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{"datasets_id": 1446, "wiki_id": "Q43302276", "sp": 10, "sc": 301, "ep": 10, "ec": 744} | 1,446 | Q43302276 | 10 | 301 | 10 | 744 | Demetrius of Bars | Provostry | royal court from that year until Béla's death in May 1270. Following that, when Stephen V succeeded his father, he lost all political and courtly influence for years. In early 1277, Demetrius regained his former position, when the late Béla's former supporters, the Kőszegi–Gutkeled baronial group returned to power. He still held the office, when the minor Ladislaus IV was declared to be of age at an assembly in May. However, he soon died. |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 584} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 584 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | Overview | Democratic Unity Roundtable Overview The MUD was formally launched on 23 January 2008 and restructured on 8 June 2009. In June 2009 MUD included 11 political parties, and was led by Luis Ignacio Planas, President of Copei. By April 2010 the MUD included around 50 political parties, of which 16 were national in scope (the rest regional), and had support from some other social organisations and opinion groups. The main parties included in MUD are Democratic Action and Copei, the two parties who dominated Venezuelan politics from 1959 to 1999; the dissenting left-wing parties Movement for Socialism, Radical Cause and |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 6, "sc": 584, "ep": 6, "ec": 1338} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 6 | 584 | 6 | 1,338 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | Overview | Red Flag Party; and more recently established parties Project Venezuela, A New Era, Justice First and For Social Democracy ("PODEMOS").
The MUD is supported by the Movimiento 2D opposition movement led by El Nacional editor and proprietor Miguel Henrique Otero.
Ramón Guillermo Aveledo served as the MUD's Executive Secretary from March 2009 to July 2014.
The journalist Jesús "Chúo" Torrealba became the coalition's current Executive Secretary in September 2014.
The MUD declared common ideological points between its members in its National Unity Agreement. They support autonomy of State institutions. Furthermore, its members represent and foster ideological pluralism within the democratic Left. MUD supports freedom |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 6, "sc": 1338, "ep": 6, "ec": 2038} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 6 | 1,338 | 6 | 2,038 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | Overview | of work, property, press, and free education. It advocates decentralize power and federalization. It also promotes public security, defense of private property and economic freedoms, quality education, job creation, and job creation and fair distribution of income from national oil reserves. The MUD wants a foreign policy based on solidarity, especially Venezuela's neighbors. It also wants various policies to make Venezuela more democratic, especially in regards to reducing the institutional influence of the military and reforming electoral laws.
In early September 2012, David De Lima, a former governor of Anzoategui, published a document he said showed secret MUD plans to implement |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 6, "sc": 2038, "ep": 10, "ec": 52} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 6 | 2,038 | 10 | 52 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | Overview & 2010 legislative elections | much more neoliberal policy, if elected, than their public statements showed. De Lima said the document was a form of policy pact between some of the candidates in the MUD primary, including Capriles. On 6 September 2012, opposition legislator William Ojeda denounced these plans and the "neoliberal obsessions" of his colleagues in the MUD; he was suspended by his A New Era party the following day. One small coalition party claimed De Lima had offered them money to withdraw from the MUD; De Lima denied the claim. 2010 legislative elections In April 2010 the MUD held primaries in 15 electoral |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 10, "sc": 52, "ep": 10, "ec": 741} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 10 | 52 | 10 | 741 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | 2010 legislative elections | districts, with 361,000 voters participating, and selecting 22 candidates (the remaining 143 candidates were chosen "by consensus"). The candidates chosen included María Corina Machado (of Súmate) and Iván Simonovis, one of nine police officials allegedly serving time for participating in the alleged 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. Several others of the nine, regarded by the MUD as political prisoners, were also nominated, in districts with a real chance of opposition success; winning would require their release because of parliamentary immunity. Manuel Rosales, the opposition's candidate in the 2006 Venezuelan presidential election and now in exile in Peru due to corruption |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 10, "sc": 741, "ep": 14, "ec": 25} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 10 | 741 | 14 | 25 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | 2010 legislative elections & 2015 legislative elections | charges (which Rosales denies), was also nominated.
In the September 2010 election for the National Assembly of Venezuela the MUD won around 47% of the vote nationally; however, it only gained 64 seats (out of 165) due to changes in population-vote distribution introduced by the incumbent national assembly that had a government party supermajority. In the same elections, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela won 48% of the vote and 98 seats, while the Patria Para Todos (PPT) party got only 2 seats. Notable new deputies included María Corina Machado and Enrique Mendoza. 2015 legislative elections In December 2015, MUD won |
{"datasets_id": 1447, "wiki_id": "Q1629486", "sp": 14, "sc": 25, "ep": 14, "ec": 100} | 1,447 | Q1629486 | 14 | 25 | 14 | 100 | Democratic Unity Roundtable | 2015 legislative elections | 112 of the 167 seats in the National Assembly, a two-thirds supermajority. |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Democritus | Life | Democritus Life Democritus was said to be born in the city of Abdera in Thrace, an Ionian colony of Teos, although some called him a Milesian.
He was born in the 80th Olympiad (460–457 BC) according to Apollodorus of Athens, and although Thrasyllus placed his birth in 470 BC, the later date is probably more likely.John Burnet has argued that the date of 460 is "too early" since, according to Diogenes Laërtius ix.41, Democritus said that he was a "young man (neos)" during Anaxagoras's old age (c.440–428).
It was said that Democritus's father was from a noble family and so wealthy that he |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 6, "ec": 1235} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 6 | 593 | 6 | 1,235 | Democritus | Life | received Xerxes on his march through Abdera. Democritus spent the inheritance which his father left him on travels into distant countries, to satisfy his thirst for knowledge. He traveled to Asia, and was even said to have reached India and Ethiopia.
It is known that he wrote on Babylon and Meroe; he visited Egypt, and Diodorus Siculus states that he lived there for five years. He himself declared that among his contemporaries none had made greater journeys, seen more countries, and met more scholars than himself. He particularly mentions the Egyptian mathematicians, whose knowledge he praises. Theophrastus, too, spoke of him |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 6, "sc": 1235, "ep": 6, "ec": 1898} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 6 | 1,235 | 6 | 1,898 | Democritus | Life | as a man who had seen many countries.
During his travels, according to Diogenes Laërtius, he became acquainted with the Chaldean magi. "Ostanes", one of the magi accompanying Xerxes, was also said to have taught him.
After returning to his native land he occupied himself with natural philosophy. He traveled throughout Greece to acquire a better knowledge of its cultures. He mentions many Greek philosophers in his writings, and his wealth enabled him to purchase their writings. Leucippus, the founder of atomism, was the greatest influence upon him. He also praises Anaxagoras. Diogenes Laertius says that he was friends with Hippocrates, and |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 6, "sc": 1898, "ep": 6, "ec": 2511} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 6 | 1,898 | 6 | 2,511 | Democritus | Life | he quotes Demetrius saying: "It would seem that he also went to Athens and was not anxious to be recognized, because he despised fame, and that while he knew of Socrates, he was not known to Socrates, his words being, `I came to Athens and no one knew me.'" Aristotle placed him among the pre-Socratic natural philosophers.
The many anecdotes about Democritus, especially in Diogenes Laërtius, attest to his disinterest, modesty, and simplicity, and show that he lived exclusively for his studies. One story has him deliberately blinding himself in order to be less disturbed in his pursuits; it may well |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 6, "sc": 2511, "ep": 6, "ec": 3110} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 6 | 2,511 | 6 | 3,110 | Democritus | Life | be true that he lost his sight in old age. He was cheerful, and was always ready to see the comical side of life, which later writers took to mean that he always laughed at the foolishness of people.
He was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens, because as Diogenes Laërtius says, "he had foretold them some things which events proved to be true," which may refer to his knowledge of natural phenomena. According to Diodorus Siculus,
Democritus died at the age of 90, which would put his death around 370 BC, but other writers have him living to 104, or even 109.
Popularly |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 6, "sc": 3110, "ep": 10, "ec": 385} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 6 | 3,110 | 10 | 385 | Democritus | Life & Philosophy and science | known as the Laughing Philosopher (for laughing at human follies), the terms Abderitan laughter, which means scoffing, incessant laughter, and Abderite, which means a scoffer, are derived from Democritus.
To his fellow citizens he was also known as "The Mocker". Philosophy and science Most sources say that Democritus followed in the tradition of Leucippus and that they carried on the scientific rationalist philosophy associated with Miletus. Both were thoroughly materialist, believing everything to be the result of natural laws. Unlike Aristotle or Plato, the atomists attempted to explain the world without reasoning as to purpose, prime mover, or final cause. For |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 10, "sc": 385, "ep": 14, "ec": 367} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 10 | 385 | 14 | 367 | Democritus | Philosophy and science & Aesthetics | the atomists questions of physics should be answered with a mechanistic explanation ("What earlier circumstances caused this event?"), while their opponents search for explanations which, in addition to the material and mechanistic, also included the formal and teleological ("What purpose did this event serve?"). Aesthetics Later Greek historians consider Democritus to have established aesthetics as a subject of investigation and study, as he wrote theoretically on poetry and fine art long before authors such as Aristotle. Specifically, Thrasyllus identified six works in the philosopher's oeuvre which had belonged to aesthetics as a discipline, but only fragments of the relevant works |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 14, "sc": 367, "ep": 18, "ec": 457} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 14 | 367 | 18 | 457 | Democritus | Aesthetics & Atomic hypothesis | are extant; hence of all Democritus's writings on these matters, only a small percentage of his thoughts and ideas can be known. Atomic hypothesis The theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms", which are physically, but not geometrically, indivisible; that between atoms, there lies empty space; that atoms are indestructible, and have always been and always will be in motion; that there is an infinite number of atoms and of kinds of atoms, which differ in shape and size. Of the mass of atoms, Democritus said, "The more any indivisible exceeds, the heavier it is". However, his |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 457, "ep": 18, "ec": 1131} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 457 | 18 | 1,131 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis | exact position on atomic weight is disputed.
Leucippus is widely credited with having been the first to develop the theory of atomism, although Isaac Newton preferred to credit the obscure Mochus the Phoenician (whom he believed to be the biblical Moses) as the inventor of the idea on the authority of Posidonius and Strabo. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes, "This theologically motivated view does not seem to claim much historical evidence, however".
Democritus, along with Leucippus and Epicurus, proposed the earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms. They reasoned that the solidness of the material corresponded to the shape |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 1131, "ep": 18, "ec": 1744} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 1,131 | 18 | 1,744 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis | of the atoms involved. Thus, iron atoms are solid and strong with hooks that lock them into a solid; water atoms are smooth and slippery; salt atoms, because of their taste, are sharp and pointed; and air atoms are light and whirling, pervading all other materials.
Using analogies from humans' sense experiences, he gave a picture or an image of an atom that distinguished them from each other by their shape, their size, and the arrangement of their parts. Moreover, connections were explained by material links in which single atoms were supplied with attachments: some with hooks and eyes others with |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 1744, "ep": 18, "ec": 2437} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 1,744 | 18 | 2,437 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis | balls and sockets.
The Democritean atom is an inert solid (merely excluding other bodies from its volume) that interacts with other atoms mechanically. In contrast, modern, quantum-mechanical atoms interact via electric and magnetic force fields and are far from inert.
The theory of the atomists appears to be more nearly aligned with that of modern science than any other theory of antiquity. However, the similarity with modern concepts of science can be confusing when trying to understand where the hypothesis came from. Classical atomists could not have had an empirical basis for modern concepts of atoms and molecules.
However, Lucretius, describing atomism in |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 2437, "ep": 18, "ec": 3025} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 2,437 | 18 | 3,025 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis | his De rerum natura, gives very clear and compelling empirical arguments for the original atomist theory. He observes that any material is subject to irreversible decay. Through time, even hard rocks are slowly worn down by drops of water. Things have the tendency to get mixed up: Mix water with soil and mud will result, seldom disintegrating by itself. Wood decays. However, there are mechanisms in nature and technology to recreate "pure" materials like water, air, and metals. The seed of an oak will grow out into an oak tree, made of similar wood as historical oak trees, the wood |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 3025, "ep": 18, "ec": 3648} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 3,025 | 18 | 3,648 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis | of which has already decayed. The conclusion is that many properties of materials must derive from something inside, that will itself never decay, something that stores for eternity the same inherent, indivisible properties. The basic question is: Why has everything in the world not yet decayed, and how can exactly some of the same materials, plants, and animals be recreated again and again? One obvious solution to explain how indivisible properties can be conveyed in a way not easily visible to human senses, is to hypothesize the existence of "atoms". These classical "atoms" are nearer to humans' modern concept of |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 18, "sc": 3648, "ep": 22, "ec": 222} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 18 | 3,648 | 22 | 222 | Democritus | Atomic hypothesis & Void hypothesis | "molecule" than to the atoms of modern science. The other central point of classical atomism is that there must be considerable open space between these "atoms": the void. Lucretius gives reasonable arguments that the void is absolutely necessary to explain how gasses and liquids can flow and change shape, while metals can be molded without their basic material properties changing. Void hypothesis The atomistic void hypothesis was a response to the paradoxes of Parmenides and Zeno, the founders of metaphysical logic, who put forth difficult to answer arguments in favor of the idea that there can be no movement. They |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 22, "sc": 222, "ep": 22, "ec": 835} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 22 | 222 | 22 | 835 | Democritus | Void hypothesis | held that any movement would require a void—which is nothing—but a nothing cannot exist. The Parmenidean position was "You say there is a void; therefore the void is not nothing; therefore there is not the void". The position of Parmenides appeared validated by the observation that where there seems to be nothing there is air, and indeed even where there is not matter there is something, for instance light waves.
The atomists agreed that motion required a void, but simply ignored the argument of Parmenides on the grounds that motion was an observable fact. Therefore, they asserted, there must be a |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 22, "sc": 835, "ep": 26, "ec": 228} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 22 | 835 | 26 | 228 | Democritus | Void hypothesis & Epistemology | void. This idea survived in a refined version as Newton's theory of absolute space, which met the logical requirements of attributing reality to not-being. Einstein's theory of relativity provided a new answer to Parmenides and Zeno, with the insight that space by itself is relative and cannot be separated from time as part of a generally curved space-time manifold. Consequently, Newton's refinement is now considered superfluous. Epistemology The knowledge of truth, according to Democritus, is difficult, since the perception through the senses is subjective. As from the same senses derive different impressions for each individual, then through the sensual impressions |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 228, "ep": 26, "ec": 767} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 228 | 26 | 767 | Democritus | Epistemology | we cannot judge the truth. We can interpret the senses' data and grasp the truth only through the intellect, because the truth is in an abyss:
And again, many of the other animals receive impressions contrary to ours; and even to the senses of each individual, things do not always seem the same. Which then, of these impressions are true and which are false is not obvious; for the one set is no more true than the other, but both are alike. And this is why Democritus, at any rate, says that either there is no truth or to us at |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 767, "ep": 26, "ec": 1421} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 767 | 26 | 1,421 | Democritus | Epistemology | least it is not evident.
And:
Furthermore, they find Xenophanes, Zeno of Elea, and Democritus to be sceptics: … Democritus because he rejects qualities, saying,"Opinion says hot or cold, but the reality is atoms and empty space," and again, "Of a truth we know nothing, for truth is in a well."
There are two kinds of knowing, the one he calls "legitimate" (γνησίη, gnēsiē, "genuine") and the other "bastard" (σκοτίη, skotiē, "secret"). The "bastard" knowledge is concerned with the perception through the senses; therefore it is insufficient and subjective. The reason is that the sensual perception is due to the effluences of |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 1421, "ep": 26, "ec": 2058} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 1,421 | 26 | 2,058 | Democritus | Epistemology | the atoms from the objects to the senses. When these different shapes of atoms come to us, they stimulate our senses according to their shape, and our sensual impressions arise from those stimulations.
The second sort of knowledge, the "legitimate" one, can be achieved through the intellect, in other words, all the sense data from the "bastard" must be elaborated through reasoning. In this way one can get away from the false perception of the "bastard" knowledge and grasp the truth through inductive reasoning. After taking into account the sense impressions, one can examine the causes of the appearances, draw conclusions |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 2058, "ep": 26, "ec": 2695} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 2,058 | 26 | 2,695 | Democritus | Epistemology | about the laws that govern the appearances, and discover the causality (αἰτιολογία, aetiologia) by which they are related. This is the procedure of thought from the parts to the whole or else from the apparent to nonapparent (inductive reasoning). This is one example of why Democritus is considered to be an early scientific thinker. The process is reminiscent of that by which science gathers its conclusions:
But in the Canons Democritus says there are two kinds of knowing, one through the senses and the other through the intellect. Of these he calls the one through the intellect 'legitimate' attesting its trustworthiness |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 2695, "ep": 26, "ec": 3280} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 2,695 | 26 | 3,280 | Democritus | Epistemology | for the judgment of truth, and through the senses he names 'bastard' denying its inerrancy in the discrimination of what is true. To quote his actual words: Of knowledge there are two forms, one legitimate, one bastard. To the bastard belong all this group: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. The other is legitimate and separate from that. Then, preferring the legitimate to the bastard, he continues: When the bastard can no longer see any smaller, or hear, or smell, or taste, or perceive by touch, but finer matters have to be examined, then comes the legitimate, since it has a |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 26, "sc": 3280, "ep": 30, "ec": 208} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 26 | 3,280 | 30 | 208 | Democritus | Epistemology & Ethics and politics | finer organ of perception.
And:
In the Confirmations ... he says: But we in actuality grasp nothing for certain, but what shifts in accordance with the condition of the body and of the things (atoms) which enter it and press upon it.
As well as:
Democritus used to say that 'he prefers to discover a causality rather than become a king of Persia'. Ethics and politics The ethics and politics of Democritus come to us mostly in the form of maxims. As such, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has gone as far as to say that: "despite the large number of ethical sayings, it |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 30, "sc": 208, "ep": 30, "ec": 841} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 30 | 208 | 30 | 841 | Democritus | Ethics and politics | is difficult to construct a coherent account of Democritus's ethical views," noting that there is a "difficulty of deciding which fragments are genuinely Democritean".
He says that "Equality is everywhere noble", but he is not encompassing enough to include women or slaves in this sentiment. Poverty in a democracy is better than prosperity under tyrants, for the same reason one is to prefer liberty over slavery. In his History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell writes that Democritus was in love with "what the Greeks called democracy." Democritus said that "the wise man belongs to all countries, for the home of |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 30, "sc": 841, "ep": 30, "ec": 1399} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 30 | 841 | 30 | 1,399 | Democritus | Ethics and politics | a great soul is the whole world." Democritus wrote that those in power should "take it upon themselves to lend to the poor and to aid them and to favor them, then is there pity and no isolation but companionship and mutual defense and concord among the citizens and other good things too many to catalogue". Money when used with sense leads to generosity and charity, while money used in folly leads to a common expense for the whole society—excessive hoarding of money for one's children is avarice. While making money is not useless, he says, doing so as |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 30, "sc": 1399, "ep": 30, "ec": 1999} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 30 | 1,399 | 30 | 1,999 | Democritus | Ethics and politics | a result of wrongdoing is the "worst of all things". He is on the whole ambivalent towards wealth, and values it much less than self-sufficiency. He disliked violence but was not a pacifist: he urged cities to be prepared for war, and believed that a society had the right to execute a criminal or enemy so long as this did not violate some law, treaty, or oath.
Goodness, he believed, came more from practice and discipline than from innate human nature. He believed that one should distance oneself from the wicked, stating that such association increases disposition to vice. Anger, while |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 30, "sc": 1999, "ep": 30, "ec": 2590} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 30 | 1,999 | 30 | 2,590 | Democritus | Ethics and politics | difficult to control, must be mastered in order for one to be rational. Those who take pleasure from the disasters of their neighbors fail to understand that their fortunes are tied to the society in which they live, and they rob themselves of any joy of their own. Democritus believed that happiness was a property of the soul. He advocated a life of contentment with as little grief as possible, which he said could not be achieved through either idleness or preoccupation with worldly pleasures. Contentment would be gained, he said, through moderation and a measured life; to be content |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 30, "sc": 2590, "ep": 34, "ec": 257} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 30 | 2,590 | 34 | 257 | Democritus | Ethics and politics & Mathematics | one must set one's judgment on the possible and be satisfied with what one has—giving little thought to envy or admiration. Democritus approved of extravagance on occasion, as he held that feasts and celebrations were necessary for joy and relaxation. He considers education to be the noblest of pursuits, but cautioned that learning without sense leads to error. Mathematics Democritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry in particular. We only know this through citations of his works (titled On Numbers, On Geometrics, On Tangencies, On Mapping, and On Irrationals) in other writings, since most of Democritus's body of |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 34, "sc": 257, "ep": 38, "ec": 337} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 34 | 257 | 38 | 337 | Democritus | Mathematics & Anthropology, biology, and cosmology | work did not survive the Middle Ages. Democritus was among the first to observe that a cone and pyramid with the same base and height has one-third the volume of a cylinder or prism respectively . Anthropology, biology, and cosmology His work on nature is known through citations of his books on the subjects, On the Nature of Man, On Flesh (two books), On Mind, On the Senses, On Flavors, On Colors, Causes concerned with Seeds and Plants and Fruits, and Causes concerned with Animals (three books). He spent much of his life experimenting with and examining plants and |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 38, "sc": 337, "ep": 38, "ec": 940} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 38 | 337 | 38 | 940 | Democritus | Anthropology, biology, and cosmology | minerals, and wrote at length on many scientific topics. Democritus thought that the first humans lived an anarchic and animal sort of life, going out to forage individually and living off the most palatable herbs and the fruit which grew wild on the trees. They were driven together into societies for fear of wild animals, he said. He believed that these early people had no language, but that they gradually began to articulate their expressions, establishing symbols for every sort of object, and in this manner came to understand each other. He says that the earliest men lived laboriously, having |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 38, "sc": 940, "ep": 38, "ec": 1556} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 38 | 940 | 38 | 1,556 | Democritus | Anthropology, biology, and cosmology | none of the utilities of life; clothing, houses, fire, domestication, and farming were unknown to them. Democritus presents the early period of mankind as one of learning by trial and error, and says that each step slowly led to more discoveries; they took refuge in the caves in winter, stored fruits that could be preserved, and through reason and keenness of mind came to build upon each new idea.
Democritus held that originally the universe was composed of nothing but tiny atoms churning in chaos, until they collided together to form larger units—including the earth and everything on it. He surmised |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 38, "sc": 1556, "ep": 42, "ec": 155} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 38 | 1,556 | 42 | 155 | Democritus | Anthropology, biology, and cosmology & Twentieth-century appraisals | that there are many worlds, some growing, some decaying; some with no sun or moon, some with several. He held that every world has a beginning and an end and that a world could be destroyed by collision with another world. To epitomize Democritus's cosmology, Russell calls on Shelley: "Worlds on worlds are rolling ever / From creation to decay, / Like the bubbles on a river / Sparkling, bursting, borne away". Twentieth-century appraisals According to Bertrand Russell, the point of view of Leucippus and Democritus "was remarkably like that of modern science, and avoided most of the faults to |
{"datasets_id": 1448, "wiki_id": "Q41980", "sp": 42, "sc": 155, "ep": 42, "ec": 548} | 1,448 | Q41980 | 42 | 155 | 42 | 548 | Democritus | Twentieth-century appraisals | which Greek speculation was prone."
Karl R. Popper admired Democritus's rationalism, humanism, and love of freedom and writes that Democritus, along with fellow countryman Protagoras, "formulated the doctrine that human institutions of language, custom, and law are not taboos but man-made, not natural but conventional, insisting, at the same time, that we are responsible for them." |
{"datasets_id": 1449, "wiki_id": "Q58416905", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 210} | 1,449 | Q58416905 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 210 | Dena Vane-Kirkman | Early life and family & Career | Dena Vane-Kirkman Early life and family Dena Lesley Vane was born on 1 May 1944 to Ronald Vane, a soldier in the British Army, and his wife Phyllis, a cinema usherette. Her father died when she was two but her mother subsequently married his brother, Leslie, whom she had met at Ronald's funeral.
She was educated at Barton Peveril Grammar School where she was head girl. Career Vane-Kirkman's career in the media began with a secretarial job on the Daily Express in London where she worked for the motoring correspondent Basil Cardew and the industrial editor Sir Trevor Evans. She became |
{"datasets_id": 1449, "wiki_id": "Q58416905", "sp": 10, "sc": 210, "ep": 10, "ec": 848} | 1,449 | Q58416905 | 10 | 210 | 10 | 848 | Dena Vane-Kirkman | Career | a reporter and then women's editor for the local Hendon Times where she met her husband Peter Kirkman whom she married in 1965 becoming Dena Vane-Kirkman. Professionally, she remained Dena Vane. The couple had two children.
She became a sub-editor on Woman and then deputy editor of Home and Freezer Digest which she revamped so that it outsold Good Housekeeping. She applied the same formula at Living magazine where she moved it away from housekeeping and cookery towards features on relationships, sex, and women's health. According to Ronnie Lessem, however, her attempts to include business coverage were thwarted by men who |
{"datasets_id": 1449, "wiki_id": "Q58416905", "sp": 10, "sc": 848, "ep": 10, "ec": 1436} | 1,449 | Q58416905 | 10 | 848 | 10 | 1,436 | Dena Vane-Kirkman | Career | saw traditional women's subjects as more profitable.
After Living was sold, she moved to New York where she edited Woman's World in the 1980s, a magazine of Bauer Publishing, and then First for Women. Her marriage ended at that time. She introduced new titles such as In Touch and Life and Style and took the firm's portfolio from two to nine titles. As in the U.K., she changed the content to address more contemporary issues. She was one of a number of British women who made careers editing American women's magazines at that time and her contemporaries included Tina Brown at |
{"datasets_id": 1449, "wiki_id": "Q58416905", "sp": 10, "sc": 1436, "ep": 14, "ec": 229} | 1,449 | Q58416905 | 10 | 1,436 | 14 | 229 | Dena Vane-Kirkman | Career & Death | Vanity Fair and Eve Pollard at Elle. She eventually became editor-in-chief at Bauer under Jill Churchill. Her views on the future of women's magazines were included in the source book Taking Their Place: A Documentary of Women in Journalism.
In January 2006, she was robbed at gunpoint at her home in New Jersey but told the burglar, "Your mother would be ashamed of you". Death Vane-Kirkman died of heart failure on 19 October 2018 after suffering with multiple sclerosis and lymphedema. Her funeral was at Putney Vale Crematorium in England. Mourners were asked to "dress in clothes Dena would have loved". |
{"datasets_id": 1450, "wiki_id": "Q666367", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 598} | 1,450 | Q666367 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 598 | Denis Bérardier | Biography | Denis Bérardier Biography Bérardier was raised by his grandfather Pierre Bousquet, who had been the founder of the Quimper pottery in 1708. He attended the Jesuit college at Quimper, sand then the Sorbonne, where he obtained a doctorate in theology. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from France in 1762, he was appointed Principal of the college at Quimper. He was interested in physics, conducting researches into electricity and founding a physics class at the college.
Bérardier was not on good terms with Toussaint Francois Joseph Conen of St. Luke, the new Bishop of Cornouaille, whose seat was in Quimper and |
{"datasets_id": 1450, "wiki_id": "Q666367", "sp": 6, "sc": 598, "ep": 10, "ec": 295} | 1,450 | Q666367 | 6 | 598 | 10 | 295 | Denis Bérardier | Biography & Political career | who asserted jurisdiction over the college. He therefore obtained a transfer in 1778 to the extremely prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, also formerly run by the Jesuits; he also was one of the syndics of the Paris Faculty of Theology. Among his students were Camille Desmoulins and Maximilien Robespierre, Political career In 1789, when King Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates-General, he was elected as one of the representatives of the Paris clergy to the Second Estate. When the Etats-General were reconstituted as the National Assembly and then the National Constituent Assembly. he took his place with the |
{"datasets_id": 1450, "wiki_id": "Q666367", "sp": 10, "sc": 295, "ep": 10, "ec": 576} | 1,450 | Q666367 | 10 | 295 | 10 | 576 | Denis Bérardier | Political career | conservative element, seated on the right side of the assembly.
He, along with many of the French clergy, opposed the revolutionary Civil Constitution of the Clergy that formalized the nationalization of church property and dissolved the remaining monastic establishments. |
{"datasets_id": 1451, "wiki_id": "Q617698", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 579} | 1,451 | Q617698 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 579 | Denis Golovanov | Career | Denis Golovanov Career Golovanov failed to make it through qualifying for the 2002 Wimbledon Championships but was given entry into the main draw as a lucky loser, after British wild card James Auckland withdrew with an injury. He faced fellow lucky loser George Bastl in the first round. Bastl, who went on to upset Pete Sampras, defeated Golovanov in straight sets.
The Russian would never win a singles match on the ATP Tour. One of his losses was to Roger Federer at the 2002 Kremlin Cup.
Golovanov did however have some success as a doubles player, with the highlight of his career |
{"datasets_id": 1451, "wiki_id": "Q617698", "sp": 6, "sc": 579, "ep": 6, "ec": 985} | 1,451 | Q617698 | 6 | 579 | 6 | 985 | Denis Golovanov | Career | coming in 2001, when he and Yevgeny Kafelnikov won the St. Petersburg Open. The wild card pairing benefiting from a walkover in the quarter-finals, with top seeds Jiri Novak and David Rikl withdrawing.
He was also a doubles semi-finalist twice, both times partnering his childhood friend Marat Safin, in the 2000 Kremlin Cup and 2002 President's Cup. Safin would later hire Golovanov as his coach. |
{"datasets_id": 1452, "wiki_id": "Q5257783", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 587} | 1,452 | Q5257783 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 587 | Denise Vasi | Early years | Denise Vasi Early years Even before her debut as Randi Morgan on ABC's daytime soap opera, "All My Children," Denise Vasi had already established herself as one of the entertainment industry's top women to watch. The budding actress, who is currently the face of Olay's Spring 2009 on-camera advertising campaign, has graced the pages of international and domestic glossies (including ELLE, Marie Claire, GQ Italy and the cover of French magazine Clam) as a sought-out model. Now, with her first long-term role in a television series and several feature films on the horizon, she is making a fast and determined |
{"datasets_id": 1452, "wiki_id": "Q5257783", "sp": 6, "sc": 587, "ep": 10, "ec": 576} | 1,452 | Q5257783 | 6 | 587 | 10 | 576 | Denise Vasi | Early years & Acting career | leap into Hollywood. Acting career As Randi Morgan, the actress plays a "hooker with a heart of gold" who is encouraged by Dr. Frankie Hubbard (Cornelius Smith Jr.) to ditch her tumultuous past and lead a more fulfilling life. It's a complicated role, but one that the New York native has embraced, working directly with the show's producers to develop her character arc and watching Jane Fonda in Klute for inspiration.
Denise Vasi attributes her diligent work ethic to her mother, who raised the actress and her two younger brothers in Brooklyn, New York. After Denise was approached to model numerous |
{"datasets_id": 1452, "wiki_id": "Q5257783", "sp": 10, "sc": 576, "ep": 10, "ec": 1204} | 1,452 | Q5257783 | 10 | 576 | 10 | 1,204 | Denise Vasi | Acting career | times, a family friend eventually sent her snapshots to agencies, and the young girl of Puerto Rican, Dominican and Greek heritage was signed to Ford Models at the age of 12. From there, she went on to balance her modeling career with school, at Long Island University while booking modeling gigs and taking classes to pursue her long-term dream.
In addition to "All My Children," Denise's acting credits include the upcoming Disney feature film release When in Rome, in which she plays opposite Jon Heder (Napoleon Dynamite, Blades of Glory), "Law and Order: Criminal Intent," the feature independent films Doorman and |
{"datasets_id": 1452, "wiki_id": "Q5257783", "sp": 10, "sc": 1204, "ep": 14, "ec": 365} | 1,452 | Q5257783 | 10 | 1,204 | 14 | 365 | Denise Vasi | Acting career & Modeling | The Good Guy (starring Alexis Bledel), and music videos for Grammy-winning recording artist Common and R&B singer Mario.
Vasi was featured in the 2011 film What's Your Number?, starring Anna Faris and Chris Evans. For several years she appeared as the lead in the television show Single Ladies. Modeling Today, Vasi is represented by Next Models and has been featured in numerous on-camera and print campaigns for leading cosmetics and hair care brands including:
Olay- Spring 2007 and 2009 & Bobbi Brown -Spring 2008
Target, Nexxus, Urban Decay and Cosmopolitan’s “Beauty Capital of the World” NYC banner campaign
Vasi has also been featured in |
{"datasets_id": 1452, "wiki_id": "Q5257783", "sp": 14, "sc": 365, "ep": 18, "ec": 245} | 1,452 | Q5257783 | 14 | 365 | 18 | 245 | Denise Vasi | Modeling & Personal life | campaigns for fashion labels Maria Barros (2008), Fiorucci (Spring 2009), Dollhouse, American Eagle, Old Navy and UK brand Republic.
She can also be found gracing the pages of the Avon catalogue as well as modeling for Frederick's of Hollywood. Personal life On October 12, 2013, Vasi married director Anthony Mandler in Santa Ynez, California. In February 2015, Vasi gave birth to their daughter, Lennox, during an at home birth.
On June 28 2019 ,she gave birth to a baby boy, also a home birth. |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 79} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 79 | Dennis Vacco | Background & As Erie County Assistant District Attorney & As Attorney General of New York & 1994 election | Dennis Vacco Background Vacco was born in Buffalo, New York, and was raised in the western region of upstate New York. As Erie County Assistant District Attorney Vacco was an Assistant District Attorney of Erie County, New York from 1978 to 1988, and United States Attorney for the Western District of New York from 1988 until the beginning of the Clinton administration in 1993. As Attorney General of New York Vacco was the Attorney General of New York from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1998. 1994 election In 1994, Vacco defeated Karen Burstein, the Democratic nominee. One week before |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 18, "sc": 79, "ep": 22, "ec": 292} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 18 | 79 | 22 | 292 | Dennis Vacco | 1994 election & Selected cases | the election, Staten Island Borough President Guy Molinari announced that Burstein was not qualified to serve as attorney general because she was a lesbian. The combination of Molinari's remarks, a strong national Republican showing, and the win of George Pataki in the governor's race, led to Vacco narrowly defeating Burstein. The New York Times called Molinari's remarks, "gutter politics." Selected cases Vacco brought national attention through a series of prosecutions brought against internet service providers, including Dreamscape Online, for distributing child pornography. The principal defendant, Buffnet, eventually pleaded guilty to a charge of fourth degree facilitation of a felony and |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 22, "sc": 292, "ep": 26, "ec": 134} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 22 | 292 | 26 | 134 | Dennis Vacco | Selected cases & 1998 Election | was fined $5,000.
Vacco played a prominent role in New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's attempt to require Time Warner Cable to carry the Fox News Channel. An attempt by Vacco to bring an anti-trust violation charge against Time-Warner failed.
As attorney general, Vacco also argued the landmark assisted suicide case Vacco v. Quill before the United States Supreme Court. He successfully defended the state's ban on the practice, winning the case by a 9–0 vote. 1998 Election In 1998, Vacco was defeated in his bid for re-election by Democrat Eliot Spitzer, by a margin of approximately 0.6% of the votes cast. |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 26, "sc": 134, "ep": 30, "ec": 501} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 26 | 134 | 30 | 501 | Dennis Vacco | 1998 Election & Post-political career | He was the first attorney general in New York since 1925 to not be re-elected to a second term. Post-political career Less than two months after he concluded an antitrust settlement with Waste Management, Inc., a waste disposal conglomerate, as one of his last acts before leaving his position as attorney general, Vacco joined Waste Management as a senior lobbyist and vice president for government affairs for their operations in New York, New England, and Canada. In response to questions about the settlement and the job offer, Vacco said: "Any interpretation or suggestion that this settlement - which included the |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 30, "sc": 501, "ep": 30, "ec": 1167} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 30 | 501 | 30 | 1,167 | Dennis Vacco | Post-political career | United States Department of Justice - was connected to my employment by Waste Management - is preposterous and false."
As a lobbyist in New York State, Vacco was identified as having made inconsistencies in required filings. In April 2006, after a six-month investigation, Vacco was cleared of allegations that he violated lobbying regulations. The investigation "centered on whether Vacco’s firm had an illegal contingency-fee contract with a Rochester businessman in exchange for helping him win a casino deal with an Oklahoma tribe." In October 2005, Vacco’s lobbying firm agreed to pay the state $50,000 in connection with the questionable contract, but |
{"datasets_id": 1453, "wiki_id": "Q5259027", "sp": 30, "sc": 1167, "ep": 30, "ec": 1843} | 1,453 | Q5259027 | 30 | 1,167 | 30 | 1,843 | Dennis Vacco | Post-political career | it was not required to admit wrongdoing."
Vacco is currently a partner in the Buffalo, New York law firm of Lippes Mathias Wexler Friedman, LLP.
In 2017, Vacco unsuccessful defended controversial Buffalo School Board member, Carl Paladino after his employment was terminated for misuse of confidential information and making what many called racist comments about former president Barack Obama during a magazine interview. After a hearing before the New York State education committee, it was determined that the Buffalo School Board had the right to terminate Carl Paladino’s employment, no further legal action was taken by either parties involved. |
{"datasets_id": 1454, "wiki_id": "Q1189804", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 57} | 1,454 | Q1189804 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 57 | Densitometer | Photography applications & Industry | Densitometer Photography applications Some modern types of German manufacture are capable of both types of measurements selectable by a switch. They are used in film photography to measure densities of negatives with the switch in the "T" (Transmission) position and the saturation of a resulting print in the "R" position. Such measurements enable the photographer to choose the right photo paper and the correct exposure, obviating experiments with test strips. Once the papers and darkroom have been calibrated, the first print from a previously measured negative is a success at once. Industry Industrial Tomography Systems (ITS) has collaborated with |
{"datasets_id": 1454, "wiki_id": "Q1189804", "sp": 10, "sc": 57, "ep": 10, "ec": 773} | 1,454 | Q1189804 | 10 | 57 | 10 | 773 | Densitometer | Industry | a leading European dredging contractor to develop their radiation and gamma free Dens-itometer based upon Electrical resistance Tomography. The system utilises electrical conductivity, to provide a greener, simpler, more cost effective alternative to conventional nuclear based systems. ITS pipe based sensors provide real time visual data on the processes occurring within the pipe.
The environmentally friendly Dens-itometer is making waves in the dredging and mining sector, as it can take measurements independent of flow regime and obtain readings of materials which are neutrally buoyant. The Dens-itometer has been tested on slurry conveying with 100,000s of tonnes of materials having been processed |
{"datasets_id": 1454, "wiki_id": "Q1189804", "sp": 10, "sc": 773, "ep": 10, "ec": 929} | 1,454 | Q1189804 | 10 | 773 | 10 | 929 | Densitometer | Industry | and delivering data consistent with gamma densitometers. It has also been deployed in food processing as a basis for measuring solids content in pipelines. |
{"datasets_id": 1455, "wiki_id": "Q3023362", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 540} | 1,455 | Q3023362 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 540 | Denticity | Denticity Denticity refers to the number of donor groups in a single ligand that bind to a central atom in a coordination complex. In many cases, only one atom in the ligand binds to the metal, so the denticity equals one, and the ligand is said to be monodentate (sometimes called unidentate). Ligands with more than one bonded atom are called polydentate or multidentate. The word denticity is derived from dentis, the Latin word for tooth. The ligand is thought of as biting the metal at one or more linkage points. The denticity of a ligand is |
|
{"datasets_id": 1455, "wiki_id": "Q3023362", "sp": 4, "sc": 540, "ep": 8, "ec": 265} | 1,455 | Q3023362 | 4 | 540 | 8 | 265 | Denticity | Stability constants | described with the Greek letter κ ('kappa'). For example, κ⁶-EDTA describes an EDTA ligand that coordinates through 6 non-contiguous atoms.
Denticity is different from hapticity because hapticity refers exclusively to ligands where the coordinating atoms are contiguous. In these cases the η ('eta') notation is used. Bridging ligands use the μ ('mu') notation. Stability constants In general, the stability of a metal complex correlates with the denticity of the ligands, which can be attributed to the chelate effect. Polydentate ligands such as hexa- or octadentate ligands tend to bind metal ions more strongly than ligands of lower denticity, |
{"datasets_id": 1455, "wiki_id": "Q3023362", "sp": 8, "sc": 265, "ep": 8, "ec": 412} | 1,455 | Q3023362 | 8 | 265 | 8 | 412 | Denticity | Stability constants | primarily due to entropic factors. Stability constants are a quantitative measure to assess the thermodynamic stability of coordination complexes. |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 30} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 30 | Denver Riggleman | Early life and education & Career | Denver Riggleman Early life and education Riggleman was born and raised in Manassas, Virginia. He graduated from Stonewall Jackson High School in 1988. Riggleman earned an Associate of Arts (AA) from Rowan College at Burlington County, formerly Burlington County College, in 1996. He garnered an Associate of Science (AS) in Avionics Systems from the Community College of the Air Force in 1996. In 1998, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Foreign Affairs from the University of Virginia. Riggleman received a Graduate Certificate (GradCert) in Project Management from Villanova University in 2007. Career Riggleman served in the United |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 10, "sc": 30, "ep": 10, "ec": 717} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 10 | 30 | 10 | 717 | Denver Riggleman | Career | States Air Force for a total of eleven years. After initially serving as an enlisted avionics technician, he later received a commission and went on to serve as an intelligence officer. Riggleman then worked as a contractor for the National Security Agency.
In 2014, he and his wife opened Silverback Distillery, a craft distillery in Afton, Virginia, outside Charlottesville. The Shenandoah Valley facility encompasses 50 acres. Riggleman has pushed for deregulation of distilleries in the state and changes to the Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Authority; together with other distillers, the Rigglemans established a "loosely formed distillers guild" and hired a lobbyist |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 10, "sc": 717, "ep": 14, "ec": 558} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 10 | 717 | 14 | 558 | Denver Riggleman | Career & Gubernatorial election | to press for changes. Riggleman has "criticized the state's alcohol and tax laws as unfairly harsh toward spirits producers and spoke[n] of a new 'whiskey rebellion.'" Gubernatorial election In December 2016, Riggleman filed papers to seek the Republican nomination for governor of Virginia in the 2017 gubernatorial election.
His opponents in the Republican primary were former President George W. Bush counselor and Republican National Committee chairman Ed Gillespie, Prince William County Board of Supervisors chairman Corey Stewart, and state Senator Frank Wagner of Virginia Beach.
Sitting Lieutenant Governor Ralph Northam and former Representative Tom Perriello sought the Democratic nomination.
Riggleman suspended |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 14, "sc": 558, "ep": 18, "ec": 652} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 14 | 558 | 18 | 652 | Denver Riggleman | Gubernatorial election & 2018 election | his campaign on March 16, 2017. 2018 election In the 2018 elections, Riggleman was the Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives election for Virginia's 5th congressional district. Riggleman defeated Cynthia Dunbar, who had lost the Republican nomination in the 6th district just weeks before, in the final round of voting to get the Republican nomination. The Republican incumbent, Tom Garrett, did not run for re-election.
In the November 2018 general election, Riggleman defeated Democratic nominee Leslie Cockburn, receiving 53% of the vote to Cockburn's 47%.
During the campaign, Cockburn accused Riggleman of being a "devotee of Bigfoot erotica", based |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 18, "sc": 652, "ep": 18, "ec": 1233} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 18 | 652 | 18 | 1,233 | Denver Riggleman | 2018 election | on an image he shared from his Instagram to promote a book titled The Mating Habits of Bigfoot and Why Women Want Him. In an interview with CRTV Riggleman stated that the image was an obvious joke, but that he had an interest in Bigfoot, and co-authored the actual self-published book Bigfoot Exterminators, Inc.: The Partially Cautionary, Mostly True Tale of Monster Hunt 2006, with ESPN writer Don Barone. In a phone interview with The Washington Post, he clarified that it was an "anthropological book sort of based on parody and satire" and said "I thought it was funny. There |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 18, "sc": 1233, "ep": 22, "ec": 599} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 18 | 1,233 | 22 | 599 | Denver Riggleman | 2018 election & 2020 election | is no way that anybody's dumb enough to think this is real." 2020 election Riggleman has faced criticism from the Rappahannock County Republican Party after he officiated a same-sex wedding between two of his friends, and was censured by party officials in September who claimed that he “abandoned party principles” over fiscal and immigration policy.
On September 26, 2019, Campbell County's Board of Supervisor Bob Good—who also works as an athletics official at Liberty University—announced his intention to challenge Riggleman for his House seat in the 2020 Republican primary. In his announcement, Good accused Riggleman of “betraying” the trust of conservative |
{"datasets_id": 1456, "wiki_id": "Q28086149", "sp": 22, "sc": 599, "ep": 26, "ec": 280} | 1,456 | Q28086149 | 22 | 599 | 26 | 280 | Denver Riggleman | 2020 election & Personal life | voters in the 5th district along with casting votes that were not in the best interest of his constituency's entire populace. Riggleman has already secured key endorsements on the right, including from Liberty University President Jerry Falwell, Jr. Personal life Riggleman is married to Christine Blair Riggleman (m. 1989), and they reside in Nellysford. The Rigglemans have three daughters together: Lillian, Abigail, and Lauren. In July 2019, Riggleman was the officiant at a same-sex marriage for two of his friends and campaign volunteers. |
{"datasets_id": 1457, "wiki_id": "Q25325316", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 336} | 1,457 | Q25325316 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 336 | Depolymerizable polymers | Introduction | Depolymerizable polymers Depolymerizable polymers or Low-Ceiling Temperature Polymers refer to polymeric materials that can undergo depolymerization to revert the materials to their monomers at relatively low temperatures, such as room temperature. For example, the ceiling temperature Tc for formaldehyde is 119 °C, and that for acetaldehyde is -39 °C. Introduction Unlike stable polymers such as PVCs that have high thermal stability, depolymerizable polymers and closely related self-immolative polymers can be triggered by stimuli to break fast under moderate to low temperatures. The first type of polymers, poly (olefin sulfone), was reported by Snow and Frey in 1943. It was further confirmed and |
{"datasets_id": 1457, "wiki_id": "Q25325316", "sp": 8, "sc": 336, "ep": 12, "ec": 587} | 1,457 | Q25325316 | 8 | 336 | 12 | 587 | Depolymerizable polymers | Introduction & Applications | explained in terms of the thermodynamics of a reversible propagation step by Dainton and Ivin. Applications The first application of depolymerizable polymers is in transient electronics. Over the past several decades in the electronics industry, the research focus has been on durable and high-strength polymeric materials. Today, however, fast growing consumer electronic products and environmental concerns on electronic wastes, has increased the need for sustainable, recyclable materials. For example, a group of researchers employed light-sensitive poly(phthalaldehyde) as substrate materials for circuits. The destruction of the polymer substrate was triggered by UV irradiation (~379 nm). |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 596} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 596 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | History | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) History The painting was originally commissioned to be the altarpiece for the chapel of Eleonora of Toledo in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Shortly after it was completed in 1545, Eleonora's husband, Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, shipped the picture to Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, a chief counselor of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, as a diplomatic gift. Granvelle installed it in his private chapel in Besançon. In 1549, Granvelle commissioned the construction of a grander funerary chapel on his Besançon estate. A year later, he died. The new chapel, with Bronzino's altarpiece installed, was |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 6, "sc": 596, "ep": 6, "ec": 1238} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 6 | 596 | 6 | 1,238 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | History | consecrated in 1551. Subsequently, there is no record of the work from the seventeenth century until the French Revolution. To preserve it after Granvelle's chapel was partially destroyed, the picture was housed in the Besançon city hall from 1793 until it became a part of the collection of the Musée des Beaux-Arts when the museum opened in 1834.
After sending the original to Granvelle in 1545, Cosimo requested a copy for Eleonora's chapel that Bronzino painted eight years later in 1553. The second version is the one found in the Palazzo Vecchio today.
To accompany the original altarpiece, Bronzino painted side panels |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 6, "sc": 1238, "ep": 6, "ec": 1833} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 6 | 1,238 | 6 | 1,833 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | History | depicting John the Baptist (the patron saint of Florence) on the left and Saint Cosmas (a patron saint of the Medici family and Cosimo's name-saint) on the right. Their inclusion in Eleonora's chapel was as much a political statement as a religious one and these panels may have been portraits of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (Cosimo's father) as John the Baptist and Cosimo as Saint Cosmas. At some point between 1545 and 1553, Eleonora requested that Bronzino replace the side panels of the saints with more pious panels depicting the Annunciation. This must have been a low priority because the |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 6, "sc": 1833, "ep": 10, "ec": 92} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 6 | 1,833 | 10 | 92 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | History & Composition | new altar wings were not completed until 1564, two years after Eleonora's death. The Annunciation panels can be viewed in Eleonora's chapel today.
By 1553, the side panels of the saints were in storage. They were last recorded as being in the Medici inventory in 1609 and both were considered lost until the John the Baptist panel resurfaced in 1951. It is now housed in the Getty Center. A fragment of the Saint Cosmas panel was only recently rediscovered in a private collection. Composition In the center foreground is a Pietà portraying the body of Jesus being cradled in his mother |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 92, "ep": 10, "ec": 668} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 92 | 10 | 668 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | Mary's arms. The Apostle John supports his back and is modeled on a youth holding up the body of Christ in a Deposition painted by Bronzino's teacher, Pontormo. Mary Magdalene kneels on the right and supports the feet of Jesus. Her jar of ointment is shown in the far right foreground.
Four holy women mourn on the left and another dressed in green peers over the Virgin's shoulder and stands out prominently because of her hand gesture and location in the center of the panel. Scholars believe this highlighted woman is one of the three Marys, Mary of Clopas. Two of |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 668, "ep": 10, "ec": 1250} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 668 | 10 | 1,250 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | the three men in the background are named in the Gospel of John as the followers who took Jesus down from the cross and prepared his body for burial. Nicodemus is depicted on the left holding a large ewer filled with embalming spices. On the right, Joseph of Arimathea holds the nails of the Crucifixion as well as the pincers used to remove them. The man between them is an unnamed companion.
In addition to the nails held by Joseph, other Arma Christi (instruments of the Passion) are presented throughout the painting. The angels floating above the scene hold the column |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 1250, "ep": 10, "ec": 1827} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 1,250 | 10 | 1,827 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | where Jesus was whipped, the sponge, the lance, and the cross. The crown of thorns is lying in the dirt at John's feet.
The principal figures are attended by two angels, one bearing a chalice and the other lifting a transparent veil. Both of these objects are symbols of the Eucharist. The viewer can best appreciate the sacramental nature of the work by considering its original setting. The two angels are gazing out of the panel towards the sides. In Eleonora's chapel, they would appear to be looking at the frescoes of the story of Moses on the adjacent walls. In |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 1827, "ep": 10, "ec": 2480} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 1,827 | 10 | 2,480 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | particular, the angel on the left would be gazing at a fresco of Moses Striking the Rock and the Gathering of the Manna. The manna and the water pouring from the rock presage the bread and wine used in the Eucharist.
In addition to embedding donor portraits and likenesses of themselves in their works, sixteenth-century Florentine artists were known to portray other artisans and associates in their paintings and sculptures. Since neither Bronzino nor his Medici employers documented the existence of embedded portraits in this work, art historians have postulated a number possibilities based on comparisons with other known portraits. Janet |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 2480, "ep": 10, "ec": 3164} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 2,480 | 10 | 3,164 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | Cox-Rearick suggested that the central figure of Mary of Clopas was an idealized portrait of Eleonora herself and that the Virgin Mother was a representation of Cosimo's mother, Maria Salviati. She also proposed that Nicodemus, the unnamed companion, and Joseph of Arimathea were, respectively, portraits of Bronzino (the artist), Pontormo (his teacher), and Baccio Bandinelli (a rival artist who had submitted a modello for the altarpiece). Elizabeth Pilliod has an alternative suggestion: the three companions from left to right are portraits of Giovambattista del Tasso (the architect who created Eleonora's chapel), Francesco di Ser Jacopo (a financial administrator for Cosimo), |
{"datasets_id": 1458, "wiki_id": "Q1131476", "sp": 10, "sc": 3164, "ep": 10, "ec": 3604} | 1,458 | Q1131476 | 10 | 3,164 | 10 | 3,604 | Deposition of Christ (Bronzino) | Composition | and Niccolò Tribolo (another artist in the service of the Medici).
Bronzino's second version, in general, is an accurate copy of the first. The most obvious deviation is the darker, more subdued color. Much of the brilliant blue has been substituted with a drab brown. Toning down the Mannerist lavishness of the original is consistent with the sobriety of the Counter-Reformation and may reflect Eleonora's sensibilities. |
{"datasets_id": 1459, "wiki_id": "Q5620570", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 611} | 1,459 | Q5620570 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 611 | DerHova | Career | DerHova Career H.A. Der-Hovagimian signed his first recording contract at the age of 17 with the newly found Canadian record label Hi-Bias Records. For the following 15 years, he was mainly credited under his stage name "Mark Ryan".
For years, his main focus was his Temperance project. Starting out as a solo Tech house project, his debut commercial release was the 5-track Phantasy EP, released early 1992. Temperance eventually crossed over into a more Dance-pop/Eurodance sound with the inclusion of Mark's schoolmate Lorraine Reid on vocals. Their first hit "Music Is My Life" was released in 1994, followed by a |
{"datasets_id": 1459, "wiki_id": "Q5620570", "sp": 6, "sc": 611, "ep": 6, "ec": 1305} | 1,459 | Q5620570 | 6 | 611 | 6 | 1,305 | DerHova | Career | number of other hits, worldwide licenses, numerous Juno Award Nominations.
By 19, Mark's on the side successful remix works also led to Billboard magazine titling him one of the top remixers from Canada. In 1996, Temperance peaked with its hi-nrg cover version of the 1980s hit "Forever Young".
In 1997, after the releases of S.P.O.T. (Side Project of Temperance) and the Temperance single "Universal Dream", Mark parted ways to launch 22 Green Productions, primarily focusing on producing and remixing various local and international artists, such as soulDecision, 666, Vapourspace, Urban Cookie Collective, Mia Minx, Emjay, and more.
His song "Qele Qele" performed by |
{"datasets_id": 1459, "wiki_id": "Q5620570", "sp": 6, "sc": 1305, "ep": 6, "ec": 1913} | 1,459 | Q5620570 | 6 | 1,305 | 6 | 1,913 | DerHova | Career | Sirusho was Armenia's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. DerHova composed the song, thought up the title, and produced the original and remix versions of the song. Out of 43 participating countries, it went on to rank 4th (Armenia's highest position), and received the most 12 points in the competition.
On September 5, 2010, his production of Mama performed by Vladimir Arzumanyan, was selected as Armenia's entry in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010. On November 20, the song went on to collect the most points (including the most 12 points) to win the contest, Armenia's first and |
{"datasets_id": 1459, "wiki_id": "Q5620570", "sp": 6, "sc": 1913, "ep": 10, "ec": 46} | 1,459 | Q5620570 | 6 | 1,913 | 10 | 46 | DerHova | Career & Personal life | only Eurovision victory. Personal life DerHova currently resides in Yerevan, Armenia. |
{"datasets_id": 1460, "wiki_id": "Q1200010", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 568} | 1,460 | Q1200010 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 568 | Derek Dinger | Playing career | Derek Dinger Playing career Dinger originally joined the DEG Metro Stars for the 2010–11 season following the folding of hometown team the Kassel Huskies on September 2, 2010. After two seasons with the Stars, Dinger left to join ERC Ingolstadt on a one-year contract on May 11, 2012.
From August 2012 to May 2014 Derek Dinger played for the ERC Ingolstadt in the DEL and scored in 53 main round games one goal and five assists. At the end of the following season he won the German Championship with the ERCI.
After a solitary season with Schwenninger Wild Wings, Dinger signed an |
{"datasets_id": 1460, "wiki_id": "Q1200010", "sp": 6, "sc": 568, "ep": 6, "ec": 714} | 1,460 | Q1200010 | 6 | 568 | 6 | 714 | Derek Dinger | Playing career | one-year contract with Augsburger Panther on April 14, 2015. In the 2016–17 season, Dinger reached the play-off quarter-finals with the Panthers. |
{"datasets_id": 1461, "wiki_id": "Q5262712", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 59} | 1,461 | Q5262712 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 59 | Dermatosis neglecta | Differential diagnosis & History | Dermatosis neglecta Differential diagnosis Many other conditions can lead to localized scaling or hyperpigmentation.
This condition should firmly be distinguished from dermatitis artefacta, which is the factitious creation of a skin lesion, whereas dermatosis neglecta results from unconscious avoidance of cleaning due to pain or immobility.
Other skin conditions which should not be mistaken for dermatosis neglecta include: terra firma-forme dermatosis (in which there is no history of inadequate cleaning); confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud; several forms of ichthyosis; acanthosis nigricans; and Vagabond's disease. History The term was first coined by Poskitt and coworkers in 1995. |
{"datasets_id": 1462, "wiki_id": "Q871306", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 595} | 1,462 | Q871306 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 595 | Despair (band) | Original line-up | Despair (band) Original line-up The group was formed in Dortmund in 1986 with Robert Kampf on vocals, Klaus Pahura on bass, Thomas "Donald" König on drums, and Waldemar Sorychta and Marek Greschek on guitar. The group released the demo Surviving You Always the following year. König was replaced shortly after by 16-year-old drummer Markus Freiwald. Kampf launched Century Media Records in 1988 and Despair's History of Hate was the first album released by the label.
In 1989, Andreas Henschel replaced Kampf at the microphone when the latter decided to devote himself to Century Media. The label went on to release the |
{"datasets_id": 1462, "wiki_id": "Q871306", "sp": 6, "sc": 595, "ep": 10, "ec": 265} | 1,462 | Q871306 | 6 | 595 | 10 | 265 | Despair (band) | Original line-up & After Despair | group's other two albums, Decay of Humanity (1990) and Beyond All Reason (1992). Sorychta was in charge of production on History of Hate and was the principal composer. Kampf began hiring his colleague to produce other bands on his label, with Sorychta producing albums and EPs for Unleashed, Crows, Tiamat, Asphyx and Samael. After Despair Despair disbanded in 1993. Sorychta went on to pursue a prolific career as a producer, often in association with Century Media. He formed Grip Inc. with Dave Lombardo with whom he worked on the first album by the supergroup Voodoocult. Sorychta founded Eyes of Eden |
{"datasets_id": 1462, "wiki_id": "Q871306", "sp": 10, "sc": 265, "ep": 14, "ec": 24} | 1,462 | Q871306 | 10 | 265 | 14 | 24 | Despair (band) | After Despair & Revival | and Enemy of the Sun in the 2000s as Grip Inc. dissolved. He produced Sodom's In War and Pieces in 2010.
Freiwald joined bands such as Flaming Anger, Everflow and Voodoocult. He became the session drummer for Century Media groups. He also replaced Ventor in Kreator for the Endorama European tour in 1999. Bernemann contacted him in 2010, to announce that Bobby Schottkowski had decided to leave Sodom because of the deterioration of his relationship with Tom Angelripper. His debut album with Sodom was Epitome of Torture, also produced by Sorychta.
Marek Greschek committed suicide in 2013. Revival Robert Kampf announced a |
{"datasets_id": 1462, "wiki_id": "Q871306", "sp": 14, "sc": 24, "ep": 14, "ec": 544} | 1,462 | Q871306 | 14 | 24 | 14 | 544 | Despair (band) | Revival | reformation of Despair which was to include Sorychta and Freiwald in November 2004. There was no follow-up to Kampf's announcement.
In September 2017, it was Sorychta's turn to announce the return of Despair. Freiwald is still behind the drums, but Marc Grewe of Morgoth took over as lead singer. Grewe had been a backing vocalist on the band's second and third albums. Marius Ickert of the band In Weak Lights was hired on bass. The band is recording what Worychta calls a rewrite of the album History of Hate. |
{"datasets_id": 1463, "wiki_id": "Q5265285", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 541} | 1,463 | Q5265285 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 541 | Destiny Unbound | Song retirement | Destiny Unbound Song retirement Early versions of the song slightly changed beats but mostly kept to the original form. Then, after 9.15.91, the band did not play "Destiny Unbound" for over a decade. It isn't exactly clear why the band dropped it for twelve years. One theory is that it was "said to sound too much like the Grateful Dead and, ... [had] legendary status as the too over-requested rare tune." ()
Another propounded theory is that Gordon didn't like the song, and since he sang most of it (with some backup help), it might have been his decision (see |
{"datasets_id": 1463, "wiki_id": "Q5265285", "sp": 6, "sc": 541, "ep": 10, "ec": 214} | 1,463 | Q5265285 | 6 | 541 | 10 | 214 | Destiny Unbound | Song retirement & Chanting | Chanting, Hampton '97).
Phish is a prolific band that wrote a dozen songs for each one they kept and played. Thus, songs often appeared briefly in a tour and then disappeared, becoming fabled rarities. In the case of "Destiny Unbound", to which this occurred, Phish fans, over time, requested it more and more, until it acquired a mythical connotation. "Destiny Unbound" was jokingly synonymous with the impossible. Chanting In the mid-Nineties, Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio announced that the band would play "Destiny Unbound" if the entire audience sang it. Consequently, the next several years saw many fan-led efforts to organize the |
{"datasets_id": 1463, "wiki_id": "Q5265285", "sp": 10, "sc": 214, "ep": 10, "ec": 815} | 1,463 | Q5265285 | 10 | 214 | 10 | 815 | Destiny Unbound | Chanting | audience and coordinate a mass chant. Throughout the tours, this occurred in 1996 at the Melkweg in Amsterdam and at the Red Rocks Amphitheater, in 1997 at the Hampton Coliseum (the famous "death chant" show), and in 1998 at the Lemonwheel, to name a few.
The 1997 Hampton show remains poignant in the memories of many fans for two reasons. First, when the band walked onstage after setbreak to see and hear the audience singing "Destiny Unbound" in unison, they were very surprised, and Trey Anastasio joked: "That just sounds like a horrible cannibalistic chant for people who want blood, I |
{"datasets_id": 1463, "wiki_id": "Q5265285", "sp": 10, "sc": 815, "ep": 10, "ec": 1397} | 1,463 | Q5265285 | 10 | 815 | 10 | 1,397 | Destiny Unbound | Chanting | don't know what you're saying to me, right? Hunda neela rhonda gila rholla lilla gruh. Is this the human sacrifice part of the show? Alright, bring 'em up here" Second, the band's response to the audience's effort to revive "Destiny Unbound" seemed to indicate the reason for its disappearance. Phish.net posted this report by Jesse Alderman:
We made a really valiant effort to get the boys to play Destiny on Saturday 11.22.97 at Hampton. My friend printed up flyers and got the first 5 or 6 rows prepared to sing the first line to Destiny. We waited since 3:30 and landed |
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