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1,323 | : I am a new reader of sci.crypt I would like to obtain a copy of a
: public domain program that can encrypt files, preferably using DES,
: that runs under MS-DOS.
: I would also like to obtain a program which will password protect
: floppy disks, if this is possible.
: Thanks.
: David Maddison
: Melbourne, Australia
When you find out a floppy password protect program, could you e-mail me.
Thanks | 1 |
4,029 |
I remember a physic prof. who talked about scaling a cue ball to Earth size.
Its was significantly less spherical that the Earth!
---
Terry F Figurelle Boeing Defense & Space Group
email: [email protected] PO BOX 3999, Mail Stop 6J-EA
phone: 206-394-3115 fax:206-394-4300 Seattle, WA 98124-2499
| 1 |
4,696 | THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF
THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
Volume 4, Number 9 - April 1993
###########################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
###########################
* ASA Membership and Article Submission Information
* The Soviets and Venus, Part 3 - Larry Klaes
###########################
ASA MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
The Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
(EJASA) is published monthly by the Astronomical Society of the
Atlantic, Incorporated. The ASA is a non-profit organization dedicated
to the advancement of amateur and professional astronomy and space
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ASA membership application is open to all with an interest in
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For information on membership, you may contact the Society at any
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Council - Bill Bagnuolo, Michele Bagnuolo, Don Barry, Bill Black,
Mike Burkhead, Jeff Elledge, Frank Guyton, Larry Klaes,
Ken Poshedly, Jim Rouse, Tano Scigliano, John Stauter,
Wess Stuckey, Harry Taylor, Gary Thompson, Cindy Weaver,
Bob Vickers
ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS
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are most welcome. Please send your on-line articles in ASCII format to
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or - ...!decwrl!verga.enet.dec.com!klaes
or - klaes%[email protected]
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DISCLAIMER
Submissions are welcome for consideration. Articles submitted,
unless otherwise stated, become the property of the Astronomical
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Society of the Atlantic, the Electronic Journal, and the author(s).
Opinions expressed in the EJASA are those of the authors' and not
necessarily those of the ASA. This Journal is Copyright (c) 1993
by the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic, Incorporated.
THE SOVIETS AND VENUS
PART 3
Copyright (c) 1993 by Larry Klaes
The author gives permission to any group or individual wishing
to distribute this article, so long as proper credit is given,
the author is notified, and the article is reproduced in its
entirety.
To the North Pole!
On June 2 and 7, 1983, two of the Soviet Union's mighty PROTON
rockets lifted off from the Tyuratam Space Center in the Kazakhstan
Republic. Aboard those boosters were a new breed of VENERA probe
for the planet Venus.
Designated VENERA 15 and 16, the probes were meant not for landing
yet more spherical craft on the Venerean surface but to radar map the
planet in detail from orbit. To accomplish this task, the basic
VENERA design was modified in numerous areas. The central bus core
was made one meter (39.37 inches) longer to carry the two tons of
propellant required for braking into orbit, double the fuel carried by
the VENERA 9 and 10 orbiters eight years earlier. Extra solar panels
were added on to give the vehicles more power for handling the large
amounts of data which would be created by the radar imaging. The
dish-shaped communications antennae were also made one meter larger
to properly transmit this information to Earth.
Atop the buses, where landers were usually placed, were installed
the 1.4 by 6-meter (4.62 by 19.8-foot), 300-kilogram (660-pound)
POLYUS V side-looking radar antennae. The radar system, possibly a
terrain-imaging version of the nuclear-powered satellites used by
the Soviets for Earth ocean surveillance, would be able to map Venus'
surface at a resolution of one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.2 miles).
The Soviet probes' imaging parameters were a vast improvement over
the United States PIONEER VENUS Orbiter, which could reveal objects
no smaller than 75 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. And while the
VENERAs' resolution was comparable to that of similar observations
made by the 300-meter (1,000-foot) Arecibo radio telescope on the
island of Puerto Rico, the orbiters would be examining the northern
pole of Venus. This region was unobtainable by either Arecibo or
PIONEER VENUS and appeared to contain a number of potentially
interesting geological features worthy of investigation.
On October 10, 1983, after an interplanetary journey of 330
million kilometers (198 million miles) and two mid-course corrections,
VENERA 15 fired its braking rockets over Venus to place itself in a
polar orbit 1,000 by 65,000 kilometers (600 by 39,000 miles) around
the planet, completing one revolution every twenty-four hours. VENERA
16 followed suit four days later. The twin probes thus became Venus'
first polar-circling spacecraft.
Radar operations began on October 16 for VENERA 15 and October 20
for VENERA 16. For up to sixteen minutes every orbit over the north
pole, the probes would make a radar sweep of the surface 150 kilometers
(ninety miles) wide and nine thousand kilometers (5,400 miles) long.
The craft would then head out to the highest part of their orbits over
the south pole to recharge their batteries and transmit the data back
to two large Soviet antennae on Earth. Each strip of information took
eight hours to process by computer. By the end of their main missions
in July of 1984, the VENERAs had mapped 115 million square kilometers
(46 million square miles), thirty percent of the entire planet.
VENERA 15 and 16 revealed that Venus has a surface geology more
complex than shown by PIONEER VENUS in the late 1970s. Numerous hills,
mountains, ridges, valleys, and plains spread across the landscape,
many of them apparently formed by lava from erupting volcanoes in the
last one billion years. In planetary terms this makes the Venerean
surface rather young. Hundreds of craters were detected as well, the
largest of which had to have been created by meteorites (planetoids
would be a better term here) at least fourteen kilometers (8.4 miles)
across, due to Venus' very dense atmosphere.
There were some disagreements between U.S. and Soviet scientists
on the origins of certain surface features. For example, the probes'
owners declared that the 96-kilometer (57.6-mile) wide crater at the
summit of 10,800-meter (35,640-foot) high Maxwell Montes, the tallest
mountain on the planet, was the result of a meteorite impact. American
scientists, on the other hand, felt the crater was proof that Maxwell
was a huge volcano sitting on the northern "continent" of Ishtar Terra.
In any event, the U.S. decided to wait on making verdicts about
Venus until the arrival of their own radar probe, scheduled for later
in the decade. Originally named the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
(VOIR), its initial design was scaled back and the craft was redesig-
nated the Venus Radar Mapper (VRM). Eventually the machine would be
called MAGELLAN, after the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan
(circa 1480-1521). This vehicle would map the entire planet in even
finer detail than the VENERAs. For the time, however, the Soviet
probes maintained that distinction.
Radar imaging was not the only ability of the VENERAs. Bolted
next to the POLYUS V radar antenna were the Omega altimeter and the
Fourier infrared spectrometer, the latter for measuring the world's
temperatures. The majority of the areas covered registered about
five hundred degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit), but a few
locations were two hundred degrees hotter, possibly indicating
current volcanic activity. The probes also found that the clouds
over the poles were five to eight kilometers (three to 4.8 miles)
lower than at the equator. In contrast, the polar air above sixty
kilometers (thirty-six miles) altitude was five to twenty degrees
warmer than the equatorial atmosphere at similar heights.
When the main mapping mission ended in July of 1984, there were
plans for at least one of the VENERAs to radar image the surface at
more southernly latitudes. Unfortunately this idea did not come to
pass, as the orbiters may not have possessed enough attitude-control
gas to perform the operation.
VENERA 15 and 16 ceased transmission in March of 1985, leaving
the Soviet Institute of Radiotechnology and Electronics with six
hundred kilometers (360 miles) of radar data tape to sort into an
atlas of twenty-seven maps of the northern hemisphere of Venus.
Venus by Balloon
For years the thick atmosphere of Venus had been a tempting
target to scientists who wished to explore the planet's mantle of
air with balloon-borne instruments. Professor Jacques Blamont of
the French space agency Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
had proposed such an idea as far back as 1967, only to have a joint
French-Soviet balloon mission canceled in 1982. Nevertheless,
late in the year 1984, such dreams would eventually come true.
When two PROTON rockets were sent skyward on December 15 and 21,
the Soviet Union provided Western observers with the first clear, full
views of the booster which had been launching every Soviet Venus probe
since 1975. This was but one of many firsts for the complex mission.
The unmanned probes launched into space that December were named
VEGA 1 and 2, a contraction of the words VENERA and GALLEI - Gallei
being the Russian word for Halley. Not only did the spacecraft
have more than one mission to perform, they also had more than one
celestial objective to explore, namely the comet Halley.
This famous periodic traveler was making its latest return to
the inner regions of the solar system since its last visit in 1910.
Since it was widely believed that comets are the icy remains from
the formation of the solar system five billion years ago, scientists
around the world gave high priority to exploring one of the few such
bodies which actually come close to Earth.
Most comets linger in the cold and dark outer fringes of the solar
system. Some, like Halley, are perturbed by various forces and fall
in towards the Sun, where they circle for millennia spewing out ice
and debris for millions of kilometers from the warmth of each solar
encounter.
The Soviet Union, along with the European Space Agency (ESA) and
Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), did not
wish to miss out on this first opportunity in human history to make a
close examination of Halley. The ESA would be using the cylindrical
GIOTTO probe to make a dangerously close photographic flyby of the
comet, while Japan's first deep space craft - SAKIGAKE (Pioneer) and
SUISEI (Comet) - would view Halley from a much safer distance.
Scientists in the United States also desired to study the comet
from the vantage of a space probe, at one time envisioning a vessel
powered by solar sails or ion engines. However, government budget
cuts to NASA canceled the American efforts. The U.S. would have to
make do primarily with Earth-based observations and the sharing of
data from other nations, though an instrument named the Dust Counter
and Mass Analyzer (DUCMA), designed by Chicago University Professor
John Simpson, was added on the Soviet mission in May of 1984.
The Soviets' answer to Halley were the VEGAs. Instead of building
an entirely new craft for the mission, the Soviets decided to modify
their VENERA bus design to encounter the comet while performing an
advanced Venus mission along the way. As VEGA 1 and 2 reached Venus,
the buses would drop off one lander/balloon each and use the mass of
the shrouded planet to swing them towards comet Halley, much as the
U.S. probe MARINER 10 used Venus to flyby Mercury eleven years earlier.
The Soviet craft would then head on to Halley, helping to pinpoint the
location of the comet's erupting nucleus for the GIOTTO probe to dive
in only 605 kilometers (363 miles) away in March of 1986.
As planned, the two VEGAs arrived at Venus in June of 1985. VEGA
1 released its payload first on the ninth day of the month, the lander
making a two-day descent towards the planet. The craft touched the
upper atmosphere on the morning of June 11. Sixty-one kilometers
(36.6 miles) above the Venerean surface a small container was released
by the lander, which produced a parachute at 55 kilometers (33 miles)
altitude. Thus the first balloon probe ever to explore Venus had
successfully arrived.
One kilometer after the opening of the parachute, helium gas was
pumped into the Teflon-coated plastic balloon, inflating it to a
diameter of 3.54 meters (11.68 feet). Dangling on a tether thirteen
meters (42.9 feet) below was the instrument package, properly known as
an aerostat. The top part of the 6.9-kilogram (15.18-pound) aerostat
consisted of a cone which served as an antenna and tether attachment
point to the balloon. Beneath it was the transmitter, electronics,
and instruments. Connected at the bottom was a nephelometer for
measuring cloud particles. The aerostat was painted with a special
white finish to keep at bay the corroding mist of sulfuric acid which
permeated the planet's atmosphere.
The VEGA 1 balloon was dropped into the night side of Venus just
north of the equator. Scientists were concerned that the gas bag
would burst in the heat of daylight, so they placed it in the darkened
hemisphere to give the craft as much time as possible to return data.
This action necessitated that the landers come down in the dark as
well, effectively removing the camera systems used on previous missions.
The author wonders, though, if they could have used floodlights similar
to the ones attached to VENERA 9 and 10 in 1975, when Soviet scientists
had thought the planet's surface was enshrouded in a perpetual twilight
due to the permanently thick cloud cover.
The first balloon transmitted for 46.5 hours right into the day
hemisphere before its lithium batteries failed, covering 11,600
kilometers (6,960 miles). The threat of bursting in the day heat did
not materialize. The VEGA 1 balloon was stationed at a 54-kilometer
(32.4-mile) altitude after dropping ballast at fifty kilometers
(thirty miles), for this was considered the most active of the three
main cloud layers reported by PIONEER VENUS in 1978. Indeed the
balloon was pushed across the planet at speeds up to 250 kilometers
(150 miles) per hour. Strong vertical winds bobbed the craft up and
down two to three hundred meters (660 to 990 feet) through most of the
journey. The layer's air temperature averaged forty degrees Celsius
(104 degrees Fahrenheit) and pressure was a mere 0.5 Earth atmosphere.
The nephelometer could find no clear regions in the surrounding clouds.
Early in the first balloon's flight, the VEGA 1 lander was already
headed towards the Venerean surface. Both landers were equipped with
a soil drill and analyzer similar to the ones carried on VENERA 13
and 14 in 1982. However, VEGA 1 would become unable to report the
composition of the ground at its landing site in Rusalka Planitia, the
Mermaid Plain north of Aphrodite Terra. While still ten to fifteen
minutes away from landing, a timer malfunction caused the drill to
accidentally begin its programmed activity sixteen kilometers (9.6
miles) above the surface.
There was neither any way to shut off the instrument before
touchdown nor reactivate it after landing. This was unfortunate not
only for the general loss of data but also for the fact that most of
Venus was covered with such smooth low-level lava plains and had never
before been directly examined. Nevertheless, the surface temperature
and pressure was calculated at 468 degrees Celsius (874.4 degrees
Fahrenheit) and 95 Earth atmospheres respectively during the lander's
56 minutes of ground transmissions. A large amount of background
infrared radiation was also recorded at the site.
As had been done when the drills and cameras on VENERA 11 and
12 had failed in December of 1978, the Soviets focused on the data
returned during the lander's plunge through the atmosphere. The
French-Soviet Malachite mass spectrometer detected sulfur, chlorine,
and possibly phosphorus. It is the sulfur - possibly from active
volcanoes - which gives the Venerean clouds their yellowish color.
The Sigma 3 gas chromatograph found that every cubic meter of air
between an altitude of 48 and 63 kilometers (28.8 and 37.8 miles)
contained one milligram (0.015 grain) of sulfuric acid.
The VEGA 1 data on the overall structure of the cloud decks
appeared to be at odds with the information from PIONEER VENUS.
The case was made even stronger by the fact that VEGA 2's results
nearly matched its twin. The VEGAs found only two main cloud layers
instead of the three reported by the U.S. probes. The layers were
three to five kilometers (1.8 to 3 miles) thick at altitudes of 50
and 58 kilometers (30 and 34.8 miles). The clouds persisted like a
thin fog until clearing at an altitude of 35 kilometers (21 miles),
much lower than the PV readings. One possibility for the discrepan-
cies may have been radical structural changes in the Venerean air
over the last seven years.
When the lander and balloon finally went silent, the last
functioning part of the VEGA 1 mission, the flyby bus, sailed on
for a 708 million-kilometer (424.8 million-mile) journey around
the Sun to become the first probe to meet comet Halley. On March
6, 1986, the bus made a 8,890-kilometer (5,334-mile) pass at the
dark and icy visitor before traveling on in interplanetary space.
The Soviets had accomplished their first mission to two celestial
bodies with one space vessel.
On June 13, VEGA 2 released its lander/balloon payload for
a two-day fall towards Venus. Like its duplicate, the VEGA 2
balloon radioed information back to the twenty antennae tracking
it on Earth for 46.5 hours before battery failure on the morning
side of the planet. During its 11,100-kilometer (6,660-mile)
flight over Venus, the second balloon entered in a rather still
environment which became less so twenty hours into the mission.
After 33 hours mission time the air became even more turbulent
for a further eight hours. When the balloon passed over a five-
kilometer (three-mile) mountain on the "continent" of Aphrodite
Terra, a powerful downdraft pulled the craft 2.5 kilometers (1.5
miles) towards the surface.
Temperature sensors on the VEGA 2 balloon reported that the air
layer it was moving through was consistently 6.5 degrees Celsius
(43.7 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than the area explored by the VEGA 1
balloon. This was corroborated by the VEGA 2 lander as it passed
through the balloon's level. No positive indications of lightning
were made by either balloon, and the second aerostat's nephelometer
failed to function.
The VEGA 2 lander touched down on the northern edge of Aphrodite
Terra's western arm on the fifteenth of June, 1,500 kilometers (900
miles) southeast of VEGA 1. The lander's resting place was smoother
than thought, indicating either a very ancient and worn surface or a
relatively young one covered in fresh lava. The soil drill was in
working order and reported a rock type known as anorthosite-troctolite,
rare on Earth but present in Luna's highlands. This rock is rich in
aluminum and silicon but lacking in iron and magnesium. A high degree
of sulfur was also present in the soil. The air around VEGA 2 measured
463 degrees Celsius (865.4 degrees Fahrenheit) and 91 Earth atmospheres,
essentially a typical day (or night) on Venus.
Far above the VEGA 2 lander, its carrier bus sped past Venus at
a distance of 24,500 kilometers (14,700 miles) and followed its twin
to comet Halley, making a closer flyby on March 9, 1986 at just 8,030
kilometers (4,818 miles). Both probes helped to reveal that the comet
is a very dark and irregular-shaped mass about fourteen kilometers
(8.4 miles) across, rotating once every 53 hours, give or take three
hours.
Since both VEGA craft were still functioning after their Halley
encounters, Soviet scientists considered an option to send the
probes to other celestial objects. One prime target was the near-
Earth planetoid 2101 Adonis, which VEGA 2 could pass at a distance
of six million kilometers (3.6 million miles). Sadly, the Soviets
had to back out on the opportunity to become the first nation to fly
a spacecraft past a planetoid when it was discovered that there was
not enough maneuvering fuel in the probe to reach Adonis as planned.
VEGA 1 and 2 were quietly shut down in early 1987.
Future Plans Diverted
The impressive VEGA mission had given some scientists numerous
ideas and hope for even more ambitious expeditions to the second
world from the Sun. One example was the VESTA mission, planned for
the early 1990s.
This Soviet-French collaboration called for the launch of multiple
probes on a single PROTON rocket in either 1991 or 1992. The craft
would first swing by Venus and drop off several landers and balloon
probes. The aerostats would be designed to survive in the planet's
corrosive atmosphere for up to one month, a large improvement over
the VEGA balloons' two days. The mission would then head out to
investigate several planetoids and comets, including a possible
landing on Vesta (thus the mission name), the most reflective Main
Belt planetoid as seen from Earth.
Unfortunately for Venus exploration, plans began to change in
the Soviet Union. In 1986 the Soviets decided to reroute the VESTA
mission to the red planet Mars instead of Venus, keeping the comet
and planetoid aspects intact. By this time in the Soviet space
program interest was focusing on Mars. Already under construction
was an entirely new probe design called PHOBOS. Two members of this
class were planned to leave Earth in 1988 and orbit Mars the next
year. PHOBOS 1 and 2 would then place the first instruments on
Mars' largest moon, Phobos.
All this was a prelude to even more advanced Mars expeditions,
including balloon probes, rovers, soil sample return craft, and
eventually human explorers in the early Twenty-First Century.
The environment of Venus was just too hostile for any serious
consideration of human colonization in the near future.
But things began to look bleak for Soviet Venus and Mars
exploration. Both PHOBOS probes failed to complete their missions,
one losing contact on the way to the Red Planet in 1988 and the other
going silent in Mars orbit just one week before the planned moon
landing in March of 1989.
In 1989 a plan was devised for a Venus orbiter to drop eight to
ten penetrators around the planet in 1998. Several years later the
mission launch date was moved to the year 2005 and has now been put
on indefinite hold. No other official Soviet missions to Venus have
since been put forth, a sad commentary after twenty-five years of
continuous robotic exploration of the planet.
During the late 1980s a drastic political and economic change
was taking over the Soviet Union. President Mikhail Gorbachev began
to "open up" his nation to the benefits of increased cooperation with
the rest of the nations, particularly those in the West. While the
culture became less oppressive than in the past, the economy was taking
a very rough ride as it also underwent the effects of a "free market".
These effects hit everywhere, including the space program.
Missions at all levels were cut back. The Soviets began making
almost desperate attempts to cooperate with other space-faring
nations either to keep their remaining programs alive or just to
make money.
In early 1992 it was reported that the Soviets were offering for
sale several fully-equipped VENERAs they had in storage for the price
of 1.6 million dollars each, an incredibly low price for any planetary
probe. No nation took them up on the bargain. Meanwhile the United
States was gearing up for new Venus missions of their own.
MAGELLAN and GALILEO
The U.S. reactivated their long-dormant planetary exploration
with the launch of the Space Shuttle ATLANTIS on May 4, 1989.
Aboard the Shuttle was the MAGELLAN spacecraft, a combination of
spare parts from other U.S. probes designed to make the most
detailed and complete radar-mapping of Venus in history. When
MAGELLAN reached the second world in August of 1990, it would be
able to map almost the entire planet down to a resolution of 108
meters (360 feet), surpassing the abilities of VENERA 15 and 16.
In the interim another American probe was launched from a Space
Shuttle which would make a quick flyby of Venus on its way to orbit
the giant planet Jupiter in 1995. On October 18, 1989, the Shuttle
ATLANTIS released its second unmanned planetary probe into space,
named GALILEO after the famous Italian astronomer who discovered the
probe's primary target's major moons in 1610.
In the absence of a powerful enough booster to send GALILEO on
a direct flight to the Jovian planet, the probe was sent around
Venus and Earth several times to build up enough speed to reach
Jupiter. As a result, Venus became GALILEO's first planetary
goal in February of 1990. The probe radioed back images of the
planet's swirling clouds and further indications of lightning in
that violent atmosphere.
On the Drawing Boards
With the incredible success of MAGELLAN in the last few years,
new plans have been laid out for further journeys to Venus. Scien-
tists in the U.S. have talked to space scientists in the former Soviet
Union - now the Commonwealth of Independent States since January 1,
1992 - of a cooperative effort to launch new VENERA lander missions
within in the next decade. Japan, India, and the ESA have also
considered their own Venus missions in the next few decades.
In February of 1993 NASA came up with several new Venus projects
as part of their Discovery Program for launching inexpensive probes
throughout the solar system. For Venus two missions were selected
for further study: A Venus Multiprobe Mission involving the landing
of fourteen small probes over one hemisphere to measure winds, air
temperature, and pressure; and the Venus Composition Probe, designed
to study Venus' atmosphere while descending through the thick air
with the aid of a parachute, much as the Soviets had done since 1967.
Final project decisions will be made in 1994.
Humans on Venus
Will a human ever be able to stand on the surface of Venus?
At present the lead-melting temperatures and crushing air pressure
would be threatening to any Earth life not protected in something
even tougher than a VENERA lander. Plans have been looked into
changing the environment of Venus itself into something more like
Earth's. However, it should be noted that any such undertaking
will require the removal of much of the thick carbon dioxide
atmosphere, a major reduction in surface heat, and the ability
to speed up the planet's rotation rate to something a bit faster
than once every 243 Earth days. Such a project may take centuries
if not millennia.
In the meantime efforts should be made to better understand
Venus as its exists today. We still have yet to fully know how
a world so seemingly similar to Earth in many important ways became
instead such a deadly place. Will Earth ever suffer this fate?
Perhaps Venus holds the answers. Such answers may best be found
through international cooperation, including the nation which
made the first attempts to lift the cloudy veils from Venus.
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GEOPHYSICS: RESEARCH RESULTS FROM THE U.S.S.R., University of
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Beatty, J. Kelly, and Andrew Chaikin, Editors, THE NEW SOLAR
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Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990
Burgess, Eric, VENUS: AN ERRANT TWIN, Columbia University Press,
New York, 1985
Burrows, William E., EXPLORING SPACE: VOYAGES IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM AND BEYOND, Random House, Inc., New York, 1990
Chaisson, Eric, and Steve McMillan, ASTRONOMY TODAY, Prentice-
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Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1993
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Ellis Howood Limited, Chichester, England, 1988
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Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1992
Johnson, Nicholas L., SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS 1980-1985, Volume
66 Science and Technology Series, American Astronautical
Society, Univelt, Inc., San Diego, California, 1987
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Teledyne Brown Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado,
1990/1991
Lang, Kenneth R., and Charles A. Whitney, WANDERERS IN SPACE:
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 1991
MAGELLAN: THE UNVEILING OF VENUS, JPL 400-345, March 1989
Murray, Bruce, Michael C. Malin, and Ronald Greeley, EARTHLIKE
PLANETS: SURFACES OF MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MOON, MARS, W. H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 1981
Murray, Bruce, JOURNEY INTO SPACE: THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF
SPACE EXPLORATION, W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1989
Newcott, William, "Venus Revealed", NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE,
Volume 183, Number 2, Washington, D.C., February 1993
Nicks, Oran W., FAR TRAVELERS: THE EXPLORING MACHINES, NASA
SP-480, Washington, D.C., 1985
Oberg, James Edward, NEW EARTHS: RESTRUCTURING EARTH AND OTHER
PLANETS, A Meridian Book, New American Library, Inc., New
York, 1983
Robertson, Donald F., "Venus - A Prime Soviet Objective" (Parts
1/2), SPACEFLIGHT, Volume 34, Numbers 5/6, British Interplanetary
Society (BIS), London, England, May/June 1992
Smith, Arthur, PLANETARY EXPLORATION: THIRTY YEARS OF UNMANNED
SPACE PROBES, Patrick Stephens, Ltd., Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, England, 1988
VOYAGE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE: THE NEAR PLANETS, By the Editors
of Time-Life Books, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, 1990
Wilson, Andrew, JANE'S SOLAR SYSTEM LOG, Jane's Publishing, Inc.,
New York, 1987
About the Author -
Larry Klaes, EJASA Editor, is the recipient of the ASA's 1990
Meritorious Service Award for his work as Editor of the EJASA since
its founding in August of 1989. Larry also teaches a course on
Basic Astronomy at the Concord-Carlisle Adult and Community
Education Program in Massachusetts.
Larry is the author of the following EJASA articles:
"The One Dream Man: Robert H. Goddard, Rocket Pioneer" - August 1989
"Stopping Space and Light Pollution" - September 1989
"The Rocky Soviet Road to Mars" - October 1989
"Astronomy and the Family" - May 1991
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 1" - February 1993
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 2" - March 1993
THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
April 1993 - Vol. 4, No. 9 | 1 |
2,152 |
I certainly like this "Option C"... It's much more like the original
Phase B studies from the early 1970's. Good stuff!
| 1 |
3,335 |
That's _Five Weeks In A Balloon_. And if anyone can tell me where to
get it, I sure would like a reply! I've been looking for that book for
TEN YEAR+, and never found it. (Note that I am _not_ looking for a $200
collector's item; I'm hoping that *someone* has published it in modern
times, either in paperback or hardcover. I'm willing to spend $50 or
so to get a copy.
| 1 |
777 | : THe limit on space-walking is a function of suit supplies (MASS)
: and Orbiter Duration.
: In order to perform the re-boost of the HST, the OMS engines
: will be fired for a long period. Now the shuttle is a heavy
: thing. THe HST isn't light either. THe amount of OMS fuel
: needed to fly both up is substantial. a small booster
: carried up and used to boost HST on it's own will weigh significantly
: less then the OMS fuel required to Boost both HST and SHUttle,
: for a given orbital change.
: From what i understand, the mass margins on the HST missions are
: tight enough they can't even carry extra Suits or MMU's.
: pat
I haven't seen any specifics on the HST repair mission, but I can't see why
the mass margins are tight. What are they carrying up? Replacement components
(WFPC II, COSTAR, gyros, solar panels, and probably a few others), all sorts of
tools, EVA equipment, and as much OMS fuel and consumables as they can. This
should be lighter than the original HST deployment mission, which achieved the
highest altitude for a shuttle mission to date. And HST is now in a lower
orbit.
Seems like the limiting factors would be crew fatigue and mission complexity.
| 1 |
533 | Robert,
I'm *so* glad that you posted your Biological Alchemy discussion. I've
been compared to the famous Robert McElwaine by some readers of Sci. Med.
I didn't know how to respond since I had not seen one of your posts(just
like I haven't read "The Yeast Connection").
Let me just start by stating that the authors of the "Cold Fusion" papers of
recent years are now in scientific exile(I believe that one has actually
left the country). Scientific fraud is rare. I'm still not sure that if a
review of the research notes of the "cold fusion scientists" actually
proved fraud or just very shoddy experimentation.
Your sources do not seem to be research articles. They are more like lay
texts designed to pique human interest in a subject area(just like the food
combining and life extension texts). Robert, I try to keep an open mind.
But some things I just can't buy(one is taking SOD orally to prevent
oxidative damage in the body).
Your experiment, if conducted by readers of this news group, would prove
that you are right(more ash after seed sprouting than before). Unless you
use a muffle furnance and obtain a very high temperature(above 600 degrees
I believe), you will get organic residue in the ash. Even the residue in
commercial incinerators contains organic residue. I remember doing this
kind of experiment in my organic chemistry couurse in College but I
couldn't find a temperature for mineral ash formation so I'm really
guessing at 600 degrees F, it may actually be much higher. The point is
that no one in their home could ever get a high enough temperature to
produce *only* a mineral ash. They also could not measure the minerals so
they could only weigh the ash and find out that you appear to be correct.
Chemical reactions abound in our body, in our atmosphere, in our water and
in our soil. Are these fusion reactions? Yes many of them do involve
fusing oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur to both organics and inorganics. Do we
really have the transformation of silicone to calcium if carbon is fused with
silicon? Not in my book Robert.
Silicon is the most abundant mineral on our planet. I've seen speculation
that man could have evolved to be a silicon based rather than a carbon
based life-form. I like reading science fiction, as many people do. But I
know enough about biochemistry(and nutrition) to be able(in most cases) to
separate the fiction from the fact.
Silicon may be one of the trace elements that turns out to be essential in
humans. We have several grams of the stuff in our body. What's it doing
there? Only the Lord knows right now. But I will tell you what I do know
about silicon and why, as you state, it helps bone healing(and it is not
because silicon is transformed into calcium).
Almost all of the silicon in the human body is found in the connective
tissue(collagen and elastin). There have been studies published which show
that the very high silicon content in elastin may be an important protective
factor against atherosclerosis(the higher the silicon content in elastin,
the more resistant the elastin is to a an age-related loss of elasticity
which may play a role in the increase in blood pressure that is often seen as
part of the ageing process in humans).
For bone fracture healing, the first step is a collagen matrix into which
calcium and phosphate are pumped by osteoblasts. A high level of silicon
in the diet seems to speed up this matrix formation. This first step in the
bone healing process seems to be the hardest for some people to get going.
Electriacl currents have been used in an attempt to get the matrix forming
cells oriented in the right direction so that the matrix can be formed in
the gap(or gaps) between the ends of the broken bone. A vitamin C deficiency
(by slowing collagen formation as well as causing the prodcution of
defective collagen) does slow down both bone and wound healing. Zinc is also
another big player in bone and wound healing. And so is silicon(in an
undetermined role that most likely involes matrix formation and not
transformation of silicon to calcium). For you to take this bone healing
observation and use it as proof that silicon is transformed into
calcium is an interesting little trick.
But Robert, I have the same problem myself when I read the lay press(and
yes even some scientific papers). Is the explanation reasonable? Without
a very good science knowledge base, you and most readers of this news group
are flying blind(you have to take it on faith because you don't know any
better).
If the explanation seems to make sense to me based on my knowledge base,
I'm inclined to consider it(this usually means trying to find other sources
that come to the same conclusion). If the idea(like a candida bloom) seems
to make sense to me, I tend to pursue it as long as any advice that I'm
going to give isn't going to really mess somebody up. If this makes us
kindred souls Robert, then I guess I'll have to live with that label.
For the physicians who have decided to read my response to Robert's
interesting post, I hope that you saw the segment on the pediatric
neurosurgeon last night on U.S. TV. I can't remember the network or his
name(like many nights, I was on my computer and my wife was watching TV in
our Den where I have my computer setup). This neurosurgeon takes kids with
brain tumors that everyone else has given up on and he uses"unconventional"
treatments(his own words). He says that he has a 70% success rate. The one
case that I heard him discussing would normally use radiation(conventional
treatment). He was going to go in and cut. You guys complain about the
cost of the anti-fungals. What do you think the cost difference between
radiation treatment and surgery is guys?
I'm going to ask you guys one more time, why blast a physician who takes the
chronic sinus sufferer(like Jon) and the chronic GI sufferer(like Elaine)
and tries to help them using unconventional treatments? Treatments which
do not result in death(like those that the neurosurgeon uses?). Is it
because candida blooms are not life-threatening while brain tumors are?
How about quality of life guys? May the candida demon never cross your
sinus cavity or gut(if it does, you may feel differently about the issue). | 1 |
4,245 |
I don't think that this should be worked on just in the context
of cryptography. That's sure to pose all sorts of problems for all sorts
of people.
What's needed is for someone to develop a portable telephone
quality speech<->RS232 converter. Imagine, if you will, a little box that
takes data on its serial port and puts out sound, and takes sound and codes
it to signals on its serial port. Full duplex. Now, this device is not a
cryptographic device. It's a portable poor man's sound blaster or whatever
you want to call it. It's got loads of perfectly legitimate applications
for:
a) speech synthesis (with a few nifty libraries and some samples)
b) speech recording for electronic messaging
c) building voicemail systems
d) internet talk radio
e) internet relay chat
Of course, some of the electronic messaging in item b might be
encrypted, possibly realtime, but that's the user's decision. One would
need 2 of these talky boxes and a pair of modems and some kind of cutout
to switch over, and some code on, say, a 486 laptop.
I'd really like to see such a thing developed so that interactive
internet talk radio could be done. Ideally, though, it should be a general
purpose device. It should be a general purpose enough device that nobody
should be able to balk at its widespread use. Obviously, to make it easy
for homebrewers, it should use pretty common hardware.
It's interesting to note that I'd already talked with a couple
of folks about building such a thing, before this whole clipper thing
started. I even went so far as to track down a couple of folks who are
able to make sample units, given incentive and some time. I'd envisioned
finding a couple of folks interested in such a project and helping fund
development of a public domain board layout and parts set, that could
be published in the form of CAD drawings for a couple of major CAD
packages, and in PostScript.
Anyone interested? I'll start a provisional mailing list. Let
me know if you want on. | 1 |
1,386 |
I think you must have the same hygiene teacher I had in 1955. There
is a story about the Civil War about a soldier who was shot in the
groin. The bullet, after passing through one of his testes, then entered
the abdomen of a young woman standing nearby. Later, when she (a young
woman of unimpeachible virtue) was shown to be pregnant; the soldier did
the honorable thing of marrying her. According to this story, they lived
happily ever after.
Perhaps the most famous of Mr. Rau's classes was the time he would come
into class brandishing an aluminum turning mandrel (tapering from about
3/8" to 1/2" over a 10 inch length). He would say, "Boys, do you know
what this is? It's a medical instrument called a 'cock reamer' and it's
used to unclog your penis when you have VD. They just ram it up there
without an anesthetic!" Needless to say this had a chilling effect.
I didn't have lascivious thoughts for at least an hour. Later in life
as I perused medical instrument catelogs and saw the slender flexible
urethral sounds that are actually used, I could not escape thinking
that I might one day see, "Reamer, Cock (style of Rau) ."
]
| 1 |
2,247 |
Again we have the trust in government problem here. Members of
Mr. Sternlight's generation trust the government to a degree which
members of my generation find ridiculous. I would suggest that Mr. Sternlight
read about the COINTELPRO program, or about J. Edgar Hoover, or about
the wire-tapping of Martin Luther King, then, after he has digested this
information he can ponder the fact that while the government does not
tap every conversation that they have a record of tapping many conversations
that they have no right to, even under their own laws. Given the long
history of members of the US government ignoring the laws that apply
to them, it is no wonder that so many people in here sound so paranoid, and
given the fact that it is often difficult or impossible to punish these
individuals once they are discovered, it is no wonder that so many people
in here have so little faith in the escrow proposal for Clipper.
| 1 |
4,524 | I understand Robert Centor has a program called ROC ANALYZER, that can be
used to do receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Does
anyone know if this is avaliable from an FTP site? If not, does anyone
know how to get a copy of it?
============================== | 1 |
742 | From article <[email protected]>, by [email protected]:
Hmmm... Atlantis left Eureca in a 28 degree orbit. Retrieving it is
going to be *REALLY* fun if they fly to 57 degrees. Torque that
Canadarm! :-) | 1 |
5,756 |
From the description I've read, it's prob. only going to be
as bright as Jupiter. Anything else is probably hype from the
opponents or wishful thinking from the sponsors.
If we could do something as bright as the full moon that soon,
that cheap, the CIS would have done it already.
| 1 |
1,355 |
I tried this code yesterday. On my Sparcstation ELC it takes over
300 seconds to compress 22 seconds' worth of speech. This means that it
needs to be "optimized" by over a factor of 10 before it will be usable
in even a half-duplex mode.
I question whether CELP is the best approach for this application. It produces
great compression but at the expense of tremendous CPU loads. We want
something that can be run on ordinary workstations or even high-end PC's
without DSP cards. My guess is that some other algorithm is going to be
a better starting point. | 1 |
2,007 | Sorry, you have a _wish_ for an uncluttered night sky, but it
isn't a right. When you get down to it, you actually have no rights
that the majority haven't agreed to give you (and them in the process).
It's a common misconception that being born somehow endows you with
rights to this that and the other. Sadly this is not true.
Now if you want to talk about the responsibility that _should_ go with
the power to clutter the night sky, then that's a different matter. | 1 |
2,761 |
It is one thing to be open-minded about phenomona that have not
be demonstrated to be false, and quite another to "believe" in
something like Krilian photography, where *all* the claimed effects
have be demonstrated to be artifacts. There is no longer any reason
to adopt a "wait and see" attitude about Krilian photography, it
has been experimentally shown to be nothing but simple coronal
discharge. The "auras" shown by missing leaf parts came from
moisture left by the original whole leaf, for example.
That's what science is, son. | 1 |
2,001 | hypodermic
it.
there is
me.
Looking in The Evolution of Anaesthesia by M.H. Armstrong Davison
(pub Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1965) I found the following
chronology:
"1853. Charles-Gabriel Pravaz (1791-1853), inventor of the
galvanocautery, describes a glass syringe with tapered nozzle. This
syringe was intended to be used with a special trocar for injecting
ferric chloride into aneurysms, and thus to heal them by coagulation.
1853. Alexander Wood (1817-84) of Edinburgh invents the hypodermic
needle and adapts Pravaz's syringe for use with it."
You might also be interested to read about the experiments of Sir
Christopher Wren in 1656, described by Oldenberg & Clarck in the
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society in 1665. Using a
sharpened quill and a pig's bladder he injected opium, wine and beer
into the veins of dogs. | 1 |
6,405 |
The domain address of the WHO is: who.arcom.ch
So try sending email to [email protected]
Josh
[email protected]
| 1 |
2,353 |
Yes! Just take money from the profitable commercial enterprises
and give it to the government to "redistribute." Government is so much
more efficient, trustworthy, and noble than self-serving businesses. :)
Let's nip this redistributionist ignorance in the bud. If it were not
for commercial enterprises, the whole world would be starving. | 1 |
3,401 | Hi.
I have a friend who is interested in subscribing to this newsgroup.
Unfortunatly she does not have usenet access. If someone could send
her a faq and info on how to subscribe, we'd be very appreciative If
you want to send it to me, you can and I will get it to her. I do not
read this newsgroup regularly though so e-mail please.
Thank you
Jody
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jody Rebecca Colby College Majors: History/Sociology
Class o' '94
E-Mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Fantasy, Music, Colors, and Animals will lead this society out of oppression.
| 1 |
1,366 | :
: As a private citizen, I would feel much more "secure in my person and
: papers" knowing that an organization committed to individual civil
: liberties- the ACLU and the NRA come to mind- was safeguarding half of
: my key. Both the ACLU and the NRA are resistent to government pressure
: by the simple expedient fact that they are not supported, funded, or
: overtly controlled by the government.
: --------------------------
Thats one problem that has so far been overlooked. These two escrow
agencies will have to create a secure database and service the
input and output of Keys. Who pays for this? If they refuse an
illegal request from some congressman to deliver a key can their
budget by cut to punish them? Will congress be forced to fund
them forever?
The problem is that laws can change. Congress may pass a law setting
up an escrow agency with instructions that keys are private. Some
future congress may change that law. Suppose pre-nazi Germany had
a clipper system. Do you think the escrow agencies would have
told Hitler that he could not have the keys without a valid
court order?
In effect you must set up escrow agencies as a fourth branch of
the goverment and isolate them from any outside interferance.
They will be able to directly tap into Federal funds with no
accountability to anyone except through a court challenge. | 1 |
3,595 |
It's not a question just of who is holding the phone. It's a question of
what circuit to wiretap in the first place. If two drug dealers are both
using stolen cellular phones, the FBI doesn't know which lines to tap
-- unless of course they're tapping *all* phones (maybe *all* cellular
phones). If they haven't tapped the connection (ie., at least one end of
the connection) then they don't know what key to request.
| 1 |
2,403 | There's a chiropractor who has a stand in the middle of a shopping
mall, offering free examinations. Part of the process involves a
multiple-jointed sensor arm and a computer that says in a computer-
sounding voice "digitize left PSIS" "digitize right PSIS" "digitize
C7" "please stand with spine in neutral position". I'm wondering
whether this doesn't really measure anything and the computer voice
is to impress the victims, or whether it is measuring something
that chiropractors think is useful to measure.
--
[email protected]
[email protected] | 1 |
902 |
This is, shall we say, an overly-broad statement. In particular, are you
referring to the native American culture that existed in 1400, or the one
that existed in 1800? (Simplify things by assuming we're talking about
the eastern US rather than the whole continent.) Given that those were
*radically* different cultures, which one are you referring to?
Note that the pre-Columbian native Americans, east of the Mississippi,
did all of these things. (Well, maybe not "on Sunday", but they did
have organized religions, not to mention cities and governments.) If
you are judging the native Americans by the tribal culture that existed
in 1800, you might want to read an account of the De Soto expedition
to find out what pre-Columbian native American culture, at least in the
more civilized parts of the continent, was like. | 1 |
4,624 |
I like this statement, though for my own reasons. Cost comparisons depend
a lot on whether the two options are similar, and *then* it becomes very
revealing to consider what their differences are. Can Soyuz launch the
Long Exposure Facility? Course not. Will the Shuttle take my television
relay to LEO by year's end? Almost certainly not, but the Russians are
pretty good about making space accessible on a tight schedule.
Comparing S and SS points up that there are TWO active space
launcher-and-work-platform resources, with similarities and differences.
Where they are in direct competition, we may get to see some market
economics come into play.
tombaker | 1 |
3,157 | :
:
: "Numerical Recipes in C"..Fortran..Pascal has a nice section on
: encryption and decryption based on the DES algorithm. There is
: also source code provided (I think some versions of this book are
: distributed with the source code on disk; the source code can
: also be ordered from the publisher).
:
: --Victor Iseli
: [email protected]
Yes I benchmarked the DES implementation in the Recipes in C
book.. it is about 1 1/2 orders of magnitude SLOWER than the
Outerbridge/Karn/Gillogly/et al implementation.
It may be instructional, but it isn't very fast. | 1 |
2,667 |
Someone from NASA posted that there were very significant mass margins
on the HST re-boost mission. A while back i had asked why not carry
the EDO pallet up, and the answer was the mass margins were tight enough, they weren't even carrying extra suits.
Where's wingo when you need him:-)
COme on. Knock that S**T off.
YOu forget, that during skylab, they did overnight mission planning
for the repair EVA's. Also during theøÄ
Intelsat Mission, they did overnight WETF simulations.
I somehow think they could train up a new EVA in 8 months.
And as for building hardware, anything can be built if you want it
bad enough.
YOu forget, the BUS 1 is already built. all they'd ahve to do
is soup it up, even test it on a delta mission.
Don't get into this mode of negativism. besides, at the rate
missions slip, the Discovery won't launch on this mission until
March. that's almost a year.
Ah, but how much more expensive is the Second HST servicing mission.
YOu forget, there is a bum FGS, the Solar array electronics, are
getting hinky and there is still 8 months until the servicing mission.
The time for the space walks are growing rapidly. THis was orignally
planned out as 3 spacewalks, now they are at 5 EVA's with 3 reserve
walks.
If the SMT can avoid a second servicing mission that's $500 million
saved. If the Weight savings, means they can sit on orbit for 30 Days.
and handle any contingency problems, that's quite a savings.
Of course, there wasn't any need for the Saturn V after apollo too.
as for the problems with the aperture door, I am sure they can
work out some way to handle that. Maybe a Plug made from
Frozen ice.? it'll keep out any contamination,
yet sublime away after teh boost. | 1 |
547 | Actually I am entering vet school next year, but the question is
relevant for med students too.
Memorizing large amounts has never been my strong point academically.
Since this is a major portion of medical education -- anatomy,
histology, pathology, pharmacology, are for the most part mass
memorization -- I am a little concerned. As I am sure most
med students are.
Can anyone suggest techniques for this type of memorization? I
have had reasonable success with nemonics and memory tricks like
thinking up little stories to associate unrelated things. But I have
never applied them to large amounts of "data".
Has anyone had luck with any particular books, memory systems, or
cheap software?
Can you suggest any helpful organizational techniques? Being an
older student who returned to school this year, organization (another
one of my weak points) has been a major help to my success.
Please no griping about how all you have to do is "learn" the material
conceptually. I have no problem with that, it is one of my strong
points. But you can't get around the fact that much of medicine is
rote memorization. | 1 |
4,156 |
[...]
>The Attorney General publishes the number of court-ordered taps each year.
[...]
I believe you are mistaken. I don't believe the AG publishes the
number of state wiretaps.
- Carl
--
Carl Kadie -- I do not represent any organization; this is just me.
= [email protected] =
Hmmm.... now if we could have *3* keys kept in escrow, with one of the
groups keeping a key being the government, then the states would need
federal permission to run a wiretap.... interesting possibility:-)
| 1 |
5,311 | A friend, a 62 year old man, has calcium deposits on one of his
heart valves . What causes this to happen and what can be done about
it? | 1 |
2,723 | day.
Recently, I completed a 2 week juice fast (with 3 days of water) and had
two colonics as part of it. My motivation was primarily spiritual, to
de-toxify from all the crap I've been putting in my body (not like thats
enough to clean it all out but it did have an effect). Personaly, I
didn't find it an uncomfortable experience (the colonic), lost about
15lbs of beer belly (which hasn't come back over the last month), and
feel great. One of the things that prompted me to get the colonic was
seeing my 90 year old grandmother chair ridden from colitis (?) from
years of indulgence.
Not everything that goes in comes out, and personaly I don't mind giving
my body a hand once in a while.
Just my experience,
George Paap | 1 |
6,400 |
Why don't we move down even further toward the masses by setting this
up on an IBM PC clone(probably needs to be a 386 or a 486) with a
sound blaster and a V.32bis modem. Those components are very widely
available. I don't know if the PC has enough horsepower to encrypt the data
at realtime, but the sound blaster has 4 to 1 hardware compression and will
work at any sampling rate from 4KHz to 23 KHz.
Doug Holland
| 1 |
2,018 |
They are using some technology developed by VLSI systems, the other manufacturer of
the Clipper Chips, that produces chips that are supposed to be highly resistant to
reverse engineering.
-- | 1 |
6,648 | The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93120.24999999 .00044939 00000-0 12819-3 0 129
2 22640 28.4643 241.8868 0011265 284.7181 109.3644 15.91616537 580 | 1 |
2,515 | O.K.- if you've read this group for a while, you know all about the
one-time-pad, but here's a question I haven't seen.
The one-time-pad yeilds ideal security, but has a well-known flaw in
authentication. Suppose you use a random bit stream as the pad, and
exclusive-or as the encryption operation. If an adversary knows the
plaintext of a message, he can change it into any other message.
Here's how it works.
Alice is sending Bob a plaintext P, under a key stream S
Alice computes the ciphertext C = S xor P, and sends it to Bob.
Eve knows the plainext P, but wants the message to appear as P'.
Eve intercepts C, and computes C' = C xor P xor P' = S xor P'.
Eve sends C' to Bob.
Bob decrypts C' by computing C'xor S = P', thus receiving the
false message which was substituted by Eve.
Now the question is how can this attack be defeated with information
theoretic security, not just computational security.
Can we define something like "ideal authentication" which is the
analog of ideal security. Can we obtain ideal authentication ?
If not, how much can we limit Eve's control over the message ?
If we can achieve ideal authentication, does the solution use more
key bits or expand the message ? Can we show the solution to be
optimal in one or more parameters ?
Does anyone know if these questions have been aswered before ? | 1 |
2,078 |
Chronic persistent hepatitis is usually diagnosed when someone does a liver
biopsy on a patient that has persistently elevated serum transaminases months
after a bout of acute viral hepatitis, or when someone is found to have
persistently elevated transaminases on routine screening tests. The degree of
elevation (in the serum transaminases) can be trivial, or as much as ten times
normal. Other blood chemistries are usually normal.
As a rule, patients with CPH have no clinical signs of liver disease.
Chronic active hepatitis can also be asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, at
least initially, and that's why it's important to tell them apart by means of
a biopsy. The patient with CPH only needs to be reassured. The patient with
CAH needs to be treated.
====================================== | 1 |
4,974 |
I don't like the term "quack" being applied to a licensed physician David.
Questionable conduct is more appropriately called unethical(in my opinion).
I'll give you some examples.
1. Prescribing controlled substances to patients with no
demonstrated need(other than a drug addition) for the medication.
2. Prescribing thyroid preps for patients with normal thyroid
function for the purpose of quick weight loss.
3. Using laetril to treat cancer patients when such treatment has
been shown to be ineffective and dangerous(cyanide release) by
the NCI.
These are errors of commission that competently trained physicians should
not committ but sometimes do. There are also errors of omission(some of
which result in malpractice suits). I don't think that using anti-fungal
agents to try to relieve discomfort in a patient who you suspect may be
having a problem with candida(or another fungal growth) is an error of
commission or omission. Healers have had a long history of trying to
relieve human suffering. Some have stuck to standard, approved procedures,
others have been willing to try any reasonable treatment if there is a
chance that it will help the patient. The key has to be tied to the
healer's oath, "I will do no harm". But you know David that very few
treatments involve no risk to the patient. The job of the physician is a
very difficult one when risk versus benefit has to be weighed. Each
physician deals with this risk/benefit paradox a little differently. Some
are very conservative while others are more agressive. An agressive
approach may be more costly to the patient and carry more risk but as long
as the motive is improving the patient's health and not an attempt to rake
in lots of money(through some of the schemes that have been uncovered in
the medicare fraud cases), I don't see the need to label these healers as
quacks or even unethical.
What do I reserve the term quack for? Pseudo-medical professionals.
These people lurk on the fringes of the health care system waiting for the
frustrated patient to fall into their lair. Some of these individuals are
really doing a pretty good job of providing "alternative" medicine. But
many lack any formal training and are in the "business" simply to make a
few fast bucks. While a patient can be reasonably assured of getting
competent care when a liscenced physician is consulted, this alternative
care area is really a buyer's beware arena. If you are lucky, you may find
someone who can help you. If you are unlucky, you can loose a lot of
money and develop severe disease because of the inability of these pseudo-
medical professional to diagnose disease(which is the fortay of the
liscened physicians).
I hope that this clears things up David. | 1 |
7,036 | [ stuff deleted ]
The French SPOT is an example that comes to mind. Although the
company (name escapes me at the moment) sells images world-wide, you
can bet your last dollar (franc??) that the French gov't gets first
dibs.
I remember a few years ago (about the time SPOT was launched), I
was speaking to my Dad (an USAF officer) about this and that, and I
happend to mention SPOT (I think we were talking about technology
utilization). He just about went ballistic. He wanted to know how I
knew about SPOT and just what I knew. I guess that space surveillance
is such a sensitive topic in the Air Force that he couldn't believe
that I would read about such a system in the popular press (ie. AV week).
mark, | 1 |
6,361 |
We had a senior NSA scientist in Cambridge at one of our workshops recently
(in fact he was here when the Clipper announcement was made, but we didn't
learn of it till after he'd gone). He said on this point that he was forbidden
by law to monitor conversations between US nationals (and he is a chap who is
very precise about his choice of words). So I don't expect he'd have any qualms
about monitoring a domestic US conversation if one of the parties was an alien.
However it got me thinking of the Navajo code talkers. Just imagine:
+ `Hello, is that the Iraqi mission in New York? This is the Iraqi foreign
+ ministry in Baghdad, I am Farouq Hussein, US citizen, social security number
+ so-and-so'
+ `Yes, indeed, this is the New York mission, Mustafa Jadid speaking, also a
+ US citizen, my social security number is such-and-such, here is our report
+ on activities against the Satan Clinton' | 1 |
7,449 |
Good idea, But why put all the eggs in one basket?
Given that the escrow keys are generated 200 at a time on floppy disks, why
not keep them there rather than creating one huge database that will have to
be guarded better than Fort Knox.
Give each floppy to a different bank for safekeeping. The USA has over 10,000
banks and thrifts - there are not likely to be more than 2,000,000 Clipper
phones sold. | 1 |
2,948 |
The temperature of intergalactic space (or intercluster or
intersupercluster space) would be very, very close to the microwave
background temperature, 2.73 kelvins. I recall that in interstellar
space in our neighborhood of the galaxy it's something like 4 K.
Is that what you were looking for?
| 1 |
6,362 |
they weren't even carrying extra suits.
So how much mass is saved by not burning the OMS? That's the critical question.
My data shows that the OMS engines hold 10,900 kg of propellant. Of that, a
substantial fraction is going to be used for the first OMS burn, the reentry
burn and the reserve. So Pat, tell us how much fuel the altitude change is
going to take, and how much the EDO pallet, BUS-1 and extra parts are going
mass. If you can make the numbers work out, _then_ I'll be interested. After
you show us that it can be done, then tell us how much the EDO pallet, BUS-1
and extra equipment is going to cost.
First, while astronauts certainly have done EVAs with minimal planning, that was
because they _had_ to. They don't like to do that as a general rule.
Second, remember why they had to improvise during Intelsat 6? They were trying
to attach a motor to a piece of hardware that wasn't designed to do that.
Trying to shortcut the training is only going to make a repeat more likely.
Third, they don't have eight months. They have however much time is left
after someone comes up with a plan, shows it can work and gets it approved.
You may think I have a pessimistic attitude. I think it's realistic. I'm not
saying that the engineering task is impossible (few engineering tasks are).
What I'm saying is that this is neither cost effective nor feasible under NASA
management.
"All they have to do is soup it up?" Just what does that mean?
The second servicing mission is a contingency. You have neither shown that it
would be necessary without your plan nor that it would be unnecessary with your
plan.
No, Pat, I haven't forgotten.
No Pat. That's $500 million minus the cost of the new hardware, minus the cost
of the extra struff you want to bring along, minus development and mangement
costs, minus extra operating costs. TANSTAAFL.
I'm sure that if you reread this you'll see that your argument is falacious.
Pat, not only is this messy and less reliable than a device that's _made_ to
perform this task, it also ignores the point. There is a desire to have
astronauts available so that if the door fails to open, something can be done
about it. Unless you can provide a very reliable way of reopening the door,
you haven't solved the problem.
| 1 |
691 |
Depression can also have various chemical (environmental) components.
I noticed that I became depressed in various buildings, and at home
when the air conditioning was on. Subsequent testing revealed that
I was allergic to stemphyllium, a mold commonly found in air conditioners.
After I began taking antigens, that problem disappeared. | 1 |
891 | People who criticize "big Government" and its projects rarely seem to
have a consistent view of the role of Government in science and
technology. Basically, the U.S. Government has gotten into the role of
supporting research which private industry finds too expensive or too
long-term.
(Historically, this role for the U.S. Gov't was forced upon it because
of socialism in other countries. In order for U.S. industries to
compete with government-subsidized foreign competitors, the U.S. Gov't
has taken on the role of subisizing big-ticket or long-lead R&D.)
As a Republican, I abhor the necessity for our Government to involve
itself in technology this way. I believe that market forces should
drive technology, and the world would be a better place for it. But
the whole world would have to implement this concept simultaneously, or
some countries would have subsidized R&D, while others would not. So
the U.S. must subsidize because everybody else does. (This sounds a
lot like the farm subsidies arguments behind our GATT negotiations,
doesn't it?)
But this role of Government subsidies is antithetical to
cost-effectiveness. The general idea is to spend money on new
technology, and thereby maintain and promote our technological culture,
despite the forces in the business world (like the dreaded quarterly
earnings report) which erode the ability of U.S. industry to invest in
new technology. And since our goal is to spend money, it makes little
sense to try to save money.
Of course, we could always spend our money more wisely, but EVERYBODY
disagrees about that the wisdom should be.
It's interesting to note that some of our best tools for cost control
available in industry today were derived from Government projects.
GANTT charts, CP/M, and most of the modern scheduling software comes
from DoD projects and their contractors. The construction industry
has taken these tools to the core of their businesses; every large
construction project now uses these tools.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
[email protected] (713) 483-4368 | 1 |
3,758 |
Climbers regard 8000 metres and up as "The Death Zone". Even on 100% Oxygen,
you are slowly dying. At 8848m (Everest), most climbers spend only a short
period of time before descending. I've been above 8000 once. Descending as
little as 300m feels like walking into a jungle, the air is so thick. Everest
in winter without oxygen, no support party (Alpine style). That is the
"ultimate challenge" (or is it solo?) | 1 |
3,356 | Ideas for the relief of sciatica. Please respond to my E-mail
| 1 |
6,494 | From article <[email protected]>, by [email protected] (Robert Johnston):
Hmmm... I wouldn't consider encryption to be a weapon. How would the
government classify encryption? Seems to me that encryption ought to
be covered by the first amendment. Using this line of reasoning, the
government shouldn't be able to restrict what data people encrypt and
what encryption algorithms they use because this would be restricting
one's freedom of speech. In other words, encrypted data---text,
graphics, or other information---is just another form of free speech.
For this reason the government shouldn't be able to regulate the use
of encryption algorithms and encrypted data. The only time the
government should be able to 'force' someone to reveal his or her
encryption keys for some encrypted data is when the encrypted data
in question may be something that isn't protected by the first
amendment such as kiddy porn. Even in a case like this the
government should be required to get a search warrant before coercing
someone into revealing the keys.
BTW, what encryption methods are considered to be state-of-the-art
nowdays. Have the feds relaxed export restrictions on DES yet?
Also, is DES still regarded as a good form of encryption?
Scott Kennedy, Brewer and Patriot
Before: "David Koresh is a cheap thug who interprets
the Bible through the barrel of a gun..." --ATF spokesman
After: "[The ATF] is a cheap thug who interprets
[the Constitution] through the barrel of a gun..." --Me | 1 |
3,211 | All right, listen up.... What are the possibilities of transmission through
swimming pool water? Especially if the chlorination isn't up to par? | 1 |
4,149 |
We can only say that they are beyond about 25 AU, due to the low
accuracy of position determination by single detectors.
It may be a NEW Physics problem (i.e. a problem involving new
physics). However, the data is not good enough to rule out the >100
models which use old physics. New physics is a big step, and is only
tolerated when there is no alternative. For example , the Dark Matter
Problem (there's more to the universe than meets the eye) is a question
of comparable mystery to GRBs, but we have much better data regarding
it. Theoreticians postulate new particles all the time to explain it,
but no one will actually believe that these particles are real until an
experimentalist (or several) detects them in the lab.
| 1 |
4,812 | The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93117.24999999 .00043819 00000-0 13174-3 0 47
2 22640 28.4694 264.3224 0004988 261.3916 194.3250 15.90699957 104 | 1 |
1,572 | >in the field who might be able to find out haven't yet done their
>review of the chip design, and there's been a lot of wild speculation
>and guesswork from those with little information that it might be
>Swiss cheese.
Oh, that puts the debate on -excellent- terms for our side:
FEDS: You people saying that Clipper is insecure don't have any real
information to support that judgment.
ME: Fine -- show me this "information" that would prove me wrong.
FEDS: That's secret! | 1 |
2,132 |
I don't know. Does anyone in NASA land know how much fuel is
budgeted for the altitude change?
Henry, any figures on the mass (full) for the EDO pallet plus
it's dry weight? How about for the dry mass of Bus-1? it was
being de-classified as i checked last.
Also, I need.
1) current orbital parameters of HST
2) projected orbital parameters after re-boost.
3) Discovery's DRY weight
4) HST's Dry weight.
So how long do they need to train? a year? 2 years? somehow
I think 2-3 moths should be adequate.
Also because they significantly lacked on-orbit EVA experience.
The HST is designed for on-orbit servicing. it should be a lot easier.
There comes a time in every project, to kill the management.
They can if neccessary, re-schedule the HST mission. December is
not a drop dead date, unlike say the LDEF retrieval mission.
I suspect, the BUS-1, may not have enough basic thrust for the HST
re-boost. it mayu need bigger tanks, or bigger thrusters.
My understanding is the Second HST servicing mission is not
a contingency. My understanding is the mission needs both
a new FOC and work on the electrical system, plus
another re-boost.
Somehow, i think the cost of an expendable SMT will be less then
$500 million.
and the extra stuff is real cheap. NASA has lots of suits, MMU's,
and the EDO pallets are re-usable. Oh, one double magnum of champagne,
now there's a couple hundred bucks.
That door has cycled, X times already. Once after massive G loading.
I somehow think they can work ou;reliability methods to ensure the
door works.
Also, please tell me how some sort of sublimated material like
CO2, or H2O would manage to contaminate the mirror, anything
that goes to vapor state, shouldn't adhere to the mirror.
somehow, the door, problem can be worked. maybe they can put a one
time spring on it.
what do they do now, if the door hangs up. that door is part
of a intrument safing mechanism. if it hangs up tomorrow, it'll
be 8 months until someone gets up there witha crowbar to fix it. | 1 |
2,905 |
No, they do not work well. My doctor started using one recently, and I
thought the concept was so amazing that I bought one too.
The thing works by reading the infrared emissions from the ear drum.
The ear drum is hotter than the ear canal walls, so you have to point
the thing very carefully. This means tugging on the top of the ear
to straighten out the ear canal, then inserting the thing snugly, then
pushing a button. Unfortunately, there are many things that can go wrong.
It is almost impossible to aim the thing correctly when you do it on
yourself. I get readings which differ from each other by up to 2 degrees,
and may differ from an oral thermometer by up to 2 degrees.
I talked to one of the nurses in my doctor's office recently about this,
and she said she didn't like them either, for same reasons. She did give
me some instruction on how to tug on my ear, and what correct insertion
feels like, but she said she thought it was impossible to do correctly
on one's self. She also said that she and other nurses had complained to
the company about inaccurate readings, and that someone from the company
had told them to take great care to clean the infrared window at the end
of the probe with alcohol from time to time. She demonstrated this prior
to reading my temperature, and managed to get a reading within 0.5 degree
of the oral temperature I took at home before driving to the Dr's office.
I have also noticed tha some nurses click the button, then remove the
probe immediately. This causes wrong readings. In my experience, you
have to leave the probe in a good 1 to 2 seconds after clicking the button
to get a good measurement. The nurse I talked with agreed. I suspect
that many people don't realize this, and therefore get bad readings for
yet another reason. | 1 |
6,421 | 1 |
|
1,650 | Someone please help me. I am searching to find out (as many others may)
an absolute 'cure' to removing all detectable traces of marijuana from
a persons body. Is there a chemical or natural substance that can be
ingested or added to urine to make it undetectable in urine analysis.
If so where can these substances be found.
If you know this information, please Email me directly
Thank You Kindly for your support,
| 1 |
5,146 | Hello,
I am new to this news group, but I need some info. I am
currently doing a project for a class on the Internet. I am
looking for good sources of information on space and astronomy,
more notably, our own solar system. If anyone knows any good
sites where I can get information about this kinda stuff, please
e-mail me at [email protected]. Thanx.
----Steve
(my newsreader doesn't have a .sig yet, sorry.) | 1 |
1,047 |
I don't believe any state licenses herbologists or iridologists. | 1 |
5,618 |
How about half a friend? The Motorola Codex preliminary V.Fast modem
(which you can by right now) does 24.4 kbps (raw) over standard phone
lines. 28.8 kbps is what is usually claimed for the "final" v.fast,
but you can't go out and buy that right now, the standard isn't done yet.
Again, voice can be compressed quite well down to 4000 or 8000 bps
depending on how good you want it to be, but that requires a DSP or a
special ASIC to do in real-time. | 1 |
4,325 |
And I lived out there too. It was a nice sleepy farm valley until
the Butler family decided to stick up all sorts of really tacky
High RIse office buildings and ruin my view of the sky.
I guess i should have sued somebody :-; | 1 |
7,010 | Batse alone isn't always used to determine position. WHen a
particularly bright burst occurs, There are a couple of other detectors that
catch it going off. Pioneer 10 or 11 is the one I'm getting at here. This
puppy is far enough away, that if a bright burst happens nearby, the huge
annulus created by it will hopefully intersect the line or general circle given
by BATSE, and we can get a moderately accurate position. Say oh, 2 or 3
degrees. That is the closest anyone has ever gotten with it.
Actually, my advisor, another classmate of mine, and me were talking
the other day about putting just one detector on one of the Pluto satellites.
THen we realized that the satellite alone is only carrying something like 200
pounds of eq. Well, a BATSE detector needs lead shielding to protect it, and 1
alone weighs about 200 pounds itself. | 1 |
4,392 |
Don't forget Chemical Abstracts Service (which is pretty much the international
clearinghouse for all chemical information), whose former director (Ronald
Wigington) and head of R&D (Nick Farmer) were openly former NSA employees. | 1 |
3,651 | an image of the moon has been caught in a weather satellite images of the earth.
it appears in both the 0430-1500UT ir and visual images of the earth.
the GIF images can be down loaded from vmd.cso.uiuc.edu and are named
CI043015.GIF and CV043015.GIF for the IR and visual images respectively.
pretty cool pictures; in the ir it's saturated but in the visual image
details on the moon are viewable.
the moon is not in the 1400UT images.
| 1 |
2,227 |
This question comes up frequently enough that there should be a faq
about it... | 1 |
5,295 |
My information shows that the last San Marco launch was 1988. There seem to
have been a total of seven before that. I seem to recall that someone, either
ASI or the University of Rome (?) includes money in their annual budget for
maintainance of the platforms (there are actually two).
The Italians have been spending money to develop an advanced Scout. However,
recent events in the Italian space program, and the Italian government overall
make me skeptical that this will get off the ground in the near future. | 1 |
4,224 |
I've heard of NO studies, but speculation:
Why on _earth_ would there be any effect on women's health? That's about
the most absurd idea I've heard since Ted Kaldis's claim that no more than
35,000 people would march on Washington.
Ok, _one_ point: Greatly reduced chance of pregnancy. But that's it. | 1 |
5,469 |
The main effect of the spherical aberration problems with the
primary mirror was to drive the computer engineers to develop the image
processing software that much faster. When they use the _same_ deconvolution
software on the images from the fixed Hubble, be ready for some
incredible results! There is every reason to believe that the results will
_exceed_ the original specs by a fair margin.
Adaptive optics is a combination of hardware and software. It works
realtime, not after the fact, as is the case with Hubble. You might be
interested to know this technology has made it to the amateur market, in
the form of the AO-2 Adaptive Optics System. Starting on page 52 of the
April, 1993 Sky & Telescope is a three page review of this new product.
It lists for $1,290. The article states: "The AO-2 Adaptive Optics System
comes in a handy soft-plastic case that a three-year-old could carry
around." Even though this device is really only good for the brightest
objects, "it could cope with image movements of up to 0.8 millimeter
in the telescope's focal plane." Now just imagine how well this infant
technology will do in a few years, especially in a dedicated system that
has hundreds of thousands of dollars, and many man-hours invested in its
development.
George Krumins | 1 |
7,062 | I'm a fellow applicant and my situation is not too much better. I applied
to about 20 schools, got two interviews, got one offer, and am waiting to
hear from the other school.
Let me be honest about my experiences and impressions about the medical
school admissions process. Numbers (GPA, MCATs) are not everything,
but they are probably more important than anything else. In fact, some
schools screen out applicants based on these numbers and never even look
at your other qualities. Of course, when this happens, don't expect a refund
on your $50 application fee.
But, the fact that you got four interviews tells me that you have the numbers
and are very well qualified academically. You mentioned one response, was it
an acceptance, denial, or wait-list? If I assume the worst, that it was a
denial, then you still have a great probability of acceptance somewhere. How
did your interviews go?
As for how long you have to wait, I've called a few schools who never contacted
me for anything. Many of them told me that the interview season for them was
over and that if I haven't heard by now, I can assume a denial. Many rejection
letters are not sent out until May or as late as June. But some schools are
still interviewing. I really don't think you should worry. Don't become
fixated on the mailbox, go out, have fun, be very proud of yourself.
What do people think of the medical school admissions process? I had a very
mediocre GPA, but high MCAT scores, and I have been working as a software
engineer for two years. I majored in Computer Science at Stanford. Still,
I think the profile of the person who has the best chance of getting admitted
is something like this:
VERY IMPORTANT
--------------
GPA: 3.5 or better
MCAT: top 15% in all subject
MEDIUM IMPORTANCE
-----------------
Writing/Speaking ability
Maturity
Motivation for going into medicine
Activities
LESS IMPORTANT
--------------
College or University
Major
Work experience
Anything else you want them to know
Anyway, you are in good shape. I think admissions committees are bound in
many ways by the numbers, but would like very much to understand each
person as an individual. Sometimes thats just not practical. But getting
four interviews is an indicator that you have the numbers. Hopefully, you
were able to impress them with your character.
| 1 |
2,872 | Friend's unpleasant experience uring CT scan deleted
I'd suggest writing a detailed letter about the incident to the
hospital administrator. Specify the date and time. If possible the
names of the technicians.
Send a copy to the clinician under whose care your friend was
admitted. I say this because, though your friend has no argument
with the doctor, I have found that administrators sometimes ignore
complaints until the patient becomes litigious. Clinicians may not
have been informed of the complaint and are very surprised to find
themselves named in a suit.
If there is no response within a week send a follow up letter.
Attach a photocopy of the original letter. Do this weekly until you
do get a response.
CAT scans are non-invasive but they can be very scary. The scanner
can be a bad place for the claustrophobic. There was an interesting
study in the BMJ, about 10 years ago, which found that around 10% of
people who had CAT scans found it so unpleasant that they would
never have another. This compares with 15% who said the same about a
lumbar puncture. | 1 |
894 | I am aware of the restrictions imposed by the munitions act
on the export of cryptographic technology, however, is it illegal to
transmit encrypted data from the U.S. to another country? If so,
then which laws apply to this situation?
From the US law perspective, unless you're engaging in illegal speech,
it's not illegal to use encryption. Yet. The NSA is allowed to try
to listen, but you're not obligated to make it easy for them. Yet.
The other country may have more repressive laws about that;
I gather France's bureaucracy wants to know what you're saying,
and in the old Soviet Union, they didn't need laws to make things illegal :-(
(paranoia follows, for those of you who want to play it safe :-)
The fact that the NSA is listening may affect your willingness to use
wimpy crypto technologies, but it may also affect your willingness to
use technologies that violate RSA's patents, e.g. if you use PGP, the
NSA may tell RSA that you're doing so, and if the Secret Service catches on,
they may decide that the mere fact that RSA hasn't filed a lawsuit
against you doesn't mean that you don't deserve to have your computer
confiscated for possible patent violation, munitions law violation,
espionage, money laundering, drug importation, and creatin' a disturbance,
and then not give it back because you *did* violate the patent even
though they had to drop all the other charges, unlike that nasty Steve
Jackson who had the gall not to be guilty of *anything*. | 1 |
7,418 | When I went thru all the spinning chair tests at JSC the PhD in charge
was Milt Reshke but the technician who strapped me in and, on occasion,
inserted the "probe" (needle) was named Bev Bloodworth.
| 1 |
2,346 | Sorry, I've lost track of who asked the question originally
(our news server at GSFC keeps things around for tremendously
short periods of time), but wanted to be certain before I
replied. Someone asked about displaying the compressed images
from the Voyager imaging CD-ROMs on a Mac. As Peter Ford (MIT)
pointed out, a decompression program is available via FTP.
(Sorry, I don't remember the name of the node offhand,
although it's .mit.edu.) In any case, though, one of the MAC
display programs (CD ROM Browser by Dana Swift) does display
the compressed images directly. The program is shareware and
is distributed by NSSDC for nominal reproduction costs ($9 +
shipping, if memory serves). This does *not* cover the
shareware price which should go to Dana for his diligent work
and upgrades, however.
To request current pricing information, information about
available display software, catalogs, or data from NSSDC,
contact our user support office at:
National Space Science Data Center
Coordinated Request and User Support Office (CRUSO)
Mail Code 633
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Phone: (301) 286-6695
Fax: (301) 286-4952 | 1 |
4,927 | When I was a school boy, my biology teacher told us of an incident
in which a couple were very passionate without actually having
sexual intercourse. Somehow the girl became pregnent as sperm
cells made their way to her through the clothes via persperation.
Was my biology teacher misinforming us, or do such incidents actually
occur? | 1 |
7,177 |
Of course,
How many government projects after Using PERT, GANT, C.P.M.s
Process flow diagrams, Level 5 software projects.... actually
come in on schedule and under Cost. I know the GAO determined
that 80% of all NASA projects miss their budgets due to failing
to adequately measure engineering developement costs.
Me, I am allin favor of Government R&D. I thought Bell Labs was one of the best
to do research. I don't think the government should pour money
into any one sector, but should engage in projects which naturally
push the state of the art.
THings like High tech construction projects, apollo was worth it for the doing. Running hte national labs. The SSC is grossly overweight, but
is a reasonable project at a lower cost.
Unfortunately support for solo investigators is direly neglected.
Maybe what they should do, is throw out much of the process and just tell
new PH'ds, you get a 1 time grant of $50,000.00 If you produce, you
can qualify for other grants. If you don't you never get in again.
THis way young people get a shot at reserach, and older stale
scientists don't dominate the process. | 1 |
4,894 | Since the law requires that wiretaps be requested by the Executive
Branch and approved by the Judicial Branch, it seems clear that one
of the key registering bodies should be under the control of the
Judicial Branch. I suggest the Supreme Court, or, regionally, the
Courts of Appeal. More specifically, the offices of their Clerks.
Courts already operate substantial record-keeping operations. Some
of these records are confidential. So the concept of a court holding
information in confidence in accordance with law has longstanding legal
precedents. The judiciary is more immune to pressure from the executive
branch than any executive branch agency or contractor can be. So judicial
control of keys is appropriate.
For the other half of the key, I suggest a unit of Congress, the
General Accounting Office. The GAO is Congress's staff unit for keeping
tabs on the Executive Branch, and has an excellent reputation. It's
controlled strictly by Congress; the Executive Branch has no authority
over it.
With keys split between the Legislative and Judicial branches,
we might have a chance of this system working honestly. If, of course,
a way can be found to keep the keys from being siphoned off before
they reach the repositories.
This should not be construed as an endorsement by me of the
whole Clipper concept. But if we have to have it, splitting control
across all three branches of government might make it work. | 1 |
4,780 |
It would be nice if someone here from the HST program was talking instead
of all the speculation that is going on here. From what I understand from
Dr. Frank Six of the Marshall Space Flight Center there is no insrmountable
problem in bringing HST back. IT was designed that way to begin with.
Also it is my understanding that the solar arrays WILL be one of the items
replaced on this mission. The originals were built by Brit Aerospace and
I think the new ones are too. I am currently working with the guys at MSFC
that are in charge is the HST power system, although I have not spoken with
them in a long time about HST. | 1 |
7,378 |
Julie, it doesn't necessarily follow that you should use it (MSG or
something else for that matter) simply because you are not allergic
to it. For example you might not be allergic to (animal) fats, and
like their taste, yet it doesn't follow that you should be using them
(regularly). MSG might have other bad (or good, I am not up on
knowledge of MSG) effects on your body in the long run, maybe that's
reason enough not to use it.
Altho' your example of the ulcer is funny, it isn't an
appropriate comparison at all. | 1 |
3,154 | Pat Myrto says if law enforcement wants keys, let them get a court order and
then ask him for them.
Most use of probably cause wiretapping warrants isn't to decrypt historical
traffic, but for prospective listening once probably cause is established.
Pat's approach would tip off the crooks.
David | 1 |
4,173 | I'm not sure it has been established that the government can
prevent you from sending an algorithm abroad. The NSA seems
to have won by intimidation so far. Why don't you try it? ;-)
Of course you could just distribute your algorithm widely for
free and screw them up big time. (That would be my approach ;-))
| 1 |
2,706 | I didn't think the bi-stem design was used so much for the retrieval as
for the ability to launch in a tight (size) STS envelope. This is my own
guess, based on similar designs flown on other large STS-launched s/c
(GRO, UARS). Also, there _might_ be some consideration given to mass
requirements (bi-stems weight less than conventional S/A). Finally,
the HST arrays _do_ have the ability to be detached--remember, they're
going to be replaced with new arrays.
However, as an ACS guy who's seen his branch management pull their
collective hair out over HST, I would voice a hearty 'yea' to using
conventional arrays over bi-stems, whenever possible. No half hertz
flexible modes, no thermal snap, no problem. | 1 |
1,942 |
Tell that to the people who run the 10-meter Keck telescope, or the
astronomers and engineers working on the Gemini twin 8-meter telescope
project. It took 7 years to build Keck I and now they are building
Keck II. According to the December 1992 Sky & Telescope, "This
second 10-meter eye will convert the facility into a binocular telescope
with double the light-gathering power and the ability to resolve
the headlights of a car some 25,000 kilometers away." Japan's 8.3-meter
Subaru telescope will soon join Keck on Mauna Kea. All these telescopes
will work in the infrared, yes, but they are _visible light_ telescopes!
And haven't you heard anything about adaptive optics? A lot of research
was done with "Star Wars" funding, and some is now being shared with
astronomers. This shows great promise. Soon, probably within a few
years, even the largest telescopes will be able to resolve to their
theoretical limit _despite_ the distortions of the atmosphere.
To say that "visible light astronomy is already a dying field" is
pure hokum. To use the "logic" that things are already bad, so it doesn't
matter if it gets worse is absurd. Maybe common sense and logic
are the dying fields.
George Krumins | 1 |
2,788 |
That is not true, with chosen plaintext attacks DES keys can be determined
without the full search.
I am not willing to take that bet.
You can obviously shove arbitrary data through your chip......
As for the key, it is stated that the sesion key exchange is external to
the chip, so I can pick my keys too.
BING BING BING BING BING, THAT EXACTLY MY POINT, SINCE WE CANT KNOW THAT
THEY DO NOT HAVE THIS CAPABILITY, THE ONLY SAFE ASSUMPTION IS THAT THEY
DO... i admit that most of my cryptographic complaints are probably
unfounded, but since we cant know one way or the other, im not gonig to
take their word for it....
Oh come on, thats like saying you could evaluate DES without the S-box
constants..... | 1 |
1,649 | BIOLOGICAL ALCHEMY
( ANOTHER Form of COLD FUSION )
( ALTERNATIVE Heavy Element Creation in Universe )
A very simple experiment can demonstrate (PROVE) the
FACT of "BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS" (reactions like Mg + O
--> Ca, Si + C --> Ca, K + H --> Ca, N2 --> CO, etc.), as
described in the BOOK "Biological Transmutations" by Louis
Kervran, [1972 Edition is BEST.], and in Chapter 17 of the
book "THE SECRET LIFE OF PLANTS" by Peter Tompkins and
Christopher Bird, 1973:
(1) Obtain a good sample of plant seeds, all of the same
kind. [Some kinds might work better that others.]
(2) Divide the sample into two groups of equal weight
and number.
(3) Sprout one group in distilled water on filter paper
for three or four weeks.
(4) Separately incinerate both groups.
(5) Weigh the residue from each group. [The residue of
the sprouted group will usually weigh at least
SEVERAL PERCENT MORE than the other group.]
(6) Analyze quantitatively the residue of each group for
mineral content. [Some of the mineral atoms of the
sprouted group have been TRANSMUTED into heavier
mineral elements by FUSING with atoms of oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc..]
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS occur ROUTINELY, even in our
own bodies.
Ingesting a source of organic silicon (silicon with
carbon, such as "horsetail" extract, or radishes) can SPEED
HEALING OF BROKEN BONES via the reaction Si + C --> Ca, (much
faster than by merely ingesting the calcium directly).
Some MINERAL DEPOSITS in the ground are formed by micro-
organisms FUSING together atoms of silicon, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, hydrogen, etc..
The two reactions Si + C <--> Ca, by micro-organisms,
cause "STONE SICKNESS" in statues, building bricks, etc..
The reaction N2 --> CO, catalysed by very hot iron,
creates a CARBON-MONOXIDE POISON HAZARD for welder operators
and people near woodstoves (even properly sealed ones).
Some bacteria can even NEUTRALIZE RADIOACTIVITY!
ALL OF THESE THINGS AND MORE HAPPEN, IN SPITE OF the
currently accepted "laws" of physics, (including the law
which says that atomic fusion requires EXTREMELY HIGH
temperatures and pressures.)
"BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS, And Their Applications In
CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, MEDICINE,
NUTRITION, AGRIGULTURE, GEOLOGY",
1st Edition,
by C. Louis Kervran, Active Member of New York Academy of
Science,
1972,
163 Pages, Illustrated,
Swan House Publishing Co.,
P.O. Box 638,
Binghamton, NY 13902
"THE SECRET LIFE OF PLANTS",
by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird,
1973,
402 Pages,
Harper & Row,
New York
[Chapters 19 and 20 are about "RADIONICS". Entire book is
FASCINATING! ]
For more information, answers to your questions, etc.,
please consult my CITED SOURCES (the two books).
UN-altered REPRODUCTION and DISSEMINATION of this
IMPORTANT Information is ENCOURAGED.
| 1 |
4,290 | [...]
B > Medicine has not, and probalby never will be, practiced this way. There
B > has always been the use of conventional wisdom. A very good example is
B > kidney stones. Conventional wisdom(because clinical trails have not been
B > done to come up with an effective prevention), was that restricitng the
B > intake of calcium and oxalates was the best way to prevent kidney stones
B > from forming. Clinical trials focused on drugs or ultrasonic blasts to
B > breakdown the stone once it formed. Through the recent New England J of
B > Medicine article, we now know that conventional wisdom was wrong,
B > increasing calcium intake is better at preventing stone formation than is
B > restricting calcium intake.
[...]
B > Marty B.
Marty, I personally wouldn't be so quick and take that NEJM article
on kidney stones as gospel. First of all, I would want to know who
sponsored that study.
I have seen too many "nutrition" bulletins over the years from
local newspapers, magazines, to TV-guide, with disclaimers on the
bottom informing us that this great health news was brought to us
compliments of the Dairy Industries.
There are of course numerous other interest groups now that thrive
financially on the media hype created from the supposedly enormous
benefits of increasing one's calcium intake.
Secondly, were ALL the kidney stones of the test subjects involved
in that project analysed for their chemical composition? The study
didn't say that, it only claimed that "most kidney stones are large-
ly calcium."
Perhaps it won't be long before another study comes up with the exact
opposite findings. A curious phenomenon with researchers is that they
are oftentimes just plain wrong. It wouldn't be the first time.
Sodium/magnesium/calcium/phosphorus ratios are, in my opinion, still
the most reliable indicators for the cause, treatment, and prevention
of kidney stones.
I, for one, will continue to recommend the most logical changes in
one's diet or through supplementation to counteract or prevent kidney
stones of either type; and they definitely won't include an INCREASE
in calcium if the stones have been identified as being of the calcium
type and people's chemical analysis confirms that they would benefit
from a PHOSPHORUS-raising approach instead!
Ron Roth
=====================================================================
-- Internet: [email protected] - Rosenet: ron roth@rosehamilton --
* A stone on the ground is better than a stone in the body. | 1 |
4,897 | Then there are always osteopathy colleges....
| 1 |
2,065 | Someone named Hansk asked about pictures.
Well, there is an archive of portraits in xfaces format at
ftp.uu.net. Henry Spencer's picture is there somewhere, along
with several thousand others.
I don't remember the path, though it should be easy to find.
Remember, though, it seems to use both internet and uucp
addresses.
| 1 |
1,316 | In some sense, I think that the folks who think the idea is wonderful, and the
folks who want to boycott anyone who has anything to do with this project are
both right.
That is, I think that space advertising is an interesting idea, and if someone
wants to try it out, more power to them. However, a company may discover that
the cost of launch is not the only cost of advertising, and a company who
gauged that ill will would lose them more revenue than the advertising would
gain might decide to bow out of the project.
I got incensed when I read that Carl Sagan called this idea an "abomination."
I don't think that word means what he thinks it does. Children starving in the
richest country in the world is an abomination; an ad agency is at worst just
in poor taste. | 1 |
2,556 |
Being a chronic HBsAg carrier does not necessarily mean the patient has chronic
persistent anything. Persons who are chronic carriers may have no clinical,
biochemical, or histologic evidence of liver disease, or they may have chronic
persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular
carcinoma.
Most cases of chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) are probably the result of
a viral infection, although in a good number of cases the cause cannot be
determined. The diagnosis of CPH is made on the basis of liver biopsy. It
consists of findings of portal inflammation, an intact periportal limiting
plate, and on occasion isolated foci of intralobular necrosis. But in contrast
to chronic active hepatitis (CAH) there is no periportal inflammation,
bridging necrosis, or fibrosis.
CPH has, indeed, an excellent prognosis. If I had to choose between CAH and
CPH there is no question I would also choose CPH. However, as David pointed
out, the distinction between the two is not as neat as some of us would have
it. The histology can sometimes be pretty equivocal, with biopsies showing
areas compatible with both CPH and CAH. Maybe it is a sampling problem. Maybe
it is a continuum. I don't know.
================================= | 1 |
4,528 | I have a fairly severe high frequency hearing loss. A recent rough test
showed a gently sloping loss to 10-20db down at 1000cps. Then it falls off
a cliff to 70-80dbs down from 1500cps on. This type of loss is difficult
to fit. I am currently using some old siemens behind the ear aids which
keep me roughly functional, but leave a lot to be desired.
Recently I had an opportunity to test the Widex Q8 behind the ear aids for
several weeks. These have four independent programs which are intended to
be customized for different hearing situations and can be reprogramed. I
found them to be a definite improvement over my current aids and was about
to go ahead with them until another local outfit advertised a free trial of
another programmable system called ReSound.
Unfortunately I was only able to try the ReSound aids in their office for
about 30 minutes and I couldn't compare them 'head to head' with the Widex.
Nevertheless, it did appear to me that they were superior and I was
impressed by what I was able to read about the theory behind them which I
will give in a separate posting. They also carry the Widex aids and had one
patient (presumably wealthy) who decided to go ahead and get the ReSound
even though he had purchased the Widex only 6 months ago.
The problem is that the ReSound aids are about twice as expensive as the
Widex and other programmable aids. I could take a trip to Europe on the
difference! Being a lover of bargains and hating to spend money, I am
having a hard time persuading myself to go with the ReSounds. I would
appreciate any opinions on this and other hearing aids and projections
about when and if I might see improvements in technology that aren't quite
so expensive. | 1 |
5,784 |
EDTA(chelation therapy) has been used by some physicians to try to remove
calcium from calcified plaques in the arterial system(not approved for such
use). There is also the possibility that lung tissue in patients with lung
disease has become calcified(chest x-rays would show this). There are side
-effects to the use of EDTA because it is not specific for calcium(it also
binds other minerals). I think that there have been some deaths when
EDTA chelation therapy has been used because of mineral imbalances that
were not detected and corrected. In animal studies, the best way to remove
calcium from plaques in rabbits was to supplement the rabbits with vitamin C
and magnesium(rabbits already synthesize their own vitamin C, the extra
vitamin C was given in their diets to help the magnesium displace the calcium
from the plaques).
The calcification process that occurs in both plaques and the lung probably
can be prevented if magnesium is used in supplemental form. Most patietns
with calcium deposits are found to be deficient in calcium.
1. "Magnesium interrationships in ischemic heart disease: A review"
Am J Clin Nutr 27(1):59-79(1974). Supplementation with
magnesium will prevent clacification of blood vessels.
2. "The importance of magnesium deficiency in cardiovascular
disease" Am. Heart J 94:649-57(1977). The need to measure the
serum concentration in all patients with heat disease cannot be
overemphasized. This is a review article.
3. "Effect of dietary magnesium on development of atherosclerosis
in cholesterol-fed rabbits" Atherosclerosis 10:732-7(1990).
Magnesium supplementation greatly decreased the formation of
plaques in rabbits feed a diet that had 1% by weight cholesterrol
added to their normal food.
Since EDTA will also bind magnesium, I've never really liked it's use for
the reversal of athersclerosis or now apparently in emphesema patients. | 1 |
806 |
Dorothy Denning, _Cryptography and Data Security_, 1982, Addison Wesley.
Page 8, under the heading "Cryptosystems must satisfy three general
requirements. The other two are efficiency and ease of use. | 1 |
4,967 |
Cite source, please.
--Mike
| 1 |
5,229 | ..
One thing to recall. Putting a satellite as high as possible is one thing.
Coming back to not only that altitude, but matching the position of it in
its orbit on a subsequent mission is another thing. Any misalignment of the
plane of the orbit during launch or being ahead or behind the target will
require more fuel to adjust. This was considered in the original deployment.
I agree though that the demands on the crew and complexity are stupendous.
One has to admire how much they are trying to do. | 1 |
299 |
See the rec.pets.cats FAQ or any doctor or vet for more information.
I am not any of the above, but we do have a couple of cats.
It is transmitted through the fecal matter, so a pregnant woman should
avoid cleaning the cat tray and you should both wash hands before
preparing or eating meals. The latter is sound advice at any time of
course.
Apart from that, its no great problem. You certainly do not need to
get rid of your cats.
Paul. | 1 |
6,984 | I understand the when one is in orbit, the inward force of gravity at
one's center of mass is exactly balanced by the outward centrifugal
force from the orbiting motion, resulting in weightlessness.
I want to know what weightlessness actually FEELS like. For example, is
there a constant sensation of falling? And what is the motion sickness
that some astronauts occasionally experience?
Please reply only if you are either a former or current astronaut, or
someone who has had this discussion first-hand with an astronaut.
Thanks!
| 1 |
5,795 |
[discussion of pros and cons deleted]
Could someone give me the references to the LLNL proposal? I've been meaning
to track it down in conjuntion with something I'm working on. It's not
directly related to space stations, but I think many of the principles will
carry over.
| 1 |
4,397 |
Umm, weren't you the one objecting to someone who is a "licensed
physician" being called a quack? Or is it just that being a licensed
physician is a good defense against charges of quackery when the
physician agrees with your system of beliefs?
Actually, I almost never use the term quack. When I discuss
"systemic yeast syndrome", however, I always point out that
mainstream medicine views this as a quack diagnosis (and I agree
with that characterization).
Really? I bet virtually everyone reading these posts understands what
Steve Dyer, Gordon Banks, and I am implying when we have talked about
systemic yeast syndrome as a quack diagnosis. Would you prefer the
word "charlatan"? (I don't happen to think that all quacks are
charlatans since I suspect that some believe in the "diseases" they
are diagnosing.)
Why? Is there some reason why you feel that it shouldn't be pointed out
in SCI.med that there is no convincing empirical evidence to support the
existence of systemic yeast syndrome? | 1 |
1,196 | There are chips which perform the voice compression/expansion. They can't
be expensive, because they exist in many phones connected to PBXs or on the
PBX line cards, as well as in a lot of equipment which compresses
voice-grade circuits to save the cost of long-distance, leased T1s or
satellite circuits.
I can't remember the generic term for these chips. My impression is that
this was a big deal 10 years ago, but circuits have gotten so cheap that
it isn't done much now.
Lew
| 1 |
4,614 |
According to my *Glossary of Astronomy and Astrophysics*:
"parsec (abbreviation for parallax second) The distance at which
one astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. 1 pc =
206,265 AU = 3.086 X 10^13 km = 3.26 lt-yr."
George | 1 |
3,889 | by the way ms. olmstead dna is not degraded in the stomach nor
under pH of 2. its degraded in the duodenum under approx.
neutral pH by DNAase enzymes secreted by the pancreas. my
point: check your facts before yelling at other people for not
doing so. just a friendly suggestion.
| 1 |
5,743 | The Private Scietific & industrial firm "Intercom 2000" can
supply You with the transplantants that could be delivered according
to Your order.
Selection and preparation of the materials is carried out by the
qualified personnel having 20-year experience in this sphere.
We provide:
- Immunological selection of tissues ( on the special request);
- AIDS, Syphilis & other infection diseases tests;
- bio-chemical tests.
We guarantee deliverance of our products within temperature
habital providing their prime condition.
O.Yarosha st. 39
apart. 49
Kharkov, Ukraine. | 1 |
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