocentric orbit.",
"On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit.",
"In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) about southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N, 23.47297E).",
"The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated \"Ranger 8\" and \"Surveyor 5\" landers along with the \"Lunar Orbiter\" mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extra-vehicular activity (EVA) challenges."
] |
[
0
] |
Education
|
what are school outfits for south koreans
|
South Korea
| false | 5COUNTRY
|
[
9
] |
[
"Education in South Korea is regarded as crucial to financial and social success, and competition is consequently fierce, with many participating in intense outside tutoring to supplement classes.",
"In the 2006 results of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, South Korea came first in problem solving, third in mathematics and seventh in science.",
"South Korea's education system is technologically advanced and it is the world's first country to bring high-speed fibre-optic broadband internet access to every primary and secondary school nation-wide.",
"Using this infrastructure, the country has developed the first Digital Textbooks in the world, which will be distributed for free to every primary and secondary school nation-wide by 2013.",
"A centralised administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school.",
"South Korea has adopted a new educational program to increase the number of their foreign students through 2010.",
"According to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology estimate, by that time, the number of scholarships for foreign students in South Korea will be doubled, and the number of foreign students will reach 100,000.",
"The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins in the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February.",
"The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school.",
"Most South Korean middle schools and high schools have school uniforms, modeled on western-style uniforms.",
"Boys' uniforms usually consists of trousers and white shirts, and girls wear skirts and white shirts (this only applies in middle schools and high schools)."
] |
[
0
] |
Critical reception
|
How was the premiere reviewed?
|
Criminal Minds
| false | 1TV
|
[
1,
2
] |
[
"Critical reception.",
"The premiere episode was met with mixed reviews, receiving a score of 42 out of 100 on aggregate review site Metacritic, indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews.",
"Dorothy Rabinowitz said, in her review for the \"Wall Street Journal\", that \"From the evidence of the first few episodes, \"Criminal Minds\" may be a hit, and deservedly\" and gave particular praise to both Matthew Gray Gubler and Mandy Patinkin's performance.",
"\"The New York Times\" was less than positive, saying \"The problem with \"Criminal Minds\" is its many confusing maladies, applied to too many characters\" and felt that \"as a result, the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys, with which the audience - and perhaps the creators - may quickly become bored.",
"\"\"The Chicago Tribune\" reviewer, Sid Smith, felt that the show \"May well be worth a look\" though he too criticized the \"confusing plots and characters.",
"\"\"PopMatters\" panned the show, saying the show \"confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities\" and criticized the \"stereotypical characters\".",
"The \"Los Angeles Times\" gave a similar review.",
"However, both reviewers praised Patinkin and Gubler's performances."
] |
[
5
] |
Genre
|
What did Falco say in her acceptance speech?
|
Nurse Jackie
| true | 1TV
|
[
0
] |
[
"In her acceptance speech for the Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy series, Falco exclaimed \"I'm not funny!\"",
"Later, while speaking to the press, she expanded upon her statement and said that she too felt her performance was dramatic.",
"Several articles have since been written addressing this question, with some writers even calling for an overhaul of the Emmy categorization process as well as a \"Comedy-drama/Dramedy\" category for the awards."
] |
[
0
] |
Scuba diver training and certification
|
Is clearing water from a mask an example of something you need to know in order to be scuba diving certified?
|
Scuba diving
| false | 4SPORT
|
[
10
] |
[
"Recreational scuba diving does not have a centralized certifying or regulatory agency, and is mostly self regulated.",
"There are, however, several large diving organizations that train and certify divers and dive instructors, and many diving related sales and rental outlets require proof of diver certification from one of these organizations prior to selling or renting certain diving products or services.",
"Underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diving training agencies or is registered with a government agency.",
"Basic diver training entails the learning of skills required for the safe conduct of activities in an underwater environment, and includes procedures and skills for the use of diving equipment, safety, emergency self-help and rescue procedures, dive planning, and use of dive tables.",
"Some of the skills which an entry level diver will normally learn include:",
"Preparing and dressing in the diving suit",
"Assembly and pre-dive testing of the scuba set.",
"Entries and exits",
"Breathing from the demand valve",
"Recovering and clearing the demand valve.",
"Clearing water from the mask.",
"Buoyancy control using weights and buoyancy compensator",
"Finning techniques, underwater mobility and maneuvering.",
"Making safe and controlled descents and ascents.",
"Equalisation of the ears and other air spaces.",
"Assisting another diver by providing air from one's own supply, or receiving air supplied by another diver.",
"How to return to the surface without injury in the event of a breathing supply interruption.",
"Use of bailout systems (professional divers).",
"Diving signals used to communicate underwater.",
"Professional divers will also learn other methods of communication.",
"Dive management skills such as monitoring depth and time and the breathing gas supply",
"Buddy diving procedures.",
"Some knowledge of physiology and the physics of diving is considered necessary by most diver certification agencies, as the diving environment is alien and relatively hostile to humans.",
"The physics and physiology knowledge required is fairly basic, and helps the diver to understand the effects of the diving environment so that informed acceptance of the associated risks is possible.",
"The physics mostly relates to gases under pressure, buoyancy, heat loss, and light underwater.",
"The physiology relates the physics to the effects on the human body, to provide a basic understanding of the causes and risks of barotrauma, decompression sickness, gas toxicity, hypothermia, drowning and sensory variations.",
"More advanced training often involves first aid and rescue skills, skills related to specialized diving equipment, and underwater work skills."
] |
[] |
Box office
|
How much money did The Cabin in the Woods earn worldwide?
|
The Cabin in the Woods
| false | 6MOVIES
|
[
1
] |
[
"Box office.",
"\"The Cabin in the Woods\" earned $42,073,277 in North America, along with $23,829,690 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $65,902,967.",
"It is currently the 90th highest grossing film of 2012 internationally, 79th domestically.",
"The film opened in North America on April 13, 2012, opening with $5.5 million and went on to gross $14.7 million in its opening weekend in the United States at 2,811 theaters, taking the number three spot.",
"\"The Cabin in the Woods\" closed in theaters on July 12, 2012 with $42.0 million.",
"In total earnings, its highest-grossing countries after North America were the United Kingdom ($8.5 million), France ($2.4 million) and Russia ($2.3 million)."
] |
[
5
] |
Casualties
|
How many German casualties were reported by the Great Soviet Encyclopedia?
|
Battle of Moscow
| false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
|
[
8
] |
[
"Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates.",
"Not all historians agree on what should be considered the \"Battle of Moscow\" in the timeline of World War II.",
"While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation \"Typhoon\" on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive.",
"In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive \"stop\" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.",
"Other historians, who include the Rzhev and Vyazma operations in the scope of the battle (thus making the battle end in May 1942), give higher casualty numbers.",
"There are also significant differences in figures from various sources.",
"John Erickson, in his \"Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies\", gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942.",
"Glantz, in his book \"When Titans Clashed\", gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.",
"The estimate of 400,000 German casualties by January 1942 reported in the \"Great Soviet Encyclopedia\", published in 1973–1978, is clearly inflated.",
"A much more accurate estimate is provided in the \"Moscow Encyclopedia\", published in 1997; its authors, based on various sources, give a figure of 145,000 German and 900,000 Soviet casualties for the defensive phase, along with 103,000 German and 380,000 Soviet casualties for the counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.",
"Many of the Soviet casualties, however, consisted of captured men.",
"On the other hand, Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Center between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942.",
"Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 174,000 and 248,000 for the \"Wehrmacht\" (Wehrmacht reports / Moscow encyclopedia estimate) and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army (Erickson / Moscow encyclopedia estimate).",
"Regardless of these disagreements, the Battle of Moscow is considered among the most lethal battles in world history."
] |
[
5
] |
Visibility from low Earth orbit
|
Whose assumption was that you could see the Great Wall from the space shuttle?
|
Great Wall of China
| true | 2TRAVEL
|
[
6
] |
[
"A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit (an altitude of as little as ).",
"NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.",
"Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).",
"Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing.",
"He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that \"it wasn't visible to the unaided eye.\"",
"U.S.",
"Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts.",
"Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: \"At Earth orbit of to high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye.\"",
"Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, \"it's less visible than a lot of other objects.",
"And you have to know where to look.",
"\"In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: \"I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see.",
"I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit.",
"...I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it.",
"\"In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China.",
"In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye.",
"In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the “Great Wall” photographed from Space.",
"However, in a press release a week later (no longer available in the ESA’s website), they acknowledged that the \"Great Wall\" in the picture was actually a river.",
"Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall.",
"It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it.",
"Based on the photograph, the \"China Daily\" later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from space with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.",
"However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye."
] |
[] |
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