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[ "In October 2007 , Hurwicz shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago `` for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory . ''", "In October 2007 , Hurwicz shared The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago `` for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory . ''" ]
[ "The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists thought about outcomes , explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how incentives for individuals make a difference in decision making .", "The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists think about sharing in the future , explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how rewards for certain people make a difference when making decisions ." ]
[ "He then studied at the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek .", "He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek ." ]
[ "These four approaches - Laplace , Wald , Hurwicz and Savage - have been studied , corrected and applied for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor , G. L. S. Shackle , Daniel Ellsberg , R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa , in a field some date back to Jacob Bernoulli .", "The four peoples work - Laplace , Wald , Hurwicz and Savage - that the Hurwicz Criterion has been based on was studied , corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor , G. L. S. Shackle , Daniel Ellsberg , R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa , but some people say the work was started by Jacob Bernoulli ." ]
[ "After moving to the United States he continued his studies at Harvard University and the University of Chicago .", "After moving to the United States he studied more economics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was recruited by Walter Heller to the University of Minnesota in 1951 , where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration .", "Hurwicz was given a job by Walter Heller at the University of Minnesota in 1951 , where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration ." ]
[ "About 1942 his advisors were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at the University of Chicago , now the Cowles Foundation at Yale University .", "His advisors in 1942 were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago , who now work for the Cowles Foundation at Yale University ." ]
[ "When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States , Hurwicz served in 1968 as a McCarthy delegate from Minnesota to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee .", "When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States ( 1968 ) , Hurwicz was a Minnesota delegate to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was elected a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the society 's president .", "Hurwicz was voted to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president ." ]
[ "When asked which of all the applications of mechanism design he was most pleased to see he said welfare economics .", "When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is , he said welfare economics ." ]
[ "Unable to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his poor health , Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis .", "Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age , Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis ." ]
[ "In the 1950s , he worked with Kenneth Arrow on non-linear programming ; in 1972 Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize .", "Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972 ." ]
[ "He was also a research professor of economics and mathematical statistics at the University of Illinois , a consultant to the RAND Corporation through the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. Bureau of the Budget .", "He was also a research professor of economics and statistics at the University of Illinois , a consultant to the RAND Corporation for the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. government ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was Regents ' Professor of Economics ( Emeritus ) at the University of Minnesota .", "Hurwicz works as Regents Professor of Economics ( head teacher of economics ) at the University of Minnesota ." ]
[ "In 1974 he was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was named a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association .", "In 1974 he was made a part of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was born in Moscow , Russia , to a family of Polish Jews a few months before the October Revolution .", "Professor Hurwicz was born in Moscow , Russia to a Jewish family a few months before the October Revolution ." ]
[ "They married in 1944 and later lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis , Minnesota .", "Leonid and Evelyn got married in 1944 and later , lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis , Minnesota ." ]
[ "Hurwicz had no degree in economics .", "Professor Hurwicz does not have a degree in economics but he won the Nobel prize for economics in 2007 ." ]
[ "In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor , and a fellow on the second visit , at Stanford University and there in 1959 published `` Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes '' on mechanism design .", "In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor , and a fellow on the second visit , at Stanford University and there in 1959 he published `` Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes '' on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth ." ]
[ "In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and attended the seminar of Ludwig von Mises .", "In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and studied Ludwig von Mises teaching ." ]
[ "Leonid `` Leo '' Hurwicz ( Russian : Леони́д Гу́рвич ; August 21 , 1917 - June 24 , 2008 ) was an economist and mathematician , born in Moscow .", "Leonid Hurwicz ( August 21 , 1917 - June 24 , 2008 ) was an American economist , mathematician , and winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965 .", "Hurwicz was made part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965 ." ]
[ "In 1941 Hurwicz was a research assistant to Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and to Oskar Lange at the University of Chicago .", "In 1941 Hurwicz was helping Paul Samuelson to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and helping Oskar Lange to teach at the University of Chicago ." ]
[ "Hurwicz , who had graduated from Warsaw University in 1938 , at the time of Nazi invasion on Poland was in London , moved to Switzerland then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he emigrated to the United States .", "Hurwicz was forced to move to Switzerland , then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he moved to the United States ." ]
[ "Hurwicz and his family experienced persecution by both the Bolsheviks and Nazis , as he again became a refugee when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 .", "He became a refugee again when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 ." ]
[ "Hurwicz presented the Fisher-Schultz ( 1963 ) , Richard T. Ely ( 1972 ) , David Kinley ( 1989 ) and Colin Clark ( 1997 ) lectures .", "Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz ( 1963 ) , Richard T. Ely ( 1972 ) , David Kinley ( 1989 ) and Colin Clark ( 1997 ) ." ]
[ "His interests included linguistics , archaeology , biochemistry and music .", "He has interests in linguistics , archaeology , biochemistry and music ." ]
[ "His parents and brother fled Warsaw , only to be arrested and sent to Soviet labor camps .", "His parents and brother ran away to Warsaw where they were arrested by the Soviets and sent to labor camps ." ]
[ "Accompanied by Evelyn , his spouse of six decades , and his family , he was the guest of honor at a convocation held on the campus of the University of Minnesota presided over by university president Robert Bruininks .", "Accompanied by Evelyn , his wife for sixty years , and his family , he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president Robert Bruininks ." ]
[ "Hurwicz was the graduate advisor to Daniel McFadden , who received the prize in 2000 .", "Hurwicz helped Daniel McFadden , who won a Nobel prize in 2000 ." ]
[ "The winners applied game theory , a field advanced by mathematician John Forbes Nash , to discover the best and most efficient means to reach a desired outcome , taking into account individuals ' knowledge and self-interest , which may be hidden or private .", "The three Nobel prize winners used game theory work by mathematician John Forbes Nash , to discover the best way to reach a good outcome , without forgetting individual people ." ]
[ "First presented in 1950 , the Hurwicz criterion is thought about to this day in the area of decision making called `` under uncertainty . ''", "The Hurwicz Criterion is also called `` under uncertainty '' ." ]
[ "His family eventually joined him there .", "His family joined him there after some time ." ]
[ "He spent most of the rest of his career there , but it was interspersed with studies and teaching elsewhere in the United States and Asia .", "Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota , but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia ." ]
[ "Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen ( born October 31 , 1923 ) , who grew up on a Wisconsin farm and was , at the time , an undergraduate in economics at the University of Chicago , as his teaching assistant during the 1940s .", "Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s ." ]
[ "Hurwicz combined Wald 's ideas with work done in 1812 by Pierre-Simon Laplace .", "Hurwicz had the idea of putting Abraham Walds work together with work done by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1812 ." ]
[ "A Bunsen burner , named after Robert Bunsen , is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame , which is used for heating , sterilization , and combustion .", "A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment ." ]
[ "The most important alternatives to the Bunsen burner are :", "Bunsen burners can be very hot ." ]
[ "There are three types of tundra : arctic tundra , alpine tundra , and Antarctic tundra .", "There are three types of tundra : Arctic tundra , Antarctic tundra , and alpine tundra ." ]
[ "In physical geography , a tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons .", "In physical geography , tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons ." ]
[ "The ecotone ( or ecological boundary region ) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline .", "The boundary between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline ." ]
[ "Notable animals in the Arctic tundra include caribou ( reindeer ) , musk ox , arctic hare , arctic fox , snowy owl , lemmings , and polar bears ( only near ocean-fed bodies of water ) .", "Some examples of animals that live in the tundra are : rodents , hares , sables , caribou , wolves , arctic foxes , bears , walruses , seals , and snowy owls ." ]
[ "The term tundra comes through Russian тундра from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr `` uplands '' , `` treeless mountain tract '' .", "The term `` tundra '' comes from tūndâr which means ` uplands , tundra , treeless mountain tract ' ." ]
[ "Scattered trees grow in some tundras .", "Trees grow in some of the tundra ." ]
[ "Return to Never Land ( also known as Peter Pan 2 or Peter Pan 2 : Return to Never Land ) is a 2002 American animated fantasy comedy-drama film produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney , Australia and released by Walt Disney Pictures .", "Return to Never Land ( also known as Peter Pan in Disney 's Return to Never Land ) is a 2002 American animated movie ." ]
[ "The film is a sequel to the 1953 film Peter Pan , based on J. M. Barrie 's most famous work Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up .", "The movie is a sequel to the 1953 Peter Pan ." ]
[ "Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary .", "The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary ." ]
[ "In a few scores , the sharp A in the bass clef is written on the top line .", "In a few scores , 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line ." ]
[ "G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G ♯ , consisting of the pitches G ♯ , A ♯ , B , C ♯ , D ♯ , E , and F ♯ .", "G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G ♯ ." ]
[ "If G-sharp minor must absolutely be used , one should take care that B-flat wind instruments be notated in B-flat minor , rather than A-sharp minor .", "If G-sharp minor must be used , B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor , not A-sharp minor ." ]
[ "For orchestration of piano music , some theorists recommend transposing the music to G minor or A minor .", "For orchestration of piano music ( writing it so an orchestra can play it ) , sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor ." ]
[ "In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the top 20 of distrowatch.com .", "In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the `` top 20 '' of `` distrowatch.com '' ." ]
[ "Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the ( graphical ) acritoxinstaller , which , depending on optical drive , hard disk and processor speed , can take around 10-20 minutes .", "Kanotix includes about 1,200 software packages : Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the ( graphical ) acritoxinstaller , which , depending on optical drive , hard disk and processor speed , can take around 10 - 20 minutes ." ]
[ "It can run from an optical disc drive or other media i.e. USB-stick without using a hard disk drive .", "It can run from an optical disc drive without using a hard disk ." ]
[ "Kanotix uses KDE Software Compilation as the default desktop environment .", "Kanotix uses KDE as the default desktop environment ." ]
[ "Other window managers can be downloaded using APT .", "GNOME and other window managers can be downloaded using APT ." ]
[ "The co-developer and other of the Kanotix-Team wanted to stay with Debian-Sid and left the project , to start sidux , a new distribution based on Debian sid .", "In October 2006 the main Kanotix co-developer ( and most of Kanotix 's other developers ) left the project , to start sidux , another distribution based on Debian sid ." ]
[ "Kanotix , also referred to as KANOTIX , is an operating system Live CD based on Debian , with advanced hardware detection .", "Kanotix , also referred to as KANOTIX , is a Linux distribution Live CD ( LiveDistro ) based on Debian ( until 2006 unstable , in 2007 KANOTIX moved to Debian Etch ) with advanced hardware detection ." ]
[ "In 1969 he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova .", "In 1969 , he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova ." ]
[ "He has also conducted many of the world 's greatest orchestras , including the Berlin Philharmonic , the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra , the Boston Symphony Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Cleveland Orchestra , the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra , and the London Symphony Orchestra .", "He has also conducted many of the world 's greatest orchestras , including the Berlin Philharmonic , the Royal Concertgebouw , the Boston Symphony Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Cleveland Orchestra , and the London Symphony Orchestra ." ]
[ "He premiered many works of Soviet composers , including Edison Denisov 's Le soleil des Incas ( Sun of the Incas ) ( 1964 ) , as well as giving the Russian premiere of Benjamin Britten 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the Western premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich 's Fourth Symphony at the 1962 Edinburgh Festival .", "He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers , as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream ." ]
[ "Already known for having conducted Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre at the age of 20 , he quickly established his reputation .", "When he was 20 years old , he conducted Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre ." ]
[ "Rozhdestvensky was born in Moscow .", "Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family ." ]
[ "His given name was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov , but he adopted his mother 's maiden name in its masculine form for his professional career so as to avoid the appearance of nepotism .", "His name at first was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov ." ]
[ "He studied conducting with his father at the Moscow Conservatory and piano with Lev Oborin .", "He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin ." ]
[ "Imperia Tower in Moscow , Russia , is a 60-floor building complex that includes offices , a business center , a hotel and private apartments .", "The Imperia Tower is a building in Moscow , Russia ." ]
[ "Its location is on the first line of the Moscow-City International Business Center , directly on the embankment .", "The building is part of the Moscow International Business Center ." ]
[ "It is situated immediately east of Beachy Head , the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain and an area of outstanding natural beauty .", "The famous chalk cliff Beachy Head is in the town ." ]
[ "Eastbourne ( pronunciation ( help · info ) ) is a large town and borough in East Sussex , on the south coast of England , 17 miles east of Brighton .", "Eastbourne is a large town in East Sussex , on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings ." ]
[ "A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments , usually a violin and a cello , or a piece of music written for such a group .", "A piano trio is a group of three instruments including a piano ." ]
[ "For individual articles treating works for piano trio , see Category : Compositions for piano trio .", "A piano trio can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play ." ]
[ "Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano , violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios , but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre .", "Usually it is a piano , a violin and a cello ." ]
[ "Banned combinations also include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ( Hitlerjugend , Hitler Youth ) , NS ( Nationalsozialismus , National Socialism ) , SA ( Sturmabteilung ) , SS ( Schutzstaffel ) and KZ ( Konzentrationslager , concentration camp ) .", "Banned combinations include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ( Hitlerjugend , Hitler Youth ) , NS ( Nationalsozialismus , National Socialism ) , SA ( Sturmabteilung ) , SS ( Schutzstaffel ) and KZ ( Konzentrationslager , concentration camp ) ." ]
[ "The district Sächsische Schweiz uses the name of its main town , Pirna , in its code PIR , to avoid the use of SS , the name of the paramilitary organization ; similarly SA is also unused .", "The district Sächsische Schweiz uses the name of its main town , Pirna , in its code PIR , to avoid the use of SS , the name of the nazi group ; similarly SA is also unused ." ]
[ "Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake , however , and there are a few cars registered carrying prohibited codes , such as B-SS 12 .", "Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake , however ; there are a few cars registered carrying prohibited codes , such as B-SS 12 ." ]
[ "In 2004 in Nuremberg , a car owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party the NPD .", "In 2004 in Nuremberg , a car owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party , the NPD ." ]
[ "These letters usually coincide with the German districts ( complete list ) ; in some cases an urban district and the surrounding non-urban district share the same letter code .", "These units usually coincide with the German districts , in few cases an urban district and the surrounding district share the same letter code ." ]
[ "For example , the urban district of Straubing ( SR ) has one letter after the code ( SR - A 123 ) .", "For example , the urban district ( Straubing ) SR has one letter after the code ( SR - A 123 ) ." ]
[ "After the location name there are the round vehicle safety test and registration seal stickers ( see below ) placed on top of each other .", "After the location name there are the emission test and vehicle safety test stickers ( see below ) , followed by one or two letters and one to four numbers ." ]
[ "The largest German cities generally only have one letter codes ( B = Berlin , M = Munich , K = Cologne ( Köln ) , F = Frankfurt , L = Leipzig , S = Stuttgart ) , most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes .", "For example , the urban district Regensburg has more citizens than the rural district Regensburg , so the city has two letters after the code R . The number of letters in the city\\/region code usually shows the size and location of the district : the largest German cities generally only have one letter codes ( B = Berlin , M = München ( Munich ) , K = Köln ( Cologne ) , F = Frankfurt am Main ) , most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes ." ]
[ "Just after the country code strip is a one , two or three letter abbreviation , which represents the city or region where the car was registered , such as B for Berlin .", "After that , there are between one and three letters for the city or region where the car is registered , such as B for Berlin ." ]
[ "The present German number plate format has been in use since 1994 .", "The present number plate format , used since 1994 , uses black print on a white background and first provides information about the country where the car is registered within the European Union ." ]
[ "Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters , for two reasons : There are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany 's second largest city Hamburg ( HH , Hansestadt Hamburg , because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League , reflected already in its prefix used between 1906 and 1945 ) .", "Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters , for two reasons : This is only a rule of thumb , there are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany 's second largest city Hamburg ( HH , Hansestadt Hamburg , because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League ) or the west German district Ammerland ( WST , Westerstede is the capital of the district ) ." ]
[ "German vehicle registration plates ( Kraftfahrzeug-Kennzeichen or , more colloquially , Nummernschilder ) indicate the place where the vehicle bearing them is registered .", "German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen ) show the place where the car carrying them is registered ." ]
[ "In general , whenever German owners of a motor vehicle change their main place of residence within Germany or buy a car from a person living in a different city or county , they are required to re-register their vehicle ( s ) and buy new license plates .", "When a person changes their main home in Germany , or buys a new car , they must buy new number plates ." ]
[ "Certain types of vehicle bear special codes : This style of plate is no longer issued , but many official vehicles which were registered before 2006 still carry this type of plate .", "Certain types of vehicle bear special codes : These include : However the registration law has changed in 2006 so that in after March 2007 official vehicles will get standard number plates ." ]
[ "As with many plates for countries within the European Union , a blue strip on the left shows a shortened country code in white text ( D for Deutschland = Germany ) and the Flag of Europe ( 12 golden stars forming a circle on a blue background ) .", "German licence plates show a D ( for Deutschland = Germany ) on the blue strip on the left , which shows the European Union 's flag , 12 golden stars in a circle on blue ground ." ]
[ "Kevin Francesco Bieksa ( born June 16 , 1981 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , serving as an alternate captain for the Canucks during away games .", "Kevin Francesco Bieksa ( born on June 16 , 1981 in Grimsby , Ontario ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ." ]
[ "Following his freshman year , Bieksa was selected 151st overall by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft and joined their minor league affiliate , the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , upon graduating .", "While at university , Bieksa was selected by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft , and joined their minor league partner , the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , after graduating ." ]
[ "After a three-year career in the Ontario Junior Hockey League ( OPJHL ) with the Burlington Cougars , Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green State University .", "After playing junior hockey in Ontario , Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green University , where he spent four years ." ]
[ "It is traversed by the Tanami Track .", "It is crossed by the Tanami Track ." ]
[ "According to government commissions , the Tanami desert is uniquely `` one of the most important biological areas to be found in Australia particularly as it provides refuge for several of Australia 's rare and endangered species . ''", "The desert is uniquely `` one of the most important biological areas to be found in Australia particularly as it provides refuge for several of Australia 's rare and endangered species . ''" ]
[ "The Tanami Desert is a desert in northern Australia situated in the Northern Territory .", "The Tanami Desert is a desert in the Northern Territory of Australia ." ]
[ "The species that are found include : Significant bird species include : The Tanami Desert is Kukatja and Walpiri country .", "The species that are found include : Significant bird species include : The Tanami Desert is home to the Kukatja and Walpiri people ." ]
[ "It stars Christian Bale as Batman along with Michael Caine , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Gary Oldman , and Morgan Freeman .", "Christopher Nolan directed the movie , which stars Christian Bale as Batman , as well as Michael Caine , Gary Oldman , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Cillian Murphy and Morgan Freeman ." ]
[ "Batman Begins is a 2005 British-American superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman , co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan .", "Batman Begins is a 2005 superhero movie , based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman ." ]
[ "The country 's name derives from the city of Algiers .", "The name is from the city of Algiers ." ]
[ "Muslim Arabs conquered Algeria in the mid-7th century and a large number of locals converted to the new faith .", "Muslim Arabs came to Algeria in the mid-7th century ." ]
[ "It is widely recognized as the oldest university in continuous operation , considering that it was the first to use the term universitas for the corporations of students and masters which came to define the institution .", "Bologna was also the first to use the term universitas for the corporation of students and masters which make up a university ." ]
[ "The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158 , but in the 19th century , a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the University back to 1088 , which would make it the oldest continuously-operating university in the world .", "In the 19th century , a committee of historians traced the founding of the University back to 1088 , which would make it the oldest continuous university in the world ." ]