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{"datasets_id": 161725, "wiki_id": "Q5227370", "sp": 8, "sc": 1979, "ep": 8, "ec": 2698} | 161,725 | Q5227370 | 8 | 1,979 | 8 | 2,698 | Data warehouse appliance | History | DATAllegro, prior to acquisition by Microsoft, partnered with EMC Corporation and Dell and implemented open-source Ingres on Linux. Greenplum had a partnership with Sun Microsystems and implements Greenplum Database (based on PostgreSQL) on Solaris using the ZFS file system. HP Neoview uses HP NonStop SQL.
The market has also seen the emergence of data-warehouse bundles where vendors combine their hardware and database software together as a data warehouse platform. The Oracle Optimized Warehouse Initiative combines the Oracle Database with hardware from various computer manufacturers (Dell, EMC, HP, IBM, SGI and Sun Microsystems). Oracle's Optimized Warehouses offer pre-validated configurations and |
{"datasets_id": 161725, "wiki_id": "Q5227370", "sp": 8, "sc": 2698, "ep": 8, "ec": 3118} | 161,725 | Q5227370 | 8 | 2,698 | 8 | 3,118 | Data warehouse appliance | History | the database software comes pre-installed.
In September 2008 Oracle began offering a more classic appliance offering, the HP Oracle Database Machine, a jointly developed and co-branded platform that Oracle sold and supported and HP built in configurations specifically for Oracle.
In September 2009, Oracle released a second-generation Exadata system, based on their acquired Sun Microsystems hardware. |
{"datasets_id": 161726, "wiki_id": "Q5230066", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 120} | 161,726 | Q5230066 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 120 | Dave Ward (trade unionist) | Trade union career | Dave Ward (trade unionist) Dave Ward, (born 12 July 1959), is a British Trade Unionist and General Secretary of the Communication Workers Union (CWU), which was formed through the merger of the Union of Communication Workers and the National Communications Union in 1995. The CWU is the largest trade union in the United Kingdom for people working in the Postal and Telecommunications industry with over 180,000 members.
Ward is a co-chair of Stand Up To Racism. Trade union career Born in Lambeth, London Ward joined the Post Office as a Telegram boy in 1976 after leaving school and quickly became an |
{"datasets_id": 161726, "wiki_id": "Q5230066", "sp": 8, "sc": 120, "ep": 8, "ec": 721} | 161,726 | Q5230066 | 8 | 120 | 8 | 721 | Dave Ward (trade unionist) | Trade union career | active Union member. He became a member of the Tooting Branch Committee of the CWU in 1981. Ward was elected as Branch Secretary in 1982. Following the re-organising of the Union's Branch structure in 1992 he was elected Branch Secretary of the London South West Branch. In 1995 he became London Regional Secretary and in 1996 was elected London Divisional Representative. He played a leading role in the 1996 National Postal Dispute, which involved eight days of 24-hour strikes over an extended period and eventually forced Royal Mail to drop their plans to introduce 'team working'.
In |
{"datasets_id": 161726, "wiki_id": "Q5230066", "sp": 8, "sc": 721, "ep": 12, "ec": 173} | 161,726 | Q5230066 | 8 | 721 | 12 | 173 | Dave Ward (trade unionist) | Trade union career & Labour Party | 2000, he was elected onto the Union's National Executive and in 2001 he became National Officer for the Outdoor Department (Deliveries and Collections). Dave was elected as the CWU Deputy General Secretary in June 2003, dealing with a major London dispute in 2003 and national disputes in 2007 and 2009. In 2015, he was elected as the union's General Secretary, defeating the incumbent, Billy Hayes. Labour Party Ward is a member of the Labour Party and served as the CWU's representative on the Labour Party's National Executive Committee but decided to step down from the role in 2007 |
{"datasets_id": 161726, "wiki_id": "Q5230066", "sp": 12, "sc": 173, "ep": 12, "ec": 773} | 161,726 | Q5230066 | 12 | 173 | 12 | 773 | Dave Ward (trade unionist) | Labour Party | because he believed it conflicted with the interests of the Union's members. Dave remains a critical member of the party particularly over the issues of the Post Office/Royal Mail privatisation and liberalisation.
In September 2015, Ward endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. He said: "I am delighted to announce that the CWU will be backing Jeremy Corbyn MP to be the next leader of the Labour party. There are no quick fixes for the Labour Party, but there are some easy decisions, and choosing Jeremy as its leader should be one of them We think that |
{"datasets_id": 161726, "wiki_id": "Q5230066", "sp": 12, "sc": 773, "ep": 16, "ec": 183} | 161,726 | Q5230066 | 12 | 773 | 16 | 183 | Dave Ward (trade unionist) | Labour Party & Personal life | it is time for a change for Labour. The grip of the Blairites and individuals like Peter Mandelson must now be loosened once and for all. There is a virus within the Labour party, and Jeremy Corbyn is the antidote."
In September 2016, Ward spoke at the Keep Corbyn rally in Brighton in support of Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. Personal life Ward is married with four children. His hobbies and interests include football and music. He is a Chelsea Football Club fan and likes a wide range of music and plays the blues guitar. |
{"datasets_id": 161727, "wiki_id": "Q5234042", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 94} | 161,727 | Q5234042 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 94 | David Garrow | Life and career | David Garrow David Jeffries Garrow (born May 11, 1953) is an American author and democratic socialist. He wrote the book Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1986), which won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. He also wrote Liberty and Sexuality (1994), a history of the legal struggles over abortion and reproductive rights in the U.S. prior to the Roe v. Wade decision, Rising Star: The Making of Barack Obama (2017), and other works. Life and career Garrow was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the son of Barbara (Fassett) and Walter Garrow. |
{"datasets_id": 161727, "wiki_id": "Q5234042", "sp": 8, "sc": 94, "ep": 8, "ec": 767} | 161,727 | Q5234042 | 8 | 94 | 8 | 767 | David Garrow | Life and career | He graduated magna cum laude from Wesleyan University in 1975 before receiving his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1981.
Garrow writes frequently on the history of the United States Supreme Court and the history of the Civil Rights Movement, and regularly contributes articles on these subjects to non-academic publications including The New York Times, The Nation, The Financial Times, and The New Republic.
Garrow served as a senior adviser for Eyes on the Prize, the award-winning PBS television history of the Civil Rights Movement covering the years 1954–1965. He has taught at Duke University (Instructor of History; 1978–1979), the University of North |
{"datasets_id": 161727, "wiki_id": "Q5234042", "sp": 8, "sc": 767, "ep": 8, "ec": 1468} | 161,727 | Q5234042 | 8 | 767 | 8 | 1,468 | David Garrow | Life and career | Carolina at Chapel Hill (Assistant Professor of History; 1980–1984), the City College of New York and the CUNY Graduate Center (Associate and full Professor of History; 1984–1991), The Cooper Union (Visiting Distinguished Professor of History; 1992–1993), the College of William and Mary (James Pinckney Harrison Visiting Professor of History; 1994–1995), American University (Distinguished Historian in Residence; 1995–1996) and the Emory University School of Law (Presidential Distinguished Professor; 1997–2005). From 2005 to 2011, Garrow was a senior research fellow at Homerton College, Cambridge. From 2011 until 2018 he served as Professor of Law and History and John E. Murray Faculty Scholar |
{"datasets_id": 161727, "wiki_id": "Q5234042", "sp": 8, "sc": 1468, "ep": 8, "ec": 1588} | 161,727 | Q5234042 | 8 | 1,468 | 8 | 1,588 | David Garrow | Life and career | at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
Garrow is also a member of the Democratic Socialists of America. |
{"datasets_id": 161728, "wiki_id": "Q14919626", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 54} | 161,728 | Q14919626 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 54 | Dekai | Transportation | Dekai Transportation The town has its own airport Nop Goliat Dekai Airport. |
{"datasets_id": 161729, "wiki_id": "Q58895647", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 600} | 161,729 | Q58895647 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 600 | Didier Ouénangaré | Life | Didier Ouénangaré Life Ouénangaré was born in Bambari. After studying film in Abidjan in the Ivory Coast, he graduated from the University of Rennes.
The Silence of the Forest was a project conceived by Ouénangaré, who approached Bassek Ba Kobhio to help find financing. It was written in French and Sango, and filmed in Central African Republic and Gabon. It tells the story of Gonaba, an African educated in Europe, who decides to return to his homeland, but increasingly realises the impossibility of breaking through stereotypes and genuinely understanding the way of life of the Baka people, the 'people of the |
{"datasets_id": 161729, "wiki_id": "Q58895647", "sp": 6, "sc": 600, "ep": 6, "ec": 693} | 161,729 | Q58895647 | 6 | 600 | 6 | 693 | Didier Ouénangaré | Life | forest' whom he pejoratively labels 'pygmies'.
Ouénangaré died on 29 September 2006. |
{"datasets_id": 161730, "wiki_id": "Q5274791", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 82} | 161,730 | Q5274791 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 82 | Diego Rojas | Club career | Diego Rojas Club career Rojas debuts at UC in the national tournament play from the 55 minute to Cobresal. |
{"datasets_id": 161731, "wiki_id": "Q19950952", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 498} | 161,731 | Q19950952 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 498 | Diklići, Ravno | Diklići, Ravno Diklići (Serbian Cyrillic: Диклићи) is a village in the Ravno municipality in south Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, it was inhabited by 13 people, all ethnic Serbs, while according to the 2013 census it had no inhabitants.
During World War II Partisan forces attacked a German train between the railway stations of Diklići and Gojšina, killing 2 German soldiers and 1 Domobran.
During the Yugoslav Wars, the village was attacked and burnt down by Croat forces. |
|
{"datasets_id": 161732, "wiki_id": "Q3029024", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 68} | 161,732 | Q3029024 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 68 | Diplotaxis glauca | Distribution and ecology | Diplotaxis glauca Distribution and ecology Diplotaxis glauca is restricted to the islands of Sal and Boa Vista. |
{"datasets_id": 161733, "wiki_id": "Q3497519", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 639} | 161,733 | Q3497519 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 639 | Directional statistics | Directional statistics Directional statistics (also circular statistics or spherical statistics) is the subdiscipline of statistics that deals with directions (unit vectors in Rⁿ), axes (lines through the origin in Rⁿ) or rotations in Rⁿ. More generally, directional statistics deals with observations on compact Riemannian manifolds.
The fact that 0 degrees and 360 degrees are identical angles, so that for example 180 degrees is not a sensible mean of 2 degrees and 358 degrees, provides one illustration that special statistical methods are required for the analysis of some types of data (in this case, angular data). Other examples of data that may |
|
{"datasets_id": 161733, "wiki_id": "Q3497519", "sp": 4, "sc": 639, "ep": 8, "ec": 513} | 161,733 | Q3497519 | 4 | 639 | 8 | 513 | Directional statistics | Distributions on higher-dimensional manifolds | be regarded as directional include statistics involving temporal periods (e.g. time of day, week, month, year, etc.), compass directions, dihedral angles in molecules, orientations, rotations and so on. Distributions on higher-dimensional manifolds There also exist distributions on the two-dimensional sphere (such as the Kent distribution), the N-dimensional sphere (the von Mises–Fisher distribution) or the torus (the bivariate von Mises distribution).
The matrix von Mises–Fisher distribution is a distribution on the Stiefel manifold, and can be used to construct probability distributions over rotation matrices.
The Bingham distribution is a distribution over axes in N dimensions, or equivalently, over points on the (N − 1)-dimensional |
{"datasets_id": 161733, "wiki_id": "Q3497519", "sp": 8, "sc": 513, "ep": 8, "ec": 1176} | 161,733 | Q3497519 | 8 | 513 | 8 | 1,176 | Directional statistics | Distributions on higher-dimensional manifolds | sphere with the antipodes identified. For example, if N = 2, the axes are undirected lines through the origin in the plane. In this case, each axis cuts the unit circle in the plane (which is the one-dimensional sphere) at two points that are each other's antipodes. For N = 4, the Bingham distribution is a distribution over the space of unit quaternions. Since a unit quaternion corresponds to a rotation matrix, the Bingham distribution for N = 4 can be used to construct probability distributions over the space of rotations, just like the Matrix-von Mises–Fisher distribution.
These distributions are for example used in geology, crystallography and |
{"datasets_id": 161733, "wiki_id": "Q3497519", "sp": 8, "sc": 1176, "ep": 8, "ec": 1192} | 161,733 | Q3497519 | 8 | 1,176 | 8 | 1,192 | Directional statistics | Distributions on higher-dimensional manifolds | bioinformatics. |
{"datasets_id": 161734, "wiki_id": "Q39078970", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 129} | 161,734 | Q39078970 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 129 | Dmitri Smirnov (footballer, born 1998) | Club career | Dmitri Smirnov (footballer, born 1998) Club career He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Chelyabinsk on 27 July 2017 in a game against FC Orenburg-2. |
{"datasets_id": 161735, "wiki_id": "Q5296346", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 308} | 161,735 | Q5296346 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 308 | Donna Feldman | Early years & Modeling | Donna Feldman Early years Donna was born and raised in Calabasas, California. Her parents are Israeli immigrants of Russian Jewish
and Polish Jewish descent.
Feldman was discovered while obtaining a marketing and merchandizing degree at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising. Upon graduation, Feldman pursued modeling full-time. Modeling Feldman is predominantly a worldwide commercial fashion model who appears regularly in magazines such as GQ, Maxim, "Marie Claire", "Esquire", and "FHM" to name a few. Thus far, Feldman has appeared on the cover of FHM Australia, Esquire in the Czech Republic, Maxim in Germany, GQ in Mexico and "GQ" India, |
{"datasets_id": 161735, "wiki_id": "Q5296346", "sp": 10, "sc": 308, "ep": 10, "ec": 1054} | 161,735 | Q5296346 | 10 | 308 | 10 | 1,054 | Donna Feldman | Modeling | FHM in South Africa, and DT in Spain. Additionally, she has appeared on the covers AC Luxury magazine, Vegas Essential, La Direct Stepping Out, Fitness RX, In Design, and Shy magazine in the United States.
Feldman has appeared in campaigns for Visa Blackcard, Kardashian Kollection, Conturelle lingerie,1921jeans, Apart Fashion, Bebe, Bejeweled by Susan Fixel, Bellagio Resort, Belldini, Caesar's Palace, Christian Audigier, Christian Audigier Swimwear, Diesel, Faber Felina Lingerie, Finest Fashion, Fila, Jaguar, Lucky Brand, Madeleine, Miraclesuit Swimwear,Parisa Lingerie, Conturelle Lingerie, A. Che swimwear, Lisa Blue, Mouwad Jewelry, Tecumseh Shoes, Nautica, New Yorker, Panasonic, Platini Jeans, Pleasure State Vip, Pontiac for |
{"datasets_id": 161735, "wiki_id": "Q5296346", "sp": 10, "sc": 1054, "ep": 14, "ec": 273} | 161,735 | Q5296346 | 10 | 1,054 | 14 | 273 | Donna Feldman | Modeling & Acting | Sports Illustrated, Quelle, Rampage, Revlon, Sean John, Tara, Tart Collection, Target, Tornado, Varla, Verizon Wireless, Wella, Westfield Shopping Center and Zanetti.
She is currently signed to Next Models in Los Angeles as well as Ford Models in Chicago, Elite Amsterdam, Most Wanted Models in Munich/Hamburg, Ice Models in Cape Town, Look Models in San Francisco. Acting By 2003, she starred opposite Justin Timberlake in the music video "Senorita". She also appeared in music videos "Blame the Vain" for Dwight Yoakam, "It's so Easy" for Sugar Ray, and "Tired of Being Sorry" for Enrique Iglesias.
In 2005, Feldman was a trophy girl at |
{"datasets_id": 161735, "wiki_id": "Q5296346", "sp": 14, "sc": 273, "ep": 14, "ec": 806} | 161,735 | Q5296346 | 14 | 273 | 14 | 806 | Donna Feldman | Acting | the 2005 Academy Awards which led to a spot on Deal or No Deal. Feldman held the number 22 suitcase for a majority of the show's first season, but left to pursue a role on Fashion House the TV drama where she played Gloria in 65 episodes airing in over 50 countries worldwide.
In 2007, she had a small part in the television show, Las Vegas. However, in 2008, she had her biggest break yet when was offered a role in Adam Sandler's in You Don't Mess with the Zohan. She was chosen by Sandler after seeing her in an editorial |
{"datasets_id": 161735, "wiki_id": "Q5296346", "sp": 14, "sc": 806, "ep": 14, "ec": 1102} | 161,735 | Q5296346 | 14 | 806 | 14 | 1,102 | Donna Feldman | Acting | for Stuff magazine. Due to the success of that film, Feldman was offered a co-host position on The Fashion Team and panelist on Redeye.
In 2011, Feldman appeared in a Visa Black card commercial as well as landing small television roles on the series Chuck, Deadliest Warrior, and Castle. |
{"datasets_id": 161736, "wiki_id": "Q65031057", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 560} | 161,736 | Q65031057 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 560 | Doug Flett | Career | Doug Flett Career Before moving to London in the early 1960s, Flett had worked in Sydney as a TV cameraman and in advertising. While in London, he was introduced to Guy Fletcher in 1965 by Shadows drummer Tony Meehan through a phone call, and the two met up. Since then, the duo have written many songs for a wide number of artists including Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Cliff Richard and Frankie Valli.
In 2016, they were each awarded a Gold Disc for their song "Just Pretend" due to sales of the Elvis Presley & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra compilation album The Wonder |
{"datasets_id": 161736, "wiki_id": "Q65031057", "sp": 6, "sc": 560, "ep": 6, "ec": 735} | 161,736 | Q65031057 | 6 | 560 | 6 | 735 | Doug Flett | Career | of You; the song features twice on the album, including a duet version with Helene Fischer.
It was announced that Flett had died on 15 July 2019 after a long illness. |
{"datasets_id": 161737, "wiki_id": "Q1754890", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 589} | 161,737 | Q1754890 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 589 | Du & jag döden | Background | Du & jag döden Background The band's previous album, Vapen & Ammunition (2002) became a commercial success, but lead singer and primary songwriter Joakim Berg has said it's not the album "we want to be remembered for". Kent, along with many critics, felt that Vapen & ammunition was over-produced and according to rhythm guitarist Harri Mänty the band wanted to "rediscover, how we sound". Joakim Berg wanted to distance himself from the verse-chorus-verse based songs from the previous album, saying: "On this album I didn't want those hands in the air, sing along-choruses. Instead, I wrote longer verses, and the |
{"datasets_id": 161737, "wiki_id": "Q1754890", "sp": 6, "sc": 589, "ep": 6, "ec": 1163} | 161,737 | Q1754890 | 6 | 589 | 6 | 1,163 | Du & jag döden | Background | places where you think the chorus will come, there is instead often something else", and instead he opted for songs with "a more trance-like feeling".
The title Du & jag döden is a reference to Astrid Lindgren's children's novels Emil i Lönneberga where Emil says "Du och jag, Alfred". As the title implies, death is a major theme of the album, of which Joakim Berg has said: "Many of the songs are about the feeling of immortality, you have within you at the age of 18. Which really is ironic because you are vulnerable especially during that time because life has |
{"datasets_id": 161737, "wiki_id": "Q1754890", "sp": 6, "sc": 1163, "ep": 6, "ec": 1658} | 161,737 | Q1754890 | 6 | 1,163 | 6 | 1,658 | Du & jag döden | Background | not hardened you yet. Later you must come to terms with the actions of your past – the years of atonement, I will call them. And then it goes downhill with aging. So when it comes to death, then it is not the exhalation we fear. But the time leading up to it". The theme is most prominent in the song "Mannen i den vita hatten (16 år senare)" where Berg sings "Vi ska alla en gång dö" ("We will all die one day"). Berg has said of the song: "Death and taxes are the only thing you cannot avoid. |
{"datasets_id": 161737, "wiki_id": "Q1754890", "sp": 6, "sc": 1658, "ep": 10, "ec": 159} | 161,737 | Q1754890 | 6 | 1,658 | 10 | 159 | Du & jag döden | Background & Commercial performance | It sounds depressing when you only hear that line, but the gist is that you should not worry, but do something with the time you have. Everyone is striving toward a goal all the time that seem to be based on some kind of dissatisfaction, no matter how well you are feeling." In keeping with the theme, the plastic album cover and the playable side of the CD are both black. Commercial performance In Sweden, the album debuted at number one, becoming their fifth number-one album. The album debuted at number two in Denmark, selling 4200 copies in its first |
{"datasets_id": 161737, "wiki_id": "Q1754890", "sp": 10, "sc": 159, "ep": 10, "ec": 165} | 161,737 | Q1754890 | 10 | 159 | 10 | 165 | Du & jag döden | Commercial performance | week. |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 608} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 608 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich In 1854 there was a Parliamentary resolution establishing a federal polytechnic school in Zurich, on the basis of the 1848 constitution
15 October 1855Opening of the ‘Swiss Federal Polytechnic School’ with six divisions, including the Engineering School and – although not originally envisaged – the ‘Building School’
Gottfried Semper, not only a successful architect of monumental buildings but also an established theorist and teacher, was appointed the first professor and director of the Building School. His educational model of the atelier libre, oriented on the École des Beaux-Arts in |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 608, "ep": 6, "ec": 1287} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 608 | 6 | 1,287 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | Paris, conflicts with the polytechnic school's profile, which is chiefly practical and technically oriented. The pupils worked in the drafting room on practical assignments, competed in rivalries and contributed to Sempers's own projects.
Semper succeeded in changing the title of the degree from ‘master builder’ to ‘architect’, but he nonetheless failed to extend the three-year duration of studies.
1857 The second professorial chair, focused on civil engineering, is filled by Ernst Gladbach
1864 The Building School relocates to the newly built polytechnic, erected according to plans by Semper, where it occupies the ground floor of the north |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 1287, "ep": 6, "ec": 1924} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 1,287 | 6 | 1,924 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | and west wings
1866 Maximum of 52 students (consistently below 100 until 1914)
1871 Semper's departure. Julius Stadler and George Lasius continue to teach in his spirit, but the school is in danger of ossifying
1881 With the appointment of Friedrich Bluntschli – an esteemed architect in the tradition of Semper, albeit far more formalistic – the instruction focuses entirely on the Renaissance vocabulary
1882 The studies are extended to seven semesters
1899 The Building School is renamed as the ‘Architecture School’ and again in 1924 as the ‘Architecture Division’
1900 |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 1924, "ep": 6, "ec": 2641} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 1,924 | 6 | 2,641 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | Gustav Gull, Zurich's municipal architect, is appointed as professor. Reform architecture arrives, and the differentiation between monumental and civil architecture becomes obsolete. Gull introduces the discipline of ‘urban design’ into the curriculum.
1904 The diploma thesis is separated from the seven semesters of the study programme
1911 The polytechnic is renamed as the ‘Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich’
1914 With Bluntschli's retirement, instruction in the classical vocabulary is largely curtailed, finally ending in 1925 with the appointment of Friedrich Hess as the successor to Lasius.
1915 Karl Moser is appointed as professor
Gull and Moser |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 2641, "ep": 6, "ec": 3315} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 2,641 | 6 | 3,315 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | increasingly advocate two conflicting architectural views; Gull is considered regressive and Moser, by contrast, is seen as progressive – and as one of the forefathers of modern architecture.
1917 By reorganising the subjects of structural mechanics, structural analysis and engineering design, the division of responsibilities between engineers and architects we commonly know today is firmly established.
1929 After Moser's retirement (1928) as well as Gull's restructuring and the reformation of the architecture division by his successors, Otto Rudolf Salvisberg and William Dunkel: To avoid the coexistence of competing architectural ideas, |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 3315, "ep": 6, "ec": 4038} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 3,315 | 6 | 4,038 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | the instruction is divided into a succession of two-semester courses, each of which is overseen by a single professor and which comprise tasks that are progressively more complex. The curriculum is given a stronger design orientation, with structural analysis and building construction are closely aligned.
1931 Work experience is anchored in the curriculum by implementing a mandatory six-month internship (one year since 1945)
1941 Hans Hofmann follows O. R. Salvisberg.
1959Over 400 students enrolled. William Dunkel retires.
The teaching is reorganised: The foundation course developed substantially by Bernhard Hoesli conveys the principles of modern architecture in a systematic |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 4038, "ep": 6, "ec": 4811} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 4,038 | 6 | 4,811 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | way, thus making it is possible to simultaneously permit differing tendencies and understandings of (modern) architecture in the upper-level courses.
The teaching staff is expanded, and now includes visiting professors like Georges Candilis, Ralph Erskine, Jørn Utzon and Aldo Rossi (1972–1974), whose design methodologies have been influential until very recently.
1960 The duration of study is extended to eight semesters (plus diploma thesis)
The architecture division develops an increasingly more scientific orientation
New subjects, such as sociology (1962, Lucius Burckhardt), are introduced
The teaching principles for architectural design are systematised by Hoesli (the teaching principles for construction are later |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 4811, "ep": 6, "ec": 5592} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 4,811 | 6 | 5,592 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | systematised by Heinz Ronner and those for design by Peter Jenny)
Research institutes established:
– Institute for Local, Regional and National Planning ORL (1961; reorganised in 2002 as the Network City and Landscape NSL)
– Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture gta (1967)
– Institute for Building Research HBF (1969; abolished 1985)
– Institute for Building Technology HBT (1972; since 2009: Institute of Technology in Architecture ITA)
– Institute of Historic Building Research ID (1972; now: Institute of Historic Building Research and Conservation IDB)
1968 Additional space is taken up in the so-called Globus Provisorium at the Bahnhofbrücke Zürich
1972 A two-year rotation cycle is established |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 5592, "ep": 6, "ec": 6293} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 5,592 | 6 | 6,293 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | for the dean
Mid-1970s Over 1000 students enrolled
1976 Under great protest, the architecture division relocates to the ETH annex on the Hönggerberg campus
1980sIn light of the pluralism of international architecture and through ETH's own research, the supposedly clear profile of the school, based on modernism, is increasingly called into question. The stringent didactic concept of the foundation course at the beginning of the programme is fragmented.
The school, called the Department of Architecture since 1999, gains more autonomy. In accordance with the ETH's policies focused on international excellence, research takes on greater significance. This is |
{"datasets_id": 161738, "wiki_id": "Q5324466", "sp": 6, "sc": 6293, "ep": 6, "ec": 6587} | 161,738 | Q5324466 | 6 | 6,293 | 6 | 6,587 | ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture | Historical Timeline of Architectural Education at ETH Zurich | reflected in the numerous publications issued by the chairs and institutes and in a significant increase in the number of doctorates.
2007 Introduction of a six-semester bachelor programme and a four-semester master programme in compliance with standards defined by the Bologna Process |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 581} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 581 | Eccles Line | Route | Eccles Line Route The line physically starts at a junction with the Altrincham Line, just west of Cornbrook tram stop, which itself was opened with the line, initially as an interchange between the Eccles and Altrincham lines. It then runs over the 650-metre-long Pomona Viaduct, which carries the line over both the Bridgewater Canal and the Manchester Ship Canal: Pomona tram stop is located upon this viaduct south of the ship canal, and will be the interchange with the future Trafford Park Line when this is completed. The line then weaves through the Salford Quays area on a reserved trackbed, |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 6, "sc": 581, "ep": 10, "ec": 200} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 6 | 581 | 10 | 200 | Eccles Line | Route & History | which is segregated from other traffic (except pedestrians in some places). This section serves stops at Exchange Quay, Salford Quays, Anchorage, Harbour City, MediaCityUK (at the end of a short spur) and Broadway.
The line then leaves the Salford Quays area and runs on-street towards the terminus at Eccles Interchange along the South Langworthy Road and then the Eccles New Road (the A57), serving stops at Langworthy, Weaste and Ladywell. History During the 1990s, Salford Quays became a business district specifically redeveloped for commerce, leisure, culture and tourism with a high density of business units and modern housing, complemented by |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 10, "sc": 200, "ep": 10, "ec": 826} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 10 | 200 | 10 | 826 | Eccles Line | History | a cinema complex, office blocks, and waterfront promenade. As it had poor public transport integration and no rail provision, it was earmarked for a potential Metrolink line as early as 1986 and legal authority to construct the line through the Quays was acquired in 1990. The Quays received millions of pounds of investment and a public consultation and public inquiry resulted in government endorsement in 1994. In autumn 1995 a 4-mile (6.4 km) Metrolink line branching from Cornbrook tram stop to Eccles via Salford Quays capitalising on the regenerated Quayside was confirmed as Phase 2 of Metrolink. No funding came from |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 10, "sc": 826, "ep": 10, "ec": 1501} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 10 | 826 | 10 | 1,501 | Eccles Line | History | central government and money was raised from the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority (GMPTA), the European Regional Development Fund and private developers. In April 1997 Altram, a consortium of the Serco, Ansaldo and John Laing, was appointed to construct the Eccles Line; Serco, responsible for the Sheffield Supertram would operate the whole network under contract; Ansaldo provided six additional vehicles — T-68As – and signalling equipment. Construction work officially began on 17 July 1997.
The Eccles Line was officially opened as far as Broadway tram stop on 6 December 1999 by the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who praised Metrolink as "exactly |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 10, "sc": 1501, "ep": 14, "ec": 117} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 10 | 1,501 | 14 | 117 | Eccles Line | History & Rolling stock | the type of scheme needed to solve the transport problems of the metropolitan areas of the country"; a service to Eccles Interchange joined the network on 21 July 2000, and was officially declared open by Anne, Princess Royal at a ceremony on 9 January 2001.
The specially-constructed 360-metre (0.22 mi) long spur to MediaCityUK tram stop was opened on 20 September 2010, to serve the MediaCityUK development. The Eccles Line underwent essential track renewal over a two-month period in 2016. Rolling stock To commence operations in 1999, six T-68A trams were ordered to operate the line. These were variants of the original |
{"datasets_id": 161739, "wiki_id": "Q22087023", "sp": 14, "sc": 117, "ep": 14, "ec": 509} | 161,739 | Q22087023 | 14 | 117 | 14 | 509 | Eccles Line | Rolling stock | T-68 trams which had operated the original system from 1992, which had modifications to allow them to operate on the street running section of the Eccles line with other motor traffic. All of the T-68 fleet was eventually modified to allow them to operate on the Eccles line.
From 2009 the new fleet of M5000 trams were introduced, and these replaced the T-68/A trams during 2012–14. |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 140} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 140 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Personal life & Film | Edward Arnold (actor) Personal life Arnold was born on the Lower East Side of New York City, the son of German immigrants Elizabeth (Ohse) and Carl Schneider. His schooling came at the East Side Settlement House.
Arnold was married three times: Harriet Marshall (1917–1927), with whom he had three children: Elizabeth, Jane and William (who had a short movie career as Edward Arnold Jr.); Olive Emerson (1929–1948) and Cleo McLain (1951 until his death). Film Interested in acting since his youth (he made his first stage appearance at the age of 12 as Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice), Arnold made |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 10, "sc": 140, "ep": 10, "ec": 678} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 10 | 140 | 10 | 678 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Film | his professional stage debut in 1907. He found work as an extra for Essanay Studios and World Studios, before landing his first significant role in 1916's The Misleading Lady. In 1919, he left film for a return to the stage, and did not appear again in movies until he made his talkie debut in Okay America! (1932). He recreated one of his stage roles in one of his early films, Whistling in the Dark (1933). His role in the 1935 film Diamond Jim boosted him to stardom. He reprised the role of Diamond Jim Brady in the 1940 film Lillian |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 10, "sc": 678, "ep": 10, "ec": 1300} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 10 | 678 | 10 | 1,300 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Film | Russell. He also played a similar role in The Toast of New York (1937), another fictionalized version of real-life business chicanery, for which he was billed above Cary Grant in the posters with his name in much larger letters.
Arnold appeared in over 150 movies. Although he was labeled "box office poison" in 1938 by an exhibitor publication (he shared this dubious distinction with Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Fred Astaire and Katharine Hepburn), he never lacked for work. Rather than continue in leading man roles, he gave up losing weight and went after character parts instead. |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 10, "sc": 1300, "ep": 10, "ec": 1878} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 10 | 1,300 | 10 | 1,878 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Film | Arnold was quoted as saying, "The bigger I got, the better character roles I received." He was such a sought-after actor, he often worked on two pictures at the same time.
Arnold was an expert at playing rogues and authority figures, and superb at combining the two as powerful villains quietly pulling strings. He was best known for his roles in Come and Get It (1936), Sutter's Gold (1936), the aforementioned The Toast of New York (1937), You Can't Take It with You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941), and The Devil and Daniel Webster |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 10, "sc": 1878, "ep": 10, "ec": 2501} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 10 | 1,878 | 10 | 2,501 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Film | (1941). He was the first actor to portray Rex Stout's famous detective Nero Wolfe, starring in Meet Nero Wolfe (1936), the film based on the first novel in the series.
He played blind detective Duncan Maclain in two movies based on the novels by Baynard Kendrick, Eyes in the Night (1942) and The Hidden Eye (1945).
Arnold made a posthumous cameo in the 1984 film Gremlins as the deceased husband (visible in a large framed photograph) of Mrs. Deagle, a character much like the rich, heartless characters Arnold was known for. Director Joe Dante mentioned that they received permission from Arnold's family |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 10, "sc": 2501, "ep": 22, "ec": 73} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 10 | 2,501 | 22 | 73 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Film & Radio & Television & Recognition | to use his image. Radio From 1947 to 1953, Arnold starred in the ABC radio program Mr. President. He also played a lawyer, "Mr. Reynolds," in The Charlotte Greenwood Show. In 1953, he was host of Spotlight Story on Mutual. Television Arnold was host for Your Star Showcase, "a series of 52 half-hour television dramas ... released by Television Programs of America." The series was launched January 1, 1954, to run in 1950 cities. He also co-starred in "Ever Since the Day," an episode of Ford Theatre on NBC. Recognition Midwestern University awarded Arnold an honorary Doctor of Letters degree |
{"datasets_id": 161740, "wiki_id": "Q522803", "sp": 22, "sc": 73, "ep": 30, "ec": 172} | 161,740 | Q522803 | 22 | 73 | 30 | 172 | Edward Arnold (actor) | Recognition & Politics & Death | on May 24, 1951. Arnold has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6225 Hollywood Blvd. Politics Starting in the 1940s, Arnold became involved in Republican politics and was mentioned as a possible candidate for the United States Senate. He lost a closely contested election for Los Angeles County Supervisor and said at the time that perhaps actors were not suited to run for political office. Death Arnold died at his home in Encino, California from a cerebral hemorrhage associated with atrial fibrillation, aged 66. He was interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery. |
{"datasets_id": 161741, "wiki_id": "Q5346818", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 576} | 161,741 | Q5346818 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 576 | Edwin Simandl | Edwin Simandl Edwin (Piggy) Simandl was the owner of the Orange Tornadoes and Newark Tornadoes of the National Football League. He became the team's owner in 1929, when Ole Haugsrud, the owner of Duluth Eskimos, sold his defunct franchise rights to Simandl. This allowed Simandl to place his Orange Tornadoes in the NFL. In addition to running his NFL franchise, Simandl was a wholesale meat salesman, which was why he was given the nickname "Piggy". In 1930, the team moved to Newark and played a dismal season that resulted in just 1 win. Afterward, Simandl sold his franchise rights back |
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{"datasets_id": 161741, "wiki_id": "Q5346818", "sp": 4, "sc": 576, "ep": 8, "ec": 419} | 161,741 | Q5346818 | 4 | 576 | 8 | 419 | Edwin Simandl | Ernest Cuneo | to the NFL. However, after a 2-year hiatus, he reorganized his team in Orange. The Tornadoes then defeated the Staten Island Stapletons 7-0 in their first game back. Ernest Cuneo However, according to one of his former players, Ernest Cuneo, Simandl also resembled a pig. Cuneo wrote: "He was also short and fat, with puffy, red-veined jowls, a low forehead and close-set eyes. People in his hometown of Orange, New Jersey, would have given him the same monicker if he'd sold shoes." According to Cuneo, "He was usually officious and always bursting with his own importance, but he was flamboyantly |
{"datasets_id": 161741, "wiki_id": "Q5346818", "sp": 8, "sc": 419, "ep": 12, "ec": 343} | 161,741 | Q5346818 | 8 | 419 | 12 | 343 | Edwin Simandl | Ernest Cuneo & Rivalry with Staten Island | agreeable, and everyone, including the team, liked him." However, it was also reported that the team's payroll was usually late due to the lack of money in the team treasury, which was blamed on poor attendance. Rivalry with Staten Island Prior to Orange becoming a member of the NFL, the team enjoyed a rivalry with another future NFL franchise, the Staten Island Stapletons. In 1927, Simandl canceled a game against the Stapletons in a dispute over the distribution of gate receipts. A few weeks later before the final Stapletons game of the season that was to be played in Staten |
{"datasets_id": 161741, "wiki_id": "Q5346818", "sp": 12, "sc": 343, "ep": 16, "ec": 285} | 161,741 | Q5346818 | 12 | 343 | 16 | 285 | Edwin Simandl | Rivalry with Staten Island & American Association | Island, Simandl demanded that the Stapes game be played in Orange, New Jersey. To avoid losing the game, Stapletons manager Dan Blaine agreed to play in Orange. American Association In June 1936, the American Association was formed in response to a proposal by Simandl for the need of a minor league system for pro football. Simandl's Tornadoes were a charter member of the league. He moved the team back to Newark in 1938, then sold his team to George Halas in 1939. |
{"datasets_id": 161742, "wiki_id": "Q5352257", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 228} | 161,742 | Q5352257 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 228 | El Toqui mine | El Toqui mine El Toqui mine is a zinc-gold mine in Chile. The mine is owned by Breakwater Resources through its wholly owned subsidiary company Sociedad Contractul Minera el Toqui. The mine was purchased from Barrick Gold Corporation in 1997. |
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{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 632} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 632 | Elastic Path | History | Elastic Path History Elastic Path was started by Harry Chemko in 2000, with co-founders Mark Williams, Ryan Orr, and Jason Billingsley, after completing university with a $15,000 start-up loan from a non-profit organization. Based on the idea that there had to be a better way to build enterprise software, they had a vision for solutions that were simpler, intelligently architected and provided ultimate flexibility.
During the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Elastic Path signed on to power the tech behind the official Olympics online store. They experienced the pain points first-hand of the modern retailer when it came to things like huge surges |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 6, "sc": 632, "ep": 6, "ec": 1374} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 6 | 632 | 6 | 1,374 | Elastic Path | History | in volume, extensive product catalogues and accommodating shoppers from all over the world. Additionally, it became clear to CEO Harry Chemko that the proliferation of digital experience channels would only accelerate, creating an opportunity for brands to commerce-enable all new and emerging customer touchpoints.
As a result, Elastic Path built the first API centric commerce platform, incorporating “shopping APIs” to create a purchase experience within any device or touchpoint, calling this concept “headless commerce.”
In 2013, Elastic Path launched Cortex, completely decoupling digital experiences from the back-end system while providing a layer of commerce business logic. This release was revolutionary because it |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 6, "sc": 1374, "ep": 6, "ec": 2100} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 6 | 1,374 | 6 | 2,100 | Elastic Path | History | made the creation of innovative commerce experiences accessible to business and marketing users without having to rely on IT teams.
This first of its kind release could mediate resources from multiple systems and allow them to be added, removed or upgraded without effecting the customer experience. More importantly, it supported continuous customer journeys across multiple touchpoints and, quick on-boarding of new touchpoints and capabilities.
In 2019, Elastic Path rebranded and announced their next commerce revolution is in B2B commerce. As an organization, they are committed to powering B2B commerce experiences like IoT purchasing, autonomous machines, manufacturing equipment that can order its own |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 6, "sc": 2100, "ep": 14, "ec": 348} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 6 | 2,100 | 14 | 348 | Elastic Path | History & 2007 & 2008 | parts and on-site “vending machines” that keep inventory costs low, just to name a few, on a solution that is purpose-built for the way B2B organizations actually operate. 2007 Elastic Path won the bid to manage the complete ecommerce operations for the Official Vancouver 2010 Olympic Online Store. 2008 Elastic Path’s blog, Get Elastic, ranked #1 worldwide ecommerce blog by PostRank and voted one of the 15 entrepreneur blogs worth reading by the Wall Street Journal.
Elastic Path ranked in PROFIT 100 "Canada's Fastest-growing Companies" for four consecutive years. The PROFIT 100 profiles the country's most successful growth companies and |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 14, "sc": 348, "ep": 34, "ec": 19} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 14 | 348 | 34 | 19 | Elastic Path | 2008 & 2010 & 2013 & 2014 & 2016 & 2018 | is Canada's largest annual celebration of entrepreneurial achievement.
Opened second office location in Reading, UK. 2010 Elastic Path won BC Export’s Advancing Technologies Award.
Listed 16th in BCBusiness 2010 Guide to Innovation.
Listed #164 in Branham300's Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies. 2013 Elastic Path Raises $8M For Commerce Everywhere API Platform. 2014 Elastic Path Teams With Adobe to Release Elastic Path Edition for Adobe Experience Manager.
Elastic Path Raises CDN$5.35-Million led by BDC Venture Capital. 2016 Gartner’s Magic Quadrant for Digital Commerce names Elastic Path as a Visionary in e-commerce applications.
Elastic Path Announces the Industry’s Most Powerful Enterprise Commerce Cloud. 2018 Elastic Path closed |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 34, "sc": 19, "ep": 42, "ec": 125} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 34 | 19 | 42 | 125 | Elastic Path | 2018 & 2019 & Patents | a $43 million Series B growth investment, led by Sageview Capital with participation from current investors, Yaletown Partners and BDC Venture Capital. To date, the company has raised a total of over $63 million. 2019 Elastic Path launches a new look and feel to their brand.
Elastic Path awarded highest honors for both Vision and Strategy and, Integrations, Operations and Infrastructure in The Paradigm B2B Combine Report written by Andy Hoar, founder of Paradigm B2B and former Sr. Commerce Analyst at Forrester Research. Patents Elastic Path has several patents in the ecommerce space, including ones for "Stateless Microkernel Architecture" and "Linking |
{"datasets_id": 161743, "wiki_id": "Q5353550", "sp": 42, "sc": 125, "ep": 46, "ec": 156} | 161,743 | Q5353550 | 42 | 125 | 46 | 156 | Elastic Path | Patents & Clients | Functionality for Encoding Application Status." Clients Elastic Path has more than 200 clients worldwide including SVP Worldwide, Intuit, Swisscom, T-Mobile, Würth, Carnival Cruise Lines, Johnstone Supply, Tesla. |
{"datasets_id": 161744, "wiki_id": "Q5380065", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 621} | 161,744 | Q5380065 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 621 | Ensure | History | Ensure History In 1903, Harry C. Moores and Stanley M. Ross launched the "Moores & Ross Milk Company", which specialized in bottling milk for home delivery for the first few years. By 1964, however, the company merged with Abbott Laboratories. A drink called Ensure was first marketed by Ross Laboratories in 1973.
In the 1990s, Ensure and other nutritional drink products like Mead Johnson's Sustacal and Nestlé's Boost and Resource brands were fiercely competing to capture market share among healthy adults. In 1996, Ensure had sales of about $300 million and accounted for 80% of protein supplement sales; Abbott spent $45.4 |
{"datasets_id": 161744, "wiki_id": "Q5380065", "sp": 6, "sc": 621, "ep": 6, "ec": 1220} | 161,744 | Q5380065 | 6 | 621 | 6 | 1,220 | Ensure | History | million to advertise Ensure during the first nine months of 1996, around 70% more than it spent during the same period of 1995.
In 1995, the Center for Science in the Public Interest said that ads for Ensure were "the most misleading food ad" of that year. In 1997, Abbott settled charges from the Federal Trade Commission that it was falsely marketing Ensure as having a similar amount of vitamins as multivitamin supplements, as being recommended by doctors more than any other nutritional supplement, and as being recommended by doctors as a way to stay healthy and active for people who |
{"datasets_id": 161744, "wiki_id": "Q5380065", "sp": 6, "sc": 1220, "ep": 6, "ec": 1244} | 161,744 | Q5380065 | 6 | 1,220 | 6 | 1,244 | Ensure | History | were otherwise healthy. |
{"datasets_id": 161745, "wiki_id": "Q5388355", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 622} | 161,745 | Q5388355 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 622 | Erie West Subdivision | Erie West Subdivision The Erie West Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in the U.S. states of Pennsylvania and Ohio. The line runs from Erie, Pennsylvania southwest along the shore of Lake Erie to Cleveland, Ohio along the former New York Central Railroad main line.
At its east end (west of downtown Erie), the Erie West Subdivision becomes the Lake Shore Subdivision; at its west end (east of downtown Cleveland), it becomes the Cleveland Terminal Subdivision. This subdivision is also known as the Great Lakes Service Lane.
Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited and Capitol Limited use the Erie West Subdivision. |
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{"datasets_id": 161745, "wiki_id": "Q5388355", "sp": 6, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 499} | 161,745 | Q5388355 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 499 | Erie West Subdivision | History | History The line was built by the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad and opened in 1852. Through mergers, leases, and takeovers, it became part of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, New York Central Railroad, and Conrail. When Conrail was broken up in 1999, the main line east of Cleveland, including the Erie West Subdivision, was assigned to CSX. In 2007 in Painesville, Ohio on this line, a major freight train derailment occurred resulting in the spill of ethanol and a large fire. |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 366} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 366 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design | Erwin Leo Himmel Erwin Leo Himmel (born April 9, 1956 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian automobile designer. He was one of the first designers who recognized the future importance of a consistent brand design in the automotive industry. Automotive design Audi, 1982–1994
After graduating he came back to the design centre of Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, and started his career. Himmel was responsible for virtually the entire range of models from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, like the Audi 80 Sedan, Avant, Coupe and Cabriolet, Audi 100 Sedan and Avant, and the Audi V8. In this creative environment he enjoyed |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 8, "sc": 366, "ep": 8, "ec": 986} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 8 | 366 | 8 | 986 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design | working together with other designers such as J Mays and Peter Schreyer. In 1990, he became Director of Audi’s Munich-based design studio where he had the idea to develop a new concept. A design icon was born: the Audi Quattro Spyder, the highlight of the “Frankfurt IAA” in 1991 and a milestone in the design history of Audi.
Design Centre Europe, 1995–1999
In 1994, Erwin Leo Himmel realizing the establishment of the first external design centre of the whole Volkswagen Group in Europe. After a long process of searching, the strategic choice of location fell on Barcelona, Spain. A suitable piece of |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 8, "sc": 986, "ep": 8, "ec": 1610} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 8 | 986 | 8 | 1,610 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design | land was found in Sitges, a seaside town next to Barcelona. Himmel was responsible for the planning and realization of the newly built 130-people design facility, which was named “DCE – Design Centre Europe”. He worked there for Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda. Such successful designs as the Audi A8, S3 and RS4, and Volkswagen Touareg, Touran and essential parts of Golf IV and Phaeton were created.
Fuore Design, 2000–2007
At the end of 1999, Himmel was offered the position of chief designer at Skoda, but he decided instead to start his own business. And so he founded the independent 35-people design |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 8, "sc": 1610, "ep": 8, "ec": 2296} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 8 | 1,610 | 8 | 2,296 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design | studio “Fuore Design” in the heart of Barcelona. Beside the core business of automotive design, he specialized in brand consulting.
He consulted Mitsubishi in their process of finding a new design language, and created the two concept cars, the Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution and Pajero Evolution 2+2, which were presented at the 2001 “Frankfurt IAA” and the 2002 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. After the great feedback at the shows, Himmel was also responsible for the design development of the Dakar Rally multiple-champion racing car Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution.
Subaru had a strategic relationship with Fuore. Himmel developed a new brand design strategy. His |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 8, "sc": 2296, "ep": 8, "ec": 2907} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 8 | 2,296 | 8 | 2,907 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design | concept car Subaru B11S showed the new philosophy at the 2003 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. The current models Subaru R1, R2 and B9 Tribeca were created by him, too. With the ‘XF 10’ and the ‘BlackJag’, Himmel presented his first self-developed show cars at the 2003 “Barcelona Salón Internacional del Automóvil” and the 2004 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. Himmel worked for almost every leading corporate group in the automotive sector. After a hard year in 2006 and a bad forecast of incoming contracts in 2007, Himmel did not see a good enough economic perspective to continue and decided |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 8, "sc": 2907, "ep": 12, "ec": 549} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 8 | 2,907 | 12 | 549 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Automotive design & Industrial design | to liquidize the company at the middle of 2007. Industrial design In his time at Fuore, Himmel made a lot of industrial design, too. Panasonic signed a strategic relationship with Fuore. Out of it, Himmel created such things as a cell-phone, an mp3-player, a home cinema system, a telephone, an air conditioner and other white goods for Panasonic. He also worked for companies such as LG and Samsung. Another field was transportation design, especially the exterior and interior design of trains. For example, Himmel developed the design of a new high-speed train for Talgo. He also designed interiors of airplanes. |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 12, "sc": 549, "ep": 12, "ec": 1165} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 12 | 549 | 12 | 1,165 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Industrial design | His ‘biggest’ project was a cruise liner for an American ocean carrier. Furthermore, he also did a lot of work in the motorcycle industry. He designed nearly every kind of size, from the scooter up to the superbike, including the development of a new design language for the world’s biggest motorcycle producer Honda. A great pleasure for him was the work for the luxury industry, especially for TAG Heuer. Moreover, he designed a bath ceramic series, for example for Roca.
All these products gave Himmel the chance to broaden his horizon in design and marketing, concerning new markets, customers and their |
{"datasets_id": 161746, "wiki_id": "Q2573954", "sp": 12, "sc": 1165, "ep": 12, "ec": 1350} | 161,746 | Q2573954 | 12 | 1,165 | 12 | 1,350 | Erwin Leo Himmel | Industrial design | mentalities. With the new impressions, it was also possible for him to optimize the processes in the design development, including a faster and more efficient way in automobile design. |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 631} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 631 | Event of Mubahala | Concept | Event of Mubahala Concept Al-Mubahalah (Arabic: ٱلْمُبَاهَلَة) is derived from the Arabic word bahlah (Arabic: بَهْلَة, lit. 'curse'), with Bahala Arabic: بَهَلَ) being a root verb which means "to curse". Al-bahl (Arabic: ٱلْبَهْل, lit. 'the curse') is also used to mean a scarcity of water. The term 'mubahala' can also mean withdrawing mercy from one who lies or engages in falsehood.
In the Quran, al-mubahala (invocation of God's curse) was mentioned as a decisive solution to the dispute over Jesus between the Christians of Najran and Muhammad. Allah ordered Muhammad to call on the Christians to invoke God's curse (mubahala – verse 3.61) |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 6, "sc": 631, "ep": 6, "ec": 1264} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 6 | 631 | 6 | 1,264 | Event of Mubahala | Concept | upon those who are intentionally unjust in their claim in order to determine who was telling the truth.
The Quran's mubahala verse is one of the most controversial verses due to the debate with Christianity and more-so the Shia and Sunni division within Islam. Praying for God to curse the liar regarding religious disputes is an ancient Arabic tradition. Mubahala was common among Semitic tribes, being found in writings that existed prior to Muhammad's preaching of Islam.
The event of Mubahala is an instance of the Quran's critique of, what claimed by Quran to be, a central Christians' invented doctrine; God on |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 6, "sc": 1264, "ep": 10, "ec": 387} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 6 | 1,264 | 10 | 387 | Event of Mubahala | Concept & Background | earth as Christ (Incarnation). From this historical event, Muslims were to continue challenging and criticizing major points of the Christians' faith with Christians defending and defining their doctrines and practices. Background In the ninth year of Hijra, Muhammad is reported to have sent a letter to Abdul Haris Ibn Alqama, Grand Bishop of Najran, the official representative of the Roman Church in the Hijaz, inviting the people of that area to embrace Islam. In response to that letter a delegation was sent to Muhammad.
Between 21 and 25 of Dhu'l-Hijja 10 A.H. / 22 to 26 March 632 A.D. [specific dates |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 10, "sc": 387, "ep": 10, "ec": 1024} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 10 | 387 | 10 | 1,024 | Event of Mubahala | Background | contested], the delegation arrived and discussions of religion and theology began, with the subject eventually turning to Jesus, the Messiah, and the question of defining what and who Jesus really is compared to what he is actually understood to be for each party. Muhammad preached to them that Jesus is a human being granted revelation by God and requested them to accept Islam. The Christians, however, were not convinced and responded with their explanations of Christ being divine.
Because of the Christians refusal to accept Muhammad's demand to acknowledge his message of Jesus, at odds with the Christians view of Jesus' |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 10, "sc": 1024, "ep": 14, "ec": 372} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 10 | 1,024 | 14 | 372 | Event of Mubahala | Background & Verse of Mubahalah | divinity as the Son of God, the call to invoke a curse was initiated by Muhammad in order for God to disclose the truth in a practical manner. Verse of Mubahalah According to the traditional account, after being unable to resolve the conflict over who Jesus is, the following verses are believed to have been revealed to Muhammad:
Surely the case of Jesus is like the case of Adam. He created him out of dust, then he said to him, "Be', and he was. This is the truth from thy Lord, so be thou not of those who doubt. Now whoso |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 14, "sc": 372, "ep": 18, "ec": 287} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 14 | 372 | 18 | 287 | Event of Mubahala | Verse of Mubahalah & Traditional narrative from hadiths | disputes with thee concerning him, after what has come to thee of Knowledge, say to him "Come let us call our sons and your sons and our women and your women and ourselves and yourselves then let us pray fervently and invoke the curse of Allah on those who lie."
— Quran, 3:59-61 Traditional narrative from hadiths According to Ibn Hisham's sirah, Muhammad recites the mubahala verses to the Christians and after lengthy discussions, no agreement was reached on the position and standing of Jesus. At the end of the discussions, Muhammad demands the two sides engage in Mubahala.
The Christians |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 18, "sc": 287, "ep": 18, "ec": 882} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 18 | 287 | 18 | 882 | Event of Mubahala | Traditional narrative from hadiths | returned to the place they were staying. Their leader al-Sayyid, al-'Aqib advised them saying: "If he challenges us with his people, we accept the challenge for he is not a prophet; but if he challenges us with his family in particular we don't challenge him, for he is not going to put forward his family unless he is truthful."
The morning of 24th Dhul Hijjah, Muhammad emerged at the appointed time. He brought only selected members of his family, carrying Husayn in his arm with Hasan holding his hand, followed by Fatima and Ali. Tradition states the Christians were surprised when |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 18, "sc": 882, "ep": 18, "ec": 1527} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 18 | 882 | 18 | 1,527 | Event of Mubahala | Traditional narrative from hadiths | they saw Muhammad's family ("Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn") accompanying Muhammad.
Muhammad offered to do the Mubahala, asking each conflicting party to cover themselves with a cloak, and that all parties ask God sincerely to destroy and inflict with curses on the lying party and their families. The Christians consulted each other, and Abdul Haris lbne Alqama, a scholar among them, talked them out of carrying out the Mubahala.
The Christians refused, so Muhammad gave them two alternatives: either to convert to Islam or pay the Jizyah (a tax on free non-Muslims under Muslim rule). The Christians agreed to pay tribute and |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 18, "sc": 1527, "ep": 22, "ec": 404} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 18 | 1,527 | 22 | 404 | Event of Mubahala | Traditional narrative from hadiths & Accounts of the Christians' response | asked Muhammad to send with them a trustworthy man to aid them in judging monetary disputes amongst themselves. Muhammad is said to have agreed and appointed Abu 'Ubaydah ibn Al-Jarrah, out of a large group of willing and hopeful contenders. Accounts of the Christians' response The earliest Islamic testimonials (hadith) and histories report different details regarding the dialogue between the Christians and Muhammad which some of them have been brought in following:
Ibn Ishaq reports in his Sirat al-Nabi that the delegation's leader is convinced of Muhammad's prophethood and advises cursing Muhammad would be a disaster.
In Muqatil, the Christian leader simply |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 22, "sc": 404, "ep": 22, "ec": 1009} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 22 | 404 | 22 | 1,009 | Event of Mubahala | Accounts of the Christians' response | says that, in any scenario, cursing Muhammad would be disastrous and that Allāh will destroy the liars by the end of the year.
Al-Tabari reports uncertainty among the Christians and that, according to Amir al-Shabi, after the Christians initially accept the mubahala they later seek advice from a wise man in their group, with that man rebuking them and convincing them not to invoke the curse.
Ibn Sa'd doesn't provide details of the dialogue aside from the Christian leader responding to Muhammad with "We think it proper not to curse you. You may order us as you like and we shall obey |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 22, "sc": 1009, "ep": 26, "ec": 573} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 22 | 1,009 | 26 | 573 | Event of Mubahala | Accounts of the Christians' response & Ahl al-Bayt | you and shall make peace with you." Ahl al-Bayt Controversy between the Shi'ite and Sunni branches of Islam exists regarding the verse of Mubahala. Modern scholars critique the tendency of later commentators of relating many Quranic passages to this particular event.
According to Al-Mizan by Allamah Tabatabaei, a Shi'ite scholar, the first "us" in this verse has a different import from the plural pronouns used in "our sons", "our women" and "our near people". The former refers to both the Islamic and Christian sides, while the other three "our"s refer to the side of Islam only. This way, a meaningful short |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 26, "sc": 573, "ep": 26, "ec": 1230} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 26 | 573 | 26 | 1,230 | Event of Mubahala | Ahl al-Bayt | sentence implies a longer sentence equal in meaning. Based on Madelung, interpreting the term "our sons" as the two grandsons of Muhammad is reasonable and consequently the parents, Ali and Fatimah, may be included in this verse.
The members Muhammad's family, who were expected to participate in this event are not modified in some of the Sunni sources, while some others mention Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as the participants. Meanwhile, some of the Sunni sources are in agreement with Shi'ite belief stating that the Ahl al-Kisa, including Ali, participated in the occasion.
According to Louis Massignon, a Catholic scholar of Islam, there |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 26, "sc": 1230, "ep": 26, "ec": 1804} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 26 | 1,230 | 26 | 1,804 | Event of Mubahala | Ahl al-Bayt | are many different attitudes among Shia and Sunnis regarding the Mubahalah. One of those disagreement is in terms of the approving of the verse of Quran on Mubahalah whether the verse III, 54 was with the presence of the five persons including as Fatima. Shia believe that not only did Mubahala happen with the presence of Fatima, but Fatima was considered as someone who was on the forefront of the religion of Islam. In other words, Nusayrieh believe there was a symbolic role during the event of Mubahala as well as the Christians of Najran recognize the place of Fatima |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 26, "sc": 1804, "ep": 26, "ec": 2427} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 26 | 1,804 | 26 | 2,427 | Event of Mubahala | Ahl al-Bayt | as the place of Maryam (Mary) mother of Jesus.
Shia scholar Tabatabaei has mentioned in his Tafsir al-Mizan that al-Ma'mun had asked Ali al-Ridha several questions, one of which was as follows:
- "What is the proof for the Caliphate of your grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib?
- "The verse of our selves," The Imam replied.
- "If there were not our women," al-Ma'mun said
- "If there were not our sons," the Imam said.
Tabatabaei says: "The Imam argued on the strength of the word, ourselves. He meant that God had made Ali like the person of the Prophet. Al-Ma'mun said, 'If |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 26, "sc": 2427, "ep": 30, "ec": 215} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 26 | 2,427 | 30 | 215 | Event of Mubahala | Ahl al-Bayt & As an argument | there were not our women.' He wanted to say that the reference to 'women' indicates that the word 'ourselves' means 'our men', and as such it would not show any excellence. The Imam replied, 'If there were not our sons.' That is, if 'ourselves' referred to the men, then why should the sons be mentioned separately? They would have been included in 'our men'." As an argument Mubahala provided an opportunity for Muhammad to introduce the People of his Household, who were also given the title Ahl al-Kisa afterward. Shia'ites believe this authentic hadith proves whom the Quran is referring |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 30, "sc": 215, "ep": 34, "ec": 54} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 30 | 215 | 34 | 54 | Event of Mubahala | As an argument & Modern understanding | to when it mentions the "Ahl al-Bayt", namely only Ali, Fatimah, and ther descendants. This event causes some scholars to conclude the power and superiority of Ali - especially when it came to his right of Imamah or succession to Muhammad.
In such debates, each side brings forward the most informed men. It is seen as one of the merits of Ahl al-Bayt and is widely used by the Shia to prove that Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn are Ahl al-Kisaʾ, and the most prominent among his Bayt (Household). Modern understanding According to Sidney H. Griffith, it is noteworthy that |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 34, "sc": 54, "ep": 34, "ec": 685} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 34 | 54 | 34 | 685 | Event of Mubahala | Modern understanding | in this passage the Quran leaves the judgment with God, once the two parties "would have staked their lives and those of their loved ones on their own steadfastness in faith".
Scholar W. Schmucker states the ascription to the Christians from Najran is fictitious and the obscure verse doesn't relate to any historical event, concluding the later doctrines and legends were built around the verse to further dogma. Instead, he states the verse was to extol Muhammad's religious rank in abstract terms, and the inclusion of relatives was according to regional ethnic tradition to show prominence over other tribal and family |
{"datasets_id": 161747, "wiki_id": "Q4272382", "sp": 34, "sc": 685, "ep": 34, "ec": 1277} | 161,747 | Q4272382 | 34 | 685 | 34 | 1,277 | Event of Mubahala | Modern understanding | groups.
Parts of the Quran are interpreted as forging a continuous dialogue between Muslims and Christians, in the same time, however, it assumes that the dialogue between Jews, Christians, and Muslims will sometimes take the form of arguments about religion, for one passage says, "Do not dispute with the People of the Book save in the fairest way; Except for those who are evil doers." And say: "We believe in what has been sent down to us and what has been sent to you. Our God and your God are one and to Him we are submissive."
Archeologist and historical linguist, Dr. |
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