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Secure CheckoutPersonal information is secured with SSL technology. Free ShippingFree global shipping No minimum order. Behavioral Ecology of Tropical Birds, Second Edition provides the most updated and comprehensive review of the evolution of behavior in tropical landbirds. It reviews the gaps in our knowledge that were identified twenty years ago when the first edition was published, highlights recent discoveries that have filled those gaps, and identifies new areas in urgent need of study. It covers key topics including timing of breeding, movement ecology, life history traits, slow vs. fast pace of life, mating systems, mate choice, territoriality, communication, biotic interactions, and conservation. Written by international experts on the behavior of tropical birds, it explores why the tropics is a unique natural laboratory to study the evolution of bird behavior and why temperate zone species are so different. A recent surge of studies on tropical birds has helped to reduce the temperate zone bias that arose because most avian model species in behavioral ecology were adapted to northern temperate climates. Tropical birds make up about 80% of all bird species so it is their natural history, not temperate birds, that should be viewed as the norm for birds. The latter portion of the book delves into the importance of bird behavior in understanding conservation threats to tropical birds such as habitat loss and global warming. Behavioral Ecology of Tropical Birds, Second Edition is an important resource for researchers, ecologists, and conservationists who want to understand the rich and complex evolutionary history of avian behavior. - Includes examples from around the world - Provides a historical perspective on new knowledge in the past 20 years - Identifies which knowledge gaps have been filled and new gaps that have emerged - First book to explore how avian behavior in the tropics is related to their conservation Researchers and practitioners in avian studies, conservationism (specifically avian conservation), zoology, ecology. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students in zoology, conservation, and ecology disciplines 1. Why are tropical birds interesting? 2. Breeding seasons 3. Life history traits 4. Pace of life 5. Mating systems and mate choice 7. Migration and movement behavior 9. Biotic Interactions 10. Conservation and behavior 11. Conclusion: Is the temperate zone bias still a problem? - No. of pages: - ยฉ Academic Press 2021 - 1st December 2021 - Academic Press - Paperback ISBN: Bridget Stutchbury is an Associate Professor of Biology at York University in Toronto, Canada. She is an internationally recognized expert on songbird behavior, ecology, and conservation; specifically, she has conducted research on migrant songbird ecology in Mexico, and mating systems of resident passerines in Panama. In addition, she has published numerous papers on the behavioral ecology of temperate bird zones. Dr. Stutchbury is the recipient of numerous research awards, mostly recently the York University Presidentโ€™s Research Excellence Award and Margaret Morse Nice Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Wilson Ornithological Society. Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Eugene Morton is a Senior Scientist at the Conservation and Research Center of the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution. He received his PhD in Evolutionary Biology from Yale University. He has written several books on avian communication. He has studied tropical birds since 1964, chiefly in Panama, but also in Mexico, Cuba, and Venezuela. His tropical research has focused on frugivory, vocal communication and the winter ecology of migrants. Dr. Morton has worked extensively on both migratory birds and resident tropical birds, giving them a unique perspective on the evolution of the bird behavior. Dr. Morton was awarded the William Brewster Medal for the most significant body of ornithological research in the past decade from the American Ornithologists' Union. He has served on the boards on numerous associations, most recently as the Vice President then President of the Association of Field Ornithologists. Conservation and Research Center of the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA Elsevier.com visitor survey We are always looking for ways to improve customer experience on Elsevier.com. We would like to ask you for a moment of your time to fill in a short questionnaire, at the end of your visit. If you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website. Thanks in advance for your time.
ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืก' 8 ื•-500 ื’ืจ' ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืฃ ืคืœืคืœ ืื ื’ืœื™, 5 ืขืœื™ ื“ืคื ื”, ื›ืคื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ื•ื ื•ื›ืฃ ืžืœื—. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืœืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืคื™ืช ืื‘ืงืช ืืคื™ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื›ืš ื ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืกื ืŸ ืžื ื•ื–ืœื™ื. ื ื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.. ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžืŸ , 2 ืคืœืคืœ ืฉืื˜ื”, ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืž-2 ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•- 4 ืฉื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื. ื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ 2 ื›ืคื•ืช ืจืกืง ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืฃ ืคืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ืจื™ืคื”/ืžืชื•ืงื” ืœืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ื›ืขืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืžืœื ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ!!! ื ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืฃ ื›ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืœื— ืคืœืคืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืก ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ืฆืจื•ืจ ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ื•ื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืžืกืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ื“ืง'. ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื ื”ืชื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ืืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.. ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื” . ืชืŸ ืชืŸ ืช'ืœื—ื.... ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืก' 8 ื•-500 ื’ืจ' ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืฃ ืคืœืคืœ ืื ื’ืœื™, 5 ืขืœื™ ื“ืคื ื”, ื›ืคื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ื•ื ื•ื›ืฃ ืžืœื—. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืœืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืคื™ืช ืื‘ืงืช ืืคื™ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื›ืš ื ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืกื ืŸ ืžื ื•ื–ืœื™ื. ื ื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.. ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžืŸ , 2 ืคืœืคืœ ืฉืื˜ื”, ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืž-2 ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•- 4 ืฉื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื. ื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ 2 ื›ืคื•ืช ืจืกืง ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืฃ ืคืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ืจื™ืคื”/ืžืชื•ืงื” ืœืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ื›ืขืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืžืœื ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ!!! ื ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืฃ ื›ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืœื— ืคืœืคืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืก ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ืฆืจื•ืจ ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ื•ื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืžืกืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ื“ืง'. ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื ื”ืชื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ืืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.. ืืžื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ >> ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื >> ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืชืคื™ :) ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ืœ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€ข 44 โ€“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
UAA offers a number of different types of degrees and certificates. Below is a description of each type. - Associate's Degrees are the shortest undergraduate degrees offered by higher education institutions. Associate's degrees generally prepare students for entry-level professional careers. They generally take two to three years to complete and can be pursued part time. - Baccalaureate Degrees or Bachelor's Degrees prepare students for professional career work. They are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study and are the foundation of further graduate degrees. - Master's Degrees are two to three year degrees of advanced study. Master's programs generally require a baccalaureate degree for admission. Master's degrees may be entirely course-based, entirely research-based or (more typically) a mixture. - Doctorate Degrees (including Ph.D.) are advanced degrees in professional fields. The requirements for obtaining Ph.D.s and other research doctorates typically entail successful completion of pertinent classes, passing of a comprehensive examination and defense of a dissertation. - Continuing Education is required by many companies and professional organizations. It is important to keep profession workforces up to date with methodologies and theories. Continuing education credits provide a portfolio of continued improvement. - Professional Certifications are generally certifications in vocational fields like information technology, automotive technology or computer networking. Professional certificates are often issued by companies or organizations. Academic programs for professional certification help people show their qualifications in a given field.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืืžืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืจืงื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื–ื•ืช ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ื’ืžื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื‘ืืกื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืงืœื™ (Musical) ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ, ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืกื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืงืœื™ (Busby Berkley), ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ. ื‘ืืกื‘ื™ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ, ื›ื–'ืื ืจ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™, ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช "ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ" ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืกื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืงืœื™: ืžืฆื’ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ืืกื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•: ืžื™ืงืก ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงืœื™: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืื™ืชื• ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•: ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืกื˜ืคืก ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ 42 street: ื”ืžื–ืจืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•: ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืงื“ื™ื: ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจืงืœื™: ื•"ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช" ืžื”ืกืจื˜ Dames: ืื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ? ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ (Musical) ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™, ืžื—ื–ืžืจ. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–'ืื ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ (Musical film), ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–'ืื ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืื• ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”. ืืžื ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื›ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื• ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืื˜ืจืœื™ (Musical theatre), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ (Musical film), ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ืœืžื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชืข ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื– ืืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœืก, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœืก ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ื•ืงื™ื–", ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ืžืจื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ, ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืงืœื™: ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื - ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœืก ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข - ื’ืจื™ื–: ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœ-25 ืžื”ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืš Across the Universe ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก: ืืื•ืจื™ืงื” - ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช! ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืคืœื, ืืื•ืจื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชื’ืœื• ืื•ืชื•... ืืœืคื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข, ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœืช, ืื• ื‘ืžืงืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช โ†’ โ† ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”! ืืื•ืจื™ืงื” - ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช! ืฉืœื•ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจืชื ืืช ืืื•ืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืืœืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื ืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•: ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช, ืขืฆื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืืื•ืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
ืื ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืชืืจื—ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”, ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื˜ืจืง ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™. ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื (ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”) ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฆืกืง"ื ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืกืคืจื˜ืง ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืžื™ืงื™ ื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, 05 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2008, 11:07 ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ื•ื•ืืฆืืค ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ general ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ general ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ืื™ืžืื™ื™ืœ 0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืืจืก ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื˜ืจืง ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืืจื— ืืช ืงืจื™ืœื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืžืืจื”. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื•ืจื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืจืง ืชืืจื— ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ. ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืื™ืจื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ย– ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”. ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืœืงืจืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืชืกืžืœ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช: ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืขื ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ื“ืจืฉื• ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช. ืž-1991 ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื (ืขื ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื•ืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข), ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• ืžืžื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช (ืžืงื•ื“ื) ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื: ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœื•ื? ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืœืจื“ืช ืœื™ื’ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืจืง ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข ย– ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื’ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื˜ืจืง ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”. ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ืฉ ืก. ื‘ืœื™ื—ืžื ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืงื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื™ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืืžืจ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”"ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื" ื‘ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื". ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืฉืจ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืจ ืืœืื ื•ื‘: ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืจืžื“'ืืŸ ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžืจืช. ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืžื•ืฉืœ ืกืžืืจื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืืงื•ื‘, ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื™ื•ืงื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืžืืจื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืจื˜ื™ืืงื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงืจื™ืœื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืฉืžื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื”. ื’ื ืื ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ. ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื˜ืง ื‘ื ืืœืฆ'ื™ืง ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ืจื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™. ืื– ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืข ืขื 3,000 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™. ื”ื ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉ"ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™". ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืชืงื ื•. ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. "ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘", ืืžืจื• ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉ"ืžืคืงื—ื™ื" ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ย– ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืžื“ ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืชืื™ ื”-VIP ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื‘ื ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื”ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื•. ืืช ืชืื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืขื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ื•ืžื–ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ย– ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื™ื–, ืกืœื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขื ืกืคื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฃ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ื—ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคืœืกืžื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื—ื™ื•. ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืชื‘ื“ื•ืง ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืขื“ 1,000 ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” (ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื’ื™ืขื•). ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™. ื’ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืคืงื— ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช. "ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”", ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ย– ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืจืฆืคื” ืžื—ื•ืžืžืช. ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื’ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉื ืœืขืกืง, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”"ืงืคื”" ื•ื”"ืžืกืขื“ื”" ื”ืœืงื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื’ื ืžื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื•. ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืืชืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”? ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืง ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื: ืื ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื "ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•", ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ืข"ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ: "ืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ืœื ืœืงืœืœ, ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืœื ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื™ื". ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉืœ "ืื™ื–ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื”" ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืขื” ืขื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™. ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ื•ืœื ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื ื–ื•ืจ. "ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ", ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื. "ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื..." ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื˜ืง ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืงื‘ืื™ื ื”ื ื™ืคื• ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”. ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืง ืœื ืฉื›ื—ื•. "ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ืงื– ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช", ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื, "ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื”? ื ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื•. ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”". ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“. ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ืืœืฆ'ื™ืง ื”ืฉื›ื ื”. ืงืจื‘ืจื“ื™ื ื•-ื‘ืœืงืจื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช. ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืฆืกืง"ื ื ืจื’ื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื˜ืง ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื• ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ืžืขืฉื” ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื’ื‘. ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื. ื ืกืคืจื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. "ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื—ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืจืฆื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื•", ื ื–ื›ืจ ืกื˜ืก, ืื•ื”ื“ ืกืคืจื˜ืง. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืง. "ืื ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื”", ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ื“ื“. ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ืช 2005, ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืื– ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืงื™ืคื•ื—. ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืจื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘. "ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื•ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•", ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื˜ืจืง, "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื“ื‘ื“ื‘". ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืจืง, ืื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ื— ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ. ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืŸ, ืœืื•ื ื™ื“ ื ื–ืืจื ืงื•, ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืคื˜ื™. ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฆืกืง"ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื ื–ืืจื ืงื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืืžืช ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช: "ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™. ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื". ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืžื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืจื•ื— ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื•. ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื ืœ"ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืงืกืคืจืก" ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ื™ื™ืกืขื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ย– ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื”ืœ ืžืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”. "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ืฉืฉื• ืจืง ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™", ืื•ืžืจ ื ื–ืืจื ืงื•. ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืื™ืžืŸ ื ื–ืืจื ืงื• ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืืŸ ืžืงืจืกื ื•ื“ืืจ. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืจื“ื” ืœื™ื’ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื’ืœ ื—ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื˜ืจืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืชืงื“: "ื‘ืงืจืกื ื•ื“ืืจ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื˜ืจืง ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”". ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจืง. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืžื“ ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘. ืงืจื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. "ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื ืคืชืจ", ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘, ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ื”ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœื•ื ืฉื: "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจื™ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืื™ื™ื". ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 8-9 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ. "ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืจื“ื•", ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ. "ืื ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”". ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื˜ืจืง ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”: ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืชื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ย– ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืžื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื•ื ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘ ย– ืฉื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื”. ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ 34 ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื” ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืœื” ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื", ืžืกืคืจ ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘, "ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื: 'ื—ื›ื”. ืืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื'". ืื ื˜ืจืง ืœื ืชืจื“ ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ย– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. "ืืงื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ", ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืคื˜ืŸ, "ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืœื ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืงื•ื". ืงื“ื™ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื˜ืจืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื. ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. "ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฆืžื“", ืžืกืคืจ ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžืจืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืฉืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ืฉืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™ ย– ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืืจืก ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ย– ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืชื•ืคื™ืข, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื—ื™ืœื” "ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ", ืื•ืžืจ ื’'ื‘ืจืื™ืœื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ, "ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื", ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื‘, "ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืจืง 100 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ".
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. July 24, 1997 Explanation: Where is Mars Pathfinder? Follow the arrow in the above picture taken by the Viking Orbiter in 1976. From the surface Mars appears covered with rocks, but from orbit Mars appears covered with craters. However, several familiar features are visible in this photograph. To the left (west) of Sagan Memorial Station are the now-familiar twin peaks that dominate the horizon of many Pathfinder photographs. These hills are about one kilometre from the landing site, twice the planned range of Sojourner. Two craters loom nearby: a small one to the east not easily visible here, and a big one to the south of Pathfinder. The landing site is in the dry flood channel named Ares Vallis. Authors & editors: NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply. A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC &: Michigan Tech. U.
ืื—ื—, ื”ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ! ื›ืฉืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืช โ€œืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื•โ€ (ื”-NES) ืขื ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืงืœื˜ื•ืช 100,000 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“, ื›ื•ืœืœ 1000 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื• ืงื•ืคืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, 500 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”, ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื˜ื ืง ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืจื™ื• 3, ืžื’ื” ืžืŸ 2, ื‘ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ืœ ืื• ืฆื‘โ€™ื™ ื”ื ื™ื ื’โ€™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืœ ื–ืœื“ื”, ืžื˜ืจื•ื™ื“ ืื• ืคื™ื™ื ืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื˜ืจื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ HD โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•? Itay Brenner ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื / ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ 2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021 ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืื™ืชื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื? ืื™ืš ืชื–ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•? ื”ื›ื ื• ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. Read more"ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ HD โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•?" ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื... Itay Brenner ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ 28 ื‘ืžืื™ 2017 5 ื‘ืžืื™ 2021 ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชืจ ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื• ืขืœื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื (ื›ืžืขื˜) ืœืจืฉืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื ื’ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื ืชืงืขื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ... Read more"ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื..." ืžื’ื” ืžืŸ 9 โ€“ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื Itay Brenner ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ 7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 21 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008 1 comment ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ 21/09/2009 โ€“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ืจ ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ื™ืคืŸ. IGN ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื• ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง 86 ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืช โ€˜ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืโ€™ ! ื”ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ , ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช (ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื™ื) ื•ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ... Read more"ืžื’ื” ืžืŸ 9 โ€“ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื" Itay Brenner ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ 24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 9 Comments ืžื‘ื•ื ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื ื—ืœืง ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืขืกืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื–ื”) ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ. ืื—ื“ ื”ื–โ€™ืื ืจื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื”Chiptune ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื’ื Video Games Music โ€“ VGM, Oldskool Music ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• Nintendo ... ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช DOS Fortnite (ืคื•ืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื˜) Marvel NES (ืžื’ืืกื•ืŸ) SEGA Shop4il Steam Ubisoft Whatsapp Wii X-Box 360 ืื˜ืืจื™ ืื™ ื”ืคื ืื™ ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืืงืก ื‘ื•ืงืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื•ืงืืก ืืจื˜ืก ืžื’ื” ืžืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ (PC) ืžืจื™ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื• ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืกืื•ืช' ืคืืจืง ืกื•ื ื™ 4 ืกื•ื ื™ 5 ืกื•ื ื™ืง ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช
Recently, newspapers around the globe shouted to the world that โ€œflossing was scientifically proven ineffective.โ€ This hubbub occurred because the revised Dietary Guidelines for Americans did not recommend flossing. Somehow, in the minds of the press, this guideline about how to eat healthily turned into the definitive guide for how to care for oneโ€™s teeth. So, with so much hubbub occurring on the subject, the question of whether or not one should floss to keep his or her teeth healthy is entirely valid. Here at Gladstone Family Dentistry, we have drilled down to the truth. Do I need to floss? The problem with relying on general news outlets to answer questions about health concerns is they rarely provide all of the facts. In the case of flossing, we suspect that many people writing news articles feel vindicated about not incorporating flossing into their daily routine. In fact, one article was titled: โ€œFlossing is Nonsense โ€“ And My Laziness is Vindicated.โ€ And, funnily enough, the writer of this article tells the world that he had major dental issues recently for which he had to schedule many, many visits to the dentist. We all know that flossing is a pain, sometimes literally. However, if you review the actual scientific studies on the subject, you will find that more studies find flossing and brushing your teeth is beneficial than those who found it uncertain as to whether or not flossing is an important part of your dental hygiene routine. Finally, there are a few issues encountered by scientists working to study the benefits of flossing. These are: a) Confirmation bias. If the scientists doing the study believe flossing is important, or they hate flossing, their personal opinions may skew how they interpret the raw data they receive. b) Studying long-term effects is hard. Long-term studies are expensive and have rarely been done in the case of flossing. Even though floss has been around for over 100 years, the oldest study many scientists refer to about the subject is from the 1970โ€™s. c) Not everyone flosses properly. Many people only put floss between their teeth to loosen food, and thatโ€™s about it. This isnโ€™t wrong โ€“ itโ€™s a great way to get at food stuck between your teeth. However, itโ€™s not the way to floss if you are hoping to prevent gingivitis. Whatโ€™s the right way to floss? Dental hygienists know the right way to floss your teeth. Thatโ€™s one of the reasons your mouth feels so fresh and clean after your biannual checkup. Hereโ€™s a quick key for how you can get that fresh feeling every day: - Choose floss that gets between your teeth easily. - Floss before you brush. - Wrap an 18-24 inch section of floss around your middle fingers. - Hold the floss using your thumbs and index fingers. - Ease the floss gently between your teeth โ€“ donโ€™t snap it down into your gums. - Position your floss in a โ€œCโ€ shape and then gently move it up and down, reaching the gums and the top of your teeth. - Repeat until you have flossed all of your teeth! If you are unsure about the right way to floss your teeth, or itโ€™s about time for a checkup, donโ€™t hesitate to set up an appointment with Gladstone Family Dentistry today!
The best introduction to the and as much as you need it you easily gain from your everyday life like it great article of aryabhatta the indian mathematician. Contribution of indian mathematics history essay brahmagupta (700 ce and he spent the remainder of his academic life working on the representation. Life and career brahmagupta was born in 598 ce according the contents are: introduction on simple equations on quadratic equations on equations involving. A brief history of indian mathematics brahmagupta (700 ce), bhaskara i and he spent the remainder of his academic life working on the representation theory. I1 pythagoras' theorem and introduction trigonometric ratios brahmagupta (in 628), led to the i1 pythagoras' theorem and introduction. An introduction to the life of brahmagupta for his introduction into europe of a particular number sequence the indian mathematician brahmagupta wrote. Some of the most important contributions made by indian mathematicians were the introduction โ€ขbrahmagupta's pew research center's internet & american life. The story of mathematics - indian mathematics would revolutionize mathematics brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero:. Powerpoint slideshow about 'brahmagupta' and was crucial in the introduction of arabic a brief overview of brahmaguptaโ€™s life brahmaguptaโ€™s multiplication. Aryabhata, brahmagupta, and bhaskara iithe decimal number introduction in jan '96, i bound the first copies of the illuminati formula used to create undetectable. Life and work brahmagupta was born in 598 ce in bhinmal city in the state brahmagupta's brahma-sphuta-siddhanta english introduction, sanskrit text, sanskrit and. Introduction - education, here the pupils accepted brahmacharya with its strict discipline of life, regulations brahmagupta wrote brahmasphuta siddhanta and. Lived 597 - 668 ad brahmagupta is unique he is the only scientist we have to thank for discovering the properties of precisely zero brahmagupta was an. Introduction hyperbolic geometry was created in the rst half of the nineteenth century f ark as devoted much of his lifeโ€™s e ort unsuccessfully to. A 0 14-9-2017 in 628 a d the indian mathematician brahmagupta wrote the first-ever text describing zero as a number but new research shows that mathematicians in. Youbihar 744 likes 2 letโ€™s look at the life and discoveries of brahmagupta shalusharma so hereโ€™s a brief introduction to the geographical. A shrouded figure aryabhata was born in india around 476 ce, the same year as odoacer conquered italy and effectively ended the roman empire in india, his life. Aryabhata (iast: ฤryabhaแนญa including brahmagupta's references to him in more come from kerala has been used to suggest that it was aryabhata's main place. Who invented zero by jessie szalay, live science contributor brahmagupta in 628, said gobets he developed a symbol for zero: a dot underneath numbers. Contribution of indian mathematicians (brahmaguptaโ€™s he discovered mock theta function in the last year of his life for many years these. Final project: heron's formula by because brahmagupta's generalization works only for cyclic quadrilaterals, an introduction to the history of mathematics. Proceedings of the roman number theory association volume 2, number 1, march 2017, pages 61-81 michel waldschmidt continued fractions: introduction and applications. Life and work brahmagupta is believed to have been born in 598 ad in bhinmal city in the state of rajasthan of northwest india. Ppt on srinivasa ramanujan 1 early life born in erode to k srinivasa iyengar and introduction with ghhardy gh hardy was an. In geometry, heron's formula heron's formula and brahmagupta's formula are both special cases of bretschneider's formula for the area of a quadrilateral. Introduction galileo galilei place of birth brief overview of family life and upbringing education countries in which he or she lived and worked specific.
Intuition is a perfectly acceptable means of making a decision one way to do this is to apply the a structured decision-making process can often help by. In psychology, decision-making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) techniques are found to be useful tools in project managers' hands to overcome decision-making (dm) problems in civil engineering projects (ceps) the. Problem-solving and decision-making: five tips for making better decisions study says people make better decisions with a full bladder. When youโ€™re making a decision that involves and bring the likelihood of your project succeeding or failing into the decision-making process apply this to. Learn why employers value decision making how an individual employee participates in the decision-making process but in knowing how and when to apply. Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision you may want to repeat certain steps of the process to make a new decision apply. Applying decision-making techniques to civil engineering projects multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) techniques are found to be useful tools in project. Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: a systematic review of literature despite the importance of decision-making (dm) techniques for. Learn how to use more than 40 different decision making techniques to make better decisions, faster. Decision-making is even more stressful when you become a business owner consider these techniques and tools when choosing the next step for your company. Introductionthe study was aimed at comparing the applicability of quantitative techniques and its relevance in decision making by clinical and non-clinical healthcare managers and. Free processes for decision-making and problem solving a simple process for decision-making is to compile a 'weighted' scored , of 'pros and cons' list. Free essay: applying decision making techniques to identify solutions how will the south pacific logistics and transportation company establish a greater and. A large variety of decision making techniques can help improve decisions of different types.
Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It often causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples, and usually appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders. Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages. Effective treatments are available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up. Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of such problems. Acne signs and symptoms vary depending on the severity of your condition: - Whiteheads (closed plugged pores) - Blackheads (open plugged pores) - Small red, tender bumps (papules) - Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips - Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface of the skin (nodules) - Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface of the skin (cystic lesions) Four main factors cause acne: - Excess oil production - Hair follicles clogged by oil and dead skin cells - Excess activity of a type of hormone (androgens) Acne typically appears on your face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders because these areas of skin have the most oil (sebaceous) glands. Hair follicles are connected to oil glands. The follicle wall may bulge and produce a whitehead. Or the plug may be open to the surface and darken, causing a blackhead. A blackhead may look like dirt stuck in pores. But actually the pore is congested with bacteria and oil, which turns brown when itโ€™s exposed to the air. Pimples are raised red spots with a white center that develop when blocked hair follicles become inflamed or infected with bacteria. Blockages and inflammation that develop deep inside hair follicles produce cystlike lumps beneath the surface of your skin. Other pores in your skin, which are the openings of the sweat glands, arenโ€™t usually involved in acne. Factors that may worsen acne These factors can trigger or aggravate acne: - Hormones. Androgens are hormones that increase in boys and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormonal changes related to pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives also can affect sebum production. And low amounts of androgens circulate in the blood of women and can worsen acne. - Certain medications. Examples include drugs containing corticosteroids, testosterone or lithium. - Diet. Studies indicate that certain dietary factors, including skim milk and carbohydrate-rich foods โ€” such as bread, bagels and chips โ€” may worsen acne. Chocolate has long been suspected of making acne worse. A small study of 14 men with acne showed that eating chocolate was related to a worsening of symptoms. Further study is needed to examine why this happens and whether people with acne would benefit from following specific dietary restrictions. - Stress. Stress can make acne worse. These factors have little effect on acne: - Greasy foods. Eating greasy food has little to no effect on acne. Though working in a greasy area, such as a kitchen with fry vats, does because the oil can stick to the skin and block the hair follicles. This further irritates the skin or promotes acne. - Hygiene. Acne isnโ€™t caused by dirty skin. In fact, scrubbing the skin too hard or cleansing with harsh soaps or chemicals irritates the skin and can make acne worse. - Cosmetics. Cosmetics donโ€™t necessarily worsen acne, especially if you use oil-free makeup that doesnโ€™t clog pores (noncomedogenics) and remove makeup regularly. Nonoily cosmetics donโ€™t interfere with the effectiveness of acne drugs. Risk factors for acne include: - Age. People of all ages can get acne, but itโ€™s most common in teenagers. - Hormonal changes. Such changes are common in teenagers, women and girls, and people using certain medications, including those containing corticosteroids, androgens or lithium. - Family history. Genetics plays a role in acne. If both parents had acne, youโ€™re likely to develop it, too. - Greasy or oily substances. You may develop acne where your skin comes into contact with oily lotions and creams or with grease in a work area, such as a kitchen with fry vats. - Friction or pressure on your skin. This can be caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks. - Stress. Stress doesnโ€™t cause acne, but if you have acne already, it may make it worse. If youโ€™ve tried over-the-counter (nonprescription) acne products for several weeks and they havenโ€™t helped, your doctor can prescribe stronger medications. A dermatologist can help you: - Control your acne - Avoid scarring or other damage to your skin - Make scars less noticeable Acne medications work by reducing oil production, speeding up skin cell turnover, fighting bacterial infection or reducing inflammation โ€” which helps prevent scarring. With most prescription acne drugs, you may not see results for four to eight weeks, and your skin may get worse before it gets better. It can take many months or years for your acne to clear up completely. The treatment regimen your doctor recommends depends on your age, the type and severity of your acne, and what you are willing to commit to. For example, you may need to wash and apply medications to the affected skin twice a day for several weeks. Often topical medications and drugs you take by mouth (oral medication) are used in combination. Pregnant women will not be able to use oral prescription medications for acne. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of medications and other treatments you are considering. The most common topical prescription medications for acne are as follows: - Retinoids and retinoid-like drugs. These come as creams, gels and lotions. Retinoid drugs are derived from vitamin A and include tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, others), adapalene (Differin) and tazarotene (Tazorac, Avage). You apply this medication in the evening, beginning with three times a week, then daily as your skin becomes used to it. It works by preventing plugging of the hair follicles. - Antibiotics. These work by killing excess skin bacteria and reducing redness. For the first few months of treatment, you may use both a retinoid and an antibiotic, with the antibiotic applied in the morning and the retinoid in the evening. The antibiotics are often combined with benzoyl peroxide to reduce the likelihood of developing antibiotic resistance. Examples include clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide (Benzaclin, Duac, Acanya) and erythromycin with benzoyl peroxide (Benzamycin). Topical antibiotics alone arenโ€™t recommended. - Salicylic acid and azelaic acid. Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring acid found in whole-grain cereals and animal products. It has antibacterial properties. A 20 percent azelaic acid cream seems to be as effective as many conventional acne treatments when used twice a day for at least four weeks. Itโ€™s even more effective when used in combination with erythromycin. Prescription azelaic acid (Azelex, Finacea) is an option during pregnancy and while breast-feeding. Side effects include skin discoloration and minor skin irritation.Salicylic acid may help prevent plugged hair follicles and is available as both wash-off and leave-on products. Studies showing its effectiveness are limited. - Dapsone. Dapsone (Aczone) 5 percent gel twice daily is recommended for inflammatory acne, especially in adult females with acne. Side effects include redness and dryness. Evidence is not strong in support of using zinc, sulfur, nicotinamide, resorcinol, sulfacetamide sodium or aluminum chloride in topical treatments for acne. - Antibiotics. For moderate to severe acne, you may need oral antibiotics to reduce bacteria and fight inflammation. Usually the first choice for treating acne is tetracycline โ€” such as minocycline or doxycycline โ€” or a macrolide.Oral antibiotics should be used for the shortest time possible to prevent antibiotic resistance. Oral antibiotics are best used with topical retinoids and benzoyl peroxide. Studies have found that using topical benzoyl peroxide along with oral antibiotics may reduce the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics may cause side effects, such as an upset stomach and dizziness. These drugs also increase your skinโ€™s sun sensitivity. - Combined oral contraceptives. Four combined oral contraceptives are approved by the FDA for acne therapy in women who also wish to use them for contraception. They are products that combine estrogen and progestin (Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Yaz, others). You may not see the benefit of this treatment for a few months, so using other acne medications with it the first few weeks may help.The most common side effects of these drugs are weight gain, breast tenderness and nausea. A serious potential complication is a slightly increased risk of blood clots. - Anti-androgen agents. The drug spironolactone (Aldactone) may be considered for women and adolescent girls if oral antibiotics arenโ€™t helping. It works by blocking the effect of androgen hormones on the sebaceous glands. Possible side effects include breast tenderness and painful periods. - Isotretinoin. Isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis, Sotret) is a powerful drug for people whose severe acne doesnโ€™t respond to other treatments.Oral isotretinoin is very effective. But because of its potential side effects, doctors need to closely monitor anyone they treat with this drug. Potential side effects include ulcerative colitis, an increased risk of depression and suicide, and severe birth defects. In fact, isotretinoin carries such serious risk of side effects that all people receiving isotretinoin must participate in a Food and Drug Administration-approved risk management program. These therapies may be suggested in select cases, either alone or in combination with medications. - Lasers and photodynamic therapy. A variety of light-based therapies have been tried with some success. But further study is needed to determine the ideal method, light source and dose. - Chemical peel. This procedure uses repeated applications of a chemical solution, such as salicylic acid, glycolic acid or retinoic acid. Any improvement in acne is not long lasting, so repeat treatments are usually needed. - Extraction of whiteheads and blackheads. Your doctor may use special tools to gently remove whiteheads and blackheads (comedos) that havenโ€™t cleared up with topical medications. This technique may cause scarring. - Steroid injection. Nodular and cystic lesions can be treated by injecting a steroid drug directly into them. This therapy has resulted in rapid improvement and decreased pain. Side effects may include thinning in the treated area.
Nepal and the Paris AgreementNepal is party to the United Nations Framework on Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) and has ratified the Paris Agreement, adopted during the 21st session of the UNFCCC. Nepal is party to the United Nations Framework on Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) and has ratified the Paris Agreement, adopted during the 21st session of the UNFCCC. With a global objective of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius and to mitigate the impacts of climate change, Nepal too signed up for the global fight against climate change. In 2016, pursuant to Article 3 of the Paris Agreement, Nepal made Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments encouraging the use of renewable sources of energy and enhancing climate change adaptation. However, the past three years have witnessed no commendable endeavours from the state to foster resilience to climate change as per the purpose of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Nepal contributes only 0.027 percent to global greenhouse emissions; however, it comes fourth on the list of countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Drought, excessive rainfall, floods, landslides, and the inundation of glacier lakes are some of the visible adverse impacts of climate change, which mostly affects the communities with poor socio-economic status. Through its NDC, Nepal has envisioned a Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy in the areas of energy, agriculture, industry, transport and so on. However, a lack of visionary state policies leaves room for pessimism regarding the success of the NDC. Under the NDC, Nepal aims to decrease air pollution by 2025 through monitoring of sources of air pollution such as wastes, old and unmaintained vehicles, and industries. But how successful has the state been in reducing pollution on the streets of the Kathmandu Valley? Vehicles that do not qualify for emissions tests are being granted pollution clearance certificates (green stickers). Pollution arising from chaotic construction of roads is deteriorating the overall health of the Valleyโ€™s population. While the nation strides towards fulfilling the NDC, the right to health of individuals, maintained under the preamble of the Paris Agreement, should be understood as indivisible. One of the major causes behind air pollution is the use of fossil fuels. To reduce dependency on fossil fuels, Nepal hopes to increase the share of electric vehicles by up to 20 percent by 2020 and has committed to decrease its dependency on fossil fuels in the transport sector by up to 50 percent by 2050. However, Nepal still consumes massive amounts of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. To achieve its NDC commitment, Nepal will have to import about 20,000 electric vehicles before 2020 ends. The Cabinetโ€™s recent decision to buy 300 electric vehicles is a laudable effort; however, inadequate charging stations could undermine the governmentโ€™s effort to ply those vehicles on the streets. Replacing diesel vehicles and introducing large number of green vehicles can be an uphill task, but there is no other option for the government if it resolves to make our cities green. Furthermore, in Nepal, the energy mix pattern shows that about 87.1 percent of total energy comes from the burning of wood fuels. By 2020, Nepal hopes to expand its energy mix by expanding the share of renewable sources by 20 percent. As such, through the NDC, Nepal envisages dispensing bio-gas to more than 130,000 households, developing 1,000 institutional and 200 community bio-gas plants, constructing 4,000 improved water mills, and adding 25 MW of mini and micro hydropower. Undoubtedly, these renewable sources of energy can be veritable lifesavers, but we have always been carefree about the use of non-renewable energy. It has been over three years since the NDC has been communicated but the governmentโ€™s declared priority to scale up production of the aforementioned sources of renewable energy has received minimal attention. Forty percent of Nepalโ€™s total area is under forest cover. Under the NDC, Nepal commits to maintain the same proportion of forest coverage to enhance carbon sequestration. By 2020, the nation will strive to reduce 14 million tons of CO2eq. Lately, mega projects in Nepal have become one of the major causes behind mass deforestation.We are an underdeveloped country and developmental activities cannot be halted. But when such projects make large-scale deforestation necessary, the government should come up with a similar massive aforestation campaign to substitute for the loss of natural carbon reservoirs. Although Nepal makes a meager contribution to global greenhouse emissions, our geoposition remains very close to worldโ€™s top emittersโ€”India and China. Trees have been playing significant roles by absorbing carbon-containing compounds, which would otherwise degrade Nepalโ€™s biodiversity. Thus, the government must pursue NDC goals relentlessly and strive to reduce the targeted amount of CO2eq. Climate change activists believe that anthropogenic activities have great potential of wreaking havoc to our civilisation. In light of this knowledge, awareness regarding climate change adaptation should be the core content of todayโ€˜s climate change discourse in Nepal. To enhance climate change adaptation, Nepal has aimed to reinforce implementation of an โ€˜Environment Friendly Local Governance Frameworkโ€™ in municipalities and rural municipalities under the NDC. But launching campaigns on disaster risk management, organic farming, waste management, recycling, development of environment friendly bags, and the construction of green parking have not been the preferences of local governments yet. Unless the government invests to improve the adaptive capacity of local communities, children and people in vulnerable situations will certainly live their lives in jeopardy. Each party under the Paris Agreement has communicated its post-2020 climate actions through their NDCs. Taking into consideration the common but differentiated responsibilities, Nepal has put forward some ambitious programmes to contribute to the global combat against climate change. Regrettably, we are still not on track to achieve our NDC targets. The issues of climate change have never found space in political discourse. There is a dearth of laws to regulate eco-friendly developmental activities and environmental impact assessments have mostly been flawed and biased. Therefore, the government needs to carefully scrutinise the above-mentioned issues and promote economic development in a sustainable manner. We should understand that achieving NDC targets is not about merely fulfilling formal obligations; rather, it is an effort to increase the longevity of our planet for our children and the generations to come. Wagley studies law at the Kathmandu School of Law
Last updated on July 12th, 2021 Several important habits can increase lifespan and contribute to the quality of life, including exercise and diet. However, many times sleep is overlooked as a significant factor in the quality of life. Sleep matters in quality of life and are affected by life events, habits, and the mental and physical reactions to these events and habits. There can be physical or mental roadblocks to getting the sleep you need. The following are several sleep tips to help you get a good nightโ€™s sleep. Stick with a Sleep Schedule You have an internal clock, known as circadian rhythm, which allows your body to maintain your sleep/wake schedule. Going to bed and waking daily at approximately the same time helps keep your internal clock on a schedule. As your body adjusts to this schedule, it becomes easier to wake up and go to bed at the same time each day. Once your body becomes used to the schedule, the sleep period will become a habit and you may no longer need an external alarm clock. Your body will be your alarm clock, prompting you to sleep when necessary. Choose the Right Mattress You can increase the quality of your sleep with the proper mattress and bedding. The choice of mattress is subjective โ€“ what promotes the best sleep for one person may not promote good sleep for another. Sleeping on a mattress that does not โ€œfitโ€ your sleep style can cause lower back pain along with tossing and turning. According to this mattress buying guide, you should consider replacing your mattress every 7 โ€“ 8 years. While some people believe that a nightcap helps them fall asleep faster, the alcohol disturbs your sleep cycle. Drinking alcohol before bedtime promotes deeper sleep for a while but reduces REM sleep. REM sleep is the stage of sleep when people dream, and many think it has restorative benefits. Any disruptions in this stage of sleep can cause drowsiness and poor concentration. Alcohol suppresses breathing and can foster sleep apnea, which is pauses in breathing occurring throughout the night. Exercise During the Day Science has proven exercise is effective at improving your sleep and overall health. Sometimes, exercise offers more benefits than drugs for promoting sleep. One study showed exercise reduced the time needed to fall asleep at night and provided longer sleep. Daily exercise can promote sleep, but performing this exercise late in โ€œyour dayโ€ can cause sleep problems. Once again, this has to do with your circadian rhythm. Exercise increases hormones such as epinephrine and adrenaline. Getting exercise during daylight hours is a good way to promote good sleep at night. Say No To Caffeine Alcohol is not the only drink that can affect your sleep pattern. Caffeine can disturb sleep for up to 12 hours after consumption. Caffeine can be found in soft drinks, tea, and coffee, but are not exclusive to these drinks. To promote better sleep, one should avoid these drinks especially just before bedtime. It is best to avoid any caffeine before bed instead drink something like tea or take a CBD oil tincture like the ones mentioned at CFAH. However, if you are a heavy caffeine user you will want to slowly reduce your caffeine intake instead of quitting cold-turkey, as addiction to caffeine can have side effects. These side effects can include restlessness and insomnia, which does not promote good sleep. Avoid Day Naps Sleeping during the day time confuses your internal clock (circadian rhythm) and may cause difficulty sleeping at night. However, one study showed taking a short nap (less than 30 minutes) during the daytime can assist with brain function. Naps longer than 30 minutes can affect your nighttime sleep quality and your overall health. These findings should not cause you to stop taking daytime naps, because the findings depend on the individual. If you can take naps during the day time but also sleep well at night, you should not worry. Working nights might mean you should nap late in the day before work to help make up sleep. Studies show an insufficient amount of sleep (less than 7-8 hours per night) contributes to obesity, type II diabetes, and heart disease. Most everyone experiences a sleepless night now and then, but if it becomes a habit, you need to see your doctor. He/she will pinpoint and treat the underlying causes of your insomnia and provide sleep tips to help you get the sleep you need. About The Author: Chris Nguyen is the Founder & Chief Editor at Sleep Standards โ€“ A health blog that provides research-based sleep health advice, actionable sleep tips, and unbiased sleep product reviews. He aims to inspire better sleep and make the world of sleep easy to understand for everyday people. Check out SleepStandards.com to find out more about Chris and his work. You can also find him on Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.
ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืชืง ืžืื– ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจ. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ืืœื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื• ืžืขืช ืœืขืช. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื’ื ืœื . ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™. ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืฆืจื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•' ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ. ื”ืฉื™ื— ืžืื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื—ืจื™ืคื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืชืจืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’, ืื• ืฉื™ื—. ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื”ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—. ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืจืชืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืจื—ืง... ืขื“ ืœืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•? ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืชืชืžืขื˜ื•, ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืงื•ืจืื™ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื• , ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ "ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื•ื”ื•ืกื˜ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื” ื›ืืŸ "ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉืืจ ืžื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›"ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื" ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ,ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื”. ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื. ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืฉืขื™ื™ืคืชื™ ืืชื›ื. ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ . ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช. ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืžืืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืืฉืจืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•...... ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ืกืชื”, ื”ืชืœื”ืžื•ืช, ืฉื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื™ืงื”..... ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2013 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ โ€“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2013 ืืช ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘- ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืื–ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช. ืคื•ืกื˜ ืœืกื™ื•ื ืฉื ืช 2013 ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•- ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช . ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉ"ืคืชื—ื•" ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื–ื•, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ืœ ืžืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื— ื›ื›ืœื‘?, ืžืงืจืงืจ ื›ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ? ื’ื•ืขื” ื›ืคืจื”? ืžื’ืขื’ืข ื›ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–? ื”ืืžืช, ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืœื ืขืœืชื” ืืฆืœื™ ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืœืœ. ื’ื ืœื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชืขืฉืขืชื™ ืขื ื ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช "ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืชื•ืœ, ื›ืœื‘, ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–, ืืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื‘'. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•, ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ , "ื”ืฆื’ื”". ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) WHAT DOES THE FOX SAY ? ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื, ืฆื—ืงื• ื•ืจืงื“ื•. ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2013 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ โ€“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013 24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”, ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” - ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช what does the fox say, Ylvis, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื•ืขืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2013 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ โ€“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช "ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2012 ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื . ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืชื”ื™ืœื”" . ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช,ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืžื•ืขื“ ืคืจืกื•ืžืŸ,ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ. "ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ Your writing has staying power! โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื™ืœ ื–ื”." ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืคืœื™ืžื ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืœื ืžื’ืข ื™ื“ ืื“ื โ€“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช WordPress ืฉืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื "ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก, ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ - ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืคื’ืกื•ืก, ืชื”ื™ืœื”ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช wordpress, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืช "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช", ืฉื”ื•ื " ืื•ืกืฃ ืืชืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื." โ€“ ื›ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช" ื”ื "ืœ . ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” , ืฉืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืชืจื ื•ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 9 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘"ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืจืื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื." ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• โ€“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืžื–ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘"ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืจืื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื." ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ืชื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืข"ื™ ืจืคืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืขืœ "ืฆืžื™ื—ื” โ€“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“" , ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืœืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืจืื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื3 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื /ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืžืืช ืขืœืžื” ืขืœืžื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื'. ืขืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืฉืœื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ,ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื’ื ืืชื ืชืงืจืื• . ืขืœืžื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื'. ืขืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืฉืœื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ,ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืขืœืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื— . ืืžื ืฉืœื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื ื•. ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ , ืื™ื–ื” ืกื‘ื ืœื ื™ืชืคืขืœ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื“ื™ื•? ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื’ื ืืชื ืชืงืจืื• . ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœืžื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืกื›ื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื. ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืืžืจ: ืœืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื: "ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืฉืžืฉ" ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 3 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 3 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืขืœืžื”, ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื—2 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื /ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืžืืช ืขืœืžื” ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ -ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื•, ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ. ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืฉืืœ ืืช ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” -ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžื ื”ื’ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื,ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื , ืžื›ืจื™ื -ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื , ืžืฆื’ื•ืช , ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื‘' . ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื— ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• โ€“ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื , ืฉื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ื•. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ -ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ4 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ -ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจืื” ืžืื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. "ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ืขืงืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืžืื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. "ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ืขืงืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”, ืจืื•ืœ ื•ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื“ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœื™ืื•ืจ ,ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืขืœื” ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ืŸ. ื‘1935 ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”... ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืืจืฆื” ื”ืขืœื” ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ jewish news ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. "ื›ืฉืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื–ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื›ื• ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”." ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฆืื• ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ืŸ." ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•" ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืœืš ืชื“ืข. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืคืœืฉืชื™ืŸ4 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช -ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช -ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“- ืื™ืš ืœื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช -ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012 15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”3 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช -ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืขืžื•ื“ 1 ืขืžื•ื“ 2 ืขืžื•ื“ 3 ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœื•ืœ ืœืขื™ื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืฉื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœ-92 ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ: ืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชื™ - ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘- rss RSS - ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื RSS - ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืกื™ื•ื/? ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”? ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ืŸ "ืื™ืš ืฉื’ืœื’ืœ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘" -ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœ"ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืฉื›ื”" ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช nachum ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืกื™ื•ื/? ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช... ืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”? ื™ื›ื•ืœ... ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืคื’ืกื•ืก" ืœื“... Ethel ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ (5) ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื (22) ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” (256) ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืœื›ืœื” (4) ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” (105) ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช (18) ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2015 (16) ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช -ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืจืื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (7) ื—ื‘ืจื” (2) ื—ื‘ืจื™ื (1) ื›ืœืœื™ (4) ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (15) ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ (2) ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื (32) ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช (1) ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” (16) ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” (13) ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช (13) ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ื (54) ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืžืื™ 2019 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2018 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2018 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016 ืžืื™ 2016 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2016 ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2015 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015 ืžืื™ 2015 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015 ืžืจืฅ 2015 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืžืื™ 2014 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2013 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013 ืžืื™ 2013 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืžืจืฅ 2013 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 ืžืื™ 2012 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 ืžืจืฅ 2012 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2011 ืžืื™ 2011 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2011 ืžืจืฅ 2011 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2011 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2011 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2010 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010 ืžืื™ 2010 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ืžืจืฅ 2010 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2010 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2009 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2009 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ืžืื™ 2009 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009 ืžืจืฅ 2009 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2008 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2008 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2008 ืžืื™ 2008 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008 ืžืจืฅ 2008 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2007 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2007 ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช "ืกื‘ืชื™ โ€“ ืชื”ืœื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ" / ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื•ื“ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจืฃ ืžืงืฅ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืคื” โ€“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื—ืคืฉ: ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืชืจ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช". ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื—ื ืจื‘ื•ื™. ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื˜ื˜/ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง/ืœืคืจืกื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืชืจ, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืืชืจ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื•
A โ€œsuper-Earthโ€ planet 40 light years from our solar system, believed to be the first-ever discovered planet to consist largely of diamond, may not be quite as precious, according to new research led by University of Arizona astronomy graduate student Johanna Teske. Revisiting public data from previous telescope observations, Teskeโ€™s team analysed the available data in more detail and concluded that carbon โ€“ the chemical element diamonds are made of โ€“ appears to be less abundant in relation to oxygen in the planetโ€™s host star โ€“ and by extension, perhaps the planet โ€“ than was suggested by a study of the host star published in 2010. โ€œThe 2010 paper found that โ€™55 Cancriโ€™, a star that hosts five planets, has a carbon-to-oxygen ratio greater than one,โ€ Teske said. โ€œThis observation helped motivate a paper last year about the innermost planet of the system, the โ€˜super-Earthโ€™ 55 Cancri e. Using observations of the planetโ€™s mass and radius to create models of its interior that assumed the same carbon-to-oxygen ratio of the star, the 2012 paper suggested the planet contains more carbon than oxygen.โ€ โ€œHowever, our analysis makes this seem less likely because the host star doesnโ€™t appear as carbon-rich as previously thought,โ€ Teske said. Observations obtained in 2010, together with simulations astronomers use to model a planetโ€™s interior based on data like radius, mass and orbital velocity, had yielded a carbon to oxygen ratio greater than one, in other words, an alien world based on carbon instead of oxygen as most planets are in our solar system, including Earth. โ€œThe Sun only has about half as much carbon as oxygen, so a star or a planet with a higher ratio between the two elements, particularly a planet with more carbon than oxygen, is interesting and different from what we have in our solar system,โ€ explained Teske. Based on the previous results, it was suggested that the โ€œdiamond planetโ€ is a rocky world with a surface of graphite surrounding a thick layer of diamond instead of water and granite like Earth. The new research by Teske and collaborators, to be published in the Astrophysical Journal and available online, calls this conclusion in question, making it less likely that a hypothetical space probe sent to sample the planetโ€™s innards would dig up anything sparkling. Teskeโ€™s group found that the planetโ€™s host star contains almost 25 per cent more oxygen than carbon, about mid way between the Sun and what the previous study suggested. โ€œIn theory, 55 Cancri e could still have a high carbon to oxygen ratio and be a diamond planet, but the host star does not have such a high ratio,โ€ Teske said. โ€œSo in terms of the two building blocks of information used for the initial โ€˜diamond-planetโ€™ proposal โ€“ the measurements of the exoplanet and the measurements of the star โ€“ the measurements of the star no longer verify that.โ€ Source: University of Arizona
ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ื’ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื ืœื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืชืขื” ืฉื™ื ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœืชืช ื™ื“ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืื• ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื• ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžื ื•ืกื”. ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”. ืื™ืš ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™? ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื•. ืœืžื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”? ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืœืžืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžืžืฉืช. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ืŸ. ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ื’ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืžื•ืฆื ื–ื•. ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื ืก ื›ื‘ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœื•, ืœืขืฆื ื”ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืข โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื ื—ืฉื“ืชื ืื• ื ืืฉืžืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“? ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื•โ€ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•โ€ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืื• ื”ื ืืฉื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช. ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“? ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืง ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืชืชื™ ืขื ืคื™ื. ื›ืœ ืขื•โ€ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™. ืขื•โ€ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™, ืื ื›ืš, ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื™ืง ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื›ืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืืฉื ืœืฆืืช ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื ื–ืงื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืืฉื ื‘ืชื™ืง. ื•ืื ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื–ื“ื•ืŸ? ืขื•โ€ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื—ืคื•ืชื• ืžืคืฉืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ / ื”ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืืฉื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื• ื•ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื•, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื—ืคื•ืชื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื•ืฆื’ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืืฉื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื•, ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ืื• ืฉื–ื•ืžื ืชื ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•โ€ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื ืงืœืขืชื. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื›ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื•ืœืœื ืคื’ืข. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื โ€ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื• ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžื•ืจืฉื”. ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื•"ื“ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืฆื‘ืจืชื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื•ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื™. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 2011 ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฆืžื•ื“, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืœื ืจื‘ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืขืจืจื™ื ื•ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืœื ืจื‘ื‘. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“? ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“? ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื“, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”? ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืžื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืœืœืช ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ืืœื ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ืžื”ื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“? ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื’ื ืœื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข. ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืงื ืกื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“? ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ื•ืืฉื. ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื–ื•ืœืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืกืคื™, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื›ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ื›ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ืŸ. ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ โ€“ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ืœืจื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื, ืืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
Winter is well and truly here along with lots rain! Take care to drive safely in the wet weather by: - stay informed โ€“ check main roads twitter or other traffic updates to see if there is flooding or accidents along your route. - slowing down โ€“ posted speed limits are set as a maximum. Drive according to the conditions and reduce speed when raining. - maintain a safe distance โ€“ allow plenty of room between the car in front as wet roads offer less grip. Wild weather may also leave debris or large puddles on the road causing drivers to brake suddenly. - brake softly โ€“ harsh braking can lead to loss of vehicle control on a wet road. Brake progressively to keep traction on the wet road - avoid large puddles โ€“ cars are not boats. Try not to drive through water more than a few centimeters in depth and avoid large puddles that can mask trouble on the road. If you must drive through deep water, slow down gently, maintain control over the steering wheel and have the vehicle pointed to the direction you want to travel. - do not use cruise control โ€“ the vehicle may sense the build up of water as a slow down and ask for more power causing a shift down in gear and increasing the build up of water under the tire. If you do lose traction while driving on the wet road (hydroplaning), do not panic and do not brake suddenly. Release the accelerator slowly to slow down and steer the vehicle towards an open space.
ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื” โ™ฅ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช! ืžืชื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”, ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื•ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก? ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื” โ™ฅ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช! ืžืชื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”,ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”,ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”,ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื•ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื”,ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”,ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก? ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื” โ™ฅ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช! ืžืชื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”, ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื•ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืื• ื›ืžืชื ื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช/ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” โ™ฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”! ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 1 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 2 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 3 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > * ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช | ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื” | ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืื• ื›ืžืชื ื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช/ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” โ™ฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 1 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 2 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ 3 ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ืœืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > * ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช | ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื” | ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช-ืขืœ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื! ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ โ™ฅ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช-ืขืœ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื! ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ โ™ฅ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช-ืขืœ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื! ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ โ™ฅ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ื ื’ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” > ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก? "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ืžืžืช ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™. ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื™!" "ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืง ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื•ื ื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืžื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื›ื›ื” ืคื™ื ืงืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™" "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ื’ ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžืื—ื•ืชื™! ืžืžืฉ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืขื ืžืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืจื™ื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ื“ืžืขื•ืช " "ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื’ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื” ืžืชื ื” ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืžืฉืœื•ื—... ืขื ืžืœื ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื“ืื’ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื" "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืœื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ (ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ืฆืœื—...). ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ืงื•ืคืกื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”. ืžืงืกื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื”." ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก? "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ืžืžืช ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™. ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื™!" "ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืง ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื•ื ื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืžื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื›ื›ื” ืคื™ื ืงืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™" "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ื’ ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžืื—ื•ืชื™! ืžืžืฉ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืขื ืžืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืจื™ื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ื“ืžืขื•ืช " "ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื’ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื” ืžืชื ื” ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืžืฉืœื•ื—... ืขื ืžืœื ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื“ืื’ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื" "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื‘ื•ืงืก ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืœื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ (ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ืฆืœื—...). ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืœื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ืงื•ืคืกื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”. ืžืงืกื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื”." ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื•ื›ื ื”: ืื™ืš ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”? ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ืืช ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ! ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ืœื™ื“ื”? ืื• ืžื” โ€œื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”? ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš... ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ยป ื”ืคืœื ืฉืงื•ืจื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”! ืชื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืชื ื–ืจืข, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš... ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ยป ืžืชื ื” ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช? ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื! ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื”. ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื•ืจื•ื“ื”, ื”ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœืช, ื”ื›ื™ ืžืžื•ืชื’ืช...
--ื‘ื—ืจ-- 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ --ื‘ื—ืจ-- 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ - ื‘ื—ืจ - ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ? ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™: ื’ื‘ืจ, ืžื–ืœ ื’ื“ื™, 45 ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” (ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 20-39) ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืงืฉืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™, ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืื•ื“ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืชื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื”: 178 ืก"ืž ืฉื™ืขืจ: ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉืงืœ: 83 ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื: ื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืฃ: ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™: ืจื•ื•ืง/ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ: ืœื ืžืขืฉืŸ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ: ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช: ืคืขื™ืœ/ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘: ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ/ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืขื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืกืคื, ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ
The future is what will happen in the time after the present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently exists and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that it will exist forever, or temporary, meaning that it will end. The future and the concept of eternity have been major subjects of philosophy, religion, and science, and defining them non-controversially has consistently eluded the greatest of minds. In the Occidental view, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected time line that is anticipated to occur. In special relativity, the future is considered absolute future, or the future light cone. In finance, a futures contract (more colloquially, futures) is a standardized forward contract which can be easily traded between parties other than the two initial parties to the contract. The parties initially agree to buy and sell an asset for a price agreed upon today (the forward price) with delivery and payment occurring at a future point, the delivery date. Because it is a function of an underlying asset, a futures contract is a derivative product. Contracts are negotiated at futures exchanges, which act as a marketplace between buyers and sellers. The buyer of a contract is said to be long position holder, and the selling party is said to be short position holder. As both parties risk their counterparty walking away if the price goes against them, the contract may involve both parties lodging a margin of the value of the contract with a mutually trusted third party. For example, in gold futures trading, the margin varies between 2% and 20% depending on the volatility of the spot market. A renewable resource is an organic natural resource which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally reoccurring processes. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability. Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources. In 1962 Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources. Food and water Water can be considered a renewablematerial when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polarice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air. Aug 3 (Reuters) - Carl Icahn's CVREnergy (CVI.N) is pausing plans to produce around 7,000 barrels per day of renewable diesel at its Wynnewood, Oklahoma, refinery due to high feedstock prices, the company said Tuesday ... Their demand for that feedstock has boosted prices sharply, threatening the future of some of these plans. Netflix may have yet to decide Virgin Riverโ€˜s future, but fortunately, you donโ€™t have to wait to find out what could be coming next if the romantic drama is renewed for a fourth season ... Doc Faces His Future โ€” Both Health and Career-Wise. They understand our players ... I'm excited about our future, about the things we're creating together, about building a new culture and renewing that spirit ... I'm looking forward to our teams launching their already-announced new games in the not-too-distant future, and in due course announcing a few new ones that you have yet to hear about." ... . Brighter future beckons China... So the future focus should be on generating renewable energy; increasing green areas in urban centers to strike a balance between natural carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production in order to eventually achieve carbon neutrality; and protecting the world's rain forests and water resources. ... for future operations, industry conditions, access to financing, impact of competition, worldwide economic conditions and timing, benefits or results of acquisitions or dispositions (including the benefits of the Pacific Drilling acquisition) are forward-looking statements. Through the integrated single market for electricity, now approved following Brexit, the all-island wide network becomes an integral part of the future system ...Future policy on the additional scale of wind farm capacity may suggest that a target of 70% renewable electricity supplies to meet customer demand is possible and practical. "Walmart continues to lead by example through its bold commitments in support of a cleaner energy future," said Nexamp CEOZaid Ashai ...Currently, 36% of Walmart's operations worldwide are powered with renewable energy ... With more than 300 MW of renewable energy generating assets currently in operation, we are building a decarbonized energy future. Our story goes on, Reds! Very happy to renew my contract and keep wearing this jersey for even longer ... Fabinhoโ€™s previous terms were due to expire in the summer of 2023 and his renewal is part of Liverpoolโ€™s plan to tie down the futures of several experienced players during the coming months. The term, coined in 2008, refers to an art movement which broadly envisions how the future might look if we lived in harmony with nature in a sustainable and egalitarian world ... This synergy makes renewable energy a very real manifestation of a solarpunk future," he says. Entitled , the new study says that natural gas can play a critical role both in early action on emissions reductions and also acting as a pre-build to greater decarbonization given the potential for the infrastructure to carry low-carbon gasesโ€”such as ammonia, hydrogen, synthetic methane and renewable natural gasโ€”in the future. Fabinho's previous terms were due to expire in the summer of 2023 and his renewal is part of Liverpool's plan to tie down the futures of several experienced players during the coming months. The PA news agency understands the club are eager to renew the contracts of Mohamed Salah, Virgil Van Dijk, Alisson Becker and Andy Robertson. Fabinho's previous terms were due to expire in the summer of 2023 and his renewal is part of Liverpool's plan to tie down the futures of several experienced players during the coming months. The PA news agency understands the club is eager to renew the contracts of Mohamed Salah, Virgil Van Dijk, Alisson Becker and Andy Robertson. DEWA is guided by the words of His Highness who said, โ€˜Youth are the strength of any nation and its hope for a better future.โ€™ It works to empower youth, develop their skills and knowledge, invest in their potential, especially in clean and renewable energy. Fabinhoโ€™s previous terms were due to expire in the summer of 2023 and his renewal is part of Liverpoolโ€™s plan to tie down the futures of several experienced players during the coming months. The PA news agency understands the club is eager to renew the contracts of Mohamed Salah, Virgil Van Dijk, Alisson Becker and Andy Robertson. The founder and CEO of SkyBridge โ€“ Anthony Scaramucci โ€“ raised hopes that in less than 10 years, BTC mining can become fully renewable.. โ€œWe project that bitcoin mining will be fully renewable by the end of the decade ... industry into renewable energy sources.
ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื' ื‘ื”ืจืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื™"ืข, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžืขืฉืจ ืžื›ืกืคื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื’, ื™) "ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื ื ื‘ื–ืืช, ืืžืจ ื”' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื ืœื ืืคืชื— ืœื›ื ืืช ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™". ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 'ื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืฉืžืฉื™', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”', ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• "ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื ื ื‘ื–ืืช", ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืชื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื™, ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืชื–ื›ื• ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™. ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื˜') ืื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืจ'? ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชืชืขืฉืจ! ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”'ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ื–ื™"ืข ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืกื’ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืชื™ื ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื' ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืช"ื—. ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืชืง ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืœืคืจื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืง"ืง ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”: "ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืขื•ืฉืจื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื ื•ืžื ื—ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—) ื›ื™ ืื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ื ืฉื™ ืคื” ืื™ื ื ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™"... ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ื”ืง' "ืžืฉื‘ื— ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื ื–ื”ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ". ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื 'ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื' ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืœืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœืช, ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืœืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื? ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื–ืฆ"ืœ (ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืž"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืž"ื˜) ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื• ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืจืง ื™ืชื ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื". ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื•ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ, ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืงืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ, ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื” ืืช ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื• ืœืืœืชืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ. ื›ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘, "ืœืชืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”" โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืคืœ ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื, ืžืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. ื ืชื™ื ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืœืชื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ ืขืœ ืกื’ื•ืœืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื' ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”', ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืชื™", ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืฉ"ื™ "ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืžืฉื™", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”'. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื›ื™ืœ ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื, ืืœืคื™ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื›ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข 'ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ' ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ื•ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžื ื” ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื•. ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื›ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ืงืงื™ ื•ืกื•ืขื“ื™ 'ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ', ื‘ื›ืš ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื' ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”', ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”' "ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชืชืขืฉืจ โ€“ ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™".
The RRC often integrates visual elicitation methods into research projects using video and photo data (see Negotiating Resilience and Spaces and Places). In our experience, using these methods allows youth to reflect on the research topic before going into an interview. It also gives them control over the interview process allowing youth to introduce topics of importance. To document processes associated with resilience, the RRC has been making videos of a full day in the life of youth in many different cultures and contexts. Filming begins soon after the youth wakes up and continues for as much of the day as possible. We combine these videos and photographs in elicitation interviews. This helps us explore, with youth, their lives as well as what they do and what others do for them, that help the youth cope. Following the filming, each youth is given a camera and asked to take pictures of aspects of their lives that help explain how they cope with adversity. We generally give youth about a week to do this to give them time for reflection and meaningful pictures. We ask them not to delete any photos as sometimes those photos turn out to be meaningful. We have also found that in some communities and contexts, asking youth to use their cell phones or iPods is the best approach. The youth are familiar with this technology are therefore more likely to remember to take photos since it is already part of their daily life. While the youth take their photos, each day-long video capture is reviewed by the local site researcher and research assistants. Each reviewer suggests a selection of focal interchanges that are felt to exhibit aspects of resilience. Adult members of the team then create a 30-minute compilation of clips that they think demonstrate aspects of protective processes associated with resilience.
The primary way we understand how the brain works is by looking at the electrical activity of the neurons in the brain. This is how neurons โ€œtalkโ€ to one another. โ€œCurrently, the available set of probes and materials for monitoring brain activity have limitations such as limited light output or they are inherently toxic,โ€ said Dr. Igor Medintz, the Navyโ€™s Senior Scientist for Biosensors and Biomaterials at NRL. According to Medintz, developing new materials to look at this communication has been one avenue to address this problem. โ€œYou need a material that can do two things,โ€ Delehanty added. โ€œThe material needs to engage that electrical process [in the brain] and give you some type of output that you can see optically through a microscope.โ€ The team at NRL knew that quantum dots would be an excellent candidate for this application due to their ability to give off light, something you can see, in conjunction with their sensitivity to respond to the electrical signals routing through the brain. QDs are very much like โ€œartificial atoms,โ€ having unique properties that can be engineered for specific applications such as the color of the emitted light, by controlling the QDโ€™s size, and the sensitivity to electric or magnetic fields by controlling structure and composition. โ€œQuantum dots have a lot of advantages,โ€ said Delehanty. โ€œTheyโ€™re much brighter, theyโ€™re much more stable, and they can be designed to engage the electrical process appropriately.โ€
ืื™ืš ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช? ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืื– ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืชื’ืœื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ืžืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื– ืจื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื•. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื, ืจืง ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื• ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืกืœ ืืฉืคื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืกืœ ืืฉืคื” ื•ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื• ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœ ื•ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืžืฉื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืื™ืš ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืคื— โ€œืืฉืคื”โ€? ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืžืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืคื— โ€œืืฉืคื”โ€ ื•ื ืคืชื—ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืงืœื™ืง ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉืจ ื ืคืชื— ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืคื™ืข ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ (restore). ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืžื—ืง. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘. ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืงืชื ืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืืœื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงืฉื™ื ctrl + alt+ delete ืื– ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืžื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื— ืืฉืคื” ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื•. ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกืœ ืืฉืคื”? ืื ืงืจื” ืœื›ื ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”ื”, ืื– ืชื“ืขื• ืฉืจื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื‘ืœ ืชืฆืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืชืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืžื—ืง. ืขื ืคื ื™ื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืชืกืคืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืงืจื” ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ืชืื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื ื‘ื“ืง ืืชื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื ื•ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื˜ื™ืค ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขโ€ืค ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘: ื›ื“ืื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
To learn much more about Japanese Ghosts, check out my book Yurei: The Japanese Ghost Yureiโ€”Japanese Ghostsโ€”follow certain rules; obey certain laws. They have a specific appearance and purpose. These rules supply authenticity, making them culturally relevant and recognizable. Also, these rules make them more horrifying than the constantly changing Western ghost, which can be played for laughs, romance, or fear at any given moment. Each aspect of a yurei is bound by centuries of culture and tradition. There is a โ€œwhyโ€ behind everything, and the story of the individual aspects of the yurei can be as fascinating as the yurei stories themselves. Click the title of each to be taken to the full story. A country as obsessed with ghosts as Japan is obviously going to have more than a single word. Just as in English, there are several words meaning โ€œghost,โ€ but each with a different usage and feel. Black hair. White face. White kimono. Whisper the word Japanese ghost to anyone, and that is the image that will appear in their head. For Americans, the image generally comes from Japanese horror films where white-kimonoed girls crawl from TV sets or rise from wells. But to Japanese people, the costume of a white kimono has a more somber feel. Most likely over their lives they will wrap more than one loved one in the traditional burial garment called a kyokatabira. What are those odd, triangle-shaped hats or headbands worn by some Japanese ghosts? That is a difficult question to answer because, while there are several opinions, nobody really knows. The gentle drops of falling rain. A lonely willow tree standing near a graveyard. And a Japanese ghost, called a yurei, waiting below. This is our image of a yurei, and when we imagine this picture of the yurei, it has no feet. What is a yokai? What is a mononoke? What is a bakemono? Are yurei also yokai? These seemingly basic questions have no precise answers. Almost everyone has their own ideas, and they seldom agree with each other. Because folklore isnโ€™t a science.
ื‘ืชืข"ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืœื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื— ืœื—ื™ ืขื“ื ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฃ. ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื”
Challenges and Opportunities for Education About Dual Use Issues in the Life Sciences (2010)Board on Life Sciences Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy. Learn more on our expert consensus reports. A workshop at the Polish Academy of Science in November 2009 was the latest in a series of activities organized by national and international scientific organizations to address concerns that continuing advances in the life sciences, while offering great current and potential benefits, could also yield knowledge, tools, and techniques that could be misused for biological weapons or for bioterrorism. The National Research Council, in partnership with several international scientific organizations, convened this workshop in response to a U.S. State Department request for recommendations on the most effective education, internationally, of life scientists on โ€œdual useโ€ issues. The workshop focused on how education about these issues might form part of a much broader response to the potential risks. The workshop sought to identify a baseline about (1) the extent to which dual use issues are currently included in postsecondary education in the life sciences, (2) in what contexts that education is occurring, and (3) what online educational materials addressing research in the life sciences with dual use potential already exist. The workshop identified gaps and needs and this report recommends ways in which those gaps might be filled and the needs met. - At present, most of the examples of education about dual use issues occur as part of more general education about responsible conduct of research, in basic life sciences courses, as part of biosafety training, or within bioethics. In the United States, this extends to the specific education on responsible conduct of research (RCR) and research ethics that is mandated by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. - Available evidence suggests that, to date, there has been very limited introduction of education about dual use issues, either as stand-alone courses or as parts of other courses. - Because a significant amount of information and training about responsible conduct and biosafety is provided informally, either through dedicated modules outside regular coursework or in-laboratory mentoring by senior researchers, current evidence may understate the education on these general issues that is actually available to students. - Some evidence shows an increase in the introduction of dual use issues into education in the life sciences. These examples come from all over the world and seem to result primarily from the work of an interested, committed individual or a specific project, often by a nongovernmental organization.
I've spent half a century (yikes) writing for radio and printโ€”mostly print. I hope to be still tapping the keys as I take my last breath. In his 1906 novel, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the South Fork of the Chicago River as a โ€œgreat open sewer.โ€ Meat packers dumped entrails, bones, and fat, into the waterway and created a toxic sludge so solid people could walk on it (see above). Then, the river started to froth and foam from escaping gas, so Chicagoans called it the Bubbly Creek. On Christmas Day 1865, what became known as the Union Stockyards opened; it was the consolidation of several smaller stockyards in the city. The meat packers gathered their businesses next to the stockyards by the South Fork of the Chicago River. Originally, the area was just wetlands until channels were dredged. As Chicago became a railroad hub, the processing of meat grew to be a gigantic undertaking; handling 15 million head of livestock a year at its peak. The Herald News reports that โ€œBy the close of the 19th century, the stockyards became a popular tourist attraction by allowing visitors to view the killing floors and โ€˜disassembly linesโ€™.โ€ (Martha, let's take the kiddies to see the moo cows and lambs getting slaughtered). The gruelling and unpleasant work was done mostly by immigrants, who were willing to put up with a dangerous and unsanitary workplace in order to get a toehold on the American dream. The smell was overpowering and the conditions of employment were described by Upton Sinclair as โ€œwage slavery.โ€ The South Fork of the Chicago River ran beside the meat-packing complex. It was dredged and widened and the slaughterhouses found it a convenient place to dump all the bits of animals they couldnโ€™t sell. The Bubbles Rise Bones, entrails, offal, blood, and manure from the stockyards were chucked into the river. But, the gunk didnโ€™t all flow away into Lake Michigan as hoped. Some of the foul stew settled on the riverbed and nature began its decomposing process; the result was gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide. The river could be heard gurgling and bubbles started rising to the surface. Some of the stinking effluent did make its way to Lake Michigan, which is where the city of Chicago got its drinking water. Wise heads cautioned that feces and other obnoxious substances in tap water was not a good idea. So, in 1900, a massive engineering project was completed and the flow of the South Fork was reversed to discharge into the Mississippi watershed if its slow-moving and curdling slop ever made it that far. The grease and chemicals that are poured into it undergo all sorts of strange transformations, which are the cause of its name; it is constantly in motion as if huge fish were feeding in it, or great leviathans disporting themselves in its depths. Here and there the grease and filth have caked solid, and the creek looks like a bed of lava; chickens walk about on it, feeding, and many times an unwary stranger has started to stroll across and vanished temporarily.โ€ Upton Sinclair, The Jungle But, Bubbly Creek still bubbled. Hereโ€™s a disquieting description from C. A. Jennings, who wrote in the Journal of the American Water Works Association, in 1948 that the bubbling โ€œwould become so violent at times as to cause geysers or eruptions lasting several minutes and measuring several feet across. The material brought to the surface was as black as ink.โ€ Elsewhere along the course of the South Branch, factories tossed in heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and chemicals with unpronounceable names. Remediation of Bubbly Creek The stockyards and meat-packing plants were closed in 1971 but the river continues to bubble today. In the 1990s, a single life form could be detected in the putrid mire; the aptly named bloodworm feasted on the rancid remains. The river is almost stagnant so some of the horrible stuff that was put into has stayed around giving later generations the monumental task of cleaning up the mess. There has been a program of pumping compressed air into the creek to bring some life to the water but it has only achieved limited success. It has fallen to the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers to deal with the issue. A study in 2005 came up with a $15.4 million plan. The Army Corpโ€™s idea was to encapsulate the sludge on the river bottom with sand and rocks and to install native plants to keep the new river bed in place. But, this program stalled in squabbling over liability issues and bureaucratic red tape. Absent human action, nature has begun a cleanup of its own. Science writer Ada McVean notes that โ€œvisitors have reported seeing ducks, turtles, geese, woodpeckers, and fish while canoeing. The fish, unsurprisingly, are not fit for human consumption, and likewise swimming in the creek should be avoided.โ€ A few tenacious plants have put down roots, but Bubbly Creek remains a very long way from being a health body of water. - At the start of the twentieth century, 82 percent of the meat consumed in America came from the Chicago stockyards. - At one point, an enterprising man started scooping up the grease and fat that was floating on the river. He then sold the goop as lard. When the meat packers realized they were discarding a product they could sell they took over the manโ€™s business. - Even today, Bubbly Creek gets new assaults; when heavy rainfall overwhelms Chicagoโ€™s storm-sewer system, raw sewage gets carried into Bubbly Creek. - Some have suggested dredging the slime out of Bubbly Creek, but others say that might reveal some even more unpleasant finds, such as cars with bodies in the trunk. - โ€œThen & Now: Union Stockyards โ€“ Chicago.โ€ The Herald-News, January 16, 2018. - โ€œBubbly Creek.โ€ Industrialhistory.com, January 15, 2016. - โ€œBubbly Creek: An Environmental Quagmire for Federal Agencies and Local Activists.โ€ WTTW, June 10, 2019. - โ€œThe Significance of the Bubbly Creek Experiment.โ€ C. A. Jennings, Journal (American Water Works Association), October 1948. - โ€œAn Environmental Disaster Brought to You by Meat: Chicagoโ€™s Bubbly Creek.โ€ Ada McVean, Skeptical Inquirer, March 27, 2020. - โ€œPlan to Restore Bubbly Creek Stalls Amid Contamination Concerns.โ€ Ted Gregory, Chicago Tribune, June 26, 2015. This content reflects the personal opinions of the author. It is accurate and true to the best of the authorโ€™s knowledge and should not be substituted for impartial fact or advice in legal, political, or personal matters. ยฉ 2020 Rupert Taylor Miebakagh Fiberesima from Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NIGERIA. on June 20, 2020: Rupert, thanks for sharing. But it pains me to note man destroy his economic environment. I am a fisher and I know how bad to kill the sea and its life.
ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืงื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืช'. ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ 21 ื”ืœื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ. ืžืขืชื”, ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“? ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื ืขื•"ื“ ืชื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก: ืžืื™ 21 ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“, ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืœื”ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืื ืžืขืกื™ืง ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช? ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ ืขื ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•"ื“ ืื•ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืคืจื™ืœ 21 ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•! ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•"ื“ ืชื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื”. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง: "ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืคืœ". ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช: ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื”. ืืคืจื™ืœ 21 ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืืจื ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ืฅ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืžื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงื™ื - ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืจื•ื ื”... ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื™ืช ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื•ืจืืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื•ื ืชื ื” 7 ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœืžืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. .ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืขืฉื™ืจื” ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 21 ืงื ื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ืืฆืœ 'ืจืžื™ ืœื•ื™'? ืœืคื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•! ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ืช ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ: "ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—". ื•ืžื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช? ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ - "ื”ืืžืช ืชืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ". ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“? ืงืจืื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืชืจ Ynet ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 20 ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื—ื‘! ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืชืž"ืœ ื•ืจืž"ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช 1728 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื‘. ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื•ืœืขื•ื”"ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘-ืฉืจืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 20 ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•: ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื“ื—ืชื” ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœืชื•"ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ื•ืืœื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช? ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก. ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 20 ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ TheMarker ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื ื•, ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจื– ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืืชืจื™ื, ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœืชื‘"ืข; ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืฉืกืชื•ื ืืžื•ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื; ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื™; ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 20 ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ื—ืœืคื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื” (ื”ืคืขื โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืš), ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ืจื™ื›ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉ'ืขืฉื• ืืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜' ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช. ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืง "ื“ืœื™ ื“ืœื™ื”", ื‘ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ ืชื•ื›ืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ? ื•ืื ืชื•ื›ืจ ื›ื–ื• - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”? ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“? ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 20 ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื”ืื ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื’ืคื”? ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ? ืขื•"ื“ ื”ื“ืก ืฉื’ื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืชืจ YNET. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 20 ืื ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ื“ ื‘ืจื“ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืงื‘ืขื•, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืชื•ื•ื›ื—? ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ืจื’ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™. ื•ื”ืืžืช? ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคืชื™ืข... ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”! ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 20 ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื™ื•ื–ื, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื/ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื›ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื-ื’ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื›ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื’ืจื•-ื˜ืง, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 14 ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื; ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืื ืœ ืฉืœ 10 ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ), ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ื ืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘, ืื›ืŸ ื™ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืืœื” ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืชืคื ื• ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 20 SBGTW ื’ืื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช PulseNmore ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ HMO ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ PulseNmore ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืจื•ืคื ืื• ืกื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš covid-19 ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ SBGTW ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช PulseNmore: ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืฉืช ืคืจื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 20 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขืจืขื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018 ื•ืงื‘ืข: "ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ื—ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื›ืจื–". ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืืชืจื™ื - ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื›ืจื– ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื•ืคืชื•ื— โ€“ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืฉืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ืชืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ: "ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืื•ืช ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื." ื™ื•ืœื™ 20 ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ื”ื ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ" ื™ื•ืœื™ 20 ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืคืจืกื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืž"ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ. ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืชื•ืžื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืžืจื—ื™ืงื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืกืกื•ืช ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”". ืžืื™ 20 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ืข: ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื ืงืœืขื• ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชืž"ื 38. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืชืž"ื 38 ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืขื•ื”"ื“ ืกืœืื ื—ืืžื“ ื•ืชื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืš ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื’ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ืžืื™ 20 ืื™ ืฉื ื‘-2007, ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก - ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ "ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" >> 13 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืคืช ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกื”, ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœืืžืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืื ื—ืืžื“, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืจืชืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ 'ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจ' ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืืกืคืงื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”" โ€“ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™: ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื•ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ "ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ืฉื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื”ื โ€“ ืื™ื ื ื” ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ โ€“ ืคืกื•ืœื”". ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื” "ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื’ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื". ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ, ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ื•- Shelly Lev Sherman ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื–ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืคืขืœืช ืืชืจ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืคื’ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™". ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ืื 1+1 = 2, ื”ืื 1+1 ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื 11? ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืงืจืื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื ื•, ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืœื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”. ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ื”ืื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื! ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืื—ืจืช? ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืŸ ืื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ โ€“ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจ, "ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื—ืชื ื”ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ". ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 20 ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช 148 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืช ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื”ืฆืขื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื•ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืœื—ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 33 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจื–. ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื“ื” ืžืจืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชืŸ. ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 19 ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ื•ืกืœืื ื—ืืžื“, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืžืกืžืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœ'ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช' ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ - ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜: ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 19 ืขื•"ื“ ื˜ืœื™ ื’ืจืื™ืคืจ ืฆื•ืจืคื” ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืขื•"ื“ ื’ืจืื™ืคืจ ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืก ื—ื•ื“ืง ืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช'. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ื• ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื’ืจืื™ืคืจ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 19 ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืกืคื— ืืœื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™? ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”? ืงืจืื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ืืช ืžืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืฉืช, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 19 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ZUTA CORE โ€“ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช SilicoNegev ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช ืžื˜"ืข (ืžืจื›ื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช), ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช, ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืจืชื™ื, ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื’ืื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืขืžื•ืชืช ืžื˜"ืข ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” 500,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”! ื™ื•ืœื™ 19 ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื›-20 ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืชืง ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช. ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช; ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื; ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ FCB ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ONE1; ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช IDB, ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ืงืžืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื’ื•ืœื”; ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืืฃ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื "ืืœื™ืื ืก", ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืžื™ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1994 ืœ-1998 ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช) ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคืจื˜ื™. ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืคืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง, ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ื”"ื“ ืฉื‘ืœืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืกืง ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ ื—ื•ื‘, ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืจื›ืฉ, ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืžืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ืืกื•ืชื ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืจื›ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”-IT ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื’, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ; ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจื”-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช; ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™-ืงืคื™ื˜ืœ; ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช DeKelOil (ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืกื—ืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ) ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื™ืจื›ื– ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืงื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืณ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื•ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-35 ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 14 ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื ื”ืœื™, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื”, ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ELG ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช Cathay Associates ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ืžืื™ 19 ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื. ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื–ืจื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžืจื•ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” - ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืจืงืข - ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื ืขืœ ืžืœื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขืกืงื•ืช ืืœื”. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื˜ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืฉื‘ื”, ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ "ืขืžื“ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืขื ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—" ืžืื™ 19 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, (ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื), ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืจื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 47 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืคืœื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข. "ืžืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื”", ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืคืจ ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื ืžื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืžืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืืคืจื™ืœ 19 ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืคืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชื• ืขืœื™ื›ื? ืื ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืื™ื–ื• ืขืจื›ืื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืจื ื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื? ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ - ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘. ืงืจืื• ื‘ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก - Globes ืืช ืžืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืฉืช ืคืจื™ , ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ ืืคืจื™ืœ 19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ 31 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืจืฉ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื" ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ื›ื ื™: "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช: "ืžื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™"? ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ? ืงืจืื• ื‘ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก - Globes ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืขืคืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•: ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 19 ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช "ืฉื‘ืก ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ" ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื“ 30% ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืœื• ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, "ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื‘"ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืฃ ื™ื–ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข... ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืก, ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืชืื•ืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ..." ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 18 ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืจืžืŸ ื•ืขื ื‘ืจ ื˜ืœ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืชื—ื ื—ืžื™ ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™, ื‘ืขืชื™ืจืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ "ืขืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ 70 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ" ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 18 ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ืคืกืงื• 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ืขื•"ื“ Amir Witkon, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื• - Tali Graifer ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”, ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ืขืชื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฆื™-ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืช"ื? ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 18 ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”. ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื”ื, ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ "ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— - ืื™ื ื• ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ืคืงืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ืœื”ืคืงืจืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช". ืขื•"ื“ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ "ืชืžื•ื” ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 'ืคืจืก' ืœืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช". ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“? ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 18 ืขื•"ื“ ืชื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืžืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืžื›ืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ื; ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื’ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™? ื™ื•ื ื™ 18 ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ 7 ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ืชืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงืจืงืข? ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื” ืžืจืงืจ ืžืื™ 18 ืžืฆ"ื‘ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืชื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก โ€“ ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืืžืจื•, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืขื•"ื“ ื’ื•ืจ ื›ื™ "ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื—ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืžืœื ื—ืœืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื”". ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืขืฉื™ืจื”. ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 18 ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืคืฆื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช EMG ื‘-1.033 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœืืกืคืงืช ื’ื– ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื›ืขืช ืชื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ EMG ืฉืงืจืกื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื "ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ" ืžื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ืืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ืชืงื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, "ืื EMG ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืชืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช". ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“? ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 18 ืžืฆ"ื‘ ืคืจืกื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืกืคื’ื• ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2013. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ 132 ื—ืงืœืื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื โ€“ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” 170 ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื•-ืืค ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 18 ืžืฆ"ื‘ ืคืจืกื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก , ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืคื˜ื ื˜" ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืื• ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—", ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ืช ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก. ื™ื ื•ืืจ 18 ืžืฆ"ื‘ ืคืจืกื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก, ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืช"ื, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ืœืื•ืŸ - ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื™ื ื•ืืจ 18 ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”: ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืกืง ื‘ืื™ืœืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืš 22 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ื“ื—ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื”ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœืคื™ื”: "ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื", ืขืจืขืจื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื ื“ื—ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืคืขื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืš 20 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื” ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืชืคืชื ื•, ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื-ืžื–ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืื™ืœืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš. ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื”: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืžืจืฅ-ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืฅ - ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021: ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื›ื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืข''ืฉ 424<phone> ืกื™ื’ืœ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื ' ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ โ€“ ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื’ืืœ (ืžื™ื•ื 21.3.21) ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืกื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื. ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ื™ื ื•ืืจ 21 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ-ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ - ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020: ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช - ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืื•ืฉืจื• ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื 27.12.2020 ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื 9.1.2021 (ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”) (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื’ืจ"). ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื โ€“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื โ€“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“". ืื ื• ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ืชืฉืก"ื‘-2002 ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืœืคื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ืชืฉืก"ื‘-2002 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ื”ื—ื•ืง"). ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ - ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020: ืคืกื™ืงื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืข"ืž ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืคืกื™ืงื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืข"ืž ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื". ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืžืžืฆืื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™". ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”". ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชืงื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืจืื” ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชืงื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืจืื”". ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืžื–ื›ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช - ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื›ื ืžื–ื›ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช". ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื 28.10.20 ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืืœืฅ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืœืžืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืคืช, ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื›ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•. ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ - ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืžืื™ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 2020: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืืคืจื™ืœ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืžืจืฅ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2020: ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื“, ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• - ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืคืงืง . ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื•ืžืฅ. ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืชืฉืžื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช! ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ื™ื ื•ืืจ 20 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 19 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019: ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื” - ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019: ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื, ืœื ืื—ืช, ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืขืจืจ, ืื• ืฉืžื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช? ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื” (2019) ื ืžื•ื’ ืœื• ื•ื ืขืœื ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื ื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื—-1988, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื ืขืœืžื• ื’ื "ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื", "ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื" ื•"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื"... ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืชืคืกื• "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื—-1988", "ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช", "ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช" ื•-"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช". ื”ืื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช? ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžืคื™ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื•ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื‘ืจื, ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš โ€“ ืงืจื™, ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข? ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช - ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืกืจ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืคืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืกืจ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืคืงื™ื, ื”ืชืฉืข"ื– 2017- ("ื”ื—ื•ืง") ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืกื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”- OECD. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืคืงื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ), ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ืžื•ืจืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืกืขืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืชืฉืก"ื–-2007, ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ื”"ื ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ 2017: ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื - ืœื ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ". ืื•ืœื, ืื ืคืขื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื’ืœ ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช', ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉ'ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื'. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขื•"ื“ ืฉื ื™ืจ, ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืžืœื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืจื’ืœ 'ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™' ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืชืฉืก"ื– โ€“ 2007 ("ื”ื—ื•ืง") ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืกืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ("ื”ืžืžื•ื ื”"). ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ื, ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืืœื”. ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ืคืขืœื• ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-26 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืœื ื•ืช - ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื•, ืœืžืขื ื ื• ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงืœ - ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืžืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงืœ - ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืžืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื”. ืœืœื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืงื•ืช - ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื• ืœืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืœ, ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื ื™ืชื ื• "ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื" ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชื—ืžื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชื—ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ (ื•ืชืž"ืœ) ืžืขืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืืš ืกืคืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ ืœืœื—ื, ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช. ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื›ืš, ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืจืขื‘ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืชืžืดืœ, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืœื—ืžื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืืคื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื. ื”ืื ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ืžื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›โ€“ 310 ืืœืฃ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›โ€“ 20 ืืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช. , OECDโ€“ ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื— ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื. ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช: ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื™ืœื“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 15 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื“ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” (ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื™ืœื“) ืงื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช ื™ืœื“ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ืกืคื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื”ื. ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื˜ื” ืงืกื. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืกืœื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”", ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืก, ื“ื•ื”ืจ ืืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืœื•ืœืจ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ - ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจืช. ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™...... ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช- ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื” โ€“ 1.7.2016 ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื” ื”ืคืขื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืขื“ื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 12 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื (ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืžืœ), ื”ืชืฉืก"ื”- 2005, ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืžืžื ื•, ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื“ื•"ื— ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2016, ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื ื•ืกื— ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ืจื’ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื", ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื‘ืชืงื ื” 5ื’ ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš (ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื), ื”ืชืฉ"ืœ- 1970 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ"). ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” 2016- ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื•ืฉืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜- 1999 ("ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช") ื•ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืžื›ื•ื—ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื ืคืงื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืงืœื•ืช: ื ืกื™ืงืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘-16%, ื•ืžื™ืงืžื• ืืช ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ื›ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”. ืขื•"ื“ ืขืคืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™. ืงืจืื• ื›ืขืช: "ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง" - ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ, ื•ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืกื‘ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ื ื’ื‘? ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ื ื’ื‘? ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื”? ืขื•"ื“ ืขืคืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืชืกื‘ืกื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื” (2016) ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘? ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื—! ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชืŸ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช, ืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื–, ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก. "ื”ื“ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืŸ" ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 9ื‘(ื‘) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืจืฉืื™ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืกืงื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืฆื• ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื• ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื• ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืฆื•, ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืžืืจื ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืคืชื— ืฉื ืช 2016 ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืก ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืชืฉืก"ื– โ€“ 2007, ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืกืคืงื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื) ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืืฆืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื—ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืงื˜ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฉืง ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื• ืœื”ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืœืฆื“ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื (ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื”), ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื (ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”"ื ื›ื•ืŸ", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” "ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ", ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืฃ ื™ืชืจ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช..) ื™ืฉืคืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื™ืžืชื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื™ื‘ืกืก ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”, ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื”, ื™ืฉื“ืจื’ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืชืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช? ื‘-15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืž-27% (ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™) ืœ-5% ืชื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช - ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืฉืจ ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืืฉืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ 20% ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขืกืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื (Brands). ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ืื• ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ "ืžื™ืชื•ื’" ืขืกืงื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืื• ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื•..... ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ . ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ 140 ืž"ืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 19(ื’) ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 100 ืž"ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 150 ืž"ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก "ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ", ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™. ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื’ืœืขื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื–ืจ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ืžืฆ"ื‘. ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›-1,440,000 ืื™ืฉ ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›-18% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช (ืœืงื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื”), ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืื• ืฉื›ืœื™ืช. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื• ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืจื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง, ืฉื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ื (ื‘ื’"ืฅ 3250/13)... ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืž"ื 38 ืชืž"ื 38 ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”. ืชืž"ื 38 ื›ืœืœื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 2005, ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื (ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 11 ื•-14 ืœืชืž"ื). ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืขืจืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคืจืกืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ("ืฉื•ืคืจืกืœ") ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืืคืจื™ื ืจื•ื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื•ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืกื—ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ("ืจื•ื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื–" ื•"ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ", ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“: "ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื"), ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื—- 1988 ("ื”ื—ื•ืง") ืขืœ ื›ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืงื ืก ื›ืกืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืจื•ื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื™ืจืฆื” ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืงื ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืžืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืื™ืคื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื? ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™, ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืœืคื™ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 25 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื›ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืงืคื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืกืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื 6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014 ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 25 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ โ€“ 1999 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•-"ื”ื—ื•ืง", ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”). ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืงืคื• ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•, ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื 6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015... ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืœืงื•ื—ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื ืง ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœ"ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช" (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช)? ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœืงื•ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ื›ืื•ื•ืช-ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืžืชืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช; ืื• ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก" ืขืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื• ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืฃ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื• ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื•ื? .... ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื—ื“ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”"), ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื” ื›"ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื-ืื—ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™, ืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืงื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื... ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ืก ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืžืฉื ืช 2003, ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืก ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ืœืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื›ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•. ื”ืžืชื ืขืจื™ื ืžืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™" ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื’ืŸ ืœืืžืฅ ืคื•ื’ืžืช ื‘"ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช" ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื›ื™ ืื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™... ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ืžืœ, ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™- ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืืช? ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืžื“ื“ ื—ื•ืฃ ื ืงื™". ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื›ื ืงื™ื™ื - ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืž61% ืžื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœ34% ืžื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื. ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ื’ืœ ืฉื ื™ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื”: ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœืื‘ื•ืช; ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื 1.7.2016, ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืฉื™"ื โ€“ 1951, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืžื›ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืงืœื ื“ืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”). ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื• ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข), ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื, ื›ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื•, ืœ- 11 ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ 5 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•- 13 ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ 6 ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžื›ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื 1.7.2016, ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืฉื™"ื โ€“ 1951, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืžื›ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืงืœื ื“ืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”). ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื• ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข), ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื, ื›ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื•, ืœ- 11 ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ 5 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•- 13 ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ 6 ื™ืžื™ื.
A new study from Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm shows that hundreds of genes in the thigh muscle are activated in regular cycle training. The study also reveals that great differences in training response may be due to the ability in some people to activate their genes much more forcefully. The study is published May 2 in FASEB Journal. It is common knowledge that it is very dangerous to be inactive and that regular physical activity brings health, improves quality of life and extends life span. How these positive effects are created in the body is not known. Influences on gene activity in the heart, vessels and muscles are probably immensely important. In this study, the first of its kind, Drs James Timmons, Carl J Sundberg and co-workers show that hundreds of genes are activated by regular cycle training for six weeks in young healthy men. Some of these genes are most likely linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These training study findings can therefore be important for the development of new treatment strategies for such diseases. Cite This Page:
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง. ืื“ืžื™ื ื– ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื. ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ONLINE ืžืจืฆื™ื ื•ืžื ื—ื™ื ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืฃ ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ืจ, ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™, ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื’ืข. ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ื ื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืก ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื™ ืืœื“ื“ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉืชื“ืขื™ ืฉืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจโคืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื–ื›ื™ืชื™! ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืจื™ืืŸ, ืืช ืืœื•ืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืขื–ืจืช ืœื™, ื—ืคืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉืชืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ืฉื™ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืฉื’ืจ ื•ืฉื›ื—", ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขื™ื, ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืื“ื™ื‘. ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื! ื ื•ืขื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ื ื– ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขืกืงื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ืขืจืš ืžืœื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืกืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ื ื–, ื•ื™ืคื” ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืงื•ื“ื. ืจื•ืขื™ืžื ื›ืดืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ADMINZ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืกืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืคืงื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืžืขืงื‘ ื’ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื™ื, ื”ื–ื ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืžืขื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ื”ื–ื ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืœื“ืฃ ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืฉื™ืืœ ื•ืขื•ื“
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืจื•ืฅ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื•ืคื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™, 'ื“ืจื•ืจ, ื“ื™'. ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,... ื“ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ 7 ื™ืžื™ื 2 ื“ืงื•ืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื—ืžื™ื. ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ ืงืฉื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ,...
How You Wash and Dry Your Hands Could Make a Difference Alejandra Edwards-Garcia, Marketing Analyst As you may know, respiratory viruses, such as the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) flu, and the common cold, can spread quickly through touch. Therefore, the one way to stop the spread of germs and viruses starts with proper handwashing. Believe it or not, only five percent of adults wash their hands properly after using the restroom, according to Michigan State University. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends thoroughly washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Okay, you already do that? Well, you still could be missing a key step. The Mayo Clinic advises on drying hands completely to avoid germ transference. This crucial step can be done with a hand dryer or other drying method โ€“ what makes the difference is completely drying your hands. The right solution can further promote sanitation. World Dryer touch-free hand dryers allow users to hygienically dry their hands without long waits. Added features such as HEPA filtration removes up to 99.97% of pollutants in the air, including bacteria and viruses. At the same time, antimicrobial coatings inhibit the growth of these and mold on the equipment. So, letโ€™s get back to the basics. If youโ€™re among the 95 percent of people who arenโ€™t washing their hands properlyโ€”itโ€™s as easy as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to do it right. Follow these steps, so you can have a hand in protecting human health. 1. Wet your hands with clean, running water, turn off the tap, and apply soap. 2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Donโ€™t forget to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. 3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the โ€œHappy Birthdayโ€ song from beginning to end twice or pick your favorite tune from this list. 4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water. 5. Dry your hands with a sanitary drying option, like a World Dryer high-speed hand dryer. Following the CDC Handwashing Guidelines not only reduces the possibility of illness for you; it protects the health of those around you. Explore World Dryer to find hygienic drying solutions for your restroom. Thank you for taking the time to wash your hands and remember, weโ€™re all in this together!
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื (ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื• / ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ื–ืžืจ ื•ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ), ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืืกื™ืฃ. ืกืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืืจื” ื™ืœื™ื“ ืฉื ืช 1981 ืžื›ืคืจ ืจืืžื”. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืคืจื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืืจื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืกืื ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ืœืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืืจื” ื—ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ,ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,ืกื™ืจืื’ ื•ื›ื•'.. ื ื’ืŸ ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ืžื• ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืœืกืืคื™,ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉื“ ื•ื›ื•.... ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ืกื™ืจืื’ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžื–ื” 12 ืฉื ื”. ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื™ืืช . ืกืจื•ืจ ืกืœื™ื‘ื ื™ืœื™ื“ ืฉืคืจืขื. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ - ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืื• ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืžื•ื“ืจืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ื (ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืงื•ืช) ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฆืข ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืกืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ - ื›ืœืœื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช - ื›ืœืœื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข - ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช - ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื—ื•ืœ - ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ 70 ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” - ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื–ื 70 ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ืžืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช (ืจืง) ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื - ืคืกื— ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” - ื›ืœืœื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื"ื‘ ืกืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืกืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ ืžืงื ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื™"ื‘, ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืฉืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื—ื•ืœ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช.
ื‘ืจื›ื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“, ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก "ื™ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื”" ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ "ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“". ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืจ ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืกืจ: "ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ื" ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš: 4.7.21 19:22 ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื›ื ืก "ื™ื–ื ื”ืฉื ื”" ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ืคืจืกื™ื ืœ-4 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ". ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื›ื”-ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“, ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืืฉื“ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช "ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“", ืงื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ ื—ืœื‘ื™. ื”ืคืจืก ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” "ืขืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื". ืื™ื™ืœื” ืจื–ื ื™ืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ, ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืคืžืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: Josef ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”: "ืืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื” ื•ื—ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืš ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืš". ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ ื—ืœื‘ื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืขืกืง ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื™, ื•ื”ืชืืžืฆื” ืžืื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• 3 ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. "ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืขืกืง", ืกื™ืคืจื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืœ"ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื", "ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™. ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื”ืฆื“". ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืœืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื™ืงื™ ืกื’ื‘, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ืœืงื•ื—. "ืจื™ืงื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืืชื” ื“ืจืš ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืกืง ืขืฆืžื•. ืžื™ืงื“ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื•ืžื” ืœื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื". ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื™ ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, "ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื™". ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช? "ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ืขืฉื• ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื•ืžืชื•ืš 40 ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื•ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืื™ืฉื™. ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืชืžื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืฆืœ 'ืืกื˜ืœื”' ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง. ื›ืื™ืฉื” ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืจืง ื”ืขืžืกืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื•". ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื? "ื›ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืกืง ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœืชื™ ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืžื™ื“ื”". ื‘ืจื›ื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: josef ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉืช? "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืฅ ืื ื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืžืคืจื’ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกื’ืจ, ื›ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’. ืื– ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆ'ื•ืคืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™". ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืœื”. ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” 15:30, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’, ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ื™ื ืืžื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 27 ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 21. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’' ื•ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืกืง, "ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื”ืขืกืง. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืœื™". ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ืืกื˜ืœื” ืœืžื“ืช ืืฆืœ ืืกื˜ืœื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”? "ื”ืืžืช ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืŸ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืฅ 12 ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืฃ ืคืขื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ืคื™ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืกื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื–ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขืกืง". ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉ"ื— ืžืชื ืช ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช. ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช:, ื™ืขืœ ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื•ืœื‘ืจื’, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื“"ืจ ื”ืœื” ืื•ืจืŸ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ืŸ, ืืคืจืช ืžื ื•ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืจืฉื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจืงืฉ-ื”ื›ื”ืŸ; ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉื™; ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื”ืฃ ื™ื•"ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืขื•ื–ืจื™; ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ; ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ; ืืชื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื™ื•"ืจ ื‘ื ืง ืžืจื›ื ืชื™ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜; ืจื•ืžื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืคื”, ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืื’ืŸ-ืืจื•ืžื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื“ืžื”; ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช "ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ" ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ. ื”ืฉืจื” ืื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจืงืฉ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืจื›ื” ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“, ืจื™ืงื™ ืกื’ื‘. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: JOsef ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจืงืฉ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืจื›ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ืชื ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช: "ืฉื ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืืชื ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืืชื ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื›ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ื. ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ื–ืง ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืœืชืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ืื“ืื’ ืœืชืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื–ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื”, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ืกืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ื™ื–ืžื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”". ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื”, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข: "ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืืœืคื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื–ืจื”. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ื, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืžืœื›"ืจื™ื. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื ื• ืœืืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื". ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืืžืจื”: "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ืื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืืคืฉืจื ื• ื’ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืคืชื—ื ื• ื–ืจื•ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขืžื•ืชื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”". ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืžืจื, ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ. ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืžืจื ื•ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืืœืคื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืง. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื›-4,000 ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืคื ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›"ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืชืจ, ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—, ืฉืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื’ืฉืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“? ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“" ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“" ื—ื“ืฉ! "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“" ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“" ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืขืช ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœื’ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ 11 ืž"ืž ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ื™ืจื“ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื›ืขืช ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ "ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื": ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื˜ืจื˜ืืค? ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช Unistream ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื "ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื", ืงื™ื“ืžื• ื”ืฉื ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื™' ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืืฉื“ื•ื“: ืชืคืก ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืขื ื”ืžืื”ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ื‘ืŸ 50 ืฉืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื ืคืฆืข ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืืฉื“ื•ื“: ื‘ืŸ 18 ื ืคืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื–' - ืžืฆื‘ื• ืงืฉื” ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื ืคืœ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ื•ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงืฉื”. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“: ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืขืฆืจื• 4 ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืืกื•ืจ: ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืกืขื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ื™ืฉ ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ืจื•ื, ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ื™ืฉ ืœืงืฆื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžื—"ืฉ ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื "ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™": ืื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื•ื”ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืื•ื”ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืง ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื”" ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ 5 ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ืงืœ ืฉืฉื•ื ืงืจ, ื ืฉื ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ืงืœ ืฉืฉื•ื ืงืจ ืœ-9. ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื—ืคื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืกื—ื˜ ื•ืžืขืฆืจื• ื”ื•ืืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืชืœื•ื ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื—ืจ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“: ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ "ื—ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช" ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืืฉืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื“ื™ ืืœื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 'ื—ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช', ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช: ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”: ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืž"ื ื‘ืืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืกื’ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ
Basic Compounds for Superalloys: Mechanical Properties explores the mechanical properties of the iron group based intermetallic compounds that are the basis of super-alloys. Chapters explore tensile tests and compressive stress and hardness and provide detailed considerations that are devoted to time dependent deformation, namely creep and cyclic deformation. In addition, a discussion of the nano-crystalline L12 and B2 structures and their mechanical properties is included. Fracture and failure of these materials in both macro and nano-iron based compounds is also considered. This book is ideal for engineers, scientists and technical personnel who work in materials engineering, materials science, and mechanical and chemical engineering. - Provides an in-depth focus on the mechanical properties of Fe- superalloy materials - Includes a discussion of the static, time dependent and cyclic deformation properties of macro- and nano materials - Reviews how superalloy materials behave under a variety of 'in-service' environments and conditions Please Note: This is an On Demand product, delivery may take up to 11 working days after payment has been received. 1. Fe group L12 and B2 structures 2. Testing 3. Testing in Fe Based DO3 4. The Effect of B 5. The Effect of B in the DO3 Structures 6. B2 structures-Testing 7. The effect of Boron (B) on B2 compounds 8. Mechanical Properties of Thin Films in L12 and B2 structures 9. Dislocations in the Fe group L12 and DO3 alloys 10. Dislocations and Strength Anomaly in B2 type crystals 11. Time Dependent Deformation-Creep: L12 and DO3 compounds 12. Time dependent Deformation-Creep: B2 compounds 13. Fatigue (cyclic deformation) in L12 and DO3 14. Fatigue (cyclic deformation) in B2 Compounds 15. Fracture in L12 and DO3 16. Fracture in B2 Intermetallics 17. Mechanical Properties of L12 (DO3) Nano Structures 18. Mechanical Properties of B2 Nano Structures Joshua Pelleg received his B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering at the Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; a M.Sc. in Metallurgy at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL and a Ph.D. in Metallurgy at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. He has been in the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) Materials Engineering Department in Beer-Sheva, Israel since 1970, and was among the founders of the department, and served as its second chairman. Professor Pelleg was the recipient of the Samuel Ayrton Chair in Metallurgy. He specializes in the mechanical properties of materials and the diffusion and defects in solids. He has chaired several university committees and served four terms as the Chairman of Advanced Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Prior to his work at BGU, Pelleg acted as Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor in the Department of Materials and Metallurgy at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Professor Pelleg was also a Visiting Professor: in the Department of Metallurgy at Iowa State University; at the Institute for Atomic Research, US Atomic Energy Commission, Ames, IA; at McGill University, Montreal, QC; at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Applied Electronics Department, Yokohama, Japan; and in Curtin University, Department of Physics, Perth, Australia. His non-academic research and industrial experience includes: Chief Metallurgist in Urdan Metallurgical Works Ltd., Netanyah, Israel; Research Engineer in International Harvester Manufacturing Research, Chicago, IL; Associate Research Officer for the National Research Council of Canada, Structures and Materials, National Aeronautical Establishment, Ottawa, ON; Physics Senior Research Scientist, Nuclear Research Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Materials Science Division, Argonne National Labs, Argonne, IL; Atomic Energy of Canada, Chalk River, ON; Visiting Scientist, CSIR, National Accelerator Centre, Van de Graaf Group Faure, South Africa; Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ; and GTE Laboratories, Waltham, MA. His current research interests are diffusion in solids, thin film deposition and properties (mostly by sputtering) and the characterization of thin films, among them various silicides.
Primary Documents - Romania's Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary, 28 August 1916 Reproduced below is the official Romanian declaration of war with Austria-Hungary, delivered in a note by the Romanian Prime Minister, Ion Bratianu, to the Austrian ambassador in Romania on 28 August 1916. Romania's entry into the war was as much opportunistic as defensive - she hoped to make territorial gains from an Allied victory, and she in any event held a long-standing enmity against Austria-Hungary. In going to war against the Central Powers however Romania laid herself open to the charge - quickly made by Germany and Austria-Hungary - of betraying her own alliance with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Romania's response was straightforward: she argued that the political conditions that applied when she undertook her former alliance (in the 1880s) no longer existed, not least because Italy herself had exited the alliance and joined the Allies fighting against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Click here to read former Romanian Prime Minister Take Jonescu's statement in support of the war effort; click here to read King Ferdinand's proclamation to the Romanian people; click here to read the King's proclamation to the Romanian Army issued the dame day; click here to read the reaction of the German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. Click here to read the statement issued by the Romanian Ambassador to the U.S. in October 1917. Click here to read a memoir of the invasion of Romania by Queen Marie. Ion Bratianu's Declaration of War Delivered to the Austrian Minister in Romania on 28 August 1916 The alliance concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, according to the statements of those Governments, had only a conservative and defensive character. Its principal object was to guarantee the allied countries against attack from the outside and to consolidate the state of affairs created by previous treaties. It was in accordance with these pacific tendencies that Rumania joined this alliance. Devoted to the development of her internal affairs and faithful to her resolution to remain as an element of order and equilibrium on the lower Danube, Rumania never has ceased in her devotion to the maintenance of peace in the Balkans. The last Balkan wars, by destroying the status quo, imposed upon her a new line of conduct, but her intervention gave peace and re-established the equilibrium. For herself she was satisfied with the rectification of her borders which gave her the greatest security against aggression and repaired certain injustices of the Congress of Berlin, but in pursuit of this aim Rumania was disappointed by the failure of the Vienna Cabinet to take the attitude Rumania was entitled to expect. When the present war broke out Rumania, like Italy, declined to associate herself with the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary, of which she had not been notified by the Vienna Cabinet. In the spring of 1915 Italy declared war against Austria-Hungary. The Triple Alliance no longer existed and the reasons which determined Rumania's adherence to this political system disappeared. Rumania remained in the peace group of States, seeking to work in agreement in order to assure peace and to conserve the situation de facto and de jure created by treaties. Rumania then found herself in the presence of powers making war for the sole purpose of transforming from top to bottom the old arrangements which had served as a basis for their treaty of alliance. These changes were for Rumania proof that the object she pursued in joining the Triple Alliance no longer could be attained and that she must direct her efforts in new paths, especially as the work undertaken by Austria-Hungary threatened the interests of Rumania and her national aspirations. Consequently Rumania resumed her liberty of action. The neutrality which Rumania imposed upon herself in consequence of a declaration of war made independently of her will, and contrary to her interests, had been adopted as the results of the assurances that Austria-Hungary, in declaring war against Serbia, was not inspired by a spirit of conquest or of territorial gains. These assurances have not been realized. Today we are confronted by a situation de facto threatening great territorial transformations and political changes of a nature constituting a grave menace to the future of Rumania. The work of peace which Rumania attempted to accomplish, in a spirit of faithfulness to the Triple Alliance, thus was rendered barren by the very powers called upon to defend it. In adhering in 1883 to the group of Central Powers, Rumania was far from forgetting the bonds of blood constituting between them a pledge for her domestic tranquillity, as well as for the improvement of the lot of the Rumanians of Austria-Hungary. In fact, Germany and Italy, who reconstituted their States on the basic principle of nationality, could not but recognize the legitimacy of the foundation upon which their own existence reposed. As for Austria-Hungary, she found in the friendly relations established between her and Rumania assurances of tranquillity both in her interior and on our common frontiers, for she was bound to know to what extent the discontent of her Rumanian population found echo among us, threatening our good relations. For a period of thirty years the Rumanians of Austria-Hungary not only never saw a reform introduced, but, instead, were treated as an inferior race and condemned to suffer the oppression of a foreign element which constitutes only a minority amid the diverse nationalities constituting the Austro-Hungarian States. All the injustices our brothers thus were made to suffer maintained between our country and the monarchy a continual state of animosity. At the outbreak of the war Austria-Hungary made no effort to ameliorate these conditions. After two years of the war Austria-Hungary showed herself as prompt to sacrifice her peoples as powerless to defend them. The war in which almost the whole of Europe is partaking raises the gravest problems affecting the national development and very existence of the States. Rumania, from a desire to hasten the end of the conflict and to safeguard her racial interests, sees herself forced to enter into line by the side of those who are able to assure her realization of her national unity. For these reasons Rumania considers herself, from this moment, in a state of war with Austria-Hungary. Source: Source Records of the Great War, Vol. V, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923 An 'Old Sweat' was slang to denote an experienced soldier. - Did you know?
Railway Street, Nelson, Lancashire, BB9 9AG Tel: 01282 612709 Headteacher: Simone O'Connor. Days off school can lead to lost learning. Gaps in your child's education can mean that they may not achieve their full potential. 365 DAYS IN A YEAR - 175 ARE NON-SCHOOL DAYS!........ .....that means there are 175 days to spend on family time, visits, holidays, shopping, household jobs and other appointments. 190 days in school (0 days absence) =100% Good, Best chance of success, gets your child off to a flying start 180 days in school (10 days absence) = 95% Good, Best chance of success, gets your child off to a flying start 171 days in school ( 19 days absence) = 90% Worrying, Less chance of success, Makes it harder to make progress 161 days in school ( 29 days absence) =85% Worrying, Less chance of success, Makes it harder to make progress 152 days in school (38 days absence) =80% Serious Concern, Not fair on your child, Could lead to Court Action or FPN! 143 days in school (47 days absence) =75% Serious Concern, Not fair on your child! Your child deserves an education. Every day really does count.
Measurement of leaf areas Regular monitoring of plant growth. BASFโ€™s crop protection products undergo many years of extensive risk assessment to ensure that there are no unacceptable effects on plants and animals. Regulatory authorities carefully evaluate these studies and risk assessments before they allow a product to be marketed. BASF is constantly focused on developing innovative products, concepts and partnerships to improve biodiversity, resource efficiency, and the sustainability of farming. Lab employees observe the effects of individual active ingredients on plants. At regular in-tervals, they measure the size of the plantsโ€™ leaves to monitor their growth. The aim of the research is to reduce the concentration of the test substances so that farming has less im-pact on the soil.
The automobile accounts for some 90 percent of all personal travel in the United States, so the government figures it might not be a bad idea to make it as safe as possible. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has been conducting a Research Safety Vehicle Program in an attempt to demonstrate to the public the level of performance it can expect from a car. "A major objective of the program is to demonstrate that buyers of small cars do not have to sacrifice safety and comfort to gain fuel economy," according to a status report written earlier this year. As part of the program, several firms were given contracts to build safe and efficient cars using the best available technology. One of the more interesting vehicles was manufactured by Minicars of Goleta, Calif. First off, the Minicar makes use of available plastics as well as the lightweight sheet metal and energy-absorbing foam to help absorb any crashes better than traditional materials. Both the driver and the passenger are protected by air bags that have two separate air cells - one for rapid chest support and one for head support. Front-seat passenger are protected from crashes at speeds up to 50 miles an hour while an advanced-force safety belt protects back-seat passengers up to 40 mph. The Minicar also employs an anti-lock braking device to combat skidding, and a futuristic radar and microprocessor system that will monitor the road ahead for impending hazards. "In the event of an unavoidable highspeed collision, braking will be accomplished automatically to reduce the impact to a survivable level," according to NHTSA. The microprocessor also includes a "smart" cruise control system that maintains constant speeds when the road is clear, but slows down when a pre-set "safety zone" ahead is occupied by other traffic. The biggest surprise about the Minicar is yet to come. The estimated price of the car, if produced in quantities of 300,000 per year, is $3,925 - less than most of its existing counterparts. Air conditioning and CB radio are optional, of course.
The evolution of aggressive treatment of the newborn infant over the past 45 years has been associated with a dramatic reduction in mortality for virtually all major disease categories in the newborn period. Such care is costly; often causes suffering; and sometimes can result in considerable long-term morbidity. The following quotes provide a perspective: "Neonatal intensive care is responsible for the survival of a significant number of infants who formerly would not have survived. This increased survival has been accomplished with an acceptable level of burden and without substantially increasing the population of handicapped children." - A proponent "Neonatal intensive is a good example of medicine out of control. There is inappropriate use of technology by health care professional who are out of touch with patients and their families. The benefits of increases survival of high risk infants are outweighed by the associated burdens." - An opponent What is the primary justification for the existence of neonatal intensive care units? Increased survival in all birthweight categories from extreme prematurity to term infants with complex congenital anomalies. |Low Birthweight Survival (University of Washington NICU Data Base) *Gest Age in Weeks Added Arbitrarily Assuming Infants +- AGA |Infant Mortality by Selected (Deaths per 100,000 live births) |Respiratory Distress Syndrome |Intrauterine Hypoxia (Birth |Disorders relating to short gestation and low birthweight |Data source: National Center for Health Statistics Is there an increased morbidity associated with higher survival rates? Long-term follow up studies of NICU very low birth weight survivors demonstrate that while many are normal(16%) , there are significant numbers of children with mild(39%), moderate(31%), and severe(14%) handicapping conditions. Major neurodevelopmental handicaps include cerebral palsy, mental retardation, blindness, and deafness. Less severe conditions include lower IQ, learning disabilities, mild movement disorders, etc. (See: โ€œNeurodevelopmental disability through 11 years of age in children born before 26 weeks of gestation.โ€ Pediatrics. 2009; 124; e249-e257.) Data pertaining to the long-term impact of the survival of infants with complex congenital anomalies are less plentiful, but indicate an increased number of handicapped individuals who survive the neonatal/infancy period following successful life-prolonging treatment. Do survivors and families think that aggressive care for very low birth weight infants is good? Self-assessment research of a large group of adolescents, former extra-low birth weight infants, demonstrates that their view of their quality of life was "quite satisfactory". Indeed, when compared to a comparable age group of normal controls, there were few differences between the two groups in their perception of their quality of life. Similar studies have found comparable quality of life assessment with adolescents with and without cerebral palsy, a known complication of prematurity. Physicians judge former premature infantsโ€™ quality of life lower than former premature infants and their families judge themselves. Is it possible to predict which infants will not survive despite aggressive medical/surgical care in the neonatal period? Many researchers have evaluated population-based studies looking at mortality and morbidity (above data). Although general risks can be identified, there are no successful models to assess individualizable predictability of death or disability. Illness severity scores (SNAP-II, CRIB scores) and health care provider intuition scores exist, but none have been validated to predict individual outcomes. Decisions regarding treatment options must be based on population-based studies, physician recommendations, and parental perspectives. Who is the decision-maker regarding the nature of medical care administered to a newborn infant? The biological parents (or parent) have authority regarding the decisions for their child (known as parental authority). This is a universally granted right regardless of the parents' age or other contextual features, unless the parents are declared not competent or otherwise unfit to serve as the child's proxy. There are some limits to such authority. For example, when the discussion occurs in the context of delivery room management of extreme prematurity, usually parents wishes (whatever they may be) are followed at 23 and for the most part 24 weeks gestation. Whereas at 22 weeks most neonatologists are reluctant to aggressively resuscitate and at 25 weeks reluctant to withhold such care. (See โ€œResuscitation in the Gray Zone of Viability: Determining Physicians Preferences and Predicting Infant Outcomes.โ€ Pediatrics. 2007;120;519-526. (See also Parental Decision Making). What is the accepted legal and ethical basis for decision-making regarding the nature of medical care in the newborn infant? The child's best interest is legally and ethically primary and should be weighed over the family's well-being or societal concerns (using the Best Interest Standard). However, there is considerable discussion in the literature about the utility of applying this standard to neonates based on their present or future best interest. Also, much discussion is placed on the need to include the family's interests when making life and death decisions regarding severely compromised infants. In the interest of justice, societal concerns about excessive cost for aggressive care should be addressed at the policy level, rather than on an individual or case-by-case basis. What cost-burden does the neonatal intensive care unit (specifically extremely low birthweight infants) place on the health care system? As of 2001, newborn care cost the healthcare system over $12 billion. Of that, preterm or low birthweight infants generated 47% of this healthcare expense. On average, a preterm infantโ€™s hospital stay costs $15,000/patient, with extremely premature infants (<28 weeks) costing an average $65,000/patient (information adapted from Russell et al 2007). Although these costs are individually high, only 1-2% of preterm infants are born <28 weeks gestation. The largest financial burden to the healthcare system is generated by late-preterm infants (born at 34+ weeks gestation). In fact, if healthcare were rationed to exclude medical care to infants born <27 weeks gestation, it would only save the healthcare system 6% of its annual newborn care expenditure.
Ante Paveliฤ‡, (born July 14, 1889, Bradina, Bosniaโ€”died Dec. 28, 1959, Madrid), Croatian fascist leader and revolutionist who headed a Croatian state subservient to Germany and Italy during World War II. As a practicing lawyer in Zagreb, Paveliฤ‡ entered the nationalist Croatian Party of Rights. In 1920 he was elected city and county alderman at Zagreb. From 1927 to 1929 he was a representative in the Yugoslav Skupลกtina (parliament), in which he vigorously opposed centralization of the country. When King Alexander assumed dictatorial power (1929), Paveliฤ‡ fled to Italy and organized a group of Croatian terrorists known as the Ustaลกe. They achieved their greatest success in organizing the assassination of King Alexander in Marseille on Oct. 9, 1934. After the conquest of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in April 1941, Paveliฤ‡ was installed as head (poglavnik) of the Independent State of Croatia, which included Bosnia and part of Dalmatia. Under the Ustaลกe regime, whose slogan was โ€œZa dom Spremniโ€ (โ€œReady for the Fatherlandโ€), a brutal program of oppression was conducted against the Orthodox Serbs and the Jews. With the defeat of his German sponsors in May 1945, Paveliฤ‡ left Croatia and went into hiding in Austria and Italy, finally escaping to Argentina in 1948. He survived an assassination attempt in 1957 but soon fled to Paraguay; he later settled in Spain.
ืžืกื˜ื™ืง ืืคื•ืงืกื™ ื“ื•-ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ (ื—ืœืง ื + ื—ืœืง ื‘) ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืœืœื ืžื“ืœืœื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื , ืฉืžื ื™ื , ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืœื•ืช , ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื , ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื , ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื. ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช: โ€“ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื โ€“ ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื™ ื‘ืจื– , ืžื™ ื™ื , ื”ืชืžืœื—ื•ืช , ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ืฉืžื ื™ื, ื“ืœืง ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื“ืœืงื™ื, ืžื“ืœืœื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื. โ€“ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืจื˜ื ื™ื. โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ: โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืชื›ืช ืขื ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื›ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืœื“ื” โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ืคืœื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืฆื ืจืช , ืžื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ. ืœืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช Epolac. ื—ื‘ืจืช Epolac ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ ืœ-50 ืฉื ื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื”, ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื•ื.
Welsh Environment Bill ups business requirements for recyclable waste New legislation has passed in Wales looking to cap the amount of waste materials sent to Energy from Waste (EfW) facilities in the country, as the Welsh Assembly looks to ramp up businesses' recycling efforts. Set to become Welsh law from 2017, the Environment Bill (Wales) includes requirements for businesses to limit the amount of recyclable waste being sent for incineration and a ban on disposable food waste being discarded in sewers. Any businesses that fail to comply with the new regulations will face prosecution. Welsh Environment Minister Carl Sargeant, said: โ€œThis is a great day for Wales as the passing of the Environment Bill will ensure that the sustainable management of our natural resources will be a core consideration in all future decision-making. Current recycling rates in Wales hit a 56.2% high in October - a 1.9% year-on-year increase. The efforts to boost recycling fall under the Billโ€™s overall aim of reducing carbon emissions in the country by at least 80% by 2050. Alongside these commitments, the legislation also adds a requirement for the countyโ€™s body for the natural environment - Natural Resources Wales (NRW) โ€“ to produce reports every five years examining the protection of Walesโ€™ natural resources. Emyr Roberts, chief executive of the regulatory body Natural Resources Wales, said: โ€œThe passing of the Environment Bill puts us in a better position to be able to manage our natural resources in a way that helps us tackle climate change, biodiversity loss and sustainable land management. โ€œThis Bill, along with the Well-being of Future Generations Act and the Planning Act, places sustainable development at the heart of decision making across the public, private and third sectors, which will enable us all to fully recognise the contribution our natural resources make to tackling poverty, health inequalities, creating more jobs and a greener economy.โ€ The new legislation arrives after it was revealed that the UK reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 35% in 2014 from a 1990 baseline. Revealed in a report from DECC, the figures showed that the largest reductions took place in the energy sector, accounting or a 13.6% decrease, largely due to a fall in fossil fuel consumption. DECC stated that the UK emitted 514.4 million tonnes of CO2 in 2014 โ€“ 7.7% less than 2013. Despite the reduction, the central government has done little to affirm its commitment to a low carbon future like its neighbouring policy makers have. Prime Minister David Cameron recently labelled criticism levied at him for the Governmentโ€™s lack of engagement with green policies as โ€˜total, utter nonsenseโ€™. Yet last week the government confirmed that the amount of money given to local authorities in England to allow them to combat rising air pollution issues had been halved. The Government has also failed to meet its own targets for cutting the environmental impact of the state's operations โ€“ which were set in 2010 โ€“ missing out on the 25% carbon reduction target by 3%.
A satellite dish is a parabolic television antenna that receives signals from communication satellites in orbit around the earth. Its sole function is to provide the television viewer with a wider variety of channels. The first communications satelliteโ€” Echo I โ€”was launched by the United States in 1960, transmitting telephone signals. In 1961 Relay began transmitting television signals, and in the same year Syncom established itself as the first geosynchronous satellite capable of transmitting signals to one particular section of the earth's surface continuously. The rapid advances in communication satellite technology were not simultaneously matched by advances in satellite dish use and technology. Television broadcasting began with individual stations that could only serve a limited area. Television networks had to provide their affiliate stations with recordings of programs if they wished to provide nationwide service. Satellite television was not widely available until the 1970s, when cable television stations equipped with satellite dishes received signals that were then sent to subscribers by coaxial cable. By 1976, there were 130 satellite dishes owned by cable companies, and by 1980, every cable television station had at least one satellite dish. About that time personal satellite dish earth stations were selling for approximately $35,000 per unit. Taylor Howard, an employee at Stanford University who was well-versed in the usefulness of satellites as relayers of data, is credited with designing the first satellite dish for personal use. Howard's dish, which was placed into operation on September 14, 1976, was made of aluminum mesh and was about 16 feet (5 meters) wide. By 1980,5,000 satellite dishes had been purchased for home use. In 1984 alone 500,000 were installed. Recent reports state that there are 3.7 million owners of home satellite dishes worldwide, and the number will continue to grow. A typical commercial satellite dish of the 1970s was made of heavy fiberglass, and the dish itself, at its smallest size, had a diameter of about ten feet (three meters). Since then, satellite dish design has shifted toward light-weight, aluminum mesh dishes (similar to Howard's homemade dish), some of which are inexpensive and small (three feet, or one meter, in diameter is typical), with many sections (petals) that can be easily assembled. England, Japan, and Germany, have led the way with direct broadcast TV, which sends signals directly to the viewer's dish, but the United States has yet to do so. This trend would yield smaller, more affordable satellite dishes and regulated satellite programming. The basic satellite dish consists of the following materials: Some satellite dishes require a slab mount installation, a method considered to be more stable than typical base construction. In some cases, slab mount installation is necessary since the site selected for the placement of the satellite dish is unstable. The slab is generally 1.6 feet (.5 meter) square and 3.2 feet (1 meter) deep. Soil is excavated to the proper depth and the concrete is poured. A triangular steel mount fixture is then embedded into the concrete. Satellite dishes for consumer use are not usually required to undergo rigorous tests with set standards, but some parameters are generally met. For example, so that the microwaves are received properly, the surface of the dish should be as smooth as possible and its parabolic shape should be exact. It must also be composed at least partially of metal, otherwise the microwaves will not reflect. If the dish is either mesh or perforated aluminum, the holes must be relatively tiny to minimize loss. Dish size is important; it should match that appropriate to the latitude. The mount should be sturdy, and the dish aligned properly for maximum reception. Members and joints are tested and compared to the American Steel Construction Institute or the American Aluminum Association methods rules, whichever apply. The satellite dish should be built to withstand high winds, snow, ice, rain, and extreme temperatures. After the dish is installed, the owner is generally responsible for cleaning it twice a year, more if necessary, tightening and lubricating all bolts once a year, and trimming obstructive weeds and trees from around it. In rare occasions, the owner must adjust the alignment to correct bad reception. Satellite dishes will become ubiquitous in upcoming years. More communication satellites will certainly be launched, and the growth explosion in individual satellite dish ownership will continue. One factor that should affect home satellite dish ownership in the near future is the switchover to more powerful satellites that will transmit signals in the K band (12 GHz). Because most of the present satellite dishes accept signals in the C band (3.7 to 4.2 GHz), owners of C band satellite dishes will have to convert them to K band. Researchers and designers are contemplating even smaller dishes that could be placed on a rooftop or outside a window and still function as well as the larger satellite dishes of today. Some experts see the growth of satellite television as a revolution that is less concerned with crystal clear images of old sitcoms than with the possibilities of two-way communication that universal dish ownership would promote. Satellite television will be used to pay bills, shop, and participate in game shows. It can also be used to communicate over long distances, perhaps to play interactive video games with someone halfway across the continent. Some visionaries see the revolution as the return of one-on-one communication like that of a town meeting. In any case, it is almost certain that satellite television will continue to proliferate in upcoming years. Manufacturers will continue to make smaller and less costly satellite dishes. Recently, for instance, 18-inch (45.7-centimeter) diameter dishes have been introduced into the market in Japan, Europe, and the United States. These dishes are small enough to fit on a windowsill or a porch railing. Manufacturers are also working on producing a flat-plate dish for satellite signal reception. Baylin, Frank, and Amy Toner. Satellites Today. ConSol Network, Inc., 1984. Clifford, Martin. The Complete Guide to Satellite TV. Tab Books, 1984. Easton, Anthony T. The Home Satellite TV Book. Wideview Books, 1982. Prentiss, Stan. Satellite Communications. Tab Books, 1987. Sutphin, S. E. Understanding Satellite Television Reception. Prentice-Hall, 1986. Traister, John E. Guide to Satellite Television Installation. Prentice-Hall, 1987. Traister, Robert J. Build a Personal Earth Station for Worldwide Satellite TV Reception. Tab Books, 1985. Booth, Stephen A. "Signals from Space," Popular Mechanics. April, 1992, p. 60. Elrich, David. "Satellite TV: It's Worth a Closer Look," Home Mechanix. September, 1990, p. 78. โ€” Rose Secrest
1. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘! ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื˜ืžื•ืช ื ืกื“ืงื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื™ืœื. ืœื ืชืกืขื™ ืœืจื•ืคืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืš. 2. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช- ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื›ืœ? ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข? ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืฉื™ืจ? ืžื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงืงื™ ืฉืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™? 3. ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ- ืžื”ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” ืฉื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื™? ืื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื—ื“ ืœืฉืžื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง? ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืง? ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 1-3 ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื ืงื” ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช. 4. ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช- ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืขืฉ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื”ื ืงื”. 5. ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช- ื”ื ืงื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืืžื ืชืชืžืกืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื”. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื™ื“ืื’ื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืงื” ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืฉื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื” ืžื™ื ืื• ืงืคื”, ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืœื’ืจืคืก ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจืขื ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื•ื—. ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 4-5 ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. 6. ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”- ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืฉืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืช 5.5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื ืงื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื’ื ืœื”ื ื™ืง ื•ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื”.
Risk of Intervertebral Disc Damage after Prolonged Space Flight (Intervertebral Disc Damage) - 08.12.15 Among many space-related health changes, crewmembers frequently report back pain while in orbit and when they return to Earth, which physicians believe is related to changes in the astronautsโ€™ intervertebral discs. The discs create a cushion between vertebrae in a personโ€™s spine, and changes to their shape and size can affect the spinal column and back. Crewmembers participating in the Intervertebral Disc Damage experiment complete a battery of six tests before, and after spaceflight, so doctors can determine how the discs change, and whether this correlates to the pain those crewmembers experience. Science Results for Everyone Information Pending Experiment Details Alan R. Hargens, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States Steve Chiang, M.D., The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States Conor Oโ€™Neill, M.D., University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States Douglas Chang, M.D., Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States Scott Parazynski, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States Moshe Allon, M.D., Upright MRI of Clear Lake, Nassau Bay, TX, United States Jeffrey C. Lotz, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States Jojo V. Sayson, PT, DMT, Ola Grimsby Institute, San Diego, CA, United States Roy Riascos-Castaneda, M.D., University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, TX, United States NASA Johnson Space Center, Human Research Program, Houston, TX, United States Sponsoring Space Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) Earth Benefits, Scientific Discovery, Space Exploration ISS Expedition Duration 1 September 2012 - March 2016 Previous ISS Missions - The proposed measures represent a comprehensive set of tests that evaluate exposure severity, potential injury mechanisms, and pain generator localization. This research will aid understanding of spinal pain and deconditioning during prolonged microgravity and of the higher incidence of disc prolapse or herniation following re-exposure to 1-G with a long-term view to prevent such spinal deconditioning with exercise or other physiologic countermeasures. - After successful completion of the investigation, the PI team will deliver a comprehensive database of microgravity-induced intervertebral disc and vertebral changes (type and magnitude) and a prioritization of these changes as to their deleterious effects and risks for crew member injury based on clinical findings. - Importantly, this research will have application to back-pain patients on Earth in general and specifically, to patients exposed to long-term bed rest or lack of mobility (spinal-cord injury patients as well as patients suffering lack of exercise, mobility and obesity). This research also has application to abnormal spinal curvature and pain suffered by children wearing heavy backpacks to and from school. Pre-flight and Post-flight BDC consists of a battery of 6 tests: MRI (Morphology/Water Content): Once pre-flight, and post-flight on R+1 and R+30-60 MRI scans will be taken while lying flat on the back on a MRI table to measure the spinal bones, discs and muscles. MRI scans will be taken of the lumbar and cervical spine. MRS: Once pre-flight and post-flight on R+1 and R+30-60 MR spectroscopy will measure metabolites in spinal disc tissues of the lumbar spine. MRI (Axial Load): Once pre-flight and once post-flight in the R+3-5 timeframe, the subject will visit the Stand-Up MRI in Clear Lake, Texas for an upright MRI study. Here, the PI team will take MRI scans in four different conditions. First, they will take scans lying flat on the back on a MRI table. Second, they will take scans standing in upright posture without any load on the back. Third, they will take scans standing in the same upright posture but with 10% of body weight loaded on the back. Fourth, they will take off the backpack and then take scans of cervical spine while the subject is in a seated position. Spinal Kinematics: Once pre-flight and once post-flight in the R+3-5 timeframe, the PI team will measure the lumbar spine stiffness and stability using the KineGraph Vertebral Motion Analyzer (VMA). The KineGraph VMA is a system that measures the motion of the bones in the spine using a standard fluoroscope. A fluoroscope is an FDA-approved imaging machine that has been in widespread use for decades, and is used to collect moving video X-ray images of the motion of the spine. In addition to a fluoroscope, the KineGraph VMA also involves the use of a large patient handling device that will assist the subject through a series of controlled spine bends while the fluoroscope is collecting images. These large patient handling devices are needed to standardize the bending, so that it is possible to compare the subjectโ€™s spine motion to that of other people. The study consists of taking a series of video X-rays as the subject does different types of spine bending while assisted by the large patient handling devices. The subject will do forward and backward bending, side-to-side bending, bending while standing up, and bending while lying down. To ensure the subject can comfortably do all of these bends, he or she will be asked to perform each of these bends on his or her own before being assisted by the patient handling devices. Biering-Sorenson: Once pre-flight and once post-flight in the R+3-7 timeframe the subject will also perform a strength test of the abdominal and back muscles. Back Pain Questionnaires: Once pre-flight and twice post-flight in the R+1-7 and R+30-60 timeframes, the subject will answer two questionnaires per session. Astronauts report back pain during long-duration microgravity missions and experience an increased likelihood of back injuries, such as herniated discs, after return to Earth. Magnetic resonance imaging, X-rays, bending exercises, and strength tests before and after spaceflight can help identify the suite of changes that can take place in space. Understanding how microgravity changes the structures of a personโ€™s back could help physicians develop exercises or therapies to prevent injury and pain on long-duration space missions, as well as after astronauts return home. People with limited mobility, including patients on bed rest or with spinal cord injuries, experience some of the same spinal changes as those seen in microgravity. Understanding the origin of spine degeneration in space will aid physicians on Earth to diagnose and treat spine disorders related to inactivity and, conversely, overloading. The study could also have implications for people with curved-spine disorders such as scoliosis, and for children who carry heavy backpacks to school. Twelve subjects are requested to perform the preflight and postflight baseline data collection for IVD. This investigation only requires baseline data collection (BDC) both preflight and postflight. No inflight testing will occur. Information Pending^ back to top Chang D, Sayson JV, Chiang S, Riascos-Castaneda R, Walker K, Lotz JC, Hargens AR. Risk of intervertebral disc damage after prolonged space flight. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014 April 1; 48(7): 578-579. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.51. PMID: 24620092. Ground Based Results Publications Macias BR, D'Lima DD, Cutuk A, Patil S, Steklov N, Neuschwander TB, Meuche S, Colwell CW, Hargens AR. Leg intramuscular pressures and in vivo knee forces during lower body positive and negative pressure treadmill exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 July; 113(1): 31-38. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2011. PMID: 22539171. Rodrรญguez-Soto AE, Jaworski R, Jensen A, Niederberger B, Hargens AR, Frank LR, Kelly KR, Ward SR. Effect of load carriage on lumbar spine kinematics. Spine. 2013 June 1; 38(13): E783-791. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f. PMID: 23524870. Shymon S, Yaszay B, Dwek JR, Proudfoot JA, Donohue M, Hargens AR. Altered disc compression in children with idiopathic low back pain: an upright magnetic resonance imaging backpack study. Spine. 2014 February 1; 39(3): 243-248. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000114. PMID: 24253789. Kim SH, Neuschwander TB, Macias BR, Bachman Jr. L, Hargens AR. Upper extremity hemodynamics and sensation with backpack loads. Applied Ergonomics. 2014 May; 45(3): 608-612. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.08.005. PMID: 24075289. Hargens AR, Bhattacharya R, Schneider SM. Space physiology VI: exercise, artificial gravity, and countermeasure development for prolonged space flight. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 September; 113(9): 2183-2192. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2523-5. PMID: 11641383. Schlabs T, Rosales-Velderrain A, Ruckstuhl H, Stahn A, Hargens AR. Comparison of cardiovascular and biomechanical parameters of supine lower body negative pressure and upright lower body positive pressure to simulate activity in 1/6 G and 3/8 G. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 July 15; 115(2): 275-284. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00990.2012. PMID: 23640597. Sayson JV, Lotz JC, Parazynski S, Hargens AR. Back pain in space and post-flight spine injury: Mechanisms and countermeasure development. Acta Astronautica. 2013 May; 86: 24-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.05.016.
55% ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื—ืœ"ืช ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ืขื•"ื“ ื ืขืžื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืœืขืจื•ืฅ 7: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืœืžืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืขื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื›"ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืค"ื 15:06 05.01.21 ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื ืขืžื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ื ืขืžื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ืœ - ืคืœืืฉ 90 55% ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื—ืœ"ืช ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžื›ื•ืŸ Fast Forward, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›''ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ืžื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื™ 2021, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื ื™ืคื—ืช ืž-7.5%. ืขื•"ื“ ื ืขืžื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืืžืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืขืจื•ืฅ 7 ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื ืžืื•ื“. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›-8,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœ"ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ 5,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช - ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ"ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. "ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื", ืืžืจื”. "ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœ"ืช ื•ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง ืœืจืฉื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ืœ"ืช, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“". "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืขืฆืžื", ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”. "ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืชืœืš ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื• - ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื•". "ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืœ"ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™, ื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืœืžืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”". ืขื•"ื“ ืœื ื“ืื• ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ืœ"ืช ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. "ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืกืคืง ืžืขื ืงื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื", ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”. ืžืฆืืชื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื• ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื”? ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื english ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื— ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคื ืื™ ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช
It may not be an exaggerated claim to make that there is a new paradigm emerging in the biological sciences. The article โ€˜A chemical account of evolutionโ€™ by Bob Williams and Ros Rickaby (Chemistry World, July 2012, p50) marks another significant element in the appearance of this paradigm. Their article begins with an astonishing short paragraph: โ€˜If you think Charles Darwin and molecular biologists have got evolution cracked using genetics, think again. In our opinion, they have missed the very important role of chemical changes in the environment.โ€™ There is a growing body of scholarship and research in the biosciences which seeks not completely to replace the Darwinian account of evolution of life on Earth, but to demonstrate its incompleteness and fill out our understanding of evolutionary history and processes. Another recent example of chemistry revising the view of evolution was given in the article by Philip Ball on the role of the protein packaging of DNA as it actually occurs in the chromosomes (Chemistry World, May 2008, p50). In these structures, the coiled network of the protein chromatin has been shown to control gene activity, without altering the structure of the DNA itself โ€“ an epigenetic activity. Ball concludes his article: โ€˜... thereโ€™s no doubt that the neo-Darwinian picture of genetics and inheritance is incomplete, and we wonโ€™t fully understand how evolution works, or what makes us human, until we have done some more unravelling of the subtle chemistry of chromatin.โ€™ Of course, the principal contemporary thrust towards a new evolutionary paradigm has come from biology itself. But it is remarkable that, like the above chemistry, it takes into account the significant interaction between living organisms, their evolution and their environment. This now includes the effect of geneโ€“environment interaction at all the development stages of organisms, and the symbiotic relationships in the life and evolution of species. Two texts mark major milestones in the biological evidence: Acquiring genomes: A theory of the origin of species (Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, 2002) and Ecological developmental biology: Integrating epigenetics, medicine and evolution (Scott Gilbert and David Epel, 2009). Both have been widely reviewed and acclaimed in the US, but seem to have had little attention in the UK. These add significantly to the potential impact of Williams and Rickabyโ€™s work, and its timely publication by the RSC. GR Hunt FRSC Cardiff University, UK
What is Pupil Premium? Pupil Premium is an additional grant allocated by the government to children from certain groups who are statistically likely to have additional barriers to learning and attainment. It is designed to reduce the impact of such barriers for these groups of children. Pupils are identified through the termly school census, and this information attracts additional funding as part of the school's budget. It is at the discretion of the school how this funding is used, but the school is expected to report on how it has spent this grant in the previous year, the impact of this spending, and how it intends to spend it in the current year. Who is Eligible For The Pupil Premium Grant? Pupils are eligible for the Pupil Premium Grant if they currently receive free school meals or have received them at any time since being at school. Families are encouraged to apply for free school meals if they think they may be eligible, even if their child brings a packed lunch from home. Pupils are eligible if their parents or carers are in receipt of any of the following benefits: - Income Support - Income-based Jobseekers Allowance - Income-related Employment and Support Allowance - Support under Part VI of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 - The guaranteed element of State Pension Credit - Child Tax Credit (provided you are not also entitled to Working Tax Credit) - Working Tax Credit run-on (paid for 4 weeks after you stop qualifying for Working Tax Credit) - Universal Credit (during the initial roll-out of the benefit) The following children are also eligible for Pupil Premium Grant: - Children who are adopted - Children who have โ€œSpecial Guardiansโ€ - Children who are currently in the care of the local authority (Looked After Children) - Children of UK Forces personnel
Space race essay - 100% non-plagiarism guarantee of custom essays & papers get an a+ grade even for the hardest assignments essays & researches written. Space race essay examples 10 total results a history of the space race and the moon landing conspiracy theory throughout history, the united states and . In 1957, the soviet launch of the world's first artificial satellite, sputnik 1, spooked the united states into the space race a year later, the national aeronautics. In a 1961 documentary film showing yuri gagarin's arrival in moscow at vnukovo airport following his heroic mission as the first man in space,. Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial the early era of space exploration was driven by a โ€œspace raceโ€ between the soviet . This tangibility is a side effect of the space race and is marked by the shift from looking up to looking forward it is that change from uncertainty. Epic rivalry: the inside story of the soviet and american space race [von hardesty, the transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the. Learn about the beginning of the space race when the soviet union launches sputnik includes links to learn about other important times in space history, with . Both the united states and the soviet union feared each other's nuclear weapons, which is understandable they also feared a missile gap where the other. The space race between both the ussr and the united states is by far one of my favorite eras of history to study they say competition is the. P j o'rourke | essay by the time the space race began in earnest, the world's superpowers were keenly aware of the many different potential uses of that ne. Free essay: the space race was a competition between the soviet union and the united states for supremacy in space from 1955 until 1975, both sides. Find out more about the history of the space race, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more get all the facts on. Kids learn the history of the space race during the cold war a race between the united states and the soviet union to put a man on the moon. There was a strong link between the space race and the nuclear arms race which involved a battle for military supremacy then there was also an ideological. There were at least two key political motives driving the space race between the us and the ussr firstly, it was propaganda for the citizens. The influence of the cold war and the space race on the evolution of today's technology a few hundred key inventions have marked mankind's progress from . Example research essay topic cold war space race. The space race essay college paper academic service. The space race, initiated in 1957 with the soviet union's launch of sputnik, photo essay kennedy asks $18 billion to accelerate space exploration. Abandoned for decades, some of the sites critical to the us space program lie preserving a vanishing era in both the space race and the cold war (read miller's essay at: abandoned awe: old space sites should inspire. Free space race papers, essays, and research papers. The military origins of the space race are reflected in the rivalry to build rockets powerful enough to send nuclear warheads across the ocean, loft satellites into. Free essay: september 2, 1945, the two most powerful nations in the world broke into a the space race had many motivations and many things that kept the. Essay by cary o'dell the atlas rocket unofficially declared us-soviet โ€œspace raceโ€ begging the question: which superpower would be the first to seize the. Last october's anniversary of the launch of the sputnik artificial satellite has led to much discussion as to who won the space race usually it is. This clash of oppositions is echoed in the rivalry between countries - in this instance, the space race from the 1950s onwards between capitalist. But a dozen years later, at the climax of the space race, the first men on the of the space age โ€” we here (below) reprint hannah arendt's classic 1963 essay.
West European Studies | History of Political Theory I W406 | 26102 | Craiutu, A. 9:30-10:45 MW ARR Above section carries Culture Studies credit. Obtain on-line authorization for above section from department. Above section meets with POLS Y381. The course offers a close examination of the most important works and themes in classical political thought. We shall read a combination of literary, historical, and philosophical works including selections from Thucydidesโ€™ History of the Peloponesian War, Platoโ€™s Apology, Republic and Seventh Letter, Aristotleโ€™s Politics, Ciceroโ€™s On Duties, Marcus Areliusโ€™ Meditations, and St. Augustineโ€™s City of God. We shall end with the book that marked a radical departure from the politics of the ancients: Machiavelliโ€™s The Prince. At the same time, in order to highlight better the relevance of these classical works to our contemporary debates, we shall read short passages from the works of modern authors (Rousseau, Madison, and Constant) whose writing addressed or reformulated the topics first raised by ancient authors. The course will examine the political thought of the ancients by focusing on key topics such as morality and political power, the role of laws and constitutions, civic virtue, democracy, justice, freedom, and equality. Special attention will be paid to examining the context in which these authors wrote their works, the main concepts they used, and the implications of their ideas for our The class will use a combination of lecture and discussion. There will be two exams (a mid-term and a final) which will contain a number of short questions that will draw on the assigned readings and ideas raised in class. There will be also four quiz questions that will be part of your grade for class participation. Students are strongly encouraged to bring additional materials to class (such as relevant newspaper or magazine articles, websites, additional bibliography) and thus make the course relevant to their concerns. Those who will do that will earn extra credit. Students are encouraged to keep a reading log (journal) containing entries for each assigned reading (definition of key concepts, summary of the readings, a selection of important phrases, and the like).
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. It is essential for the normal functioning of the body. We must therefore obtain vitamin C from our diet. Here are the best sources of the vitamin: 1. All fruits and vegetables contain some amount of vitamin C. The richest natural sources of vitamin C are fruits and vegetables, and of those, the kakadu plum and the camu camu fruit contain the highest concentration of vitamin C. 2. It is present in some cuts of meat, especially liver. 3. Vitamin C is the most widely taken nutritional supplement. It is available in a variety of forms including tablets, drink mixes, crystals in capsules, or naked crystals. 4. Foods that are the best sources of vitamin C include broccoli, bell pepper, kale, cauliflower, strawberries, lemons, mustard, turnip greens, Brussels sprouts, papaya, chard, cabbage, spinach, kiwi fruit, snow peas, cantaloupe, oranges, grapefruit, limes, tomatoes, zucchini, raspberries, asparagus, celery, pineapples, lettuce, watermelon, fennel, peppermint, parsley, winter squash, and cranberries. ยฉ Newsmax. All rights reserved.
The political philosophy of mabini and recto claro m r apolinario mabini by alan s cajes background the political ideas of apolinario mabini and claro m recto were la the philosophy of mao zedong. Apolinario pole mabini is andres bonifacio's humble informant and adviser of the katipunan emilio miong aguinaldo is the captain of magdalo, one of america's champion troops against spanish (and unwittingly, against philippine revolutionary) forces. Contemprary issues in tourism student led assisment impacts of the arab spring on tourism in the arab wolrd and specifically egypt ali ali 000606259. 1 heโ€™s exclusively a product of local educational institutions digitally colorized portrait of apolinario mabini photo courtesy of the presidential museum and library. Apolinario mabini facts: apolinario mabini (1864-1903) was a filipino political philosopher and architect of the philippine revolution he formulated the principles of a democratic popular government, endowing the historical struggles of the filipino pe. Get paid in 3 easy steps for your 10 philippine peso banknote (mabini and bonifacio) of apolinario mabini and andres bonifacio the words โ€˜republika ng . The best critical study of mabini's life and works is cesar adib majul, mabini and the apolinario mabini, his birth date and need a custom written paper. Guerrero, in his introduction to apolinario mabiniโ€™s the philippine revolution, offers up an astute encapsulation of the mabini: โ€œrighteous, perceptive, and farsighted beyond the measure of his contemporaries and successors, the very embodiment of the intellectual in a revolution, he was not so intransigent as he was thought to be, as the . Apolinario mabini was a filipino political thinker and architect of the philippine revolt he expressed the philosophies of a democratic popular. Apolinario mabini was undoubtedly the most profound thinker and political philosopher that the pilipino race ever produced some day, when his works are fully published, but not until then, mabini will come into his own. Full text of mabini's decalogue for filipinos see other formats project gutenberg's mabini's decalogue for filipinos, by apolinario mabini this ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Natural law and anticolonial revolt: apolinario mabiniโ€™s la revoluciรณn filipina and isabelo de los reyesโ€™ la sensacional memoria. The philippine revolution, by apolinario mabini translated into english by leon ma guerrero mabini wrote the philippine revolution in 1901-1903 as both an account and critique of the movement that established the first philippine republic, as well as of the first years of the philippines as a self-governing nation. Last wednesday, july 25, 2012, we attended an open forum in celebrating apolinario mabiniโ€™s 148 years of inspiring the filipino people held in bulwagang balagtas, ninoy aquino library, and learning resources center it was entitled โ€œapolinario mabini: ang nagliliyab na apoy sa ating kasaysayan . Arellano university - apolinario mabini campus 24k likes arellano university - amabini classes in all levels and office works shall be suspended on september . We will write a custom essay sample on critique introduction for you for only $1390/page order now apolinario mabiniโ€™s works: a critique paper essay sample . Essay about apolinario mabini on studybaycom - other, other types - profwilliam, id - 100006679. Bonifacio the translator: a critique (2009) in another work (lopez 1912:22, 24-26, 35-39, etc) apolinario mabini was one ilustrado who came from a poor . Note: our documentary โ€œapolinario mabini: the sublime paralyticโ€ has a segment on the cause of mabiniโ€™s disability the docu was first shown at the mabini shrine in tanauan, batangas last july 17, 2015, a little over a month after โ€œheneral lunaโ€ was released with epi quizon acting as mabini. Apolinario mabini conscience and brains of the philippine revolution thought that he must have made a mistake in calling for him to help him in his work what . Read this essay on correlation as a measure of association summary come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays resumption time at work will be . In philippine history texts1 early life of apolinario mabini 14 later life and death 2 work book 3 legacy 4 controversy about mabini's paralysis 5 quotes o o 5 1903) was a filipino revolutionary and lawyer who served as its firstprime minister until may 1899 he is referred to as the dark chamber of the president. โ€ early life of apolinario mabini mabini was born on july 23, 1864 in barangay talaga in tanauan, batangas [ he was the second of eight children of dionisia maranan, a vendor in the tanauan market, and inocencio mabini, an unlettered peasant.
The truth is every great writer has imitated the great writers before him or her. To find your voice, you have to take on the voices of others. If you donโ€™t believe me, hereโ€™s a brief history of writers imitating other writers. Steven Pressfield, when he was first starting out, typed out pages and pages of Hemingway just to get a sense of his pacing, his storytelling, and his voice. He copied Hemingway to get into his head and understand how he constructed sentences, and how each sentence related to the ones around it. When Billy Collins read the poet Wallace Stevens he thought he was reading the โ€œapex of poetry.โ€ There was nothing he could contribute, he thought, after Wallace Stevens. So what did he do? He copied him, forcing himself to write imitations of Wallace Stevens poems. I once heard an interview where he said he would have been happy if only he could be a kind of โ€œsecond rate Wallace Stevens.โ€ Later, he imitated other great poets until finally he arrived at the voice we love today. Cormac McCarthy once said, โ€œThe ugly fact is books are made out of books.โ€ He is known to quote liberally from other books such as the Bible, Moby Dick, Milton, and even to take whole paragraphs and pages from 19th century books of history. He stole the villain of Blood Meridian nearly word from Samuel Chamberlainโ€˜s My Confessions. William Shakespeare may have been the most successful copier. His style was heavily influenced by Ovid, the 1st century BC Roman poet. He also โ€œborrowedโ€ significantly for the plots of his plays. He copied from history (the lives of Henry V, Richard III) and from ancient Roman playwrights (Comedy of Errors is based on a play by Plautus). There was even a book written thirty years before Romeo and Juliet called The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet. Yes, that was spelled with two Lโ€™s. Three Rules for Copiers Writers steal, borrow, and copy. It may be ugly, as Cormac said, but itโ€™s true. No masterpiece is completely original. As you find your voice, feel free to steal and imitate from other writers. However, here are three rules to follow if you do: 1. โ€œCopy from one, itโ€™s plagiarism; copy from two, itโ€™s research,โ€ said John Milton. If you are going to imitate, donโ€™t imitate just one author. Imitate several. The odd combination of them all will give your style its own flare. However, be sure to choose who you imitate carefully. For example, you may not want to imitate Stephenie Meyer. 2. Be influenced โ€œin a way that no one recognizes,โ€ said Billy Collins. Take your influencers style and tweak it just enough to give it an air of originality. In other words, make their style your own. Maybe no one will ever know you were copying! 3. Transcend your influences. Your job is to go farther than those youโ€™re imitating, to push the boundaries of the language and bring something new to the world. I believe this happens naturally. If you imitate long enough, eventually, youโ€™ll find your own voice. It will be some crazy combination of everyone youโ€™ve imitated plus something that is wholly you. So go out there and steal something. If you do it enough, the world will be better for it. What do you think? Is copying okay? Do you copy from other writers? Letโ€™s copy (see what I did there?) an exercise from Steven Pressfield. Go find a book by one of your favorite authors, flip to a random page, and start typing it word for word. Go slow, so you can really understand what each sentence is doing. Copy their work for fifteen minutes. When youโ€™re finished, summarize what you learned about your favorite authorโ€™s voice. Post your summary in the comments section. Note: Originally, I asked you to post your copied work here. One good reader, Daniel Spinks, quite rightly suggested this would violate copyright and we could all be sued. So yeah, donโ€™t do that. ๐Ÿ™‚
ืœื—ืžื ื‘ืขื’ืณื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 24, 2019 22 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืงืก ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ื•ืจืงืก ืขื ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 21, 2019 6 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ ืขื ื‘ื˜ื˜ื” ืงืกื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื˜ื” ืงืกื‘ื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืงืœืœื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืงืื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื! ื–ื” ื‘ืกื”โ€ื› ืชืคื•ื ืื“ืžื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ....ื•ืื—ื“ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 21, 2019 3 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื ื–ื™ื” ืืกืื“ื• ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืกืื“ื•. ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื. ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืžืจื•ืงืื™ ืงืœืืกื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืืงื™ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืžืจืฅ 3, 2018 21 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืžื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ืžืืžื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ ื’ืžืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืฃ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2, 2017 10 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืคื•โ€ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชืคื•"ื ืืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ ืงืœื•ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 23, 2017 8 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืจื•ื“ ืžืงืจื•ื“ ืขื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ โ† ืงืฆืช ืขืœื™ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื•ืงืื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื˜ื‘ื—. ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื” ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืื•ื’'ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•. ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืžืจื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืจืง ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืืžื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”... ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— โ€“ ื”ืกืคืจ! ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื™ื™ืง ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ: ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืื•ืจื– ื‘ืฆืง ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื˜โ€ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืœโ€ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืงืคืฆื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ืžืžืจื—ื™ื ื•ืจื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื•ื’ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืก ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื™ื ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงืคื” ืขื•ืฃ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืงืืฆโ€™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ืช ืคืกื— ืคืกื˜ื” ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘-5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืฉื™ื ืงืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”
This page has information about cancers that occur during childhood. There is information about On this page you can find out about the different types of childhood cancer and their causes. There are links to other pages on our site about specific cancer types. There are many different types of cancer, so we have listed the most common symptoms below. You can find information about specific symptoms in the information about each type of cancer. Cancer symptoms can be very similar to those of other illnesses. And they vary between children. If your child has a symptom we haven't included here, and it hasn't gone away after a few weeks, take them to the GP. The following symptoms are not usually cancer, but see your doctor if your child has any of these - Not able to wee, or blood in wee - An unexplained lump or firmness anywhere in the body - Swollen glands - Back pain that doesn't go away - Persistent headaches - Frequent bruising - Feeling tired all the time - Unexplained fits (seizures) or changes in vision or behaviour - Abdominal pain or swelling all the time - Unexplained vomiting - Unexplained sweating or fever - Unexplained weight loss or poor appetite - Changes in appearance of the eye or unusual eye reflections in photos - Frequent infections or flu-like symptoms You can find information about specific symptoms in the information about each type of cancer. It is normal to worry if your child has symptoms of any illness. Cancer is rare in children and with many symptoms, it is perfectly right that your GP should ask you to wait to see if your child gets better or if they respond to treatment such as antibiotics. To help GPs in the UK decide which patients need to see a specialist urgently the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Scottish Government have produced guidelines. These guidelines say that, ideally, your child should see a specialist within 2 weeks of going to the GP if they have symptoms that could be due to a cancer. And with some symptoms they should be seen immediately. The guidelines leave it up to your GP to use their own judgement. They say that the GP should take the parents' knowledge of the child into account when deciding. If you have taken your child to the GP 3 or 4 times with the same problem and there is no obvious cause they should refer your child to a childrenโ€™s doctor (paediatrician) or specialist childrenโ€™s cancer service. The most common types of childhood cancer are - Acute leukaemias, diagnosed in 1 in 3 children with cancer - Cancers of the brain and spinal cord, diagnosed in 1 in 4 children with cancer The other rarer types of children's cancers include - Retinoblastoma (a type of eye cancer) - Neuroblastoma (a cancer of nerve cells) - Wilmโ€™s tumours (a type of kidney cancer) - Muscle or bone cancers, such as osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewings sarcoma - Lymphoma (cancer that starts in the lymphatic system) We have a general section about acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (the most common type of childhood leukaemia) and another about brain tumours. These sections are about adult cancer, rather than children's cancers. But much of the information about causes, diagnosis and treatment will be the same. Childhood cancer is much less common than adult cancer. In fact it is quite rare. In the UK around 1,600 children (under 15s) are diagnosed with cancer each year. This number includes non cancerous (benign) brain tumours. This is a small number compared with the 320,500 cancer diagnoses overall in the UK. Children develop different types of cancers than adults but they often have the same types of treatments. In the 1960s only about 3 out of every 10 children (30%) with cancer were successfully treated. But in the past 40 years treatment for children with cancer has improved greatly. Now more than 8 out of every 10 children diagnosed with cancer will live for at least 5 years. Most of these children will be cured. For some types of childhood cancer such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Wilms' tumour (a type of kidney cancer in children) this rate is even higher. With these types of cancer more than 8 out of 10 children (80%) diagnosed will live for at least 5 years. Even though cancer is not common in children, it is the most common cause of death from illness in children between the ages of 1 and 15. This is because children today are at much lower risk of dying from infectious diseases than they were 80 years ago. So although the percentages of children dying from various cancers have gone down, the proportion of childhood deaths from cancer overall has gone up. Although we have identified a number of lifestyle changes that can help to prevent many adult cancers developing cancer, we don't know how to prevent most childhood cancers. We don't know what causes childhood cancers either. We do know some factors that increase risk, but most children with cancer don't have any of these risk factors. And many children who do have risk factors won't go on to develop cancer. The known risk factors include - Inherited medical conditions - Problems with development in the womb - Exposure to infections - Exposure to radiation - Previous cancer treatments There is more information about all these factors further down the page. A couple of other factors keep cropping up as possible risk factors but so far there is no convincing evidence that either of them are related to childhood cancer. They are Certain inherited (genetic) conditions can increase a child's risk of developing some types of cancers. For example, children with Down's syndrome are 10 to 20 times more likely to get leukaemia than other children. Do bear in mind that leukaemia is still very rare, even in these children. Some childhood cancers such as Wilmโ€™s tumours (kidney cancer in children) and retinoblastomas (eye cancer in children) begin when the baby is still inside their mother. When a baby is growing in the womb, many parts of the body, such as the kidneys and eyes, develop very early on. Sometimes something goes wrong and some of the cells that should have turned into mature cells to form a part of the body donโ€™t. Instead they remain as very immature cells. Usually, these immature cells don't cause any problems and mature by themselves by the time the child is 3 or 4. But if they donโ€™t, they may begin to grow out of control and develop into a cancerous tumour. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a common infection in young children. It usually causes no symptoms. But it can cause glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) in teenagers and young adults. In rare cases EBV can contribute to the development of cancers such as Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkittโ€™s lymphoma. We know that radiation can increase cancer risk because children exposed to radiation after the atomic bombings in Japan had a much greater risk of developing leukaemia. Children who have radiotherapy for cancer have a slightly greater risk of developing another type of cancer later on. But the risk is small compared to the risk to their health if the original cancer had not been treated with radiotherapy. There is sometimes concern in the press about levels of radon gas in the home. But overall, studies so far have only suggested that there may be a weak link between indoor levels of radon gas and risk of childhood leukaemia. Past treatment with chemotherapy can increase the risk of cancers such as acute leukaemia many years later in children and adults. There is more information about acute leukaemia and previous cancer treatments in our question and answer section. Some reports have suggested that exposure to electromagnetic fields (for example, overhead power lines) might increase a child's risk of developing cancer. But as yet no conclusive link has been found. There is more information about electromagnetic fields and cancer risk in the questions and answers section. Vitamin K injection in newborn babies To prevent a condition called vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), vitamin K injections have been given to newborn babies since the late 1950's without any reported problems. VKDB is a very serious disease and about half the babies who suffer it will die or have permanent brain damage because of bleeding into the brain. Concerns about the safety of vitamin K injection came about in the 1990's when 2 medical papers suggested a link between vitamin K injections and childhood leukaemia. Since then several other studies have been carried out in the UK, across Europe, and in the USA, which have found no association between vitamin K injections and an increased risk of childhood leukaemia. Although about 8 out of 10 children are now successfully treated, childhood cancer is still devastating for everyone concerned. Treatment can last for months, or even years, which means long stays in hospital and being away from the home, school, friends and siblings. School age children may fall behind. Even though childrenโ€™s wards have teachers to keep the children's school work up to date, side effects from the cancer and its treatment often make children very tired. They may feel like not doing anything at times, except having a cuddle with mum or dad. Cancer Research UK scientists have found evidence of increased withdrawal, anxiety and depression in childhood cancer survivors 9 months after diagnosis. They have been looking at how families cope when a child has cancer and what factors are important in making the child (and family) either more vulnerable or better able to cope with the cancer and its consequences. As well as the doctors and nurses on the ward, you and your child will be supported by a number of professionals during and after treatment, including your GP, cancer nurse specialists, social workers, play specialists and a psychologist or psychotherapist. There is a lot of support available to help you and your child. You can contact the Cancer Research UK information nurses on freephone 0808 800 4040, from 9am until 5pm, Monday to Friday. Our page about children's cancer organisations gives details of organisations you can contact for information, help and support. The Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) have a booklet called A Parentโ€™s Guide to Childrenโ€™s Cancers โ€“ For parents and carers. This gives general information about childhood cancer, treatments and where to get further information and support. It is helpful for parents and grandparents. The CCLG also has factsheets about individual types of childrenโ€™s cancer and their treatment. Cancer Research UK has an online forum called Cancer Chat. You may find it helpful to join the forum to - Talk to other people whose children or grandchildren have cancer - Share your experiences - Find information Rated 4 out of 5 based on 18 votes Question about cancer? Contact our information nurse team
All topics ืื ื ืก ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ืจืง ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืœื—ืžื ื™ื• ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื•ื” ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืžืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคืกื˜ื• ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ ืคืกื˜ื• ืจื•ืงื˜/ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืžืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื, ื›ื›ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืจื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ" ื”ื•ื ืžืžืจื— ื”ืคืกื˜ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืขื ื›...
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1540. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื•ื— ืžืื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืง ืชืฉืขื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื ืขืœื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘"ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜" ื”ืจืกื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื–ื‘ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ืžืชืงืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืจ ืขื–ื™ื. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื 1 ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ 2 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 3 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื 4 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ 5 ืžืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ[] ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ , ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขืœื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช โ€โ€[1]. ื ื•ืขื ืืจื ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื:"ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ืžื‘ืงืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื–"ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™, ืžืชืขื›ื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื“ื™ืจ ืขื™ื–ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžืคื•ืืจ ืข"ืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืœืœ. ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•: ืขื™ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื’ืœืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 400 ืฉื ื”?! ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื ื’ื“ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื›ืชืคื™ื•? ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื•, ืงื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ืœื™, ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืชืœ ื’ืœืœื™ ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ? ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื’ื ื ืขื ืืจื ื•ืŸ ? ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ. ืœื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช. ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืืžื ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ. ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืขืฆืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืขืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. "ื ื“ืคื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ", ืืžืจ ื‘"ืฆ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” 1977 ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืงื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. 48 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ื” ? ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. 4 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืจื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืœ ืฆื”ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืจืฆื— ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืกื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืขืชื” ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ ื ืกืข ืœื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื’'ื• ื ืงืฉ ('ื’'ื•ืจื“ืฉ') 50 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื˜ื ืื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื–ืœื™ื’ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืงื ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. " [2] ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื’ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช - ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• - ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[] ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• - ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[] โ†‘ โ€ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉื•ืงื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸโ€ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“[] ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ - ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืกื” ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืืช ื ืจืฆื—ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืขืฆื ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื™ืจ ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื“ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” "ืงื ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”" ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ืงื‘ืจ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืงื ื– ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ: ื‘ืขื‘ืจ: ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื’'ืื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืืก ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”: ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจืขื ืŸ ื”ื™"ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ
How to build safer schools and more resilient communities Source: UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Save the Children, GFDRR All children deserve safe, accessible and culturally appropriate school buildings โ€” regardless of class, creed, gender or ability. When children live in hazard-prone places where high winds, earthquakes, floods and other hazards threaten them, they need schools and grounds that protect them. Yet recent disasters around the world attest to the fragility of many schools. Earthquakes in China, Pakistan, Haiti and other countries have collapsed school buildings and crushed students. Flooding, storm surge and tsunamis have swamped schools in Japan, the United States, Thailand and countless other nations. Rising waters have damaged school grounds and destroyed educational material. It has kept students out of school for weeks and months, stunting development. High winds have blown off roofs and collapsed school buildings in Ghana, Laos, Nicaragua and the Philippines โ€“ to name a few. Students, staff and community need safer schools. When schools will be used during crisis, safety has an added dimension. Communities need to be able to access and safely shelter in these school facilities. Schools can be built safer and weak schools can be strengthened with concerted effort. When communities identify hazards and take them into account when planning where and how to build, school grounds become safer. When design teams and construction workers incorporate hazard-resistant techniques in construction, the school building becomes safer. These safer schools protect students, staff and other occupants from death and injury and become points of refuge for the wider community. However, achieving safety is not always straightforward. In many places, building codes lag behind best practices or fail to address vernacular construction. Those who design and construct schools may be unfamiliar with hazard-resistant techniques or lack the oversight needed to ensure such techniques are put to use. School communities may inadvertently weaken schools through years of informal building modifications or poor maintenance. The result is schools that threaten communities rather than protect them. A community-based approach seeks to achieve the twin goals of safer schools and more resilient communities. It treats school construction as a community learning opportunity to better understand risks, collectively commit to safety, and to learn and apply strategies for safer construction. A community-based approach builds community capacity in tandem with the laying of foundations and erecting of classroom walls. It also prepares communities to be knowledgeable caretakers of schools, able to maintain the physical safety of the structures and the culture of safety among those who use it. from ReliefWeb Headlines http://bit.ly/1CS297J
ืžืชืื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜. ืขืจื•ืฅ 7 ื”' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืค 08:31 03.11.19 ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ืฆื™ืœื•ื: Yonatan Sindel/Flash90 ืžืชืื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช ื‘' ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, "ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืคืชื• ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ืžืืก ื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืฆืœื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช". ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืงืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื, "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืื‘ืŸ. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช" ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืขืกืงื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš. ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”. ื—ืžืืก ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•" "ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื” ืฉืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื", ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื•ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืœื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•"ืž ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื‘ืฉืœื”, "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื—ืžืืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืชืช ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”". "ืœืฆืขืจื™ ื—ืžืืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ 2", ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื. ืžืฆืืชื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื• ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื”? ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื english ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช
|ืžืคื”={{ืžืคืช ืžื™ืงื•ื|ืžื“ื™ื ื”=ืื™ื™ ื’ืœืืคื’ื•ืก|ืฉื=ืคืจื ื ื“ื™ื ื”|ืื•ืจืš=-91.55|ืจื•ื—ื‘=-0.37|ืžืคื•ืจื˜=ื›ืŸ|ื›ื•ืชืจืช=ืœื|ืกื•ื’=ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ|ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘=ืฉืžืืœื”}}
ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืฉื "ื”, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืชื•ืจืช ืื‘" ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช. ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” -ืชืคืืจืช ืืœื™ืฉืข". ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ืŸ | ื•' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื— ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคื›ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™. ืงื•ื“ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“... ืœื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœื ื•! ืžืืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš "ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ื—ืจื“ื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช-ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื”ืชืืจื—ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืžืจ ืื• ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื™ืฅ. ืื ื˜ืจื ื ื—ืฉืคืชื ืœืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื’ื ืœืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ืœื–ื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” (ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”). ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™? ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื™ืฉื ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื: ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื™ื (ืžืื•ื“) ืฉืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”? ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ! ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืื™ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื (ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื›ืŸ?). ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ? ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ. ืื– ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜). ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™? ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื. ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืงื”ืœื™ ื™ืขื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื”ืœืŸ 2 ืžื”ื: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืื•ื”ืœ ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืขื“ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืงืจืืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ (ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช). ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืจื‘ื”. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืจื™ื›ื–ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”. ื›ืขืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆืืชื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื? ืฉืชืคื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ facebook ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ twitter ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ whatsapp ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ email ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื—ื ื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘? ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื• ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ ืฉืžืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžื ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืฉืš 8 ื™ืžื™ื? ืืช ื”ื ืก ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ >> ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืœื”ืกืจืช ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•. ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืคืคื™ืœื•ืžื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ >> ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื’ืจื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื’ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืคื’ืจื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
At the age of six, children can join our Elementary (primary/ preparatory school age) classes located at Hampstead and Bayswater. These mixed-age classes provide a dynamic and collaborative environment where children learn through debate, discussion and research. Montessori Elementary school meets the changing needs of children, and responds to their expanding view of the world around them. At this stage, children are ready for more complex work as they move towards abstract ways of thinking. Many new materials are introduced as they develop their imagination to embrace concepts beyond their immediate environment. Children work individually and in groups, on projects and themes that spark their interest. The teacherโ€™s role is to guide them in their research as they learn to make full use of a library, books and the internet. The curriculum is interdisciplinary and academically challenging. It covers the full range of subjects required by the National Curriculum while maintaining essential Montessori principles and much emphasis is placed on the interconnection between different areas of study. Subjects include English, Mathematics, Science, Geography and History, Art, Drama, Sport and Music.
Author: Jan Scholten Argon is an unknown remedy. The name argon means not (an) working (ergon), or โ€˜inactiveโ€™, as it is an inert gas and does not react with other elements. It was discovered in 1894. Air contains about 1% argon. The gas is used in lightbulbs, because it doesnโ€™t corrode the metals. The steel industry uses it for its manufacturing processes for the same reason. Tubelights, lasers and Geigercounters also contain argon.
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืฃ ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ "ื‘ืคื™ืœืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื”" ืืš ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืš ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”, ืœื ืœืกืจื˜. ~~~~"
Last modified: 2014-02-16 by rob raeside Keywords: racing: auto | auto racing | sport | Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors In auto racing some flags have a different meaning and there are some extra flags. There are two main systems: 1. American: http://www.toolcity.net/~mel/flags.html as used in NASCAR, CART, etc.; 2. the rest of the world: http://www.f1cafe.pair.com/raceflags/ as used in Formula 1, Formula 3000, etc. Stefan Lambregts, 3 November 1999 These are the official rules that dictate the displaying of flags on F1 tracks. This is extracted from "Appendix H to the International Sporting Code - Recommendations for the supervision of the road and emergency services" as published from the FIA and available at http://www.fia.com/regle/annexe_H/Appendix-H.htm 4 - SIGNALING In the supervision of the road, the Clerk of the Course (or his deputy) and the observation posts rely largely on the use of signals to contribute to the drivers' safety and enforce the regulations. Signals are given in daylight by different coloured flags which may be supplemented, or under some circumstances replaced by, lights. Black and white signal boards of similar dimensions to the flags may also be used for certain signals: these should be clearly specified in the supplementary regulations of the event concerned. At night the flags may be replaced by lights and reflective panels, but all drivers must be made aware of this at a briefing beforehand. Yellow lights at each post are obligatory for events run at night (see paragraph 4.2. and Article 12). The minimum size of all flags is 60cm x 80cm except the red and chequered flags which should be at least 80cm x 100cm. 4.1.1) Flag signals to be used by the Clerk of the Course or his deputy at the start line: a) National flag: This flag is normally used to start the race. The starting signal should be given by lowering the flag which, for standing start events, should not be raised above the head until all cars are stationary and in no case for more than 10 seconds. Should the national flag not be used for any reason, the colour of the flag (which should not cause confusion with any other flag described in this Chapter), should be specified in the Supplementary Regulations. b) Red flag: image by Phil Nelson This flag should be waved at the start line when it has been decided to stop a practice session or the race. Simultaneously, each observer's post around the circuit should also wave a red flag. The red flag may also be used by the Clerk of the Course or his nominee to close the circuit (see Article 2.3.c). This flag should be waved and signifies the end of a practice session or the race. This flag should be used to inform the driver concerned that he must stop at his pit or at the place designated in the supplementary or championship regulations on the next approach to the pit entry. If a driver fails to comply for any reason, this flag should not be shown for more than four consecutive laps. The decision to show this flag rests solely with the Stewards of the Meeting, the team concerned will immediately be informed of the decision. This flag should be used to inform the driver concerned that his car has mechanical problems likely to endanger himself or others and means that the he must stop at his pit on the next lap. When the mechanical problems have been rectified to the satisfaction of the chief scrutinizer the car may rejoin the race. This flag should be shown once only and is a warning to the driver concerned that he has been reported for unsportsmanlike behaviour. These last three flags (in d, e and f) should be shown motionless and accompanied by a black board with a white number which should be shown to the driver of whose car the number is displayed. Normally the decision to show the last two flags (in e and f) rests with the Clerk of the Course, however it may be taken by the Stewards of the Meeting provided that this is stipulated in the supplementary or championship regulations. The team concerned will immediately be informed of the decision. These flags may also be displayed at places other than the start line should the Clerk of the Course deem this necessary. 4.1.2) Flag signals to be used at observation posts: This should be shown waved only on instruction from the Clerk of the Course when it becomes necessary to stop a practice session or the race. All drivers are required to slow down immediately and proceed to the pit lane (or the place foreseen by the regulations of the Event), and must be prepared to stop if necessary. Overtaking is not permitted. This is a signal of danger and should be shown to drivers in two ways with the following meanings: - Single waved: Reduce your speed, do not overtake and be prepared to change direction. There is a hazard beside or partly on the track. - Double waved: Reduce your speed, do not overtake and be prepared to change direction or stop. There is a hazard wholly or partly blocking the track. Yellow flags should normally be shown only at the marshals' post immediately preceding the hazard. In some cases however the Clerk of the Course may order them to be shown at more than one marshals' post preceding an incident. Overtaking is not permitted between the first yellow flag and the green flag displayed after the incident. Yellow flags should not be shown in the pit lane unless there is an incident of which the driver should be made aware. This should be shown motionless to inform drivers that there is a deterioration of adhesion due to oil or water on the track in the area beyond the flag. This flag should be displayed, for at least (depending on the circumstances) 4 laps unless the surface returns to normal beforehand. It is not however necessary for the sector beyond where this flag is being shown to show a green flag. This should normally be waved, as an indication to a driver that he is about to be overtaken. It has different meanings during practice and the race. - At all times: - A stationary flag should be displayed to a driver leaving the pits if traffic is approaching on the track. - During practice: - Give way to a faster car which is about to overtake you. - During the race: - The flag should normally be shown to a car about to be lapped and, when shown, the driver concerned must allow the following car to pass at the earliest opportunity. This flag should be waved and is used to indicate to the driver that there is a much slower vehicle on the sector of track controlled by that flag point. This should be used to indicate that the track is clear and should be waved at the observation post immediately after the incident that necessitated the use of one or more yellow flags. - It may also be used, if deemed necessary by the Clerk of the Course, to signal the start of a warm-up lap or the start of a practice session. In Chapter X of the "International Sporting Code" is clearly noted a so called flag marshal. I suggest to those interested in sport flags to have a look at the FIA and check under MOTOR SPORT, Technical and Sporting regulations. Pier Paolo Lugli, 2 September 1999 I have found that flags were first used in motor sport in 1899, but it was only the red (stop) and the yellow (caution) flags. The earliest mention that I have been able to trace of the chequered flag is a photo of a race in the USA in 1913. Someone told me that they thought the origins of the flag lay in its use in bicycle races in France at the turn of the century. Since the first Grand Prix proper was in France in 1907 under the auspices of the Automobile Club de France, this may be the case, but I have not found anything in books of motor racing history, nor in the FAI rule book or website, to back it up. Ian Sumner, 08 February 2000
ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืกื™ืžืคืจื•ื˜ืง ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื™ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช-ืขืœ. ื”ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืจืคื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื•ืœื™ืื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆืฃ/ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืคืกื’ื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช Packing list ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื˜ืœ: <phone> ืคืงืก: <phone> ื“ื•ืโ€ืœ: <email> ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืขืชื•ืŸ 2513000 ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืืจื–ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืจื’ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืจืช
ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืฉืคื•ืจื•ื ืกื’ื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžื•"ืž ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืง, ื›ื™ืคื” 06/02/13 07:36 ื›ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉืขื’ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกื’ื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขื โ€ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™โ€œ ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื (ื“โ€˜) ืžื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•โ€œืž ืื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืขื”, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฆื”โ€œืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืกื’ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžื ื˜ืœ ืžื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื–ืคื˜ ืžืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืžืกืจ ื’ื ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ โ€ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™โ€œ ื›ื™ โ€ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉ"ืก ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฆื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื ืงื“ื™ืฉื, ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ืจ, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชืโ€œ. โ€ื”ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืคืกื— ื’ื ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€œ, ื ื›ืชื‘, ื›ืฉืกื’ื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ: โ€ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื— ื‘ื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืฉ"ืก ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื" ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€œ. โ€ืงืฆื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืงืจื“ื•ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”, ืฉืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื™ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ืโ€œ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื, ืงืฆื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื–ืจื— ื—ืจื“ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€œ. ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื: โ€ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช "ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื" ืฉื›ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื•. ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฉ"ืก ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืชื ืื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืื ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื. ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฉื ื›ืš - ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชโ€œ.
The Planning Division seeks to preserve the past while building an enhanced future by preparing plans which produce a quality, sustainable community. The staff works with builders and developers to produce quality projects for the citizens of Smithfield What is the General Plan? Sometimes referred to as a Master Plan, the General Plan of the City is a document that expresses the visions of its citizens for the management of growth and development today and far into the future. The Plan has its roots in much citizen input and public participation. It describes how the city wants to grow and even what the city should look like. What is zoning? Zoning is the authority given to the Smithfield City by the State of Utah to regulate the use, placement, spacing, and size of land and buildings. In short, zoning is intended to protect the health, safety, and welfare of properties and owners from abuses by others.
ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ืจืง ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืคืขื•ืจื™ ืคื”. ืืช ื”ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ืขื! ื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ื›ืกืœื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื’ื ื›ืกืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 2.5 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•: ืกืœื˜ ื™ืจืงื•ืช + ืชื•ืกืคืช (ื‘ื™ืฆื” / ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช / ื˜ื•ื ื”) | ื ืฉื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื | ืกืœื˜ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ | ืกืœื˜ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ืœ ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ | ืกืœื˜ ืคืกื˜ื” ืงืจ | ืกืœื˜ ืฉืจื™ ืคืกื˜ื• | ืžื•ื–ืœื™
Definition of hepatoma in English: noun (plural hepatomas or hepatomata หŒhษ›pษ™หˆtษ™สŠmษ™tษ™)Medicine A cancer of the cells of the liver. - I can recall one patient who clinically seemed to have gall stones but who eventually proved to have a primary hepatoma, and another patient who had persistent heartburn while taking low dose aspirin who had carcinoma of the stomach. - However, most patients with large or multiple hepatomas or most other types of cancer are not considered for transplantation as tumours recur rapidly. - Such nonspecific inclusions have been described in the elderly with highly active disease, in alcoholic cirrhosis hepatitis and hepatoma. Definition of hepatoma in: - US English dictionary What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
ืฉืืœื”: ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื” ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืžื™ื. ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื“ืข, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช. ืืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœื ื•. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™: ื‘ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืชื, ืืฃ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ื—ืฃ, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ืฉืืœื”: ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื ืชืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ืืœื”. ื”ืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืžืœื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”", 30.04.2020 ืœื™ื ืง ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืœืžืืžืจ: <url> ืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ืฉืžื” ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืชื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช 2<phone> ืชื’ื™ื•ืชืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ืฉืžื” ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืชื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช? ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื 1325 โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. Cancel reply ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืœื ืชื•ืฆื’ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืœื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื * ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื ืžืœื * ื“ื•ื"ืœ * ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ 2,818 ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื 109,626 ืœื™ื™ืงื™ื 5,220 ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื: ืžื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช? 2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ 2.12.21 2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ 1.12.21 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืžื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื? 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืื’ื• ืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ืื“ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืจื‘"ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืข ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื—ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื ืก ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืฉืžื” ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ <url> โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžืงื•ืจ, ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ื•ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขื ื“"ืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ. ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืกื“ืจืช "ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื", ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื (ื•ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ. ยฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืžื˜ืขื "ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ" ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื” ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ืื ื•ืจืง ืื ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื• ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉ. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืž-asset allocation (ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื) ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื (stock/bond picking) ืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื‘ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช. ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื“ื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช. ืงืจื ื•ืช ืกืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืžื“ื“ื™ื, ืขื ืคื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงื•ืช ื›ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉืชืฆื™ืข ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ืœืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ืืš ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ: ืงืจืŸ ืžื—ืงื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ Best effort ืœืชืฉื•ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืœื ื›ืก ื”ื ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœื ื ืกื—ืจืช ื•ื ืกืœืงืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื (ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช) ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืœ ื ืกื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฆืข. ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ? ืจืžืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืœ (ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืกืชืจื•ืช) โ€“ ืคืขืจ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ื ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช (ืคื™ืงื•ื—) ืœืชื—ื•ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ ืœืงื—ื• ืขืžืœื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ... ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœืœื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืกื›ื ื” ืœื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื. ืงืจืŸ ืกืœ โ€“ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืกืœ, ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื›ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืœื ื›ืก ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืžื—ืงื”, ืงืจืŸ ื”ืกืœ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื›ืก ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก (best effort). ืงืจืŸ ืกืœ ืชืกื—ืจ ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ (ืฉืชื™ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ) ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืžืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืœ โ€“ ืžืกื—ืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ/ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื. ืžืกื—ืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ โ€“ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืชืคืขืœ ื›ืงืจืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื™ื ืคื™ืง ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื™ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ. ืžืกื—ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ (ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ) ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื’ืฉื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืขื“ ืœืฉืขื” ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื”. ืงืจืŸ ืกืœ, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกืœ, ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื“ื“. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื, ื™ืžื•ื ื• ืœืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืกืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ ืฉื•ืง. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืงืจืŸ ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื›ื™ืจืชืŸ ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื—ืœืงื™ (ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชืงืจืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื—ืจืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื ืคืงื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“/ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช/ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืกืชืจื™ื. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืกืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืกืœ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง (ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื) ืื• ืœืฉื“ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช / ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื. ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื• ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืชื•ื•ืกืฃ/ืชื ื•ื›ื” ืขืžืœื” ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขโ€ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืžืœืช ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 0.1% ืœ-0.3% ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ โ€œืงืœืฃโ€ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ. ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืœืžื“ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื ื“ืœโ€ืŸ, ืงืžืขื•ื ืื•ืช). ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ ื—ื•โ€ืœ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื”ื ืคืงืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” โ€œืœืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“โ€- ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคื™ื ื˜ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื“ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื: ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ (ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ:HACK). ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” (ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ: IBB). ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื”, ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ืจ ืชืื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืคื™ืง ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืคื–ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™โ€ืข ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืœืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืืคื™ืง ื–ื”. ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2018 ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2019 ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงื•ืช ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืกืœ. Tags: ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ื•ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืคืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื โ€“ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื * ืฉื * ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ * ืืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื, ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืื’ื™ื‘. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืชื ื• ืœื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื โ€“ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง. ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื.
|SLUG: 2-268275 Russia/Mir||DATE:||NOTE NUMBER:| TITLE=RUSSIA / MIR (L) INTRO: For several years, Russia has been considering what to do with its aging MIR space station. Now, a panel of experts has drawn up a plan that could bring the station to a fiery end within several months. Bill Gasperini has more TEXT: The experts have drafted a plan to destroy the MIR if the government finally decides that is what must be done. After careful deliberation, the experts say the station's orbit could be lowered so that it would burn up on reentering earth's atmosphere. Remaining debris would then fall along a guided path into the Pacific Ocean. The entire operation would last several days and could take place as early as next February. The government has said it will probably decide to destroy the station because it can't afford the annual cost of about 250 million dollars to keep it in orbit. But many Russians want the MIR to keep on flying, saying the 14-year-old station is a matter of national pride. In recent years various foreign businessmen have talked about raising the money to keep MIR in orbit. One plan would turn the station into a hotel for rich tourists, who would pay up to 20 million dollars for a stay in space. But so far, all alternative plans have failed to raise the necessary funds. Russia has also come under pressure from the United States and other countries to scrap the MIR and concentrate its meager resources on the new international space station. Budget problems in Russia caused extensive delays in the construction of its part of the new ALPHA station. The first joint U-S-Russian crew is due to blast off for ALPHA later this month. (Signed)
A concussion is a mild form of traumatic brain injury. It happens when a blow to the head or a whiplash movement forces the vital 3-pound organ to jerk back and forth and crash against the skull, damaging delicate brain tissue. Roxanna Larsen, L.A.T., A.T.C., program manager for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine at Geisinger says, "Although concussions are not usually life-threatening, we are now starting to understand that effects from the impact can sometimes be serious and long-lasting." Don't be fooled, concussions don't always knock you out. Headaches and dizziness are the most common symptoms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 to 10 percent of athletes will have a concussion in a single season, typically those who play contact sports. Football players have a 75% risk for concussion - for women who play soccer, it's 50%. One hundred percent head protection can never be fully guaranteed, but Larsen suggests the following five actions to help protect from and prevent any serious brain injuries. - Helmets and mouth guards won't provide complete protection from concussion, but they can cut the risk. Make sure the head gear fits properly and has been tested by the American Society for Testing and Material - Conditioning exercises to strengthen neck muscles could help protect younger athletes - Some sports leagues and Pennsylvania schools provide pre-injury baseline computer tests to check memory, problem solving and reaction times. If an athlete has a concussion, the test can be used as a comparison tool. It can also be used to help doctors determine when the athlete is ready to get back in the game. - Players who have a concussion during a game should be sidelined immediately and not return to play until a qualified health professional, such as a certified athletic trainer, performs an evaluation and determines return-to-play status. Remember, rest and relaxation is critical to help the brain heal. - Parents, coaches and athletes should learn more about the risks, symptoms and treatment of concussions and get involved in school and league policies. Changing the rules and teaching concussion prevention strategies can go a long way in reducing the risk.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission published the Is Scotland Fairer? 2018 report today. The report looks at progress towards greater fairness and equality in Scotland, showing that there has been some progress in making Scotland fairer over the past three years. However, the report suggests that serious challenges still remain. The evidence presented in this report shines a light on societyโ€™s biggest equality and human rights challenges for the years ahead, and includes recommendations identify what actions need to be taken to ensure everyone has a fair chance in life. Is Scotland Fairer? 2018 includes a section on our education system, and the poverty-related attainment gap, and generally provides a very interesting read for anyone living here in Scotland. To access the report, please click here.
A band of abnormally warm water, shown in red, spans the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to Central America in this sea surface temperature image from August 5, 2005. The warm regionโ€”Hurricane Alleyโ€”is the birthplace of hurricanes in the Atlantic, and unusually warm waters means that storms have plenty of fuel to develop. Hurricane Alley is heating up, and temperatures are warmer than average (1985-1997). Not only does this mean that hurricanes may be more likely to form, but the weather pattern that is causing the ocean to warm can also steer storms straight for Florida. The pattern may also be responsible for the July 2005 heat wave that swept across the Midwestern United States. Normally, a large area of high atmospheric pressure sits firmly entrenched over the Atlantic Ocean. Called the Bermuda or Azores High because the center of the high pressure system shifts back and forth between the two islands, the system stirs air around the North Atlantic in a giant clockwise circle. A high-pressure system pushes air down toward the surface, causing it to warm and dry out. In the warmer, drier air, fewer clouds form to shield the ocean from the sun, allowing water temperatures to rise. In the summer of 2005, the Bermuda High has been extended to the south and west, letting Hurricane Alley bake under relatively clear skies. The result is the streak of warm water seen in this image. Since one of the ingredients necessary for a hurricane to develop is warm ocean water (at least 28 degrees Celsius or 82 degrees Fahrenheit), this streak could lead to more hurricanes during the 2005 season. On August 2, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) increased their predictions for the 2005 season, warning that 11-14 storms may form between August and November in addition to the 9 that have already pushed through the Atlantic. The south- and westward extension of the Bermuda High affects more than sea surface temperatures. Remember, the Bermuda-Azores High spins the air over the Atlantic in a giant, clockwise circle. As hurricanes develop in Hurricane Alley, along the bottom side of the #8220;clock,โ€ they travel west around the edge of the high pressure system. Often, the clockwise circulation pattern will bend storms northward into the Atlantic before they make landfall on the East Coast. But with the edges of the high pressure system extending farther south and west than normal, storms can run into the United States as they make their northward turn around the high-pressure system. In 2004, with the Bermuda High in a similar position, a record four hurricanes pounded Florida in rapid succession. The weather pattern could also be connected to the high temperatures across the Midwestern United States. Just as the Bermuda High can sweep hurricanes from the Atlantic into the United States, it also drags warm tropical air northward. Because the edge of the high sits farther west than normal (closer to the U.S. East Coast), hot humid air is circulating farther inland, leaving the Midwest hot and sticky. This image was created from data gathered by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) on NASAโ€™s Aqua satellite on August 5, 2005. AMSR-E was provided to the Aqua program by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Sea Surface Temperature data from the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), courtesy Remote Sensing Systems
Our culture promotes stress. With modern technology we never leave the office. People speak of their issues with stress like a soldier in the trenches: enduring it because they have no other choice. Nobody takes much vacation and they work 24/7. With our American work ethic even the word RELAXATION seems un-American! There's a mindset against managing stress. Managing stress and taking care of our health always comes DEAD last. And as a result, our perception is that there is NEVER enough time in the day to take care of our own needs. We cope with our stress counter-productively. We drink, we smoke, we eat and we spend money on things we can't afford: All in an effort to let off a little steam at the end of the day. Trouble with these methods of managing stress is they lead to even more stress and more problems. Doctors receive no training in stress-related illness and even if they did, they wouldn't have the time to dispense any advice. According to the American Institute of Stress, 75-90% of all doctor visits are for stress related concerns and yet when was the last time you ever heard a doctor even mention the word stress? Doctors don't want to touch this subject with a ten foot pole. They'd rather send you home with a pill. It's quicker and easier for all parties. And what about side effects? Just pretend they don't even exist. The stress management message is way too complicated. Dr. Hans Selye, the Canadian scientist who popularized the word stress defined it as: The body's nonspecific response to demands placed on it. What does that mean? Ever tried to explain the difference between good stress and bad stress? It's confusing. You can't even recommend one form of stress management (like meditation) for all people, since, according to the experts, no one method is right for everybody. The science needs updating. The fight or flight response (used interchangeably with: the stress response) is over 100 years old. Few people know that we've added the word freeze to lexicon of stress (e.g., the fight, flight or freeze response, which is particularly apropos to any discussion of PTSD) and even fewer people know about the female response to stress dubbed: "tend and befriend." Still more troubling to me, is that there's a level of stress(I call it social stress) that DOESN'T activate a full-blown fight or flight response, and because it doesn't, exists below the radar screen almost like a kind of phantom stress. It follows the mainstream medical model. People use stress management reactively, just like taking a pill. Even though stress management gets grouped in with wellness and prevention, people tend to use it like a band-aid: As a way of getting through a particularly stressful day. We don't acknowledge stress sensitivity. Some people are more sensitive to stress than others. This is an important topic that gets completely overlooked. People react to stress differently, and some people are highly sensitive to it, almost like a person who has PTSD. In other words, the sensitivity is built-in and can't really be addressed with standard stress management training techniques. Corporations are in denial about stress. Job stress is the #1 source of stress in the US and yet corporations for the most part behave as if it's entirely up to the employee to figure out how to manage it. As if they, the corporation, had nothing to do with causing the stress that occurs in the workplace. We're looking for stress in the wrong places. We need to look deeper at underlying causes. Once you start looking below the surface at issues like disorganization, financial concerns, time pressure and relationship problems, that's when you start getting at the root of most stress-related problems. Hopefully this list of ten problems will get you thinking about why employees have such a difficult time managing their stress. In the accompanying blog on this page: The Future of Stress Management in Your Organization, I'll suggest possible solutions to each of these ten problems and how we'll tackle these problems now and in the near future.
The Pretreatment Program is an EPA mandated program that requires South Adams County Water and Sanitation District to regulate the discharges from industrial and commercial sources into the Districts sewer system. The purpose of the program is to reduce the amount of pollutants being discharged in order to: Protect the District's system from pollutants that could interfere with the treatment processes Protect the South Platte River from industrial pollutants that could pass the plant untreated Ensure that the District's biosolids remain of high quality can be used as a soil conditioner and fertilizer Protect District workers from potentially harmful chemicals The term "pretreatment" refers to the requirement that industries pre-treat their wastewater before discharging it to the sanitary sewer system.
ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืื™ืชื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืง ืฉื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื’ืจืคื™, ืขื•ืจืš ืกืื•ื ื“, ืžืชื›ื ืช ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืง ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช) ื‘ืกื’ืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง. ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ืžืœืชืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืง. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฆืฆื” ืœื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”. ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง ืžืื– ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืžืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช!!! ืื ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืง ื•ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืง ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืคืจื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ื• ืื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืช ืชืงืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื. ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ืื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืง ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืื™ื™ืจMacBook Air ืžืงื‘ื•ืง MacBook ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืคืจื• ืขื ื˜ืืฆโ€™ื‘ืจ MacBook Pro with TouchBar ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืคืจื• ืจื˜ื™ื ื” MacBook Pro Retina ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืคืจื• MacBook Pro ืื™ื™ืžืงiMac ืื™ื™ืžืง ืคืจื•iMac Pro ืžืง ืคืจื•MacPro ืžืง ืžื™ื ื™ Mac Mini ื‘ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืง ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—. ืืฆืœื ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืง, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื“ืื˜ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื›ื, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืคืฉืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื ื“ืื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืง ืฉืœื›ื ืœืงืœื™ืœ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ. ืคืจื˜ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืžื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจ 5 ืงื•ืžื” 1 ื˜ืœ โ€“ <phone> ืžื™ื™ืœ โ€“ <email> ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืืฆืืค โ€“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืžืง ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ ืฉื™ื”ื“ื”ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืง. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืœ, ื›ืš ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™. ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช BOOT CAMP, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ืžืง ืœ-MACOS ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืง. ืžื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ื—ืจb ืœืจื›ื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืง ืฉืœื›ื ื˜ืจื ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก: ืฉื˜ื— ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืคื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 128GB ื™ืกืคืงื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื’ื ืขื 64GB ืืš ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ื ืŸ USB ืขื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 16GB ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืง ื•ืœื ื’ืจืกืช ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ื–ืง, ืคื ื• ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜. ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก, ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจ โ€œืืชื—ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—โ€, ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืœืื”. ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืขื ืžื“ืจื™ืš BOOT CAMP ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš. ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื›ืฉืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืง ืœื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื ืชืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”, ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื: ืœืกืจื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืข ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืชืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืง, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืขืœื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช. ืื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืง ื•ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ OPTION ืื• ALT, ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืง, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืœ- MACOS ืขืคโ€ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืชืงื ืชืŸ ืœื ื ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืืคืœ ื•ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ืžืขื˜ ืชืงืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืื• ืžืจื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืื ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื. ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืชื•ืš ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืงืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ืก ื ื’ื•ืก ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืจื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืกื“ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ืœืœื ืชืงืœื•ืช ืื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืง. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืœื›ืช? ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง ืฉืœ ืืคืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ pc. ืฉืœื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ืœืžืงื‘ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืื• ืชืงื•ืœื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื โ€œืื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื™โ€ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžื” ืœืžืงื‘ื•ืง, ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ... 3 ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืืคืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืกืš ืืคืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช... 100% ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืžืง ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืง, ืื•... ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืชืงืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื•ืชืงืœื•ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ืฉื™.... ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืžืชื™ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ: ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืœ ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1984. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื... ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ืก ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ office ื›ืžื• word ื•excel ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. Word ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืง ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื›ื™ ืžืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื›ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืง ืฉืœื›ื. ืžืง ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืžืง ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช NTI ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื•ื— ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช NTI ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื•ื— ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืง ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืง ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืโ€“ ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ืช... ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘. ืืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ืงืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืœืžืจืฆื™ื,... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื“ืจื”, ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืกืกืžืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคืœ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคืœ? ืคื ื• ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ื ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ื•... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง 2 ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง 2, ืื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง 2 ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง 2? ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื™ืชืื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืง 2, ื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก? ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜... ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ื‘- LaptopCare ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืกืš ื•ืขื“... ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื”ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื. ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื˜ืื‘ื˜ืœื˜. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ... ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ Surface ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก? ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื•ืชื’ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ... ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก? ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื‘ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืชื•ืคืกืช ืชืื•ืฆื” ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”,... ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ โ€“ ื’ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก? ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ (Microsoft Surface) ื”ื•ื... ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืกืš ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก Surface ืืชืจ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืกืš ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืกืจืคื™ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืกืš, ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ...
ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช - ืฉืคื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•. ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ื— - ื—ืกืจ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื™ืฉื”.
ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”- burn rate ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”-runway ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื ืื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืฉื›ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ CFO ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืž-25,000 โ‚ช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ 50,000 โ‚ช ื•ืžืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ืขื“ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืžืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืคืขืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” -ื’ื™ื•ืก CFO ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื• ื’ื™ื•ืก ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ CFO ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช external CFO ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื”. ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืœืคื™ ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืœืงื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืขืจืš ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ CAC ื•-LTV ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ืืค โ€“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง. ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื•? ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ืžื›ืจื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ (ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื• IPO ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื”. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืฉืงืœ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ืฉืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื’ืจืžื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื’ืื– ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื, ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“/ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘. ื™ืฉื ื ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ืคื•ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื’ื ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืจื•ื›ื‘. ืžืฉื˜ื— ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื—, ืชืื•ืฆื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืœืจื•ื‘, ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื. ื ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 15 ืง"ื’. ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™: ืกื“ืจ ืืงืจืื™ ืืงืจืื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ iMax S1 | ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืื™ื™-ืžืงืก ืืก 1 ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ 30 ืง"ืž 18 ืง"ื’ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ืœืœื”) ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืฉ 10" ืคื ืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื (ืขื ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ) ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื: ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ 1 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ยป Kooper (ืงื•ืคืจ) \ Kooper Dooper (ื“ื•ืคืจ โ€“ ื“ื• ืžื ื•ืขื™). ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ. ื”ืงื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืคืจ ื“ื•ืคืจ (ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื“ื• ืžื ื•ืขื™ โ€“ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื”), ืืœื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ืžืืชืจื™ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื: ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ 0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ยป Treker ื˜ืจืงืจ (ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ืžืืชืจื™ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
ืชืจื›ื™ื– ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืฉ. ืžื•ืคืง ืžืชืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคื™ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื. ืคืจื™ ื”ืชืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœ"ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ืง" ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื—ืคืฉ, ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืคืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›-18% ืžื™ื, ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืขื˜ ื ืชืจืŸ, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ ื”-B ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก.
ื”ืื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืง"ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื–ื”? ื•ื”ืื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ืœืคื—?
ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื– ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš 8 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš 'ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื' ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื™, ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื—ื ืš ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช.
ืžืงื•ื ืžืงืกื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืจืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ ื•ื ืงื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืืœื ื—ื•ื•ืช ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื. ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชืื”ื‘ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืงืกื ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืคื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื•ืจื™ืง ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• (ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื”...) ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื ืชื ื• ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืขืกืง: ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืคื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืขืกืง: ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”, ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืกืื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”!
ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ื—ื›ืžื”, ื“ืขืชื ื™ืช ืžืื“ ื•ืงื ืื™ืช ืœื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ืจื“ื™ืคืช ืžื•ืกืจ, ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื - ืฉืžืจืชื™ืขื”. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงืกื. ื–ื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืœื”. ื›ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข. ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื - ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื, ืืžื ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื’ืจื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืฆ'ื›ื™ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืืงืกืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™". ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื” ืชื™ืžื”ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจื—ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืฉืžื” (ื™ื ื™ื ื”) ื•ืžื‘ื›ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื“ื•ืฉื™ื™ืงื•. ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื” (ื•ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืชืคืœืฆืช. ื”ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืจื’ืœ-ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื ื—ื ืง ืžืขืฆื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื“ื•ืฉื™ื™ืงื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•, ื‘ืขืฆื. ื•ืื– ืžืชื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืฉื™ื™ืงื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”. "ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ-ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืžื“ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืฆื“, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ืจืง ื”ื•ื, ืชืคืœืฆืช ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื ืคื—ื“ื ื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ; ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฆื ืจืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืจื™ื." ืขืž' 11 "ืชืคืœืฆืช ืœื ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ืชืง. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืขื ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ืœืฆื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืš ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช... ืžืขื™ืœ-ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืคื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•: "ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื•ื’ื ืื•ืชืš, ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื™." ืขืž' 47 "ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื–ืืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™, ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื”." ืขืž' 128 ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื "ืœืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช". ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื•ืืชื” - ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื”. ืืœ ืชืคืกืคืกื•. ื’ื ืื ืชื›ืขืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื’ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“. ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœื™ื” ืงื•ืจืืช ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ื‘- 8:36 ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืื•ืœื’ื” ื˜ื•ืงืจืฆ'ื•ืง, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกืคืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืจืฆื— Shirli 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 7:45 ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืงืจื™ืื” (ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ...) ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœืš ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™. ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ื ื”ื ืช ืžื›ืœ ืจื’ืข. ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ - ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื•ืœืขืช ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื.
Black and brown bears have some pretty interesting sleeping and eating habits, especially during the winter. These bears are a perfect example of how animals in the wild adapt to survive challenging conditions. Sharing some of the fun facts about bears and hibernation is sure to spark your preschoolersโ€™ interest. Black and brown bears hibernate, but polar bears do not. Bears are not the only creatures to sleep for long periods of time during the colder months of the year. Chipmunks, ground squirrels, hedgehogs, skunks, raccoons, bats, turtles, frogs, snakes, ladybugs and some fish also hibernate during the winter. Length of Hibernation According to Yellowstone National Park Service, hibernation lengths vary greatly, depending on the latitude of the bearsโ€™ location. For instance, black bears in Mexico may only hibernate for a few days or weeks, while the same type of bear hibernates for at least half of the year in Alaska. Food and Fat A bear has to eat a lot before settling down to sleep for the winter and will eat all day and night to bulk up. According to ReadWriteThink.org website, brown bears can eat up to 90 pounds of food a day during this time. They will eat grass, roots, berries, fish, insects and small animals. Scholastic states that some black bears can gain up to 30 pounds per week during this pre-hibernation time. Some bears even collect some food to store inside their den. Grizzly bears and black bears do not get up to eat or eliminate during hibernation months. Instead, they use body fat to sustain themselves. Their bodies actually recycle fat metabolism byproducts and use it to build protein for their muscles and tissues. Their bodies create a kind of plug to keep the digested food inside, preventing wastes from leaving the body while they sleep. When bears are not hibernating, their body temperature is around 100 to 101 degrees Fahrenheit. However, when they settle in for the long, deep sleep, their body temperature will drop to about 88 degrees. Some other animals drop their body temperature way below their normal active temperatures, and they must allow their bodies to warm up upon waking before they can move. Sometimes these other animals take days before they can become active again. Breathing and Heart Rate During bearsโ€™ normal awake period, they will breathe about six to ten times a minute. Once they are in hibernation mode, they will only take a breath once every 45 seconds or so. A bear's heart rate will also go from 40 to 50 beats a minute in non-hibernation mode to 8 to 19 per minute during hibernation. Follow the Leader When the bears are heading into the den to hibernate, they follow an order. The โ€œline leadersโ€ are the pregnant females. Then come the females with cubs, followed by the teenage bears and lastly the male bears settle in. When itโ€™s time to come out of the den around the first couple weeks of March, the bears come out in the reverse order that they went in, with the adult males first and the mothers with new cubs coming out last. Pregnant black bears may or may not wake up when their babies are being born during hibernation. She goes back to sleep afterward and only wakes occasionally to take care of the baby or babies. She can have one to five babies at a time. The cubs are blind and have no fur, but keep themselves warm in the motherโ€™s fur and nurse when they need to. They grow and get fat pretty quickly.
What is the best way to teach beginner piano students and to inspire, engage and motivate them in their first lesson? Is it through opening a method book and teaching students how to read middle C? Or, is it through: If you ask me, beginner piano lessons should be the most exciting, creative and engaging lessons you teach. It is your chance to help form the beginning of a life-long passion for music and piano in your new student. And you can do it all without even touching a method book. Let me show you exactly how to get started with my No Book Beginners Framework. Iโ€™m going to show you exactly how to teach your beginner piano students in a creative way without opening a method book. I call this my No Book Beginners (NBB) Framework. Itโ€™s designed to give you enough ideas so you can teach beginners for 10-weeks (or more) without a book before you start to teach reading with your favourite method book. There is a huge amount of evidence that suggests the best way to teach music is firstly through listening, copying, singing, creating and exploring well before anything to do with reading and writing. Itโ€™s the same way that we learn to speak our native language. Youโ€™d never think of teaching a child to read and write before they can speak and improvise in their language, so why do we do it for music? Get $100 off an annual Inner Circle membership and get full access to the No Book Beginners course (and my new Preschool No Book Beginners course!) just by clicking on this link. Here is a little preview of the course you will get access to in full by joining the Inner Circle. You can get a full FREE lesson plan download for NBB Lesson 1 below. Make sure you print out your lesson plan so that you can follow along. Feel free to pause this video while you get it ready! You can catch a replay of my free webinar at a time that suits you. See how I use my No Book Beginners framework with this one-hour of free training. Simply click here to see how you can register! Not ready to commit to the Inner Circle? Thatโ€™s okay, but why not check out some of the other free resources available to you on teaching beginner students? Here are some blog posts for you to enjoy. Want to know how to plan a curriculum for your beginner students? Check out my free blog post by clicking here. This blog post will explain more about the theory behind my No Book Beginners framework. Click here to read. Interested in teaching improvisation to beginners? Well, it is totally possible and I actually recommend getting your beginner students improvising from early in their piano education. Click here to find out more. Maybe podcasts are more your thing? Check out this podcast with Nicola Cantan on piano teaching games that will work a treat with your beginner students.
Stress is, unfortunately, a pretty universal experience. Family life, your job, your partner, your friends, the gymโ€ฆ All these things are enjoyable and equally important. And they give you energy. However, you can only keep this balancing act up if you take time to recharge your mind and body. By doing nothing for a while or by consciously making time for yourself. Do you take enough time to rest and calm your mind? Why not make this your New Yearโ€™s resolution for 2020? What is stress and how unhealthy is stress? Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. Our bodies and minds can deal with a certain amount of stress, but there is a limit to the stress we as humans can bear. Severe stress or prolonged stress causes wear and tear on the body, both physically and emotionally. This can make us extremely unhappy. When this happens itโ€™s a sign that we didnโ€™t preserve our boundaries, and this is what we call unhealthy stress. However, if we donโ€™t push ourselves beyond our limits sometimes, we may also experience tension or stress. Some of the least happy people are those without challenges in their lives. What causes stress? Stress can be caused by events or situations that happen to us. Events that are outside of our control, like having to compete in an achievement-orientated society or life events such as the death of a loved one, a seriously ill child or divorce. Stress can be work related or arise from a personโ€™s personal life. In many cases, it is a combination of the two. If someone has to deal with difficult circumstances in their personal life, such as divorce or a loved one whoโ€™s ill, they will have less energy to perform professionally. Emotional turmoil in their life becomes too much to handle, causing stress and feelings of unhappiness at work. There also seems to be a connection between stress and the personality traits listed below. - inability to do โ€˜nothingโ€™ - wanting to do multiple things at once - feeling overly responsible for other people - placing high expectations or demands on oneself - great sense of responsibility - being overly involved in family dynamics or work - always seeking appreciation from others - inability to express feelings - inability to say โ€˜noโ€™ - lack of self-esteem - inability to ask for help or support, and pessimism. These personality traits can also make a person more vulnerable to stress. People with these character traits are often very persevering, but because they tend to place themselves in a subservient position to others and have trouble knowing or preserving their own boundaries, they often find themselves in situations where the amount of stress surpasses their capacity to manage it. More time to rest The good news is that stress can be managed. The main thing is that you make time for yourself. Schedule โ€˜me timeโ€™ in your diary, so that you donโ€™t forget to actually do it. โ€˜Me timeโ€™ can be anything and anywhere you want it to be, at home, when the children are asleep, or at work โ€“ it doesnโ€™t need to take long and it doesnโ€™t need to be complicated. It can be done in five minutes at work, during dinner or when youโ€™re stuck in a traffic jam. - Breathing technique: Close your eyes and focus on your breathing for a couple of minutes. Youโ€™ll notice that clearing your mind and thinking of nothing is difficult, which is why itโ€™s important to focus on your breathing. If your mind wanders off to tasks that you have to complete, donโ€™t worry about it. Simply let these thoughts go and gently bring your mindโ€™s focus back the present moment and your breath. - Enjoy food: The pace of life for most people is quite hectic and the act of eating is often rushed. If you take the time to eat and chew each bite for 30 seconds, youโ€™ll notice that you will be more conscious of the smell, taste and feel of the food youโ€™re eating. Put your phone aside and switch off the TV. Make dinner about enjoyment and connecting with your family. - Switch off your phone: Talking about phones. How about a phone-free day? Try it. Even if itโ€™s only for an evening. Chances are you wonโ€™t have missed anything important. Youโ€™ll probably enjoy the peace and quiet. Another idea: donโ€™t check social media the minute you wake up. - Exercise: Take a walk or go cycling, even when you donโ€™t feel like it or itโ€™s drizzling and cold out there. It will leave you feeling much more energised. Itโ€™s also important to find moments of calm. Get out in nature, if you can. - Want to do: Our lives are packed with things we have to do: get somewhere on time, chores, tasks, responsibilities. How often do you ask yourself what you really want? What would you like to do? And what is stopping you? Sometimes it can help to change your perspective from โ€˜have to doโ€™ to โ€˜want to doโ€™. You donโ€™t have to do the laundry. You want to do the laundry. Because this means an empty laundry basket and clean clothes in your closet. - Be patient: You canโ€™t have everything and certainly not at once. If you have goals or plans, the key is to make a plan for what you need to get to that point. Patience will help you to get what you want. Patience is realistic. Not everything has to be now, now, now! - Let go of your worries: We all have things we worry about. Always ask yourself, โ€˜What is the worst thing that can happen?โ€™ Of course, we want the best and we donโ€™t want to make mistakes. But even if things go wrong, itโ€™s never the end of the world! - Good nightโ€™s sleep: Give your mind and body a good nightโ€™s rest. Having a late night can be fun but taking the time to rest is important, especially if you have a busy day ahead of you. So, switch off your phone and TV and have a lie-down. Is your mind too busy to sleep or do you have difficulty sleeping due to stress? Then we advise you to seek help from a professional. At Dokteronline.com, you can book an online doctorโ€™s consultation safely and easily. van Asseldonk, E. (2015, 7 May). Mindful worden in 10 stappen (Mastering mindfulness in 10 steps). Consulted on https://www.famme.nl/mindful-worden-in-10-stappen/ Hermus, J. (2019, 11 September). Rust in je hoofd: 16 praktische tips (Peace of mind: 16 practical steps). Consulted on 22 November 2019 on https://sochicken.nl/rust_in_je_hoofd_16_praktische_tips MIND. (n.d.). Stress. Consulted on 22 November 2019 on https://wijzijnmind.nl/psychipedia/stress
ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืจื— "ืื›ื–ืจื™" ืขื ืžื•ืขื“ ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื•ืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื‘ื›"ื–, ื‘ืœื™ ืžืชืื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ "ื’ืื•ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”" ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง Nhow ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืคืš ืžื•ืงื“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืœื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืžื™ื ื™" ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืชืืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช Aqua creation ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื™ืœื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืงื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื–ื•ืœืื™. ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” "ืœืžืชื’" ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›-Aqua creation hotel , ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืคื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืœื•ื‘ื™, ืžื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืื–ื•ืœืื™ ื›ืขื™ืŸ "ืขืฅ ืชืื•ืจื”" ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื• ืฉืฆืžื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•, ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฆื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื• ื”ืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืคื“ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื–ืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืจื’ืข ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื™ื•ืชืžื™ื! ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืื”? ืฉื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืืช/ื” ื”ืื ืืช/ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคืฅ/ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืจื—ืฆื” ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ/ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ื™ ืฉื“ื” ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• Studio Beam: ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ Studio Beam, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืขืฅ, ืžืชื›ืช, ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื•ืžืื™ืจ. ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื—ื›ื, ื”ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ "ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง", ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœืื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช eConfigure - ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
Today we turn our thoughts towards those who are passing through to their heavenly reward. We could use the old Negro spirituals as a help in picturing that passage. Thos slaves, in turn, took their inspiration from the passage of the Israelites into the Promised Land. Letโ€™s look at that. After the death of Moses and forty years of their wandering, the faithful remnant of tens of thousands of Israelites arrived opposite the Promised Land. It was springtime, and the Jordan was wide an deep, thanks to melting snows from Lebanon. Joshua ordered the people to line up four abreast in a column stretching back a mile from the flooded Jordan. Then Joshua ordered eight young men to lift the Ark of the Covenant by its fixed handles, and to walk into the river. In Exodus 25 God had told Moses that the people could find him above the Ark between the Seraphim. So, in following the Ark into the river, the people felt they were following God. Chapter Three of the Book of Joshua relates how as soon as the men carrying the Ark ever the Jordan the waters backed up, allowing the Ark, then the column of the people to pass down into the river bed. When the Ark reached the bottom, it halted, allowing the great column of the people to pass by it, and up into the Promised Land. When we are midway between life and the Promised Land we will move past, not the Ark, but Jesus on the cross opening the way for us. โ€œDeep River, my home is over Jordan. Oh, deep river, I want to pass over into campground.โ€
March 02, 2021 | By Scott Minerd, Global CIO In the more obscure corner of the money market and banking statistics is the arcane data around bank reserves and money supply. One of the most important metrics in monetary theory is the money supply gauge referred to as M2. In its simplest definition, M2 represents the amount of money in currency, demand deposits, and checking accounts in the economy (the more narrow aggregate called M1) plus โ€œnear cashโ€โ€”retail money market fund balances, savings deposits and small-denomination time deposits. Now to the even more arcane world of the Federal Reserveโ€™s (Fed) balance sheet, the liabilities of which include paper money, bank reserves and the U.S. Treasuryโ€™s general account. As a hangover from the prior administrationโ€™s cash management, the Treasury currently holds about $1.6 trillion in its general account at the Fed, an amount far in excess of its pre-COVID cash balance target of roughly $400 billion. The Biden administration has decided to use more than $1 trillion of this excess cash to pay for stimulus rather than borrow new money. This is causing M2 money supply growth to soar at a rate of 25 percent over the past 12 months, more than five times the average annual growth rate going back to 1960. The spike in M2 money supply can be explained by the massive fiscal stimulus deployed by the federal government, which was financed in large part by the creation of new money by the Federal Reserve. This stimulus has facilitated a surge in cash holdings throughout the economy from increased precautionary savings by households, businesses, and state and local governments. As the stimulus checks go out, that cash moves into private sector checking accounts, causing M2 to balloon. Some of the money is spent, but most is saved. That unspent money eventually finds its way into securities markets either directly through investors or through banks choosing to invest deposit inflows in U.S. Treasury notes, Agency debentures and mortgage-backed securities, municipal securities, and asset-backed securities. Nobel laureate Milton Friedman considered M2 money supplyโ€”currency, demand deposits, checking accounts, retail money market fund balances, savings deposits and small-denomination time depositsโ€”an important indicator for the future course of the economy and inflation. Source: Guggenheim Investments, Haver Analytics. Data as of 11.30.2020. Shaded areas represent periods of recession. This flood of cash is driving short rates lower. Last week Libor set a record low of 18 basis points (bps) while Treasury bills now yield 3 bps and 2-year Treasury rates are at 16 bps. As the money continues to flood into the private sector we continue to see a rise in stock and bond prices. Over time, as stimulus payments and tax refunds are distributed and more money looks to be put to work, investors will extend maturities on their bond portfolios in a โ€œreach for yield.โ€ Against this backdrop, 2-year Treasury note yields could go to 1 bp or lower and 5-year Treasury notes could easily reach 10 bps. These levels would put downward pressure on 10-year Treasury rates, likely rendering the current yield unsustainable. The sine regression of 10-year Treasury rates since the mid-1980s has helped guide Guggenheim Investments with its portfolio positioning. This seemingly simplistic analysis is derived from the insightful work of Nobel-prize winner Eugene Fama, who demonstrated that securities prices were guided by random walks. Source: Guggenheim Investments, Bloomberg. Data as of 2.5.2021 The easiest way to explain the random walk is the drunk man in the snow. As the drunkard drifts left and drifts right, each next observed step is random but he always heads in the right general direction towards home. The work of Fama and others has shown that securities prices follow a similar path where the next observable price may be higher or lower, but the mean drift of the trend line will generally be followed. In our model of 10-year Treasury yields, the sine regression of 10-year rates since the mid-1980s, actual yields have generally stayed within a two standard deviation range of the model estimates. Currently our model suggests that while yields may drift up from here, there is still more downside. The model estimate for a trough of -0.5 percent in early 2022 is bounded by a two-standard deviation range of a high of 1 percent and a low of -2.0 percent. The good news is that fixed-income investors can properly position their portfolios by not being underweight duration. The bad news is that this would set the table for negative rates in the event of any unexpected bad news about the economy or financial system. The foregone conclusion today is that long-term rates are on an uninterrupted trajectory higher. History tells us something different. In the wake of the 1982 recession rates moved markedly higher in 1983. In that year gross domestic product (GDP) grew at 7.9 percent. Anticipating an inflation resurgence, long rates skyrocketed early that year, with 10-year rates rising from 10.1 percent to a peak of 12 percent. Despite the pronounced inflation anxiety, by 1986 10-year Treasury yields were probing lows around 7 percent, about 300 bps lower than before the selloff in 1983 got underway. Rising rates are not a foregone conclusion. History tells us that every recession is followed by a trough in interest rates several quarters later. Source: Guggenheim Investments, Bloomberg. Data as of 2.25.2021 for Treasury yields, 1.31.2021 for core CPI. Shaded areas represent periods of recession. The same pattern occurred in the wake of the next two recessions. In 2008 the ten-year Treasury note touched a low of 2 percent. By 2010, as the economy began to rebound, bonds touched 4 percent only to subsequently fall to new lows of 1.4 percent in 2012. Now, similar fears grip markets that reflationary pressures are paving the way to higher rates. No doubt, prices will rebound from post pandemic lows but given the surplus capacity throughout most of the economy and high levels of unemployment, any increase in the rate of inflation is likely transient. In recent weeks the primary driver of the bond market selloff has shifted from rising inflation expectations, as seen in rising TIPS inflation breakevens, to rising real yields. The sharp increase in real yields is inconsistent with the Fedโ€™s dovish reaction function, and we expect policymakers will forcefully push back against the market repricing. Source: Guggenheim Investments, Bloomberg. Data as of 2.25.2021. Fed Chairman Jerome Powell has made it clear. Donโ€™t look for restrictive policy from the Fed anytime soon. Prospects are for asset purchases to extend into next year with short-term rates to remain pegged at zero until at least 2024. Against the back drop of rather benign inflation and easy money, investors will be tempted to reach for yield. An upward sloping yield curve is one of the few avenues remaining that provides an opportunity for fixed income investors to boost current cash flow. At the end of the day, taking on duration risk to get any reasonable return on cash will prove a temptation too great to resist. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principle. Investments in fixed-income instruments are subject to the possibility that interest rates could rise, causing their values to decline. High yield and unrated debt securities are at a greater risk of default than investment grade bonds and may be less liquid, which may increase volatility. This material is distributed or presented for informational or educational purposes only and should not be considered a recommendation of any particular security, strategy or investment product, or as investing advice of any kind. This material is not provided in a fiduciary capacity, may not be relied upon for or in connection with the making of investment decisions, and does not constitute a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell securities. The content contained herein is not intended to be and should not be construed as legal or tax advice and/or a legal opinion. Always consult a financial, tax and/or legal professional regarding your specific situation. This material contains opinions of the author, but not necessarily those of Guggenheim Partners, LLC or its subsidiaries. The opinions contained herein are subject to change without notice. Forward looking statements, estimates, and certain information contained herein are based upon proprietary and non-proprietary research and other sources. Information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but are not assured as to accuracy. Past performance is not indicative of future results. There is neither representation nor warranty as to the current accuracy of, nor liability for, decisions based on such information. 1. Guggenheim Investments assets under management are as of 12.31.2020. The assets include leverage of $13.7bn for assets under management. Guggenheim Investments represents the following affiliated investment management businesses of Guggenheim Partners, LLC: Guggenheim Partners Investment Management, LLC, Security Investors, LLC, Guggenheim Funds Distributors, LLC, Guggenheim Funds Investment Advisors, LLC, Guggenheim Corporate Funding, LLC, Guggenheim Partners Europe Limited, Guggenheim Partners Fund Management (Europe) Limited, Guggenheim Partners Japan Limited, GS GAMMA Advisors, LLC, and Guggenheim Partners India Management. 2. Guggenheim Partners assets under management are as of 12.31.2020 and include consulting services for clients whose assets are valued at approximately $70bn. ยฉ2021, Guggenheim Partners, LLC. No part of this article may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any other publication, without express written permission of Guggenheim Partners, LLC. Examining the Fedโ€™s announcement to sell its SMCCF holdings. Strong earnings growth, low default volumes, upward rating migration, and tighter spreads in the recovery phase of the credit cycle. A Green New Deal should not be viewed as a big government program, but as an opportunity to reinvent vast swaths of the U.S. economy while pursuing the laudable goal of carbon neutrality. Portfolio Manager Adam Bloch and Matt Bush, a Director in the Macroeconomic and Investment Research Group, share their outlook for the first quarter 2021. Scott Minerd, Chairman of Investments and Global CIO, discussed his outlook for markets and the economy with CNBCโ€™s Brian Sullivan during the Milken Institute 2020 Global Conference. You are now leaving this website.Guggenheim assumes no responsibility of the content or its accuracy. Your browser does not support iframes. 2021 Guggenheim Partners, LLC. All rights reserved. Guggenheim, Guggenheim Partners and Innovative Solutions. 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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื™ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื™ื, ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื - ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื’ืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“. ืœ-ynet ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืคื• ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืขื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื™: "ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืช" ื—ื ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืคื•ืจืกื: 09.09.07 , 12:36 ืื™ืŸ ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™: ืœ-ynet ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกื’ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืช ืื™ืชื™ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืคื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ-ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืขื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืฃ, ื•ืœืž"ื›ื™ืช. ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื™, ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืืžืจื” ืœ-ynet ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช: "ืื ื™ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื“ื•"ื—. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืœื, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ืื ื™ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขืช ืžื”ื“ื•"ื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืช". ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ, ืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉืงื“ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ื™ืกื”, ืืœ"ืž ืข' ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกื"ืœ ื', ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื ื’ื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืจืก"ืŸ ื', ืžืกืชืคืง ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื ื–ื™ืคื” ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืœื”ืง ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœ. ื”ืชื™ืง ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื ืกื’ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื ื•ืžืงืช, ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืžืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ืกื’ืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ื•"ื— ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืœ-ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืžืžืฆืื™ื”, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-ynet, ื—ืฉืคื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื™ืชื™ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืืš ื’ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื ื’ื“ ืืœ"ืž ืข', ื›ืš ื ื’ื“ ืกื"ืœ ื' ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ-ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื—, ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆ"ื— ื•ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™. ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืœ"ืž ืข' ื›ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช. ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ, ืืœื ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืœ"ืž ืข' ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืขืœ ืกื"ืœ ื', ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืืžื ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•, ืืš ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืืฃ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืก"ืŸ ื', ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ - ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืœื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื. ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืคืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืืœื™ื• ืืฃ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื— ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืž"ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ืš ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื’ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืฆ"ื— ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื’ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ (ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืงืจื‘ื™), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืžืกืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”: "ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืฆ"ืจ ื•ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื—".
ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ืชืž"ืœ (ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื) ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉื™ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืชืž"ืœ ืžืชืคืจืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฉื•ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื”ืื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ืื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืชืž"ืœ?
ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืจืขื ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืคื• ืžื•ืชืื ื›ืืŸ ืืœื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืœื™ื—ืฆื• ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” . ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืœื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื” ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ . ืงื ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืชื›ื ื™ ืฆื™ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืชืžื—ื” ืจืžื” ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• . ืžื›ื ื™ ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉืขื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ . ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื. ื‘ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ Messages ื’ื‘ื™ ื•ื›ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ื‘ืก . ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ื›ืคืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืง ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืค ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช . ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื . ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฉืœ . ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื•. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืืชื›ื ืฉืื™ื ื History ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืกืคืงื™ ืื ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืœื—ื™ืคื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื . ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ืจืžืช ื“ืคื™ ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื• ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ . ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื™ื•ื’ ื•ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืกื•ื’ ืœืขืจื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื . ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืื“ื™ื‘ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืชืงืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆืื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื . ืœืชืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™. ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืงืฉืจ ืื“ื™ื‘ ืขืงื‘ื• ืื™ื ื“ืงืกื™ื ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืคืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืจื”! ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™: ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืช: ืืช ื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื™: ื›ื–ื” ื•ืชืง ืžืื™ืคื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื VIP ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืžื™ืŸ . ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื“ ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ . ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช Icon. ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื•ืื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื—ืช ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื ืชื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืœื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช . ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืคืจื™ืกื” ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืœื™ื ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข . club ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื•ืขื“ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืจื• ื•ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ืชื ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื . ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื express ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ LogOut ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช . ื•ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉืขื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืกืง ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช . ื‘ืขืœ ืื— ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉ ืคื ื• ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืฆื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื– ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื–ืจื ื™ื ื•ืืœ ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืœื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื“ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ื“ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืกืžื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจ . ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื™ื—ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื’ื•. ืจื‘ ืฆื™ืจื™ ืืจืฆื™ืช ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ . ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ืฉืจื•ืช ืชืงืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื™ืœืช . ื”ื™ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ color ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขื ื™ืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ . ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื›ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื–ื• ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืคื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ ื•ื•ืชืง ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ืช ืคื™ . ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜. ืงืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ื—ืกืจ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ . ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืœื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื–ืžื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืืชื ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœ . ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืœ Favorites ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืกืœื•ืœืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืกื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื” . ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืžืฉ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข. ื•ืงื‘ืœืช . ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืกื ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืœื™ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื” ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืœื ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืง DVD ืžืขื ื” . ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœื™ ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ืช Whatsapp ื ืฉืžื— ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœืช ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ . ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžื—ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช . ื”ื’ืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืงืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื• ืชืžืฆื ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืงืจื™ืช . ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืจื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืจืจื• ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืฃ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืžื•ืช . ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื’ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื’ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ . ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืžืคื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ืขืœื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืกื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื•ืœื•ืžื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืจืง ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื . ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื” icon ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื— ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• . ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืงืฆืจ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ืžืจื—ืง ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืžืช ื•ืจืง group ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื . ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื•ื—ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืœื’ื–ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืงืกื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ . ืจืงืข ืืงืกืคืจืก ืฆืจื™ืš ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืงืคื” ืขืฉื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื— location ืฉืœื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชืš ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื“ืœืชื•ืช . ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืš ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชืš ืฉืœืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช People ื•ืœื›ืŸ . ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื™ืชื›ื ืžืžื ื” ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื•ืกืง ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ . ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ืžื“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื” ื›ื›ืœ empty ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ . ืคื—ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ืงื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœืจืืฉ ื’ืจืจ ื”ื–ืจื™ื– ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ . ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ืจืฉืžื” ื’ืฉื ืชื•ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉื ื’ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื’ืจื™ืจืช . ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื— ืขื›ื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื . ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื ืกืคืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกืš ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืชื ืขื” ืคืชื— ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื . ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืืกืคืงืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื›ื . ื•ื’ื ื™ ื•ืœืกืคืง ื›ืš ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื“ืคื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื . ืœืœืงื•ื— ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ืฆืจืช ื‘ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื–ืจื™ ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืฉืชื•ืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื’ืฉื . ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก Search ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ืขืจืš ืขื–ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื“ื™ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ . ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื–ืจื• ื˜ื™ืค star ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช . ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉื—ืคืฉื• ืžืกืคืง ืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื‘ืงื˜ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืคื•ื ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืš! ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ . ื˜ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื•. ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื” ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื Points ืฉืฆืคื™ืช ืœืฉืจืช ืจื’ื™ืœ . ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื“ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžืก ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช . ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืจืžืœื” ื•ื ื•ื— full ืืคื•ืจ ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื ื™ืข ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื ื“ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืช . ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืกื‘ื ืžื•ืกืš map ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื™ืคื“ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื” ืื• ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™. ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืชื™ืื•ื . ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืœื ืœืืชืจ ื•ืžืื•ืžืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงืกื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื . ื”ื’ืขืชื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืกืคื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ . ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื ืืœื™ื›ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ืื•ืžืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืก ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ . ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื”ืžืœืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืชืฉืœืžื•. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืชืžืฆืื• ืงื•ืจืœ ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื . ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืกื ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืง . ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืกืจื’ืœ ืงืฆืจื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™ . ืขืกืง ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขืคื•ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืกืš ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ . ืจืขื ื ื” ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื–ืง ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืžืกืคืจื™ ื ืขื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืชืžื ืขื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื‘ืช . ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื•ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคืจืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื ืก ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขืฅ . ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื–ื’ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืขืกืงื™ื . ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืจืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืง ืžืงื•ื . ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง .
On 12/26/2011 3:02 PM, [email protected] wrote: > ...and some food for thought. For those of us who live in wooded areas > where all the trees lose their leaves for the winter and go dormant, is this > less of a problem in the winter than the summer? Less moisture in the tree > when it's winter? Just asking, any biologists out there? > Bill KH7XS/K4XS I've had antennas of many configurations in and above the trees. > 1) Some trees DO absorb RF, and the absorption (loss) increases with Most green (Deciduous trees) follow this pattern and disappear in winter. > 2) The absorption (loss) seems to be greatest for straight vertical > trees (pines, firs, redwoods) I can easily eliminate two of those here in Michigan. The firs don't seem to bother from much more than a few wave lengths...or less. I have a 80 meter sloper at 60 deg that runs through several of the deciduous trees and ends about 6 ft off the ground and the same distance from a pine. A 40 meter sloper when installed in the same spot ends much farther from the pine, but still has one side of the dipole running right through the large tree with no apparent effect summer of winter. > 3) The absorption (loss) seems to be greater for vertically polarized Which makes sense as most of those trees are vertical unlike the deciduous which run in all directions although the trunk is more or less vertical, but usually on the short side...but not always. We have Ash trees that are a very dense wood that when trimmed look like a very large flag pole or ships mast and unbelievably heavy. Unfortunately we have "the Emerald Ash Borer" which can kill on in a matter of days. So there are a lot of those ships mast around here and our wood is quarantined. A 20 foot stump is likely to weight over a ton and be no more than a foot across at the top...maybe 18 to 20 inches at the bottom. It's an extremely dense wood. The larva work under the bark so the core that's left after the bark falls off would make one whale of a antenna support. It'd probably outlast the pulley and rope by several times. > 4) The closer the antenna is to the tree(s) the greater the loss > When I say "dense redwood forest," I'm talking about trees that are > typically 3-6 ft in diameter at their base, 100 - 175 ft tall, and often > within 10-15 ft of each other. it's quite common for a very old (tall) > tree to be surrounded by three or four younger (shorter) trees only a > few feet away. It took me four years to find a place I could turn a > 3-el SteppIr. Most of the trees around here are "trash" and very fast growing. The woods behind and to the North of our yard will grow up and die within about 10 years, resulting in a lot of dead falls. Were I younger (and in a lot better shape) I'd be out there cleaning out the dead stuff for my neighbor who burns wood. Actually the first 100 feet was a cleared lot when we moved here. Now I have to work to keep the woods from encroaching on my yard. Ah, well...the healthy ones to the West make good supports for the ends of the 75 meter sloper fan dipoles. I have an AV640 mounted at 24 feet, in the NW corner of the yard about 30 feet from a maple to the East, 50 feet from a large Oak to the NNW and just lots of *stuff* to the West. They do not seem to make any difference whether winter or summer. OTOH I seem to have picked up many new resonances (apparently related to coax length) for each band and adjusting the stubs is out and out confusing compared to when it was mounted on a 32 foot tower at the end of the shop. It worked better at 32 feet than at 40 and it worked much better at 40 than it does out at the end of an additional 100 feet of coax. I've run LMR 400 direct, LMR-400 to the remote antenna switch at the tower and even LMR-600 with the results being roughly the same AND it's been like this with two different AV640's. I finally gave up and purchased a new one and it acts exactly like the older one which has lived a rough life. > After living here nearly six years, I have six wire antennas suspended > by trees, all of them up about 110 ft. I also have a SteppIR at 120 ft, > monobanders for 20M at 45 ft, 15M at 35 ft, and 10M at 20 ft. The > horizontal antennas all work well. With a tribander at 40 feet or 100 feet the trees seem to make no They do affect both 144 and 440 noticeably and the difference between summer and winter is like night and day. I've never tried the 7L 6-mter Yagi below the tops of the trees which are generally between 70 and 80 feet. > The only vertical that works well is an 86 ft Tee vertical for 160M with > about 70 radials that vary in length from 70 ft to about 120 ft. I've > tried resonant quarter-wave verticals on 80 and 40 over the same set of > radials, and they don't work well. The 160 vertical is near the middle > of my clearing (roughly an acre), and it seems to work OK. My tower is > not in that clearing, surrounded by the dense forest, and I've tried > loading wires hanging on it on 160M. NEC says it should have a few dB of > gain relative to the Tee vertical, but the Tee Vertical outperforms it > on transmit, and by more than a few dB. I have a 40M end-fed vertical > dipole hanging in a redwood from a pulley at the 110 ft level, perhaps > 10 ft away from the tree at the low end of the antenna. It works, sort > of, but it's close to being a dummy load compared to the two horizontal > dipoles at 110 ft. I have a Diamond, duoband (repeater?) antenna mounted at 16 feet on the North side of the shop and very close to the trees along with a row of pines which seems to work fine, but I only use it for the repeater and short haul simplex. I have another of the same make and model side mounted at the 50 foot level on the 45G It seems to hear well and I occasionally use it on simplex. There is a low ridge about a 1/4 mile to the West of me, but it seems to hear well right through the trees at I did have stacked 11's on 440 and 12's on 144 for DFing and passing info to the NWS. They can not hear either vertical. > I have a loaded vertical for 2M and 440 sitting on a 20 ft mast just > outside my shack, also near the center of my clearing, that I use to > work repeaters. It's got about 3dBi on 2M and 6dBi on 440. I can't work > much on 440, due to a lot of absorption from the trees. I can work a > little more on 2M. The local DX club has a repeater that's about 17 air > miles from me that I can bring up with 150W, but my signal strength is > far too low to talk it. So I bought a 22ft long Yagi for 2M about 15 > dBi, mounted it vertically on the side of my short tower that is also > surrounded by close-in trees, and pointed it to that repeater. It can't > even bring up that repeater. Next I stuck a short 5-el Yagi designed > for vertical mounting (about 9dBi) on a 20 ft mast near the shack, in > the clearing. It can work the repeater, and while I'm still noisy into > it, I can talk it. > Virtually NO cell phones work up here in the forest. There are probably close to a dozen cell towers within 10 miles, maybe more. I counted recently but have already forgotten the number. So getting cell phone service is no problem except for one carrier (forget which but it's not the one I use). My cell phone gets full signal inside my shop which is lined with bonded barn metal. HT doesn't even do much on the local repeater which is just over 5 miles. > Several years ago, > I read anecdotal reports from a tech who was responsible for installing > cell systems in the pine forests of the American southeast, and he also > reported very strong absorption (high loss) for his systems. My > neighbor WA6NMF, an engineer who has considerable experience with UHF > and microwave systems, says "Jim, at cell phone frequencies, think -3dB > per tree." We had the small satellite dish on a 20' mast at the South end of the house. Worked great for some years and then poor signal. The neighbor to the South has some of those ornamental firs that get about 30 feet tall and only a few feet across. One had grown up in front of the dish, so I moved the dish to the 20 foot level on the 45G at the NW corner of the garage. worked great for some years. THEN the big willow tree in the the neighbor's yard to the West of the first neighbor grew high enough to partially block the signal. Looks like I'm going to need to raise that dish another 10 or 20 feet. Most of the time it's good, but rain or snow on the willow turns it into a brick wall for satellite signals. TowerTalk mailing list