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{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 4, "sc": 622, "ep": 8, "ec": 120} | 292 | Q30324114 | 4 | 622 | 8 | 120 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Background | legitimate reasons which should be detailed in the law.
Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the first countries in the Balkans to adopt the Freedom of Access to Information Act, at the State level in 2000, and then in 2001 in both of its entities, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. However, according to some experts the law requires changes to address a series of shortcomings that have been identified over the years. Background Due to the specific circumstances and the way in which it was created, the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, annex |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 8, "sc": 120, "ep": 12, "ec": 4} | 292 | Q30324114 | 8 | 120 | 12 | 4 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Background & Legal framework | IV of Dayton Peace Agreement did not pay much attention to the right to information. The development of freedom of information legislation was initiated with a decision of the High Representative in 1999. The Decision asked the State and the Entities to adopt such a legislation. The consultation process for drafting the law involved the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)’s legal experts and extensive public discussions with citizens and civil society groups. The Act was adopted by the Bosnia and Herzegovina State Government in October 2000, and the Republika Srpska Government in May 2001. Legal framework The |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 12, "sc": 3, "ep": 12, "ec": 682} | 292 | Q30324114 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 682 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Legal framework | laws establish a general right of the public to access the information held by public authorities/organs “to the greatest extent possible consistent with the public interest”. Therefore, the laws establish a general obligation of making all relevant information public, except for some cases falling under the exceptions defined by the law. Access to public information applies to information held by all public organs (legislative, judiciary, executive and administrative) and regardless of their format (written documents, digital data, audio or video records, etc.) as well as to legal persons owner or controlled by public bodies, such as public enterprises, public schools, |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 12, "sc": 682, "ep": 12, "ec": 1337} | 292 | Q30324114 | 12 | 682 | 12 | 1,337 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Legal framework | universities, state agencies, etc. On the contrary, it does not apply to private organisations, private companies and the commercial sector. The laws entitle every person, regardless of his or her citizenship, nationality, ethnicity, or place of residence, the right to access to public information. Journalists and media outlet do not have more rights compared with other requesters. The prescribed period of time for obtaining the requested information is 15 days from the submission of the request. Under the FOI laws, public authorities are both obliged to provide access to documents and records and to publish the most important information without |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 12, "sc": 1337, "ep": 16, "ec": 558} | 292 | Q30324114 | 12 | 1,337 | 16 | 558 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Legal framework & Exceptions | a request (proactive disclosure). Rules for proactive publication apply to information on institutions’ budget, regular activities and decision-making. Exceptions In line with international standards, access to information laws in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Republika Srpska establish that in some cases public information can be withheld on a legal basis. Specifically, three cases of exceptions are foreseen: first, when there is the possibility that disclosing information can cause a significant damage to legitimate functions of the government (national security, defence, monetary policy issues, prevention of crime, etc.); second, the exceptions can be applied to protect commercial interests; |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 16, "sc": 558, "ep": 16, "ec": 1192} | 292 | Q30324114 | 16 | 558 | 16 | 1,192 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Exceptions | and, third, to protect personal interests and privacy of a third party. The application of these exceptions is not automatic: in effect, in order to reject the application on the basis of the exceptions established in the law, authorities have to make the public interest test, meaning considering whether and how the disclosure of information is harming other protected interests.The public interest test is inspired by the most advanced international standards on the right of access to public information. Compared with similar laws in the Western Balkans, only the laws of Serbia and Croatia prescribe such a test. Exceptions are |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 16, "sc": 1192, "ep": 20, "ec": 470} | 292 | Q30324114 | 16 | 1,192 | 20 | 470 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Exceptions & Access to public information in practice | applied only after a case-by-case analysis of every case and specific circumstances related to each request. Labeling a whole category of information as exemption is forbidden. Access to public information in practice In Bosnia and Herzegovina some NGOs contribute to enforce the law on access to public information as well as to monitor its application and collect relevant data through the submission of FOI requests and the start of appeal procedures. This is the case, for instance, of the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN), Transparency International (Bosnia and Herzegovina), or the Sarajevo-based Center for Investigative Journalism (CIN).
According to a report |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 20, "sc": 470, "ep": 20, "ec": 1128} | 292 | Q30324114 | 20 | 470 | 20 | 1,128 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Access to public information in practice | prepared by the Association of journalists of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the country's Press Council, the vast majority of Bosnians (around 93%) believe that there are several limitations to the right of access to public information in practice. At the same, public opinion in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely not fully aware of their rights with regard to access to public information.
When it comes to the application of the law, problems range from inconsistent interpretation of the law by different public bodies, unwillingness to apply it, to non-harmonisation of FOI laws with other laws.
Specifically, one of the major deficiency of |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 20, "sc": 1128, "ep": 20, "ec": 1762} | 292 | Q30324114 | 20 | 1,128 | 20 | 1,762 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Access to public information in practice | freedom of information laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the weakness of the provisions concerning the appeal procedures in case the request is rejected. The FOI law of the Republika Srpska does not stipulate an appeal procedure at all. Another problem concerns the lack of compliance with other existing laws that exclude or significantly reduce the right to free access to information in practice both in the Federation and in the Republika Srpska. Also, experts have identified among the shortcomings hindering the application of FOI laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina the lack of an effective system for monitoring their application. |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 20, "sc": 1762, "ep": 20, "ec": 2426} | 292 | Q30324114 | 20 | 1,762 | 20 | 2,426 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Access to public information in practice | Only a small number of public bodies comply with the obligation to publish the information on the number of received questions related to freedom of information on a regular basis.
In 2013-16 in order to test the implementation of FOI laws, the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) submitted a series of requests for accessing documents to different public bodies in the country at all level. Half of BIRN's requests for information were rejected, while the remaining 50 per cent were only partially granted.
Also, according to Transparency International - Bosnia and Herzegovina only 40% of public enterprises in Republika Srpska and 27% |
{"datasets_id": 292, "wiki_id": "Q30324114", "sp": 20, "sc": 2426, "ep": 20, "ec": 2760} | 292 | Q30324114 | 20 | 2,426 | 20 | 2,760 | Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Access to public information in practice | in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina provides the requested information within the timeframe established by the law. In 37% of cases examined by Transparency International the fulfillment of the procedure lasts more than one month, even if the law stipulates that the information requested must be provided in maximum 15 days. |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 641} | 293 | Q30324084 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 641 | Access to public information in Moldova | Access to public information in Moldova Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right to access information held by public bodies also known as "right to know". Access to public information is considered of fundamental importance for the effective functioning of democratic systems, as it enhances governments' and public officials' accountability, boosting people participation and allowing their informed participation into public life. The fundamental premise of the right to access public information is that the information held by governmental institutions is in principle public and may be concealed only on the basis of legitimate reasons |
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{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 4, "sc": 641, "ep": 4, "ec": 1356} | 293 | Q30324084 | 4 | 641 | 4 | 1,356 | Access to public information in Moldova | which should be detailed in the law.
Access to information, just as media independence and pluralism remain critical issues in the Republic of Moldova. Despite numerous calls for media legislation reform, the government of Moldova has not made significant steps to improve access to information according to the country's international obligations, including a convention with the Council of Europe. Public officials widely impede access to public information through refusals, delays or incomplete answers, without sanctions. In 2014, the Independent Journalism Center (IJC) presented to Parliament amendments to improve the law on access to information, provide additional guarantees for journalists and |
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{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 4, "sc": 1356, "ep": 8, "ec": 262} | 293 | Q30324084 | 4 | 1,356 | 8 | 262 | Access to public information in Moldova | Legal framework | limit unjustified limitations of access to public information by public officials. However, the draft law has not yet been adopted. According to the Executive Director of the Association of Independent Press, Petru Macovei, overall the law on access to information is good, but it is compromised by a non-collaborative attitude of the public authorities. Legal framework The right to access public information in guaranteed by Article 34 of the Moldovan Constitution and is regulated by the Law on Access to Information which was adopted in 2000. The law establishes that information of public interest can be requested in writing or |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 8, "sc": 262, "ep": 8, "ec": 874} | 293 | Q30324084 | 8 | 262 | 8 | 874 | Access to public information in Moldova | Legal framework | orally. Information can be consulted at the institution’s premises or can be received stored in an electronic support or in hardcopy. Viewing documents on the institution’s premises is free of charge, while reasonable fees can be charged for the cost of photocopying, transcribing, translating or delivering the documents. According to the law, documents of public interest must be provided within 15 working days, which can be extended by five days in case of requests of large numbers of documents. If the request is rejected, the applicant can exercise its right of appeal to the relevant courts, and if the |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 8, "sc": 874, "ep": 12, "ec": 160} | 293 | Q30324084 | 8 | 874 | 12 | 160 | Access to public information in Moldova | Legal framework & Access to information in practice | court decides on behalf of the applicant, the law imposes penalties in form of fines to the government body which has violated the law. Exceptions justifying limitation to the disclosure regime are specified in the law and include state secrets, information on the military, intelligence, economic, foreign policy or criminal proceedings, information concerning ongoing lawsuit, personal data, confidential business data, and preliminary results of scientific and technical research. Access to information in practice In practice, compliance with the Law on Access to Information remains weak just as its implementation which is not supported by the full authority of the bodies |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 12, "sc": 160, "ep": 12, "ec": 840} | 293 | Q30324084 | 12 | 160 | 12 | 840 | Access to public information in Moldova | Access to information in practice | responsible for its enforcement. The Ombudsman in Moldova has the authority to supervise the implementation of the law, but this office lacks the capacity and the resources to exercise its role. Investigative journalists and civil society organisations face numerous difficulties when requesting access to public information, including obstruction by public officials, refusals and delays in replying to requests, as well as incomplete responses to requests for information. To justify their denials, public officials frequently cite laws that conflict with the Law on Access to Information, in particular the Law on State Secrets and the Law on Trade Secrets.
One of the |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 12, "sc": 840, "ep": 12, "ec": 1492} | 293 | Q30324084 | 12 | 840 | 12 | 1,492 | Access to public information in Moldova | Access to information in practice | problem in enforcing the right to access public information is impunity, meaning that the law establishes only insignificant fines on public offices who fail to provide due access to information. Also, in many cases, the information provided by state bodies is shaped in the officials' favor, giving the impression that authorities are behaving in compliance with the law, while in fact depriving the requester the information they are seeking. Moreover, in many cases officials do not provide public interest information without the approval from a supervisor and often refuse to answers telephone calls from journalists, thus increasing the time for |
{"datasets_id": 293, "wiki_id": "Q30324084", "sp": 12, "sc": 1492, "ep": 12, "ec": 1925} | 293 | Q30324084 | 12 | 1,492 | 12 | 1,925 | Access to public information in Moldova | Access to information in practice | getting the required information.
Another problem concerns the costs for obtaining public information and the fees charged to the requester, despite some improvements made recently, such as the introduction of a public register through the E-Government service in 2014. This affects in particular newsrooms and investigative journalists that must pay large sums of money for getting data useful for their investigative work. |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 615} | 294 | Q250058 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 615 | Accounts payable | Overview | Accounts payable Overview An accounts payable is recorded in the Account Payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouched for payment. Vouchered, or vouched, means that an invoice is approved for payment and has been recorded in the General Ledger or AP subledger as an outstanding, or open, liability because it has not been paid. Payables are often categorized as Trade Payables, payables for the purchase of physical goods that are recorded in Inventory, and Expense Payables, payables for the purchase of goods or services that are expensed. Common examples of Expense Payables are advertising, travel, entertainment, office supplies |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 6, "sc": 615, "ep": 6, "ec": 1167} | 294 | Q250058 | 6 | 615 | 6 | 1,167 | Accounts payable | Overview | and utilities. AP is a form of credit that suppliers offer to their customers by allowing them to pay for a product or service after it has already been received. Suppliers offer various payment terms for an invoice. Payment terms may include the offer of a cash discount for paying
an invoice within a defined number of days. For example, 2%, Net 30 terms mean that the payer will deduct 2% from the invoice if payment is made
within 30 days. If the payment is made on Day 31 then the full amount is paid. This is also referred to as |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 6, "sc": 1167, "ep": 6, "ec": 1829} | 294 | Q250058 | 6 | 1,167 | 6 | 1,829 | Accounts payable | Overview | 2/10 Net 30.
In households, accounts payable are ordinarily bills from the electric company, telephone company, cable television or satellite dish service, newspaper subscription, and other such regular services. Householders usually track and pay on a monthly basis by hand using cheques, credit cards or internet banking. In a business, there is usually a much broader range of services in the AP file, and accountants or bookkeepers usually use accounting software to track the flow of money into this liability account when they receive invoices and out of it when they make payments. Increasingly, large firms are using specialized Accounts Payable |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 6, "sc": 1829, "ep": 6, "ec": 2447} | 294 | Q250058 | 6 | 1,829 | 6 | 2,447 | Accounts payable | Overview | automation solutions (commonly called ePayables) to automate the paper and manual elements of processing an organization's invoices.
Commonly, a supplier will ship a product, issue an invoice, and collect payment later. This is a cash conversion cycle, or a period of time during which the supplier has already paid for raw materials but hasn't been paid in return by the final customer.
When the invoice is received by the purchaser, it is matched to the packing slip and purchase order, and if all is in order, the invoice is paid. This is referred to as the three-way match. The three-way match can |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 6, "sc": 2447, "ep": 10, "ec": 80} | 294 | Q250058 | 6 | 2,447 | 10 | 80 | Accounts payable | Overview & Internal controls | slow down the payment process, so the method may be modified. For example, three-way matching may be limited solely to large-value invoices, or the matching is automatically approved if the received quantity is within a certain percentage of the amount authorized in the purchase order. Invoice processing automation software handles the matching process differently depending upon the business rules put in place during the creation of the workflow process. The simplest case is the two way matching between the invoice itself and the purchase order. Internal controls A variety of checks against abuse are usually present to prevent embezzlement by |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 10, "sc": 80, "ep": 10, "ec": 698} | 294 | Q250058 | 10 | 80 | 10 | 698 | Accounts payable | Internal controls | accounts payable personnel. Segregation of duties is a common control. In countries where cheques payment are common nearly all companies have a junior employee process and print a cheque and a senior employee review and sign the cheque. Often, the accounting software will limit each employee to performing only the functions assigned to them, so that there is no way any one employee – even the controller – can singlehandedly make a payment.
Some companies also separate the functions of adding new vendors and entering vouchers. This makes it impossible for an employee to add himself as a vendor and then |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 10, "sc": 698, "ep": 10, "ec": 1349} | 294 | Q250058 | 10 | 698 | 10 | 1,349 | Accounts payable | Internal controls | cut a cheque to himself without colluding with another employee. This file is referred to as the master vendor file. It is the repository of all significant information about the company's suppliers. It is the reference point for accounts payable when it comes to paying invoices.
In addition, most companies require a second signature on cheques whose amount exceeds a specified threshold.
Accounts payable personnel must watch for fraudulent invoices. In the absence of a purchase order system, the first line of defense is the approving manager. However, AP staff should become familiar with a few common problems, such as "Yellow |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 10, "sc": 1349, "ep": 10, "ec": 1996} | 294 | Q250058 | 10 | 1,349 | 10 | 1,996 | Accounts payable | Internal controls | Pages" ripoffs in which fraudulent operators offer to place an advertisement. The walking-fingers logo has never been trademarked, and there are many different Yellow Pages-style directories, most of which have a small distribution. According to an article in the Winter 2000 American Payroll Association's Employer Practices, "Vendors may send documents that look like invoices but in small print they state "this is not a bill." These may be charges for directory listings or advertisements. Recently, some companies have begun sending what appears to be a rebate or refund check; in reality, it is a registration for services that is activated |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 10, "sc": 1996, "ep": 14, "ec": 20} | 294 | Q250058 | 10 | 1,996 | 14 | 20 | Accounts payable | Internal controls & Audits of accounts payable | when the document is returned with a signature."
In accounts payable, a simple mistake can cause a large overpayment. A common example involves duplicate invoices. An invoice may be temporarily misplaced or still in the approval status when the vendors calls to inquire into its payment status. After the AP staff member looks it up and finds it has not been paid, the vendor sends a duplicate invoice; meanwhile the original invoice shows up and gets paid. Then the duplicate invoice arrives and inadvertently gets paid as well, perhaps under a slightly different invoice. Audits of accounts payable Auditors often focus |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 14, "sc": 20, "ep": 14, "ec": 648} | 294 | Q250058 | 14 | 20 | 14 | 648 | Accounts payable | Audits of accounts payable | on the existence of approved invoices, expense reports, and other supporting documentation to support cheques that were cut. The presence of a confirmation or statement from the supplier is reasonable proof of the existence of the account. It is not uncommon for some of this documentation to be lost or misfiled by the time the audit rolls around. An auditor may decide to expand the sample size in such situations.
Auditors typically prepare an aging structure of accounts payable for a better understanding of outstanding debts over certain periods (30, 60, 90 days, etc.). Such structures are helpful in the correct |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 14, "sc": 648, "ep": 18, "ec": 615} | 294 | Q250058 | 14 | 648 | 18 | 615 | Accounts payable | Audits of accounts payable & Automation | presentation of the balance sheet as of fiscal year end. Automation Accounts payable automation or AP automation is the ongoing effort of many companies to streamline the business process of their accounts payable departments. The accounts payable department's main responsibility is to process and review transactions between the company and its suppliers. In other words, it is the accounts payable department's job to make sure all outstanding invoices from their suppliers are approved, processed, and paid. Processing an invoice includes recording important data from the invoice and inputting it into the company’s financial, or bookkeeping, system. After this is accomplished, |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 18, "sc": 615, "ep": 18, "ec": 1265} | 294 | Q250058 | 18 | 615 | 18 | 1,265 | Accounts payable | Automation | the invoices must go through the company’s respective business process in order to be paid.
This process is straightforward but can become very cumbersome, especially if the company has a very large number of invoices. This problem is compounded when invoices that require processing are on paper. This can lead to lost invoices, human error during data entry, and invoice duplicates. These and other problems lead to a high cost per invoice metric. The goal of automating the accounts payable department is to streamline this invoicing process, eliminate potential human error, and lower the cost per invoice
Some of the most common |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 18, "sc": 1265, "ep": 18, "ec": 1999} | 294 | Q250058 | 18 | 1,265 | 18 | 1,999 | Accounts payable | Automation | AP automation solutions include E-invoicing, scanning and workflow, online tracking, reporting capabilities, electronic invoice user interfaces, supplier networks, payment services and spend analytics for all invoices.
Electronic Invoicing can be a very useful tool for the AP department. Electronic invoicing allows vendors to submit invoices over the internet and have those invoices automatically routed and processed. Because invoice arrival and presentation is almost immediate invoices are paid sooner; therefore, the amount of time and money it takes to process these invoices is greatly reduced. (Financial Operations Networks, 2008) These solutions usually involve a third party company that provides and supports an |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 18, "sc": 1999, "ep": 22, "ec": 53} | 294 | Q250058 | 18 | 1,999 | 22 | 53 | Accounts payable | Automation & History | application which allows a supplier to submit an electronic invoice to their customer for immediate routing, approval, and payment. These applications are tied to databases which archive transaction information between trading partners. (US Bank, Scott Hesse, 2010) The invoices may be submitted in a number of ways, including EDI, CSV, or XML uploads, PDF files, or online invoice templates. Because E-invoicing includes so many different technologies and entry options, it is an umbrella category for any method by which an invoice is electronically presented to a customer for payment. History Since the mid 1960s companies have begun to establish |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 22, "sc": 53, "ep": 22, "ec": 728} | 294 | Q250058 | 22 | 53 | 22 | 728 | Accounts payable | History | data links between their trading partners to transfer documents, such as invoices and purchase orders. Inspired by the idea of a paperless office and more reliable transfer of data, they developed the first EDI systems. These systems were unique to the respective company that developed them, meaning they were difficult to deploy across a large number of corporations. Recognizing this, the Accredited Standards Committee X12—a standards institution under the umbrella of ANSI—made preparations to standardize EDI processes. This resulted in what is known today as the ANSI X12 EDI standard.
This remained the main way to exchange transactional data between trading |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 22, "sc": 728, "ep": 22, "ec": 1380} | 294 | Q250058 | 22 | 728 | 22 | 1,380 | Accounts payable | History | partners for nearly 3 decades. The 1990s came with advances in internet technology. Companies began to appear offering more robust user interface web applications with functions that catered to both supplier and customer. These new web-based applications allowed for online submission of individual invoices as well as EDI file uploads. Along with other methods of file uploads including CSV and XML. These services allow suppliers to present invoices to their customers for matching and approval via a user-friendly web application. Suppliers can also see a history of all the invoices they submitted to their customer without having direct access to |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 22, "sc": 1380, "ep": 22, "ec": 2018} | 294 | Q250058 | 22 | 1,380 | 22 | 2,018 | Accounts payable | History | the customers' systems. This is because all the transactional information is stored in the data centers of the third party company that provides the invoicing web app. This proprietary information can be regulated by the customer in order to control how much transactional information the vendor is allowed to see. (For example, payment dates, or check information).
As companies advance into the digital era, more and more are switching to electronic invoicing services to automate their accounts payable departments. Some even believe it to be an industry standard in the near future. According to a report done by the GXS team |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 22, "sc": 2018, "ep": 22, "ec": 2757} | 294 | Q250058 | 22 | 2,018 | 22 | 2,757 | Accounts payable | History | in 2013, Europe is adopting government legislation encouraging businesses to adopt electronic invoicing practices. The United States has no such legislation yet but does recognize the value of this technology. The US Treasury estimated that implementing e-invoicing across the entire federal government would reduce cost by 50% and save $450 million annually.
With the increasing availability of robotic solutions, businesses are driving process improvement in AP even further. By applying end-to-end robotic process automation or RPA to their accounts payable department, organizations can accelerate invoice processing speed and accuracy while improving operational costs. Some organizations report that by implementing RPA they |
{"datasets_id": 294, "wiki_id": "Q250058", "sp": 22, "sc": 2757, "ep": 22, "ec": 2928} | 294 | Q250058 | 22 | 2,757 | 22 | 2,928 | Accounts payable | History | have managed to almost completely eliminate human intervention from the AP process, thus saving 65% to 75% of the time that was previously had spent on manual processing. |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 591} | 295 | Q17010799 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 591 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The accreditation process | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges The accreditation process The accreditation process is premised on the idea that the ACCJC and the colleges together shape the values and best practices of the educational community into the policies, requirements, and standards by which colleges are evaluated. It is the Commission's policy that the ACCJC and its member institutions share this right and responsibility.
Accreditation processes vary among regional commissions. The ACCJC requires member colleges to carry out a self-study, compose a report, and undergo peer review every six years. In short, the ACCJC process consists of two elements: the |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 6, "sc": 591, "ep": 6, "ec": 1237} | 295 | Q17010799 | 6 | 591 | 6 | 1,237 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The accreditation process | college's evaluation of itself and the ACCJC's evaluation of the college. These evaluations determine the extent to which the college is meeting the ACCJC's policies, requirements, and standards, and their purpose is to help the school improve itself. However, while the ACCJC and its representatives are considered peers of the college they are evaluating, ultimately it is the ACCJC, not the college, that will decide the college’s accreditation status and any subsequent steps the college must take to better this status.
On August 13, 2013, the ACCJC was found to be in violation of federal regulations concerning its accreditation |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 6, "sc": 1237, "ep": 6, "ec": 1847} | 295 | Q17010799 | 6 | 1,237 | 6 | 1,847 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The accreditation process | process. In a letter sent to the president of the ACCJC, the U.S. Department of Education stated that the ACCJC must remedy the problems or risk termination of its federal recognition as an accrediting body.
As of January 20, 2015, State Chancellor Brice Harris issued a proposed change to the California Code of Regulations that would remove the ACCJC as the sole accrediting commission for California community colleges. On November 16, 2015, the Board of Governors voted 14-0, with one abstention, to direct Chancellor Harris to create a plan to replace the ACCJC and come up with a timeline by its |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 6, "sc": 1847, "ep": 10, "ec": 314} | 295 | Q17010799 | 6 | 1,847 | 10 | 314 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The accreditation process & The self-study | March, 2016 meeting. Any such transition will take several years to execute, due to the lengthy and rolling nature of accreditation cycles and approval requirements by the U.S. Department of Education.
According to the ACCJC 2011 newsletter, Heald was scheduled to undergo a comprehensive evaluation by the ACCJC in fall 2012. The self-study The self-study is an extensive research project by which the college examines itself and makes plans for improvement in the context of the ACCJC’s policies, eligibility requirements, and standards. The ACCJC maintains dozens of policies, including "Review of Commission Actions." There are twenty-one eligibility |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 10, "sc": 314, "ep": 10, "ec": 1069} | 295 | Q17010799 | 10 | 314 | 10 | 1,069 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The self-study | requirements, ranging from “Authority (to Operate as an Educational Institution)” to "Relations with the Accrediting Commission." There are four areas of standards: “Institutional Mission and Effectiveness,” “Student Learning Programs and Services,” “Resources,” and “Leadership and Guidance.” The standards state the practices of an “effective institution.” The ACCJC considers an institution effective when it “ensures that its resources and processes support student learning, continually assesses that learning, and pursues institutional excellence and improvement.” The ACCJC emphasizes that this self-study must have the widespread involvement of faculty, staff, administration, students, and trustees to ensure that its conclusions are accurate |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 10, "sc": 1069, "ep": 14, "ec": 494} | 295 | Q17010799 | 10 | 1,069 | 14 | 494 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The self-study & The self-study report | and authoritative, reflecting the college as it is and projecting the college it wants to become. The self-study report The college composes and organizes the self-study report, which typically runs several hundred pages or more, along the lines of the ACCJC’s policies, requirements, and standards. The bulk of the report is the college’s discussion of its adherence to the standards. Here the college must provide a summary of current processes and products, an analysis of the extent to which the college meets the standards, and evidence to support the summary and analysis. When pertinent, the college also |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 14, "sc": 494, "ep": 18, "ec": 296} | 295 | Q17010799 | 14 | 494 | 18 | 296 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The self-study report & The site visit | adds “planning agendas” to guide its self-improvement. It then submits this report to the ACCJC in preparation for the ACCJC sending a "visiting" team to the site to "validate" the college's account of itself. Participants on the visiting team are volunteers drawn from other ACCJC member colleges. The site visit The visiting team examines evidence, conducts interviews, and attends meetings of college committees and councils. When the team is done with its work, it delivers a preliminary oral exit report to the college. Subsequently, the team composes the written team report, which it delivers in draft |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 18, "sc": 296, "ep": 22, "ec": 354} | 295 | Q17010799 | 18 | 296 | 22 | 354 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | The site visit & Commission Action | form both to the ACCJC and to the college. This draft includes the visiting team's commendations and recommendations for addressing deficiencies. The college has the opportunity to correct factual errors in this report before it is considered a final draft. Commission Action On the basis of the college's self-study report, the site team's visit, the site team's report, documents from previous evaluations, and evidence of student learning and achievement, the nineteen-member Commission determines the accreditation status of the college. It announces this status to the college in an action letter and to the public through |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 22, "sc": 354, "ep": 22, "ec": 1010} | 295 | Q17010799 | 22 | 354 | 22 | 1,010 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | Commission Action | ACCJC announcements. This action letter also lists the Commission's "official" recommendations. For a college seeking reaffirmation, there are in general two possibilities. The ACCJC can reaffirm the college's accreditation, or it can sanction the college. The sanctions are of three kinds: Warning, Probation, and Show Cause. If sanctioned, the college maintains its accreditation, but the ACCJC withholds reaffirmation until the college addresses the matters that led to sanction. The ACCJC will also require the sanctioned college to provide one or more follow-up reports to confirm that it is in fact fulfilling the Commission's recommendations. |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 22, "sc": 1010, "ep": 22, "ec": 1691} | 295 | Q17010799 | 22 | 1,010 | 22 | 1,691 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | Commission Action | Often the ACCJC will also require follow-up site visits. Very rarely does the ACCJC terminate a college's accreditation.
The ACCJC generated 89% of all sanctions issued nationwide between 2003 and 2008.
From June 2011 to June 2012, the ACCJC issued 64% of the seventy-five sanctions issued
nationwide.
A grant for $450,000 from the Lumina Foundation to "explore the usefulness of the Degree Qualifications Profile (DQP)" was received by the ACCJC.
In 2013, the ACCJC declared that it would pull the accreditation of, and thus shut down, City College of San Francisco. The ACCJC was sued in San Francisco Superior Court in three lawsuits by |
{"datasets_id": 295, "wiki_id": "Q17010799", "sp": 22, "sc": 1691, "ep": 26, "ec": 418} | 295 | Q17010799 | 22 | 1,691 | 26 | 418 | Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges | Commission Action & Additional reports | Dennis Herrera, San Francisco District Attorney; the American Federation of Teachers union local 2121, representing college faculty; and the Save CCSF Coalition of faculty, staff, and students. The judge appointed to hear these suits is Curtis E. A. Karnow. Additional reports In between these comprehensive self-studies, which occur every six years, the college provides the ACCJC a midterm report, in which the college describes and analyzes its progress on each of the commission’s recommendations, its self-identified planning agendas, and any proposed "substantive changes."
Colleges also submit to the ACCJC annual reports on student learning and achievement and on fiscal matters. |
{"datasets_id": 296, "wiki_id": "Q1476368", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 610} | 296 | Q1476368 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 610 | Acergy | History | Acergy History The company started as the Haugesund based Stolt Nielsen Seaway and offered divers for the exploration of the North Sea in 1970. The company was part of the Stolt-Nielsen Group. In 1989 the company expanded to Aberdeen and in 1992 the company acquired the French diving company Comex Services. In 1997 the company won its first ultra-deepwater contract off West Africa, resulting in the acquisition of Houston based Ceanic Corporation, Danish NKT Flexibles and ETPM of France.
In 2000 the company changed its name to Stolt Offshore. In 2005 the Stolt-Nielsen Group sold its ownership in the company and |
{"datasets_id": 296, "wiki_id": "Q1476368", "sp": 6, "sc": 610, "ep": 10, "ec": 82} | 296 | Q1476368 | 6 | 610 | 10 | 82 | Acergy | History & Operations | listed it on the Oslo Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. As of 1 March 2006 the company changed its name to Acergy.
On 21 June 2010 the combination of Acergy S.A. and Subsea 7 Inc. was announced and was completed on 7 January 2011. The new entity took the Subsea 7 name while retaining Acergy's Luxembourg domicile and operational headquarters in London. The chairman and chief executive roles were filled by Kristian Siem and Jean Cahuzac, who had previously held the same roles at Subsea 7 and Acergy respectively. Operations The company had four main operational areas: Subsea Umbilical Risers and Flowlines |
{"datasets_id": 296, "wiki_id": "Q1476368", "sp": 10, "sc": 82, "ep": 18, "ec": 492} | 296 | Q1476368 | 10 | 82 | 18 | 492 | Acergy | Operations & Joint ventures & Assets | (SURF); Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) and Conventional Field Development. Joint ventures Main Joint Ventures included: Seaway Heavy Lifting in Netherlands, NKT Flexibles in Denmark, SapuraAcergy in Malaysia, Global Oceon Engineers in Nigeria. Assets Ships: Acergy Condor, Acergy Discovery, Acergy Eagle, Acergy Falcon, Acergy Harrier, Acergy Hawk, Acergy Legend, Acergy Osprey, Acergy Petrel, Acergy Viking, Far Saga (time charter), Skandi Acergy (time charter), Pertinacia, Polar Queen, Polarbjørn (time charter), Sapura 3000 (owned by SapuraAcergy Joint Venture), Stanislav Yudin (owned by Seaway Heavy Lifting Joint Venture), Oleg Strashnov (newbuild, owned by Seaway Heavy Lifting Joint Venture), Acergy Havila (Newbuild), Acergy Borealis |
{"datasets_id": 296, "wiki_id": "Q1476368", "sp": 18, "sc": 492, "ep": 18, "ec": 586} | 296 | Q1476368 | 18 | 492 | 18 | 586 | Acergy | Assets | (newbuild), Seven Waves (newbuild 2013)
Barges: Acergy Polaris, Antares, Acergy Orion |
{"datasets_id": 297, "wiki_id": "Q65089897", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 572} | 297 | Q65089897 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 572 | Achan Subdivision | History | Achan Subdivision History The Achan Subdivision was built around 1912 as the northernmost extension of the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway, which extended from Bradley Junction south to Boca Grande on Gasparilla Island. The extension north to Mulberry allowed the Charlotte Harbor and Northern to serve more phosphate facilities in Mulberry. It also served the now defunct town of Pierce, a town built to house workers of the American Agricultural Chemicals Company, which built and owned the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway. Pierce was also the location of a phosphate drying plant. |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 298 | Q302029 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Achilleid | Composition | Achilleid Composition Based upon three references to the poem in the Silvae, the Achilleid seems to have been composed between 94 and 96 CE. At Silvae 4. 7. 21–24, Statius complains that he lacks the motivation to make progress upon his "Achilles" without the company of his friend C. Vibius Maximus who was travelling in Dalmatia (and to whom poem is addressed).
Statius apparently overcame this self-described writer's block, for in a poem from the posthumously published fifth book of the Silvae he refers to an upcoming recitation of a section from the Achilleid. This reference is believed to date from |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 10, "ec": 430} | 298 | Q302029 | 6 | 593 | 10 | 430 | Achilleid | Composition & Poetic models | the summer of 95, and Statius presumably died later that year or early in the next, leaving the Achilleid unfinished. Poetic models Statius' primary models are Homer and the poems of the epic cycle which touch on the life of Achilles. In the opening of the Achilleid, Statius asks that his poem not stop with the death of Hector (nec in Hectore tracto sistere 1.6) as the Iliad does but that it continue through the whole Trojan cycle, invoking these two important models. His style in the Achilleid has been seen as far more reminiscent of Ovid than Virgil, his |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 10, "sc": 430, "ep": 10, "ec": 1069} | 298 | Q302029 | 10 | 430 | 10 | 1,069 | Achilleid | Poetic models | major influence in the composition of the Thebaid. Statius tried to revise the image of the Homeric Achilles with the "Achilleid," just as Ovid did for the Virgilian Aeneas. While doing this, they also exploited the tension between the accepted epic narrative and competing traditions pertaining to the heroes' lives.
On account of its unfinished state, the Achilleid, it is often referred to as a "fragment," but this is a misleading label. Fragments are typically pieces of writing that have become seriously destroyed in the process of being transmitted to its audience. Statius' Achilleid is a work that is partially completed |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 10, "sc": 1069, "ep": 14, "ec": 226} | 298 | Q302029 | 10 | 1,069 | 14 | 226 | Achilleid | Poetic models & Book 2 | that had already been polished and presented to the world in his lifetime. The structure of the narrative is deliberate and balanced. The first words of the poem are the pseudo-Homeric patronymic that introduces Achilles through his father's father, while the last word of the poem is mother. Achilles' childhood experiences are then told in the space left vacant by his two absentee parents. Book 2 Lines 1–22. After praying to his mother for forgiveness, Achilles sets sail from Scyros with Ulysses and Diomedes.
Lines 23–48. Deidamia and Achilles each grieve, separately, for the loss of the other. Ulysses tries to |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 14, "sc": 226, "ep": 18, "ec": 101} | 298 | Q302029 | 14 | 226 | 18 | 101 | Achilleid | Book 2 & Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid | take Achilles' mind off his wife.
Lines 49–85. Ulysses tells the story of the events leading up to the war on which they are about to embark and expresses his indignation at Paris' reckless abduction of Helen and the threat that he feels toward society as a whole as a result.
Lines 86–167. Per Diomedes' request, Achilles tells of his youth, his hunting exploits, and the teachings of Chiron. The poem ends with the closure of Achilles' narrative. Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid The Achilleid has generally received far more positive criticism than the Thebaid. One branch of this |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 18, "sc": 101, "ep": 18, "ec": 750} | 298 | Q302029 | 18 | 101 | 18 | 750 | Achilleid | Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid | focuses on comparisons between the two poems; many scholars see a drastic difference between the "serious" and "Iliadic" Thebaid and the playful "Ovidian" Achilleid. Some have seen the Achilleid as Statius' attempt to write an entirely new multi-generic type of epic as a challenge to the Virgilian model. Others have noted the importance of female emotions and feminine characteristics in the poem. Finally, some have interpreted the character of Achilles as a subversive foil for Domitian.
Critics have also said that the Achilleid was a failure because Statius wrote it as an attempt to constitute an alternative epic tradition, which he |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 18, "sc": 750, "ep": 18, "ec": 1434} | 298 | Q302029 | 18 | 750 | 18 | 1,434 | Achilleid | Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid | was unsuccessful in doing. However, it has also been argued that Statius' alternative epic tradition has influenced some of his successors. Claudian's De raptu Proserpinae emulated Statius' alternative epic tradition, leaving his work seemingly unfinished. Claudian believed that the inevitability of Homeric and Virgilian narrative was the cause of Statius' inability to proceed. Other writers such as Dante Alighieri borrowed from Statius and thought highly of his style; Giovanni Boccaccio was inspired by him; and Geoffrey Chaucer studied and imitated Statius. The influences of Statius and the Achilleid are also clearly seen in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, especially in |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 18, "sc": 1434, "ep": 18, "ec": 2042} | 298 | Q302029 | 18 | 1,434 | 18 | 2,042 | Achilleid | Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid | one Canto of Book III.
Statius' Achilleid also had a great impact in the realm of opera in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries across Europe. These operas raised the issues of transvestitism, biological sex, and social gender. When a woman played the character of Achilles, the audience saw a woman playing the role of a man pretending to be a woman. When a castrato played Achilles, the unveiling of the "girl" forced the observation of a contrast between the fictional character who sheds his false gender identity on Scyros and the singer who cannot. Some directors such as Giulio |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 18, "sc": 2042, "ep": 18, "ec": 2635} | 298 | Q302029 | 18 | 2,042 | 18 | 2,635 | Achilleid | Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid | Strozzi, Ippolito Bentivoglio, and Carlo Capece, chose to embody the spirit of Carnival: the greatest hero of antiquity puts on a female disguise to pursue his love and sexual desires. For later writers such as Pietro Metastasio and Paolo Rolli, the myth teaches that gender is essential, in that the masculinity of Achilles is a primal force of nature that cannot be hidden, and it is a crucial component of his heroism. The first treatment of the "Achilleid" for the operatic stage was La finta pazza, "the woman feigning madness," performed in Venice in 1641. Following that was the opera, |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 18, "sc": 2635, "ep": 22, "ec": 568} | 298 | Q302029 | 18 | 2,635 | 22 | 568 | Achilleid | Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid & Women in the Achilleid | Achille in Sciro, first performed in Ferrara in 1663. Women in the Achilleid In ancient epic, women have been portrayed through various roles that help, hinder, and protect characters from disaster. Greek poets, such as Homer, have generally illustrated women as victims of conflict, the cause of conflict, negotiators among combatant men, and mourners of the dead. Roman poets, like Virgil, describe women in a similar light, but they also tend to complicate the portrayal of women, often depicting them as hindering a hero's destiny and stirring conflict among men.
In the Achilleid, classicist P. J. Heslin argues that Statius upholds |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 22, "sc": 568, "ep": 22, "ec": 1193} | 298 | Q302029 | 22 | 568 | 22 | 1,193 | Achilleid | Women in the Achilleid | the Roman trend of portraying women as "heroic blockers" with the development of Thetis' character. In the Achilleid, Thetis is a prophet, protector, and hinderer to Achilles. She desperately tries to protect Achilles from going off to fight the Trojan War, knowing that he will die in battle if he goes. Thetis's initial reaction of anger to this knowledge (inspiring her idea to sink Paris's fleet) imitates the classic anger of the goddess Juno. However, her surge in anger does not help her protect Achilles. Thetis's supplication of Neptune mirrors Venus's supplication of Neptune in the Aeneid, except Thetis's attempt |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 22, "sc": 1193, "ep": 22, "ec": 1816} | 298 | Q302029 | 22 | 1,193 | 22 | 1,816 | Achilleid | Women in the Achilleid | fails whereas Venus's succeeds. Thetis's maternal instinct to protect her child from danger fulfills one of the typical roles women play in ancient epic. She also hinders the course of Achilles' fate by trying to change his destiny, which is to become one of the most glorified heroes in Greek history.
The other major female character in the Achilleid is Deidamia. Heslin argues that Achilles rapes Deidamia in order to assert his masculinity because dressing and acting like a woman makes him feel belittled. Deidamia's rape is just another example from epic tales that shows women as property, ultimately in the |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 22, "sc": 1816, "ep": 22, "ec": 2449} | 298 | Q302029 | 22 | 1,816 | 22 | 2,449 | Achilleid | Women in the Achilleid | control of men. Her obedience to Achilles is further exemplified by her silence after the rape. After marrying Achilles, Deidamia then fulfills the role of the faithful wife waiting for her husband to return home from war.
Heslin illuminates how the expectations for the behavior of Roman women during Statius's life can also be seen in the Achilleid through Thetis's instructions on how Achilles should act on Scyros. Thetis criticizes his "masculine" mannerisms and leaves him on Scyros to learn more about how to act in a womanly fashion. Hence, this instruction on "womanliness" can be interpreted as insight into Rome's |
{"datasets_id": 298, "wiki_id": "Q302029", "sp": 22, "sc": 2449, "ep": 22, "ec": 2491} | 298 | Q302029 | 22 | 2,449 | 22 | 2,491 | Achilleid | Women in the Achilleid | feminine world during Statius's lifetime. |
{"datasets_id": 299, "wiki_id": "Q4673759", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 589} | 299 | Q4673759 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 589 | Achilles Hont-Pázmány | Life | Achilles Hont-Pázmány Life Achilles was one of the five children of Pázmány from the kindred Hont-Pázmány. Although the genus Hont-Pázmány was one of the most illustrious clans in the Kingdom of Hungary, its Újhely branch from which Achilles descended was less prosperous. The small family lands were located in the region of the rivers Berettyó and Körös.
All the same, Achilles was admitted to the royal court sometime after 1225, where he was employed as royal chaplain. His early career is uncertain, because there were four namesake prelates in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1230s and 1240s. He can most |
{"datasets_id": 299, "wiki_id": "Q4673759", "sp": 6, "sc": 589, "ep": 6, "ec": 1240} | 299 | Q4673759 | 6 | 589 | 6 | 1,240 | Achilles Hont-Pázmány | Life | probably be identified with one Achilles, provost of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom from around 1236. When the Mongols invaded the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241, this Achilles fled to Dalmatia similarly to King Béla IV of Hungary. Since Archbishop Matthias Rátót of Esztergom was killed by the Mongols in the Battle of Mohi, Achilles administered the archdiocese for more than two years.
Following the withdrawal of the Mongols Provost Achilles was at least twice appointed by the pope to investigate the circumstances of appointments to higher Church offices. Achilles himself was transferred to the collegiate chapter of Székesfehérvár in |
{"datasets_id": 299, "wiki_id": "Q4673759", "sp": 6, "sc": 1240, "ep": 6, "ec": 1888} | 299 | Q4673759 | 6 | 1,240 | 6 | 1,888 | Achilles Hont-Pázmány | Life | September 1243. Head of the prestigious chapter, Achilles also became the vice-chancellor, the leader of the royal administration. The royal chancery started to function more uniformly under his auspices, and the registration of the charters issued by the chancery was also begun in this period. King Béla IV of Hungary granted him a landed property in Ugocsa County which suggests that the monarch also respected Achilles's work.
When Bishop Bartholomew le Gros of Pécs retired in 1251, King Béla IV recommended Achilles to his place. Respecting the monarch's wish, the canons of the cathedral chapter of Pécs elected Achilles bishop. The |
{"datasets_id": 299, "wiki_id": "Q4673759", "sp": 6, "sc": 1888, "ep": 6, "ec": 2276} | 299 | Q4673759 | 6 | 1,888 | 6 | 2,276 | Achilles Hont-Pázmány | Life | pope confirmed his election by November 23, 1251. The new bishop visited the monastery his predecessor had established for hermits on the Saint James Hill at Pécs and personally marked out the borders of its nearby properties. He also promised to make further donations to the community, but he unexpectedly died in the first months of 1252. He left his lands in Ugocsa to his relatives. |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 565} | 300 | Q53176 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 565 | Acid Drinkers | History | Acid Drinkers History Line-up soon expanded as Dariusz "Popcorn" Popowicz (lead guitar) and a drummer Piotr "Chomik" Kulk (shortly after replaced by Maciej "Ślepy" Głuchowski) joined the band. With this line-up the band worked on its own compositions; such as "Barmy Army", "Del Rocca" and "I Mean Acid". Within a month of the band's creation, Pukacki was called to join the army and left the band for two years. The others did not intend to idle their time away; Friedrich and Popowicz undertook a reactivation of the band named Slavoy. Soon both of them received a proposal to play for |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 565, "ep": 6, "ec": 1246} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 565 | 6 | 1,246 | Acid Drinkers | History | reputable groups: Popowicz from Wolf Spider, and Friedrich from Turbo.
After returning from the army, Pukacki tried to reactivate his first band, Los Desperados. His attempts misfired and Pukacki himself, after meeting with Popowicz, decided to reform Acid Drinkers with Friedrich and Maciek "Ślimak" Starosta. Their debut took place 26 August 1989 on Słodowa Island in Wrocław. That performance was actually the beginning of the band's true career. Rumors about a new, excellent metal group swiftly spread across Poland. Soon afterwards the band received an opportunity to record an album. With this line-up there emerged their best-known classics, including their debut, |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 1246, "ep": 6, "ec": 1861} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 1,246 | 6 | 1,861 | Acid Drinkers | History | Are You a Rebel?, Vile Vicious Vision and their most famous, Infernal Connection. At the end of 1998, Friedrich decided to leave the band. Przemysław "Perła" Wejmann, a vocalist and guitarist and a leader of Guess Why, replaced him. With Wejmann on board, the Acids recorded three albums Amazing Atomic Activity, Broken Head and Acidofilia. At the very beginning of 2003, Wejmann decided to leave the band. It took almost a month before a new guitarist was chosen. The new member turned out to be a well-known frontman of an already disbanded group–Illusion–Tomek "Lipa" Lipnicki. Together with Lipnicki, the Acids |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 1861, "ep": 6, "ec": 2430} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 1,861 | 6 | 2,430 | Acid Drinkers | History | recorded a well-received long-play, Rock Is Not Enough. After over a year of cooperation, the new guitarist left Acid Drinkers for his own project, Lipali. His place in the band was taken over by Aleksander "Olass" Mendyk from None. The new member of Acid's crew quickly integrated himself into the band and was an active member. The band released a critically acclaimed album Verses of Steel, with most of the songs written by the new guitarist. On 30 November 2008, Mendyk died from circulatory failure, in Kraków, at the age of 29. He was replaced on 9 May 2009, by |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 2430, "ep": 6, "ec": 3286} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 2,430 | 6 | 3,286 | Acid Drinkers | History | a new member, Wojciech "Jankiel" Moryto.
To date, Acid Drinkers are widely considered the best and most
spectacular thrash-metal band in Poland. Their popularity has gone far
beyond the typical metal music sphere. The Acids have played over 500 shows e.g. on Jarocin festivals, Metalmania, Węgorzewo,
Przystanek Woodstock or Odjazdy. The Acids performed there as foreground
celebrities. They preceded performances in Poland by, among others,
Deep Purple, Megadeth, Bruce Dickinson, Sepultura,
Paradise Lost and Slayer. Moreover, many
known Polish artists such as: Edyta Bartosiewicz, Kazik Staszewski,
Tomek Lipnicki, Patrycja Kosiarkiewicz or Grzegorz Skawiński took part
in Acids’ recordings. Acid Drinkers were four times (in 1998, 2000,
2004, 2009) awarded with a |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 3286, "ep": 6, "ec": 3915} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 3,286 | 6 | 3,915 | Acid Drinkers | History | Fryderyk in the hard and heavy category, and
received in 1998 from TVP 2 the "Złoty bączek" (Golden spinning top) award for being the best music group from Poland. Additionally, they were acknowledged as one of the five best Polish artists of the 1990s (together with Hey, Kazik Staszewski, Edyta Bartosiewicz and O.N.A.) by journalists and readers of Tylko Rock (Only Rock) magazine.
In 2010 the band released a second covers album called Fishdick Zwei - The Dick Is Rising Again. The Boys took a workshop compositions by artists such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, Metallica, Slayer, Frank Sinatra Donna Summer, The |
{"datasets_id": 300, "wiki_id": "Q53176", "sp": 6, "sc": 3915, "ep": 6, "ec": 3976} | 300 | Q53176 | 6 | 3,915 | 6 | 3,976 | Acid Drinkers | History | B52's + guests (Anna Brachaczek team BiFF and Czesław Mozil) |
{"datasets_id": 301, "wiki_id": "Q1948039", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 266} | 301 | Q1948039 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 266 | Acobamba Province | Ethnic groups | Acobamba Province Ethnic groups The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (85.93%) learnt to speak in childhood, 13.83 % of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census). |
{"datasets_id": 302, "wiki_id": "Q2563682", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 100} | 302 | Q2563682 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 100 | Acron | Acron Acron (Greek: Ἄκρων), son of Xenon, was an eminent Greek physician born at Agrigentum (Gk. Acragas). |
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{"datasets_id": 303, "wiki_id": "Q15367217", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 600} | 303 | Q15367217 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 600 | Acrotriche rigida | Description | Acrotriche rigida Description Acrotriche rigida is a robust, densely branched shrub, which grows up to 1.5 m high with a corresponding diameter.
The leaves are stiffly spreading and lanceolate (6–11 mm long, 1–1.6 mm wide) and have strongly recurved margins. The leaf itself is whitish, with marked veins (3-5) deeply grooved on the lower surface; petiole 0.8–1 mm long.
The green flowers are usually 4–7 per spike, and have bracteoles which are about 1–1.5 mm long. The sepals 1.4–2.8 mm long and the corolla tube is 2.5–3.5 mm long with lobes 1–1.8 mm long. The plant flowers from July to September.
The |
{"datasets_id": 303, "wiki_id": "Q15367217", "sp": 6, "sc": 600, "ep": 6, "ec": 866} | 303 | Q15367217 | 6 | 600 | 6 | 866 | Acrotriche rigida | Description | ovary has 4-5 compartments and the creamy green fruits are depressed-globose, with a flat top, are about 2.5–3 mm diameter, and are covered in short white hairs, creamy-green.
It is found in dry sclerophyll forest or in scrub on sandstone or granite slopes. |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 674} | 304 | Q319991 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 674 | Action 14f13 | Background | Action 14f13 Background In spring 1941, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler met with Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, head of the Hitler Chancellery to discuss his desire to relieve concentration camps of excess ballast, sick prisoners and those no longer able to work. Bouhler was Hitler's agent for implementation of Aktion T4, the euthanasia program for the mentally ill, disabled and inmates of hospitals and nursing homes deemed unworthy of inclusion in Nazi society.
Himmler and Bouhler transferred technology and techniques used by Aktion T4 personnel to concentration camps and later to Einsatzgruppen and death camps, to efficiently kill unwanted prisoners and inconspicuously dispose of |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 6, "sc": 674, "ep": 10, "ec": 446} | 304 | Q319991 | 6 | 674 | 10 | 446 | Action 14f13 | Background & Organization | the bodies. Aktion T4 was officially terminated by Hitler on August 24, 1941 but it was continued by many of the physicians who had been involved, until Nazi Germany was defeated in 1945. Organization Bouhler instructed Oberdienstleiter Viktor Brack, the head of Hauptamt II (Main Office II) of the Hitler's Chancellery (Kanzlei des Führers) to implement the new order. Brack was already in charge of the various front operations of T4. The scheme operated under the Concentration Camps Inspector and the Reichsführer-SS under the name "Sonderbehandlung 14f13". The combination of numbers and letters was derived from the SS record-keeping system, |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 10, "sc": 446, "ep": 14, "ec": 386} | 304 | Q319991 | 10 | 446 | 14 | 386 | Action 14f13 | Organization & Selections, first phase | 14 for the Concentration Camps Inspector, f for the German word deaths (Todesfälle) and 13 for the means of killing, in this case gassing in the T4 killing centers. "Sonderbehandlung" ("special action"—literally "special handling") was the euphemistic term for execution or killing. Selections, first phase After the operation began in April 1941, a panel of doctors began visiting concentration camps to select sick and incapacitated prisoners for "elimination". This panel included those already experienced from Aktion T4, such as professors Werner Heyde and Hermann Paul Nitsche and doctors Friedrich Mennecke, Curt Schmalenbach, Horst Schumann, Otto Hebold, Rudolf Lonauer, Robert Müller, |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 386, "ep": 14, "ec": 1011} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 386 | 14 | 1,011 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | Theodor Steinmeyer, Gerhard Wischer, Viktor Ratka and Hans Bodo Gorgaß. To speed up the process, camp commandants made a preliminary selection list, as they had done in the T4 operation. This left just a few questions to be answered, such as personal information, date of admission to the camp, diagnosis of incurable disease, war injuries, criminal referral based on the criminal code of the Third Reich and any previous offenses. Names of ballastexistenzen (dead weight prisoners) were to be compiled and presented to the medical doctors for withdrawal from service, which included any prisoner who had been unable to work |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 1011, "ep": 14, "ec": 1613} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 1,011 | 14 | 1,613 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | for a long time or was substantially incapacitated and would not be able to return to work.
Prisoners in the preliminary selection had to report to the medical panel but there was no proper medical examination; the prisoners were questioned about their participation in World War I and about any war medals they might have received. Based on personnel and medical records, the panel decided how to classify each of the prisoners. The final assessment was made using the information in the reporting form and was limited to the decision as to whether or not the prisoner would be steered toward |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 1613, "ep": 14, "ec": 2249} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 1,613 | 14 | 2,249 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | "special treatment" 14f13. The report form and results were sent for documentary registration at the T4 central office in Berlin.
Prisoners being considered for the preliminary selection were sometimes encouraged by the camp administration to come forward if they felt sick or unable to work. They were led to believe they would go to a "recovery camp", where they would have light duties. Many prisoners believed the lie and readily volunteered but, after they were gassed at the killing centers, the victims' belongings were sent back to the camp warehouse for sorting. Prisoners learned the true reason for the selection and |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 2249, "ep": 14, "ec": 2972} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 2,249 | 14 | 2,972 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | even prisoners with serious illnesses stopped reporting to the infirmary.
The first known selection took place in April 1941 at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. By the summer, at least 400 prisoners from Sachsenhausen had been killed. During the same period, 450 prisoners from Buchenwald and 575 prisoners from Auschwitz were gassed at the Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre; Hartheim Euthanasia Centre was used to kill 1,000 prisoners from Mauthausen concentration camp. Between September and November 1941, 3,000 prisoners from Dachau and several thousand people from Mauthausen and neighboring Gusen concentration camp, were gassed at Hartheim. Prisoners from the Flossenbürg, Neuengamme and Ravensbrück camps were |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 2972, "ep": 14, "ec": 3654} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 2,972 | 14 | 3,654 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | also selected and killed. After November, another 1,000 prisoners from Buchenwald, 850 from Ravensbrück and 214 from Groß-Rosen, were gassed at Sonnenstein Castle and Bernburg. From March to April 1942, some 1,600 women were selected at Ravensbrück and gassed at Bernburg.
The "medical reviews" are described in an excerpt from letters written by Dr. Friedrich Mennecke; during a selection at Buchenwald, Mennecke wrote to his wife;
Weimar, Nov. 25, '41 8:58 a.m.
Elephant Hotel
First there were 40 forms to finish filling out from a 1st portion Aryan, on which my two other colleagues had already worked yesterday. Of these 40, I worked on |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 3654, "ep": 14, "ec": 4225} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 3,654 | 14 | 4,225 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | about 15. ... Then came the "examination" of the pat.[ients], in other words, an introduction to the particulars & comparison with the notations in the files. We were not yet finished with these by noon because both my colleagues only worked in theory yesterday, so that I "post-examined" the ones who Schmalenbach (& I myself, this morning) had prepared & Müller, his. At 12:00 we first took a lunch break. ... Then we examined some more until around 4:00 p.m., in fact, I had 105 pat[ients], Müller 78 pat[ients], so that at the end, as 1st installment, 183 forms were |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 4225, "ep": 14, "ec": 4769} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 4,225 | 14 | 4,769 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase | done. As 2nd portion, now came a total of 1200 Jews, who will be entirely not first "examined", but rather with them, it's sufficient to pull from the files the reasons for arrest (often very extensive!) and transfer them to the forms. So, it's a purely theoretical job that takes us to Monday, certainly including benefit, perhaps even longer. Of this 2nd portion (Jews), today we did: I, 17; Müller 15. 5:00 sharp, we called it a day and went to dinner. ... The next few days will also go Just as I have described today, above – with exactly |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 14, "sc": 4769, "ep": 18, "ec": 544} | 304 | Q319991 | 14 | 4,769 | 18 | 544 | Action 14f13 | Selections, first phase & Killing centers | the same routine and the same work. After the Jews come about 300 Aryans as 3rd portion, who again will have to be "examined".
— Friedrich Mennecke Killing centers Only three Nazi killing centers (NS-Tötungsanstalt) were used for the gassing of the invalided prisoners: Bernburg Euthanasia Centre (manager: Irmfried Eberl), Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre (manager: Horst Schumann), and Hartheim Euthanasia Centre (Rudolf Lonauer and Georg Renno). Under the code name "Aktion 14f13" prisoners from Mauthausen and Gusen were murdered at Hartheim Castle starting in July 1941.
After the doctors' commissions had invalided the concentration camps' prisoners, the camp administration had to provide them on |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 18, "sc": 544, "ep": 18, "ec": 1163} | 304 | Q319991 | 18 | 544 | 18 | 1,163 | Action 14f13 | Killing centers | request. They were transported either by the "Gekrat" or the Reichsbahn to one of the killing centers. The prisoners were examined for gold teeth by a prison doctor and labelled appropriately before being led into a gas chamber, where they were killed with carbon monoxide. After any gold teeth were removed, for dispatch to a central office in Berlin, the corpses were incinerated in the crematorium; some corpses were examined further before incineration.
The killing was carried out by the same staff, using the same means as used previously with the mentally ill in Aktion T4. A few administrative details |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 18, "sc": 1163, "ep": 22, "ec": 32} | 304 | Q319991 | 18 | 1,163 | 22 | 32 | Action 14f13 | Killing centers & Scope of selections | were changed, in that the deaths were recorded by members of the respective camp administration; they informed relatives of the deaths, claiming illness as the cause. A detailed description was given by Vincent Nohe to the Linz Kriminalpolizei in September 1945, who were investigating Nazi war crimes that had taken place nearby. Nohe, who had worked as a "burner" in the crematorium at the Hartheim killing center, was convicted at the Dachau-Mauthausen Trial in 1946 and sentenced to death, for the murder of sick and incapacitated concentration camp prisoners and was executed in 1947. Scope of selections Selections increasingly included |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 22, "sc": 32, "ep": 22, "ec": 768} | 304 | Q319991 | 22 | 32 | 22 | 768 | Action 14f13 | Scope of selections | political or other persecuted peoples, Jews and so-called asoziale. Pursuant to the general guidelines of the Bavarian police of August 1, 1936, those to be taken into Schutzhaft ("protective custody") were "gypsies, vagrants, tramps, the "work-shy", idlers, beggars, prostitutes, troublemakers, career criminals, rowdies, traffic violators, psychopaths and the mentally ill."
Shortages of labour for the war economy led to a Concentration Camps Inspectorate (CCI) decree on March 26, 1942, which was distributed to all camp commandants. In 1942, the CCI was incorporated into the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt under SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl as Amt D under SS-Brigadeführer Richard Glücks. The decree was signed by |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 22, "sc": 768, "ep": 22, "ec": 1385} | 304 | Q319991 | 22 | 768 | 22 | 1,385 | Action 14f13 | Scope of selections | Arthur Liebehenschel, acting in Glücks' stead.
It has been made known via a report from a camp commandant, that of the 51 prisoners retired for Sonderbehandlung 14f13, after a while, 42 of these prisoners again became "capable of work" and consequently didn't need to be sent. From this, it is evident that the selection of prisoners is not proceeding according to the stated regulations. The examinations panel may only choose such prisoners who match the regulations and above all, are no longer able to work.... In order to administer the work set up at concentration camps, the prisoner workforce must be |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 22, "sc": 1385, "ep": 22, "ec": 2098} | 304 | Q319991 | 22 | 1,385 | 22 | 2,098 | Action 14f13 | Scope of selections | retained at the camp. The camp commandants of the concentration camps are asked to focus particular attention to this.
The Chief of the Central Office
(signed) Liebehenschel
SS-Obersturmbannführer
A year later, the deteriorating war situation required further restrictions on selections, to ensure that every able-bodied worker could be put to work in the war economy. On April 27, 1943, Glücks presented a new circular decree with instructions to retire only those prisoners who were mentally ill or disabled.
The Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police has decided that in the future, only mentally ill prisoners may be retired by the doctors' panel assembled for |
{"datasets_id": 304, "wiki_id": "Q319991", "sp": 22, "sc": 2098, "ep": 26, "ec": 70} | 304 | Q319991 | 22 | 2,098 | 26 | 70 | Action 14f13 | Scope of selections & Second phase | Action 14f13. All other incapacitated prisoners unable to work (those sick with tuberculosis, bed-ridden cripples, etc.) are categorically excluded from this operation. Bed-ridden prisoners shall be groomed for corresponding work that they can perform from bed. In future, the order of the Reichsführer-SS is to be heeded closely. The fuel requirements for this purpose are therefore dropped.
— Glücks
After these guidelines were issued, only the Hartheim killing center was needed and those at Bernburg and Sonnenstein were closed, bringing the first phase of Aktion 14f13 to an end. Second phase According to a command from April 11, 1944, new guidelines were issued |
Subsets and Splits