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John P. Hale
United States Senator & Return to the Senate
anti-slavery activists that arose out of their forcible rescue of fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from the custody of the United States Marshal in Boston. Hale was an unsuccessful candidate for President of the United States on the Free Soil ticket in 1852, losing to Pierce. (See U.S. presidential election, 1852.) In March, 1853 Hale was succeeded in the Senate by Democrat Charles G. Atherton, and began practicing law in New York City. Return to the Senate Following the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, Democrats were again overthrown in New Hampshire. Hale was elected to the Senate as a member of the
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John P. Hale
Return to the Senate & Minister to Spain
new Republican Party in 1855, replacing Jared W. Williams, who had been appointed following Atherton's death. James Bell, a fellow Republican, was elected to New Hampshire's other Senate seat in the same election. Hale was re-elected Senator in 1859, in total serving from July 30, 1855, to March 3, 1865. He served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference until 1862. In 1862 Hale succeeded in repealing the Navy's spirit ration, which he had attempted during his first Senate term. Minister to Spain President Lincoln nominated Hale to the post of minister to Spain and he served in
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John P. Hale
Minister to Spain & Death and burial
that capacity 1865–1869. Hale attributed his April 1869 recall to a quarrel with Horatio J. Perry, his secretary of legation. Perry had accused Hale of violating his diplomatic privilege of importing free of duty merchandise for his official or personal use by putting some goods up for sale and pocketing the proceeds. Hale's answer was that he had been misled about the rules by a commission merchant friendly to Perry. Perry was himself removed from his post in June 1869. Death and burial Hale died in Dover on November 19, 1873. He was buried at Pine Hill Cemetery
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John P. Hale
Death and burial & Legacy & Family
in Dover. Legacy Hale's Federal style house, built in 1813, is now part of the Woodman Institute Museum. Portraits of President Lincoln and John P. Hale hang next to each other in the chamber of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. Family On September 2, 1834 Hale married Lucy Hill Lambert (1814–1902) in Berwick, Maine. They were the parents of two daughters, Elizabeth (Lizzie) (1835–1895) and Lucy (1841–1915). Elizabeth Hale first married Edward Kinsley (1825–1888). Their only child died shortly after birth. Her second husband was William Henry 'Harry' Jacques (1847–1916). Lucy Lambert Hale was secretly betrothed in 1865 to John
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John P. Hale
Family
Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln's assassin. Booth had a picture of Lucy Hale with him when he was killed by pursuing federal troops on April 26, 1865. Lucy Hale eventually married Senator William E. Chandler.
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John Pew
Early racing career & Grand-Am
John Pew Early racing career Pew began racing in 2000 in the Skip Barber Racing School. After making his sports car racing debut (see below), he moved to the Star Mazda Masters Championship, winning the title in 2005 for drivers over 45 years old. He returned to the Star Mazda Masters Championship in 2006 but only managed sixth in points, but was the highest-finishing Masters driver in two races. Grand-Am Pew made his Rolex Sports Car Series debut in 2004 when he competed in 24 Hours of Daytona in a Baughman Racing Chevrolet Corvette. In 2006, he also competed in
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John Pew
Grand-Am
the 24 Hours of Daytona with co-drivers Hal Prewitt, Steve Marshall, Danny Marshall, and Ben McCrackin in a Synergy Racing Porsche 911, finishing 17th. In 2007 Pew moved full-time to sports car racing in Grand-Am's Rolex Sports Car Series Daytona Prototype class with Michael Shank Racing co-driving their car with Ian James. Pew finished 25th in drivers points in the DP class. In 2008 Pew, James, and Raphael Matos captured his first win at Miller Motorsports Park, and Pew improved to ninth in DP class points. In 2009 he returned to Michael Shank Racing, this time teaming with Michael Valiante and finished
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John Pew
Grand-Am & Personal life
12th in DP driver points. For 2010 his Michael Shank Racing teammate was Oswaldo Negri and Pew improved to seventh in points. Pew also won the Jim Trueman award for the top Pro-Am racer in the Grand-Am series. The team of Pew and Negri returned to Shank in 2011 and Pew improved to sixth in DP points, again winning the Jim Trueman award. Pew and Negri returned to Michael Shank Racing in 2012. The team of Pew and Negri along with one-off co-drivers A. J. Allmendinger and Justin Wilson won the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona. Personal life Pew is
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John Pew
Personal life
married, to Stephanie. He is an avid recreational sailor who has sailed over 100,000 miles across the world's oceans and currently resides in North Palm Beach, Florida.
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John Piercy
Tottenham Hotspur
John Piercy Tottenham Hotspur Born in Forest Gate, England, Piercy started his career at Tottenham Hotspur and after progressing through the youth ranks and reserves, he was called up to the first team by Manager George Graham in 1999. Shortly after, Piercy made his Tottenham Hotspur debut on 13 October 1999, making his first start and played 74 minutes before substituted, in a 3-1 win over Crewe Alexandra. Three days later, on 16 October 1999, Piercy made his league debut for the club, coming on as a substitute in the second half for goalscorer Chris Armstrong, in a 1-0 win over
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John Piercy
Tottenham Hotspur & Brighton & Hove Albion
Derby County. Piercy went on to make four appearances later in the 1999-00 season. While at the Tottenham Hotspur, Piercy appeared in England U18 and England U20. On 23 August 2002, however, Piercy was released by the club, with his first team opportunities were increasingly slim in recent years. Brighton & Hove Albion After leaving Tottenham Hotspur, Piercy joined Division One side Brighton & Hove Albion on 20 September 2002 after impressing the club's management at the trial and signed a one-year contract with them. Piercy was previously linked with the club before and was on the verge of joining in
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John Piercy
Brighton & Hove Albion
March, but fell through. Piercy made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut the next day (on 21 September 2002), where he played 78 minutes, in a 1-0 win over Rotherham United. However, in his next appearance against Ipswich Town in the League Cup, Piercy suffered a leg injury that kept him out for months. It wasn't until on 10 December 2002 when he made his return from the first team, coming on as a later substitute, in a 1-1 draw against Ipswich Town. Piercy then went on to make four appearance in his first season at the club, with Piercy spending
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John Piercy
Brighton & Hove Albion
the rest of the season at the club's reserve. Following this, he signed a one-year contract extension with them. In the 2003-04 season, Piercy appeared in and out of the first team in the first half of the season, as he fight for the first team experience at the club. However, he received a red card after a second bookable offence, in a 2-1 win over Notts County. After serving a one match suspension, he scored his first goal for the club on 29 November 2003, in a 2-0 win over Wrexham. Piercy then scored a brace on 26 December 2003,
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John Piercy
Brighton & Hove Albion
in a 4-0 win over Wycombe Wanderers. However, injuries restricted his appearances much further Despite this, Piercy scored again later in the season: one in the league against Blackpool. Piercy then helped the club reach the play-offs and converted the penalty successfully to help the club win 5-4 in the penalty shoot-out and the club eventually promoted to the Championship next season after beating Bristol City 1-0 in the Second Division play-off final. At the end of the 2003-04 season, Piercy was offered a three-month contract by Manager Mark McGhee, explaining that: "they need change in attitude" to play in Division
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John Piercy
Brighton & Hove Albion & Eastbourne Town
One. Despite the contract length, he signed a contract with them until October on 11 June 2004. The following season saw Piercy making two appearances: both on 3 November 2004 and 6 November 2004 against Derby County and Crewe Alexandra respectively. However, months at the club, Piercy announced his retirement at 25 on 9 November 2004 after a series of injuries plagued again. It also came after he suffered a back problem in the pre-season tour and didn't make his return until October. Eastbourne Town After leaving Brighton & Hove Albion, Piercy signed for Eastbourne Town in 2006 after he
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John Piercy
Eastbourne Town & After Football
came out of retirement after spending two years, regaining his fitness and trying to gaining a qualification in coaching. After a year at the club, having become a first team regular, Piercy was released by the club in December 2007. After Football After announcing his retirement for the second time, Piercy went into coaching since at Eastbourne Town in 2007. In June 2004, Piercy married his wife, Stephanie, in Las Vegas. He later divorced Stephanie shortly after. In 2012, Piercy met his current partner, Sarah, with whom he shares a home and is a step-parent to her three children. John Piercy taught
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John Piercy
After Football
Physical Education at Ocklynge Junior School, East Sussex for a number of years, successfully coaching the football teams. In 2018, he was promoted within the school and is now a Behaviour Mentor. He also teaches upcoming football stars at CACL in Eastbourne alongside his former football scout, Chris Pinch.
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John Rawls
Early life
John Rawls Early life Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the second of five sons of William Lee Rawls, "one of the most prominent attorneys in Baltimore", and Anna Abell Stump Rawls. Tragedy struck Rawls at a young age: Two of his brothers died in childhood because they had contracted fatal illnesses from him. ... In 1928, the seven-year-old Rawls contracted diphtheria. His brother Bobby, younger by 20 months, visited him in his room and was fatally infected. The next winter, Rawls contracted pneumonia. Another younger brother, Tommy, caught the illness from him and died. Rawls's biographer Thomas Pogge calls the loss
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John Rawls
Early life
of the brothers the "most important events in John's childhood". Rawls attended the Calvert School in Baltimore for six years, before transferring to the Kent School, an Episcopalian preparatory school in Connecticut. Upon graduation in 1939, Rawls attended Princeton University, where he graduated summa cum laude and was accepted into The Ivy Club and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society. During his last two years at Princeton, he "became deeply concerned with theology and its doctrines." He considered attending a seminary to study for the Episcopal priesthood and wrote an "intensely religious senior thesis (BI)." At Princeton, Rawls was influenced by Norman Malcolm,
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John Rawls
Early life & Military service, 1943–46
Wittgenstein's student. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1943, and enlisted in the Army in February of that year. Military service, 1943–46 During World War II, Rawls served as an infantryman in the Pacific, where he toured New Guinea and was awarded a Bronze Star; and the Philippines, where he endured intensive trench warfare and witnessed horrific scenes such as seeing a soldier remove his helmet and take a bullet to the head, rather than continue with the war. There, he lost his Christian faith. Following the surrender of Japan, Rawls became part of General MacArthur's occupying army and was
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John Rawls
Military service, 1943–46 & Academic career
promoted to sergeant. But he became disillusioned with the military when he saw the aftermath of the atomic blast in Hiroshima. Rawls then disobeyed an order to discipline a fellow soldier, believing no punishment was justified, and was demoted back to private. Disenchanted, he left the military in January 1946. After his military service, Rawls became an atheist. Academic career In early 1946, Rawls returned to Princeton to pursue a doctorate in moral philosophy. He married Margaret Warfield Fox, a Brown University graduate, in 1949. They had four children, Anne Warfield, Robert Lee, Alexander Emory, and Elizabeth Fox. After
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John Rawls
Academic career
earning his PhD from Princeton in 1950, Rawls taught there until 1952 when he received a Fulbright Fellowship to Oxford University (Christ Church), where he was influenced by the liberal political theorist and historian Isaiah Berlin and the legal theorist H. L. A. Hart. After returning to the United States he served first as an assistant and then associate professor at Cornell University. In 1962 he became a full professor of philosophy at Cornell, and soon achieved a tenured position at MIT. That same year he moved to Harvard University, where he taught for almost forty years and where he
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John Rawls
Academic career & Later life
trained some of the leading contemporary figures in moral and political philosophy, including Thomas Nagel, Allan Gibbard, Onora O'Neill, Adrian Piper, Elizabeth S. Anderson, Christine Korsgaard, Susan Neiman, Claudia Card, Thomas Pogge, T. M. Scanlon, Barbara Herman, Joshua Cohen, Thomas E. Hill Jr., Gurcharan Das, Andreas Teuber, Samuel Freeman and Paul Weithman. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard. Later life Rawls seldom gave interviews and, having both a stutter (partially caused by the deaths of two of his brothers, who died through infections contracted from Rawls) and a "bat-like horror of the limelight", did not
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John Rawls
Later life
become a public intellectual despite his fame. He instead remained committed mainly to his academic and family life. In 1995 he suffered the first of several strokes, severely impeding his ability to continue to work. He was nevertheless able to complete a book titled The Law of Peoples, the most complete statement of his views on international justice, and shortly before his death in November 2002 published Justice As Fairness: A Restatement, a response to criticisms of A Theory of Justice. Rawls died on 24 November 2002 and is buried at the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. He was survived by his
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John Rawls
Later life & Philosophical thought & A Theory of Justice
wife, their four children, and four grandchildren. Philosophical thought Rawls published three main books. The first, A Theory of Justice, focused on distributive justice and attempted to reconcile the competing claims of the values of freedom and equality. The second, Political Liberalism, addressed the question of how citizens divided by intractable religious and philosophical disagreements could come to endorse a constitutional democratic regime. The third, The Law of Peoples, focused on the issue of global justice. A Theory of Justice Rawls's magnum opus titled A Theory of Justice, published in 1971, aimed to resolve the seemingly competing claims of freedom
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
and equality. The shape Rawls's resolution took, however, was not that of a balancing act that compromised or weakened the moral claim of one value compared with the other. Rather, his intent was to show that notions of freedom and equality could be integrated into a seamless unity he called justice as fairness. By attempting to enhance the perspective which his readers should take when thinking about justice, Rawls hoped to show the supposed conflict between freedom and equality to be illusory. Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971) includes a thought experiment he called the "original position". The intuition motivating its
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
employment is this: the enterprise of political philosophy will be greatly benefited by a specification of the correct standpoint a person should take in his or her thinking about justice. When we think about what it would mean for a just state of affairs to obtain between persons, we eliminate certain features (such as hair or eye color, height, race, etc.) and fixate upon others. Rawls's original position is meant to encode all of our intuitions about which features are relevant, and which irrelevant, for the purposes of deliberating well about justice. The original position is Rawls' hypothetical scenario in which
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
a group of persons is set the task of reaching an agreement about the kind of political and economic structure they want for a society, which they will then occupy. Each individual, however, deliberates behind a "veil of ignorance": each lacks knowledge, for example, of his or her gender, race, age, intelligence, wealth, skills, education and religion. The only thing that a given member knows about themselves is that they are in possession of the basic capacities necessary to fully and willfully participate in an enduring system of mutual cooperation; each knows they can be a member of the society. Rawls
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
posits two basic capacities that the individuals would know themselves to possess. First, individuals know that they have the capacity to form, pursue, and revise a conception of the good, or life plan. Exactly what sort of conception of the good this is, however, the individual does not yet know. It may be, for example, religious or secular, but at the start, the individual in the original position does not know which. Second, each individual understands him or herself to have the capacity to develop a sense of justice and a generally effective desire to abide
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
by it. Knowing only these two features of themselves, the group will deliberate in order to design a social structure, during which each person will seek his or her maximal advantage. The idea is that proposals that we would ordinarily think of as unjust – such as that blacks or women should not be allowed to hold public office – will not be proposed, in this, Rawls' original position, because it would be irrational to propose them. The reason is simple: one does not know whether he himself would be a woman or a black person.
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
This position is expressed in the difference principle, according to which, in a system of ignorance about one's status, one would strive to improve the position of the worst off, because he might find himself in that position. Rawls develops his original position by modeling it, in certain respects at least, after the "initial situations" of various social contract thinkers who came before him, including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. (Each social contractarian constructs his/her initial situation somewhat differently, having in mind a unique political morality s/he intends the thought experiment to generate.) Iain King has suggested the original
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice
position draws on Rawls' experiences in post-war Japan, where the US Army was challenged with designing new social and political authorities for the country, while "imagining away all that had gone before." In social justice processes, each person early on makes decisions about which features of persons to consider and which to ignore. Rawls's aspiration is to have created a thought experiment whereby a version of that process is carried to its completion, illuminating the correct standpoint a person should take in his or her thinking about justice. If he has succeeded, then the original position thought experiment may function
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John Rawls
A Theory of Justice & Principles of justice
as a full specification of the moral standpoint we should attempt to achieve when deliberating about social justice. In setting out his theory, Rawls described his method as one of "reflective equilibrium", a concept which has since been used in other areas of philosophy. Reflective equilibrium is achieved by mutually adjusting one's general principles and one's considered judgements on particular cases, to bring the two into line with one another. Principles of justice Rawls derives two principles of justice from the original position. The first of these is the Liberty Principle, which establishes equal basic liberties for all citizens. 'Basic'
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John Rawls
Principles of justice
liberty entails the (familiar in the liberal tradition) freedoms of conscience, association and expression as well as democratic rights; Rawls also includes a personal property right, but this is defended in terms of moral capacities and self-respect, rather than an appeal to a natural right of self-ownership (this distinguishes Rawls's account from the classical liberalism of John Locke and the libertarianism of Robert Nozick). Rawls argues that a second principle of equality would be agreed upon to guarantee liberties that represent meaningful options for all in society and ensure distributive justice. For example, formal guarantees of political voice and freedom of
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John Rawls
Principles of justice
assembly are of little real worth to the desperately poor and marginalized in society. Demanding that everyone have exactly the same effective opportunities in life would almost certainly offend the very liberties that are supposedly being equalized. Nonetheless, we would want to ensure at least the "fair worth" of our liberties: wherever one ends up in society, one wants life to be worth living, with enough effective freedom to pursue personal goals. Thus participants would be moved to affirm a two-part second principle comprising Fair Equality of Opportunity and the famous (and controversial) difference principle. This second principle ensures that
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John Rawls
Principles of justice
those with comparable talents and motivation face roughly similar life chances and that inequalities in society work to the benefit of the least advantaged. Rawls held that these principles of justice apply to the "basic structure" of fundamental social institutions (such as the judiciary, the economic structure and the political constitution), a qualification that has been the source of some controversy and constructive debate (see the work of Gerald Cohen). Rawls further argued that these principles were to be 'lexically ordered' to award priority to basic liberties over the more equality-oriented demands of the second principle. This has also been a topic
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John Rawls
Principles of justice
of much debate among moral and political philosophers. Finally, Rawls took his approach as applying in the first instance to what he called a "well-ordered society ... designed to advance the good of its members and effectively regulated by a public conception of justice". In this respect, he understood justice as fairness as a contribution to "ideal theory", the determination of "principles that characterize a well-ordered society under favorable circumstances". Much recent work in political philosophy has asked what justice as fairness might dictate (or indeed, whether it is very useful at all) for problems of "partial compliance" under "nonideal theory".
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John Rawls
The Law of Peoples
The Law of Peoples Although there were passing comments on international affairs in A Theory of Justice, it wasn't until late in his career that Rawls formulated a comprehensive theory of international politics with the publication of The Law of Peoples. He claimed there that "well-ordered" peoples could be either "liberal" or "decent". Rawls's basic distinction in international politics is that his preferred emphasis on a society of peoples is separate from the more conventional and historical discussion of international politics as based on relationships between states. Rawls argued that the legitimacy of a liberal international order is contingent
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John Rawls
The Law of Peoples
on tolerating decent peoples, which differ from liberal peoples, among other ways, in that they might have state religions and deny adherents of minority faiths the right to hold positions of power within the state, and might organize political participation via consultation hierarchies rather than elections. However, no well-ordered peoples may violate human rights or behave in an externally aggressive manner. Peoples that fail to meet the criteria of "liberal" or "decent" peoples are referred to as "outlaw states", "societies burdened by unfavourable conditions" or "benevolent absolutisms" depending on their particular failings. Such peoples do not have the right to
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John Rawls
The Law of Peoples
mutual respect and toleration possessed by liberal and decent peoples. Rawls's views on global distributive justice as they were expressed in this work surprised many of his fellow egalitarian liberals. For example, Charles Beitz had previously written a study that argued for the application of Rawls's Difference Principles globally. Rawls denied that his principles should be so applied, partly on the grounds that states, unlike citizens, were self-sufficient in the cooperative enterprises that constitute domestic societies. Although Rawls recognized that aid should be given to governments which are unable to protect human rights for economic reasons, he claimed that the
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John Rawls
The Law of Peoples
purpose for this aid is not to achieve an eventual state of global equality, but rather only to ensure that these societies could maintain liberal or decent political institutions. He argued, among other things, that continuing to give aid indefinitely would see nations with industrious populations subsidize those with idle populations and would create a moral hazard problem where governments could spend irresponsibly in the knowledge that they will be bailed out by those nations who had spent responsibly. Rawls's discussion of "non-ideal" theory, on the other hand, included a condemnation of bombing civilians and of the American bombing of
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John Rawls
The Law of Peoples & Reception and influence
German and Japanese cities in World War II, as well as discussions of immigration and nuclear proliferation. He also detailed here the ideal of the statesman, a political leader who looks to the next generation and promotes international harmony, even in the face of significant domestic pressure to act otherwise. Rawls also controversially claimed that violations of human rights can legitimize military intervention in the violating states, though he also expressed the hope that such societies could be induced to reform peacefully by the good example of liberal and decent peoples. Reception and influence John Rawls is the subject of
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John Rawls
Reception and influence
A Theory of Justice: The Musical!, an award-nominated musical billed as an "all-singing, all-dancing romp through 2,500 years of political philosophy". The musical premiered at Oxford in 2013 and was revived for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
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2,812
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542
John Roberts (footballer, born 1944)
Club career
John Roberts (footballer, born 1944) Club career Roberts played youth football for Cessnock before joining APIA Leichhardt in the New South Wales State League. He played at APIA in 1964 and 1965. In 1966 he travelled to England to trial with Football League Division One team Chelsea. After the unsuccessful trial he was signed by Blackburn Rovers in April 1966. Roberts played three times for Blackburn in the 1965–66 season. He then returned to APIA where he played the remainder of the 1966 season. He sent out on loan in August 1967 to Chesterfield in the Football League Fourth Division
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2,812
Q6255184
6
542
10
128
John Roberts (footballer, born 1944)
Club career & International career
where he played 46 matches during the 1967–1968 season. In 1968, he was signed by Bradford City. At Bradford he played in the team that won promotion from the fourth division to the third division in 1969. Between 1968 and 1970 Roberts played 44 times for Bradford. In early 1971 Roberts transferred to Southend United. At the end of the 1971–1972 season Roberts moved to Northampton Town. Roberts played one season for Northampton Town, playing 13 times. International career Roberts played one full international match for Australia in 1969 against North Korea in Phnom Penh. He played three matches for
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2,812
Q6255184
10
128
10
202
John Roberts (footballer, born 1944)
International career
an Australian XI in 1965 against Chelsea (two matches) and IFK Stockholm.
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2,813
Q17425029
2
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4
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John Seymour (priest)
John Seymour (priest) John Seymour (died 1501) was a Canon of Windsor from 1471 to 1501
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2,814
Q6257583
2
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595
John Shelton Reed
John Shelton Reed John Shelton Reed (born 1942) is an American sociologist and essayist, author or editor of 22 books, most of them dealing with the contemporary American South. Reed has also written for a variety of non-academic publications such as The Wall Street Journal, National Review, and Oxford American. He was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1971. He taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1969 until his retirement, in 2000, as William Rand Kenan Jr. Professor of sociology and director of the
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2,814
Q6257583
4
595
4
1,193
John Shelton Reed
Howard Odum Institute for Research in Social Science. He helped to found the Center for the Study of the American South and was a founding co-editor of the quarterly Southern Cultures. Reed served as president of the Southern Sociological Society in 1988 to 1989 and the Southern Association for Public Opinion Research in 1999 to 2000. He was elected to the Fellowship of Southern Writers in 2000, and was chancellor of that organization from 2009 to 2011. He has lectured at over 300 colleges and universities in the United States and abroad and held visiting positions at over a dozen,
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2,814
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1,193
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1,868
John Shelton Reed
including Fulbright lectureships in Israel and India, and the Pitt Professorship of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University. After his retirement from the University of North Carolina, he held visiting positions at a number of institutions; among other things, he was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University and a lieutenant colonel in the South Carolina Unorganized Militia while he was teaching at The Citadel, in Charleston. Reed has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the National Humanities Center, and (twice) a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He holds honorary doctorates from
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2,814
Q6257583
4
1,868
4
2,012
John Shelton Reed
the University of the South and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and is an Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.
{"datasets_id": 2815, "wiki_id": "Q936580", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609}
2,815
Q936580
2
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John Sibthorp
Life
John Sibthorp Life He was born in Oxford, the youngest son of Dr Humphry Sibthorp (1713–1797), who, from 1747 to 1784, was Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford. He graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford in 1777, and then studied medicine at the Universities of Edinburgh and Montpellier. In 1784, he succeeded his father to the Sherardian chair. Leaving his professional duties to a deputy, he left England for Göttingen and Vienna, in preparation for a botanical tour of Greece (1786) and Cyprus (1787). Returning to England at the end of the following year, he took part in the foundation
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2,815
Q936580
6
609
6
1,225
John Sibthorp
Life
of the Linnean Society in 1788, and set to work on a Flora of Oxfordshire, which was published in 1794 as Flora Oxoniensis. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in Mar 1788. He made a second journey to Greece, but developed consumption on the way home and died in Bath on 8 February 1796. He was buried at Bath Abbey. His will bequeathed his books on natural history and agriculture to the University of Oxford, and also founded Oxford's Sibthorpian Professorship of Rural Economy (subsequently titled the Sibthorpian Professorship of Plant Science). He directed that his endowment should
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2,815
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6
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John Sibthorp
Life
first be applied to the publication of his Flora Graeca and Florae Graecae Prodromus, for which, however, he had done little beyond collecting some three thousand species and providing the plates. The task of preparing the works was undertaken by Sir J.E. Smith, who issued the two volumes of the Prodromus in 1806 and 1813, and six volumes of the Flora Graeca between 1806 and 1828. The seventh appeared in 1830, after Smith's death, and the remaining three were produced by John Lindley between 1833 and 1840. The work's first edition ran to a mere thirty copies and featured 966
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2,815
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1,807
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John Sibthorp
Life & Honours
colour plates; a supplementary volume depicting wild flowers of Corfu was painted for Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, and founder of the Ionian Academy, by G. Scola (or Scala), a talented botanical illustrator. The standard botanical author abbreviation Sibth. is applied to species he described. Honours His herbarium (of three collections; 2,462 'Flora Graeca' specimens, 70 'Flora Oxoniensis' specimens and 444 miscellaneous specimens) is stored within the Fielding-Druce Herbarium of the University of Oxford.
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2,816
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572
John Smith (Welsh politician)
Early life
John Smith (Welsh politician) Early life Born in Penarth, he attended Fairfield County Primary School in Penarth. Subsequent to him passing the 'Eleven Plus Exam' he attended Penarth County Grammar School (which later became the comprehensive Stanwell School). He served for a while in the Royal Air Force, then worked as a carpenter and joiner for Vale Borough Council from 1971-76. He became a mature student in 1976, studying at the Gwent College of Higher Education, then went to University College of Wales, Cardiff (now Cardiff University) graduating with a BSc in 1981. He was then a university tutor until
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2,816
Q6258296
6
572
10
348
John Smith (Welsh politician)
Early life & Parliamentary career
1985. From 1985-89, he was a senior lecturer in Business Studies. He became a campaign manager for Gwent Image Partnership, becoming chief executive from 1992 after he lost his seat by only 19 votes. Parliamentary career Having contested Vale of Glamorgan at the 1987 general election, he was first elected for the seat in a 1989 by-election, lost it to the Conservatives in 1992 by a very narrow margin, and regained it in 1997. He was re-elected in 2001 and 2005, and served as a member of the Defence Select Committee. He spent much of his time dealing with concerns
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2,816
Q6258296
10
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14
186
John Smith (Welsh politician)
Parliamentary career & Personal life
over the future of RAF St Athan. On the issue that is Iraq, Smith opposed any form of military action, and was deeply saddened by the parliamentary vote that supported military action in Iraq. On 22 May 2009, Smith announced that he would stand down at the 2010 general election. Smith was a Member of the Defence Committee, and Chairman of the Wales Anti-Apartheid Movement (WAAM) Personal life John came from a working class family, born and raised on a council estate. He married Kathleen Mulvaney (now Kathleen Smith) in 1971 in Liverpool. They have two sons and a daughter, and
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2,816
Q6258296
14
186
14
208
John Smith (Welsh politician)
Personal life
are now Grandparents.
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John Sturge Stephens
Life
John Sturge Stephens Life John Sturge Stephens was born on 26 June 1891 at Ashfield in Budock, just outside Falmouth, Cornwall. Ashfield was the Stephens’ family home. He was the son of John Gilbert Stephens and Isabel (née Sturge). His father was a rope manufacturer, as had been several generations of the Stephens family, all staunch Quakers. There is a large Stephens’ family archive at Cornwall Record Office, about half of which consists of the correspondence and papers of John Sturge Stephens. Amongst these papers is a tribute by Philip Styles, who wrote: John Stephens numbered among his antecedents and connections
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2,817
Q53836033
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607
6
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John Sturge Stephens
Life
William Stephens (glassmaker), well known to collectors as a painter of Bristol China in George III’s time; and, on his mother’s, Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, the Biblical scholar, and the Birmingham Quaker philanthropist, Joseph Sturge. He was at school at Leighton Park and went up to St John's, Cambridge, with a Classical Exhibition in 1910. After taking a First Class In Part I the Classical Tripos he became a Scholar of the College and a Second in Part II in June 1914. It was at Cambridge, under the influence of Terrot R. Glover, that his interest in History developed and he
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2,817
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John Sturge Stephens
Life
began to acquire, through travel in the vacations, his intimate knowledge of Germany. In addition to his studies at St John's College, Stephens was also a gifted linguist able to speak several languages, which greatly assisted him in his later international work. In 1927, he married Scottish-born Helen Mary (Maisie) Rowat (1901–1983). They had three children, Rachel, Nicholas and Christopher. Following his appointment as lecturer in History at Birmingham University, the family moved to Birmingham, but maintained two cottages in St Mawes, Cornwall. Among his many interests, Stephens was, all his life, a keen naturalist and one of the last holidays
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2,817
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John Sturge Stephens
Life & World War I
he was able to take was spent in visiting the bird sanctuaries of the Shetlands. His earliest surviving letters, from War Relief camps in France, are full of botanical discoveries, and botany became one of his chief relaxations when his last illness confined him to his North Oxfordshire home near Witney, where he died on 12 July 1954 of a rare and distressing lung disease. World War I In World War I Stephens embraced the Quaker Peace Testimony but was willing to work as a non-combatant. In May 1915 he went to France to join in the work being done
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2,817
Q53836033
10
164
14
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John Sturge Stephens
World War I & Post-World War I
by the Friends War Victims Relief Committee. He stayed there until April 1916. In September 1915 he returned to France to work for the Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU). In May 1916 he resigned from the FAU because he objected to the way that the unit had been placed under military command. On his return to England he faced a Military Service Tribunal which granted him Exemption from Combatant Service conditional on agricultural work. Post-World War I During the 1920s and 30s, Stephens travelled extensively throughout Europe, visiting a large number of countries, including Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Holland, Italy (especially the
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2,817
Q53836033
14
187
14
801
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
South Tyrol with its German-speaking minority) and Poland, thus becoming heavily involved in European geopolitics of that period. His goal, together with his colleagues at the Society of Friends, was to help bring about peace in Europe. His travels and activities would have greatly enhanced his work as a History lecturer at Birmingham University. In 1929 he wrote a visionary book, based on a lecture he had given, entitled Danger Zones of Europe: A Study of National Minorities and published by Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, which warned of the dangers to world peace of fascism and
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2,817
Q53836033
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801
14
1,410
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
of treating linguistic and cultural minorities unfairly. This was in fact the third of the annual Merttens Lectures on War and Peace reissued in book form. On July 6, 1933, he wrote a letter to The Times entitled The Hitler Regime, where he warned of things to come. During 1935, Stephens spent three weeks traveling around Germany trying to gauge the views of the locals about the impact of the Nazi regime. He recorded his findings in a nine-page handwritten document entitled Impressions of Germany, August 1935. Stephens also set out his views in talks he gave to the Society of
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2,817
Q53836033
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1,410
14
2,027
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
Friends, in letters he sent to the press, and in letters to his father, John Gilbert Stephens, who clearly took an interest in his son’s international activities. During 1938, Stephens made several trips to Austria to help save Jewish and other victims of Nazi persecution, working with Emma Cadbury (1875–1965), who was an American Quaker committed to the international aspect of Friends’ work and was the American Secretary of the Friends International Centre in Vienna from 1924 to 1938. He also liaised with Josef Bürckel (1895–1944), a Nazi German officer heavily involved in the Anschluss, in an attempt to get
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2,817
Q53836033
14
2,027
14
2,623
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
his sanction for relief work to address the “burning problem of acute Jewish distress”. In a letter to his father dated 22 April 1938, he wrote: The worst thing the Nazis have done in Austria is the expulsion of the whole Jewish population from the villages of the Burgenland near the Hungarian frontier. Hundreds of these wretched folk were summarily ejected from their homes and told to leave Germany.… Of course no foreign country will take them as France is taking the Spanish refugees. They have been so brutally maltreated (I spoke with an eye witness of their sufferings) that the
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2,817
Q53836033
14
2,623
14
3,272
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
truth is bound to be branded by the Nazis as atrocity-mongering.… [T]he mental suffering of thousands upon thousands in Vienna is even worse in the long run ‒ countless gifted and quite unpolitical people ruined simply because of their Jewish or partly Jewish blood. The cultural life of Vienna will be annihilated.… Stephens was referring here to the large numbers of highly qualified Viennese Jews who were obliged to flee their country: doctors, lawyers, scientists, academics, writers, musicians and artists. Among the many people whom he helped to escape from Austria was Viennese Jewish artist Albert Reuss and his wife Rosa,
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2,817
Q53836033
14
3,272
14
3,800
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I
whom he mentions in the same letter: I made friends with a charming painter and his wife who were in great despair, and he said I had restored their faith in God. He insisted on making me choose one of his paintings as a present to take back to England. So I took a beautiful landscape in Carinthia in oil. The good man wants to come to England, and I have promised to do all I can to help him find hospitality here till he can set about his painting and earn something. Stephens was true to his word, not only
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2,817
Q53836033
14
3,800
18
179
John Sturge Stephens
Post-World War I & Career
helping the couple to escape, but also offering them a temporary home at one of his cottages in St Mawes. Furthermore, he also offered shelter to numerous refugees in his home in Birmingham. Indeed, Philip Styles recalled that during the 1930s, "many young men and women of different nationalities found a home or a meeting place in the friendly atmosphere of the Stephens’s house in Hagley Road." Career In 1919, Stephens went with a group of Friends to Germany, where he spent most of his time during the early 1920s. The immediate task was the relief of post-war distress. However,
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2,817
Q53836033
18
179
18
780
John Sturge Stephens
Career
Stephens’s deepest interest was in the hopes of a peaceful and democratic future and it was so that he might get to know more intimately the problems and aspirations of German youth that he took a post as Lektor at the University of Frankfurt. His work as French and German translator at a conference in Paris brought him into contact with Sir Raymond Beazley, at that time Professor of History at the University of Birmingham, who appointed him in 1925 to a special lectureship in International History established by Frederick Merttens. His duties involved the teaching of W.E.A. as well as
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2,817
Q53836033
18
780
18
1,349
John Sturge Stephens
Career
University students. When the Merttens Lectureship lapsed in 1930 he became a full-time lecturer in the Department of History, a position which he held until he retired. Stephens’s great work at Birmingham was as a teacher, as his natural eloquence made him an impressive lecturer. One of his students said of him: ‘He had the rare gift of being able to bring his story to life as if he were living it. He was interested in persons and he lectured about persons, so that his lectures were like himself, full of life and humanity. To hear him lecture to a small
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2,817
Q53836033
18
1,349
18
1,797
John Sturge Stephens
Career
group on the trial and execution of Charles I, or on the meeting of George Fox and Cromwell was a moving experience.’ There was much in 17th century England that called for is his deepest enthusiasms and his special subject on ‘The Age of Cromwell’ became one of the most notable pieces of advanced teaching in the Birmingham History School. He retired from his post at the University of Birmingham in 1951 and died only three years later.
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2,818
Q6261073
2
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4
576
John Townley
John Townley John Townley (born 1945) is a musician who was a member of the folk-rock group The Magicians from 1965-66. After The Magicians "disappeared", Townley built the first 12-track recording studio in New York, Apostolic Studios, which opened in 1967 and which was often used by Frank Zappa. A naval historian, he is the founding president of the Confederate Naval Historical Society. He performs maritime music professionally and has recorded several albums in that genre. He has been part of several sea shanty bands, including the "X-Seamen" and "The Press Gang" He is also a
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2,818
Q6261073
4
576
4
717
John Townley
professional astrologer, has published eight books on the subject, and was a former president of the renowned Astrologers’ Guild of America.
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2,819
Q27589852
2
0
4
605
John Walker Rankin
John Walker Rankin John Walker Rankin (June 11, 1823 – July 10, 1869) was an American politician and judge. Born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, Rankin graduated from Washington & Jefferson College. He then taught school and studied law. Rankin was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar. In 1848, Rankin moved to Keokuk, Lee County, Iowa and continued to practice law. During the American Civil War, Rankin served in the 6th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. In 1857, Rankin was appointed Iowa District Court judge for Lee County. From 1858 to 1862, Rankin served in the Iowa State Senate and was a Republican. Rankin
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2,819
Q27589852
4
605
4
639
John Walker Rankin
died at his home in Keokuk, Iowa.
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2,820
Q264028
2
0
8
351
John of Salisbury
Early life and education
John of Salisbury John of Salisbury (late 1110s – 25 October 1180), who described himself as Johannes Parvus ("John the Little"), was an English author, philosopher, educationalist, diplomat and bishop of Chartres, and was born at Salisbury, England. Early life and education He was of Anglo-Saxon, not of Norman extraction, and therefore apparently a clerk from a modest background, whose career depended upon his education. Beyond that, and that he applied to himself the cognomen of Parvus, "short", or "small", few details are known regarding his early life. From his own statements it is gathered that he crossed to France
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2,820
Q264028
8
351
8
1,000
John of Salisbury
Early life and education
about 1136, and began regular studies in Paris under Peter Abelard, who had for a brief period re-opened his famous school there on Montagne Sainte-Geneviève. His vivid accounts of teachers and students provide some of the most valuable insights into the early days of the University of Paris. When Abelard withdrew from Paris John studied under Master Alberic and Robert of Melun. In 1137 John went to Chartres, where he studied grammar under William of Conches, and rhetoric, logic and the classics under Richard l'Evêque, a disciple of Bernard of Chartres. Bernard's teaching was distinguished partly by its pronounced Platonic tendency,
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2,820
Q264028
8
1,000
8
1,578
John of Salisbury
Early life and education
and partly by the stress laid upon literary study of the greater Latin writers. The influence of the latter feature is noticeable in all John of Salisbury's works. Around 1140 John returned to Paris to study theology under Gilbert de la Porrée, then under Robert Pullus and Simon of Poissy, supporting himself as a tutor to young noblemen. In 1148 he resided at the Abbey of Moutiers-la-Celle in the diocese of Troyes, with his friend Peter of Celle. He was present at the Council of Reims in 1148, presided over by Pope Eugene III. It is conjectured that while there,
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John of Salisbury
Early life and education & Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury
he was introduced by St. Bernard of Clairvaux to Theobald, whose secretary he became. Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury John of Salisbury was secretary to Archbishop Theobald for seven years. While at Canterbury he became acquainted with Thomas Becket, one of the significant potent influences in John's life. During this period he went on many missions to the Papal See; it was probably on one of these that he made the acquaintance of Nicholas Breakspear, who in 1154 became Pope Adrian IV. The following year John visited him, remaining at Benevento with him for several months. He was at
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John of Salisbury
Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury
the court of Rome at least twice afterward. During this time he composed his greatest works, published almost certainly in 1159, the Policraticus, sive de nugis curialium et de vestigiis philosophorum and the Metalogicon, writings invaluable as storehouses of information regarding the matter and form of scholastic education, and remarkable for their cultivated style and humanist tendency. The Policraticus also sheds light on the decadence of the 12th-century court manners and the lax ethics of royalty. The idea of contemporaries standing on the shoulders of giants of Antiquity first appears in written form in the Metalogicon. After the death of Theobald
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2,820
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1,141
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1,740
John of Salisbury
Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury
in 1161, John continued as secretary to his successor, Thomas Becket, and took an active part in the long disputes between that primate and his sovereign, Henry II, who looked upon John as a papal agent. His letters throw light on the constitutional struggle then agitating England. In 1163, John fell into disfavor with the king for reasons that remain obscure, and withdrew to France. The next six years he spent with his friend Peter of La Celle, now Abbot of St. Remigius at Reims. Here he wrote "Historia Pontificalis". In 1170 he led the delegation charged with preparing for Becket's
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2,820
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1,740
20
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John of Salisbury
Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury & Bishop of Chartres & Scholarship and influences
return to England, and was in Canterbury at the time of Becket's assassination. In 1174 John became treasurer of Exeter cathedral. Bishop of Chartres In 1176 he was made bishop of Chartres, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1179 he took an active part in the Third Council of the Lateran. He died at or near Chartres on October 25, 1180. Scholarship and influences John's writings are excellent at clarifying the literary and scientific position of 12th century Western Europe. Though he was well versed in the new logic and dialectical rhetoric of the university, John's views
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John of Salisbury
Scholarship and influences
imply a cultivated intelligence well versed in practical affairs, opposing to the extremes of both nominalism and realism a practical common sense. His doctrine is a kind of utilitarianism, with a strong leaning on the speculative side to the modified literary scepticism of Cicero, for whom he had unbounded admiration and on whose style he based his own. His view that the end of education was moral, rather than merely intellectual, became one of the prime educational doctrines of western civilization, but his influence is to be found, not in his immediate contemporaries but in the world-view of Renaissance
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2,820
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20
827
20
1,412
John of Salisbury
Scholarship and influences
humanism. Of Greek writers he appears to have known nothing at first hand, and very little in translations. He was one of the best Latinists of his age. The Timaeus of Plato in the Latin version of Chalcidius was known to him as to his contemporaries and predecessors, and probably he had access to translations of the Phaedo and Meno. Of Aristotle he possessed the whole of the Organon in Latin; he is, indeed, the first of the medieval writers of note to whom the whole was known. He first coined the term theatrum mundi, a notion that influences the theater several
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2,820
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1,412
24
116
John of Salisbury
Scholarship and influences & Fictional portrayals
centuries later. In several chapters of the third book of his Policraticus, he meditates on the fact that "the life of man on earth is a comedy, where each forgetting his own plays another's role". Fictional portrayals John was portrayed by actor Alex G. Hunter in the 1923 silent film Becket, based on a play by Alfred Lord Tennyson.
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2,821
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John of Wales
John of Wales John of Wales (died c. 1285), also called John Waleys and Johannes Guallensis, was a Franciscan theologian who wrote several well-received Latin works, primarily preaching aids. Born between 1210 and 1230, almost certainly in Wales, John joined the Franciscan order, and incepted in theology at Oxford University sometime before 1258. After this, he taught there until 1270 when he moved to the University of Paris, where he remained until his death around 1285. He was a moral theologian and a great admirer of the ancient world, incorporating many classical authors into his works. He is often considered a
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2,821
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4
756
John of Wales
forerunner of later Christian humanists. His works were translated into six languages and were in print before the end of the 15th century.
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2,822
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2
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6
70
John the Baptist (Caravaggio)
John the Baptist feeding the Lamb (Private collection, Rome)
John the Baptist (Caravaggio) John the Baptist feeding the Lamb (Private collection, Rome) End of the first decade of the 17th Century, oil on canvas, 78x122 cm.
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2,823
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Johnny Ngauamo
International & Griffith University Colleges Knights
Johnny Ngauamo International He gained his first international cap for Tonga on 14 June 2003 in a match against Ireland and he played for Tonga four other times in that year. Griffith University Colleges Knights As of 2019 Johnny has signed on as head coach for the Knights in the Gold Coast District Rugby Union competition. He is looking to lead the 1st XV to back to back premierships for the first time in Club History.
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2,824
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2
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Johnson baronets
Johnson baronets There have been three Baronetcies created for persons with the surname Johnson, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. As of 2010 one creation is extant, one dormant and one extinct. The Johnson Baronetcy, of New York in North America, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 27 November 1755 for the soldier William Johnson. A descendant of the O'Neill dynasty, his family name was originally MacShane (Irish: Mac Seáin), of which Johnson is a translation. The baronetcy was awarded for his victories at Crown Point and the
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4
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Johnson baronets
Battle of Lake George earlier that year. His son, the second Baronet, was a loyalist leader during the American Revolution. Two other members of the family may also be mentioned. Guy Johnson, nephew of the first Baronet, was a distinguished soldier. John Ormsby Johnson, son of Colonel Charles Christopher Johnson, seventh son of the second Baronet, was a vice-admiral. The Johnson Baronetcy, of Bath, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 1 December 1818 for Henry Johnson, a colonel in the 5th Regiment and Governor of Ross Castle. He was the younger brother of Sir John Johnson-Walsh, 1st
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2,824
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Johnson baronets
Baronet, of Ballykilcavan (see Johnson-Walsh Baronets). The second Baronet fought with distinction in the Peninsular War. The fourth Baronet was a brigadier-general in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. The presumed seventh Baronet never successfully established his claim to the title and was never on the Official Roll of the Baronetage. Likewise, as of 13 June 2007 the presumed eighth Baronet has not successfully proven his succession and is not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage, with the baronetcy dormant since 1986. For more information, follow this link. Two other members of the family may also be mentioned. Sir Charles
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2,824
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2,298
Johnson baronets
Cooper Johnson, sixth son of the second Baronet, was a general in the British Army. His son Eliot Philipse Johnson was a brigadier-general in the British Army. The latter was the father of the presumed seventh Baronet. The Johnson Baronetcy, of Dublin, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 24 November 1909 for the Irish lawyer and politician William Moore Johnson. The title became extinct on his death in 1919.
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2,825
Q6269074
2
0
10
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Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board
JAMB Examination & JAMB Results
Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board JAMB Examination Every year, the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board, (JAMB) conduct an examination that will determine if a student will be admitted to the higher school. JAMB Results After conducting and sitting for the examination, the board will release the score/results of candidates. And if you scored 100 mark, you will be eligible to apply for polytechnic/college of education, if you score above 150, you will be eligible to apply for a university admission. However, JAMB has raised cut-off mark to 160 for 2019/2020 university admission .
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2,826
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2
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Joint terminal attack controller
Australia
Joint terminal attack controller Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) is the term used in the United States Armed Forces and some other military forces for a qualified service member who directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and other offensive air operations from a forward position. The term that is used in most other countries, as well as previously in the US and in the relevant NATO standard is Forward Air Controller. The term became effective in the US on September 3, 2003 with the publishing of Joint Publication (JP) 3-09.3 Close Air Support. Australia In
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2,826
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8
2
12
150
Joint terminal attack controller
Australia & Canada
2006, the Royal Australian Air Force became the first foreign air force to receive Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) accreditation from the United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). No. 4 Squadron RAAF runs JTAC training, and provides trained controllers to other units, with its main role being to support the units of the Special Operations Command. JTAC-qualified personnel have served in Afghanistan. The Australian Army's 16th Air Land Regiment also includes a troop of JTACs. Canada Canadian JTACs are currently part of the artillery observation battery. They are employed in the regular Canadian Army and as part of Canadian Special
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2,826
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16
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Joint terminal attack controller
Canada & Italy
Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM). There is current discussion on creating JTAC as a stand alone MOS/trade within the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). It is currently executed as a secondary duty by mainly artillery NCMS. Italy Italy has qualified JTAC operators in its tier 1, 2 and 3 teams. Some of these operators have served in Afghanistan, as part of TF45. During the Afghanistan War, AMX ground attack aircraft from the Italian Air Force TF BLACK CATS conducted Close Air Support with JTAC operators on the ground provided by the Italian Army, the Carabinieri, and the Navy and Air Force. The