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null | information_extraction | Extract the age when Brendon Small began to learn how to play Guitar | Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, animator, writer, director, producer, and musician known for co-creating the animated series Home Movies (1999–2004, with Loren Bouchard) and Metalocalypse (2006–13, with Tommy Blacha). He also writes the music, and is the main performer for the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok, which began as the subject of Metalocalypse but has taken on a life of its own, with four albums and an occasional live touring band, headed by Small. Small has also released two albums under his own name, in a similar musical style to Dethklok.
Small was born in Illinois in 1975. He moved to California as a child. Small started learning guitar at the age of 14 after a kid in his neighborhood began teaching him about guitar and music. At his first public performance, his hands shook so wildly that he had trouble controlling the guitar. It would be another ten years before he was comfortable performing in public. He graduated from Palma High School in Salinas, California. He graduated from Berklee College of Music in 1997. During his music studies, he took several writing and comedy classes at Emerson College. After graduating, he felt that the rock music genre was fading in popularity, so decided to try his hand at stand-up comedy. | 14 | null | null | null | 2700 |
null | general_qa | What is the best time of year to visit Lake Tahoe? | The best time to visit Lake Tahoe? The answer depends on your interests (or possibly the interests of the person advising you).
Snow lovers: if you count down the days until the mountain resorts open up, Winter is the time for you. Most resorts open around Thanksgiving and typically close in mid-late Spring. Tahoe has several world-class ski resorts; with Northstar and Palisades being favorites on the North shore, and Heavenly Mountain being the favorite on the South Shore. If flying down the mountain isn't appealing, you can go sledding, snowshoeing or snowmobiling. The snow capped mountains reflected on the deep blue waters of Tahoe make for epic winter sights. There's plenty of joy to be had staying inside, cozying up by the fireplace and simply enjoying the peaceful scenery outside your windows.
Sun Lovers: Tahoe Summers are for you. The Lake: beaches, marinas, restaurants, music and people galore. The lakeside vibe on Tahoe's beaches is casual and fun. Boaters & sailors highly regard Tahoe's famous blue waters. Tahoe is a kayaker's paradise with so many stunning coves to explore. Venture over to Emerald Bay to see where the lake turns from blue to green & visit the historic island in the middle. Hikers and cyclists; when the snow melts, there are countless trails to explore, including long segments of the famous Pacific Rim trail. For those who prefer leisurely strolls, there are some spectacular walking paths right along the lake. Floating down the Truckee River is a must-do for a frolicking day of fun. Campers love Tahoe as well, with many fun campgrounds to visit; some even within a short distance to the bustling streets of Stateline South Shore, where there are casinos, restaurants and music venues. Golfers can rejoice on the world class course along the lake at Edgewood.
In the transition months, the scenery is equally beautiful; and the tourist crowds are much smaller. Some people favorite the Spring and Fall in Tahoe, simply for a more secluded, scenic mountain getaway; catching either the tail end of the snow season or the early warmth glimpses of Summer.
Tahoe is a year-round destination. The best time to visit truly depends on the type of getaway you're seeking. My recommendation: Try all 4 seasons; you may find that it's impossible to pick a favorite! | null | null | null | 2701 |
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null | general_qa | How to introduce a new cat to the household if you already have cats? | Confine the new cat to a single room. Make sure the confined cat have access to everything he or she needs, including water, food, bedding, litterbox and toys. Feed your new and existing cats across the closed door, so that the cats can smell each other and associate each other's presence with food and happiness. Use synthetic feline facial pheromone in both the new cat’s room and in the area where the resident cat spends the most time will help to create feelings of familiarity and security within the physical environment. After a while, exchange pieces of bedding between the resident cats and the new cat so that the cats start to recognize each others scents. Slowly allow cats to interact with each other under supervision to ensure the cats build early positive experiences together. | null | null | null | 2702 |
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null | general_qa | Which universe we are living today and how large the universe is? | Wow, that's a tough one, currently, we are living in the observational universe, which is 5% of the whole universe from the latest research. The universe we lives is 93 billion light-year in diameter. | null | null | null | 2703 |
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null | summarization | Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of the differences between Iyengar Yoga and other yoga practices. | According to the Iyengar Yoga Institute, unlike more experiential approaches where students are encouraged to independently "find their way" to the asanas by imitating the teacher, an Iyengar Yoga class is precise, with misalignments and errors actively explained and corrected. It states that the style "emphasizes precision and alignment", and prioritizes correct movement over quantity, i.e. moving a small amount in the right direction is preferred to moving more but in other directions. Postures are held for a relatively long period of time compared to other schools of yoga; this allows the muscles to relax and lengthen, and encourages awareness in the pose. Props including belts, blocks and blankets are freely used to assist students in correct working in the asanas. | Based on the given text, Iyengar yoga differs from other types of yoga in the following points:
By focusing on precision and alignment, Iyengar yoga gives you precise instructions and continuously explains and corrects the misalignments and errors. It also prioritizes the quality of the postures over the intensity of doing them.
It also keeps the practitioners in the postures for a longer time in comparison to other yoga styles.
Also the practitioners are provided with different props like belts, blocks and blankets that they can use freely to help themselves to perform the asanas correctly. | null | null | null | 2704 |
null | general_qa | What is the plot of The Count of Monte Cristo? | In Alexandre Dumas' novel "The Count of Monte Cristo," the main character Edmund Dantes is framed and wrongly convicted of a crime he did not commit, by his lover's cousin who secretly wants to marry Edmund's lover. Edmund is sentenced to a prison dungeon where he meets an abby that reveals a hidden treasure should Edmund ever escape. Edmund spends years plotting his escape, retrieval of the treasure, and his revenge on all those who conspired against him. He disguises himself as a Count, then one by one exacts his revenge by influencing his rivals to behave in a manner that will lead to each of their downfalls. While he doesn't directly cause harm to any of his rivals, they all suffer the consequences of their own actions and Edmund comes out victorious. | null | null | null | 2705 |
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null | open_qa | Who is the most famous left-handed baseball player? | Babe Ruth | null | null | null | 2706 |
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null | general_qa | What are the Chinese dialects that people speak in China? | While most people's native language is Mandarin in China. There are 9 types of dialects which include Wu, Gan, Xiang, Min, Hakka, Yue, Jin, Huizhou ad Pinghua. These dialects share the same Chinese character as Mandarin which means the formal writing is the same. But they all have their own unique pronunciation which makes it hard to understand between the speakers of different dialects. | null | null | null | 2707 |
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null | closed_qa | In which city is this high school located? | The Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Lope de Vega (IES Lope de Vega) is a public high school in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the calle de San Bernardo. It is operated by the regional administration of the Community of Madrid. | Madrid | null | null | null | 2708 |
null | open_qa | What is a newspaper? | A newspaper is a daily printed publication delivered to your house or place of business. It is made our of folded sheets of printed paper, and it contains current and prior day events also called news. You will also find advertisements and different correspondences in it as well. It is a great way to stay up to date with current events, and you will have to pay to get a newspaper subscription delivered daily or weekly. | null | null | null | 2709 |
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null | open_qa | What caused the millenium tower to sink in san francisco? | The critics blame the city for allowing Millennium partners to anchor the building into packed sand rather than bedrock. The problem with Millennium tower arose because the 60 to 90-foot-long friction piles supporting it were driven into sandy soil rather than the bedrock, 200 feet down. | null | null | null | 2710 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me some ideas around improving my writing skills | 1. Read some nice writing and literary pieces. They should not be classical, can also be from bloggers that you admire and try to learn from their writing style.
2. One can leverage some writing softwares e.g. Grammarly, Wordtune, etc, as they immensely help with nice tips and suggestions.
3. Take services of a professional like writing coach to receive some guided approach and learning
4. Try to write as much as possible. It might sound counter intuitive but based on the law of numbers, writing more, helps one align and develop own writing style and rhythm. As the saying goes "practice makes a man perfect". | null | null | null | 2711 |
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null | creative_writing | Write a thoughtful letter to my mother-in-law asking her to move out of our house and in to a retirement community. Make sure to thank her for her help and be kind. She has lived with us for 5 years and helped us when our kids were little. We want her to move out in the next 6 months, and we will pay for her retirement home and care. | Dear [insert name],
It has been great living with you for the last 5 years. When our kids were small, you helped care for them and made a big impact on their development. We could not have raised them without your help. Now that the kids are older, we want to make sure we are not slowing you down or keeping you from your retirement goals. In fact, we would love to return the favor you did for us, by helping you find a retirement community that you can enjoy and prosper in. We are happy to pay for all of the accommodations and ensure moving is as easy as possible. We think it is best to make this change in the next 6 months, and we will do everything we can to help you navigate this important transition, for you and for us.
Love Always,
[insert name] | null | null | null | 2712 |
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null | open_qa | What is the difference between AWD and 4WD? | AWD is a system that without driver intervention, shifts power between the rear and front wheels. This system is typically found on light-duty SUVs or passenger cars. The AWD drive system is designed for mild inclement weather conditions such as light snow, ice and rain. It is not designed for off-roading or severe weather conditions such as heavy snow or mud. This is where the 4WD system comes into the picture.
4WD is a system that includes a transfer case that directly applies power to the rear axle, both front and rear axles and in some cases, only to the front axle. In addition, some 4WD systems include lower gear ratio options, locking hubs and lockers in the axles that force an equal amount of power to each wheel. All this taken together enables a 4WD system to enable a vehicle to navigate through deep snow, mud, over rocks and other obstacles with ease. The 4WD system is most commonly found on trucks, Jeeps and other purpose-built vehicles designed for heavy-duty use, whether for work or pleasure. | null | null | null | 2713 |
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null | information_extraction | List all the Formula 1 teams that Sergio Perez has driven for | Sergio Michel "Checo" Pérez Mendoza (Spanish: [ˈseɾxjo ˈpeɾes] (listen); born 26 January 1990), is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing, having previously driven for Sauber, McLaren, Force India, and Racing Point. He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190. He also earned his first Formula One pole position at the 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, breaking the record for the most races before a first pole position at 215. Pérez has a contract with Red Bull Racing until the end of the 2024 season. | - Sauber
- McLaren
- Force India
- Racing Point
- Red Bull Racing | null | null | null | 2714 |
null | information_extraction | List all the organisations mentioned in this paragraph on the history of the Java programming language, as a comma separated list. | Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages. As of 2019, Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub,[citation not found] particularly for client–server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.
Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions.
As of March 2023, Java 20 is the latest version, while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions. | GitHub, Sun Microsystems, Oracle | null | null | null | 2715 |
null | summarization | Provide a summary of Oliver Cromwell Applegate's career and later years. | Captain Oliver Cromwell Applegate (June 11, 1845 – October 11, 1938) was an American politician, newspaper editor, and Indian agent in the U.S. state of Oregon. A member of the Applegate family that helped open the Applegate Trail, he was raised in Southern Oregon where he later was in charge of the Klamath Indian Reservation. He worked as a scout during the Modoc War, was an Indian agent for all of Oregon, and was editor of the Ashland Tidings and the Klamath Republican.
Early years
Oliver Applegate was born in a log cabin in Yamhill District, in what is now Polk County, Oregon, on June 11, 1845. At the time the area was part of the Oregon Country, but in 1848 became part of the Oregon Territory. He was the sixth son and seventh child of the well-known pioneer, Lindsay Applegate, a native of Kentucky, and his wife, Elizabeth (Miller) Applegate, who was born in Tennessee in 1816. Lindsay Applegate was one of the leaders of the Great Migration of 1843 which Americanized Oregon and was prominent in the early Indian wars, and as an explorer.
When Oliver Applegate was five years old, the family moved to the Yoncalla Valley in middle western Oregon; there were only three or four other families in that region at that time besides the Applegate contingent, which consisted of the brothers, Charles, Lindsay and Jesse, and their families.
The system of common schools was rudimentary then, and their continuity could not be depended upon for more than a few weeks or months in each year. The Applegate families were fairly well supplied with books, however, to supplement the otherwise meager opportunities for education, and as a rule the scions of these strong frontiersmen availed themselves of every opportunity offered to inform their minds, as well as to become accomplished horsemen, efficient in the use of the rifle and otherwise prepared for the border wars which were liable to occur at any time with the aboriginal inhabitants of the country.
In 1860 the family removed to the Siskiyou Mountains near the California boundary, Lindsay Applegate having become owner of the toll road over the mountains, and in 1862, removed to Ashland, Oregon, which continued to be the family home for many years.
Career
During the winter of 1862, Oliver attended the district school in Ashland, and the next spring received a certificate and in the ensuing fall became the teacher, and for four successive winters, conducted the Ashland school. In the spring of 1863, he became a member of an independent military company, the only one in Southern Oregon, a cavalry company known as the "Mountain Rangers," to which many of the leading citizens of the country belonged. He served as a private in this company the first year, the second year as a sergeant and in the third year was chosen captain, receiving his commissions before he had reached his twentieth year from Addison C. Gibbs, the old war governor of Oregon.
In 1865, his father was appointed United States Indian Agent over the Klamaths and Modocs at Fort Klamath. According to the treaty of 1864, the Indians were to be gathered on the Klamath Reservation. The fort was the only place east of the Cascades in that immediate region where there were any white people . The younger Applegate was appointed assistant to the agent, and that was the beginning of a service that lasted for several years, under various agency administrations, during which time he gained influence over the tribes of southeastern Oregon, which he used to good advantage later when the Modoc outbreak of 1872 occurred. This influence probably more than any other agency resulted finally in the conversion of the most resistant of the Indian tribes into farmers and stockmen.
When 21 years of age, Applegate had charge of a unique company of scouts, called the "Ax and Rifle Company," because every man carried an ax as well as a rifle. This company consisted of fifty men, the captain the only white man, while different chiefs of the various tribes ranked as lieutenants and sergeants. They cleared the way through the pine forests for a great wagon train of provisions and beef cattle that came down to the Klamath agency from The Dalles, marking the first step in the commencement of operations under the treaty of 1864 for the benefit of the southeastern tribes of Oregon. This was during the war with the Snake or Paiute Indians.
For some time before the Modoc outbreak of 1872, Applegate had charge of Yainax sub-agency, forty miles west of the headquarters' agency, then under supervision of Agent Laroy S. Dyar. Near Yainax was located the main band of the Modocs. under the famous old Chief Schonchin, and with him were to be domiciled the turbulent bands under the Modoc chieftain, Captain Jack. The story of how Captain Jack and his band refused to come onto the reservation, and the subsequent events, make up the history of the Modoc War. Applegate played a prominent part in the bloody drama.
In 1873, he became a U.S. Commissioner with jurisdiction committed against the federal law locally.
In 1876, some of Applegate's friends asked to have him appointed general Indian agent for Oregon, assuming that in such a way his unusual experience in the management of Indian affairs could be used to good purpose in promoting progressive conditions to the several agencies in the state. Ex-Senator Nesmith, who was himself a Democrat, was an ardent advocate of the plan and wrote as follows, to Hon. Zach Chandler, Grant's Secretary of the Interior, with whom he had served in the U.S. Senate: "Mr. Applegate is a gentleman of culture and ability, and, unlike myself, he is a prominent Republican and is as honest as is possible for a man to be possessing his perverted political notions. You will pardon me, I know, for proposing appointments to an administration which I do not indorse, but I do so in order to promote the reforms which you have so happily inaugurated." In 1898, Applegate took charge of the Klamath Reservation as United States Indian agent, and served as such for five years. Congress then discontinued the position of agent and he was appointed bonded superintendent of the agency and training school, a position which he resigned after serving two years.
During this period of seven years he helped establish Indian claims to over half a million dollars for lands excluded from the reservation by erroneous boundary surveys, and developed comprehensive plans for irrigation and drainage, which added to the wealth of the reservation, an area approximating in size the state of Delaware.
He was identified with various enterprises looking to the development of southern Oregon, and had a reputation as a writer of both prose and verse.
Later years and family
Applegate served as editor of the Ashland Tidings starting in 1878, and later edited the Klamath Republican.
In 1878, Applegate was married to Miss Ella Anderson, a daughter of Rev. Jesse Marion Anderson, a pioneer Methodist minister, who was widely known in southern Oregon as a man of ability and worth. The bride, like the groom, was a native of Oregon, having been born in the territory in 1855. They had three sons and three daughters. Frank Lindsay, the oldest, was born October 10, 1879; Annie Elizabeth, September 13, 1881; Laroy Gilbert, August 19, 1885; Rachel Emma, November 23, 1887; Jennie Margaret, April 5, 1894; and Oliver C., Jr., July 5, 1896. As of 1912, Applegate resided at Klamath Falls, Klamath County, Oregon. In politics, he was a Republican and a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago in 1892. Oliver C. Applegate died on October 11, 1938, at the age of 93. He is the namesake of Applegate Peak in Crater Lake National Park. | Oliver spent his early career as a teacher at the Ashland school as well as a member of the Mountain Rangers. He quickly rose through the ranks starting as a private and moved to captain in 3 years.
In 1865, Oliver was appointed assistant to the United States Indian Agent, who also happened to be his father. From there, Oliver spent several years working under multiple agency administrations which allowed him to gain influence over the tribes of southeastern Oregon. The influence he gained would proved to be beneficial when the Modoc outbreak in 1872 happened. This led to the conversion of the most resistant Indian Tribes to farmers and stockmen.
In 1876, friends of Oliver Applegate wanted him to use his experience, from working with Indian affairs, to be appointed general Indian Agent for Oregon. In 1989, Applegate became the United States Indian Agent of the Klamath Reservation until Congress discontinued the position 5 years later.
In 1878, Applegate started a position as Editor of the Ashland Tidings and married Miss Ella Anderson. Oliver Applegate had 6 kids between 1879 and 1896. | null | null | null | 2716 |
null | general_qa | Why do toddlers throw tantrums? | There are many triggers that may cause toddlers to throw a tantrum, such as hunger or exhaustion. But the reason that toddlers often lose control of their emotions and become seemingly inconsolable is that as toddlers develop emotionally, they start to experience new feelings or start to feel things more deeply. When they do not have the communication skills to express these experiences, to manage these experiences, or to ask for help with them, they resort to signaling that they are in distress. | null | null | null | 2717 |
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null | general_qa | What are the applications of game theory in NBA basketball? | Game theory studies the strategic interaction of rationale agents. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier basketball league, which includes 30 teams across the United States and Canada. An example of game theory in the NBA is the "modern NBA", in which teams play stretch 4s (Power Forwards) and 5s (Centers) who can dribble, pass and shoot rather than simply rebound and dunk. This becomes the "strictly dominate" strategy as this allows the "modern" NBA team to shoot a higher volume of 3 pointers, which has a higher expected value per shot (40 Field Goal % times 3 = 1.2) than 2 pointers (50 Field Goal % times 2 = 1). The Golden State Warriors championship run in the 2010s with Kevin Durant and Draymond Green is a great example of this coaching and player construction strategy. Now nearly all NBA teams employ this strategy, so it is less effective (A Nash (Not Steve Nash!) Equilibrium). | null | null | null | 2718 |
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null | open_qa | What is FrieslandCampina? | FrieslandCampina is one of the biggest dairy companies in the world. Their headquaters is in the Netherlands in Amersfoort. Its main brands are Friesche Vlag (or Frisian Flag in Indonesian market), Chocomel, Fristi, Friso, Dutch Lady, Milner, Campina, Landliebe, Optimel, Mona and "Mix'it" | null | null | null | 2719 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage identify the domains in which Hermes is considered a God. Display the results in a comma separated format. | Hermes (Ἑρμῆς, Hērmês)
God of boundaries, travel, trade, communication, language, writing, cunning and thieves. Hermes was also responsible for protecting livestock and presided over the spheres associated with fertility, music, luck, and deception. The son of Zeus and Maia, Hermes is the messenger of the gods, and a psychopomp who leads the souls of the dead into the afterlife. He was depicted either as a handsome and athletic beardless youth, or as an older bearded man. His attributes include the herald's wand or caduceus, winged sandals, and a traveler's cap. His sacred animals include the tortoise. His Roman counterpart is Mercury. | boundaries, travel, trade, communication, language, writing, cunning,thieves | null | null | null | 2720 |
null | creative_writing | Say that you take 1 step left, then 2 forward, then 4 right, then 3 right, then 3 forward, then 5 back. Take me through the process of determining how far you end up from your starting position. | First, we find the displacement from the starting position, which we will use to calculate the distance. To do this, collect the steps into groups by direction.
Left: we take 1 step left
Right: we take 4 + 3 = 7 steps right
Forward: we take 2 + 3 = 5 steps forward
Back: we take 5 steps back
We can subtract step counts in opposite directions to get our final displacement
Left/Right: we take 1 step left and 7 right, so we take a total of 1 - 7 = -6 steps left. This is equivalent to 6 steps right.
Forward/Back: we take 5 steps forward and 5 steps back, so we take a total of 5 - 5 = 0 steps forward.
This means we end up 5 steps to the right and 0 steps forward from where we started, which is a distance of 5 steps. | null | null | null | 2721 |
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null | general_qa | Who are the Georgia Bulldogs' biggest rival? | Georgia has many traditional geographical rivals. The answer typically depends on who you ask and generally aligns with the age of the Georgia fan. Older fans tend to oppose the Georgia Tech Yellowjackets or Auburn the most as they fondly remember competitive annual matchups in the rivalry games dubbed Clean Old Fashioned Hate or The Deep Souths Oldest Rivalry. GenX and Millennials typically point to the Florida Gators since Florida went on a two decade long run of dominance, going 18-3 in between 1990 and 2010. Tennessee might also garner some votes in this timeframe. Younger fans might point to the multiple National Championship crushing heartbreaks at the hands of Alabama in 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2018. | null | null | null | 2722 |
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null | open_qa | What are the three biggest cities by population in Spain? | The three biggest cities by population in Spain are Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia. | null | null | null | 2723 |
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null | classification | Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Moon Knight, Batman | Moon Knight is Marvel, Batman is DC | null | null | null | 2724 |
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null | classification | Classify each of the following items as being found in a gym or a bar: Dumbbells, Tequila, Vodka, Barbells, Basketball Court, Beer, Sauna, Locker Room | Dumbbells: Gym
Tequila: Bar
Vodka: Bar
Barbells: Gym
Basketball Court: Gym
Beer: Bar
Sauna: Gym
Locker Room: Gym | null | null | null | 2725 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of certain insurances that I should take when moving to Germany. | 1. Health Insurance (Krankenversicherung): It is mandatory to register to in Germany. Many people prefer Public but you can also enroll for private insurance.
2. Private Liability Insurance (Haftpflichtversicherung): For accidental damage coverages. Although optional but highly recommended by residents.
3. Legal Protection Insurance (Rechtsschutzversicherung): This is totally optional but might come handy to deal and send notices for legal or public disorder cases e.g. problems with landlord, etc.
4. Household Insurance (Hausratversicherung): This is another good to have insurance to cover the damages related to house specially for rented homes. | null | null | null | 2726 |
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null | general_qa | I am looking into buying a new monitor, how do I know which one I should buy? | It depends a lot on the use case and how much money you want to spend. First decide on a budget. After that you should decide on what size the monitor should have. Then, within that size and budget range take a look at different features such as resolution, color accuracy, refresh rate and connectivity options. A high resolution is good for work and gaming but also requires a good graphics card. Color accuracy is important if you plan to use the monitor for artistic work, such as editing movies and images. Refresh rate is important if you plan to do gaming, especially online. Connectivity options such as power delivery over USB-C is important if you want to simply connect the monitor with a laptop. | null | null | null | 2727 |
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null | open_qa | How would you book the cheapest rental car in a foreign country? | To book the cheapest and best rental car you could start using popular aggregator websites such as Kayak and Expedia to find the best prices from large domestic car rental companies with foreign operations. Next, you can make a search for local car rental companies in the area you are travelling to, and make calls or visit their website. This may require you to speak a local language. Finally, you can utilize alternative car rental companies such as Turo if they are available in the region you are travelling to. | null | null | null | 2728 |
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null | closed_qa | According to this paragraph, did Frederic Foley hold the patent to the Foley catheter? | Foley first described the use of a self-retaining balloon catheter in 1929, to be used to achieve hemostasis after cystoscopic prostatectomy. He worked on development of this design for use as an indwelling urinary catheter, to provide continuous drainage of the bladder, in the 1930s. His design incorporated an inflatable balloon towards the tip of the tube which could be inflated inside the bladder to retain the catheter without external taping or strapping. He demonstrated this to the American Urologists Society in 1935, and published a paper describing it in 1937. While he was still developing his catheter, a patent was issued to Paul Raiche of the Davol Rubber Company of Providence, Rhode Island in 1936. Four months later, in October 1936, Foley applied for the patent, and was awarded this after appearing before the patent office Board of Appeals. Raiche appealed this decision in court, and it was overturned, returning the patent to Raiche. A further request for a hearing made by Foley was refused, and so the patent stayed with Raiche.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Foley | According to this paragraph, Frederic Foley applied for the patent but it was ultimately awarded to Paul Riache instead. | null | null | null | 2729 |
null | information_extraction | What is the highest-grossing film worldwide? | With a worldwide box-office gross of over $2.9 billion, Avatar is proclaimed to be the "highest-grossing" film, but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income, which can form a significant portion of a film's earnings. Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful. Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals, in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theatres. While complete sales data are not available for Avatar, it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu-ray units in North America, and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu-ray units worldwide. After home video income is accounted for, both films have earned over $3 billion each. Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film's earnings, with a film often earning as much as 20–25% of its theatrical box office for a couple of television runs on top of pay-per-view revenues; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights, equating to about 9% of its North American gross. | Avatar is the highest-grossing film worldwide, grossing over $2.9B. It was written and directed by James Cameron, and was released in 2009. | null | null | null | 2730 |
null | classification | Which is a species of fish? Rock bass or Rock | Rock bass | null | null | null | 2731 |
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null | summarization | From the given paragraph, write some points on Church. | A church, church building or church house is a building used for Christian worship services and other Christian religious activities. The earliest identified Christian church is a house church founded between 233 and 256. From the 11th through the 14th centuries, there was a wave of church construction in Western Europe.
Sometimes, the word church is used by analogy for the buildings of other religions. Church is also used to describe the Christian religious community as a whole, or a body or an assembly of Christian believers around the world. | 1. A church, church building, or church house is a structure used for Christian religious activities such as worship ceremonies.
2. A home church that was established between 233 and 256 is the earliest known Christian congregation.
3. In Western Europe, there was a wave of church building from the 11th through the 14th centuries.
4. The word "church" is occasionally used as an analogy for the structures of other religions.
5. The word "church" is also used to refer to the global body of Christian believers as well as the Christian religious community as a whole. | null | null | null | 2732 |
null | classification | Which is a species of fish? Lion or Lionfish | Lionfish | null | null | null | 2733 |
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null | information_extraction | What is Growing Season? | A season is a division of the year marked by changes in weather, ecology, and the amount of daylight. The growing season is that portion of the year in which local conditions (i.e. rainfall, temperature, daylight) permit normal plant growth. While each plant or crop has a specific growing season that depends on its genetic adaptation, growing seasons can generally be grouped into macro-environmental classes. | Season extension in agriculture is any method that allows a crop to be grown beyond its normal outdoor growing season and harvesting time frame, or the extra time thus achieved. | null | null | null | 2734 |
null | open_qa | What is a genome-wide association study (GWAS)? | In genomics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. GWA studies typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major human diseases, but can equally be applied to any other genetic variants and any other organisms.
When applied to human data, GWA studies compare the DNA of participants having varying phenotypes for a particular trait or disease. These participants may be people with a disease (cases) and similar people without the disease (controls), or they may be people with different phenotypes for a particular trait, for example blood pressure. This approach is known as phenotype-first, in which the participants are classified first by their clinical manifestation(s), as opposed to genotype-first. Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic variants are read using SNP arrays. If there is significant statistical evidence that one type of the variant (one allele) is more frequent in people with the disease, the variant is said to be associated with the disease. The associated SNPs are then considered to mark a region of the human genome that may influence the risk of disease.
GWA studies investigate the entire genome, in contrast to methods that specifically test a small number of pre-specified genetic regions. Hence, GWAS is a non-candidate-driven approach, in contrast to gene-specific candidate-driven studies. GWA studies identify SNPs and other variants in DNA associated with a disease, but they cannot on their own specify which genes are causal.
The first successful GWAS published in 2002 studied myocardial infarction. This study design was then implemented in the landmark GWA 2005 study investigating patients with age-related macular degeneration, and found two SNPs with significantly altered allele frequency compared to healthy controls. As of 2017, over 3,000 human GWA studies have examined over 1,800 diseases and traits, and thousands of SNP associations have been found. Except in the case of rare genetic diseases, these associations are very weak, but while they may not explain much of the risk, they provide insight into genes and pathways that can be important. | null | null | null | 2735 |
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null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph about time travel, how practical is it | Time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space by an object or a person, typically with the use of a hypothetical device known as a time machine. Time travel is a widely recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, particularly science fiction. The idea of a time machine was popularized by H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine. | Yes, time travel is indeed a real thing. But it's not quite what you've probably seen in the movies. Under certain conditions, it is possible to experience time passing at a different rate than 1 second per second. And there are important reasons why we need to understand this real-world form of time travel. | null | null | null | 2736 |
null | classification | What is the name of the season that begins in the fall and ends in the spring? | Winter | null | null | null | 2737 |
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null | classification | Which of the following are fruits: Tomato, Potato, Strawberry, Dragonfruit, Kiwi, Wheat, Corn, Avocado, Poblano, Carrot, Hamburger | The fruits are Tomato, Strawberry, Dragonfruit, Kiwi, Avocado, Poblano. They all contain seeds and can be eaten. | null | null | null | 2738 |
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null | brainstorming | With what opera company is the late soprano and master voice teacher Ellen Faull Gordon most associated? | New York City Opera, the company dubbed "The people opera" by Fiorello La Guardia. | null | null | null | 2739 |
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null | classification | Classify each of the following animals as exoskeleton or endoskeleton: grasshopper, fish, spider, scorpion, ant, monkey | Grasshopper: Exoskeleton
Fish: Endoskeleton
Spider: Exoskeleton
Scorpion: Exoskeleton
Ant: Exoskeleton
Monkey: Endoskeleton | null | null | null | 2740 |
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null | open_qa | How is plastic made? | Plastic is made from oil, natural gas and even plant oils during refining of these oils into other products like gasoline. Ethane and propane are created when treated with heat during a refinery process called cracking. This turns the Ethane and propane into ethylene and propylene which are used with other chemical ingredients to create polymers that are the base of what plastic is made out of. | null | null | null | 2741 |
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null | brainstorming | What are some easy food recipes that include beef? | Some recipes that include beef as an ingredient include beef stew, roast beef, beef wellington, and ground beef burgers. | null | null | null | 2742 |
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null | open_qa | What is the route to eternal happiness? | Being at peace with oneself is the route to happiness. When our minds are not running after material goals but instead being comfortable in the current and now, that's what leads to sustained happiness. Else one is running after temporal happiness, which come in the form of something that satisfies us in the moment but us not sustaining - e.g. watching TV or eating good food. Eternal happiness comes from the state of mind and not from achieving a goal we are conditioned towards | null | null | null | 2743 |
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null | classification | Is "1984" a book or a movie? | Both. George Orwell's book "Nineteen Eighty-Four" was published in 1949. Films adapted from the book came out in 1956 and 1984; another adaptation is to be released in 2023 and will be the first adaptation in the Russian language. | null | null | null | 2744 |
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null | open_qa | what makes the Sun bright ? | The sun is a huge massive sphere of gas and it is powered by the energy released by turning hydrogen to helium at its core. This process is called nuclear fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion involves two or more nuclei combining together to form one or more different atomic nuclei. Nuclear fusion releases termendous amount of energy in the form of light and heat. | null | null | null | 2745 |
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null | brainstorming | What is there to do in Cleveland Ohio? | Cleveland is located in Northeast Ohio and is home to the Rock & Roll Hall-of-Fame, among many other great places. Cleveland has a broad culture and is know sports pride and great local food locations. If you can withstand the winter months, Cleveland is a great place to visit year round! | null | null | null | 2746 |
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null | open_qa | What does "digital nomads" mean? | Digital nomads are professionals who use technology and the internet to do their jobs while traveling and living a nomadic life. Digital nomads work remotely, instead of going to a company's office or headquarters. | null | null | null | 2747 |
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null | general_qa | Why are plants green? | Parts of a plant that are green, such as leaves, are green because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy (but less so green light than red or blue) and helps convert that energy into food for the plant as part of photosynthesis.
A more whimsical answer, which is not scientifically accurate, is that plants need both sunlight (which is yellow) and water (which is blue) to live and yellow plus blue makes green. | null | null | null | 2748 |
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null | closed_qa | Who is Evelyn Quan Wang in the move "Everything Everywhere All at Once"? | Evelyn Quan Wang is a middle-aged Chinese American immigrant who runs a laundromat with her husband, Waymond; two decades earlier, they eloped to the United States and had a daughter, Joy. The laundromat is being audited by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Waymond is trying to serve Evelyn divorce papers in an attempt to get her attention so they can talk things out regarding their marriage, Evelyn's demanding father (referred to as Gong Gong, Cantonese for 'grandfather') is visiting for her Chinese New Year party, and Evelyn is reluctant to accept Joy's lesbian relationship with her non-Chinese girlfriend Becky (only introducing Becky to Gong Gong as Joy's "very good friend"). | Evelyn Quan Wang is a middle-aged Chinese American immigrant who runs a laundromat with her husband, Waymond. | null | null | null | 2749 |
null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph, which was built first Disneyland or Disney World? | Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s. "The Florida Project", as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions. Walt Disney's original plans also called for the inclusion of an "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow" (EPCOT), a planned community intended to serve as a testbed for new city-living innovations. Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966, during the initial planning of the complex. After his death, the company wrestled with the idea of whether to bring the Disney World project to fruition; however, Walt's older brother, Roy O. Disney, came out of retirement to make sure Walt's biggest dream was realized. Construction started in 1967, with the company instead building a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning the experimental concepts for a planned community. The Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot (1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989), and Disney's Animal Kingdom (1998). It was Roy who insisted the name of the entire complex be changed from Disney World to Walt Disney World, ensuring that people would remember that the project was Walt's dream. | According to this text, Disneyland was built first in 1955, with Disney World construction starting later in 1967 and first opening in 1971. | null | null | null | 2750 |
null | open_qa | What number octane gas should be used for combustion engines in vehicles? | Manufacturers list the minimal octane to be used on specific vehicles in the owners manual. Always check the manual to be sure the proper fuel is being used. An octane number such as 87, 91, 93 indicates the amount of heat tolerance of the fuel before igniting inside the engine cylinder. The higher the octane number, the higher heat tolerance. If you use the wrong octane in a vehicle, such as using 87, rather than 93 for a high performing turbo or supercharged vehicle, the engine could produce knock or pre-detonation. Knock occurs when the timing of of the air and fuel mixture in the cylinder explodes too early and can cause serious damage to the engine components. Knock is also something you can hear and feel and can be noticed by the driver. Having the detonation of the air and fuel, produced by the spark plug that is intended from the factory is optimal for the longevity of the vehicle. | null | null | null | 2751 |
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null | information_extraction | Which movie won the Best Picture award at 95th Academy Awards? | The 95th Academy Awards was a ceremony held by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) on March 12, 2023, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. It honored films released in 2022.
The event was televised in the U.S. by ABC and was produced by Ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss. Weiss was also the director. Comedian and late-night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel hosted the show for the third time, after emceeing the 89th and 90th editions of the ceremony in 2017 and 2018, respectively.
Everything Everywhere All at Once led the ceremony with eleven nominations and seven wins, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert, and three of the four acting awards. Other winners included All Quiet on the Western Front with four awards, The Whale with two, and Avatar: The Way of Water, Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio, Navalny, RRR, Top Gun: Maverick, and Women Talking each with one. Short film winners included The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse, The Elephant Whisperers, and An Irish Goodbye. | Everything Everywhere All at Once won the award for Best Picture at the 95th Academy Awards. Additionally, this movie also won Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert, and three of the four acting awards. | null | null | null | 2752 |
null | brainstorming | What is the best hotel in Sakleshpur | Rosetta By Ferns. The food and Hospitality is outstanding. | null | null | null | 2753 |
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null | open_qa | Who is the most sensational player in MLB today? | Shohei Ohtani | null | null | null | 2754 |
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null | closed_qa | What is I Liq Chuan? | Sam F.S. Chin (Chin Fan Siong, 曾帆祥, born August 1, 1954) is the Grandmaster and Gatekeeper of the martial art called I Liq Chuan, and also known as "the Martial Art of Awareness". Chin developed the grading system for this system.
Chin was trained since childhood by his father, Chin Lik Keong, founder of I Liq Chuan, and in 1978, he won the state heavy weight kickboxing championships of Selangor (Malaysia). In August 2009 Chin was officially named the Gate Keeper and Lineage Holder of the I Liq Chuan. He is also the founder and President of Chin Family I Liq Chuan Association that supports the martial art's growth.
Chin has taught workshops worldwide , written two books on his family's martial art, co-authored articles, and produced a series of DVDs. Chin was interviewed by Jess O'Brien for his 2007 book "Nei Jia Quan: Internal Martial Arts".
In August 2009, Chin was also recognized by the USA Wushu Kung-Fu Federation as a Hall of Fame Outstanding Master. In 2014, he was written about by Ashe Higgs in Kung Fu Tai Chi Magazine "Finding the Center: I Liq Chuan’s Three Essential Qualities for Offense and Defense as One". Chin was also the subject of the 2016 CCTV Documentary "Kung Fu Abroad: I Liq Chuan 中央电视台《功夫在外》纪录片".
On November 15, 2017 Sam Chin became an honorary professor at the University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria in recognition of his lifetime of achievement in spreading I Liq Chuan. | I Liq Chuan is a style of martial art founded by Chin Lik Keong from Malaysia that is also known as the "Martial Art of Awareness". | null | null | null | 2755 |
null | information_extraction | When do schools close and reopen from summer holidays in India? | Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for summer break, although dates vary. Many families will take holidays for a week or two over summer, particularly in Southern Hemisphere Western countries with statutory Christmas and New Year holidays.
In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in Memorial Day weekend, while colleges finish in early May. Public school traditionally resumes near Labor Day, while higher institutions often resume in mid-August.
In England and Wales, school ends in mid-July and resumes again in early September. In Scotland, the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mid-to late-August. Similarly, in Canada the summer holiday starts on the last or second-last Friday in June and ends in late August or on the first Tuesday of September, with the exception of when that date falls before Labour Day, in which case, ends on the second Tuesday of the month. In Russia the summer holiday begins at the end of May and ends on 31 August.
In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of Christmas and New Year's Day. School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in early December and end in early February, with dates varying between states. In South Africa, the new school year usually starts during the second week of January, thus aligning the academic year with the Calendar year. In India, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid-June. In Cameroon and Nigeria, schools usually finish for summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the later weeks of September or the first week of October. | In India, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid-June. | null | null | null | 2756 |
null | open_qa | When was the Victorian Football League renamed to the Australian Football League? | 1990 | null | null | null | 2757 |
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null | open_qa | The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered to Indian children soon after birth to protect them against which disease? | The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered to Indian children soon after birth to protect them against Tuberculosis | null | null | null | 2758 |
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null | open_qa | What is industrial espionage? | Industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate spying, or corporate espionage is a form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security.
While political espionage is conducted or orchestrated by governments and is international in scope, industrial or corporate espionage is more often national and occurs between companies or corporations. | null | null | null | 2759 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage identify the various products and services which are provided by HDFC Bank including the digital products. Display the results in comma separated format. | HDFC Bank Limited (also known as HDB) is an Indian banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai. It is India's largest private sector bank by assets and world's 10th largest bank by market capitalisation as of April 2021. It is the third largest company by market capitalisation of $127.16 billion on the Indian stock exchanges. It is also the fifteenth largest employer in India with nearly 150,000 employees.
HDFC Bank was incorporated in 1994 as a subsidiary of the Housing Development Finance Corporation, with its registered office in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Its first corporate office and a full-service branch at Sandoz House, Worli were inaugurated by the then Union Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh.
As of 30 June 2022, the bank's distribution network was at 6,378 branches across 3,203 cities. It has installed 430,000 POS terminals and issued 23,570,000 debit cards and 12 million credit cards in FY 2017. It has a base of 1,52,511 permanent employees as of 30 June 2022.
HDFC Bank provides a number of products and services including wholesale banking, retail banking, treasury, auto loans, two-wheeler loans, personal loans, loans against property, consumer durable loan, lifestyle loan and credit cards. Along with this various digital products are Payzapp and SmartBUY. | wholesale banking, retail banking, treasury, auto loans, two-wheeler loans, personal loans, loans against property, consumer durable loan, lifestyle loan , credit cards, Payzapp, SmartBUY | null | null | null | 2760 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about Kostas Georgakis, when did he go to Italy and what did he do there? | Kostas Georgakis (Greek: Κώστας Γεωργάκης) (23 August 1948 – 19 September 1970) was a Greek student of geology, who in the early hours of 19 September 1970, set himself ablaze in Matteotti square in Genoa in a fatal protest against the dictatorial regime of Georgios Papadopoulos.
Early life
Georgakis grew up in Corfu in a family of five. His father was a self-employed tailor of modest means. Both his father and grandfather distinguished themselves in the major wars that Greece fought in the 20th century. He attended the second lyceum in Corfu where he excelled in his studies. In August 1967, a few months after the 21 April coup in Greece, Georgakis went to Italy to study as a geologist in Genoa. He received 5,000 drachmas per month from his father and this, according to friends' testimony, made him feel guilty for the financial burden his family endured so that he could attend a university. In Italy he met Rosanna, an Italian girl of the same age and they got engaged. In 1968 Georgakis became a member of the Center Union party of Georgios Papandreou. | Kostas Georgakis went to Genoa, Italy in 1967 to study geology. | null | null | null | 2761 |
null | closed_qa | What is a Roth 401(k)? | In the United States, a 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored, defined-contribution, personal pension (savings) account, as defined in subsection 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Periodical employee contributions come directly out of their paychecks, and may be matched by the employer. This legal option is what makes 401(k) plans attractive to employees, and many employers offer this option to their (full-time) workers.
There are two types: traditional and Roth 401(k). For Roth accounts, contributions and withdrawals have no impact on income tax. For traditional accounts, contributions may be deducted from taxable income and withdrawals are added to taxable income. There are limits to contributions, rules governing withdrawals and possible penalties.
The benefit of the Roth account is from tax-free capital gains. The net benefit of the traditional account is the sum of (1) a possible bonus (or penalty) from withdrawals at tax rates lower (or higher) than at contribution, and (2) the impact on qualification for other income-tested programs from contributions and withdrawals reducing and adding to taxable income, minus the consequences of capital gains being taxed at regular income rates. | Roth 401(k) is a type of 401(k) where accounts, contributions, and withdrawals have no impact on income tax. The benefit of the Roth account is that the capital gains are tax-free.
In the United States, a 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored, defined-contribution, personal pension (savings) account, as defined in subsection 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Periodical employee contributions come directly out of their paychecks and may be matched by the employer. | null | null | null | 2762 |
null | classification | Which of the following grapes are used to make white wine: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Semillon, Gewurztraminer, Viognier, Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Merlot, Syrah, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Sangiovese, Grenache, Malbec. | White wines are typically made from Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Semillon, Gewurztraminer, Viognier, and Chenin Blanc.
The rest of the grapes typically make red wine, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Merlot, Syrah, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Sangiovese, Grenache, and Malbec.
Some red grapes can be used to make Rose, which is a red wine, that has been fermented for less time and typically served cold like a white wine, but comes from a red grape. | null | null | null | 2763 |
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null | open_qa | Who was the mascot of 13th South Asian Games (SAG) | A pair of blackbucks | null | null | null | 2764 |
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null | open_qa | What are the words of House Buckwell? | "Pride and Purpose" | null | null | null | 2765 |
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null | classification | Which of the following are models of hoka running shoes? Clifton, ghost, superblast, rincon | Clifton and Rincon are models of Hoka running shoes | null | null | null | 2766 |
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null | brainstorming | Can you suggests some ways to get more organized and complete my tasks without missing any deadlines? | Here are some ways you can get more organized, 1. Create a list of tasks to be completed 2. Prioritize these tasks 3. Pick the highest priority tasks which can be completed within less than 30 mins and complete them 4. Block off a time in your calendar to complete the high priority tasks that require more time 5. Delegate as many of the low priority tasks. 6. Review the list of tasks to be completed at the beginning of each day and keep tracking them until completed. | null | null | null | 2767 |
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null | open_qa | What are the pros and cons of charging your Tesla at home? | The most convenient way to charge your EV is to charge it at home overnight while you sleep. Home chargers tend to be slow chargers which reach around 3.6 - 7 kW, although you can also charge using your home’s plug sockets which charge at speeds of around 2.3 kW.
Pros
Charging your Tesla Model Y at home overnight is probably the cheapest, most cost-efficient way to charge your EV. This is because off-peak energy prices are significantly cheaper than peak charging. Model Ys come with an adapter wire, allowing you to charge your EV using your home's plugs easily.
If you're interested in charging at home, installing a home charging unit could be worth your time. Over time this could save you money. There are grants available to help you afford a home charger.
The OZEV Chargepoint Grant is up to £350 or 75% off the fully installed charge point cost if specifics are met. There is also the Scottish EST Domestic Chargepoint Grant which gives you up to £300 and can be used alongside the OZEV Chargepoint Grant.
Cons
Home chargers rarely exceed speeds of 7 kW. This means charging the Tesla Model Y's large battery would take a long time. If you don't invest in a home charging station, it might also be risky to home charge as the 3-pin plug can damage your home's wiring.
If you choose to charge during the day, it can also get quite expensive and may not compare favourably with public charging stations, despite being much slower. | null | null | null | 2768 |
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null | general_qa | Give me a one line summary of this: "Gale gave me a sense of security I’d lacked since my father’s death. His companionship replaced the long solitary hours in the woods. I became a much better hunter when I didn’t have to look over my shoulder constantly, when someone was watching my back…Being out in the woods with Gale…sometimes I was actually happy.” | Gale made me feel secure and happy. | null | null | null | 2769 |
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null | open_qa | Name some popular breakfast foods in the United States | In the United States of America popular breakfasts include bacon and eggs, waffles, French toast, cereal and pancakes | null | null | null | 2770 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these are names of automobile or motorcycle companies: Ford, Triumph, Indian, Harley Davidson, Rolls Royce, Mercedes, Toyota. | Ford is an automobile company.
Triumph is a motorcycle company.
Indian is a motorcycle company.
Harley Davidson is a motorcycle company.
Rolls Royce is an automobile company.
Mercedes is an automobile company.
Toyota is an automobile company. | null | null | null | 2771 |
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null | brainstorming | what are some tips to start practicing meditation? | Start short and simple with a 2 or 3 min breathing exercise every day and gradually increase your meditation duration. Join a meditation group could help you keep yourself accountable as well. Pay attention to your presence and awareness, and observe what is happening with your thoughts, without judgements. You can also seek help from technologies, mobile apps like Calm, Headspace are great tools for starters. | null | null | null | 2772 |
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null | general_qa | What is the best bicycle for me? | The best bicycle depends on your goals, experience, budget, and physical characteristics such as height, weight, etc. You should ensure that the bicycle you select fits into those requirements. Once you have an idea of what those requirements are, take a look at options and you should be able to make an informed decision. | null | null | null | 2773 |
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null | summarization | Who bred the famous Gone West racehorse? | Gone West (March 10, 1984 – September 7, 2009) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred by William O. Reed, he was a son of the influential sire Mr. Prospector. His dam, Secrettame, was a daughter of 1973 U.S. Triple Crown winner Secretariat.
Purchased by Alice du Pont Mills and raced under her Hickory Tree Stable banner, Gone West was conditioned for racing by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer Woody Stephens. | Gone West was bread by William O. Reed, the son of the influential sire Mr. Prospector. | null | null | null | 2774 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about Ihor Lapin, tell me what he did before the war. | Ihor Lapin (born 28 May 1969 in Ivanychi) is a Ukrainian lawyer and politician who is a former (2014-2019) Member of the Parliament of Ukraine.
During the War in Donbass (eastern Ukraine) he was commander of the 2nd assault squadron "West" of the 24th Battalion of Territorial Defense "Aidar" of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, formed mainly from volunteers from Volyn Region.
In the Russian-Ukrainian war, he was the commander of the Special Forces Battalion of the First Separate Special Forces Brigade, named after Ivan Bohun.
Before the war, he worked as a lawyer, and was a member of the Bar Qualification-Disciplinary Commission of Volyn Region. | Before the war, Ihor Lapin was a lawyer and a member of the Bar Qualification-Disciplinary Commission. | null | null | null | 2775 |
null | creative_writing | Write a poem or journal entry about numbers that have special meaning to you. | My special number is 2. When I was a child, I would get up early every Saturday morning to go to football training. To be honest with you, I hated the training. I hated the cold, I hated the rain, I hated the mud, and I was never very good at football.
But I will always remember feeling extremely proud playing a game in summertime. The game was in Slough, and I was playing for a team called Old Windsor Tigers. I wore the number 2 shirt, and had an incredible game, playing centre half. That was the only Man of the Match award I ever won. I'm still terrible at football, but I love the sport as a spectator, and that memory will always be special to me. | null | null | null | 2776 |
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null | general_qa | What is a jet engine? | A jet engine is a reaction engine used for propulsion, most commonly in airplanes. It works by compressing and discharging heated gas, and follows Newton's third law of motion. Most jet engine used in airplanes are breathing axial flow gas turbines. These gas turbines are powered using aviation turbine fuel (avtur) or more commonly called jet fuel. The gas turbines have at least three stages: a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. | null | null | null | 2777 |
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null | information_extraction | Extract and list the names of characters a player can control in The Last of Us mentioned in the paragraph. Also describe relationships between those characters. | The Last of Us is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player traverses post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, forests, and sewers to advance the story. The player can use firearms, improvised weapons, hand-to-hand combat, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. For most of the game, the player takes control of Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States. The player also controls Ellie throughout the game's winter segment and briefly controls Joel's daughter, Sarah, in the opening sequence. | In the Last of Us, a player can control Joel, Ellie (who is being escorted by Joen acress the United States), and Sarah (who is Joel's daughter). | null | null | null | 2778 |
null | general_qa | What are the best types of questions to ask during a job interview? | The best types of questions to ask during an interview will depend on the position being filled, the required experience and expertise, and the specific skill set sought. It is important to ask background questions to understand the candidate’s current role and responsibilities, as well as their ideal next job. Behavioral questions are also quite useful during an interview. Behavioral questions ask a candidate to describe how they would respond in a specific situation and can be tailored to the skills and experience sought. For example, it is useful to describe a situation the candidate is likely to encounter at the potential new job and ask them to describe how they would handle the situation. This will help you identify whether the candidate has the skills and experience to address some of the day-to-day work at your company. It is a good idea to ask multiple behavioral questions during each interview and to ask all candidates for that role the same questions. | null | null | null | 2779 |
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null | information_extraction | What is the likelihood of the Cascadia Earthquake ocurring in the next 50 years and how bad will it be? | The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570–590 years. Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in AD 1310, AD 810, AD 400, 170 BC and 600 BC.[citation needed]
Cascadia earthquake sources
As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone any more powerful one.
Kenneth Murphy, who directs FEMA's Region X, the division responsible for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, put it quite dramatically: "Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast."
Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010, geologists predicted a 37% chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15% chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame. Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m).
A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (caused by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1–2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level. | Geologists predict a 37% chance of a magnitude 8.2+ earthquake caused by subduction of the Cascadia plate in the next 38 years, and a 10% - 15% of a magnitude 9+ earthquake in the same time frame. This data is from a 2010 study. Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090117/http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/node/13426 | null | null | null | 2780 |
null | open_qa | Where was 52nd International Film Festival of India held ? | Goa (Nov 20 to Nov 28) | null | null | null | 2781 |
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null | open_qa | In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Lannister? | Lann the Clever | null | null | null | 2782 |
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null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph about magnesium, what is the atomic number of magnesium? | Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic table) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and it almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. It is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium. | The atomic number of magnesium is 12. | null | null | null | 2783 |
null | general_qa | Why would anyone go river rafting? | River rafting offers an opportunity to see nature from a new point of view. You enjoy scenery a the pace of the river current, whether on flat water, through gentle riffles or in whitewater. The flora and fauna that you see will vary wildly depending on the ecosystem and area of the river you float. For example, in Oregon alone you can raft rivers flowing down in conditions ranging from semi desert to deep forest. | null | null | null | 2784 |
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null | general_qa | What is the Shy Plant? | The scientific name of the shy plant also known as the shame plant is Mimosa pudica, which means shy, bashful, and sensitive. The structures of the shy plant are interesting; it has an herbaceous stem. As well as a dicot on a monocot stem. It has beautiful flowers and leaves that are green, and they are thigmotropism negative. When the shy plant's leaves are touched, they curl up. The Shy plant needs direct sunlight, and 70 to 80 degrees indoors is a good place for it. When the need to water comes, the soil must be 50% dry. The medical value of the Shy plant is great. It helps with Hemorrhoids, infections, sores, and sinuses. | null | null | null | 2785 |
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null | brainstorming | Think of all the ways having a diverse group of employees helps an organization. | Improves overall employee morale, improves the organization's cultural competence skills, reduces fear amongst employees, increases creativity in the workplace, reduces micro-aggressions in the workplace, improves reputation of the organization, increases workplace innovation | null | null | null | 2786 |
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null | open_qa | What is 'karma' according to Buddhism? | Karma is a central and fundamental aspect of Buddhist doctrine common to all traditions of Buddhism. The Buddhist concept of Karma is a natural process that operates with all our volitional actions and which does not need an external agency or power that sits in judgement.
Karma in Buddhism should not be considered as moral justice, or a method of reward and punishment, that needs an external body or authority to decide whom or what should be punished and rewarded. It is believed that Gautama Buddha attained complete insight into how the process of Karma works during the night of his full enlightenment when, through the divine eye (dibbacakku), Buddha saw how other beings die and are reborn in happy and unhappy states according to their Karma.
According to the Cula-kammavibhanga sutta of the Majima Nikava (collection of the middle length discourses of the Buddha), a young brahmin by the name of Subha had approached the Buddha and inquired as to why there was so much inequality among human beings in terms of being short-lived or long-lived, sickly or healthy, ugly or beautiful, powerful or powerless, poor or rich, low-born or high-born, ignorant or intelligent, etc. Buddha had then explained that:
"all living beings are the owners of their actions, heirs to their actions, they originate from their actions, they are related through their actions, they have their actions as their refuge and that it is action or Karma that distinguishes beings as inferior and superior
The word Karma in Pali, and karma in Sanskrit, means action but encompasses only actions that are intentional, volitional and willful and which will lead to consequences sooner or later. The mind (citta) by itself cannot perform or direct any mental, verbal or physical action and it is the intention, will, mental effort or volition (cetana) that directs any mental, verbal or physical action.
Thus the Buddha declared:
"Cetanaham bhikkhave kammam vadami
Cetayitva kammam karoti, kayena, vacaya, manasa"
"It is volition that I call Karma, by volition one performs Karma through body, word or mind." | null | null | null | 2787 |
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null | summarization | Give me a summary about St Paul's Cathedral | St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present structure, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the city after the Great Fire of London. The earlier Gothic cathedral (Old St Paul's Cathedral), largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard, being the site of St Paul's Cross.
The cathedral is one of the most famous and recognisable sights of London. Its dome, surrounded by the spires of Wren's City churches, has dominated the skyline for over 300 years. At 365 ft (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1963. The dome is still one of the highest in the world. St Paul's is the second-largest church building in area in the United Kingdom, after Liverpool Cathedral. | St Paul's Cathedral, an Anglican cathedral in London, serves as the seat of the Bishop of London. Designed by Sir Christopher Wren, its dome dominated the skyline for over 300 years. The current structure was part of a rebuilding program after the Great Fire of London.
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null | summarization | Give me a summary of why an abstract is useful in academic literature? | Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference. Most bibliographic databases only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text. The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance. It is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. | An abstract is useful in academic research because it conveys the complex research in a concise way by acting as a stand-alone summary. Therefore, it is usually used by many organizations as a base for selecting research. Moreover, abstracts are usually provided free of charge by many bibliographic databases which makes the research works more accessible. In addition, researchers can understand if the work is relevant to their research just by reading the abstract. | null | null | null | 2789 |
null | general_qa | Why should people drink water? | The body is composed of anywhere between 55-75% water and many bodily functions rely on being sufficiently hydrated. One of the best ways to stay hydrated is to drink water. Drinking water has many benefits such as helping regulate your body temperature, protecting your joints and organs and keeping your skin healthy and clear. | null | null | null | 2790 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage below, please extract the most recent country to join NATO. | NATO is a military alliance of twenty-nine European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialog and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. NATO was formed in 1949 with twelve founding members and has added new members nine times. The first additions were Greece and Turkey in 1952. In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO, which was one of the conditions agreed to as part of the end of the country's occupation by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, prompting the Soviet Union to form their own collective security alliance (commonly called the Warsaw Pact) later that month. Following the end of the Franco regime, newly-democratic Spain chose to join NATO in 1982.
In 1990, the negotiators reached an agreement that a reunified Germany would be in NATO under West Germany's existing membership. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led many former Warsaw Pact and post-Soviet states to initiate discussions about joining NATO. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic became NATO members in 1999, amid much debate within NATO itself and Russian opposition. NATO then formalized the process of joining the organization with "Membership Action Plans", which aided the accession of seven Central and Eastern Europe countries shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Two countries on the Adriatic Sea—Albania and Croatia—joined on 1 April 2009 before the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit. The next member states to join NATO were Montenegro on 5 June 2017, North Macedonia on 27 March 2020 and Finland on 4 April 2023.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022, and the ratification process for Sweden is in progress. Finland officially joined on 4 April 2023. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia claimed to annex part of its territory. Two other states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Kosovo also aspires to join NATO. Joining the alliance is a debate topic in several other European countries outside the alliance, including Austria, Ireland, Malta, Moldova, and Serbia. | Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022. Finland officially joined NATO on April 4, 2023. | null | null | null | 2791 |
null | general_qa | Why are people afraid of sharks? | Many people are afraid of sharks from irrational fear from media, and from losing control. Only about 80 humans are attacked by sharks each year, with a very low death rate. Galeophobia is the term used for being afraid of sharks. | null | null | null | 2792 |
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null | closed_qa | Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what are some examples of emergent abilities? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs. | null | null | null | 2793 |
null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, when was the home version of Pong released? | The first video game consoles were produced in the early 1970s. Ralph H. Baer devised the concept of playing simple, spot-based games on a television screen in 1966, which later became the basis of the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972. Inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey, Nolan Bushnell, Ted Dabney, and Allan Alcorn at Atari, Inc. developed the first successful arcade game, Pong, and looked to develop that into a home version, which was released in 1975. The first consoles were capable of playing only a very limited number of games built into the hardware. Programmable consoles using swappable ROM cartridges were introduced with the Fairchild Channel F in 1976, though popularized with the Atari 2600 released in 1977. | The home version of Pong was released in 1975. | null | null | null | 2794 |
null | open_qa | What is the difference between coffee and espresso? | Espresso is a type of coffee. More specifically, it's a method of brewing coffee that uses high water pressure and finely ground beans to make a small, concentrated shot. Espresso has a top layer of foam known as the crema, which is a by-product of the high-pressure extraction process.
When ordering a "coffee" in America, you will most likely get a drip coffee which is also a type of coffee. When you order un caffè (a coffee) in Italy, you will most likely receive an espresso. | null | null | null | 2795 |
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null | open_qa | How do you make wine? | Wine is made from grapes. You first need to harvest or collect the grapes and then take them off the stem. Next you need to crush the grapes and get as much juice out of them as possible. Then you let the grapes ferment for many weeks or months and during the fermentation process alcohol will be released. Then you can siphon the wine in the barrels or let the wine age longer and then get it ready for bottling or corking / capping. | null | null | null | 2796 |
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null | open_qa | How do archaeologist use stratigraphy? | Stratigraphy is very important for archaeologists and is used to interpret time and space within a site. In general, the soil horizons near the top are the most recent and those lower down are older. Stratigraphy can help archaeologist determine how old a site is as well as different events that might have taken place at the site. | null | null | null | 2797 |
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null | general_qa | is diners drive-ins and dives the best food network show? | It depends what you are looking for! If you are interested in learning about new foods in predominantly US locations that are generally affordable without a competitive element then diners drive-ins and dives, or triple D, may be great for you. Given how many years the show has been on air it is almost impossible to watch a repeat and you usually find something interesting to pay attention to. While it's not competitive, you can definitely see which restaurants make the host super excited versus not. It is a great show to decompress from work or stress before going to bed. | null | null | null | 2798 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Babendil, Bowed guitar | Bowed guitar is string, Babendil is percussion. | null | null | null | 2799 |
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