EGY_W / egy_eng_dataset.csv
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ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ 100 ุณู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุงุชุช ุญุตู„ ุชุทูˆุฑุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงูƒุชุดูุช ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุงุซุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุนุฑู ุงูƒุชุฑ ุนู† ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุถ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ูˆุชุจู‚ู‰ ูˆูŠุญุตู„ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุฌุฏูŠุฏู‡ ูˆุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ ุจูŠุจุฏุง ูŠุชู†ุงู‚ู„ ุจูŠุจู‚ูˆุง ู…ุญุฏุฏูŠู† ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุณุคุงู„ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู…ู† 100 ุงู„ู ุณู†ู‡ ูˆู…ู† 200 ุงู„ู ุณู†ู‡ ูˆู…ู† ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ู ุณู†ู‡ ุจู„ ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุญูŠุงู† ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ู‡ ุจูŠุชู… ุชุญู„ูŠุฏู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠู‡ ุงู‡ู„ุง ุจูƒู… ุงู†ุง ุนู…ุฑูˆ ุนุงุจุฏูŠู† ุจุณ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุง ู„ูˆ ู„ุณู‡ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงู‡ ู…ุง ุชู†ุณุงุด ุชุนู…ู„ ูˆุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุฌุฑุณ ุนู„ุดุงู† ุชูˆุตู„ูƒ ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุชู†ุง ุงูˆู„ ุจุงูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุญุช ููŠ ุนุงู… 1945 ุจุฏุง ูˆูŠู„ุงุฑ ู„ูŠุจูŠ ุงุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุจุฌุงู…ุนู‡ ุดูŠูƒุงุบูˆ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠู‡ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠู‡ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงูŠ ู…ุงุฏู‡ ุนุถูˆูŠู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู†ุธูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู„ู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† 14 ูˆู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุงู… ูˆู„ุงุฑุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฏู‡ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุณุฑุฌูŠ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฏู‡ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ูˆุถุญ ุงู† ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูˆุจุชุตุทุฏู… ุจุงู„ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุฏูŠ ุจุชุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุงุดุนู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฏู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ุงุดุนู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑู‡ ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู… ุจุชุตุทุฏู… ุจุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงุดุนู‡ ูƒูˆู†ูŠู‡ ุชุงู†ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุตูˆุฑู‡ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุฏูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ุจุชุตุทุฏู… ุจุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆ ุจุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุนู‡ ูˆุจุชู†ุชุฌ ู„ู†ุง ูƒุฑุจูˆู† 14 ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงุณู… ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุถ ุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ุณู…ุน ุนู† ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฏู‡ ุทู„ุน ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ู‡ ูˆุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุจุชุงุนู‡ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู†ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู‡ ุจุงูƒุชุดุงู ูƒุงู† ุซูˆุฑูŠ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ุจูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุนู†ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠู‡ ูˆู„ุงุฑุฏ ุงุณุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุจูŠุชุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ูˆุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูƒุณูŠุฏ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุฑ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ูู„ู…ุง ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุจู‚ู‰ ูŠู…ุชุต ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏู‡ ุชูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุชุงูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฏู‡ ุจูŠุชู†ู‚ู„ ู„ู‡ู… ู‡ู… ูƒู…ุงู† ูˆูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุบุงุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆ ู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… ุฏูˆุฑู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุถ ุชููƒุฑ ู…ุน ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู„ูˆ ูุนู„ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุนุฑ ุจูŠุชูˆุฒุน ููŠ ุงุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠู‡ ู…ุด ุฏู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุญุณุจ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุฏูŠ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุชู…ูˆุช ูˆุชุชุญูˆู„ ู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุญุชู‰ ูˆุฏู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู†ุณุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ู†ุธุฑูŠุง ู…ุงุดูŠ ู„ูƒู† ุซุงู†ูŠู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ุงุฒุงูŠ ู‡ู†ุนู…ู„ ูƒุฏู‡ ูˆุงุดู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุนุฑูู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุบุงุฒ ู„ู‡ ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑู‡ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ูƒุฑุจูˆู† 12 ูˆูƒุฑุจูˆู† 13 ูˆู†ุธูŠุฑ ู…ุดุน ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† 14 ุงู„ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจุงู†ู‡ุง ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ุซุงุจุชู‡ ุจุชูุถู„ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ุนุงูŠุด ุงูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู…ูŠุช ุงู…ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุฏู‡ ู„ูˆ ู…ุง ุญุตู„ูˆุด ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุฏู‡ ุทุจุนุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุงู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ู…ุงุช ุฎู„ุงุต ู…ุง ุจู‚ุงุด ูŠุงูƒู„ ุญุงุฌุงุช ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุดุน ุจูŠุจุฏุง ุงู„ุงุดุงุนู‡ ุฏู‡ ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ ุงุถู…ุญู„ุงู„ ู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูู„ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุจู‚ู‰ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุฏู‡ ุณูˆุงุก ุจู‚ู‰ ุนุธู…ู‡ ุงูˆ ุฌู„ุฏ ุงูˆ ูƒุฏู‡ ูˆู†ู‚ูŠุณ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน,"Peace be upon you and God's mercy and blessings. Over the past 100 years, there have been significant advancements in paleontology due to the progress we've made in archaeology and geology. This has allowed us to learn more about the history of life on Earth, human evolution, and changes to the planet over time. Whenever a new fossil is discovered, its age is always specified. When news of such discoveries spreads, people often wonder how the age of these fossils, which can range from 100,000 years to even a million years, is determined.
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In 1945, Willard Libby, a chemistry professor at the University of Chicago, began researching the possibility of dating organic materials using the radioactive isotope of carbon, known as Carbon-14. The inspiration for this research came from the discovery made by American physicist Serge Korff, who found that certain particles from space, known as cosmic rays, collide with the upper layers of the atmosphere, producing secondary cosmic rays in the form of neutrons. These neutrons then collide with nitrogen atoms in the air, creating Carbon-14, also known as radioactive carbon.
When Libby heard about this discovery, he wrote a paper and conducted his own research, leading to a revolutionary finding at the time. Libby concluded that as soon as Carbon-14 is produced, it quickly combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Plants absorb radioactive carbon dioxide, and when animals eat these plants, the radioactive carbon is transferred to them. At this point, the radioactive carbon moves from being just a gas in the atmosphere to becoming part of the biological process known as the carbon cycle.
Based on this, Libby thought: If radioactive carbon is indeed distributed in living organisms, doesn't that mean we can calculate the age of these organisms after they die and become fossils? In theory, this makes sense, but how exactly do we do it, and why is radioactive carbon specifically used to date fossils?
Carbon is a gas that has two types of isotopes: stable isotopes (Carbon-12 and Carbon-13) and a radioactive isotope (Carbon-14). Stable isotopes remain constant in the body of a living organism, whether it is alive or dead. However, once an organism dies and stops consuming materials containing radioactive carbon, the radioactivity begins to decay over time. By taking a sample of the organism, such as a bone or skin, and measuring the amount of radioactive carbon, we can determine its age."
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู†ุง ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุฏู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ู†ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ ุจุนู…ุฑ ู†ุตู ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 5730 ุณู†ู‡ ูˆุฏู‡ ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุฏู‡ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ู„ู…ุง ุงุณุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฏู‡ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุดุน ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌ ุฏู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ู†ุธุฑูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ูˆุจุณ ูˆุนู„ุดุงู† ูŠุซุจุช ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุจุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูƒุงู† ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠุชุงูƒุฏ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ุงู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูุนู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนู‡ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุชุตูˆุฑ ูˆุนู„ุดุงู† ูŠุชุงูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฏู‡ ู‚ุฑุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุชุฌุฑุจู‡ ุงุณุชุนุงู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุงู„ู…ุงู†ูŠ ุฌุงุจูˆุง ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ู‡ ุจู„ุทูŠู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠู‡ ูˆุนู…ู„ูˆุง ูุญุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุฏู‡ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุนุฏุงุฏ ุฌุงูŠุฌุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ ููŠ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุงุดุนุงุน ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ูŠุดูˆููˆุง ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ุฏูˆุช ููŠ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุดุน ูˆู„ุง ู„ุง ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทู„ุนูˆุง ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจู‡ ุงู† ูุนู„ุง ููŠ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุดุน ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุจูƒุฏู‡ ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงุซุจุงุช ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุฑูŠุชู‡ ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุงุถู„ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฑุถ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุจุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฌุงุจ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนู‡ ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุนู…ุงุฑู‡ุง ู…ุนุฑูˆูู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุนู„ุดุงู† ูŠุนุฑู ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุชุงู†ูŠ ุจุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆูŠุดูˆู ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู‡ุชุทู„ุน ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู†ู‡ ุงุตู„ุง ูˆู„ุง ู„ุง ูˆู…ู† ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช ุฏูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ุฌุงุจ ู‚ุทุนู‡ ุฎุดุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ุงุฆุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ูุฑุนูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠ ุณู†ูˆุณุฑุช ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ูˆู„ู…ุง ู†ุณุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุดุจ ูˆู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ ุจุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุจุชุงุนู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนุฑู ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ูˆุชุงูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุฏู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุณุฌู„ ุงู„ูˆูุงู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ูˆูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ุชุงูƒุฏ ุงู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุจุชุงุนู‡ ู…ุงุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุงู… ูˆููŠ ุณู†ู‡ ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุจุชุงุนู‡ ููŠ ู…ุฌู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠู‡ ูˆุญุตู„ ุจุณุจุจู‡ ุชู‚ุฏู… ู…ู‡ูˆู„ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุงุซุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุฏ ุงุฎุฏ ุฌุงุฆุฒู‡ ู†ูˆุจู„ ุณู†ู‡ 1960 ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏูŠู‡ ู„ูƒู† ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุฏู‡ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุงูŠุฒูŠู† ู†ุญุฏุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ูุงูƒุฑ ู„ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ ุงู† ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตู ู„ู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌู‡ ุนู„ุดุงู† ุชุชุญู„ู„ ู†ุต ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ 5730 ุณู†ู‡ ุงู‡ูˆ ุฏู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุญุฏุฏ ู„ู†ุง ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุงู„ู ุณู†ู‡ ุจุณ ุงู…ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุงูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ูƒุฏู‡ ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุญุฏุฏู‡ุง ุจุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุชุญู„ู„ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ูˆุชุญูˆู„ ู„ุบุงุฒ ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ู…ุฑู‡ ุชุงู†ูŠู‡ ุทุจ ุงุฒุงูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุตูˆุฑ ุฏู‡ ู…ุงุช ู…ู† 60 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุตูˆุฑ ุฏู‡ ู…ุงุช ู…ู† 150 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ู‡ ุงุฒุงูŠ ุนุฑููˆุง ุงู„ุงุนู…ุงุฑ ุฏูŠ ู…ุจุฏุฆูŠุง ูƒุฏู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู…ุด ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ููŠ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู…ุดุนู‡ ุชุงู†ูŠู‡ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู‡ุง ุจู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุจู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ูˆู…ู† ุงู‡ู… ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตู ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ ุจูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงูŠ ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ ูˆู…ู† ุงูุถู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ู„ู„ู†ุธุงุฆุฑ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… 238 ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุจุชุงุนู‡ ุจูŠุชุฎุทู‰ ุงุฑุจุนู‡ ูˆู†ุต ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ู‡ ุทูŠุจ ุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ู‡ูˆ ูƒู…ุงู† ู…ุดุน ูˆุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู† ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุจุชุงุนู‡ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุจูƒุฏู‡ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุจู‡ ุนู…ุฑ ุงูŠ ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุฒู…ุงู† ู„ูƒู† ุงุฒุงูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุจูŠุฎุด ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู†ุนุฑู ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ู‡ ุฏูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู…ุด ุจู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ,"The process involves extracting a number, which we then compare to the half-life of radioactive carbon, which is 5730 years. This allows us to determine the age of the fossil or organism. However, when it was initially inferred that organic matter contained radioactive carbon, this conclusion was theoretical, existing only on paper. To prove the possibility of carbon dating, it was first necessary to confirm that radioactive carbon actually exists in nature as hypothesized. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted using a sample of methane gas extracted from a sewage system in Baltimore, USA, analyzed using a Geiger counter, a device used for detecting radiation. They were trying to see if the methane gas contained radioactive carbon, and the experiment confirmed that indeed there was radioactive carbon in the samples, thus providing scientific evidence for the theory.
Now, with this evidence, the next step was to test carbon dating in practice. A variety of organic materials of known ages were tested again using carbon dating to see if the method would yield accurate results compared to the already known ages. One example was a piece of wood from the funerary boat of the Egyptian pharaoh Senusret III. By measuring the ratio of radioactive carbon in the wood and comparing it to its half-life, they were able to accurately determine its age, which was also confirmed by the death records. This confirmed the accuracy of his research, which he published in an American journal, leading to significant advancements in archaeology and geology, and for which Willard Libby received the Nobel Prize in 1960.
However, can radioactive carbon be used in all cases where we need to determine the age of fossils? The answer is no. Remember, the half-life of radioactive carbon, or the time it takes for half of its quantity to decay, is 5730 years. This is why it can only determine the age of fossils that are less than 50,000 years old. If the fossil is older, it's impossible to determine its age using carbon dating because by then, it will have completely decayed and turned back into nitrogen. So how do scientists say that a dinosaur died 60 million years ago or another 150 million years ago? Initially, carbon-14 is not the only radioactive element we can use; other radioactive elements can be used similarly to date fossils that are millions of years old. One of the most important of these elements is radioactive uranium, some isotopes of which have a half-life long enough to allow us to determine the age of any fossil on Earth. An excellent example of such isotopes is uranium-238, which has a half-life exceeding 4.5 billion years. Knowing that uranium is also radioactive and that its half-life is very long, we can use it to determine the age of any fossil, no matter how ancient. However, we don't need the uranium to be inside the living organism; it enters the fossilization process through the surrounding environment."
ู†ูุณู‡ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† 14 ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู†ุชุจุน ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑู‡ ู„ุงูŠุงุณ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงุตู„ุง ุจูŠูˆุตู„ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุจุชุญุตู„ ู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูˆุช ุจุชุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชู…ุงุฏู† ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุนู† ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ูŠู…ูˆุช ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุจุชุจุฏุง ุชุชุณุฑุจ ูˆุชู…ู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธู… ุจุชุงุนู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุง ุจุชุจู‚ุงุด ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฌูˆุงู‡ุง ุดูˆูŠู‡ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ูˆู…ุนุงุฏู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡ ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุดุนู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฏูŠ ูˆุฏู‡ ู„ุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงุตู„ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ุงุฑุถ ููŠ ุทุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ูˆุดุงุญ ูˆุจูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู„ุณุทุญ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุชุตู„ุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุจุชุชุฎุฐ ู‡ูŠุฆู‡ ุจู„ุฑูŠู‡ ูˆุจุชุญู„ ู…ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏู‡ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠู‡ ูˆุฏู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุชูุถู„ ู…ุญุชูุธู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุจู‚ุชุด ุนุถู…ู‡ ุฎู„ุงุต ู‡ูŠ ู…ุงุฏู‡ ู…ุชุตู„ุจู‡ ูˆุงุฎุฏู‡ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‡ ุงู„ุงุตู„ูŠู‡ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุญุจ ู†ุนุฑู ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู†ู‚ูŠุณ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดุนู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠู‡ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ุง ุจูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ู…ู† ุชุญู„ู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู†ุด ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ูˆุฏู‡ ู„ุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุดุนู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุฌุฏุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุงู† ุจูŠุชุญู„ู„ ู…ู† ูุชุฑู‡ ุงุทูˆู„ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูˆุนู„ุดุงู† ูƒุฏู‡ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชุญุฏุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุบู„ุท ููŠ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุงุญูŠุงู† ุฏู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู† ููŠ ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‡ ุฌุฏุง ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ูˆุฏู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠูŠู† ูŠู„ุฌุงูˆุง ู„ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู„ุดุงู† ูŠุญุฏุฏูˆุง ุจู‡ุง ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ูˆุจุฑุถูˆ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุดุน ุจุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ู…ุด ุจูŠุนุชู…ุฏูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจูŠุนุชู…ุฏูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจุชุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ ุงุฏู‚ ู„ู‚ูŠุช ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุงูˆู‚ุงุช ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ุทุจู‚ู‡ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒู‡ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุตุฎุฑูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจุชุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุนู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุนุฑู ุจุงู„ุชุจุนูŠู‡ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ูˆ ููŠ ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ุทุจู‚ู‡ ู…ุนูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจูŠุชู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุจู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ู‡ ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุจุณุงุทู‡ ุจุชู†ุชู…ูŠ ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ูˆู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูุชุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠู‡ ูˆุนู„ุดุงู† ูƒุฏู‡ ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุจู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุดุน ู…ุง ุจู†ุงุฎุฏุด ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุฎุฏ ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ูˆู†ู‚ูŠุณ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆู†ุจุฏุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุน ูˆุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ุนุฏู† ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู† ุจูŠุญุจูˆุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฒูŠุฑูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุณู‚ู ูƒุฏู‡ ุงู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุฒูŠุฑูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงุซู†ุงุก ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ู‡ ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุฌูˆุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู†ุตุฑ ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุด ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠ ุฑุตุงุต ูู„ูˆ ุฌุจู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูŠุฑูƒูˆู† ูˆุญู„ู„ู†ุงู‡ุง ูˆู„ู‚ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ูุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุณุชูˆุนุจู‡ ุณุงุนุชู‡ุง ุงู† ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ุฏู‡ ุงุชูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุงุถู…ุญู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ู…ุด ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ ุงุณุงุณุง ูˆุฏู‡ ุจูŠุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุน ููŠ ู…ุนุฏู† ุงู„ุฒูŠุฑูƒูˆู† ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุชู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุชูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุงุถู…ุญู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑุงู†ูŠูˆู… ุฏู‡ ูˆุจูƒุฏู‡ ู†ุจู‚ู‰ ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุจู†ุฌุงุญ ู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‡ ุจุณ ูƒุฏู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ูŠู† ูˆุตู„ ู„ุญุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูˆุตู„ู‡ ุงู†ุชู… ุงุฌุฏุน ู†ุงุณ ุงุนู…ู„ูˆุง ู„ู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ู„ุงูŠูƒ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ุนู„ุดุงู† ู†ุนุฑู ูƒู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุตู„ ู„ู„ุงุฎุฑ ูˆู…ุง ุชู†ุณูˆุด ู„ูˆ ููŠ ุณุคุงู„ ุจูŠุฌูŠ ู„ูƒู… ููŠ ู†ุต ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ูˆู…ุญูŠุงุฑูƒู… ุงูƒุชุจูˆุง ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุชุญุช ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุนู„ุดุงู† ู†ุฌุงูˆุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุฎุฏูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุณู„ุงู…,"Just like with carbon-14, in this case, an indirect method is used to date the amount of uranium. Uranium typically reaches fossils through a process that occurs in the body of the organism after death, known as mineralization. When a living creature dies, water gradually seeps in over time, filling the spaces within its bones. This water is not alone; it contains various elements and minerals, including radioactive uranium, which is naturally present in the Earth's mantle and can rise to the surface through volcanic activity. Over time, these minerals harden in place, forming a crystalline structure that replaces the organic material, allowing the fossil to retain its shape for many years. The bone found today is no longer a bone but a hardened substance that has taken on the original boneโ€™s form.
To determine the age of such a fossil, we measure the remaining amount of radioactive uranium and compare it to the stable lead produced from the decay of uranium. However, this method is not precise because the radioactive uranium inside the fossil may have been decaying for much longer than the fossil itself, leading to incorrect age estimates in most cases. Additionally, many fossils contain very little uranium, making measurement difficult. Therefore, geologists often resort to an indirect method, using the surrounding geological formations rather than the fossil itself. By dating the rocks or minerals around the fossil, particularly using the radioactive uranium, more accurate results are obtained. Fossils are often found in layers of sedimentary rock, which provide information about their age, thus allowing us to infer the age of the fossils within the same layer.
For example, if a fossil is found in a layer known to be one million years old based on the dating of the rocks and minerals within it, the fossil is also considered to be one million years old because it belongs to the same layer and time period. To date an ancient fossil using radioactive uranium, instead of taking the fossil itself, a sample is taken from the surrounding rocks or minerals in the same layer, and the amount of uranium is measured. The process is similar to that used with radiocarbon dating.
Geologists prefer to use zircon in this context because the crystalline structure of zircon can contain uranium during its formation but does not contain any lead. If a zircon sample is analyzed and lead is found, it must have formed due to the decay of uranium, not because it was originally present. This makes it easier for geologists to accurately determine the age of the fossil by measuring the amount of radioactive uranium in zircon and comparing it to the lead produced by the decay of uranium, thus successfully determining the age of the fossil.
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ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุงู‡ู„ุง ุจูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ู‡ 9 ู…ู† ุงุดุชุจูƒ ุงูˆ ุงูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ูู‚ุฑุงุช ูƒู„ู…ู‡ ุฌู…ู„ู‡ ูˆู‚ุงุนุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‡ ูƒู„ู…ู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ู‚ูŠุชู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุงูˆ ูŠู†ุดุฆ ุงูˆ ูŠู†ูู‚ ูŠุจุฑุฒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญุงุฌู‡ ูƒุฏู‡ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุดูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ูˆุธู‡ุฑุช ู„ูŠู†ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌู‡ ูˆุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู† ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌูˆ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ุนู†ุง ุงุชุตุงู„ ุดูƒุฑุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุธู‡ุฑุช ู…ู† ุฎู„ู ุงู„ุณุญุจ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตุฏุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุง ุจูŠุฑูˆุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูˆูŠู‡ ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ู‡ู…ู‡ ุธู‡ุฑู‡ู… ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู…ุซู„ ุงุฎุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุจุตุฑุงุญู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุดุฑุงุช ู…ุซู„ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฎู„ููŠู‡ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ุดุงู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุจุฑุงุณู…ุงู„ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฑุงุณ ู…ุงู„ ุตุบูŠุฑ ูƒุงู† ุจุงุฑูŠุฒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุดุฆู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุง ูˆุงุถุญู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ูŠู†ุดุง ุงูˆ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุญุงุฌู‡ ู„ุณู‡ ุจุฏุงุช ุชุธู‡ุฑ ูˆูƒูŠู ู„ูˆ ุงู† ุชุจุชูƒุฑ ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠ ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู†ุช ุชู‚ุฑุง ุฑูˆุงูŠู‡ ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงุช ุชุชูุฑุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูŠ ุญุฏูŠุซ ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุณู…ุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู‡ู…ู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุงู†ูƒ ุชุนุฑู ุฌูˆุฑุฌ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ูŠู†ุดุง ูˆูƒุงู† ูˆุนุฑูู‡ุง ุงูŠุถุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุญูุธูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุฑูƒ ุชุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ุงูˆุงู…ุฑ ูƒุงู…ุจุงู†ูˆ ูˆูƒูŠู ูˆุตู„ุช ุซุงู†ูŠู‡ ู…ุนู†ุง ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง ููƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฒ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆู„ู‡ ุจุชุงุนุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑุฏู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุจุฏูŠู‡ูŠู‡ ุงูˆ ุญุงุฌู‡ ูˆุงุถุญู‡ ุงูˆ ู…ุด ู…ุญุชุงุฌู‡ ุชููƒูŠุฑู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงูŠ ุชูŠูƒุณ ูƒูˆูŠุชุง ุงุชุด ุงูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ุชุดู…ู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‚ูˆูŠ ุฌุฏุง ูˆููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒูŠู ุงูˆ ู…ุด ุจุณ ู‚ูˆู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ุงุช ูุงู†ุช ูˆุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุฒ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏู‡ ุงูŠ ุชู†ูƒุงุช ูƒูˆูŠุชุง ุงูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ููŠู‡ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ูˆุงุถุญู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุงู† ุชู‚ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุชุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ู‡ ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุงุตูŠู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุญู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุงู…ุง ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ุงู†ุช ูƒู†ุช ุจูƒุชุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูุชุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ูˆูŠู…ุซู„ ูƒู…ุงู† ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ุงู†ู‡ ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ู†ุดุชุฑูŠู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู‰ ู…ุซู„ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุตุญุงุจ ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู†ูุณู‡ ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ู…ุนูŠู†ู‡ ููƒู„ู…ุง ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ูˆู…ู…ูŠุฒุงุชู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูู‡ูˆ ูุนู„ ุงู† ุฑุงูŠุญ ุงุดุชุฑูŠ ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ุตุญูˆู‡ ุจูŠุณุงู„ูˆุง ุจุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ ุนุฑุจูŠ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงุตุจุญ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุนุงู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ู„ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠู‡ุง ู…ูˆู‚ู ุงุฎุฑ ู„ูˆ ุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุดุบู„ ูˆููŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ูŠุชุฑุดุญ ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ุดุฑูƒู‡ ูููŠ ุนุถูˆ ุจุงุฑุฒ ุงูˆ [ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰] ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ููƒู„ู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูƒู„ ุนุงุฑููŠู† ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงูˆ ุงูˆ ุงูˆ ุงูˆ ุงูˆ ูƒุงู…ุจู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงู†ุช ุนุงุฑู ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชู†ููŠุฐูŠ ุงูˆ ุงู„ูุชุฑู‡ ุฏูŠ ูˆู†ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ููƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูˆุตู„ุช ุงู„ููƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูˆุจ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุฏู‡ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุจุณูŠุทู‡ ุฌุฏุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุงุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงุฐุง ุงุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ุจ ุชู…ุงุซู„ ุงู„ุงู„ู ูˆุงู„ู„ุงู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู‚ุฑ ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงุฐุง ู‡ูŠ ุงุฏุงู‡ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงูˆ ุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุงู„ู ูˆุงู„ู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบู‡ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‡ ู‡ู„ุง ูˆุดูˆูŠู‡ ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ูƒุฐุง ู†ูˆุถุญ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงูŠู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู† ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู‡ู„ ุงุดุชุฑูŠุช ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงูŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ูƒู† ุงุดุชุฑูŠุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ุจู‚ูŠุช ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูˆูู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„ ู„ู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนุงุฑููŠู†ู‡ุง ุงูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชูุงุคู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูŠุดุชุฑูŠ ุงูˆ ูƒูŠู,"Peace be upon you and welcome to episode 9 of ""Interact or I."" We have three segments: word by word, a rule in English, and many words that I found are used very frequently in English, especially in economic terms. The word means 'to appear' or 'to create' or 'to spend.' It highlights something that was not there before and has now appeared to us in all contexts. God willing, we will get to know its intended meaning and use it in examples or an example. Thank you; for instance, the sun appears from behind the clouds. In this context, it means 'Beirut,' which implies some important facts that emerged after the investigation. For example, China, frankly speaking, as mentioned in the news, has a background in economics, meaning the companies we see or those always with small capital, fully named as small capital, were emerging, meaning for start-up companies, which is very clear in the sense of emerging or something that has just started to appear. If you innovate in English, you often see it when reading a novel or articles, or watching any political or economic speech. One of the many important words to know is George, which means to appear, emerge, and become known, and also helps you remember sentences from customs orders or commands. How did we reach our idea of freezing or the sentence and today's round is about Kuwait, which is very clear. You do not use it when something is obvious or clear or does not require thinking, such as 'Kuwait' when it includes everything between two strong parties, one being very strong and the other making concessions. And I believe it is very clear from the united victory, any Kuwait, or when, for another example, Kuwait is very clear in providing electronic government during this period in our Egyptian cinema, where you find Kuwait very clearly in all dreams and dramas. You have been writing about Kuwait during this period, and it also clearly represents an Arab car we buy. For example, if two friends want a specific car, the owner of the Arabic language and its characteristics and talk, then he says, 'I'm going to buy a car,' they ask, 'Which car?' Clearly, the car that has become known to us in Kuwait can be used in a situation like this. Another situation could be at work, for example, when someone is nominated for a company position, and there is a prominent member or [music] in the company, almost everyone knows who it might be, or a company like you know, or the executive director during this period. We move on to the idea that reached us today, which is a simple thing. I am talking about if in Arabic, the definite article (al-) represents the definite article 'the' in English. So, if you mention a car, cars, the car, the cars, it is a tool of definiteness representing al- in Arabic. Here are a few examples to clarify the difference between 'a' or 'an' and 'the,' such as, 'Did you buy a car?' Here, it could be any place or center, but 'I bought the car,' here it became definite, known to both parties, or optimistic about a certain type of car, the man buys, or how."
ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ุงูŠ ุณูŠุงุฑู‡ ู„ูƒู† ุฐูƒุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑู‡ ู…ุญุฏุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุฑุงูŠุญ ูŠุดุชุฑูŠู‡ุง ูƒู…ุงู† ู…ุซู„ ุงุฎุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงูŠ ุชู„ููˆู† ุงู„ููˆุฑ ู„ูƒู† ุงูŠููˆู† ุงูŠููˆู† ุฏู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู†ุง ููŠู‡ ุชู„ููˆู† ู…ุญุฏุฏ ุงุดุชุฑูŠุชูˆุง ูุงู†ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‡ ุตุงุญุจู‡ ูˆู„ูˆ ุงู†ุง ุงุฑูˆุญ ุงุดุชุฑูŠ ุชู„ููˆู† ู…ุซู„ุง ุชู…ุงู… ุจุนุฏูŠู† ูˆู‚ุช ุงูุนู„ ุงู„ุชู„ููˆู† ูˆุฌูŠุช ุจูŠุชูƒู„ู…ูˆุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุนุงุฑู ุงู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงูŠู‡ ุงู†ุง ุนุฑูุช ุงู„ููˆู† ูˆุนุฑูู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุงุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ุนู„ุดุงู† ุชุนุฑู ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงูˆ ุชุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ุจูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠูู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู‡ ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงูŠู† ุงูƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจูƒู„ ูุงู† ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู† ุงุดุชุฑูŠุช ุงูŠ ููˆู† ุงูŠููˆู† ุงู†ุง ุงุดุชุฑูŠุช ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏู‡ ุนุงุฑู ุงู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงูŠู‡ ุนุงุฑู ู…ุนุฑูู‡ ุงูˆูƒูŠ ูŠุง ุงุฎูŠ ุงู„ุดุงู…ู„ ุชุทู„ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ููƒุฑู‡ ุฏูŠู‡ ุจุณ ุงู‚ูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุงูŠู… ู‡ู„ ุงู†ุช ุนู†ุฏูƒ ูˆู‚ุช ู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ุงู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุงูŠู… ูุญุงูˆู„ุช ุงู†ูŠ ุฎุงุต ู‚ูˆูŠ ู‡ุฒ ุชุงูŠู… ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุงุนู‡ ูƒุงู… ุงูˆูƒูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู…ุงุซู„ ูˆู„ูˆ ุนุงูŠุฒ ุชุนุฑู ุงูƒุชุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุง ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุดูˆูู‡ ุชุญุช ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงูˆ ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ููƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุช ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุช ุงูˆ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงุณุชุทุงุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุฏู‡ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ู…ูƒุงุชุจ ุณุจูŠูƒุฑ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒ ุงู†ูƒ ุชุงุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ุงู†ูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุช ูุฑู‚ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฌุญ ูˆุงู„ูุงุดู„ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุชุนู„ู… ุงู†ุง ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุชุนู„ู… ู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ ูุงู† ู…ุงูƒูŠู† ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฌู… ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุจุณ ู‡ู„ ูุนู„ุง ุงู† ุชุชุฎุฐ ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุงุญู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ู…ุนุธู…ู†ุง ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุญุตูˆุฑูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุฑุจุน ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ููŠุด ุญุฏุง ุจูŠุงุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู† ุงู†ุช ู„ูˆ ุงุฎุทุง ูˆู„ุญุชู‰ ุจุณูŠุทู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ุชุนู„ู… ุจุฑู…ุฌู‡ ุชูุฑุฌ ุนู† ุญุชู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุชุนู„ู… ู…ูˆู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูŠุตูˆุฑ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูˆุญุงูˆู„ ู…ุฌุฑู… ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุตุบูŠุฑู‡ ุงูˆ ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ุฎุงู„ุต ุงุตู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุญ ุชุฌู…ุนูˆุง ู…ุง ููŠุด ุงูŠ ุชุงุซูŠุฑ ู…ุทู„ุน ู„ูŠุด ู…ุซู„ุง ู„ุง ุจุณ ู‡ูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูƒู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ุชุงุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ ู†ุงุฏูŠู‡ ุงู†ุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุฌุงุฒ ุดูŠุก ุนุธูŠู… ุงู„ุตุฑุงุญู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ุจุชุญุท ุจุชู…ุดูŠ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ ู„ุงูŠ ุญุฏ ุนุงูŠุฒ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนุงูŠุฒ ูŠุชุนู„ู… ุญุงุฌู‡ ุนุงูŠุฒ ูŠูุชุญ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ ููƒุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุจุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ุฏูŠ ุฎุทู‡ ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุจุณูŠุทู‡ ุฎุงู„ุต ุจุณ ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ูุณูƒ ุฏู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุชุงูŠู…ุฒ ุงู† ู†ู„ุชู‚ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุงู†ุง ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฏู‡ ุจุฏูŠูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงูˆู„ ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุตุนุจู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุด ุชุงู‡ู„ู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุตุนุจู‡ ุจุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุจุชุงุฎุฐู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ูุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏู‡ ูˆุงู†ุช ุนุงูŠุฒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู‰ ุญุงุฌู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชุนู„ู… ู†ุชุงุฌ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุจุณ ู†ู‚ุงุท ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ูุณูƒ ุงู†ุง ุงูŠู‡ ุงูˆ ุนู…ู„ุช ุญุงุฌู‡ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู† ุชุญุตู„ ู†ูุณูƒ ููŠ ู…ุฑุจุน ุงู†ุง ุนุงูŠุฒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ุทูˆู„ ุญูŠุงุชูƒ ุนุงูŠุฒ ุญุงุฌุงุช ู…ู„ู‡ุงุด ุงุฎุฐ ุฎุทูˆู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุชุดูŠูƒ ุฎุทูˆู‡ ุงูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุจุณูŠุทู‡ ุจุณ ุงู‡ ู†ูุณูƒ ุงุฑุจุท ูˆูŠู„ุฒู… ู†ูุณูƒ ุจุงู„ุญุฌุงุฑู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุฏู‡ ุงุชู…ู†ู‰ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆ ุงุณุชู…ุชุนุชู… ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆูƒุงู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู†ูู‚ ุงู†ุช ุงุฌู…ู„ ู…ู† ุชุงู„ูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ุงุฑุถ ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุฑุฏ ูˆุงู„ูู„ ู„ูˆ ุนุฌุจูƒ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุจู‚ู‰ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…,"A car is a car, but mentioning this means there's a specific picture he was going to buy as well, like the latest possible phone model, but saying iPhone means I have a specific phone that I bought. For example, if I go to buy a phone, it's fine, then when I use the phone and they start talking, he knows what I'm talking about. I knew the phone, and we talked about the Israeli, for example, so to understand something or make something understood, one must understand very clearly. Meaning, I hate talking in vain, which means I bought an iPhone. If I say I bought an iPhone, it means I bought a specific one. I know what I'm talking about; I know the understanding. Okay, brother, get out of this idea, just say once, do you have time, but I didn't say this time, so I tried to be very strong, shake time meaning what time is it, okay, its meaning is to match, and if you want to know more about it, we made a video, you can see it below the video or we reached the idea of the quote or the book, which today came from someone named PC Speaker who says that taking the first step is what distinguishes the successful from the failures. Most people say I want to learn, I want to learn programming, I want to go to the gym, I want to, I want to, but do you really take a step? We are all mostly confined in a box of I want to, but no one takes the steps. Even if you make a small mistake, itโ€™s okay. For example, if you want to learn programming, watch a video on the basics of programming, want to learn video editing, download the program, shoot a video, and try a step, even if itโ€™s small or not noticeable at all. Just taking the first step puts you on track. Itโ€™s a great achievement, honestly, just putting one foot forward. Anyone who wants to do anything, learn something, start a project, has an idea about anything, these things need a plan, even a simple one. Believe in yourself, this is the time we meet. The hardest step in a topic is not the step itself, itโ€™s hard, but once you take it, the world opens up after that, and you want to do anything, even learn a program. Just focus on points, tell yourself what youโ€™ve done or achieved. But if you confine yourself to the box of ""I want to,"" the gap will be long in your life, wanting things without taking steps. Many people later check their steps, even small ones. Believe in yourself, tie yourself to the stones of today's situations. I hope you enjoyed the episode, it was a dark tunnel, you are more beautiful than the stories we learned, satisfied with the roses and jasmine. If you liked the video, please give it a thumbs up."